testis Cells. Depletion of TRN increased the number of P-bodies and stabilized ARE-containing mRNAs, as observed with knockdown of the 5'-3' exonuclease Xrn1 These structures stain positively for a number of Processing Bodies and microRNP components, a microRNA-repressed RNA, Messenger and some translational repressors. They appear more heterogeneous than P-bodies of HeLa Cells, and they rarely contain the exonuclease Xrn1 but are positive for Ribosomal RNA.[SEP]Relations: 5'-3' Exoribonucleases activity has relations: molfunc_protein with XRN1 protein, Homo sapiens, molfunc_protein with XRN1 protein, Homo sapiens, molfunc_protein with XRN2, molfunc_protein with XRN2, molfunc_protein with DCP2 gene, molfunc_protein with DCP2 gene. EDC3 gene has relations: bioprocess_protein with Processing Bodies assembly, bioprocess_protein with Processing Bodies assembly. CPEB1 gene has relations: cellcomp_protein with Processing Bodies, cellcomp_protein with Processing Bodies. Definitions: DDX6 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the translation of RNA, Messenger encoded by genes involved in cell proliferation and malignant transformation.. DDX3X wt Allele defined as following: Human DDX3X wild-type allele is located within Xp11.3-p11.23 and is approximately 31 kb in length. This allele, which encodes ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X protein, plays a role in the modulation of RNA structure.. HeLa Cells defined as following: The first continuously cultured Homo sapiens malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These Cells are used for, among other things, VIRUS CULTIVATION and PRECLINICAL DRUG EVALUATION assays.. XRN1 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: 5'-3' Exoribonucleases 1 (1706 aa, ~194 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens XRN1 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in ribonucleotide metabolism.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E defined as following: A peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of MRNA in the CYTOPLASM. It is a component of the trimeric complex EIF4F.. Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura defined as following: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura for which the cause is present from birth.. Processing Bodies defined as following: A focus in the Cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in RNA, Messenger degradation, nonsense-mediated RNA, Messenger decay (Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. [GOC:clt, PMID:12730603]. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or Homo sapiens host.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the Cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the Cytoplasm.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Ribosomal RNA defined as following: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with Proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of RNA, Messenger and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed). Exoribonucleases defined as following: A family of ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. eukaryotic Cells defined as following: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited syndrome often caused by mutations in the SKI gene. It is characterized by premature fusion of skull bones and distinctive facial features, including a long, narrow head, hypertelorism, exophthalmos, downslanting palpebral fissures, a high, narrow palate, micrognathia, and low-set ears. The bodies of affected individuals resemble those of people with Marfan syndrome.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). NLRP6 wt Allele defined as following: Human NLRP6 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p15 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 6, may play a role in the inflammatory response.. 5'-3' Exoribonucleases defined as following: 5'-3' Exoribonucleases 2 (950 aa, ~109 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens XRN2 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of RNA metabolism.. Set of polysomal ribosomes defined as following: A ribosome bound to RNA, Messenger that forms part of a polysome. [GOC:jl]. Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay defined as following: The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, Proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:ma, PMID:10025395]. GW-Bodies defined as following: A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the Cytoplasm and the nucleus. GW-Bodies minimally contain the Argonaute2 (Ago2) and TNRC6B Proteins, together with specific target RNAs. [PMID:16418578, PMID:26930655, PMID:29576456]. Granules dose form defined as following: A solid composed of small particles or grains.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Protein Argonaute-1 defined as following: Protein Protein Argonaute-1-1 (857 aa, ~97 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens AGO1 gene. This protein is involved in RNA-mediated gene silencing.. Pencil Beam Scanning defined as following: A precise form of proton therapy that uses an electronically guided scanning system and magnets to deliver a proton beam that is millimeters wide. With this system, beam position and depth can be controlled, allowing for highly precise deposition of radiation to be delivered in all three dimensions of the tumor.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. regulatory Proteins defined as following: Encoded by Regulatory Genes, Regulatory Proteins regulate or circumscribe the activity of many cellular functions.. DIS3-Like Exonuclease 2 defined as following: DIS3-like exonuclease 2 (885 aa, ~99 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens DIS3L2 gene. This protein is involved in 3'-5'-Exoribonucleases-mediated catabolism of polyuridylated RNA.. Protein Argonaute-1 Proteins defined as following: A protein family that is comprised of the catalytic components of the RNA-induced silencing complex.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). P-bodies defined as following: A focus in the Cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in RNA, Messenger degradation, nonsense-mediated RNA, Messenger decay (Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. [GOC:clt, PMID:12730603]. exonuclease defined as following: This gene plays a role in DNA metabolic processes during stromal differentiation.. Xrn1 defined as following: 5'-3' Exoribonucleases 1 (1706 aa, ~194 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens XRN1 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in ribonucleotide metabolism..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a package in R/bioconductor for classification of alternative splicing?", "id": "converted_6", "sentence1": "Is there a package in R/bioconductor for classification of alternative splicing?", "sentence2": "Splicer Device: an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential from Whole Transcriptome Sequencing data. Recent software improvements in full-length RNA Transcript deconvolution prompted us to develop Splicer Device, an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential. Splicer Device uses the full-length RNA Transcript output from Whole Transcriptome Sequencing assemblers to detect single or multiple exon skipping, alternative donor and acceptor sites, intron retention, alternative first or last exon usage, and mutually exclusive exon events. For each of these events Splicer Device also annotates the genomic coordinates of the differentially spliced elements, facilitating downstream sequence analysis. For each RNA Transcript isoform fraction values are calculated to identify RNA Transcript switching between conditions. Lastly, Splicer Device predicts the coding potential, as well as the potential nonsense mediated decay (NMD) sensitivity of each RNA Transcript. Recent software improvements in full-length RNA Transcript deconvolution prompted us to develop Splicer Device, an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential. Recent software improvements in full-length RNA Transcript deconvolution prompted us to develop Splicer Device, an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential. Recent software improvements in full-length RNA Transcript deconvolution prompted us to develop Splicer Device, an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential.[SEP]Relations: rRNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III, bioprocess_bioprocess with 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7, bioprocess_protein with NPM3, bioprocess_protein with NPM3, bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_protein with TP53, bioprocess_protein with TP53. Definitions: Whole Transcriptome Sequencing defined as following: A procedure that can determine the nucleotide sequence for all of the RNA transcripts in an individual.. Splicer Device defined as following: A device designed to join pieces of a material into a continuous length.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. alternative splicing defined as following: A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is intense physical activity associated with longevity?", "id": "converted_7", "sentence1": "Is intense physical activity associated with longevity?", "sentence2": "Our major finding is that repeated very intense exercise prolongs life span in well trained practitioners. Cessation of life rates declined with increased levels of total activity (estimated in kilocalories), and declined also with increased intensity of effort measured as from none, to light, to moderately vigorous or vigorous sports play. Cessation of life rates at any given quantity of physical exercise were lower for men playing moderately intense sports than for less vigorous men. he purpose of this study was to investigate if jogging, which can be very vigorous, is associated with increased all-cause mortality in men and women. This long-term study of joggers showed that jogging was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality and a substantial increase in survival for both men and women. Light activities (<4 multiples of resting metabolic rate (METs)) were not associated with reduced mortality rates, moderate activities (4-<6 METs) appeared somewhat beneficial, and vigorous activities (> or =6 METs) clearly predicted lower mortality rates (p, trend = 0.72, 0.07, and <0.001, respectively). These data demonstrate a graded inverse relationship between total physical activity and mortality. Furthermore, vigorous activities but not nonvigorous activities were associated with longevity. The capacity for prolonged and vigorous physical exercise, particularly if the exercise is recreational, is a strong indicator of longevity.[SEP]Relations: Cessation of head growth has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, phenotype_phenotype with Secondary microcephaly, phenotype_phenotype with Secondary microcephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Have gnotobiotic animal models been used for the study of bowel disease?", "id": "converted_8", "sentence1": "Have gnotobiotic animal models been used for the study of bowel disease?", "sentence2": "Host gene expression in the TUBE,COLON,22FR,RADIOPAQUE RUBBER B#7370 of gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient CASP14 gene colonized with commensal colitogenic or noncolitogenic bacterial strains: common patterns and Bacteria strain specific signatures. Specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not germfree (GF), interleukin (IL)-2-deficient (IL-2-/-) CASP14 gene develop INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) at 10 to 15 weeks of age. Gnotobiotic IL-2-/- CASP14 gene monocolonized with E. coli mpk develop Irritable Bowel Syndrome at 25 to 33 weeks of age but not B. vulgatus mpk, E. coli Nissle 1917, or CASP14 gene cocolonized with both E. coli mpk and B. vulgatus Lactobacillus reuteri promotes Helicobacter hepaticus-associated Typhlocolitis in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene. To model INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2, we assessed Communicable Diseases with Helicobacter hepaticus 3B1 (ATCC 51449) and a potential probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA-6475) in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene. No Typhlocolitis developed in Germ-Free controls (n=21) or in Lactobacillus reuteri (n=8) or H. hepaticus (n=18) mono-associated CASP14 gene for 20 weeks post-Communicable Diseases. As positive controls, three specific pathogen-free IL-10(-/-) CASP14 gene dosed with H. hepaticus developed severe Typhlocolitis within 11 weeks. These data support that the development of Typhlocolitis in H. hepaticus-infected IL-10(-/-) CASP14 gene required co-colonization with other Microbiota (plant) and in this study, required only Lactobacillus reuteri. When transferred to gnotobiotic CASP14 gene, gut microbiomes from CASP14 gene with active disease versus treatment-induced remission elicited varying degrees of Colitis. The role of gut Microbiota (plant) (commensal Bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases and Primary malignant neoplasm: contribution of Germ-Free and gnotobiotic animal models of Homo sapiens diseases. The immunomodulatory effects of Microbiota (plant) and probiotics for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the role of Bacteria in their etiologies are being studied in gnotobiotic systems. To model INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2, we assessed Communicable Diseases with Helicobacter hepaticus 3B1 (ATCC 51449) and a potential probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA-6475) in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene. Gnotobiotic piglets may be used as a suitable animal model to study Colitis induced by C. jejuni The role of gut Microbiota (plant) (commensal Bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases and Primary malignant neoplasm: contribution of Germ-Free and gnotobiotic animal models of Homo sapiens diseases We investigated the changes in renal expression of KITLG wt Allele as a consequence of Colitis. METHODS: We studied 3 mouse models of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, Colitis induced by microflora (in gnotobiotic interleukin-10(-/-)), and Colitis induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells. METHODS: We studied 3 mouse models of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, Colitis induced by microflora (in gnotobiotic interleukin-10(-/-)), and Colitis induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells.[SEP]Relations: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, disease_protein with GHRL, disease_protein with GHRL. Definitions: Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. KITLG wt Allele defined as following: Human KITLG wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q22 and is approximately 88 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Kit ligand protein, plays a role in germ cell and neural cell development and in hematopoiesis.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or Homo sapiens host.. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases defined as following: Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Lactobacillus reuteri defined as following: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID Bacteria found naturally in the Homo sapiens intestinal flora and BREAST MILK.. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. bowel disease defined as following: Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is it possible to detect survivin protein expression in normal human adult tissues?", "id": "converted_9", "sentence1": "Is it possible to detect survivin protein expression in normal Homo sapiens adult Body tissue?", "sentence2": "BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele (BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens) is one of the members of IAP-family apoptosis inhibitors. The BIRCS gene is expressed in most Homo sapiens embryonic Body tissue and malignant Neoplasms but not in normal differentiated Body tissue of adult Homo sapiens. BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele is an PPP1R1A gene of apoptosis that is undetectable in most terminally differentiated normal Homo sapiens Body tissue, strongly expressed in embryonic and fetal organs and is strongly expressed in many different Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms. BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele is a member of the PPP1R1A gene apoptosis family that is overexpressed in many malignancies. It has five known alternative splice forms, some of which differ in their antiapoptotic properties and expression levels in Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms. survivin is usually not expressed in normal adult Body tissue, AZD 1152-hQPA induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of some Cultured Cell Line, demonstrated by loss of Mitochondrial Membranes potential, activation of caspase-9, followed by activation of caspase-3. This effect was accompanied by the inhibition of survivin expression. In vivo efficacy was determined in NOD/SCID/\u03b3c(null) mice implanted with the Ramos Homo sapiens Burkitt Lymphoma cell line. AZD 1152 had anti-tumour effects in this Mus xenograft model. There preclinical data suggest that the inhibition of Aurora Kinase B is a potentially useful therapeutic strategy in Burkitt Lymphoma and Hodgkin Disease. a novel antiapoptosis gene, i.e., survivin, was identified as a structurally unique member of the PPP1R1A gene of apoptosis protein family. BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele expression is turned off during fetal development and not found in non-neoplastic adult Homo sapiens Body tissue but is again turned on in the most common Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms. The antiapoptotic properties of survivin might provide a significant growth advantage in Neoplasms and possibly also contribute to chemoresistance of Primary malignant neoplasm. Further comparison of the distribution of SPDEF wt Allele with other widely recognized Primary malignant neoplasm-associated molecules showed that SPDEF wt Allele has more restricted distributions than Oncogene ErbB2, BCL2 gene, survivin or Telomerase in cDNA Library from normal Homo sapiens Body tissue and more increased distribution than Oncogene ErbB2, CA-125 Antigen Antigen, BCL2 gene, survivin and Telomerase in cDNA Library from Head>Brain (except survivin), Breast, Chest>Lung and ovarian neoplasm. These data together show a better tumor-association for SPDEF wt Allele and suggest that SPDEF wt Allele is a more suitable target for developing specific Primary malignant neoplasm therapies. we identified decreased FHIT protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens expression resulting in apoptosis inhibition and decreasing apoptosis associated with abnormal levels of some pro- and Apoptosis Inhibiting Proteins (BAX protein, Homo sapiens, BCL2 gene and BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele) by TUNEL and Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Our results demonstrated that the Mutation Abnormality in the FHIT protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens gene significantly reduced FHIT protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens expression in Homo sapiens CRC. Both TUNEL and Thrombotic Microangiopathies experiments demonstrated significantly inhibited apoptosis by down-regulation of BAX protein, Homo sapiens and up-regulation of BIRC5 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens wt Allele and BCL2 gene. Collectively, these studies identify the mechanism by which an important Tumor Suppressor Genes, FHIT protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, inactivated specifically in Homo sapiens CRC, and contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of colorectal carcinogenesis.[SEP]Relations: PPP1R1A has relations: anatomy_protein_present with adult mammalian kidney, anatomy_protein_present with adult mammalian kidney, anatomy_protein_present with adipose tissue, anatomy_protein_present with adipose tissue, anatomy_protein_present with muscle tissue, anatomy_protein_present with muscle tissue, anatomy_protein_present with blood, anatomy_protein_present with blood. Breast has relations: anatomy_protein_present with VIM, anatomy_protein_present with VIM. Definitions: cDNA Library defined as following: A collection of DNA molecules that have been cloned in vectors. In the case of a cDNA library the DNA inserts are copies of RNAs that have been reverse-transcribed into DNA prior to cloning.. FHIT protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase (147 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens FHIT protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in nucleoside metabolism.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Oncogene ErbB2 defined as following: Human Oncogene ErbB2 is a mutated variant of ERBB2 Gene, which encodes ERRB2 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, a 185-kDa type I membrane glycoprotein similar to EGFR that controls cell growth. Ligand binding increases ERBB2 tyrosine phosphorylation. A heterodimer with ERBB3 and ERBB4, p185ERBB2 is an essential component of the heregulin/neuregulin receptor. ERBB2 forms an IL6-dependent complex with IL6R gp130, resulting in ERBB2 tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK activation. Oncogene ERBB2 disrupts normal cell function.. BAX protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Apoptosis regulator BAX (192 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens BAX gene. This protein plays a role in both apoptosis and protein-protein interactions.. SPDEF wt Allele defined as following: Human SPDEF wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6p21.3 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes SAM pointed domain-containing Ets transcription factor, plays a role in transcriptional regulation.. BIRC5 protein, human wt Allele defined as following: Human BIRC5 protein, human wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q25 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5, is involved in the prevention of apoptotic cell death.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other Body tissue. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Thrombotic Microangiopathies defined as following: A microvascular coagulopathy that may result from systemic vascular endothelial injury triggering the development of a procoagulant state, activation of the complement cascade, and microthrombi formation. Signs may include hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension and renal dysfunction.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. ovarian neoplasm defined as following: Tumors or Primary malignant neoplasm of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.. Mus defined as following: Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae.. caspase-3 defined as following: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.. Burkitt Lymphoma defined as following: A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.. Telomerase defined as following: An essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic CHROMOSOMES.. BIRC5 protein, human defined as following: Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (142 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens BIRC5 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of both apoptosis and the cell cycle.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Aurora Kinase B defined as following: An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.. caspase-9 defined as following: A long pro-domain caspase that contains a CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including Primary malignant neoplasm.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The Homo sapiens c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. Mitochondrial Membranes defined as following: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]. CA-125 Antigen defined as following: A carbohydrate antigen that occurs in Neoplasms of the ovary as well as in Breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract Neoplasms and normal tissue. While it is tumor-associated, it is not tumor-specific and may have a protective function against particles and infectious agents at mucosal surfaces.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. survivin defined as following: Human BIRC5 protein, human wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q25 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5, is involved in the prevention of apoptotic cell death..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is delayed enhancement documented in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy?", "id": "converted_10", "sentence1": "Is delayed enhancement documented in patients with non-ischemic dilated Cardiomyopathies?", "sentence2": "Myocardial Fibrosis was present in 30% of patients, the majority of which was mid-myocardial (63%). 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate patients frequently have myocardial Fibrosis detected on CE-CMR, the majority of which is mid-myocardial. Fifty (40%) patients showed myocardial DE, representing 12\u00b17% of LV mass. one case was dilated Cardiomyopathies, in which the delayed enhancement was diffuse small midwall spots In the dilated Cardiomyopathies group, only seven (29%) patients showed delayed enhancement and its pattern was characterized by mid-wall, patchy or diffuse location. Patterns of delayed enhancement are different in dilated Cardiomyopathies and ischemic Cardiomyopathies, reflecting the presence of scarring or various degrees of Fibrosis in left ventricular myocardium. The presence of subendocardial or Transmural delayed enhancement at contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance allowed distinction between dilated Cardiomyopathies and ischemic Cardiomyopathies with high sensitivity (88%) and specificity (100%).[SEP]Relations: dilated Cardiomyopathies has relations: disease_disease with non-familial dilated Cardiomyopathies, disease_disease with non-familial dilated Cardiomyopathies, disease_disease with left ventricular noncompaction, disease_disease with left ventricular noncompaction, disease_disease with syndrome associated with dilated Cardiomyopathies, disease_disease with syndrome associated with dilated Cardiomyopathies, disease_disease with qualitative or quantitative defects of beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), disease_disease with qualitative or quantitative defects of beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), disease_disease with intrinsic Cardiomyopathies, disease_disease with intrinsic Cardiomyopathies. Definitions: Transmural defined as following: Passing through the wall of an organ or other bodily structure.. Cardiomyopathies defined as following: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).. 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate defined as following: A chlorinated methotrexate derivative. Dichloromethotrexate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylates and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent is metabolized and excreted by the liver. (NCI04). dilated Cardiomyopathies defined as following: Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by dilation and contractile dysfunction of the left and right ventricles. It may be idiopathic, or it may result from a myocardial infarction, myocardial infection, or alcohol abuse. It is a cause of congestive heart failure.. Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do lincRNAs play a role in human cancer?", "id": "converted_11", "sentence1": "Do lincRNAs play a role in Homo sapiens Primary malignant neoplasm?", "sentence2": "Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA increases bladder Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis These data suggest that upregulated H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA enhances bladder Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis by associating with EZH2 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens and inhibiting E-cad expression lncRNA H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA is essential for Homo sapiens Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor growth Previous reports have demonstrated that HOTAIR gene gene associates with chromatin modifications in cooperation with the Polycomb complex Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, and promotes Breast and colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis although the clinical significance of HOTAIR gene gene expression in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol may not be as pronounced as that in Breast and Colorectal Carcinoma, the current study demonstrates that HOTAIR gene gene expression is associated with altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol progression, warranting further studies. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA HOTAIR gene gene is an independent prognostic marker for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and survival Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA influences radiosensitivity of colorectal carcinoma cell lines by regulating Cyclin D1 expression Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA Urothelial Carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1 gene gene) promotes Homo sapiens bladder Primary malignant neoplasm cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown UCA1 gene gene regulated cell cycle through Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein via PI3K-AKT dependent pathway in bladder Primary malignant neoplasm. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA UCA1 gene gene regulated cell cycle distribution via Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein through PI3-K dependent pathway in Carcinoma of bladder Cells overexpression of Yiya promotes cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition, therefore identifying Yiya as a cell-cycle-associated long non-coding RNA The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR gene gene has been reported as a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with Breast Primary malignant neoplasm. The aim of the present study is to examine the expression pattern of HOTAIR gene gene in Liver carcinoma (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol) and its clinical significance as well as its biological role in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor progression The high expression level of HOTAIR gene gene in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol could be a candidate biomarker for predicting Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor recurrence in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol patients who have undergone liver transplant therapy and might be a potential therapeutic target Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA ANRIL is required for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 recruitment to and silencing of p15(INK4B) Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor gene A 42\u2009kb region on Homo sapiens chromosome 9p21 encodes for three distinct Tumor Suppressor Genes, p16(INK4A), p14(ARF) and p15(INK4B), and is altered in an estimated 30-40% of Homo sapiens Neoplasms These results advance our understanding of the role of NPTN-IT1 gene as a regulator of Hypoxia, CTCAE signaling and\u00a0offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention against Primary malignant neoplasm progression. Silencing MALAT1 gene gene is a potential novel therapeutic approach for this Primary malignant neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Linsidomine, drug_drug with Linsidomine, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Melagatran, drug_drug with Melagatran, drug_drug with Vinblastine, drug_drug with Vinblastine, drug_drug with Letaxaban, drug_drug with Letaxaban. Definitions: Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein defined as following: Ubiquitously or widely expressed Homo sapiens cAMP Responsive Element Binding Proteins (bZIP/Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein Family) are conserved nuclear bZIP domain dimeric transcription factors that bind to octameric DNA palindrome cAMP-response elements (CRE) present in many viral and cellular promoters and induce gene transcription in response to cAMP signaling pathways. Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins bind to DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with JUN/c-Jun or ATF2/CREBP1. Increased cAMP levels following stimulation activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which phosphorylates Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins that stimulate transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. Calcium-regulated Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein transcription factors integrate calcium and cAMP signals. cAMP pathways provide a chief means by which cellular growth, differentiation, and function can be influenced by extracellular signals. (NCI). Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA defined as following: Maternally expressed exclusively and developmentally regulated Homo sapiens putative Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Gene encodes H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA. Expression in developing skeletal and smooth muscles correlates with specific differentiation events. It accumulates during skeletal muscle development with maximal adult expression and correlates with the nonproliferative, actin-positive muscle cell phenotype. Loss of H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA expression may be involved in Wilms tumorigenesis. (NCI). Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. MALAT1 gene defined as following: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (~8.7 kb) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MALAT1 gene gene. This non-coding RNA may play a role in Primary malignant neoplasm and metastasis.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. EZH2 protein, human defined as following: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 protein, human (746 aa, ~85 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens EZH2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of chromatin modification.. Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. HOTAIR gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the repression of HOXD gene expression.. Breast Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the Breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant Breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this Primary malignant neoplasm have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. bladder Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder.. Carcinoma of bladder defined as following: A carcinoma arising from the bladder epithelium. Approximately 90% of the bladder carcinomas are transitional cell carcinomas. The remainder are squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Urothelial Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract (urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis). It is frequently papillary.. Liver carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver Cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated Specimen Source Codes - tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The Cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. lincRNAs defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) test relevant only for prostate cancer?", "id": "converted_12", "sentence1": "Is the Prostate- Specific Antigen (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test relevant only for Malignant neoplasm of prostate?", "sentence2": "rostate cancer (Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis) is the most frequently diagnosed Primary malignant neoplasm and the second leading cause of Cancer-Related Death in men Prostate-Specific Antigen is known to be prostate specific, but not Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis specific deficiencies of serum Prostate-Specific Antigen as a prostate-cancer-specific diagnostic test are well recognized. medical debate surrounding the use of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test for Malignant neoplasm of prostate screening The clinical relevance of this surprisingly high rate of Malignant neoplasm of prostate in men with a normal Prostate-Specific Antigen is yet to be determined Rapid uptake of kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human (Prostate-Specific Antigen) testing has occurred in the United States despite inconclusive evidence regarding mortality benefit Routine cancer screening with kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is controversial, and practice guidelines recommend that men be counseled about its risks and benefits Prostate carcinoma was histologically confirmed in 14 (0.66%) of the men, nine times in the early stage (T2) and five times in the clinical stage (T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation), corresponding to an incidence of circa 650 cases per 100,000 men in the target age group This newly developed Prostate-Specific Antigen test system can enhance the acceptance rate and effectiveness of medical check-ups for Malignant neoplasm of prostate, Prostate-Specific Antigen can be used reliably as a unique tool in the follow-up of patients for the early detection of progressive disease Prostate-Specific Antigen showed negative predictive values of 82 and 77%, respectively, using 4 and 10 ng/ml as cutoff points have assessed the feasibility of using fixed-limit criteria based on medical relevance and biological variation for evaluating the analytical performance of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test[SEP]Relations: prostate carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with PSCA, disease_protein with PSCA, disease_protein with PSMC3IP, disease_protein with PSMC3IP, disease_protein with HSPA1A, disease_protein with HSPA1A, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of prostate, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of prostate, disease_protein with PCAT1, disease_protein with PCAT1. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis defined as following: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).. kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human defined as following: Prostate-specific antigen (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human KLK3 gene. This protein plays a role in both proteolysis and seminal fluid liquefaction.. Cancer-Related Death defined as following: A death attributed to the progression of a cancer-related pathologic condition.. Prostate carcinoma defined as following: One of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of carcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occur in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grossly, prostatic carcinomas appear as ill-defined yellow areas of discoloration in the prostate gland lobes. Adenocarcinomas represent the overwhelming majority of prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic-specific antigen (Prostate-Specific Antigen) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease.. Prostate-Specific Antigen defined as following: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of Malignant neoplasm of prostate.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients?", "id": "converted_13", "sentence1": "Is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients?", "sentence2": "Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I IGF-I injections significantly increased Flexed Sidebent Rotated values in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients but not in controls In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in Connective Tissue appeared normal in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in Connective Tissue appeared normal in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections IGF-I injections significantly increased Flexed Sidebent Rotated values in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients but not in controls (delta values: Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B 0[SEP]Relations: Connective Tissue has relations: anatomy_protein_present with IGF1R, anatomy_protein_present with IGF1R, anatomy_protein_present with IGF1, anatomy_protein_present with IGF1, anatomy_protein_present with IGFBP4, anatomy_protein_present with IGFBP4, anatomy_protein_present with FGFR4, anatomy_protein_present with FGFR4, anatomy_protein_present with EGFL7, anatomy_protein_present with EGFL7. Definitions: Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. Flexed Sidebent Rotated defined as following: A descriptor of spinal somatic dysfunction used to denote a combination flexed (F), sidebent (S), and rotated (R) vertebral position.. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B defined as following: Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome due to mutations in CASPASE 8 gene.. IGF-I defined as following: Human IGF1 wild-type allele is located within 12q22-q23 and is approximately 85 kb in length. This allele, which encodes insulin-like growth factor I protein, is involved in the mediation of peptides that exert growth-promoting effects involved in mammalian growth and development.. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome defined as following: A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any functional association during viral replication between flaviviridae viral RNA depended RNA polymerase and viral helicase?", "id": "converted_14", "sentence1": "Is there any functional association during viral replication between flaviviridae viral RNA depended RNA polymerase and viral helicase?", "sentence2": "Several labs have obtained evidence for a Protein complex that involves many of the nonstructural (NS) Proteins encoded by the Virus. NOONAN SYNDROME 3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B appear to interact structurally and functionally. In this study, we investigated the interaction between the helicase, NOONAN SYNDROME 3, and the RNA polymerase, NS5B. Pull-down experiments and surface plasmon resonance data indicate a direct interaction between NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B that is primarily mediated through the Protease Domain of NOONAN SYNDROME 3. This interaction reduces the basal Adenosine Triphosphatases activity of NOONAN SYNDROME 3. However, NS5B stimulates product formation in RNA unwinding experiments under conditions of excess Nucleic Acids substrate. When the concentrations of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B are in excess of Nucleic Acids substrate, NS5B reduces the rate of NOONAN SYNDROME 3-catalyzed unwinding. Under pre-steady-state conditions, in which NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and substrate concentrations are similar, product formation increased in the presence of NS5B. The increase was consistent with 1:1 complex formed between the two Proteins. A fluorescently labeled form of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 was used to investigate this interaction through fluorescence polarization binding assays. Results from this assay support interactions that include a 1:1 complex formed between NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B. Contradictory results have been reported regarding NOONAN SYNDROME 3 in RNA synthesis. To investigate the effect of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 on classical swine fever Virus (CSFV) NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity) activity and NOONAN SYNDROME 3-NS5B interaction, RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity reactions, GST-pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation analyses containing NS5B and either of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 protein and the different truncated NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Mutant were performed, respectively. We found that NOONAN SYNDROME 3 stimulated NS5B RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity activity in a dose-dependent manner by binding to Noonan Syndrome 5 through a NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain. Furthermore, mapping important regions of the NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain was carried out by Deletion Mutagenesis, associated with RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity reactions, GST-pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. Results showed that stimulation of CSFV NS5B RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity activity was obtained by NOONAN SYNDROME 3 binding to NS5B through a 31-amino acid fragment at the N-terminal end of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain, which mediated a specific NOONAN SYNDROME 3-NS5B interaction. The protocols detailed in this unit are used to purify three recombinant enzymes that are widely used in HCV research: the HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain, the helicase Superkingdom (taxonomic category) as an NOONAN SYNDROME 3+NS4A complex, and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The active enzymes are purified to homogeneity by two-column chromatography to support a screening program for HCV inhibitors. Among potential targets are viral entry factors, including scavenger receptor type B1 (SCARB1 wt Allele) and CD81 antigen antigen, as well as Antibodies, Neutralizing against the viral glycoproteins. Popular targets related to translation and replication are the NOONAN SYNDROME 3/4A protease (inhibited by telaprevir and boceprevir) and the NS5B polymerase, as well as the NS2/3 autoprotease, the NOONAN SYNDROME 3 helicase, and nonenzymatic targets such as NS4B and NS5A Proteins. The NOONAN SYNDROME 3 helicase Superkingdom (taxonomic category) competes with NOONAN SYNDROME 3 full-length for Noonan Syndrome 5 RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity binding, with a K(d.) of 2.5\u03bcM. Since NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and Noonan Syndrome 5 are required for DENV replication, this fascile assay could be used to screen for non-nucleoside, allosteric inhibitors that disrupt the interaction between the two Proteins.[SEP]Relations: RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity has relations: molfunc_molfunc with DNA polymerase activity, molfunc_molfunc with DNA polymerase activity, molfunc_protein with ERVK-11, molfunc_protein with ERVK-11, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with ERVK-10, molfunc_protein with ERVK-10, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7. Definitions: Antibodies, Neutralizing defined as following: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a Virus.. boceprevir defined as following: An orally bioavailable, synthetic tripeptide inhibitor of the nonstructural protein 3 and 4A complex (NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A), with potential activity against hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 1. Upon administration, boceprevir reversibly binds to the active center of the HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A and prevents NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral Proteins and the formation of a viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotrype 1-infected host cells. NOONAN SYNDROME 3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NOONAN SYNDROME 3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA Virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.. Deletion Mutagenesis defined as following: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the loss of DNA sequences within a gene. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro.. Noonan Syndrome 5 defined as following: Noonan syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the RAF1 gene, encoding RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase.. Adenosine Triphosphatases defined as following: A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.. NOONAN SYNDROME 3 defined as following: Noonan syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the KRAS gene, encoding GTPase KRas.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Nucleic Acids defined as following: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. CD81 antigen defined as following: A tetraspanin protein that is involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.. Protease Domain defined as following: The portion of a proteolytic protein which causes hydrolysis and cleavage of other protein polypeptides.. SCARB1 wt Allele defined as following: Human SCARB1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q24.31 and is approximately 106 kb in length. This allele, which encodes scavenger receptor class B member 1 protein, plays a role in both binding and import of lipids and lipoproteins.. Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. telaprevir defined as following: An orally available peptidomimetic small molecule with activity against hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Telaprivir is a selective protease inhibitor that targets the viral HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3-4A serine protease and disrupts processing of viral Proteins and formation of a viral replication complex.. RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template, i.e. the catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. [EC:2.7.7.48, GOC:mah, GOC:pf]. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. viral RNA defined as following: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are psammoma bodies characteristic to meningiomas?", "id": "converted_15", "sentence1": "Are psammoma bodies characteristic to Meningioma?", "sentence2": "Psammomatous Meningioma Body Formation (Pencil Beam Scanning) are concentric lamellated calcified structures, observed most commonly in Papillary thyroid carcinoma (Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography), Benign Meningioma, and Papillary Serous Cystadenocarcinoma of Pelvis>Ovary but have rarely been reported in other Neoplasms and nonneoplastic lesions. Studies on Serous Cystadenocarcinoma of Pelvis>Ovary and Benign Meningioma, however, revealed that collagen production by Neoplastic Cell and subsequent calcification was responsible for the formation of Pencil Beam Scanning. The existence of some precursor forms of Pencil Beam Scanning was reported in Meningioma and more recently in Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, which were mostly in the form of Extracellular hyaline globules surrounded by well-preserved Neoplastic Cell or in a smaller number of cases intracytoplasmic bodies liberated from intact Specimen Source Codes - Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant. Light microscopy revealed abundant microcysts of varied size throughout the Specimen Source Codes - Tumor tissue sample with the presence of whorl formation and psammoma body, but no malignancy was indicated. Electron microscopy further demonstrated interdigitation of the neighboring cell membranes, Desmosome, and intracytoplasmic filaments, which are pathognomonic findings of Meningioma. Unlike UBE2D1 gene, macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor activity were glycogen-containing and variously exhibited a storiform pattern (13 of 20), psammoma body formation (9 of 20), and calcification of collagen (4 of 20). Immunoreactivities included vimentin location location (100%), focal to patchy EMA (80%), S100 Proteins (80%), Collagen Type IV (25%), and patchy, mild-to-moderate CD34 staining (60%). In contrast to the inner structure, three-dimensional structure of psammona bodies in Meningioma is not well defined. This study examined three cultured Meningioma, in which surface observation of psammoma bodies might be easier than in the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor tissues since influence of interposing Connective Tissue is minimized in Tissue culture. The results suggest that psammoma bodies in Meningioma arise in part from meningothelial whorls due to collagen production by Specimen Source Codes - Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant followed by obliteration and disappearance of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor cell processes, although some of the alternative pathways for psammoma body formation proposed by other investigators cannot be ruled out by this study. To demonstrate that psammoma bodies in Homo sapiens Meningioma contain Collagen Type VI and Laminin. This is the first report to describe the involvement of Collagen Type VI in psammoma bodies and whorl formations in Meningioma. Physiologic calcification such as psammoma body is sometimes found especially in spinal cord Benign Meningioma but ossification of the Meningeal Neoplasms was rarely observed. Histological diagnosis was Transitional Meningioma with psammoma body. In this study we analyzed the morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the psammoma bodies in ten Meningioma of different histologic subtypes, characterizing the components of the psammoma body and the elements of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, such as the Blood Blood capillaries and degenerative cells that have been classically considered as initiators of the formation of these calcareous is structures. It is concluded that the mineralization of the psammoma bodies is induced principally by the collagen fibers synthesized by the meningocytes and that the form of mineralization is spherical and growth is radial, controlled by the tumoral cells. CSF cytology revealed benign fibroblastic or meningotheliomatous Benign Meningioma with whorl formation and psammoma body. Electron microscopic examination of the Calculi showed Membrane Device-bound Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) and radially precipitated crystals that simulated durapatite of psammoma body in Benign Meningioma. Psammomatous Meningioma Body Formation in Meningioma resembled those in the Structure of Structure of choroid plexus stroma. The results of this study suggest that psammoma bodies in the Structure of Structure of choroid plexus, as in Meningioma, form by a process of dystrophic calcification associated with arachnoid cells and Collagen fiber. An early stage of psammoma body formation was seen more frequently in these villous microcores than in the meningocytic whorls. Psammomatous Meningioma Body Formation in meningocytic whorls were investigated by electron microscopy. Psammomatous Meningioma body formation in the meningocytic whorls may represent degeneration in some whorls of the central cells which contain Connective Tissue fibers, producing cell debris such as Membrane Device invested Vesicle (morphologic abnormality). Twenty Homo sapiens Meningioma were examined for immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M by the direct immunofluorescence of immunoperoxidase methods, or both. immunoglobulin G was conspicuously found in and around the blood vessels, whorls, and psammoma bodies. It was also clearly present on the Plasma Membrane Device of the Tumor cells. Significance of these findings is briefly discussed including possible humoral immune reactions in regard to whorl and psammoma body formation in Benign Meningioma. The fine structure of psammoma bodies was examined in four cases of Fibrous Meningioma. In general, large numbers of various-sized calcified bodies (psammoma bodies) were scattered among the interstitial fibers. These findings suggest that both Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. giant bodies and Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) may serve as initial nidus of calcification of psammoma bodies in Fibrous Meningioma. Psammomatous Meningioma body formation or dystrophic mineralization and gliosis of the intervening parenchyma was observed in all three cases.[SEP]Relations: psammomatous Benign Meningioma has relations: disease_disease with Benign Meningioma (disease), disease_disease with Benign Meningioma (disease), disease_protein with PTEN, disease_protein with PTEN, disease_protein with NF2, disease_protein with NF2, disease_protein with CSTB, disease_protein with CSTB, disease_protein with SMO, disease_protein with SMO. Definitions: Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. Calculi defined as following: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.. Pencil Beam Scanning defined as following: A precise form of proton therapy that uses an electronically guided scanning system and magnets to deliver a proton beam that is millimeters wide. With this system, beam position and depth can be controlled, allowing for highly precise deposition of radiation to be delivered in all three dimensions of the Specimen Source Codes - tumor.. Papillary Serous Cystadenocarcinoma defined as following: An adenocarcinoma usually arising from the Pelvis>Ovary. It is characterized by the presence of complex micropapillary structures covered by round and cuboidal cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.. collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).. Psammomatous Meningioma defined as following: A WHO grade I Benign Meningioma characterized by the presence of psammoma bodies that predominate over the meningeal cells.. Serous Cystadenocarcinoma defined as following: A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the Pelvis>Ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated Papillary Serous Cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammomatous Meningioma Body Formation may be present. The Specimen Source Codes - tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185). vimentin location defined as following: OBSOLETE. A type of intermediate filament. [ISBN:0716731363]. Desmosome defined as following: A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the Plasma Membrane Device of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each Membrane Device together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). durapatite defined as following: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. Plasma Membrane Device defined as following: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable Membrane Device that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.. Meningioma defined as following: A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7). Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Meningeal Neoplasms defined as following: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.. Neoplastic Cell defined as following: abnormal cell which divides more than it should or does not die when it should; cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue may be established as a neoplastic cell line, and then can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.. Physiologic calcification defined as following: Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.. Tissue culture defined as following: Originally the maintenance and growth of pieces of explanted tissue (plant or animal) in culture away from the source organism. Now usually refers to the (much more frequently used) technique of cell culture, using cells dispersed from tissues or distant descendants of such cells.. Specimen Source Codes - Tumor tissue sample defined as following: A Specimen Source Codes - tumor sample, or entire Specimen Source Codes - tumor that is removed for microscopic examination.. Immunoglobulin M defined as following: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). Immunoglobulin M can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally was called a macroglobulin.. Structure of choroid plexus defined as following: A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.. Membrane Device defined as following: A device that is made from or resembles a thin flexible sheet of material.. Specimen Source Codes - Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a Specimen Source Codes - tumor.. Collagen Type VI defined as following: A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The alpha subunits of collagen type VI assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers.. Collagen fiber defined as following: A structural protein and Connective Tissue component in fiber form composed of numerous fine fibrils, which provides strength and flexibility to tissue.. Collagen Type IV defined as following: A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.. Laminin defined as following: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement Membrane Device lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement Membrane Device. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in Specimen Source Codes - tumor invasion.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant Neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign Neoplasms.. immunoglobulin G defined as following: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal Homo sapiens serum. There are several isotype subclasses of immunoglobulin G, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.. S100 Proteins defined as following: A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.. Transitional Meningioma defined as following: A WHO grade I Benign Meningioma characterized by the coexistence of meningothelial cells and fibrous architectural patterns.. Fibrous Meningioma defined as following: A WHO grade I Benign Meningioma characterized by the presence of spindle cells that form bundles in a collagen Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc... Benign Meningioma defined as following: A grade I, slowly growing Benign Meningioma. Only a minority of tumors recur following complete resection.. Papillary thyroid carcinoma defined as following: A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it is the most common malignant thyroid lesion, comprising 75% to 80% of all thyroid cancers in iodine sufficient countries. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, the diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.. Extracellular defined as following: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma Membrane Device. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]. macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor activity defined as following: Combining with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the Membrane Device to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography defined as following: The evaluation of the liver and biliary tree using a contrast agent injected directly into the liver.. Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) defined as following: An abnormal fluid-filled cleft (e.g. as in the epidermis) or Membrane Device-bound space.. Blood capillaries defined as following: The minute vessels that connect arterioles and venules..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the histidine-rich Ca-binding protein (HRC) interact with triadin?", "id": "converted_16", "sentence1": "Does the histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info 2 (HRC) interact with TRDN gene?", "sentence2": "The HRC effects on Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location may be regulated by the cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-sensitivity of its interaction with TRDN gene. In rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract skeletal and Myocardium, HRC binds to Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) membranes via TRDN gene, a junctional SNCG wt Allele Protein Info. HRC may play a key role in the regulation of SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol cycling through its direct interactions with Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2 and TRDN gene, mediating a fine cross talk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol uptake and release in the Chest>Heart. Histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) is located in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) that binds to both TRDN gene (TRN-GTT2-7 gene-GTT2-7 gene) and SERCA affecting cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) cycling in the SNCG wt Allele. HRC is a SNCG wt Allele luminal cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info known to associate with both TRDN gene and the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-ATPase, and may thus mediate the crosstalk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) uptake and release. The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info (HRC) is a high capacity cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele). Because HRC appears to interact directly with TRDN gene, HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release during excitation-contraction coupling. In the present study, we have performed co-immunoprecipitation experiments and show that HRC binds directly to TRDN gene, which is an integral membrane Protein Info of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. A direct binding of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) to TRDN gene, the main transmembrane Protein Info of the junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle, seems well supported. The present study documents the binding interaction of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) transmembrane Protein Info TRDN gene with peripheral histidine-rich, cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info (HCP). In addition, the intra-luminal histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) has been shown to interact with both SERCA2a and TRDN gene. Notably, there is physical and direct interaction between these Protein Info players, mediating a fine-cross talk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-uptake, storage and release. The histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-binding Protein Info (HRCBP) is expressed in the junctional SNCG wt Allele, the site of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release from the SNCG wt Allele. HRCBP is expressed exclusively in Muscle Tissue and binds CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS with low affinity and high capacity. In addition, HRCBP interacts with TRDN gene, a Protein Info associated with the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel and thought to be involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release. Its CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding properties, localization to the SNCG wt Allele, and interaction with TRDN gene suggest that HRCBP is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS handling by the SNCG wt Allele. Using a fusion Protein Info binding assay, we further identified the histidine-rich acidic repeats of HRC as responsible for the binding of HRC to TRDN gene. The HRC binding domain of TRDN gene was also localized by fusion Protein Info binding assay to the lumenal region containing the KEKE motif that was previously shown to be involved in the binding of TRDN gene to CASQ2 gene. Notably, the interaction of HRC and TRDN gene is cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-sensitive. Our data suggest that HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum by interaction with TRDN gene. Further support for colocalization of HRC with TRDN gene Cytoplasmic Domain is provided here by experiments of mild tryptic digestion of tightly sealed TC vesicles. We demonstrate that HRC can be isolated as a complex with TRDN gene, following equilibrium sucrose-density centrifugation in the presence of mM cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+). Here, we characterized the COOH-terminal portion of rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract HRC, expressed and purified as a fusion Protein Info (HRC(569-852)), with respect to cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding properties, and to the interaction with TRDN gene on blots, as a function of the concentration of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+). Our results identify the polyglutamic stretch near the COOH terminus, as the cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding site responsible, both for the acceleration in mobility of HRC on SDS-PAGE in the presence of millimolar concentrations of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+), and for the enhancement by high cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) of the interaction between HRC and TRDN gene cytoplasmic segment. In addition to providing further evidence that HCP coenriches with Ryanodine Receptor 1, Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A, TRDN gene and CASQ2 gene (CS) in sucrose-density-purified TC vesicles, using specific polyclonal antibody, we show it to be expressed as a single Protein Info species, both in fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers, and to identically localize to the I band. Colocalization of HCP and TRDN gene at junctional triads is supported by the overlapping staining pattern using Monoclonal Antibodies to TRDN gene. We show a specific binding interaction between digoxigenin-HCP and TRDN gene, using ligand blot techniques. Suggesting that TRDN gene dually interacts with HCP and with CS, at distinct sites, we have found that TRDN gene-CS interaction in overlays does not require the presence of Ca2+. These differential effects form the basis for the hypothesis that HCP anchors to the junctional membrane domain of the SNCG wt Allele, through binding to TRDN gene short Cytoplasmic Domain at the NH2 terminus. Although the function of this interaction, as such, is not well understood, it seems of potential biological interest within the more general context of the structural-functional role of TRDN gene at the triadic junction in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle. BACKGROUND: Histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) is located in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) that binds to both TRDN gene (TRN-GTT2-7 gene-GTT2-7 gene) and SERCA affecting cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) cycling in the SNCG wt Allele. Chronic overexpression of HRC that may disrupt Protoplasm cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) homeostasis is implicated in pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Interaction of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) and TRDN gene in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info 2 (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel. The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info 2 (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel Because HRC appears to interact directly with TRDN gene, HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release during excitation-contraction coupling A direct binding of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) to TRDN gene, the main transmembrane Protein Info of the junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle, seems well supported The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info 2 (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel[SEP]Relations: Protein Info binding has relations: molfunc_protein with HRC, molfunc_protein with HRC, molfunc_protein with HRK, molfunc_protein with HRK, molfunc_protein with HRAS, molfunc_protein with HRAS, molfunc_protein with HRG, molfunc_protein with HRG, molfunc_protein with CA3, molfunc_protein with CA3. Definitions: CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS defined as following: A dietary supplement containing the mineral CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions.. Cytoplasmic Domain defined as following: The part of a transmembrane Protein Info which projects into the cytoplasm.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-ATPase defined as following: Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location comprises a family of ryanodine receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. I band defined as following: A region of a sarcomere that appears as a light band on each side of the Z disc, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin (actin) filaments are not overlapped by thick (myosin) filaments; contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; each sarcomere includes half of an I band at each end. [ISBN:0321204131]. Cardiac Hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.. SNCG wt Allele defined as following: Human SNCG wild-type allele is located within10q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes gamma-synuclein Protein Info, plays a role in the modulation of axonal architecture and neurofilament integrity. This gene is highly expessed in advanced breast carcinomas, suggesting a correlation between SNCG overexpression and breast tumor development.. Units Of Measure - lumen defined as following: A SI derived unit of luminous flux. It is the amount of light that falls on a unit area at unit distance from a source of one candela.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. integral membrane Protein Info defined as following: The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and Protein Info complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]. transmembrane Protein Info defined as following: A Protein Info that is an integral membrane Protein Info with a transmembrane region.. fusion Protein Info defined as following: Tumor suppressor candidate 2 (110 aa, ~12 kDa) is encoded by the human TUSC2 gene. This Protein Info is involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A defined as following: A 12-KDa tacrolimus binding Protein Info that is found associated with and may modulate the function of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channels. It is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase which is inhibited by both tacrolimus (commonly called FK506) and SIROLIMUS.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is oxalate renal excretion increased after bariatric surgery?", "id": "converted_17", "sentence1": "Is oxalate renal excretion increased after bariatric surgery?", "sentence2": "Despite the fact that bariatric surgery-induced weight loss is associated with a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality and improvement in renal function, bariatric surgery has recently been shown to be associated with a significant risk of X-linked recessive X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis with renal failure with renal failure. The main risk factor for X-linked recessive X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis with renal failure with renal failure is increased excretion of Urinary tract oxalate. Enteric hyperoxaluria, X-linked recessive X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis with renal failure with renal failure, and Oxalate nephropathy must be considered with the other risks of RYGBP. The Urinary tract excretion of oxalate was high: 1.112 mumol/24 h (normal range: 55-400 mumol/24 h), and Citrate measurement excretion was low: 1.48 mmol/24 h (normal range: 2-5 mmol/24 h). Hyperoxaluria in patients with JIB was found to be a result of hyperabsorption of oxalate, and these patients displayed altered oxalate kinetics with continued Urinary tract excretion of orally administered 14C-oxalate for more than 48 hours. Malabsorption Syndrome Syndrome of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS and low fasting Urinary tract CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS excretion in the JIB patients were associated with high tubular reabsorption of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS, the latter presumably attributable to a compensatory increase in circulating parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone). In most recurrent renal stone formers the Urinary tract CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS concentration was increased, with an inverse relationship to serum parathyroid hormone, indicating intestinal hyperabsorption of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS. A[SEP]Relations: Nephropathy has relations: drug_effect with Oxaliplatin, drug_effect with Oxaliplatin, drug_effect with Oxacillin, drug_effect with Oxacillin, drug_effect with Irbesartan, drug_effect with Irbesartan, drug_effect with Ioxaglic acid, drug_effect with Ioxaglic acid, drug_effect with Ranitidine, drug_effect with Ranitidine. Definitions: Citrate measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of Citrate measurement present in a sample.. oxalate defined as following: A salt or ester of oxalic acid.. Hyperoxaluria defined as following: Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.. CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS defined as following: A dietary supplement containing the mineral CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS.. parathyroid hormone defined as following: A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.. Urinary tract defined as following: The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.. Malabsorption Syndrome defined as following: General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the length of the poly(A) tail involved in human disease?", "id": "converted_18", "sentence1": "Is the length of the poly(A) tail involved in human disease?", "sentence2": "In human mitochondria, polyadenylation of RNA, Messenger, undertaken by the nuclear-encoded Mitochondrial Inheritance poly(A) RNA polymerase, is essential for maintaining Mitochondrial Inheritance gene expression. Our Molecular investigation of an autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia with Optic Atrophy, present among the Old Order Amish, identified a Mutation Abnormality of MTPAP gene gene associated with the disease phenotype. When subjected to poly(A) tail-length assays, Mitochondrial Inheritance mRNAs from affected individuals were shown to have severely truncated poly(A) tails.[SEP]Relations: Mitochondrial inheritance has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic vomiting syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic vomiting syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with MELAS syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with MELAS syndrome. Optic atrophy has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with distal monosomy 17q, disease_phenotype_positive with distal monosomy 17q, disease_phenotype_positive with distal monosomy 13q, disease_phenotype_positive with distal monosomy 13q, disease_phenotype_positive with Cockayne syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Cockayne syndrome. Definitions: Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. Optic Atrophy defined as following: Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are patients with marfan syndrome at increased risk of arrhythmias?", "id": "converted_19", "sentence1": "Are patients with marfan syndrome at increased risk of arrhythmias?", "sentence2": "FBN1 gene (Marfan Syndrome) is a variable, autosomal-dominant disorder of the Connective Tissue. In Marfan Syndrome serious ventricular arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) can occur. Marfan's patients carry increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmia were present in 21% and were associated with increased left ventricular size, Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome, and abnormalities of repolarization. Cardiac complication are rare in young patients with FBN1 gene receiving medical therapy and close clinical follow-up. Sudden death still occurs, and appears more common in patients with a dilated left ventricle. Left ventricular dilation may predispose to alterations of repolarization and fatal ventricular arrhythmias.[SEP]Relations: FBN1 gene has relations: disease_disease with Marfan and Marfan-related disorder, disease_disease with Marfan and Marfan-related disorder, indication with Everolimus, indication with Everolimus, disease_phenotype_positive with Chronic fatigue, disease_phenotype_positive with Chronic fatigue, disease_protein with CAT, disease_protein with CAT, disease_protein with NODAL, disease_protein with NODAL. Definitions: Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. Marfan Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; AORTIC ANEURYSM; and AORTIC DISSECTION. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). FBN1 gene (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of Connective Tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with FBN1 gene type 2.. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Sudden death defined as following: The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.. Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome defined as following: Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.. Sudden Cardiac Death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). FBN1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the maintenance of Connective Tissue.. Cardiac complication defined as following: Any heart or vascular disorder occurring as a consequence of injury to the cardiovascular system.. arrhythmias defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. marfan syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; AORTIC ANEURYSM; and AORTIC DISSECTION. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). FBN1 gene (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of Connective Tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with FBN1 gene type 2..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a relationship between junctin and ryanodine receptors?", "id": "converted_20", "sentence1": "Is there a relationship between ASPH gene-2 and Ryanodine Receptors?", "sentence2": "ASPH gene, a 26 kDa intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) protein, forms a quaternary complex with TRDN gene, CASQ2 gene and the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location) at the Junctional SR Membrane Device. ASPH gene ablation appears to affect how RyRs 'sense' SR Ca(2+) load, resulting in decreased diastolic SR Ca(2+) leak despite an elevated [Ca(2+)](SR). Single channel recordings of RyRs from Wild Type Unspecified - zebrafish and JCN-KO cardiac SR indicate that the absence of ASPH gene-2 produces a dual effect on the normally linear response of RyRs to Luminal region [Ca(2+)]: at low Luminal region [Ca(2+)] (<1 mmol l(-1)), ASPH gene-2-devoid Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location channels are less responsive to Luminal region [Ca(2+)]; conversely, high Luminal region [Ca(2+)] turns them hypersensitive to this form of channel modulation. Thus, ASPH gene-2 produces complex effects on Ca(2+) sparks, transients, and leak, but the Luminal region [Ca(2+)]-dependent dual response of ASPH gene-2-devoid RyRs demonstrates that ASPH gene-2 normally acts as an activator of Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location channels at low Luminal region [Ca(2+)], and as an PPP1R1A gene at high Luminal region [Ca(2+)]. Normal Ca(2+) signalling in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle depends on the Membrane Device associated Proteins TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2 and their ability to mediate functional interactions between the Ca(2+) binding protein CASQ2 gene and the type 1 Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. We show here that purified skeletal Ryanodine Receptors are similarly activated by purified TRDN gene or purified ASPH gene-2 added to their Luminal region side, although a lack of competition indicated that the Proteins act at independent sites. Surprisingly, TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2 differed markedly in their ability to transmit information between skeletal CASQ2 gene and Ryanodine Receptors. Purified CASQ2 gene inhibited ASPH gene-2/TRDN gene-associated, or ASPH gene-2-associated, Ryanodine Receptors and the CASQ2 gene re-associated channel complexes were further inhibited when Luminal region Ca(2+) fell from 1mM to By fusing GCaMP6f to the N-terminus of TRDN gene 1 or ASPH gene-2, GCaMP6f-T/J was targeted to dyadic junctions, where it colocalized with t-tubules and RyRs after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. The Junctional face of the jSR, facing the transverse tubules, is occupied by a molecular complex composed of the transmembrane Ca2+ release channels (Ryanodine Receptors); the Luminal region protein CASQ2 gene (CSQ); the 2 Membrane Proteins, ASPH gene-2 (Jct), and TRDN gene (Tr), which mediate CSQ-Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel interactions; and several other components. Calsequestrin, the main CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS buffer in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, provides a pool of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS for release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel and acts as a Luminal region CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS sensor for the channel via its interactions with TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2. We examined the influence of phosphorylation of CASQ2 gene on its ability to store CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS, to polymerise and to regulate Ryanodine Receptors by binding to TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2. ASPH gene is a 26 kDa Membrane Device protein that binds to CASQ2 gene, TRDN gene, and Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) within the Junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release units.[SEP]Relations: Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_cellcomp with voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS channel complex, cellcomp_cellcomp with voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS channel complex, cellcomp_cellcomp with voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS channel complex, cellcomp_cellcomp with voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS channel complex. Definitions: Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Membrane Device of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.. ryanodine receptor complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. ryanodine receptor complex location comprises a family of Ryanodine Receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS defined as following: A dietary supplement containing the mineral CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions.. ASPH gene-2 defined as following: This gene is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ion channel regulation and amino acid hydroxylation.. ASPH gene defined as following: This gene is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ion channel regulation and amino acid hydroxylation.. Membrane Proteins defined as following: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral Proteins. They include most Membrane Device-associated enzymes, antigenic Proteins, transport Proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.. Units Of Measure - lumen defined as following: A SI derived unit of luminous flux. It is the amount of light that falls on a unit area at unit distance from a source of one candela.. Membrane Device defined as following: A device that is made from or resembles a thin flexible sheet of material.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Luminal region defined as following: Relating to the Units Of Measure - lumen of a blood vessel or other tubular structure.. Wild Type Unspecified - zebrafish defined as following: A designation used to describe a wild-type zebrafish line that is of unknown stock.. type 1 Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: Ryanodine receptor 1 (5038 aa, ~565 kDa) is encoded by the human RYR1 gene. This protein is involved in the transport of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and neurons..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is JTV519 (K201) a potential drug for the prevention of arrhythmias?", "id": "converted_21", "sentence1": "Is JTV519 (K201) a potential Pharmacologic Substance for the prevention of Cardiac Arrhythmia?", "sentence2": "We compared the suppressive effect of K201 (JTV519), a multiple-channel blocker and cardiac ryanodine receptor-calcium release channel (Ryanodine Receptor 2) stabilizer, with that of diltiazem, a Ca(2+ )channel blocker, in 2 studies of isoproterenol-induced (n = 30) and ischemic-reperfusion-induced VAs (n = 38) in Rattus norvegicus. After administration of isoproterenol under Ca(2+) loading, fatal VA frequently occurred in the vehicle (9 of 10 animal allergen extracts, 90%) and diltiazem (8 of 10, 80%) groups, and K201 significantly suppressed the incidences of arrhythmia and mortality (2 of 10, 20%). In the reperfusion study, the incidence and the time until occurrence of reperfusion-induced VA and mortality were significantly suppressed in the K201 (2 of 15 animal allergen extracts, 13%) and diltiazem (1 of 9 animal allergen extracts, 11%) groups compared to the vehicle group (8 of 14 animal allergen extracts, 57%). K201 markedly suppressed both the isoproterenol-induced and the reperfusion-induced VAs, whereas diltiazem did not suppress the isoproterenol-induced VA. JTV519 (K201) is a newly developed 1,4-benzothiazepine Pharmacologic Substance with antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective properties. It appears to be very effective in not only preventing but also in reversing the characteristic myocardial changes and preventing lethal Cardiac Arrhythmia. The novel antiarrhythmic Pharmacologic Substance K201 (4-[3-{1-(4-benzyl)piperidinyl}propionyl]-7-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine monohydrochloride) is currently in development for treatment of Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding. K201 not only controls intracellular calcium release by the Ryanodine Receptors, but also possesses a ventricular action that might predispose to torsade de pointes Cardiac Arrhythmia. The ryanodine receptor complex location is currently used as a therapeutic target in Malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia where dantrolene is effective and to relieve Ventricular Arrhythmia by ECG Finding, with the use of JTV519 and flecainide. Finally, KN-3 and JTV519, two compounds that stabilize Ryanodine Receptor 2 in the closed state, prevent the induction of triggered activity and suppress the inducibility of sustained AF. JTV519 greatly reduced the frequency of ouabain-induced arrhythmogenic events. Stabilization of Ryanodine Receptor 2 by JTV519 effectively reduces these triggered Cardiac Arrhythmia. These findings may reveal the anti-arrhythmic potential of K201. The preferential ryanodine receptor stabilizer (K201) possesses antiarrhythmic effects through calcium regulation. The Pharmacologic Substance K201 (JTV519) increases inotropy and suppresses Cardiac Arrhythmia in failing hearts, but the effects of K201 on normal hearts is unknown. K201 fails to prevent amsonic acid in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) Muscle Cells and Ventricular arrhythmia in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) CASP14 gene In vivo administration of K201 failed to prevent induction of Polymorphism Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding (Tachycardia, Ventricular) in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) CASP14 gene. The 1,4-benzothiazepine JTV519, which increases the binding affinity of calstabin-2 for Ryanodine Receptor 2, inhibited the diastolic SR Ca2+ leak, monophasic action potential alternan and triggered Cardiac Arrhythmia. In Cardiac Arrhythmia, the calstabin2 stabiliser JTV519 did not prevent Cardiac Arrhythmia in calstabin2-/- CASP14 gene, but reduced the Cardiac Arrhythmia in calstabin2+/- CASP14 gene, illustrating the antiarrhythmic potential of stabilising calstablin2. In three models of Cardiac Arrhythmia, the calstabin2 stabiliser JTV519 did not prevent Cardiac Arrhythmia in calstabin2(-/-) CASP14 gene, but reduced the Cardiac Arrhythmia in calstabin2(+/-) CASP14 gene, illustrating the antiarrhythmic potential of stabilising calstabin2. A derivative of 1,4-benzothiazepine (JTV519) increased the affinity of calstabin2 for Ryanodine Receptor 2, which stabilized the closed state of Ryanodine Receptor 2 and prevented the Ca2+ leak that triggers Cardiac Arrhythmia. JTV519 had significant protective effects on Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding in the Body Surface Area Formula for Dogs sterile Pericarditis model, mainly by increasing effective refractory period, suggesting that it may have potential as a novel antiarrhythmic agent for Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding. JTV519 significantly decreased the mean number of sustained Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding episodes (from 4.2 +/- 2.9 to 0 +/- 0, P < 0.01). We conclude that JTV519 can exert antiarrhythmic effects against AF by inhibiting repolarizing K(+) currents. The Pharmacologic Substance may be useful for the treatment of AF in patients with Coronary Arteriosclerosis.[SEP]Relations: Arrhythmia has relations: phenotype_protein with KCNJ8, phenotype_protein with KCNJ8, phenotype_protein with KCNJ2, phenotype_protein with KCNJ2, drug_effect with Oseltamivir, drug_effect with Oseltamivir, drug_effect with Venlafaxine, drug_effect with Venlafaxine. Dantrolene has relations: drug_drug with JNJ-26489112, drug_drug with JNJ-26489112. Definitions: ryanodine receptor complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated calcium-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. ryanodine receptor complex location comprises a family of Ryanodine Receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. Pericarditis defined as following: Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or Pharmacologic Substance-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.. Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular organ with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC). Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. diltiazem defined as following: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by the replacement of consistent P waves by rapid oscillations or fibrillatory waves that vary in size, shape and timing and are accompanied by an irregularly irregular ventricular response. (CDISC). Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. flecainide defined as following: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. dantrolene defined as following: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. Polymorphism defined as following: The quality or state of being able to assume different forms.. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac Cardiac Arrhythmia can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. isoproterenol defined as following: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. Body Surface Area Formula for Dogs defined as following: The formula to calculate body surface area in dogs. It is mathematically defined as: BSA (m^2) = (10.0 x Weight(g)^2/3)/1000. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Ventricular Arrhythmia by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia defined as following: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.. Tachycardia, Ventricular defined as following: An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or Polymorphism, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).. Muscle Cells defined as following: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as Muscle Cells, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Propofol used for short-term sedation?", "id": "converted_22", "sentence1": "Is Propofol used for short-term sedation?", "sentence2": "The current study explores the incidence and content of dreaming during short-term sedation with sevoflurane or propofo Propofol is the sedative most frequently used for short-term sedation and the weaning phase, whereas Benzodiazepines are the preferred Substance for medium- and long-term sedation. Performance of the A-line Autoregressive Index (AAI) and of the Bispectral Index (BIS) at assessing depth of short-term sedation following cardiac surgery. All patients received sedation with propofol according to the study protocol. Short-term sedation with either sevoflurane using ACD or propofol did not negatively affect renal function postoperatively. Assessing feasibility and physiological effects of sedation with sevoflurane, administered with the anesthetic conserving device (Anaconda), in comparison with propofol and remifentanil. Sevoflurane can be effectively and safely used for short-term sedation of ICU patients with stable hemodynamic conditions. Propofol was used for most of the patients during short-term sedation (57%) and during weaning (48%). Effects of short-term propofol administration on Pancreatic enzyme and triglyceride levels in children. This prospective, clinical trial evaluated the effects of short-term propofol administration on triglyceride levels and serum Pancreatic enzyme in children undergoing sedation for magnetic resonance imaging. dexmedetomidine vs. propofol for short-term sedation of postoperative mechanically ventilated patients. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and endocrine response of propofol vs. the new alpha2-agonist dexmedetomidine for sedation in surgical intensive care patients who need postoperative short-term ventilation. A total of 89 adult, nonemergent, coronary artery bypass graft patients with an expected length of intubation of <24 hrs. METHODS: Patients were randomized to either AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROME, FAMILIAL, X-LINKED, BEHCET-LIKE 2 or propofol The majority of practitioners (82%) use propofol infusion in children in Picus, the main indication being for short-term sedation in children requiring procedures. Pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol 6% for short-term sedation in paediatric patients following cardiac surgery. This paper describes the pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol in short-term sedated paediatric patients. Twenty patients who were expected to require 8 h of post-operative sedation and ventilation were allocated randomly to receive either an infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.2-2.5 microg kg(-1) h(-1) or propofol 1-3 mg kg(-1) h(-1) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol 6% SAZN versus propofol 1% SAZN and Diprivan-10 for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass surgery. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety characteristics of propofol 6% SAZN were investigated during a short-term infusion and compared with the commercially available product propofol 1% in Intralipid 10% (Diprivan-10) and propofol 1% in Lipofundin MCT/LCT 10% (propofol 1% SAZN). METHODS: In a randomised double-blind study, 24 male patients received a 5-h infusion of propofol at the rate of 1 mg/kg/h for sedation in the immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass surgery Propofol infusion and oxycodone-thiopental bolus dosages, titrated to the same sedation end point, resulted in similar time from admission to extubation, although the weaning period was shorter in the propofol group. In terms of breathing pattern, gas exchange, blood gases and haemodynamics, the methods were similar. Propofol, despite its attractive pharmacological profile, may offer no clinical benefit in short-term sedation after a moderate dose fentanyl anaesthesia in cardiac surgery. Postoperative short-term sedation with propofol in cardiac surgery. We conducted a randomized double-blind study to assess the safety and effectiveness of short-term sedation with propofol in adult patients immediately after cardiac surgery. The use of propofol for short-term sedation in ICUs has allowed the maintenance of sedation to continue until just a few hours before extubation but the benefits of propofol for longer-term indications are more debatable. Midazolam and propofol are available as hypnotics for short-term sedation during the post-operative period. The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Midazolam and propofol were compared in an open randomized study for postoperative sedation during 12 h of mechanical ventilation in 40 patients following coronary artery bypass grafting Propofol is a known anesthetic agent, widely used for short-term anesthesia and for longer-term sedation. Propofol was the most commonly used agent overall during the observational period (primarily for short-term and intermediate-length sedation); midazolam was the most commonly used for long-term sedation.[SEP]Relations: Propofol has relations: drug_drug with Selegiline, drug_drug with Selegiline, contraindication with epilepsy, contraindication with epilepsy, drug_drug with Propacetamol, drug_drug with Propacetamol, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Diamorphine, drug_drug with Diamorphine. Definitions: midazolam defined as following: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. remifentanil defined as following: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. dexmedetomidine defined as following: An imidazole derivate and active d-isomer of medetomidine with analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative properties. dexmedetomidine selectively binds to presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors located in the brain, thereby inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles. This leads to an inhibition of postsynaptic activation of adrenoceptors, which inhibit sympathetic activity, thereby leading to sedation and anxiolysis. The analgesic effect of this agent is mediated by binding to alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the spinal cord.. propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. sevoflurane defined as following: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may act by interfering with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. Sevoflurane may also interact directly with lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, this agent may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors hyperpolarizing cell membranes. This results in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure as well as an increased respiratory rate.. Benzodiazepines defined as following: A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.. Pancreatic enzyme defined as following: Pancreatic enzymes are comprised primarily of proteases, lipase and amylase that catalyze the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and proteins during the digestion of food. However, the pancreas also produces many other digestive enzymes such as ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, gelatinase and elastase.. Substance defined as following: Any matter of defined composition that has discrete existence, whose origin may be biological, mineral or chemical.. Propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhage?", "id": "converted_23", "sentence1": "Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage?", "sentence2": "Stroke in crack-cocaine abusers is increasingly recognized. There were significant differences between crack-cocaine cases and controls in age (48.7 years vs. 55 years) (P = 0.0001), male gender (65.6% vs. 40.9%) (odds ratios, OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.22-2.21), arterial Hypertensive disease (61.1% vs. 83.9%) (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.15-0.60), Hypercholesterolemia result (18.7% vs. 68.5%) (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.05-0.21), Diabetes Mellitus (20.9% vs. 41.9%) (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.19-0.70), cigarette smoking (70.6% vs. 29%) (OR = 5.86, 95% CI 3.07-11.20), Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident (61.3% vs. 79.6%) (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.21-0.78), and Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (33.3% vs. 17.2%) (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.53-6.00). Cerebral Hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO) is a well-recognized complication of recreational cocaine use. HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO is more common in those currently using cocaine perhaps because of acute spikes in blood pressure. Cerebral Hemorrhage in cocaine users. cocaine is a cause of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO), but there are no large studies that have characterized the location, pathology, and outcome of patients with cocaine-associated HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO Aneurysmal Yakut language may be largely a preventable disease among the young and middle-aged because several prevalent risk factors can be modified by medication (eg, Hypertensive disease) or behavioral change (eg, cigarette smoking, cocaine use). cocaine use and Hypertensive disease are major risk factors for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage in young African Americans. cocaine use (OR 6.1, 95% CI 3.3-11.8), Hypertensive disease (OR 5.2, 95% CI 3.2-8.7) and alcohol use (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) were independently associated with increased risk for HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO cocaine use has been temporally associated with neurovascular complications, including the Rupture of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration aneurysms. Chronic cocaine use appears to predispose patients who harbor incidental neurovascular anomalies to present at an earlier point in their natural history than similar non-cocaine users. Acute intoxication with either cocaine or methamphetamine may contribute to formation and Rupture of a berry Aneurysm by causing transient Hypertensive disease and Tachycardia by ECG Finding. Although the exact mechanism by which Berry Aneurysm form remains undetermined, research indicates that propagation and Rupture of the Aneurysm are aggravated by Hypertensive disease and Tachycardia by ECG Finding, both of which are pharmacologic side effects of cocaine and methamphetamine The high frequency of Hypertensive disease, Hypertensive (finding) Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage, and lacunar infarction among young black patients with Cerebrovascular accident suggests accelerated Hypertensive (finding) arteriolar damage, possibly due to poor control of Hypertensive disease. cocaine induced Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage: analysis of Predisposing Factors and mechanisms causing Hemorrhagic Stroke. Hypertensive (finding) cardiovascular disease (HCVD) was significantly higher in persons with Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage than in those with Aneurysm Rupture. Our findings suggest that HCVD predisposes to cocaine induced Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage Cerebral Hemorrhage associated with cocaine Abuse. n view of the present epidemic of cocaine Abuse, Poisoning by cocaine should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage An increase in cocaine Abuse by pregnant women has been associated with a range of maternal/fetal cardiovascular complications. Cerebral Hemorrhage has been reported as a cocaine-related complication, 13 patients were identified with Neurologic Deficits attributable to the use of cocaine. Ischemic manifestations were the most frequent, occurring in seven (54%) patients, with a mean age of 34.2 years. Three (23%) patients had Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, and three (23%) had Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage. OBJECTIVE: An association between cocaine use and Cerebrovascular accident has been reported, but few studies have examined cocaine-related neurovascular disease using modern Cerebrovascular accident diagnostic techniques. OBJECTIVE: cocaine is a cause of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO), but there are no large studies that have characterized the location, pathology, and outcome of patients with cocaine-associated HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO. Because cocaine and ecstasy abuse has been reported to be a risk factor for Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident and fatal Brain hemorrhage, thromboaspiration may be an alternative therapy to thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysmal Yakut language may be largely a preventable disease among the young and middle-aged because several prevalent risk factors can be modified by medication (eg, Hypertensive disease) or behavioral change (eg, cigarette smoking, cocaine use). OBJECTIVE: The use of cocaine has been increasingly associated with Cerebrovascular Disorders specially in young adults. cocaine hydrochloride causes mainly Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration and subarachnoidal bleeding, while crack (freebase) causes Intracranial Hemorrhage and ischemic infarctions with equal frequency. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate cocaine use as a significant risk factor for fatal Brain hemorrhage and may explain, in part, the increased incidence of hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular accident in some drug-using cohorts. Abuse of Amphetamines, cocaine and related compounds has become an important risk factor for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration haemorrhage in young adults. Strokes occurred within 3 h of cocaine use in 15 patients with Infarction and 17 with Hemorrhage. We present three cases of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage which occurred after cocaine consumption (intranasal route in two cases and intravenous route in one case).[SEP]Relations: Cerebral hemorrhage has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with cocaine intoxication, disease_phenotype_positive with cocaine intoxication. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage has relations: contraindication with Enoxaparin, contraindication with Enoxaparin, disease_disease with Intracranial Hemorrhage, disease_disease with Intracranial Hemorrhage, contraindication with Hydralazine, contraindication with Hydralazine. Intracranial hemorrhage has relations: drug_effect with Saquinavir, drug_effect with Saquinavir. Definitions: cocaine defined as following: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. Cerebral Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.. methamphetamine defined as following: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. Hypercholesterolemia result defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood.. Hemorrhagic Stroke defined as following: An acute episode of focal or global cerebral or spinal dysfunction caused by intraparenchymal, intraventricular, or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.. Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation.. Aneurysm defined as following: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later Rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.. Intracranial Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding within the cranium.. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM Rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.. Rupture defined as following: Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.. cocaine hydrochloride defined as following: The hydrochloride salt form of the tropane alkaloid cocaine, with central nervous systems (CNS) stimulating and local anesthetic activity. cocaine binds to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. This leads to an accumulation of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and may result in increased postsynaptic receptor activation. Its effect on dopamine levels causes CNS stimulation and euphoria, and ultimately dependence. The mechanism of action through which cocaine exerts its local anesthetic effects is by binding to and blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). Berry Aneurysm defined as following: A small cerebral artery Aneurysm, characterized by a saccular appearance, that typically forms at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Amphetamines defined as following: Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.. Cerebrovascular Disorders defined as following: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.. Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration defined as following: Administration of a drug within the cerebrum, directly into brain tissue, usually by injection or direct application.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Aneurysm Rupture defined as following: The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured Aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.. Neurologic Deficits defined as following: Loss of movement function.. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is COL5A2 gene associated to ischemic heart disease?", "id": "converted_24", "sentence1": "Is COL5A2 Genes associated to Myocardial Ischemia?", "sentence2": "Analysis of a Genes co-expression network establishes robust association between Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human and Myocardial Ischemia Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human, a Genes previously not specifically linked to MI response but responsible for the classic type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, was found to have many and strong co-expression associations within this community Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human shows predictive potential in MI, and in principle may represent a novel candidate marker for the identification and treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease Analysis of a Genes co-expression network establishes robust association between Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human and Myocardial Ischemia.[SEP]Relations: myocardial ischemia has relations: disease_protein with ADM2, disease_protein with ADM2, disease_protein with ADRB2, disease_protein with ADRB2, disease_protein with TMED2, disease_protein with TMED2, disease_protein with RAB5A, disease_protein with RAB5A, disease_protein with APLP2, disease_protein with APLP2. Definitions: Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human defined as following: Collagen alpha-2(V) chain (1499 aa, ~145 kDa) is encoded by the human COL5A2 Genes. This protein is involved in collagen fibril formation in connective tissues.. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome defined as following: A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.. Myocardial Ischemia defined as following: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. COL5A2 Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in connective tissue development and extracellular matrix formation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate genomes?", "id": "converted_25", "sentence1": "Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate Genome?", "sentence2": "Here, we use genome-wide comparisons between C. intestinalis and C. savignyi to identify putative urochordate cis-regulatory DNA Sequence. Ciona conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs) are associated with largely the same key Genes, Regulator as vertebrate CNEs We have identified Conserved Non-coding Elements (CNEs) in the Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae Here we report that nematode Genome contain an alternative set of CNEs that share Sequence - ParameterizedDataType characteristics, but not identity, with their vertebrate counterparts. CNEs thus represent a very unusual class of DNA Sequence that are extremely conserved within specific animal lineages yet are highly divergent between lineages A core set of Genes that regulate development is associated with CNEs across three animal groups (worms, Diptera and Vertebrates) The Genome of Vertebrates, Diptera, and Phylum Nematoda contain highly conserved noncoding elements (CNEs). The Genome of Vertebrates, Diptera, and Phylum Nematoda contain highly conserved noncoding elements (CNEs)[SEP]Relations: vertebra has relations: anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra. regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding. Definitions: Genes, Regulator defined as following: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other Genes; specifically, Genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Diptera defined as following: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called Diptera, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).. Phylum Nematoda defined as following: class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures; many species are parasites.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid DNA Sequence that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid DNA Sequence involved in regulating the expression of Genes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is HER2 active only when it dimerizes?", "id": "converted_26", "sentence1": "Is erbB-2 Receptor active only when it dimerizes?", "sentence2": "Herero language activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family. rtuzumab is the first Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized in a new class of drugs, the Herero language dimerization inhibitors, approved by the Food and Drug Pertuzumab is a novel anti-erbB-2 Receptor monoclonal antibody CAL CAL, which blocks erbB-2 Receptor dimerization with other ligand-activated Herero language family members. Here, we explored the complement-mediated anti-tumor effects of trastuzumab and pertuzumab on erbB-2 Receptor-positive tumor cells of various histological origins. ays. In this study, we report that an anti-erbB-2 Receptor monoclonal antibody CAL CAL (HER2Mab), which blocks erbB-2 Receptor dimerization with ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, induces ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase dimerization with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in both low and high erbB-2 Receptor expressing Tumor cells, malignant. Recent evidence from both basic and clinical studies suggests that ERBB3 gene gene (ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase) serves as a key activator of downstream signaling through dimerization with other ERBB proteins and plays a critical role in the widespread clinical resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and erbB-2 Receptor targeting cancer therapies. ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase intracellular domains play a crucial role in ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/erbB-2 Receptor dimerization and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Dimerization among the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family of Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases leads to allosteric activation of the kinase domains of the partners. Our results show that quantification of Herero language dimerization provides information about receptor activation that cannot be obtained by quantification of single receptors. Pertuzumab is a novel Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized that blocks epidermal growth factor receptor 2, human (erbB-2 Receptor) dimerization. It was recently approved by the US FDA for use in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel for patients with erbB-2 Receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer who have not received prior anti-erbB-2 Receptor therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic disease. he Herero language dimerization status may be more important than Herero language receptor expression per se in determining sensitivity or resistance to a given therapeutic agen and erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitors One of the mechanisms by which Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant proliferation can be inhibited consists in hampering erbB-2 Receptor dimerization by targeting its Extracellular Domain with specific Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic. Pertuzumab, a Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, is the first erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitor. It binds to the dimerization site on the erbB-2 Receptor domain and prevents ligand-driven pairing of erbB-2 Receptor with other Herero language receptors, thus inhibiting Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant growth and survival Pertuzumab, another monoclonal antibody CAL CAL, is a erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitor that binds to a different Epitopes on erbB-2 Receptor than trastuzumab and inhibits erbB-2 Receptor dimer formation with other Herero language family members such as ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene.[SEP]Relations: Trastuzumab has relations: indication with erbB-2 Receptor positive breast carcinoma, indication with erbB-2 Receptor positive breast carcinoma. ERBB3 gene has relations: protein_protein with ACTR2, protein_protein with ACTR2, molfunc_protein with protein heterodimerization activity, molfunc_protein with protein heterodimerization activity, molfunc_protein with protein tyrosine kinase activator activity, molfunc_protein with protein tyrosine kinase activator activity. Pertuzumab has relations: indication with erbB-2 Receptor positive breast carcinoma, indication with erbB-2 Receptor positive breast carcinoma. Definitions: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway.. pertuzumab defined as following: A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody CAL directed against the extracellular dimerization domain of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of the antibody to the dimerization domain of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein directly inhibits the ability of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein (the most common pairing partner) to dimerize with other Herero language tyrosine kinase receptor proteins; inhibiting receptor protein dimerization prevents the activation of Herero language signaling pathways, resulting in Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant apoptosis. (NCI04). Extracellular Domain defined as following: Any part of a transmembrane protein that projects into the environment surrounding a cell.. Herero language defined as following: A Niger-Congo Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana.. trastuzumab defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized against the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR (erbB-2 Receptor). As an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT, it is used to treat BREAST CANCER where erbB-2 Receptor is overexpressed.. Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized defined as following: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic end in -zumab.. erbB-2 Receptor defined as following: Human ERBB2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.1 and is approximately 29 kb in length. This allele, which encodes receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 protein, plays a role in EGF receptor signal transduction pathways and cellular growth. Amplification or overexpression of this gene is involved in the progression of several forms of cancer, including breast and ovarian tumors.. monoclonal antibody CAL defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04). Epitopes defined as following: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic.. docetaxel defined as following: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases defined as following: A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.. ERBB3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in signal transduction pathways that result in cellular proliferation or differentiation. The gene has also been associated with numerous cancers.. ERBB3 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase defined as following: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR. Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with TUMORIGENESIS.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family defined as following: A family of structurally related cell-surface receptors that signal through an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The receptors are activated upon binding of specific ligands which include EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTORS, and NEUREGULINS.. Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Crohn's disease (CD) linked to the consumption of refrigerated food?", "id": "converted_27", "sentence1": "Is Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues (CD) linked to the consumption of refrigerated Food allergenic extracts?", "sentence2": "Environmental risk factors playing a causative role in Crohn's Disease (CD) remain largely unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that refrigerated Food allergenic extracts could be involved in disease development. This study supports the opinion that CD is associated with exposure to domestic refrigeration, among other household factors, during childhood. Patients were exposed earlier than controls to the refrigerator (X2 = 9.9, df = 3, P = 0.04) and refrigerator exposure at birth was found to be a risk factor for CD (OR = 2.08 (95% CI: 1.01-4.29), P = 0.05). Comparable results were obtained looking for the exposure to freezer at home. A recent published hypothesis proposed that Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues was provoked by infantile exposure to Microorganism that can survive refrigerator temperature. This support for the hypothesis reached statistical significance for those with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues compared to the controls (p=0.045). Epidemiological data allow assessment of familial environmental risk factors related to western lifestyle, diet, Bacteria, and domestic hygiene. All findings point to refrigeration as a potential risk factor for Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues. Furthermore, cold-chain development paralleled the outbreak of Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues during the 20th century. Environmental risk factors playing a causative role in Crohn's Disease (CD) remain largely unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that refrigerated Food allergenic extracts could be involved in disease development. Our study suggests an association between the omission of breakfast and the failure to refrigerate Food allergenic extracts with GC in the Mexican population.[SEP]Relations: Crohn disease of the esophagus has relations: disease_disease with Crohn disease, disease_disease with Crohn disease, disease_disease with esophagitis (disease), disease_disease with esophagitis (disease). Bacteremia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with toxic shock syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with toxic shock syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with listeriosis, disease_phenotype_positive with listeriosis, disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic hematopoiesis, disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic hematopoiesis. Definitions: Microorganism defined as following: A microscopic organism. The term microorganism may refer to a prokaryote or eukaryote, and may be a unicellular or multicellular organism. All taxonomic kingdoms contain microorganisms.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues defined as following: A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians?", "id": "converted_28", "sentence1": "Is the UGT1A1*28 Allele polymorphism associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians?", "sentence2": "These Variant are associated with greater risk of serious Toxic effect. Homozygous carriers of UGT1A1*28 Allele Allele as well as those with additional UGT1A1 wt Allele Variant can suffer from severe irinotecan Toxic effect[SEP]Relations: Irinotecan has relations: drug_protein with UGT1A1, drug_protein with UGT1A1, drug_protein with UGT1A9, drug_protein with UGT1A9, drug_protein with CYP3A7, drug_protein with CYP3A7, drug_protein with CYP3A4, drug_protein with CYP3A4, drug_protein with TOP1MT, drug_protein with TOP1MT. Definitions: UGT1A1 wt Allele defined as following: Human UGT1A1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 protein, plays a role in the transformation of small lipophilic molecules into water-soluble metabolites. Certain allelic Variant of the UGT1A1 gene cause Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, type II, Gilbert syndrome or transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. irinotecan defined as following: A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. Irinotecan, a prodrug, is converted to a biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. One thousand-fold more potent than its parent compound irinotecan, SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Because ongoing DNA synthesis is necessary for irinotecan to exert its cytotoxic effects, it is classified as an S-phase-specific agent.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. UGT1A1*28 Allele defined as following: Human UGT1A1*28 Allele allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 protein, plays a role in the transformation of small lipophilic molecules into water-soluble metabolites. UGT1A1*28 Allele allele has a polymorphism in the promoter region that is associated with decreased transferase activity and decreases in both tolerance and effectiveness of cancer therapeutics and antiviral drugs.. polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can clonidine be used to reduce agitation in children.", "id": "converted_29", "sentence1": "Can clonidine be used to reduce agitation in children.", "sentence2": "Children receiving clonidine immediately after anesthesia induction had statistically significant improvement in postoperative agitation at the 15-minute mark (P = .096) and last score obtained (P = .095) using the Watcha scale. clonidine has proven to be effective in reducing the incidence of post-operative agitation at a higher dose (3 and 2 \u03bcg kg\u207b\u00b9). Post-anaesthetic agitation was observed in two patients (6.6%) in group 1, eight patients (26.6%) in group 2 as compared to 12 patients (40%) in group 3 after 15 min of post-operative observation. The mean scores in group 1 at 15 and 30 min were significantly lower than those in group 3 (P value <0.05) Caudal clonidine at a lower dose (1 \u03bcg kg\u207b\u00b9) could be effective in reducing the incidence of sevoflurane-induced emergence agitation in children undergoing Genitourinary system and lower limb surgery without any significant adverse effects. Only the 4 microg kg-1 dose of clonidine was associated with a significant reduction in emergence agitation. Fewer children in the clonidine 4 microg kg-1 group displayed agitation (25%) than in the midazolam group (60%) (P=0.025). In comparison with midazolam, clonidine 4 microg kg-1 reduced sevoflurane-induced emergence agitation without increasing postoperative side-effects. Prophylactic use of clonidine against sevoflurane-induced agitation may represent a new and promising application. One hundred and twenty children were included in this study: 59 of whom received clonidine, and 61 placebo; 41% of those in the placebo group exhibited moderate-severe ethacrynic acid compared with only 22% of those in the clonidine group (P < 0.03). Findings demonstrate that i.v. clonidine administered after induction of anesthesia significantly reduces the incidence of ethacrynic acid in young children, but is associated with Somnolence postoperatively. clonidine could not prevent agitation (incidence 54%, 13/24) clonidine 1.5 microg/kg did not differ from placebo with respect to postoperative agitation. clonidine is effective in treating sevoflurane-induced postanesthesia agitation in children. Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and discomfort scores were significantly decreased in the clonidine group; the incidence of agitation was reduced by 57% (P = 0.029) and the incidence of severe agitation by 67% (P = 0.064). Relative risks for developing agitation and severe agitation were 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.78) and 0.32 (0.09-1.17), respectively. clonidine produces a substantial reduction in the risk of postsevoflurane agitation in children. Agitation was observed in 12 midazolam-treated and five clonidine-treated patients (P=0.05). Compared with midazolam, clonidine premedication reduced agitation during sevoflurane induction. clonidine 3 micrograms kg-1 prevented agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia, independently of the route of administration. The effect of clonidine appears to be dose-dependent, as an epidural dose of 1 microgram kg-1 failed to reduce it. clonidine prevents sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. In 16 placebo and 2 clonidine-treated patients agitation was observed (P < 0.001) In 6 patients of the Placebo group, agitation was graded as severe, whereas none of the patients in the clonidine group developed severe agitation (P = 0.02). We conclude that clonidine effectively prevents agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia. clonidine 2 microg/kg IV after anesthetic induction effectively reduces the incidence of agitation without resulting in clinically relevant Bradycardia by ECG Finding and Hypotension. Children receiving clonidine prior to undergoing strabismus surgery have a small but noticeable reduction in postoperative agitation, stay slightly longer in the post-anesthesia care unit, and have higher rates of parent satisfaction. We report three cases of preoperative use of intranasal clonidine in pediatric patients, all for different indications. One patient was treated for preoperative agitation and Hallucinations associated with oral midazolam. One patient was given clonidine as a premedicant. The third patient was treated for preoperative agitation and Hypertensive disease. All three patients had subjective resolution of indicated symptoms and none experienced adverse outcomes. Oral Route of Drug administration Route of Drug administration or intravenous clonidine has been successfully used for the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation during emergence from anaesthesia.[SEP]Relations: Agitation has relations: drug_effect with clonidine, drug_effect with clonidine. clonidine has relations: drug_effect with Agitation, drug_effect with Agitation, drug_effect with Anxiety, drug_effect with Anxiety, contraindication with anxiety disorder, contraindication with anxiety disorder, drug_effect with Headache, drug_effect with Headache. Definitions: midazolam defined as following: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. ethacrynic acid defined as following: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. Agitation defined as following: A state of restlessness associated with unpleasant feelings of irritability and tension. Causes include pain, stress, fever, alcohol and nicotine withdrawal, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs use, depression, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia.. Oral Route of Drug administration defined as following: The introduction of a substance to the mouth or into the gastrointestinal tract by the way of the mouth, usually for systemic action. It is the most common, convenient, and usually the safest and least expensive route of drug administration, but it uses the most complicated pathway to the tissues and bioavailability varies. The disadvantages of method are hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation of the drug within the gastrointestinal tract. This prohibits oral administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins.. Hypotension defined as following: Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.. clonidine defined as following: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. Hallucinations defined as following: Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.. Somnolence defined as following: Compelling urge to sleep.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Genitourinary system defined as following: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.. clonidine defined as following: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. agitation defined as following: A state of restlessness associated with unpleasant feelings of irritability and tension. Causes include pain, stress, fever, alcohol and nicotine withdrawal, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs use, depression, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between presenteeism and depression?", "id": "converted_30", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Presenteeism and Cancer patients and suicide and depression?", "sentence2": "Presenteeism was positively associated with severity of Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (Health and Work Performance Questionnaire, P < 0.0001; WPAI, P < 0.0001). Statistically significant correlations (0.32-0.53) were found between Presenteeism and increasing disability, Fatigue, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, Anxiety Disorders, and reduced quality of life. Presenteeism was associated with increasing Fatigue, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, Anxiety Disorders, and reduced quality of life. Factors with less contribution to Presenteeism included physical limitations, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression or Anxiety Disorders, inadequate job training, and problems with supervisors and coworkers. BACKGROUND: Subthreshold Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression is highly prevalent in the general population and causes great loss to society especially in the form of reduced productivity while at work (Presenteeism). Two major causes of worker Presenteeism (reduced on-the-job productivity as a result of health problems) are Musculoskeletal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and mental health issues, particularly Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression. Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression were significantly associated with Presenteeism. Pr Survey adjusted multivariable logistic regression assessed classification of 12-month, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression-related Presenteeism on the basis of socio-demographic, financial, work and health factors. RESULTS: The LPT from absenteeism and Presenteeism (reduced performance while present at work) was significantly higher among the Major Depressive Disorder group. BACKGROUND: Depression is reported to be a major cause of Illness (finding)-related sub-optimal work performance (Presenteeism). BACKGROUND: It is amply documented that Mood Disorders adversely affect job satisfaction, workforce productivity, and absenteeism/Presenteeism. The difference in productivity loss due to impaired Presenteeism was significantly different between the two groups, but the productivity loss due to absenteeism was not. Disease activity (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.11-9.48) and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.22-8.48) were associated with absenteeism, while Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (OR 5.69, 95% CI 1.77-18.27, disease activity (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.76-8.98), Anxiety Disorders (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31), self-efficacy (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58-0.86), and increasing age (OR 1.04 per year, 95% CI 1.00-1.08) were associated with Presenteeism. Depression, in particular, appears to be associated with employment, absenteeism, and Presenteeism, and should therefore be prioritized in clinical practice. Depression frequently causes unemployment, absenteeism, and Presenteeism, which results in significantly reduced productivity. Presenteeism and absenteeism were significantly worse for the Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression group at each time point (p < or = .001). In cross-sectional models, Presenteeism was associated with more severe Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression symptoms, poorer general physical health, psychologically demanding work, the interaction ofpsychologically demanding work with Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, and less job control (r2 range = .33-.54). Chronic conditions such as Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression/Anxiety Disorders, BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, Arthritis, and back/neck pain are especially important causes of productivity loss. Comorbidities have significant non-additive effects on both absenteeism and Presenteeism. RESULTS: At baseline, all Presenteeism measures were sensitive to differences between those with (N=69) and without (N=363) Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression/Anxiety Disorders. Depression and Anxiety Disorders were more consistently associated with \"Presenteeism\" (that is, lost productivity while at work) than with absenteeism, whether this was measured by cutback days or by direct questionnaires. RESULTS: Substantial research exists about Anxiety Disorders and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression costs, such as performance and productivity, absenteeism, Presenteeism, disability, A A physical disability exacerbation, mental health treatment, increased medical care costs, exacerbating of physical Illness (finding), and studies of mental health care limitations and cost-offset. The author discusses the etiology and potential solutions for managing this new component in the productivity equation and in addressing Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, the major contributor to Presenteeism. For employees who are currently Depressed mood, recent research evidence has demonstrated that pharmacotherapy can have a dramatic and positive effect on lost productivity, absenteeism, and Presenteeism. Among participants who were still employed, those with Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression had significantly more job turnover, Presenteeism, and absenteeism. Only Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression affected both absenteeism-Presenteeism and critical incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorder in the workplace persist over time and have a major effect on work performance, most notably on \"Presenteeism,\" or reduced effectiveness in the workplace. The negative effects of Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression include those on patients' occupational functioning, including absenteeism, Presenteeism, and reduced opportunities for educational and work success. The remitted group demonstrated a significant improvement in productivity (particularly Presenteeism) when compared with the new visit group (Z\u2009=\u2009-3.29, p\u2009=\u20090.001). Depression in workers leads to significant absenteeism, \"Presenteeism\" (diminished capacity due to Illness (finding) while still present at work), and significantly increased medical expenses in addition to the costs of psychiatric care. Significant predictors of Presenteeism and activity impairment at follow-up (controlled for gender, age, spondyloarthritis subgroups and Presenteeism at baseline) were Presenteeism at baseline, poor quality of life, worse disease activity, decreased physical function, lower self-efficacy pain and symptom, higher scores of Anxiety Disorders, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, Location characteristic ID - Smoking and low education level, and for activity impairment also female sex. \" Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression were significantly associated with Presenteeism. Only Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression affected both absenteeism-Presenteeism and critical incidents. Factors with less contribution to Presenteeism included physical limitations, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression or Anxiety Disorders, inadequate job training, and problems with supervisors and coworkers.[SEP]Relations: Anxiety Disorders disorder has relations: disease_disease with postpartum Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with postpartum Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with neurotic Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with neurotic Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with unipolar Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with unipolar Cancer patients and suicide and depression. major depressive disorder has relations: disease_disease with endogenous Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with endogenous Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with endogenous Cancer patients and suicide and depression, disease_disease with endogenous Cancer patients and suicide and depression. Definitions: Presenteeism defined as following: Reporting for work despite feeling ill.. Arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Depressed mood defined as following: An emotional state characterized by feelings of sadness, emptiness, and/or tearfulness.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. Mood Disorders defined as following: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.. Musculoskeletal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- defined as following: Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.. Major Depressive Disorder defined as following: Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) Depressed mood mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: Depressed mood mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5). Depressive disorder defined as following: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 associated with bilirubin transport?", "id": "converted_31", "sentence1": "Are OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele associated with Bilirubin transport?", "sentence2": "OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele-mediated transport of Bilirubin was confirmed and inhibition was determined for atazanavir, rifampin, indinavir, amprenavir, cyclosporine, rifamycin SV and saquinavir. Examples of adaptive Nontoxic changes in Abdomen>Liver function, which may elevate direct (conjugated) and/or indirect (unconjugated) Bilirubin above baseline levels, include reversible inhibition of UGT1A1 gene gene-mediated Bilirubin metabolism and OATP1B1-, SLCO1B3 wt Allele-, or ABCC2 wt Allele-mediated transport (Keogh. Due to limited solubility and poor ionization of Bilirubin and its Glucuronides, the formation of estradiol 3-Glucuronides was used as a surrogate to assess UGT1A1 gene gene activity, while the transport of pitavastatin, 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, and Taurocholate were used as surrogate Probe brand of methazole herbicide substrates to monitor the function of OATP1B1/SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele, respectively. OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele-mediated transport of Bilirubin was confirmed and inhibition was determined for atazanavir, rifampin, indinavir, amprenavir, cyclosporine, rifamycin SV and saquinavir. However, because Pharmacologic Substance transporters also contribute to Bilirubin elimination, the purpose of this work was to investigate the in vitro inhibition of OATP1B1, SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele of select test drugs known to elicit Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. Thus, disruption of hepatic reuptake of Bilirubin Glucuronides due to coexisting OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele deficiencies explains Rotor-type Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic.Moreover, OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele null mutations may confer substantial Pharmacologic Substance Toxic effect risks. Bilirubin elimination is a multifaceted process consisting of uptake of Bilirubin into the Hepatocyte facilitated by OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele. Complete OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele deficiency causes Homo sapiens Rotor syndrome by interrupting conjugated Bilirubin reuptake into the Abdomen>Liver. Thus, disruption of hepatic reuptake of Bilirubin Glucuronides due to coexisting OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele deficiencies explains Rotor-type Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. The data show that a substantial fraction of Bilirubin Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) is primarily secreted by ABCC3 wt Allele at the sinusoidal membrane into the blood, from where they are subsequently reuptaken by sinusoidal membrane-bound organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele. Evaluating the in vitro inhibition of UGT1A1 gene gene, OATP1B1, SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele in predicting Pharmacologic Substance-induced Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele-mediated transport of Bilirubin was confirmed and inhibition was determined for atazanavir, rifampin, indinavir, amprenavir, cyclosporine, rifamycin SV and saquinavir Bilirubin elimination is a multifaceted process consisting of uptake of Bilirubin into the Hepatocyte facilitated by OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele Due to limited solubility and poor ionization of Bilirubin and its Glucuronides, the formation of estradiol 3-Glucuronides was used as a surrogate to assess UGT1A1 gene gene activity, while the transport of pitavastatin, 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, and Taurocholate were used as surrogate Probe brand of methazole herbicide substrates to monitor the function of OATP1B1/SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele, respectively Examples of adaptive Nontoxic changes in Abdomen>Liver function, which may elevate direct (conjugated) and/or indirect (unconjugated) Bilirubin above baseline levels, include reversible inhibition of UGT1A1 gene gene-mediated Bilirubin metabolism and OATP1B1-, SLCO1B3 wt Allele-, or ABCC2 wt Allele-mediated transport (Keogh In vitro, faldaprevir inhibited key processes involved in Bilirubin clearance: Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 (UGT1A1 gene gene) (IC50 0.45 \u00b5M), which Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) Bilirubin, and hepatic uptake and efflux transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 (IC50 0.57 \u00b5M), SLCO1B3 wt Allele (IC50 0.18 \u00b5M), and multidrug resistance-associated protein (Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins) 2 (IC50 6.2 \u00b5M), which transport Bilirubin and its Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) Thus, disruption of hepatic reuptake of Bilirubin Glucuronides due to coexisting OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele deficiencies explains Rotor-type Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic Thus, disruption of hepatic reuptake of Bilirubin Glucuronides due to coexisting OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele deficiencies explains Rotor-type Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic.Moreover, OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele null mutations may confer substantial Pharmacologic Substance Toxic effect risks OATP1B1 (a.k.a. OATP-C, SLCO1B1 wt Allele, LST-1, or SLC21A6) is a Abdomen>Liver-specific organic anion uptake transporter and has been shown to be a higher affinity Bilirubin uptake transporter than SLCO1B3 wt Allele In vitro OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele inhibition is associated with observations of benign clinical unconjugated Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. Examples of adaptive Nontoxic changes in Abdomen>Liver function, which may elevate direct (conjugated) and/or indirect (unconjugated) Bilirubin above baseline levels, include reversible inhibition of UGT1A1 gene gene-mediated Bilirubin metabolism and OATP1B1-, SLCO1B3 wt Allele-, or ABCC2 wt Allele-mediated transport (Keogh. Adv Pharmacol 63:1-42, 2012). Using CASP14 gene deficient in Oatp1a/1b and in the multispecific sinusoidal export pump ABCC3 protein, Homo sapiens, we found that ABCC3 protein, Homo sapiens secretes Bilirubin Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) into the blood, while Oatp1a/1b transporters mediate their hepatic reuptake. Bilirubin elimination is a multifaceted process consisting of uptake of Bilirubin into the Hepatocyte facilitated by OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele. OATP1B1 polymorphism is a major determinant of serum Bilirubin level but not associated with rifampin-mediated Bilirubin elevation. Unconjugated Bilirubin (UCB) is taken up into Hepatocyte by Homo sapiens organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; encoded for by the SLCO1B1 gene). However, because Pharmacologic Substance transporters also contribute to Bilirubin elimination, the purpose of this work was to investigate the in vitro inhibition of OATP1B1, SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele of select test drugs known to elicit Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. Test drugs investigated in this study were atazanavir and indinavir, which are associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic and elevations in serum Aspartate Transaminase; ritonavir and nelfinavir, which are not associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic; and bromfenac, troglitazone, and trovafloxacin, which are associated with severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity exhibiting elevations in serum Bilirubin and Aspartate Transaminase. Test drugs investigated in this study were atazanavir and indinavir, which are associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic and elevations in serum Aspartate Transaminase; ritonavir and nelfinavir, which are not associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic; and bromfenac, troglitazone, and trovafloxacin, which are associated with severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity exhibiting elevations in serum Bilirubin and Aspartate Transaminase. Due to limited solubility and poor ionization of Bilirubin and its Glucuronides, the formation of estradiol 3-Glucuronides was used as a surrogate to assess UGT1A1 gene gene activity, while the transport of pitavastatin, 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, and Taurocholate were used as surrogate Probe brand of methazole herbicide substrates to monitor the function of OATP1B1/SLCO1B3 wt Allele, ABCC2 wt Allele, and ABCB11 wt Allele, respectively. In vitro, faldaprevir inhibited key processes involved in Bilirubin clearance: Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 (UGT1A1 gene gene) (IC50 0.45 \u00b5M), which Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) Bilirubin, and hepatic uptake and efflux transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 (IC50 0.57 \u00b5M), SLCO1B3 wt Allele (IC50 0.18 \u00b5M), and multidrug resistance-associated protein (Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins) 2 (IC50 6.2 \u00b5M), which transport Bilirubin and its Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen). In vitro OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele inhibition is associated with observations of benign clinical unconjugated Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. 3.\u2002\u2009The results indicated that in vivo Fi values >0.2 or R-values >1.5 for OATP1B1 or SLCO1B3 wt Allele, but not UGT1A1 gene gene, are associated with previously reported clinical cases of Pharmacologic Substance-induced unconjugated Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic. OATP1B1 and SLCO1B3 wt Allele-mediated transport of Bilirubin was confirmed and inhibition was determined for atazanavir, rifampin, indinavir, amprenavir, cyclosporine, rifamycin SV and saquinavir.[SEP]Relations: UGT1A1 gene has relations: disease_protein with Bilirubin encephalopathy, disease_protein with Bilirubin encephalopathy, bioprocess_protein with Bilirubin conjugation, bioprocess_protein with Bilirubin conjugation, protein_protein with B3GALT1, protein_protein with B3GALT1, drug_protein with Alvocidib, drug_protein with Alvocidib. SLCO1B1 has relations: molfunc_protein with bile acid transmembrane transporter activity, molfunc_protein with bile acid transmembrane transporter activity. Definitions: Glucuronides defined as following: Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. ABCC3 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 (1527 aa, ~169 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens ABCC3 gene. This protein is involved in both the transport and metabolism of bile.. atazanavir defined as following: An aza-dipeptide analogue with a bis-aryl substituent on the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine moiety with activity against both wild type and mutant forms of HIV protease. Atazanavir does not elevate serum lipids, a common problem with other protease inhibitors.. Bilirubin defined as following: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.. SLCO1B1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in sodium-independent uptake of numerous endogenous compounds in the Abdomen>Liver.. ABCB11 wt Allele defined as following: Human ABCB11 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q24 and is approximately 108 kb in length. This allele, which encodes bile salt export pump protein, is involved in bile salt transport. Mutation of the gene is associated with hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis.. SLCO1B1 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLCO1B1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12p12 and is approximately 109 kb in length. This allele, which encodes solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 protein, plays a role in both endogenous factor uptake in the Abdomen>Liver and the removal of Pharmacologic Substance compounds. Mutations in this gene are associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic, Rotor type, digenic.. SLCO1B3 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLCO1B3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12p12 and is approximately 279 kb in length. This allele, which encodes solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 protein, is involved in both bile acid and Bilirubin transport and sodium-independent uptake of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Mutations in this gene are associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic, Rotor type, digenic.. nelfinavir defined as following: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. ABCC3 wt Allele defined as following: Human ABCC3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q22 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 protein, plays a role in bile metabolism and transport.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. indinavir defined as following: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. amprenavir defined as following: A synthetic derivative of hydroxyethylamine sulfonamide that selectively binds to and inhibits Homo sapiens immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease.. troglitazone defined as following: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.. rifampin defined as following: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160). saquinavir defined as following: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. pitavastatin defined as following: A novel statin that induces plaque regression and elevates HDL-cholesterol levels.. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins defined as following: A sequence-related subfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that actively transport organic substrates. Although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey Pharmacologic Substance resistance to neutral organic drugs. Their cellular function may have clinical significance for CHEMOTHERAPY in that they transport a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of proteins in this class by NEOPLASMS is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although similar in function to P-GLYCOPROTEINS, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 family of proteins.. cyclosporine defined as following: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).. Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic defined as following: A benign, autosomally recessive inherited Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic characterized by the presence of a dark pigment in the centrilobular region of the Abdomen>Liver cells. There is a functional defect in biliary excretion of Bilirubin, cholephilic dyes, and porphyrins. Affected persons may be asymptomatic or have vague constitutional or gastrointestinal symptoms. The Abdomen>Liver may be slightly enlarged, and oral and intravenous cholangiography fails to visualize the biliary tract.. UGT1A1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in controlling serum levels of Bilirubin and in glucuronidation.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the Homo sapiens or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. ABCC2 wt Allele defined as following: Human ABCC2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q24 and is approximately 69 kb in length. This allele, which encodes canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 protein, plays a role in both multidrug resistance and organic anion transport. Mutation of the gene is associated with Dubin-Johnson syndrome.. Bilirubin Glucuronides defined as following: water soluble conjugated Bilirubin.. bromfenac defined as following: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Pharmacologic Substance (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins (PG). By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac is able to inhibit PG-induced inflammation, thereby preventing vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, an increase in vascular permeability and an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP).. rifamycin SV defined as following: A natural antibiotic produced by Streptomyces mediterranei, Rifamycin (Ansamycin Family) is a commonly used antimycobacterial Pharmacologic Substance that inhibits prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and protein synthesis; it blocks RNA-polymerase transcription initiation. Rifamycin has an activity spectrum against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but is mainly used against Mycobacterium sp. (especially M. tuberculosis) in association with other agents to overcome resistance. (NCI04). Aspartate Transaminase defined as following: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.. ritonavir defined as following: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. Immunostimulating conjugate (antigen) defined as following: A compound formed by the union of two entities or compounds.. Probe brand of methazole herbicide defined as following: brand name of methazole herbicide. Glucuronosyltransferase defined as following: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as Pharmacologic Substance-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.. OATP1B1 defined as following: Human SLCO1B1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12p12 and is approximately 109 kb in length. This allele, which encodes solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 protein, plays a role in both endogenous factor uptake in the Abdomen>Liver and the removal of Pharmacologic Substance compounds. Mutations in this gene are associated with Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic, Rotor type, digenic..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is abdominal pain a common symptom in autism?", "id": "converted_32", "sentence1": "Is abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- a common symptom in Autistic Disorder?", "sentence2": "Participants included 132 children with Atrial Septal Defects and 81 with special educational needs (MORF4 gene) but no Atrial Septal Defects, aged 10-14\u00a0years plus 82 typically developing (diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine) children The Atrial Septal Defects group had significantly increased past vomiting and Diarrhea compared with the diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine group and more abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- than the MORF4 gene group Many children with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs) suffer from Gastrointestinal problem such as Diarrhea, Constipation and abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Children with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (Atrial Septal Defects) experience high rates of Anxiety Disorders, sensory processing problems, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems The results indicate that Anxiety Disorders, sensory over-responsivity and GI problems are possibly interrelated phenomenon for children with Atrial Septal Defects, and may have common underlying mechanisms. Decreased small intestinal mucosa lactase level not associated with Intestinal inflammation or injury is common in autistic children and may contribute to abdominal discomfort, Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and observed aberrant behavior. Autistic behavior is often accompanied by numerous disturbing symptoms on the part of gastrointestinal system, such as abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, Constipation or diarrhea. Information on children's stool patterns and gut symptoms collected by questionnaire at 4 weeks and at 6, 18, 30 and 42 months of age were available for 12,984 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC))) Comparison of the Atrial Septal Defects and control group during the first 3.5 years of life showed no major differences in stool colour or consistency, or in frequency of Diarrhea, Constipation, Blood in stool or abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-. Constipation is a frequent finding in children with No gastrointestinal symptom and Autistic Disorder, particularly in the Rectum and sigmoid colon, often with acquired megarectum. The absence of any correlation between the clinical history and the degree of fecal impaction in autistic children confirms the importance of an abdominal radiograph in the assessment of their degree of Constipation. In a sample of 137 children, age 24-96 months, classified as having Autistic Disorder or Atrial Septal Defects by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic, 24 percent had a history of at least one chronic gastrointestinal symptom. The most common symptom was diarrhea, which occurred in 17 percent.[SEP]Relations: Abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abdominal symptom, phenotype_phenotype with Abdominal symptom, phenotype_phenotype with Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Episodic abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, phenotype_phenotype with Episodic abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, disease_phenotype_positive with plague, disease_phenotype_positive with plague, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital diarrhea, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital diarrhea. Definitions: Constipation defined as following: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.. Decreased small intestinal mucosa lactase level defined as following: Lactase is produced in the small intestine in humans, Lactase is a member of the beta-galactosidase family of enzymes, and hydrolyzes D-lactose to form D-galactose and D-glucose, which can be absorbed by the small intestine. There are many ways of assessing lactase activity. In one test, an endoscopic biopsy from the postbulbar duodenum is incubated with lactose on a test plate, and a color reaction develops within 20 min as a result of hydrolyzed lactose (a positive result) in patients with normolactasia, whereas no reaction (a negative result) develops in patients with severe hypolactasia. Other, less direct, tests include the hydrogen breath test, and blood tests following lactose challenges. []. Autistic Disorder defined as following: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V). diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine defined as following: Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) are serious bacterial infections. Tetanus causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to \"locking\" of the jaw. Diphtheria usually affects the nose and throat. Whooping cough causes uncontrollable coughing. Vaccines can protect you from these diseases. In the U.S., there are four combination vaccines:
- DTaP prevents all three diseases. It is for children younger than seven years old.
- Tdap also prevents all three. It is for older children and adults.
- DT prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for children younger than seven who cannot tolerate the pertussis vaccine.
- Td prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for older children and adults. It is usually given as a booster dose every 10 years. You may also get it earlier if you get a severe and dirty wound or burn.
Some people should not get these vaccines, including those who have had severe reactions to the shots before. Check with your doctor first if you have seizures, a neurologic problem, or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Also let your doctor know if you don't feel well the day of the shot; you may need to postpone it.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
. Autistic behavior defined as following: Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior. [HPO:probinson, PMID:28879490]. Rectum and sigmoid colon defined as following: A portion of the large intestine that includes the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. Blood in stool defined as following: A finding indicating the presence of blood in stool. It is the result of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and it may be easily seen in stool or may be identified microscopically.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.. Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders defined as following: A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes Autistic Disorder, Asperger syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.. Atrial Septal Defects defined as following: Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.. abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- defined as following: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.. Intestinal inflammation defined as following: A reaction characterizeds by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, swelling localized to the in the intestinal tract. [PMID:9897960].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are cyclophilins ubiquitously expressed?", "id": "converted_33", "sentence1": "Are Cyclophilins ubiquitously expressed?", "sentence2": "Cyclophilin from Leishmania donovani donovani donovani (LdCyp) is a ubiquitous peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerase (disposition) Cyclophilins (CYPs) and Tacrolimus Binding Proteins (FKBPs) are ubiquitous Proteins belonging to the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans Isomerase (disposition) (PPIase) family. However, their wide distribution and ubiquitous nature signifies their fundamental importance in plant survival. Cyclophilins (Cyps) are ubiquitous Proteins that effect the cis-trans isomerization of Pro amide bonds, and are thus crucial to Protein Info folding. FK506 binding Proteins (FKBPs) and Cyclophilins (CYPs) are abundant and ubiquitous Proteins belonging to the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans Isomerase (disposition) (PPIase) superfamily, which regulate much of metabolism through a chaperone or an isomerization of proline residues during Protein Info folding. Cyclophilin is a ubiquitous peptidyl prolyl cis/trans Isomerase (disposition) that plays critical roles in many biological processes. The receptor for cyclosporine is the Protein Info cyclophilin, which is a ubiquitous peptidylprolyl Isomerase (disposition). Cyps (Cyclophilins) are ubiquitous Proteins of the Peptidylprolyl Isomerase superfamily with proposed functions in Protein Info folding, Protein Info degradation, stress response and signal transduction. Cyclophilins are folding helper ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS belonging to the class of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerase (PPIases; EC 5.2.1.8) that catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds in Proteins. They are ubiquitous Proteins present in almost all living Organism analyzed to date, with extremely rare exceptions. Immunophilins are ubiquitous ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS responsible for proline isomerisation during Protein Info synthesis and for the chaperoning of several Membrane Proteins. Cyclophilins (CyPs) are a large class of highly conserved ubiquitous peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerase. Cyclophilins belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans Isomerase (PPIases), which are ubiquitous and highly conserved ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS capable of cis/trans isomerizing Xaa-Pro peptide bonds. Originally identified as the cellular targets of immunosuppressant drugs, the Immunophilins encompass two ubiquitous Protein Info families: the FK-506 binding Proteins or FKBPs, and the cyclosporine-binding Proteins or Cyclophilins.[SEP]Relations: Cyclosporine has relations: drug_drug with Gatifloxacin, drug_drug with Gatifloxacin, drug_drug with Etoposide, drug_drug with Etoposide, drug_drug with Genistein, drug_drug with Genistein, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Alogliptin, drug_drug with Alogliptin. Definitions: Peptidylprolyl Isomerase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within Proteins. EC 5.2.1.8.. Cyclophilins defined as following: A family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerase that bind to CYCLOSPORINS and regulate the IMMUNE SYSTEM. EC 5.2.1.-. Membrane Proteins defined as following: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral Proteins. They include most membrane-associated ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS, antigenic Proteins, transport Proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.. Immunophilins defined as following: Members of a family of highly conserved Proteins which are all cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl Isomerase (PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE). They bind the immunosuppressant drugs CYCLOSPORINE; TACROLIMUS and SIROLIMUS. They possess rotamase activity, which is inhibited by the immunosuppressant drugs that bind to them.. Tacrolimus Binding Proteins defined as following: A family of Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs TACROLIMUS (also known as FK506) and SIROLIMUS.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. cyclosporine defined as following: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Isomerase defined as following: A class of ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does low T3 negatively affect prognosis of patients after cardiac surgery?", "id": "converted_34", "sentence1": "Does low T3 thoracic segmental innervation negatively affect prognosis of patients after cardiac surgery?", "sentence2": "ur findings suggest that the development of LCOS after congenital heart surgery is associated with decreased total and free T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation, and increased interleukin-8 receptor binding activity levels at 48 hours, and preoperative Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist TT-4 level is an independent predictor of LCOS. Low basal cubic foot concentration can reliably predict the occurrence of postoperative AF in CABG patients. A relevant finding was that the days of post-operative hospitalization (10+/-3 days, means+/-S.D.) was inversely correlated with the slope of the recovery of T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation concentration (P<0.001) or with the area under the plasma curves of T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation (P=0.024, time range 72-144 h) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (P=0.037, time range 72-144 h) during the post-operative period.[SEP]Relations: interleukin-8 receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with CXCR2, molfunc_protein with CXCR2, molfunc_protein with CXCR1, molfunc_protein with CXCR1, molfunc_molfunc with C-X-C chemokine receptor activity, molfunc_molfunc with C-X-C chemokine receptor activity. A2B adenosine receptor binding has relations: molfunc_molfunc with adenosine receptor binding, molfunc_molfunc with adenosine receptor binding. insect larval thoracic segment has relations: anatomy_anatomy with insect larval prothoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval prothoracic segment. Definitions: interleukin-8 receptor binding activity defined as following: Binding to an interleukin-8 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]. cubic foot defined as following: A traditional unit of volume equal to 1728 cubic inches, or 1/27 cubic yard, or 0.028 316 85 cubic meter (28.316 85 liters). The cubic foot holds about 7.4805 US gallons.. Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist TT-4 defined as following: An orally bioavailable antagonist of the immunomodulatory checkpoint molecule adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR; ADORA2B), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, A2BR antagonist TT-4 competes with adenosine for binding to A2BR expressed on various cancer cell types and numerous immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. This inhibits A2BR activity and prevents adenosine/A2BR-mediated signaling. The inhibition of A2BR in cancer cells prevents activation of downstream oncogenic pathways, which leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis. A2BR inhibition also prevents the release of various growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (interleukin-8 receptor binding activity) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) from immune cells, which may abrogate the adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activate the immune system to exert anti-tumor immune responses against cancer cells leading to tumor cell killing. In addition, under non-cancerous inflammatory conditions, inhibition of A2BR leads to reduced activation and proliferation of various immune cells, which results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and may prevent inflammation. A2BR, a G protein-coupled signaling receptor, is expressed on the cell surfaces of numerous immune cells and is often overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell types; it plays a key role in their proliferation, progression and metastasis. Adenosine is overproduced under inflammatory conditions and plays a key role in pro-inflammatory actions. Adenosine is often overproduced by tumor cells and plays a key role in immunosuppression and tumor cell proliferation. The pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine and A2BR are cell type-specific and dependent on the extracellular microenvironment..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has proteomics been used in the study of the dry eye syndrome?", "id": "converted_35", "sentence1": "Has proteomics been used in the study of the Dry Eye Syndromes?", "sentence2": "Tear proteomic analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes and Dry Eye Syndromes by two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Dry eye syndrome in diabetic patients is associated with aberrant expression of tear proteins, and the findings could lead to identification of novel pathways for therapeutic targeting and new diagnostic markers. 2D electrophoresis (2DE) and Differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) was done to identify differentially expressed proteins. Two dimensional electrophoretic analysis of Homo sapiens tears: collection method in Dry Eye Syndromes. Identification of tear fluid biomarkers in Dry Eye Syndromes using iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. This study demonstrated that iTRAQ technology combined with 2D-nanoLC-nanoESI-MS/MS quantitative proteomics is a powerful tool for biomarker discovery.[SEP]Relations: Dry Eye Syndromes has relations: disease_protein with STAT4, disease_protein with STAT4, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_protein with TNIP1, disease_protein with TNIP1, disease_protein with PHIP, disease_protein with PHIP, disease_protein with TNFAIP3, disease_protein with TNFAIP3. Definitions: Dry Eye Syndromes defined as following: Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families?", "id": "converted_36", "sentence1": "Are Pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families?", "sentence2": "housekeeping families tend to be enriched with a large number of Pseudogenes[SEP]Definitions: Pseudogenes defined as following: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) involved in cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure?", "id": "converted_37", "sentence1": "Is Calcium/Calmodulin 1 dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2A gene) involved in Cardiac Arrhythmia and Chest>Heart failure?", "sentence2": "In human Hypertrophy, both CAMK2A gene and Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases functionally regulate Ryanodine Receptor 2 and may induce SNCG wt Allele Ca(2+) leak. In the transition from Hypertrophy to Hydrops Fetalis, the diastolic Ca(2+) leak increases and disturbed Ca(2+) cycling occurs. This is associated with an increase in CAMK2A gene- but not Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases-dependent Ryanodine Receptor 2 phosphorylation. CAMK2A gene inhibition may thus reflect a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction. Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is an Enzyme [APC] with important regulatory functions in the Chest>Heart and Head>Brain, and its chronic activation can be pathological. CAMK2A gene activation is seen in Chest>Heart failure, and can directly induce pathological changes in ion channels, Ca(2+) handling and gene transcription. In the recent years, Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) was suggested to be associated with cardiac Hypertrophy and Chest>Heart failure but also with arrhythmias both in animal models as well as in the human Chest>Heart. Calcium-Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) has emerged as a central mediator of cardiac stress responses which may serve several critical roles in the regulation of cardiac rhythm, cardiac contractility and growth. Sustained and excessive activation of CAMK2A gene during Heart Diseases has, however, been linked to arrhythmias, and maladaptive cardiac remodeling, eventually leading to Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis) and Sudden Cardiac Death. Overexpression of Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in Mice, Animals, Animals, Transgenic results in Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias. From recent studies, it appears evident that Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) plays a central role in the arrhythmogenic processes in Chest>Heart failure by sensing Protoplasm Ca(2+) and redox stress, affecting individual ion channels and thereby leading to electrical instability in the Chest>Heart. CAMK2A gene activation is proarrhythmic in Chest>Heart failure where Myocardium is stretched. The Ca-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) seems to be involved in the development of Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias and may therefore be a promising target for the development of antiarrhythmic therapies. Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is up-regulated in Chest>Heart failure and has been shown to cause I(Na) gating changes that mimic those induced by a Point Mutation in Homo sapiens that is associated with combined long QT and Brugada syndromes. CAMK2A gene-dependent phosphorylation of Na(V)1.5 at multiple sites (including Thr-594 and Ser-516) appears to be required to evoke loss-of-function changes in gating that could contribute to acquired Brugada Syndrome (disorder)-like effects in Chest>Heart failure. Because CAMK2A gene expression and activity are increased in cardiac Hypertrophy, Chest>Heart failure, and during arrhythmias both in animal models as well as in the human Chest>Heart a clinical significance of CAMK2A gene is implied. The multifunctional Ca(2+)- and Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is now recognized to play a central role in pathological events in the cardiovascular system. CAMK2A gene has diverse downstream targets that promote Vascular Diseases, Chest>Heart failure, and arrhythmias, so improved understanding of CAMK2A gene signaling has the potential to lead to new therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases. In our opinion, the multifunctional Ca and Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) has emerged as a molecule to watch, in part because a solid body of accumulated data essentially satisfy Koch's postulates, showing that the CAMK2A gene pathway is a core mechanism for promoting myocardial Hypertrophy and Chest>Heart failure. Multiple groups have now confirmed the following: (1) that CAMK2A gene activity is increased in hypertrophied and failing Myocardium from animal models and patients; (2) CAMK2A gene overexpression causes myocardial Hypertrophy and Hydrops Fetalis and (3) CAMK2A gene inhibition (by drugs, inhibitory peptides and Gene Deletion) improves myocardial Hypertrophy and Hydrops Fetalis In contrast, inhibiting the CAMK2A gene pathway appears to reduce arrhythmias and improve myocardial responses to pathological stimuli. In this review, we discuss the important role of Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in the regulation of Ryanodine Receptor 2-mediated Ca(2+) release. In particular, we examine how pathological activation of CAMK2A gene can lead to an increased risk of sudden arrhythmic death. Finally, we discuss how reduction of CAMK2A gene-mediated Ryanodine Receptor 2 Hyperactive behavior might reduce the risk of arrhythmias and may serve as a rationale for future pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) \u03b4(C) CASP14 gene develop systolic Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis). CAMK2A gene regulates Protoplasm Ca(2+) handling Proteins as well as sarcolemmal Na(+) channels. We hypothesized that CAMK2A gene also contributes to Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias via augmentation of the late Na(+) current (late I(Na)) in early Hydrops Fetalis (8-week-old TG wt Allele wt Allele CASP14 gene). Thus, late I(Na) inhibition appears to be a promising option for Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias in Hydrops Fetalis where CAMK2A gene is found to be increased. We tested the hypothesis that increased Ryanodine Receptor 2 phosphorylation by Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is both necessary and sufficient to promote lethal Ventricular arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS: our results suggest that Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Ryanodine Receptor 2 Ca(2+) release channels at S2814 plays an important role in arrhythmogenesis and Sudden Cardiac Death in CASP14 gene with Chest>Heart failure. Excessive activation of calmodulin kinase II (CAMK2A gene) causes arrhythmias and Chest>Heart failure, but the cellular mechanisms for CAMK2A gene-targeted Proteins causing disordered Cellular Membrane excitability and Myocardial dysfunction remain uncertain. Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias. We hypothesized that CAMK2A gene contributes to arrhythmias and underlying cellular events and that inhibition of CAMK2A gene reduces cardiac arrhythmogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that CAMK2A gene contributes to cardiac arrhythmogenesis in TG wt Allele wt Allele CaMKIIdelta(C) CASP14 gene having Chest>Heart failure and suggest the increased SNCG wt Allele Ca leak as an important mechanism. Moreover, CAMK2A gene inhibition reduces Cardiac Arrhythmia in vitro and in vivo and may therefore indicate a potential role for future antiarrhythmic therapies warranting further studies. Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2A gene) can phosphorylate Ryanodine Receptor 2 and modulate its activity. This phosphorylation positively modulates cardiac inotropic function but in extreme situations such as Chest>Heart failure, elevated CAMK2A gene activity can adversely increase Ca2+ release from the SNCG wt Allele and lead to arrhythmogenesis. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase expressed abundantly in the Chest>Heart. CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia. Under stress conditions, excessive CAMK2A gene activity promotes Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias, in part through actions at Ca(2+) homeostatic Proteins. Ca-Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) was recently shown to alter Na(+) channel gating and recapitulate a human Na(+) channel Mutation that causes an unusual combined arrhythmogenic phenotype in patients: simultaneous long QT syndrome and Brugada Syndrome (disorder). CAMK2A gene is upregulated in Chest>Heart failure where arrhythmias are common, and CAMK2A gene inhibition can reduce arrhythmias. Thus, CAMK2A gene-dependent channel modulation may contribute to acquired arrhythmic disease. In Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis), Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CAMK2A gene) expression is increased. Altered Na(+) channel gating is linked to and may promote Ventricular tachyarrhythmia (Tidal Volume) in Hydrops Fetalis. Calmodulin 1 1 regulates Na(+) channel gating, in part perhaps via CAMK2A gene. Thus, CAMK2A gene-dependent regulation of Na(+) channel function may contribute to arrhythmogenesis in Hydrops Fetalis. Recent findings that CAMK2A gene expression in the Chest>Heart changes during Hypertrophy, Chest>Heart failure, Coronary Arteriosclerosis, and Infarction suggest that CAMK2A gene may be a viable therapeutic target for patients suffering from common forms of Chest>Heart disease. Overexpression of Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in Mice, Animals, Animals, Transgenic results in Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias. Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias. BACKGROUND: Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias. CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia. Calcium/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase contributes to cardiac arrhythmogenesis in Chest>Heart failure. From recent studies, it appears evident that Ca(2+)/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) plays a central role in the arrhythmogenic processes in Chest>Heart failure by sensing Protoplasm Ca(2+) and redox stress, affecting individual ion channels and thereby leading to electrical instability in the Chest>Heart. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel phosphorylation, calcium/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia. CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia The Ca-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) seems to be involved in the development of Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias and may therefore be a promising target for the development of antiarrhythmic therapies Calcium-calmodulin kinase II mediates digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias[SEP]Relations: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with CAMK2A, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2A, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2D, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2D, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2B, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2B, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK1G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK1G. Definitions: Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Mice, Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Laboratory CASP14 gene that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Hypertrophy defined as following: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).. Brugada Syndrome (disorder) defined as following: An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase defined as following: A CALMODULIN-dependent Enzyme [APC] that catalyzes the phosphorylation of Proteins. This Enzyme [APC] is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of Proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277). CAMK2A gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both protein phosphorylation and signaling.. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases defined as following: A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on Proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.. Calmodulin 1 defined as following: Calmodulin 1 (149 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human CALM1, CALM2 and CALM3 genes. This protein plays a role in the regulation of a number of enzymes, ion channels and signaling pathways.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Cellular Membrane defined as following: Any of the lipid bilayer membranes within a cell.. isoproterenol defined as following: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the Chest>Heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and Chest>Heart stimulant.. cardiac Hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as Proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Vascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.. systolic Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.. SNCG wt Allele defined as following: Human SNCG wild-type allele is located within10q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes gamma-synuclein protein, plays a role in the modulation of axonal architecture and neurofilament integrity. This gene is highly expessed in advanced breast carcinomas, suggesting a correlation between SNCG overexpression and breast tumor development.. Diastolic dysfunction defined as following: Impairment in the filling of the ventricles during diastole. Causes include hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, chronic high blood pressure, aortic stenosis, and aging.. Hydrops Fetalis defined as following: Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.. Sudden Cardiac Death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing Chest>Heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). TG wt Allele defined as following: Human TG wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q24 and is approximately 268 kb in length. This allele, which encodes thyroglobulin protein, plays a role in the mediation of thyroid hormone production. Mutations in the gene are involved in goiter formation and genetic variants are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease type 3.. Hyperactive behavior defined as following: Increased motor activity that is not goal directed.. Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the Chest>Heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. Point Mutation defined as following: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. myocardial Hypertrophy defined as following: Thickening of the Myocardium often due to chronic pressure overload.. Tidal Volume defined as following: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.. Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Experimental organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does cucumber lower blood sugar in diabetics?", "id": "converted_38", "sentence1": "Does cucumber lower blood sugar in diabetics?", "sentence2": "The ethanolic Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of Cucumber (Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Ab) Ab Linn, Cucumis melo utilissimum Roxb, Cucumis melo Linn, Benincasa hispida Thunb Cogn and Tricosanthes anguina Nees, when administered in 250 mg/kg dose, orally to Rattus norvegicus failed to lower blood sugar or to depress the peak value, after Glucose measurement load. Ethanolic Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of Tricosanthes dioica Roxb plant caused a significant lowering of blood sugar in fasted Rattus norvegicus and Depressed mood the peak value in Glucose measurement loaded single and longterm fed groups of Rattus norvegicus. The ethanolic Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of the aerial part of T. dioica also induced significant Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression in the peak values in the Glucose measurement loaded models. The amount of Saccharum officinale, Saccharum officinale, sucrose, cane sugar, Homeopathic preparation, cane sugar, Homeopathic preparation in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible Dietary Saponins of sea cucumber ameliorate BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, Hepatic steatosis, and Glucose measurement intolerance in high-fat diet-fed CASP14 gene. In this study, we investigated the effects of Saponins of sea cucumber (SSC) on high-fat diet-induced BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, Therapeutic Insulin resistance, and Fatty Liver in CASP14 gene. Mice administrated with 0.1% SSC had significantly decreased serum Glucose measurement and Therapeutic Insulin levels, lower homeostatic model assessment for Therapeutic Insulin resistance index, and area under the blood Glucose measurement curve, suggesting that Therapeutic Insulin sensitivity is enhanced by dietary SSC. [Effects of sea cucumber Cerebrosides and its long-chain base on Lipids and Glucose measurement metabolism in obese CASP14 gene]. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sea cucumber Cerebrosides(SCC) and its long-chain base(LCB) on Lipids and Glucose measurement metabolism in obese CASP14 gene. CONCLUSIONS: Sea Cucumbers Cerebrosides and its long-chain base can improve the Glucose measurement and Lipids metabolism in obese CASP14 gene. The hitherto unknown Glucose measurement regulating role of three vegetable Peeling of skin from cucurbitaceae family was evaluated. In a preliminary study, effects of ethanolic extracts of Pumpkin (Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Ab) Ab, Cucumber (Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Ab) Ab and Praecitrullus fistulosus Peeling of skin were studied at 250 and 500\u00a0mg\u00a0kg(-1)\u00a0d(-1) for 15\u00a0days in the alterations in serum Glucose measurement and in Hepatic Lipids peroxidation (LPO gene gene) in male CASP14 gene. All the three peel extracts nearly reversed most of these changes induced by alloxan suggesting their possible role in ameliorating Diabetes Mellitus and related changes in serum lipids. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous fruit Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of Cucumis trigonus Roxb. in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic Rattus norvegicus. Cucumis trigonus Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) fruit is used in the Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Based on a number of reports on the blood Glucose measurement level reduction and the other complications of diabetes associated with some Cucurbitaceae plants, the Antidiabetics effect of Cucumis trigonus fruit was investigated. The Antidiabetics activity of aqueous Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of Cucumis trigonus fruit was evaluated by using normal and streptozotocin-induced-diabetic Rattus norvegicus. The aqueous fruit Homeopathic Extract Dosage Form of Cucumis trigonus has had beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood Glucose measurement level and Lipids profile of STZ-induced-diabetic Rattus norvegicus. Possible amelioration of atherogenic diet induced Dyslipidemias, Hypothyroidism and Glucose in blood specimen above reference range by the peel extracts of Mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris fruits in Rattus norvegicus. Hitherto unknown efficacy of the peel extracts of Mangifera indica (MI), Cucumis melo (Caudomedial auditory cortex) and Citrullus vulgaris (CV) fruits in ameliorating the diet-induced alterations in Dyslipidemias, thyroid dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus have been investigated in Rattus norvegicus. Rats, treated simultaneously with either of the peel extracts reversed the CCT-diet induced increase in the levels of tissue LPO gene gene, serum lipids, Glucose measurement, creatine/creatine/creatinine kinase-MB and decrease in the levels of Thyroid Hormones and Therapeutic Insulin indicating their potential to ameliorate the diet induced alterations in serum lipids, Thyroid dysfunction and Glucose in blood specimen above reference range/Diabetes Mellitus. Role of Pectins from cucumber (Cucumber (Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Ab) Ab) in modulation of Protein Kinase C activity and regulation of glycogen metabolism in Rattus norvegicus. The regulatory role of Protein Kinase C (Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis) in glycogen metabolism in Pectins fed Rattus norvegicus was investigated. Administration of Pectins (5 g/kg body wt/day) from cucumber (Cucumis sativius L.) led to inhibitory effects on Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis activity in the Abdomen>Liver of Rattus norvegicus. In the Head>Brain and Abdomen>Pancreas, Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis activity was significantly higher in Pectins-treated Rattus norvegicus as compared to the control group. Level of blood Glucose measurement was significantly lowered and the level of glycogen in the Abdomen>Liver was significantly increased in Pectins-administered Rattus norvegicus. Addition of fermented milk (yogurt) and pickled cucumber to a breakfast with a high-glycemic index bread significantly lowered postprandial glycemia and insulinemia compared with the reference meal. In contrast, addition of regular milk and fresh cucumber had no favorable effect on the metabolic responses. tolbutamide, Cucurbita ficifolia, Phaseolus vulgaris, Opuntia streptacantha, Spinacia oleracea, Cucumber (Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Ab) Ab and Cumin (Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Ab) Ab decrease significantly the area under the Glucose measurement tolerance curve and the hyperglycemic peak. Two unsaturated Fatty Acids with potent \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity purified from the body wall of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus). In this study, 2 Fatty Acids with strong \u03b1-glucosidase-inhibitory activity, 7(Z)-octadecenoic acid and 7(Z),10(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, were purified and identified from sea cucumber. Therefore, sea cucumber Fatty Acids can potentially be developed as a novel natural nutraceutical for the management of type-2 diabetes.[SEP]Relations: Glucose intolerance has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Cushing disease due to pituitary adenoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Cushing disease due to pituitary adenoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Diabetes Mellitus (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with Diabetes Mellitus (disease). tolbutamide has relations: indication with Diabetes Mellitus (disease), indication with Diabetes Mellitus (disease), drug_drug with Invert sugar, drug_drug with Invert sugar, indication with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, indication with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Definitions: Fatty Liver defined as following: Lipid infiltration of the Hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored Abdomen>Liver. The abnormal Lipids accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty Abdomen>Liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Sea Cucumbers defined as following: A class of Echinodermata characterized by long, slender bodies.. Depressed mood defined as following: An emotional state characterized by feelings of sadness, emptiness, and/or tearfulness.. Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis defined as following: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a form of paroxysmal dyskinesia (see this term), characterized by recurrent brief involuntary hyperkinesias, such as choreoathetosis, ballism, athetosis or dystonia, triggered by sudden movements.. Hepatic defined as following: Pertaining to, affecting, or associated with the Abdomen>Liver.. Lipids defined as following: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and Fatty Acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Cerebrosides defined as following: Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally Glucose measurement or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally Glucose measurement and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed). Fatty Acids defined as following: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Saponins defined as following: A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be Glucose measurement, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.. Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in Glucose measurement and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.. Spinacia oleracea defined as following: A widely cultivated plant, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982). Peeling of skin defined as following: Shedding of the outer layer of skin or mucosal tissue.. Glucose measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of Glucose measurement present in a sample.. Pectins defined as following: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. glycogen defined as following: large branched polysaccharide consisting of Glucose measurement residues; the major carbohydrate reserve of animals, stored primarily in Abdomen>Liver and muscle, synthesized and degraded for energy as demanded.. tolbutamide defined as following: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. alloxan defined as following: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. Protein Kinase C defined as following: An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that Protein Kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.. Glucose measurement intolerance defined as following: A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.. Antidiabetics defined as following: Any substance used to reduce Glucose in blood specimen above reference range or treat disorders associated with diabetes. Based on their mechanism of action, this class of agents can be classified to the following groups: directly acting insulomimetics, which activates Therapeutic Insulin receptors; indirectly acting insulinomimetics, which increase Therapeutic Insulin release such as sulfonylureas or which potentiate the effect of Therapeutic Insulin such as metformin; those act directly on the metabolism of Glucose measurement such as inhibitors of glucosidases and inhibitors of aldose reductase.. Cucumis melo defined as following: A plant species of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae known for the melon fruits with reticulated (net) surface including cantaloupes, honeydew, casaba, and Persian melons.. Phaseolus vulgaris defined as following: The plant species that provides kidney beans.. Dyslipidemias defined as following: A lipoprotein metabolism disorder characterized by decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins, or elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and/or triglycerides.. Cucurbitaceae defined as following: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Annexin V an apoptotic marker?", "id": "converted_39", "sentence1": "Is Annexin V an apoptotic marker?", "sentence2": "The apoptosis of the cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity was induced by subjecting the Cells to OGD conditions for 4 h and was detected by Annexin V/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency and Hoechst 33258 staining. In addition to the antimicrobial activity, we found that treatment of the cancer cell lines, Jurkat T-Cells, Granta Cells, and melanoma Cells, with the Pseudomonas sp. In5 crude extract increased staining with the apoptotic marker Annexin V while no staining of healthy normal Cells, i.e., na\u00efve or activated CD4 T-Cells, was observed. At the same time, the expressions of Endoglin, human, PECAM1 wt Allele, and the apoptotic marker of Annexin V were detected through flow cytometry for analyzing the relationship between the expression of Cell surface markers and biological behavior. However, we found decreased sperm cell cell concentration, increase of morphologically abnormal Specimen Source Codes - Spermatozoa and increased binding of apoptotic marker Annexin 1 V. human chorionic gonadotropin enhanced viability of Large Luteal Cells through antiapoptosis but not proliferation, because the apoptotic marker of Annexin 1 V was decreased, but the proliferative markers of MKI67 gene and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen were not increased. However, as the 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane concentration increased from 50 to 800 microM, the apoptotic marker Annexin V and Reactive Oxygen Species double positive Cells increased, suggesting that high dose of 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane-generated Reactive Oxygen Species causes cell apoptosis. Expression of the apoptotic marker Annexin 1 V was unaffected by antibiotic exposure, whereas the uptake of the necrotic marker Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency was increased by ofloxacin (5 mg/mL) but not by netilmicin (ofloxacin versus netilmicin, ANOVA, P<0.05). he apoptotic marker of Annexin 1 V was decreased the apoptotic marker Annexin V Annexin V labels apoptotic neurons following hypoxia-ischemia. In the present study, the apoptotic cell population was identified immunocytochemically using Annexin V, a marker of Cells in an early stage of apoptosis. Use of Annexin 1 V immunoglobulin complex location to identify apoptotic Cells during pregnancy. Only few SF Treg Cells were apoptotic, as indicated by limited Annexin 1 V staining of these Cells. Eosinophils 'aged' in vitro for 48 h exhibited endonuclease DNA degradation, apoptotic morphology, increased red autofluorescence and externalisation of phosphatidylserine (Supernumerary mandibular right central primary incisor) as assessed by binding of FITC-labelled Annexin 1 V. In vivo detection of apoptotic Cells with fluorescently labeled Annexin 1 V is an emerging technique that we evaluated for detecting apoptotic germ Cells in a mouse model of Testicular dysfunction torsion.Annexin V labeled with an indocyanine fluorophore (bisfunctional succinimidyl ester of cyanine 5.5) (Amersham, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom) was injected intravenously in CASP14 gene 18 hours after the repair of unilateral 720-degree Testicular dysfunction torsion for 2 hours Here, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced endothelial apoptotic microparticles and decreased Endothelial Progenitor Cells (erucylphosphocholine) levels might contribute to the pathophysiology of Microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria in Cardiovascular Diseases.Flow cytometry was used to assess Endothelial Cells apoptosis and circulating erucylphosphocholine levels by quantification of circulating PECAM1 wt Allele/Annexin 1 V apoptotic microparticles and erucylphosphocholine markers (defined as KDRCD133, CD34CD133, CD34KDR) in peripheral blood.In total, 125 patients with Hypertensive disease were enrolled in the study, of whom 80 patients (64%) were with Grade A1 albuminuria (ALB gene excretion rate of <20 microg/min, overnight urine samples), 35 patients (28%) with Microalbuminuria (an ALB gene excretion rate of 20-200 microg/min), and 10 patients (8%) with macroalbuminuria (an ALB gene excretion rate >200 microg/min). Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A (SFTPA1 gene) binds to phosphatidylserine and competes with Annexin 1 V binding on late apoptotic Cells Targeting of apoptotic macrophages and experimental atheroma with radiolabeled Annexin 1 V: a technique with potential for noninvasive imaging of vulnerable plaque Because Annexin 1 V has a high affinity for exposed phosphatidylserine on apoptotic Cells, radiolabeled Annexin 1 V may be used for noninvasive detection of apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions.atherosclerotic plaques were produced in 5 Family Leporidae (organism) by deendothelialization of the infradiaphragmatic aorta followed by 12 weeks of cholesterol diet; 5 controls were studied without manipulation Apoptotic abscess imaging with 99mTc-HYNIC-rh-Annexin-V. Synthesis and evaluation of a 18F-labelled recombinant Annexin 1-V derivative, for identification and quantification of apoptotic Cells with PET. Sensitive and visible detection of apoptotic Cells on Annexin-V modified substrate using 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid modified gold Artificial Artificial nanoparticles (APBA-GNPs) labeling. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for expression of the early apoptosis marker Annexin V and for Nuclear (incident type) staining by 7-aminoactinomycin D D (7-AAD) revealed different extents of apoptosis versus non-apoptotic cell death for the three agents. At immunofluorescence these Cells contained lipid vesicles positive for the apoptotic cell marker Annexin V suggesting the phagocytosis of Apoptotic Bodies derived from dead fat-laden hepatocytes. In this respect, we identified binding of Annexin V as an convenient marker for apoptotic Cells. TNFRSF10B wt Allele expression was elevated and associated with the apoptotic marker Annexin 1 V. Apoptosis was reduced in CD4(+) T Cells when cultured with anti-TNFRSF10B wt Allele immunoglobulin complex location. Flow cytometric analysis using the apoptotic marker, Annexin V, shows that this endogenous re-expression is sufficient to drive the SCLC Cells to apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by staining nuclei with Propidium Iodide and phosphatidylserine (a marker of early apoptotic events) with Annexin V as well as by DNA fragmentation assay. Decreased cell growth was not caused by cell death as BEL exposure did not alter Nuclear (incident type) morphology or increase Annexin 1 V (apoptotic cell marker) or Propidium Iodide (necrotic cell marker) staining after 48 h. Four populations of Cells can be identified: region R1: vital Cells (Annexin 1 V negative/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency negative), region R2: apoptotic Cells (Annexin 1 V positive/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency negative), region R3: dead Cells (Annexin 1 V positive/ Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency positive); and region R4: damaged Cells (Annexin 1 V negative/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency positive). Furthermore, uptake of (111)In-DTPA-PEG-Annexin 1 V by Neoplasms correlated with apoptotic index (r = 0.87, P = 0.02). Annexin V(+)/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency(-) Cells were characterized as early apoptotic, Annexin V(+)/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency(+) as late apoptotic and Annexin V(-)/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency(+) as dead. Targeting ability of Annexin V for apoptotic macrophages was kept and enhanced. [18F]Annexin 1 V accumulated in the infarct area of the left ventricle, where apoptotic Cells were observed. The viability of SiHa Cells was evaluated using the MTT assay, apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide, Propidium Iodide, TUNEL assay, and Annexin V-Cy3, cell cycle distribution and mitochondrial transmembrane potential using flow cytometry, and apoptotic marker genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, hesperetin-induced apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL and Annexin V-Cy3. The procedure delivers two sperm cell cell fractions: Annexin 1 V-negative (nonapoptotic) and Annexin 1 V-positive (apoptotic). The percentage of Cells stained with Annexin 1 V, an early apoptotic marker, increased dramatically after Cytoskeleton disruption with Cytochalasin D compared with non-cytochalasin-D-treated controls (P<0.05). Apoptotic marker Annexin V analysis showed that the apoptotic rate of NB4 Cells was increased after treatment with quercetin. The cytomorphology of NB4 Cells was assessed by Wright-stain, apoptosis rate by apoptotic marker Annexin V, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A secretion level by ELISA. We have coupled Annexin 1 V with the bifunctional hydrazinonicotinamide reagent (HYNIC) to prepare technetium-99m HYNIC-Annexin 1 V and demonstrated localization of radioactivity in Body tissue undergoing apoptosis in vivo. In conlusion, these studies confirm the value of (99m)Tc-HYNIC-Annexin 1 V uptake as a marker for the detection and quantification of apoptotic Cells in vivo. The application of Annexin V labeling at electron microscopy will allow a more refined description of the morphological events occurring during apoptosis. Apoptotic Cells were identified by Annexin V-FITC/Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency staining.[SEP]Relations: apoptotic body has relations: cellcomp_cellcomp with extracellular vesicle, cellcomp_cellcomp with extracellular vesicle. Netilmicin has relations: drug_drug with Epoprostenol, drug_drug with Epoprostenol, drug_drug with Apalutamide, drug_drug with Apalutamide, drug_drug with Dexpanthenol, drug_drug with Dexpanthenol, drug_drug with Pentostatin, drug_drug with Pentostatin. Definitions: cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity defined as following: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:jl, PMID:22206667]. PECAM1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PECAM1 wild-type allele is located within 17q23 and is approximately 64 kb in length. This allele, which encodes platelet Endothelial Cells adhesion molecule protein, plays a role in transendothelial migration of leukocytes, angiogenesis, integrin activation, and may inhibit platelet-collagen interactions.. Cytochalasin D defined as following: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm cell motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. Large Luteal Cells defined as following: A cell of the corpus luteum of the ovary that is derived from the granulosa Cells of the preovulatory follicle; it secretes progesterone and estrogen.. quercetin defined as following: A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin.. sperm cell defined as following: Mature male germ Cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.. MKI67 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.. human chorionic gonadotropin defined as following: A sialoglycoprotein hormone secreted by the placenta and maintains the corpus luteum at the beginning of the gestation period.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Propidium Iodide defined as following: A fluorescent nucleic acid dye which binds only to double-stranded nucleic acids. It has a molecular weight of 668.4, an absorbance maximum of 535nm, and an emission maximum of 617 nm. It is commonly used to determine the DNA content of a cell or to discriminate viable from non-viable Cells.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Annexin 1 V defined as following: This gene is involved in anticoagulation processes and mediates lipid binding.. TNFRSF10B wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFRSF10B wild-type allele is located within 8p22-p21 and is approximately 49 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B protein, plays a role in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis signal mediation.. ofloxacin defined as following: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. Endoglin, human defined as following: Endoglin (658 aa, ~71 kDa) is encoded by the human ENG gene. This protein plays a role in transforming growth factor receptor signaling.. Cell surface defined as following: The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]. Supernumerary mandibular right central primary incisor defined as following: Supernumerary mandibular right central primary incisor
. Apoptotic Bodies defined as following: A vesicle containing parts of a dying cell. Apoptotic bodies can be formed during the execution phase of the apoptotic process, when the cell's cytoskeleton breaks up and causes the membrane to bulge outward. These bulges may separate from the cell, taking a portion of cytoplasm with them, to become Apoptotic Bodies. These are then engulfed by phagocytic Cells, and their components recycled. Apoptotic bodies may range in size from 0.8 to 5um. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15242875, PMID:24223256, Wikipedia:Apoptosis, Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology)]. Family Leporidae (organism) defined as following: Taxonomic family which includes Family Leporidae (organism) and hares.. Cytoskeleton defined as following: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A defined as following: An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens, resulting in their opsinization. It also stimulates MACROPHAGES to undergo PHAGOCYTOSIS of microorganisms. Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Artificial nanoparticles defined as following: Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of Artificial nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.. phosphatidylserine defined as following: A phospholipid with a polar serine found in phosphoester linkage to diacylglycerol.. 7-aminoactinomycin D defined as following: A fluorescent nucleic acid dye which selectively binds GC sequences in double-stranded DNA. It has a molecular weight of 1270.5, an absorbance maximun at 546 nm, and emission maximum at 647 nm. It is commonly used to discriminate viable from non-viable Cells.. Endothelial Progenitor Cells defined as following: Cells derived from BONE MARROW that circulate in the adult bloodstream and possess the potential to proliferate and differentiate into mature ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.. netilmicin defined as following: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A defined as following: The original member of the family of Endothelial Cells growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor Cells and referred to as \"tumor angiogenesis factor\" and \"vascular permeability factor\". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived Cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.. Treg Cells defined as following: CD4-positive T Cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-Cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 Cells, and Th3 Cells.. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen defined as following: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.. atherosclerotic defined as following: status similar or related to atherosclerosis. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. Endothelial Cells defined as following: Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.. Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE.. immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other Body tissue, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781765196]. germ Cells defined as following: The reproductive Cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.. Annexin V defined as following: This gene is involved in anticoagulation processes and mediates lipid binding..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between Muenke Syndrome and FGFR3 gene mutation?", "id": "converted_40", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Muenke Syndrome and FGFR3 Genes Mutation Abnormality?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: Forty-four with a positive FGFR3 Mutation Abnormality, median age 9 years, range 7 months to 52 years were enrolled. In addition, 10 unaffected siblings served as controls (5 males, 5 females; median age, 13 years; range, 3-18 years). Muenke is a fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors-3)-associated syndrome, which was first described in late 1990 s. The syndrome is defined molecularly by a unique point Mutation Abnormality c.749C>G in exon 7 of the FGFR3 Genes which results to an Amino Acid Substitution p.Pro250Arg of the protein product. Muenke syndrome caused by point Mutation Abnormality (C749G) in the FGFR3 Genes affects 1 in 30,000 newborns and accounts for 25% to 30% of Genetic causes of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2. Phenotypic variability in two families of Muenke syndrome with FGFR3 Mutation Abnormality. PURPOSE: There are a number of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes with hearing impairment-including Muenke, Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Beare-Stevenson, Crouzon with Acanthosis nigricans absent, and Jackson-Weiss syndromes-that result from Gene Mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors) genes. Muenke syndrome is an autosomal dominant CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndrome resulting from a defining point Mutation Abnormality in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor3 (FGFR3) Genes. Talocalcaneal coalition in Muenke syndrome: report of a patient, review of the literature in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors-related craniosynostoses, and consideration of mechanism. To better understand the pathophysiology of the Muenke syndrome, we present collective findings from several recent studies that have characterized a genetically equivalent Mus sp. model for Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 protein, human (P244R)) and compare them with human phenotypes. We show in this study that knock-in CASP14 Genes harboring the Mutation Abnormality responsible for the Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 protein, human(P244R)) display postnatal shortening of the Base of skull structure along with synchondrosis growth plate dysfunction characterized by loss of resting, proliferating and hypertrophic Chondrocyte zones and decreased Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism expression. Muenke syndrome is caused by a single defining point Mutation Abnormality in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) Genes. The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 Genes is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered Gene Mutation in CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes. Epilepsy in Muenke syndrome: FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2. Muenke syndrome (FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2): expansion of the phenotype and review of the literature. The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 Genes is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered Gene Mutation in CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes. PURPOSE: The Muenke syndrome Mutation Abnormality (FGFR3 (ARID1B wt Allele)), which was discovered 15 years ago, represents the single most common CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 Mutation Abnormality. The heterozygous Pro250Arg substitution Mutation Abnormality in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), which increases ligand-dependent signalling, is the most common Genetic cause of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 in Homo sapiens and defines Muenke syndrome. ARID1B Gene Mutation in the FGFR3 Genes also known as Muenke syndrome is associated with coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, sensorineural deafness, craniofacial, and digital abnormalities. Muenke syndrome caused by the FGFR3 Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality is associated with CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, and various bony anomalies. Muenke syndrome is an Autosomal Dominant Disorder characterized by coronal suture CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 Genes. Muenke syndrome, defined by heterozygosity for a Pro250Arg substitution in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), is the most common Genetic cause of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 in Homo sapiens. In addition, sensorineural hearing impairment is detected in all FGFR3 protein, human (P244R) mutant CASP14 Genes as in the majority of Muenke syndrome patients. Genetic testing identifies a pathogenic Mutation Abnormality or chromosomal abnormality in \u223c 21% of cases, but it is likely that further causative Gene Mutation remain to be discovered.To identify a shared signature of genetically determined CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 by comparing the expression patterns in three monogenic syndromes with a control group of patients with non-syndromic sagittal synostosis.Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts from 10 individuals each with Apert syndrome (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 substitution S252W), Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 substitution ARID1B wt Allele), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (various Gene Mutation in TWIST1 protein, human protein, human) and non-syndromic sagittal synostosis (no Mutation Abnormality detected) were cultured The CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes: Apert syndrome, Cutis Gyrata Syndrome of Beare And Stevenson, Craniofacial dysostosis type 1, JACKSON-WEISS SYNDROME, Muenke syndrome, Pfeiffer Syndrome and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome can be caused by Mutation Abnormality in either FGFR1 protein, human protein, human, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2, or FGFR3 Identical proline-->arginine gain-of-function Gene Mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors) 1 (Pro252Arg), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (Pro253Arg) and FGFR3 (Pro250Arg), result in type I Pfeiffer, Apert and Muenke CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes, respectively The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 Genes is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered Gene Mutation in CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes Mutation analysis of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors-3 revealed a missense Mutation Abnormality in exon 6, c.749 C>G, with a resultant Amino acid change:Finding:Point in time:Whole blood/Tissue, unspecified:Nominal:Molecular Genetics from proline to arginine at codon 250 (ARID1B wt Allele), in keeping with Muenke syndrome (Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:555-564) In an attempt to delineate functional features separating SCS from Muenkes syndrome, we screened patients presenting with Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 for Gene Mutation in the TWIST 1 Genes, and for the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in FGFR3 Since the Gly380Arg Achondroplasia Mutation Abnormality was recognized, similar observations regarding the conserved nature of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors Gene Mutation and resulting phenotype have been made regarding other Skeletal phenotypes, including hypochondroplasia, THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder), and Muenke coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 Mutations in the Genes that encodes Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR3) are associated with Achondroplasia (MTSS1 Genes 100800), Hypochondroplasia (disorder) (disorder) (MTSS1 Genes 146000), Muenke Syndrome (MTSS1 Genes 602849), Thanatophoric Dysplasia (MTSS1 Genes 187600, MTSS1 Genes 187601) and Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome (MTSS1 Genes 149730).Here we report a clinical and molecular study in a large cohort of 125 Portuguese patients with these Skeletal disorders. The Muenke syndrome (MS) is characterized by unicoronal or bicoronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, midfacial hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, and a variety of minor abnormalities associated with a Mutation Abnormality in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) Genes. ARID1B Gene Mutation in the FGFR3 Genes also known as Muenke syndrome is associated with coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, sensorineural deafness, craniofacial, and digital abnormalities. METHODS: Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts from 10 individuals each with Apert syndrome (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 substitution S252W), Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 substitution ARID1B wt Allele), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (various Gene Mutation in TWIST1 protein, human protein, human) and non-syndromic sagittal synostosis (no Mutation Abnormality detected) were cultured. Muenke syndrome is an Autosomal Dominant Disorder characterized by coronal suture CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 Genes. Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the Amino Acid Substitution Pro250Arg, in the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 Genes (FGFR3). In spite of a variable phenotype, Muenke syndrome has been related to a unique Mutation Abnormality on the FGFR3 Genes, Pro 250 to ABL2 Genes, which is characteristic of this Disease. Skeletal analysis of the Fgfr3(P244R) Mus sp., a Genetic model for the Muenke CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndrome. Muenke syndrome is caused by a single defining point Mutation Abnormality in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) Genes. Epilepsy in Muenke syndrome: FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2. Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the Amino Acid Substitution Pro250Arg, in the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 Genes (FGFR3). The Muenke syndrome Mutation Abnormality (FGFR3 (ARID1B wt Allele)), which was discovered 15 years ago, represents the single most common CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 Mutation Abnormality.[SEP]Relations: Muenke syndrome has relations: disease_protein with FGFR3, disease_protein with FGFR3. FGFR3 has relations: disease_protein with Muenke syndrome, disease_protein with Muenke syndrome, disease_protein with apert syndrome, disease_protein with apert syndrome, disease_protein with LADD syndrome, disease_protein with LADD syndrome. apert syndrome has relations: disease_protein with FGFR3, disease_protein with FGFR3. Definitions: Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. ARID1B Gene Mutation defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the ARID1B Genes.. hearing impairment defined as following: Partial or complete loss of the ability to detect or understand sounds resulting from damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear structures. Causes include exposure to loud noise, ear infections, injuries to the ear, Genetic, and congenital disorders.. Cutis Gyrata Syndrome of Beare And Stevenson defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by Gene Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Genes. It is characterized by the premature fusion of the bones of the skull (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2) and a skin abnormality called cutis gyrata. The CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 results in a cloverleaf-shaped skull, wide-set eyes, ear abnormalities, underdeveloped upper jaw, and developmental delays. Cutis gyrata is characterized by a wrinkled skin appearance, especially on the face, near the ears, and on the palms and soles.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 defined as following: A fibroblast growth factor receptor with specificity for FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; and NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES. Several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN C2-SET DOMAINS and is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.. Apert syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant inherited type of acrocephalosyndactyly caused by Gene Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Genes. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging eyes, low-set ears, fusion of the second, third, and forth fingers, and fusion of the toes.. FGFR3 protein, human defined as following: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (806 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human FGFR3 Genes. This protein is involved in fibroblast growth factor signaling and Skeletal development.. Achondroplasia defined as following: An Autosomal Dominant Disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MTSS1 gene#100800, April 20, 2001). arginine defined as following: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. ABL2 Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in signal transduction.. ARID1B wt Allele defined as following: Human ARID1B wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6q25.1 and is approximately 433 kb in length. This allele, which encodes AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B, is involved in both cell type-specific transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors defined as following: Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.. sensorineural hearing impairment defined as following: Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.. FGFR1 protein, human defined as following: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (822 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human FGFR1 protein, human Genes. This protein is involved in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cellular migration.. THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder) defined as following: Thanatophoric dysplasia characterized by a normally shaped skull and curved femurs. It is the most common type of THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder).. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 defined as following: A form of syndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with characteristics of highly variable CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with frontal bossing, turribrachycephaly and cloverleaf skull anomaly. Hypoplasia of the supraorbital ridges, cleft palate, extra teeth and limb anomalies has also been described. Associated problems include headache, poor vision, and seizures. Intelligence is normal.. Hypochondroplasia (disorder) defined as following: An Autosomal Dominant Disorder that is often caused by a defect in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, and characterized by short stature, micromelia, and a comparatively large head. The features are milder than those seen in Achondroplasia.. FGFR3 Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in bone development and maintenance and Gene Mutation in the Genes are associated with CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 and several types of Skeletal dysplasia.. Autosomal Dominant Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder that manifests when one copy of a mutated Genes is present.. proline defined as following: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. TWIST1 protein, human defined as following: Twist-related protein 1 (202 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human TWIST1 protein, human Genes. This protein plays a role in the negative regulation of both transcription and myogenesis.. Coronal craniosynostosis defined as following: Premature closure of the coronal suture of skull. [HPO:probinson]. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Pfeiffer Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant inherited type of acrocephalosyndactyly caused by Gene Mutation in the FGFR1 protein, human or Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 genes. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging and wide-set eyes, broad thumbs, big toes, and partial syndactyly in the hands and toes.. Amino Acid Substitution defined as following: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.. Base of skull structure defined as following: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 defined as following: A fibroblast growth factor receptor which contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN I-SET DOMAINS and is expressed as two isoforms. One receptor isoform is expressed in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform is expressed mainly by EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the Genes for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. JACKSON-WEISS SYNDROME defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by Gene Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Genes. It is characterized by the premature fusion of the bones of the skull (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2) and foot abnormalities. The CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 results in a malformed skull, widely spaced eyes, and a bulging forehead. The foot abnormalities consist of short and wide first toes, which bend away from the other toes. In addition, syndactyly in some toes may be present. The hands are almost always normal.. CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndromes defined as following: Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.. Muenke Syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by Gene Mutation in the FGFR3 Genes. It is characterized by premature fusion of cranial bones, resulting in head shape abnormalities, flattened cheekbones, and wide-set eyes.. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Chondrocyte defined as following: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.. craniofacial defined as following: refers to the bones of the skull and face.. point Mutation Abnormality defined as following: A Mutation Abnormality caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. FGFR3 Genes Mutation Abnormality defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the FGFR3 Genes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has whole exome sequencing been performed in Alzheimer patients?", "id": "converted_41", "sentence1": "Has whole exome sequencing been performed in Alzheimer patients?", "sentence2": "Pilot whole-exome sequencing of a German early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 cohort reveals a substantial frequency of PSEN2 protein, human Protein Info, human variants. We performed whole-exome sequencing in early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 (EOAD) and late-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 (Load Component of Device) families followed by functional studies of select variants. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a nonsense Mutation Abnormality in PRNP (NM_000311, c.C478T; p.Q160*; rs80356711) associated with homozygosity for the V Alleles at position 129 of the Protein Info, further highlighting how very similar Genotype in PRNP result in strikingly different phenotypes. In the search for new Genes in ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1, classic linkage-based and candidate-gene-based association studies have been supplanted by exome sequencing, genome-wide sequencing (for mendelian forms of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1), and genome-wide association studies (for non-mendelian forms). We performed whole exome sequencing in a Turkish patient clinically diagnosed with ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 from a consanguineous family Performing exome sequencing in 14 autosomal dominant early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 (ADEOAD) index cases without Mutation Abnormality on known Genes (Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor (Smartphone Application), presenilin1 (PSEN1 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) and presenilin2 (PSEN2 protein, human Protein Info, human)), we found that in five patients, the SORL1 gene harbored unknown nonsense (n=1) or missense (n=4) Gene Mutation[SEP]Relations: ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 has relations: disease_protein with PLAU, disease_protein with PLAU, disease_protein with ARC, disease_protein with ARC, disease_protein with NOS3, disease_protein with NOS3, disease_protein with MIR100, disease_protein with MIR100, disease_protein with ABI3, disease_protein with ABI3. Definitions: Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor defined as following: A single-pass type I membrane Protein Info. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the Smartphone Application gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 Protein Info. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. PSEN1 Protein Info, human defined as following: Presenilin-1 (467 aa, ~53 kDa) is encoded by the human PSEN1 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the mediation of proteolysis.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Smartphone Application defined as following: An application designed specifically for use on a smartphone.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. SORL1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both endocytosis and Protein Info sorting.. Genotype defined as following: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.. PSEN2 protein, human defined as following: Presenilin-2 (448 aa, ~50 kDa) is encoded by the human PSEN2 protein, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in proteolytic processing.. Load Component of Device defined as following: Any device that draws current from an electrical system.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Stat4 a transcription factor?", "id": "converted_42", "sentence1": "Is Stat4 a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR?", "sentence2": "transcription factors TBX21 gene and STAT4 protein, human protein, human STAT4 protein, human protein, human is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Extended Priority Codes - Stat) family of Molecule that localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 protein, human protein, human regulates various genes expression as a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR after it is phosphorylated, dimerizes and translocates to the Cell Nucleus. STAT4 protein, human protein, human is a latent cytosolic factor that encodes a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR transmitting signals stimulated by Recombinant Cytokines. To investigate the role of signal transduction and activation of transcription 4 (STAT4 protein, human protein, human) in the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol)[SEP]Relations: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding has relations: molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with IRF4, molfunc_protein with IRF4, molfunc_protein with E2F4, molfunc_protein with E2F4, molfunc_protein with CHD4, molfunc_protein with CHD4, molfunc_protein with NFATC4, molfunc_protein with NFATC4. Definitions: Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. STAT4 protein, human defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT4 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional activation and signal transduction.. TBX21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of cytokine gene expression.. Stat4 defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT4 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional activation and signal transduction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do IEG create a ripple effect of transcription?", "id": "converted_43", "sentence1": "Do IEG create a ripple effect of transcription?", "sentence2": "Rapid induction of Genes, Immediate-Early (IEGs) in response to growth factor stimulations is accompanied by co-upregulation of their neighbouring Genes. Even in surrounding Intergenic Region, transcriptional activation took place at the same time. Here we show that intensive transcription at one Gene Locus frequently spills over into its physical neighbouring loci. Ripples from neighbouring transcription. Ripples from neighbouring transcription.[SEP]Relations: insect neurogenic region has relations: anatomy_anatomy with embryonic structure, anatomy_anatomy with embryonic structure. Definitions: Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. Genes, Immediate-Early defined as following: Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral Genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular Genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do T-Cells regulate neuropathic pain?", "id": "converted_44", "sentence1": "Do T-Cells regulate Neuralgia?", "sentence2": "here is evidence for a considerable impact of the immune system also in Neuralgia. However, the role of the adaptive immune system is still unclear. Our investigation revealed a clear shift of T-Lymphocyte subsets towards anti-inflammation in patients with Neuralgia. TNFSF18 wt Allele expressed on Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages drives cytokine release and T cell activation, resulting in Neuralgia via GITR-dependent actions. Thus, this T-Lymphocyte subset may be specifically targeted to alleviate Chronic Neuralgia.Copyright \u00a9 2012 International Association for the Study of Pain Recent studies show that Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes play an important role in Neuralgia following Nerve injury in Rattus norvegicus These results show a Peripheral pivotal role of Felis catus in the development of Neuralgia through the antigen-specific activation of CD4(+) T-cells Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL-1), a well-characterized chemokine secreted by activated Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, has been shown to play an important role in Neuralgia induced by Nerve injury and is also produced in various cell types in the Central Nervous System, especially in dorsal root ganglia (Diagnosis-Related Groups) In the present study, we investigated systemic T-Lymphocyte subset responses and T-Lymphocyte related cytokine profiles in patients with Chronic Neuralgia. Anti-inflammatory T-Lymphocyte shift in Neuralgia. Thus, this T-Lymphocyte subset may be specifically targeted to alleviate Chronic Neuralgia.. Regulatory Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes attenuate Neuralgia following Peripheral Nerve injury and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Macrophage-T cell interactions mediate Neuralgia through the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor ligand system.[SEP]Relations: neuropathy, painful has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Peripheral neuropathy, disease_phenotype_positive with Peripheral neuropathy, disease_protein with THBD, disease_protein with THBD, disease_phenotype_positive with Fever, disease_phenotype_positive with Fever, disease_phenotype_positive with Skeletal muscle atrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with Skeletal muscle atrophy. Chronic pain has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Pain. Definitions: Nerve injury defined as following: Injury to nervous tissue.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. TNFSF18 wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFSF18 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q25.1 and is approximately 11 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18 protein, is involved in the positive regulation of T-Lymphocyte survival.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-Lymphocyte receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. T-Lymphocyte defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes sensitized to that antigen.. T-Lymphocyte subsets defined as following: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Felis catus defined as following: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801). Peripheral Nerve injury defined as following: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.. Peripheral defined as following: On or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area.. Diagnosis-Related Groups defined as following: A system for classifying patient care by relating common characteristics such as diagnosis, treatment, and age to an expected consumption of hospital resources and length of stay. Its purpose is to provide a framework for specifying case mix and to reduce hospital costs and reimbursements and it forms the cornerstone of the prospective payment system.. Neuralgia defined as following: Chronic pain caused by damage to nerve fibers. It is usually associated with tissue injury.. T-Cells defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes sensitized to that antigen..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do histone variant mH2A (macro-H2A) levels decrease upon differentiation?", "id": "converted_45", "sentence1": "Do histone variant mH2A (macro-H2A) levels decrease upon differentiation?", "sentence2": "Through manipulation of macroH2A Protein Isoforms, we further demonstrate that macroH2A2 is the predominant barrier to reprogramming. In particular, we find macroH2A Protein Isoforms to be highly enriched at target Genes of the K27me3 demethylase, KDM6A wt Allele, which are reactivated early in iPS reprogramming Therefore, we propose that macroH2A Protein Isoforms provide a redundant silencing layer or terminal differentiation 'lock' at critical pluripotency Genes that presents as an epigenetic barrier when differentiated Cells are challenged to reprogram. Histone Variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming Resistance to reprogramming is associated with incorporation of the histone variant macroH2A, which is retained on the Xi of differentiated Cells, but absent from the Xi of EpiSCs. We highlight the role of macroH2A in the establishment and maintenance of differentiated states and we discuss its still poorly recognized function in transcriptional activation. Histone Variant macroH2A marks embryonic differentiation in vivo and acts as an epigenetic barrier to induced pluripotency. MacroH2A.1 was found to be present at low levels upon the establishment of pluripotency in the inner cell mass and Epiblast, but it was highly enriched in the trophectoderm and differentiated Diploid Cell later in mouse development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that macroH2A.1 is incorporated in the chromatin location location of Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of pluripotency Genes in Diploid Cell such as mouse embryonic Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts and adult Neural Stem Cells, but not in Embryonic Stem Cells. In addition, overexpression of macroH2A Protein Isoforms prevented efficient reprogramming of Epiblast stem Cells to na\u00efve pluripotency. Macro histone variants are critical for the differentiation of human pluripotent Cells Here we show that the knockdown of macro histone variants impaired the in vitro and in vivo differentiation of human pluripotent Cells, likely through defects in the silencing of pluripotency-related Genes Furthermore, male and female mH2A-deficient ESCs proliferate normally under pluripotency culture conditions, and respond to several standard differentiation procedures efficiently.[SEP]Relations: regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding. cognitive impairment - coarse facies - heart defects - obesity - pulmonary involvement - short stature - skeletal dysplasia syndrome has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased response to growth hormone stimuation test, disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased response to growth hormone stimuation test. RNA localization to chromatin location has relations: bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU, bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU. Bite Cells has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary stomatocytosis, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary stomatocytosis. Definitions: Histone Variant defined as following: A family of proteins that can substitute for the core canonical histones (H3, H4, H2A, H2B) in nucleosomes. Unlike canonical core histones, variant histones may be expressed during the entire cell cycle and the Genes encoding histone variants usually are found outside histone gene clusters, contain introns and their transcribed mRNAs have a polyadenine tail.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of Genes.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. KDM6A wt Allele defined as following: Human KDM6A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xp11.2 and is approximately 238 kb in length. This allele, which encodes lysine-specific demethylase 6A protein, plays a role in the regulation of histone methylation. Loss of function mutations occur in multiple tumor types.. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. Epiblast defined as following: The outer germ layer of a BLASTOCYST or BLASTULA, precursor of ectoderm and mesoderm.. Neural Stem Cells defined as following: Self-renewing Cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem Cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. mH2A defined as following: A histone protein that is comprised of a histone H2A domain, which allows interaction with the nucleosome, and a macro domain, which may bind to ADP-ribose. This protein can substitute for histone H2A in the nucleosomal complex and plays a role in transcriptional repression and X chromosome inactivation..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication?", "id": "converted_46", "sentence1": "Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication?", "sentence2": "It seems likely that continued study of the methylation of H4K20 will yield extremely valuable insights concerning the regulation of Histone antigen modifications before and during cell division and the impact of these modifications on subsequent gene expression. Aberrant rereplication correlates with decreased levels of H4K20me1 and increased levels of H4K20 trimethylation (H4K20me3). Consistent with this, H4K20 methylation status plays a direct role in recruiting origin recognition complex location through the binding properties of SLC25A15 gene and ORCA/LRWD1. Thus, coordinating the status of H4K20 methylation is pivotal for the proper selection of DNA replication origins in higher Eukaryota. H4K20 methylation regulates quiescence and chromatin location location compaction. Mass spectrometry analysis of Histone antigen modifications reveals that H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 increase in quiescence and other Histone antigen modifications are present at similar levels in proliferating and quiescent Cells. Analysis of Cells in S, G2/M, and G1 phases shows that H4K20me1 increases after S phase and is converted to H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 in quiescence. Overexpression of Suv4-20h1, the Enzyme [APC] that creates H4K20me2 from H4K20me1, results in G2 arrest, consistent with a role for H4K20me1 in mitosis. The results suggest that the same lysine on H4K20 may, in its different methylation states, facilitate mitotic functions in M phase and promote chromatin location location compaction and cell cycle exit in quiescent Cells. Histone H4 lysine 20 methylation: key player in epigenetic regulation of genomic integrity. Intense research during the past few years has revealed Histone H4 lysine 20 methylation (H4K20me) as critically important for the biological processes that ensure Genome - anatomical entity integrity, such as DNA damage repair, DNA replication and chromatin location location compaction. Disruption of these H4K20-specific Histone antigen methyltransferases leads to genomic instability, demonstrating the important functions of H4K20 methylation in Genome - anatomical entity maintenance. Both H4K20 mono-methylation and H3K56 acetylation mark transcription-dependent Histone antigen turnover in fission yeast. Histone turnover is often associated with various Histone antigen modifications such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me). These results together indicate that H4K20me1 as well as H3K56Ac are bona fide marks for transcription-dependent Histone antigen turnover in fission yeast. Methylation of Histone H4 lysine 20 by KMT5A wt Allele ensures the integrity of late replicating sequence domains in Drosophila . However, these studies were limited to only a handful of Mammals origins, and it remains unclear how KMT5A wt Allele and H4K20 methylation impact the replication program on a genomic scale. The methylation state of lysine 20 on Histone H4 (H4K20) has been linked to chromatin location location compaction, transcription, DNA repair and DNA replication. Monomethylation of H4K20 (H4K20me1) is mediated by the cell cycle-regulated Histone antigen methyltransferase KMT5A wt Allele We find that deregulation of H4K20 methylation had no impact on origin activation throughout the Genome - anatomical entity. Instead, depletion of KMT5A wt Allele and loss of H4K20me1 results in the accumulation of DNA damage and an ATR-dependent cell cycle arrest. We review the signaling pathways and functions associated with a single residue, H4K20, as a model chromatin location location and clinically important mark that regulates biological processes ranging from the DNA damage response and DNA replication to gene expression and silencing. Thus, coordinating the status of H4K20 methylation is pivotal for the proper selection of DNA replication origins in higher Eukaryota. We employed Genetic, cytological, and genomic approaches to better understand the role of KMT5A wt Allele and H4K20 methylation in regulating DNA replication and Genome - anatomical entity stability in Drosophila Cells. The methylation state of lysine 20 on Histone H4 (H4K20) has been linked to chromatin location location compaction, transcription, DNA repair and DNA replication. However, these studies were limited to only a handful of Mammals origins, and it remains unclear how KMT5A wt Allele and H4K20 methylation impact the replication program on a genomic scale. Methylation of Histone H4 lysine-20 has been implicated in DNA repair, transcriptional silencing, genomic stability and regulation of replication. Thus, coordinating the status of H4K20 methylation is pivotal for the proper selection of DNA replication origins in higher Eukaryota Methylation of Histone antigen H3 on lysine 79 associates with a group of replication origins and helps limit DNA replication once per cell cycle We employed Genetic, cytological, and genomic approaches to better understand the role of KMT5A wt Allele and H4K20 methylation in regulating DNA replication and Genome - anatomical entity stability in Drosophila Cells. We review the signaling pathways and functions associated with a single residue, H4K20, as a model chromatin location location and clinically important mark that regulates biological processes ranging from the DNA damage response and DNA replication to gene expression and silencing. \u00a9 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. genome been determined?", "sentence2": "Starting with Homo sapiens, Pan Genus, Gorilla , and orangutan Genome, our software generated an exhaustive data set of 292 ALs (\u223c1 kb each) in \u223c3 h. We generated a high-quality assembly of the Gorilla genome using single-molecule, real-time sequence technology and a string graph de novo assembly algorithm Here we present the assembly and analysis of a genome sequence for the western lowland Gorilla , and compare the whole Genome of all extant great ape genera. DNA sequencing reveals that the Genome of the Homo sapiens, Gorilla and Pan Genus share more than 98% Homologous Gene.[SEP]Definitions: Pan Genus defined as following: The common Pan Genus, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Homologous Gene defined as following: A gene from one species which corresponds to a gene in another species and that is related via a common ancestral species. These genes retain a similar sequence and function.. Gorilla defined as following: This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations cause homocystinuria?", "id": "converted_49", "sentence1": "Can MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes Gene Mutation cause Homocystinuria?", "sentence2": "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is a rare Autosomal Recessive Disorder. Several Gene Mutation seen in MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) give rise to the formation of hyperhomocysteinemia and Homocystinuria, a considerable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, by leading to enzymatic inactivation. At admission, he had significantly elevated Specimen Source Codes - Plasma and urine levels of total homocysteine, significantly decreased levels of folate in serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid, and a normal blood concentration of racemethionine. Response to treatment demonstrated B(6)-non-responsive Homocystinuria. Molecular study showed fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether heterozygous T353\u00a0N and D444\u00a0N Gene Mutation of the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) Genes, and also a C667T homozygous Mutation Abnormality of the methylenetetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) Genes. Our case is atypical because of the absence of Thromboembolism and the mild phenotype, in spite of being B(6)-non-responsive, and the association of a rare fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether heterozygous Mutation Abnormality of the CBS Genes and also an homozygous Mutation Abnormality of the MTHFR Genes. Molecular characterization of five patients with Homocystinuria due to severe MTHFR Genes deficiency. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory Enzyme [APC] in folate and homocysteine metabolism. Research performed during the past decade has clarified our understanding of MTHFR deficiencies that cause Homocystinuria or mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Our cloning of the MTHFR coding sequence was initially followed by the identification of the first deleterious Gene Mutation in MTHFR, in patients with Homocystinuria and marked hyperhomocysteinemia. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key Enzyme [APC] in the regulation of Specimen Source Codes - Plasma homocysteine levels. MTHFR deficiency, an Autosomal Recessive Disorder, results in Homocystinuria and hypomethioninaemia and presents with highly variable symptoms affecting many Organ but predominantly the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Some MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes Gene Mutation cause hyperhomocysteinemia and Homocystinuria. Rare Gene Mutation in the MTHFR Genes have been associated with autosomal recessive MTHFR deficiency leading to Homocystinuria. Characterization of six novel Gene Mutation in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes in patients with Homocystinuria. Five patients suspected of having non-classical Homocystinuria due to MTHFR deficiency were examined with respect to their symptoms, MTHFR Enzyme [APC] activity and Genotype of the MTHFR Genes. The results of our study render the full-length characterisation of affected Alleles in severe Homocystinuria and moderate Hyperhomocysteinemia due to MTHFR deficiency and provide a basis for investigating the regulation of the human MTHFR Genes. Our cloning of the MTHFR coding sequence was initially followed by the identification of the first deleterious Gene Mutation in MTHFR, in patients with Homocystinuria and marked hyperhomocysteinemia. Different MTHFR Gene Mutation lead either to severe Homocystinuria as a multisystem disorder or to moderate Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is a common risk factor for disorders ranging from cardiovasculopathy to Spina Bifida. We studied 24 patients with Homocystinuria caused by homozygous CBS deficiency from 18 unrelated kindreds for F5 Leiden Allele and for the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes and investigated their possible interaction in the risk of Venous Thrombosis. On the contrary, thermolabile MTHFR caused by the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality, was frequently observed among Homocystinuria patients, especially among those with thromboembolic complications: three of six Homocystinuria patients who had suffered from a thromboembolic event had thermolabile MTHFR. We studied 24 patients with Homocystinuria caused by homozygous CBS deficiency from 18 unrelated kindreds for F5 Leiden Allele and for the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes and investigated their possible interaction in the risk of Venous Thrombosis. Some MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes Gene Mutation cause hyperhomocysteinemia and Homocystinuria We studied 24 patients with Homocystinuria caused by homozygous CBS deficiency from 18 unrelated kindreds for F5 Leiden Allele and for the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes and investigated their possible interaction in the risk of Venous Thrombosis Characterization of six novel Gene Mutation in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes in patients with Homocystinuria The most common Genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia is the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes The 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes is an important cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia, but this Genetic Polymorphism does not seem to be a risk factor for Venous Thrombosis Hyperhomocysteinemia and MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes Mutation Abnormality have been postulated as a possible cause of recurrent miscarriage (RM) The 677C>T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes is an important cause of mild Hyperhomocysteinemia We studied 24 patients with Homocystinuria caused by homozygous CBS deficiency from 18 unrelated kindreds for F5 Leiden Allele and for the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes and investigated their possible interaction in the risk of Venous Thrombosis. AIM: Some MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes Gene Mutation cause hyperhomocysteinemia and Homocystinuria. Betaine for treatment of Homocystinuria caused by MTHFR Genes deficiency. Severe deficiency of MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) with Homocystinuria can result in early demise or later-onset neurological impairment, including developmental delay, motor dysfunction, and Seizures. Deficiency of 5,10-MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) leads to deficient remethylation of homocysteine and is one of the causes of Homocystinuria. Neurological disturbances have been described in Homocystinuria caused by severe MTHFR deficiency. The 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes is an important cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia, but this Genetic Polymorphism does not seem to be a risk factor for Venous Thrombosis. Research performed during the past decade has clarified our understanding of MTHFR deficiencies that cause Homocystinuria or mild hyperhomocysteinemia. The 677C>T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes is an important cause of mild Hyperhomocysteinemia. The most common Genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia is the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes. Our cloning of the MTHFR coding sequence was initially followed by the identification of the first deleterious Gene Mutation in MTHFR, in patients with Homocystinuria and marked hyperhomocysteinemia. Characterization of six novel Gene Mutation in the MTHFR Genes (MTHFR) Genes in patients with Homocystinuria. Molecular characterization of five patients with Homocystinuria due to severe MTHFR Genes deficiency. On the contrary, thermolabile MTHFR caused by the 677C-->T Mutation Abnormality, was frequently observed among Homocystinuria patients, especially among those with thromboembolic complications: three of six Homocystinuria patients who had suffered from a thromboembolic event had thermolabile MTHFR.[SEP]Relations: Homocystinuria due to methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency has relations: disease_protein with MTHFR, disease_protein with MTHFR, disease_phenotype_positive with Thromboembolic stroke, disease_phenotype_positive with Thromboembolic stroke, disease_phenotype_positive with Hydrocephalus, disease_phenotype_positive with Hydrocephalus, disease_phenotype_positive with Ventriculomegaly, disease_phenotype_positive with Ventriculomegaly, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance. Definitions: Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. MTHFR Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in folate metabolism and racemethionine biosynthesis.. racemethionine defined as following: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-racemethionine and L-racemethionine isomers.. Hyperhomocysteinemia defined as following: Condition in which the Specimen Source Codes - Plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 \u03bcmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. Development of the acquired hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins B and/or folate deficiency (e.g., PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vitamin malabsorption). Familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy.. folate defined as following: A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Venous Thrombosis defined as following: The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.. CBS Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in transsulfuration.. Thromboembolism defined as following: Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous Genotype. The concept includes differences in Genotype ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Genes Mutation Abnormality defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the TAF1 Genes.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Cerebrospinal Fluid defined as following: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.. Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. homocysteine defined as following: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. Genotype defined as following: The Genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.. Autosomal Recessive Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder manifested only when two copies of a mutated Genes are present.. Organ defined as following: A unique macroscopic (gross) anatomic structure that performs specific functions. It is composed of various tissues. An organ is part of an anatomic system or a body region. Representative examples include the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and uterus.. F5 Leiden Allele defined as following: Human F5 Leiden allele is a variant form of the F5 Genes that is located in the vicinity of 1q23 and is approximately 75 kb in length. This allele, which encodes coagulation factor V Leiden protein, is involved in hypercoagulability due to resistance to degradation by activated protein C.. Spina Bifida defined as following: Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of Spina Bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34). Homocystinuria defined as following: Autosomal recessive inborn error of racemethionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in Specimen Source Codes - Plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979). Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same Genes, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same Genes product.. MTHFR defined as following: A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This Enzyme [APC] was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.. Genes Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio affect the response to AML chemotherapy?", "id": "converted_50", "sentence1": "Does the TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human expression ratio affect the response to Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute chemotherapy?", "sentence2": "High TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute patients with M2 subtype. Another interesting finding is that high ratios of TOP2B/RRM2 and TOP2B/TOP2 alpha (TOP2A protein, human protein, human) in a combined analysis were also shown to have a prognostic impact for longer survival with improved accuracy. Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.29; P=0.005) High TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.29; P=0.005).Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute patients with M2 subtype CONCLUSION: Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute patients with M2 subtype. Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute patients with M2 subtype.. High TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A protein, human protein, human ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.29; P=0.005). Another interesting finding is that high ratios of TOP2B/RRM2 and TOP2B/TOP2 alpha (TOP2A protein, human protein, human) in a combined analysis were also shown to have a prognostic impact for longer survival with improved accuracy.[SEP]Relations: acute promyelocytic leukemia has relations: disease_protein with IRF2BP2, disease_protein with IRF2BP2, disease_protein with DAPK2, disease_protein with DAPK2, disease_protein with TET2, disease_protein with TET2, disease_protein with PML, disease_protein with PML, disease_protein with ITGB2, disease_protein with ITGB2. Definitions: TOP2A protein, human defined as following: DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (1531 aa, ~174 kDa) is encoded by the human TOP2A protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of DNA topology.. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. plant-type hypersensitive response defined as following: The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen. [ISBN:0582227089]. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin?", "id": "converted_51", "sentence1": "Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin?", "sentence2": "beta Thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of \u03b2-globin chains The beta-thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by reduced or absent expression of the HBB wt Allele[SEP]Relations: beta thalassemia has relations: disease_disease with thalassemia, disease_disease with thalassemia, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal hemoglobin, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal hemoglobin, disease_protein with HBG1, disease_protein with HBG1, disease_phenotype_positive with Reduced hemoglobin A, disease_phenotype_positive with Reduced hemoglobin A, disease_disease with beta-thalassemia and related diseases, disease_disease with beta-thalassemia and related diseases. Definitions: HBB wt Allele defined as following: Human HBB wt allele is located in the vicinity of 11p15.5 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hemoglobin subunit beta protein, plays a role in the transport of oxygen to tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene are associated with beta-thalassemia.. beta Thalassemia defined as following: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.. Beta-Thalassemia defined as following: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.. alpha globin defined as following: Hemoglobin subunit alpha (142 aa, ~15 kDa) is encoded by both the human HBA1 and human HBA2 genes. This protein plays a role in the distribution of oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues.. mutation defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. gene defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on chromosome 5?", "id": "converted_52", "sentence1": "Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5?", "sentence2": "Cri-du-chat syndrome is a Congenital chromosomal disease caused by a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 The typical cri du chat syndrome, due to 5p15.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality, includes severe Intellectual Disability, facial dysmorphisms, neonatal Muscle Muscle hypotonia and pre- and post-natal growth retardation, whereas more distal Gene Deletion in 5p15.3 lead to cat-like cry and speech delay and produce the clinical picture of the atypical cri du chat syndrome, with minimal or absent intellectual impairment. Cri-du-chat is a Homo sapiens contiguous gene Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome resulting from hemizygous Gene Deletion of chromosome 5p. Cri-du-chat is a chromosomal Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome characterized by partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. The karyotype showed a terminal Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 including the critical region 5p15 for cri du chat syndrome. Fewer than 1 in 200 of cri du chat syndrome cases are due to recombination aneusomy arising from a parental inversion of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. Molecular approach to analyzing the Homo sapiens 5p Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, cri du chat. Cri-du-chat is a Homo sapiens contiguous gene Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome resulting from hemizygous Gene Deletion of chromosome 5p The cri du chat syndrome (chenodeoxycholate sulfate conjugate) is a chromosomal Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome associated with a partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short (p) arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 The Cri-du-Chat Syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome that results from a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p). Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. The Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 is associated with the Cri-du-Chat Syndrome. The Cri du Chat syndrome (chenodeoxycholate sulfate conjugate) is a genetic disease resulting from a Gene Deletion Abnormality of variable size occurring on the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p-). Cri-du-chat is a well described partial aneusomy resulting from Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the Genes on the distal part of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, and characteristic features include Microcephaly (physical finding), developmental delays, and a distinctive high-pitched mewing cry. The pathological condition of cri du chat syndrome is due to the cytogenetic Gene Deletion Abnormality of band p15.2 of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. Karyotype analysis indicated that the patient has carried a terminal Gene Deletion Abnormality in 5p. FISH with Cri du Chat syndrome region probe confirmed that D5S23 and D5S721 loci are deleted.[SEP]Relations: Cri-du-chat syndrome has relations: disease_disease with partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, disease_disease with partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, disease_protein with CTNND2, disease_protein with CTNND2, disease_protein with SEMA5A, disease_protein with SEMA5A, disease_phenotype_positive with Growth delay, disease_phenotype_positive with Growth delay, disease_protein with TERT, disease_protein with TERT. Definitions: Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Cri-du-Chat Syndrome defined as following: An infantile syndrome characterized by a cat-like cry, failure to thrive, Microcephaly (physical finding), MENTAL RETARDATION, spastic quadriparesis, micro- and retrognathia, glossoptosis, bilateral epicanthus, hypertelorism, and tiny external genitalia. It is caused by a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p-).. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 defined as following: One of the two pairs of Homo sapiens chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).. Congenital chromosomal disease defined as following: Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429). Muscle hypotonia defined as following: A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.. Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. 5p15 defined as following: A chromosome band present on 5p.. gene defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is hydroxyurea usually used to treated infectious disease?", "id": "converted_53", "sentence1": "Is hydroxyurea usually used to treated infectious disease?", "sentence2": "hydroxyurea represents the only available disease-modifying therapy for Cardiac Arrest, and has proven safety and efficacy in high-resource countries In conclusion, the data here presented suggests that hydroxyurea may prevent priapism attacks in Anemia, Sickle Cell, probably at higher doses than usually prescribed for painful crisis prevention.. Clinical follow-up of hydroxyurea-treated adults with Anemia, Sickle Cell. t may also attenuate optimal response to hydroxyurea therapy, the only effective and practical treatment option for Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy in sub-Saharan Africa hydroxyurea is one of the most successfully used therapies for Anemia, Sickle Cell Clinical experience with hydroxyurea for patients with Anemia, Sickle Cell (Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy) has been accumulating for the past 25 years. The bulk of the current evidence suggests that hydroxyurea is well-tolerated, safe, and efficacious for most patients with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy[SEP]Relations: hydroxyurea has relations: contraindication with anemia (disease), contraindication with anemia (disease), contraindication with kidney disease, contraindication with kidney disease, indication with Anemia, Sickle Cell and related diseases, indication with Anemia, Sickle Cell and related diseases, drug_drug with Hepatitis A Vaccine, drug_drug with Hepatitis A Vaccine, drug_effect with Fever, drug_effect with Fever. Definitions: hydroxyurea defined as following: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.. Cardiac Arrest defined as following: Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.. Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy defined as following: Schnyder corneal dystrophy (Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy) is a rare form of stromal corneal dystrophy (see this term) characterized by corneal clouding or crystals within the corneal stroma, and a progressive decrease in visual acuity.. Anemia, Sickle Cell defined as following: A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.. infectious disease defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. hydroxyurea defined as following: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does the histone chaperone ASF1 interact with histones H1/H2?", "id": "converted_54", "sentence1": "Does the Histone antigen chaperone ASF1 interact with Histones H1/H2?", "sentence2": "The C terminus of the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 cross-links to Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae and promotes interaction with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene. The central Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene chaperone Asf1 comprises a highly conserved globular core and a divergent C-terminal tail. The Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene chaperone Asf1 is involved in Chromatin Modeling (or disassembly), Histone antigen exchange, regulation of transcription, and chromatin location location silencing in several Organism. An ASF1-EGFP fusion protein localizes to the \"U\" lymphocyte Nucleus. By tandem-affinity purification/mass spectrometry as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis, we identified Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene as ASF1 interaction partners. This inhibition requires Asf1 binding to influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene and Rtt109 KAT activity, but not tail acetylation of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene or K56 acetylation of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype. Asf1 is a conserved Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene chaperone that can assemble and disassemble nucleosomes and promote Histone antigen acetylation. Here we characterize further interactions between budding Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae) Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele using assays of intragenic transcription, influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene posttranslational ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification, Open Reading Frames cross-linking of Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele, and cooccurrence of Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele in protein complexes. Consistent with this possibility, we show that Asf1 stimulates SETD2 wt Allele occupancy of the Open Reading Frames of a highly transcribed gene by a mechanism that depends on Asf1 binding to influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene. Drosophila Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene can also be produced as a soluble (H3H4)(2) heterotetrameric complex if they are co-expressed with the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1. Structure and function of the Histone antigen chaperone CIA/ASF1 complexed with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene. Newly synthesized Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene first bind Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 and are then transferred to other chaperones for nucleosome assembly The C terminus of the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 cross-links to Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae and promotes interaction with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene Histone chaperone Asf1 is required for Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype lysine 56 acetylation, a ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification associated with S phase in mitosis and meiosis Antisilencing function 1 (ASF1) is a major Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene chaperone that deposits Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene onto DNA Rtt109, a recently discovered Histone antigen acetyltransferase (HAT) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae, functions with the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 to acetylate lysine K56 on Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype (H3K56), a ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification associated with newly synthesized Histones In this issue of \"U\" lymphocyte, English et al. present the first crystal structure of a Histone antigen chaperone (Asf1) bound to Histones (the influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene heterodimer) By tandem-affinity purification/mass spectrometry as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis, we identified Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene as ASF1 interaction partners. Anti-silencing function 1 (Asf1) is a highly conserved chaperone of Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene that assembles or disassembles chromatin location location during transcription, replication, and repair. Analysis of a panel of Asf1 mutations that modulate the ability of Asf1 to bind to Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene demonstrates that the Histone antigen binding activity of Asf1 is required for the acetylation of Lys-9 and Lys-56 on newly synthesized influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype. Thus Rad53 competes with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene and cochaperones HirA/CAF-I for binding to Asf1. Structure and function of the Histone antigen chaperone CIA/ASF1 complexed with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene. Currently, the best-characterized chaperone-Histone antigen interaction is that between the ubiquitous chaperone Asf1 and a dimer of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene.[SEP]Relations: Histone antigen influenza A virus H3 subtype acetylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with TAF12, bioprocess_protein with TAF12, bioprocess_protein with TAF10, bioprocess_protein with TAF10, bioprocess_protein with IRF4, bioprocess_protein with IRF4. Definitions: DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Organism normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Histone antigen acetyltransferase defined as following: Class of enzymes that catalyze the acetylation of specific lysine residues of Histones, proteins that organize eukaryotic DNA into chromatin location. Among the proteins that exhibit Histone antigen acetyltransferase activity are various transcription factor coactivators. E.C. 2.3.1.48.. nucleosome assembly defined as following: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin location composed of Histones and DNA. [GOC:mah]. Open Reading Frames defined as following: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).. SETD2 wt Allele defined as following: Human SETD2 is located in the vicinity of 3p21.31 and is approximately 108 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Histone antigen-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 protein, may play a role in transcriptional activation and epigenetic ResponseLevel - modification of chromatin location.. Chromatin Modeling defined as following: The assembly of DNA, Histone antigen proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin location structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the Cell Nucleus. [PMID:20404130]. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. FGFR1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation.. dimer defined as following: compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound; a polymer formed from two molecules of a monomer.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. ResponseLevel - modification defined as following: Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Histone antigen influenza A virus H3 subtype defined as following: Histone influenza A virus H3 subtype is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin location. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of Histones H2A, H2B, influenza A virus H3 subtype, and FGFR1 gene that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin location compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). Histones defined as following: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated Histone antigen I, Histone antigen II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does RNA polymerase II have RNA cleavage activity?", "id": "converted_55", "sentence1": "Does DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II have RNA cleavage activity?", "sentence2": "In addition to RNA synthesis, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase complex (msRNAPs) support enzymatic reactions such as intrinsic RNA Transcript cleavage. msRNAP active sites from different species appear to exhibit differential intrinsic RNA Transcript cleavage efficiency and have likely evolved to allow fine-tuning of the transcription process. Here we show that a single amino-acid substitution in the trigger loop (TL) of Saccharomyces RNAP II, Rpb1 H1085Y, engenders a gain of intrinsic cleavage activity where the substituted tyrosine appears to participate in acid-base chemistry at alkaline pH for both intrinsic cleavage and nucleotidyl transfer. The eukaryotic transcription factor TCEA1 wt Allele enhances elongation and nascent RNA Transcript cleavage activities of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II in a stalled elongation complex. The transcription factor TCEA1 wt Allele zinc ribbon dipeptide Asp-Glu is critical for stimulation of elongation and RNA cleavage by DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II By site-directed mutagenesis, we have demonstrated that invariant residues Asp-261 and Glu-262 of the nucleic acid-binding TCEA1 wt Allele Zn ribbon are critical for stimulation of both elongation and RNA cleavage activities of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II. Complexes of yeast DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II and RNA are substrates for TCEA1 wt Allele-induced RNA cleavage. RNA in such RNA-DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase complexes undergoes reactions previously thought to be unique to nascent RNA in ternary complexes with DNA, including TCEA1 wt Allele-dependent cleavage and elongation by 3'-terminal addition of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone from NTP. Nascent RNA cleavage by arrested DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II does not require upstream translocation of the elongation complex on DNA. Here we show that in the presence of SII and Nucleotides, RNA Transcript cleavage is detected during SII-dependent elongation but not during SII-independent transcription. under typical transcription conditions, SII is necessary but insufficient to activate RNA cleavage. RNA cleavage could serve to move DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II away from the transcriptional impediment and/or permit DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II multiple attempts at RNA elongation. SII is an DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II-binding protein that stimulates transcription elongation and also activates nascent RNA Transcript cleavage by DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II in elongation complexes in vitro The DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II elongation complex. Factor-dependent transcription elongation involves nascent RNA cleavage. Cleavage was not restricted to an elongation complex arrested at this particular site, showing that nascent RNA hydrolysis is a general property of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II elongation complexes. transcription factor S-II (also known as TCEA1 wt Allele) is an DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II binding protein that allows bypass of template arrest sites by activating a nascent RNA cleavage reaction. During gene transcription, the DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (Pol) active center can catalyze RNA cleavage. During gene transcription, the DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (Pol) active center can catalyze RNA cleavage. The eukaryotic transcription factor TCEA1 wt Allele enhances elongation and nascent RNA Transcript cleavage activities of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II in a stalled elongation complex. POLR2I gene, a small subunit of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II, enhances the cleavage stimulation activity of S-II. These results suggest that both S-II and POLR2I gene maintain transcriptional fidelity by stimulating the cleavage activity intrinsic to DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II. It is also possible that the RNA Transcript cleavage activity of DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II represents a proofreading function of the Enzyme [APC].. Nascent RNA cleavage by arrested DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II does not require upstream translocation of the elongation complex on DNA. Intrinsic RNA Transcript cleavage in yeast DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II elongation complexes.[SEP]Relations: DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase binding has relations: molfunc_protein with CCNT2, molfunc_protein with CCNT2, molfunc_molfunc with Enzyme [APC] binding, molfunc_molfunc with Enzyme [APC] binding, molfunc_protein with YTHDC2, molfunc_protein with YTHDC2, molfunc_protein with PKN2, molfunc_protein with PKN2. DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase complex has relations: cellcomp_cellcomp with RNA-directed DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase complex, cellcomp_cellcomp with RNA-directed DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase complex. Definitions: DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase defined as following: Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the Enzyme [APC] have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).. DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. TCEA1 wt Allele defined as following: Human TCEA1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q11.2 and is approximately 56 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription elongation factor A protein 1, plays a role in transcriptional elongation. A chromosomal insertion ins(8)(q12;q11q11) of this gene and the PLAG1 gene may be associated with salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Nucleotides defined as following: The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). RNA polymerase complex defined as following: Any complex that possesses DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits. [GOC:mah]. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is scuba diving safe during pregnancy?", "id": "converted_56", "sentence1": "Is scuba diving safe during pregnancy?", "sentence2": "Scuba diving is contraindicated. Overall, the women did not conduct enough dives per pregnancy, therefore no significant correlation between diving and fetal abnormalities could be established. These data indicate women are increasingly observing the diving industry recommendation and refraining from diving while pregnant. Scuba diving also should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the Fetus in fetu is at an increased risk for decompression sickness during this activity. Scuba diving also should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the Fetus in fetu is at an increased risk for decompression sickness during this activity. Scuba diving also should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the Fetus in fetu is at an increased risk for decompression sickness during this activity. The different international federations and the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society advise against scuba diving for pregnant women or those planning a pregnancy, but no randomized trials or trials provide a solid scientific basis. Pregnant women are recommended not to dive, because the risk of Congenital Abnormality seems to be greater among those who do, and there is a serious risk of fetal decompression disease. The different international federations and the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society advise against scuba diving for pregnant women or those planning a pregnancy, but no randomized trials or trials provide a solid scientific basis. Scuba diving also should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the Fetus in fetu is at an increased risk for decompression sickness during this activity. Snorkeling can still be practiced during pregnancy, but scuba diving should be discontinued until after the birth period. Snorkeling can still be practiced during pregnancy, but scuba diving should be discontinued until after the birth period..[SEP]Relations: congenital abnormality has relations: exposure_disease with Hazardous Waste, exposure_disease with Hazardous Waste, exposure_disease with Nitrogen Dioxide, exposure_disease with Nitrogen Dioxide, exposure_disease with Carbon Monoxide, exposure_disease with Carbon Monoxide, exposure_disease with Sulfur Dioxide, exposure_disease with Sulfur Dioxide, exposure_disease with Mercury, exposure_disease with Mercury. Definitions: Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between carcinoid syndrome and mitral valve disease?", "id": "converted_57", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome and Mitral Valve disease?", "sentence2": "Other concomitant operations included Mitral Valve procedure (11%), aortic valve procedure (9%), patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect closure (23%), cardiac metastasectomies or biopsy (4%), and simultaneous coronary artery bypass (11%). High circulating serotonin (Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome) and serotoninergic drugs are known to cause Heart valve disease that shares pathologic features with DMVD. Surgery included Replacement of tricuspid valve in all patients, pulmonary valve replacement in 3 and valvectomy in 7, Mitral Valve replacement in 6 and repair in 1, aortic valve replacement in 4 and repair in 2, CABG in 2, and patent foramen ovale closure in 5. We report two observations of significant left heart involvement in patients with the Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome assessed by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiographic lesions of this kind have only been reported twice. In the present cases, there was mitral involvement with mitral regurgitation in one case and a mitro-aortic involvement with mitral and aortic regurgitation in the other. An observation of Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome in a woman of 47 suffering from Carcinoid Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, malignant of the Ileum and Ileum and ileum with metastases into the Abdomen>Liver and right ovary is described. The clinical picture included Diarrhea, heat waves, Bronchospasm, Hypertensive disease, hyperserotoninemia, affection of the Mitral Valve and left atrium. A case of Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome, stemming from a Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the large Intestines with hepatic metastases, is reported. Clinical features included Heart Diseases with triple valvular lesion: Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency with Stenosis Morphology, pulmonary artery Stenosis Morphology and Mitral Valve Insufficiency. High circulating serotonin (Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome) and serotoninergic drugs are known to cause Heart valve disease that shares pathologic features with DMVD.[SEP]Relations: heart valve disease has relations: disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease. congenital Mitral Valve insufficiency has relations: disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with vascular insufficiency disorder, disease_disease with vascular insufficiency disorder. Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome has relations: disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with carcinoid crisis, disease_disease with carcinoid crisis. Definitions: Replacement of tricuspid valve defined as following: Surgery performed with the purpose of replacing a degenerated, calcified, malformed, dysfunctional, etc. tricuspid valve with bioprosthetic, homograft or autograft valve.. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome defined as following: A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the Abdomen>Liver. Symptoms are caused by Specimen Source Codes - tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed). Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the TRICUSPID VALVE.. Heart valve disease defined as following: Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).. Mitral Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to Mitral Valve regurgitation.. pulmonary artery Stenosis Morphology defined as following: A congenital or acquired cardiovascular abnormality characterized by the narrowing of the lumen of the main pulmonary artery or its branches. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, fatigue, and edema.. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Mitral Valve defined as following: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.. Bronchospasm defined as following: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. mitral defined as following: a valve that controls blood flow between heart chambers. Mitral Valve disease defined as following: A heart disorder characterized by a defect in Mitral Valve structure or function..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do bacteria from the genus Morexella cause respiratory infections?", "id": "converted_58", "sentence1": "Do Bacteria from the genus Morexella cause respiratory infections?", "sentence2": "gainst pathogens associated with respiratory tract ailments [Staphylococcus aureus antibody antibody (ATCC 25923), Pneumonia due to Pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) and Morexella cattarhalis (ATCC 14468)] The efficacy and safety of oral ofloxacin, 400 mg once daily, for the treatment of patients with lower Respiratory Tract Infections were studied. The most common species recovered from the sputum specimens of these patients were Haemophilus influenzae, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Staphylococcus aureus antibody antibody (Staphylococcus aureus antibody), Gram positive cocci unidentified, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Morexella catarrhalis, the efficacy and safety of oral ofloxacin 400 mg once daily for the treatment of patients with lower Respiratory Tract Infections were studied the most common species recovered from the sputum specimens of these patients were Haemophilus influenzae or Haemophilus parainfluenzae followed by streptococcus pneumoniae s pneumoniae staphylococcus aureus s aureus gram positive cocci unidentified pseudomonas aeruginosa p aeruginosa morexella catarrhalis streptococcus epidermidis and another haemophilus species in this order all these Bacteria were susceptible to ofloxacin except for one strain of methicillin resistant s aureus a satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved in 34 of 40 patients 85 it is concluded that ofloxacin 400 mg once daily is useful for patients with Respiratory Tract Infections.[SEP]Relations: Respiratory tract infection has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Pneumonia, phenotype_phenotype with Pneumonia, phenotype_phenotype with Acute infectious pneumonia, phenotype_phenotype with Acute infectious pneumonia, drug_effect with Deferasirox, drug_effect with Deferasirox, phenotype_phenotype with Recurrent respiratory infections, phenotype_phenotype with Recurrent respiratory infections. Ofloxacin has relations: drug_effect with Respiratory tract infection, drug_effect with Respiratory tract infection. Definitions: ofloxacin defined as following: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. methicillin defined as following: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. Staphylococcus aureus defined as following: Potentially pathogenic Bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.. Respiratory Tract Infections defined as following: Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Streptococcus pneumoniae defined as following: A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.. respiratory infections defined as following: Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Loss of function one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?", "id": "converted_59", "sentence1": "Is Loss of function one of the cardinal signs of Inflammation?", "sentence2": "The concept of the four cardinal signs of acute Inflammation comes from antiquity as Redness et Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor cum calore et dolore, (Erythema and Swelling with heat and Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-) extended later by functio laesa (loss of function). As early as 2000 years ago, the Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus recognised four cardinal signs of this response-Erythema, heat, Swelling and Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-; a fifth sign is loss of function.[... It was Galen who added the disturbance of function (functio laesa) as the fifth cardinal sign of Inflammation to the four well-known cardinal signs of Celsus (Redness, Increased skin temperature, Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, dolor). Tumor, Increased skin temperature, Redness, and dolor describe four cardinal signs of Inflammation. The fifth-functio laesa, or loss of function-was promulgated by Rudolf Virchow, who, in the 19th century, also noted an intricate link between Inflammation and Primary malignant neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: Impaired temperature sensation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with superficial siderosis, disease_phenotype_positive with superficial siderosis, disease_phenotype_positive with pachydermoperiostosis, disease_phenotype_positive with pachydermoperiostosis, disease_phenotype_positive with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Portal Inflammation has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system. Erythema has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal inflammatory skin and bowel disease, disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal inflammatory skin and bowel disease. Definitions: Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, heat, Erythema, Swelling, and loss of function.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. Erythema defined as following: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.. Swelling defined as following: Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of Inflammation.", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does erythromycin increase risk of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?", "id": "converted_60", "sentence1": "Does erythromycin G increase risk of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?", "sentence2": "Post-natal erythromycin G G exposure and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PURPOSE: Macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin G G, in particular, have been linked to the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic). Overall, erythromycin G G exposure was significantly associated with development of Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic [OR 2.45 (1.12-5.35), p\u00a0=\u00a00.02]. Data on erythromycin G G exposure in the first 14\u00a0days of life was extracted from 4/9 studies and identified a strong association between erythromycin G G exposure and subsequent development Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic [OR 12.89 (7.67-2167), p\u00a0<\u00a00.00001].CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant association between post-natal erythromycin G G exposure and development of Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic, which seems stronger when exposure occurs in the first 2\u00a0weeks of life. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Use of oral erythromycin G G in infants is associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of oral azithromycin and erythromycin G G places young infants at increased risk of developing Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic. An association between erythromycin G G and Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic was also confirmed. Exposure to erythromycin G G in the first 14 days of life had an aOR of 13.3 (95% NDUFB6 gene, 6.80-25.9), and 15 to 42 days of life, aOR 4.10 (95% NDUFB6 gene, 1.69-9.91). Early exposure to oral erythromycin G G in young infants, particularly in the first 2 weeks of life, has previously been associated with the development of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. We report a case of an infant who received an abbreviated 4-day course of oral erythromycin G G for suspected Inclusion conjunctivitis at 5 days of life then underwent pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis less than 2 weeks later. Maternal and infant use of erythromycin G G and other Macrolide [EPC] antibiotics as risk factors for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. A case report has suggested that exposure to erythromycin G G through Specimen Source Codes - Breast milk might cause infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin G G, in particular, have been linked to the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic). Infants prescribed systemic erythromycin G G had increased risk of Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic, with the highest risk in the first 2 weeks of age (relative risk = 10.51 for erythromycin G G in first 2 weeks, 95% NDUFB6 gene 4.48, 24.66). There was an association between maternal prescriptions for nonerythromycin macrolides and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (adjusted odds ratio 2.77, 95% confidence interval 1.22, 6.30, P =.01).
CONCLUSION: The hypothesized association between erythromycin G G and Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis was not seen. Macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin G G, in particular, have been linked to the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic).[SEP]Relations: hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has relations: disease_disease with intestinal disease, disease_disease with intestinal disease, disease_disease with pyloric stenosis (disease), disease_disease with pyloric stenosis (disease), disease_disease with Mendelian disease, disease_disease with Mendelian disease, disease_disease with pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic, disease_disease with pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic. pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Definitions: Inclusion conjunctivitis defined as following: An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.. Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic defined as following: An abnormality characterized by thickening of the muscle in the wall of the pylorus. It results in the narrowing of the pyloric channel. The overlying mucosa may appear hypertrophic as well. Clinical signs and symptoms appear early in life and include projectile vomiting and dehydration.. hypertrophic pyloric stenosis defined as following: An abnormality characterized by thickening of the muscle in the wall of the pylorus. It results in the narrowing of the pyloric channel. The overlying mucosa may appear hypertrophic as well. Clinical signs and symptoms appear early in life and include projectile vomiting and dehydration..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has the proteome of mice hippocampus been analysed?", "id": "converted_61", "sentence1": "Has the proteome of CASP14 gene hippocampus been analysed?", "sentence2": "We employed a discovery-based proteomic approach in subcellular fractions of Hippocampus (Brain) tissue from chronic intermittent alcohol (CIE)-exposed C57Bl/6J CASP14 gene to gain insight into alcohol-induced changes in GluN2B signaling complexes. We employed shotgun liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic and metabonomic profiling approaches on Prefrontal Cortex (United States Military enlisted E3 (qualifier value)) and Hippocampus (Brain) (HPC) tissue from Df(16)A+/-CASP14 gene, a model of the DiGeorge Syndrome. Molecular alterations in the Cortex of frontal lobe and hippocampus ofTsc1+/-and control CASP14 gene, with or without sirolimus treatment, were investigated. A quantitative mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomic approach (LC-MSE) was employed as an unbiased method to detect changes in protein levels. This dataset reports on the analysis of Mus sp. hippocampus by LC-MS/MS, from CASP14 gene fed a diet that was either deficient in n-3 FA (n-3 Def) or sufficient in n-3 FA (n-3 Adq). Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and proteomic methods, here we identified learning-induced changes in the Hippocampus (Brain) proteome of non-transgenic (NonTg) and 3 \u00d7 Tg-cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol CASP14 gene, a widely used animal model of cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol.[SEP]Relations: hippocampus fimbria has relations: anatomy_anatomy with central nervous system cell part cluster, anatomy_anatomy with central nervous system cell part cluster. Cortex of frontal lobe has relations: anatomy_protein_present with HIPK3, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK3, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK4, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK4, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK2, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK2, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK1, anatomy_protein_present with HIPK1. Definitions: sirolimus defined as following: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. DiGeorge Syndrome defined as following: Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.. Hippocampus (Brain) defined as following: A curved gray matter structure of the temporal lobe lying on the floor of the lateral ventricle of the brain.. Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. Prefrontal Cortex defined as following: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The Prefrontal Cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.. Cortex of frontal lobe defined as following: The grey matter, or outermost layer of the frontal lobe..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "SGOT is an abbreviation for an enzyme other wise known as alanine amino transferase, yes or no?", "id": "converted_62", "sentence1": "SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase is an abbreviation for an enzyme other wise known as alanine amino transferase, yes or no?", "sentence2": "patients with aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), alanine amino transferase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), D-Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), aspartate aminotransferase (AST-SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), alanine amino-transferase (ALT-SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase) Mean values of Glutamate Dehydrogenase (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity), serum aspartate and alanine transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE (OCT), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) tended to rise with increasing Hepatocyte necrosis, though values of SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, OCT, and gamma-GTP showed considerable overlap between the 32 patients with histologically proved Hepatitis and the 68 without. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Creatine Kinase (PIK3C2A gene), and butyric acid dehydrogenase (BDH1 gene) were determined in 94 patients before, 1(1/2) hours, and 24 hours after cardioversion. The study excluded by screening for AntiHCV, Hepatitis B Antigen Vaccine and patients with aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), alanine amino transferase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels more than three times the normal and subject with a total Antigens, CD5 count more than 10,000/microl. Complete blood picture, differential Antigens, CD5 count, and serum levels of Estrogen [EPC] [EPC], D-Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), total protein and ALB gene were estimated.[SEP]Relations: alanine-oxomalonate transaminase activity has relations: molfunc_molfunc with transaminase activity, molfunc_molfunc with transaminase activity, molfunc_molfunc with transaminase activity, molfunc_molfunc with transaminase activity. D-alanine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity has relations: molfunc_molfunc with aminoacyltransferase activity, molfunc_molfunc with aminoacyltransferase activity. glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 deficiency has relations: disease_protein with GPT2, disease_protein with GPT2. ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE complex has relations: cellcomp_cellcomp with transferase complex, cellcomp_cellcomp with transferase complex. Definitions: Antigens, CD5 defined as following: Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156). D-Alanine Transaminase defined as following: A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.. ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE defined as following: A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.. Creatine Kinase defined as following: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.49]. Hepatitis defined as following: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.. Glutamate Dehydrogenase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.. SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase defined as following: A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Aspartate aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate forming oxaloacetate and L-glutamate.. Alanine Transaminase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.. Gamma-glutamyl transferase defined as following: An enzyme, sometimes called Gamma-glutamyl transferase, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.. alanine amino transferase defined as following: A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are organisms in the genus Morexella associated with sepsis?", "id": "converted_63", "sentence1": "Are organisms in the genus Morexella associated with Sepsis (Invertebrate)?", "sentence2": "Out of 130 culture proven cases of neonatal Sepsis (Invertebrate), gram negative Bacteria were found in 71 (54.6%) cases and gram positive Bacteria in 59 (45.4%) cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Bacteria found in 35 (26.9%) cases followed by Escherichia coli in 30 (23.1%) cases. Acinetobacter species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebseila, Streptococcus, Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae subsp. cloacae and Morexella species were found in 17 (13.1%), 17 (13.1%), 13 (10%), 7 (5.4%), 6 (4.6%), and 5 (3.8%) cases respectively.[SEP]Relations: escherichia coli infection has relations: indication with Tobramycin, indication with Tobramycin, indication with Ampicillin, indication with Ampicillin, indication with Sulbactam, indication with Sulbactam, indication with Ofloxacin, indication with Ofloxacin, indication with Ceftriaxone, indication with Ceftriaxone. Definitions: Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Escherichia coli defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped Bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.. Streptococcus defined as following: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid Bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.. organisms defined as following: A living entity..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Apremilast effective for Behcet\u2019s syndrome?", "id": "converted_64", "sentence1": "Is apremilast effective for Behcet\u2019s syndrome?", "sentence2": "apremilast is an immunomodulatory agent that works through Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 inhibition. A randomized controlled trial has shown that it is effective for the management of oral and genital Ulcer and is generally well tolerated. AREAS COVERED: This review provides a digest of all current experience and evidence about pharmacological agents recently described as having a role in the treatment of BS, including interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors, tocilizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, Ustekinumab Ab, interferon-alpha-2a, and apremilast. CONCLUSIONS: apremilast was effective in treating Oral Ulcer, which are the cardinal manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. apremilast, an PPP1R1A gene of phosphodiesterase-4, was effective in a phase 2, double blind, placebo-controlled study. apremilast (Otezla(\u00ae)), an oral small molecule PPP1R1A gene of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4), is under development with Celgene Corporation for the treatment of Arthritis, Psoriatic, Psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, Dermatitis, Atopic, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. There were two serious adverse events in patients receiving apremilast.
CONCLUSIONS: apremilast was effective in treating Oral Ulcer, which are the cardinal manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. apremilast (Otezla(\u00ae)), an oral small molecule PPP1R1A gene of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4), is under development with Celgene Corporation for the treatment of Arthritis, Psoriatic, Psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, Dermatitis, Atopic, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. CONCLUSIONS apremilast was effective in treating Oral Ulcer, which are the cardinal manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. apremilast, an oral small molecule PPP1R1A gene of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 (Phosphodiesterase Type 4), is in development for chronic inflammatory disorders, and has shown efficacy in Psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathies, and Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Oral Ulcer the hallmark of beh\u00e7et s syndrome can be resistant to conventional treatment therefore alternative agents are needed apremilast is an oral Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 PPP1R1A gene that modulates several inflammatory pathways we conducted a phase 2 multicenter placebo controlled study in which 111 patients with beh\u00e7et s syndrome who had two or more Oral Ulcer were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg of apremilast twice daily or placebo for 12 weeks this regimen was followed by a 12 week extension phase in which the placebo group was switched to apremilast and a 28 day post treatment observational follow up phase the patients and clinicians were unaware of the study assignments throughout the trial the primary end point was the number of Oral Ulcer at week 12 secondary outcomes included Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- from these Ulcer measured on a 100 mm visual analogue scale with higher scores indicating worse Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- the number of genital Ulcer overall disease activity and quality of life the mean sd number of Oral Ulcer per patient at week 12 was significantly lower in the apremilast group than in the placebo group 0 5 1 0 vs 2 1 2 6 p 0 001 the mean decline in Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- from Oral Ulcer from baseline to week 12 was greater with apremilast than with placebo 44 7 24 3 mm vs 16 0 32 5 mm p 0 001 nausea vomiting and Diarrhea were more common in the apremilast group with 22 9 and 12 incidents respectively among 55 patients than in the placebo group with 10 1 and 2 incidents respectively among 56 patients findings that were similar to those in previous studies of apremilast there were two serious adverse events in patients receiving apremilast apremilast was effective in treating Oral Ulcer which are the cardinal manifestation of beh\u00e7et s syndrome this preliminary study was neither large enough nor long enough to assess long term efficacy the effect on other manifestations of beh\u00e7et s syndrome or the risk of uncommon serious adverse events funded by celgene clinicaltrials gov number nct00866359. current trends in the management of beh\u00e7et s syndrome will be reviewed in this article Biological Factors have gained increasing importance over the years in the management of beh\u00e7et s syndrome long term results of observational studies have shown that anti tumor necrosis factor agents may be effective in beh\u00e7et s syndrome patients with refractory eye involvement case series reporting about use of anti tumor necrosis factor agents in Blood Vessel and gastrointestinal involvement have also shown good results caution is required for infectious complications with these agents apremilast is an immunomodulatory agent that works through Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 inhibition a randomized controlled trial has shown that it is effective for the management of oral and genital Ulcer and is generally well tolerated the outcome of beh\u00e7et s syndrome with major Organ involvement has improved with more effective management strategies especially with the use of Biological Factors in severe cases controlled trials are needed to guide physicians in making treatment decisions.[SEP]Relations: apremilast has relations: drug_drug with Bepotastine, drug_drug with Bepotastine, drug_drug with Bevacizumab, drug_drug with Bevacizumab, drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Bexarotene, drug_drug with Bexarotene, drug_drug with Cefetamet, drug_drug with Cefetamet. Definitions: apremilast defined as following: An orally bioavailable, small molecule PPP1R1A gene of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 (Phosphodiesterase Type 4), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon oral administration, apremilast targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of Phosphodiesterase Type 4, thereby blocking cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) degradation and increasing intracellular cAMP levels. This may decrease the production of the proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Phosphodiesterase Type 4 is an enzyme that plays an important role in the degradation of cAMP and in cytokine production in inflammatory cells.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. Psoriasis defined as following: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in Psoriasis.. Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 defined as following: A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is found predominantly in inflammatory cells and may play a role in the regulation of CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. The enzyme family includes over twenty different variants that occur due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA of at least four different genes.. Phosphodiesterase Type 4 defined as following: A family of phosphodiesterases that hydrolyze cyclic AMP to form AMP. This enzyme family is the primary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase expressed by immune cells.. Organ defined as following: A unique macroscopic (gross) anatomic structure that performs specific functions. It is composed of various tissues. An Organ is part of an anatomic system or a body region. Representative examples include the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and uterus.. Arthritis, Psoriatic defined as following: A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.. Oral Ulcer defined as following: A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842). Biological Factors defined as following: Endogenously synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.. Ulcer defined as following: A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Dermatitis, Atopic defined as following: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. alemtuzumab defined as following: Any monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD52, regardless of the antibody type (e.g., rat, mouse, humanized).. Blood Vessel defined as following: Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).. Behcet\u2019s syndrome defined as following: Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does Enzastaurin improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_65", "sentence1": "Does enzastaurin improve survival of Glioblastoma Multiforme patients?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: fourteen randomized clinical trials were identified (7 with bevacizumab, 2 Cilengitide, 1 enzastaurin, 1 dasatinib, 1 vandetanib, 1 temsirolimus, 1 cediranib) including 4330 patients. Antiangiogenic drugs showed no improvement in overall survival with a pooled HR of 1.00, a trend for an inferior outcome, in terms of overall survival, was observed in the group of patients receiving antiangiogenic Pharmacologic Substance alone compared to cytotoxic Pharmacologic Substance alone (HR=1.24, p=0.056). enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl.HCl) in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well-tolerated, with response and progression-free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy. So far, inhibition of angiogenesis by compounds such as bevacizumab, cediranib, enzastaurin or Cilengitide as well as alternative dosing schedules of temozolomide did not prolong survival, neither at primary diagnosis nor at recurrent Disease. Despite promising phase II clinical trial results and patient benefit in terms of clinical improvement and longer progression-free survival, an overall survival benefit has not been demonstrated in four randomized phase III trials of bevacizumab or Cilengitide in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme or cediranib or enzastaurin in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. EXPERT OPINION: enzastaurin and cediranib failed in randomized Phase III trials in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme, aflibercept in Phase II. enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic Toxic effect profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. Grade 3 to 4 Hematologic toxicities were significantly higher with lomustine (46 events) than with enzastaurin (one event; P < or = .001).
CONCLUSION: enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic Toxic effect profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme.
enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic Toxic effect profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. enzastaurin has anti-glioma activity in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma, but does not appear to have enough single-agent activity to be useful as monotherapy. enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl.HCl) in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well-tolerated, with response and progression-free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy. CONCLUSION enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic Toxic effect profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. Glioblastoma are highly vascularized Neoplasms and various antiangiogenic drugs have been investigated in clinical trials showing unclear results we performed a systematic review and a meta analysis to clarify and evaluate their effectiveness in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients we searched relevant published and unpublished randomized clinical trials analyzing antiangiogenic drugs versus chemotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients from january 2006 to january 2016 in medline web of science asco esmo and sno databases fourteen randomized clinical trials were identified 7 with bevacizumab 2 Cilengitide 1 enzastaurin 1 dasatinib 1 vandetanib 1 temsirolimus 1 cediranib including 4330 patients antiangiogenic drugs showed no improvement in overall survival with a pooled hr of 1 00 a trend for an inferior outcome in terms of overall survival was observed in the group of patients receiving antiangiogenic Pharmacologic Substance alone compared to cytotoxic Pharmacologic Substance alone hr 1 24 p 0 056 bevacizumab did not improve overall survival twelve trials 4113 patients were analyzed for progression free survival among antiangiogenic drugs only bevacizumab demonstrated an improvement of progression free survival hr 0 63 p 0 001 both alone hr 0 60 p 0 003 or in combination to chemotherapy hr 0 63 p 0 001 both as first line treatment hr 0 70 p 0 001 or in recurrent Disease hr 0 52 p 0 001 antiangiogenic drugs did not improve overall survival in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients either as first or second line treatment and either as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy among antiangiogenic drugs only bevacizumab improved progression free survival regardless of treatment line both as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy. Glioblastoma Multiforme is characterized by high expression levels of proangiogenic cytokines and microvascular proliferation highlighting the potential value of treatments targeting angiogenesis antiangiogenic treatment likely achieves a beneficial impact through multiple mechanisms of action ultimately however alternative proangiogenic signal transduction pathways are activated leading to the development of resistance even in Neoplasms that initially respond the identification of biomarkers or imaging parameters to predict response and to herald resistance is of high priority despite promising phase ii clinical trial results and patient benefit in terms of clinical improvement and longer progression free survival an overall survival benefit has not been demonstrated in four randomized phase iii trials of bevacizumab or Cilengitide in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme or cediranib or enzastaurin in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme however future studies are warranted predictive markers may allow appropriate patient enrichment combination with chemotherapy may ultimately prove successful in improving overall survival and novel agents targeting multiple proangiogenic pathways may prove effective. this phase iii open label study compared the efficacy and safety of enzastaurin versus lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme who grade 4 patients were randomly assigned 2 1 to receive 6 week cycles of enzastaurin 500 mg d 1 125 mg loading dose day 1 or lomustine 100 to 130 mg m 2 day 1 assuming a 45 improvement in progression free survival pfs 397 patients were required to provide 80 power to achieve statistical significance at a one sided level of 025 enrollment was terminated at 266 patients enzastaurin n 174 lomustine n 92 after a planned interim analysis for futility patient characteristics were balanced between arms median pfs 1 5 v 1 6 months hazard ratio hr 1 28 95 ci 0 97 to 1 70 overall survival 6 6 v 7 1 months hr 1 20 95 ci 0 88 to 1 65 and 6 month pfs rate p 13 did not differ significantly between enzastaurin and lomustine respectively stable Disease occurred in 38 5 and 35 9 of patients and objective response occurred in 2 9 and 4 3 of patients respectively time to deterioration of physical and functional well being and symptoms did not differ between arms hr 1 12 p 54 four patients discontinued enzastaurin because of Pharmacologic Substance related serious adverse events aes eleven patients treated with enzastaurin died on study four because of aes one was Pharmacologic Substance related all four deaths that occurred in patients receiving lomustine were Disease related grade 3 to 4 Hematologic toxicities were significantly higher with lomustine 46 events than with enzastaurin one event p or 001 enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic Toxic effect profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. this study s primary objective was evaluation of the progression free survival rate at 6 months pfs 6 in patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme without o 6 methylguanine dna methyltransferase mgmt promoter hypermethylation postsurgically treated with enzastaurin before and concomitantly with radiation therapy followed by enzastaurin maintenance therapy pfs 6 of at least 55 was set to be relevant compared with the data of the eortc 26981 22981 ncic ce 3 trial adult patients with a life expectancy of at least 12 weeks who were newly diagnosed with a histologically proven supratentorial Glioblastoma Multiforme without mgmt promoter hypermethylation were eligible patients were treated with enzastaurin prior to concomitantly with and after standard partial brain radiotherapy here we report on a multicenter open label uncontrolled phase ii study of patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme without mgmt promoter hypermethylation treated with enzastaurin and radiation therapy within 4 study periods pfs 6 was 53 6 95 confidence interval ci 39 8 65 6 the median overall survival was 15 0 months 95 ci 11 9 17 9 for all patients 3 9 months 95 ci 0 8 9 0 for patients with biopsy 15 4 months 95 ci 10 1 17 9 for patients with partial resection and 18 9 months 95 ci 13 9 28 5 for patients with complete resection the safety profile in this study was as expected from previous trials and the therapy was well tolerated pfs 6 missed the primary planned outcome of 55 the secondary exploratory analysis according to resection status of the different subgroups of patients with biopsies partial resection and complete resection demonstrates the strong prognostic influence of resection on overall survival. we evaluated the efficacy of combination enzastaurin ly317615 and bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas and explored serologic correlates we enrolled 81 patients with Glioblastoma gbm n 40 and anaplastic gliomas ag n 41 patients received enzastaurin as a loading dose of 1125 mg followed by 500 or 875 mg daily for patients on non Enzyme [APC] inducing or Enzyme [APC] inducing antiepileptics respectively patients received bevacizumab 10 mg kg intravenously biweekly clinical evaluations were repeated every 4 weeks magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at baseline and every 8 weeks from treatment onset phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase gsk 3 levels from Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) pbmcs were checked with each mri median overall survival was 7 5 and 12 4 months for Glioblastoma and anaplastic glioma cohorts with median progression free survivals of 2 0 and 4 4 months respectively of gbm patients 3 40 7 5 were not evaluable while 8 37 22 had partial or complete response and 20 37 54 had stable Disease for 2 months of the 39 evaluable ag patients 18 46 had an objective response and 16 41 had stable Disease for 2 months the most common grade 3 toxicities were Lymphocyte count decreased 15 Hypophosphatemia 8 8 and thrombotic events 7 5 two 2 5 gbm patients died suddenly another Cessation of life 1 3 occurred from intractable Seizures phosphorylated gsk 3 levels from pbmcs did not correlate with treatment response a minimally important improvement in health related quality of life was self reported in 7 9 24 29 2 37 5 early response based on levin criteria was significantly associated with significantly longer progression free survival for Glioblastoma enzastaurin ly317615 in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well tolerated with response and progression free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy.[SEP]Relations: Temozolomide has relations: indication with brain Glioblastoma Multiforme, indication with brain Glioblastoma Multiforme. enzastaurin has relations: drug_protein with CHEK2, drug_protein with CHEK2, drug_protein with AURKB, drug_protein with AURKB, drug_protein with AURKA, drug_protein with AURKA, drug_protein with CHEK1, drug_protein with CHEK1. Definitions: Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Hypophosphatemia defined as following: A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.. dasatinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable synthetic small molecule-inhibitor of SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases. Dasatinib binds to and inhibits the growth-promoting activities of these kinases. Apparently because of its less stringent binding affinity for the BCR-ABL kinase, dasatinib has been shown to overcome the resistance to imatinib of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells harboring BCR-ABL kinase domain point mutations. SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways; tumorigenic forms can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by way of virally-encoded kinase genes.. temsirolimus defined as following: An ester analog of rapamycin. Temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some Neoplasms.. temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. Glioblastoma defined as following: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or Seizures.. lomustine defined as following: An alkylating agent of value against both Hematologic malignancies and solid Neoplasms.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Lymphocyte count decreased defined as following: An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a Disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Cilengitide defined as following: A cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Cilengitide binds to and inhibits the activities of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. (NCI04). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) defined as following: A peripheral blood cell with a single nucleus. This category includes lymphocytes and monocytes.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. Hematologic defined as following: Pertaining to or related to the blood and blood-forming organs.. vandetanib defined as following: An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are the human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers?", "id": "converted_66", "sentence1": "Are the Homo sapiens bombesin receptors, GRPR protein, Homo sapiens and Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by Chest>Lung-Malignant Neoplasms?", "sentence2": "Members of the Gastrin releasing peptide gene (Gastrin releasing peptide) family and its analogs bombesin (BBN) have been implicated in the biology of several Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms including Pelvis>Prostate, Breast, Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon and Chest>Lung. All 3 bombesin receptor subtypes (GRPR protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human, and bombesin receptor subtype 3) were present on Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and intestinal carcinoids by immunohistochemistry There is increased interest in the Bn-receptor family because they are frequently over/ectopically expressed by Neoplasms and thus useful as targets for imaging or receptor-targeted-cytotoxicity. ML-18 is a non-peptide bombesin receptor subtype-3 antagonist which inhibits Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung growth. Gastrin releasing peptide gene 2 (Gastrin releasing peptide), a member of the bombesin family of peptides, has been shown to have mitogenic activity in small cell Chest>Lung carcinoma (Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung), and to be produced by Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung in an autocrine fashion.[SEP]Relations: small cell Chest>Lung carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with GRM8, disease_protein with GRM8, disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with NPPA, disease_protein with NPPA, disease_protein with NDRG1, disease_protein with NDRG1. subtype 3 bombesin receptor binding has relations: molfunc_molfunc with bombesin receptor binding, molfunc_molfunc with bombesin receptor binding. Definitions: Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. GRPR protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: gastrin-releasing peptide 2 receptor (384 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens GRPR protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in the mediation of gastrin-dependent signaling.. Gastrin releasing peptide gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the regulation of several gastrointestinal and central nervous system functions.. Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung defined as following: A form of highly malignant Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).. Gastrin releasing peptide defined as following: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human defined as following: Neuromedin-B receptor (390 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human gene. This protein is involved in both peptide hormone binding and G protein-coupled receptor signaling.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any role of Dlx1 and Dlx2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons?", "id": "converted_67", "sentence1": "Is there any role of Homeobox Protein DLX-1 and DLX2 gene transcription factors in cortical interneurons?", "sentence2": "The postnatal functions of the Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons (CINs) are unknown. Here, using conditional Homeobox Protein DLX-1, DLX2 gene, and Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 knockouts (CKOs), we defined their roles in specific CINs. The CKOs had dendritic, synaptic, and survival defects, affecting even PV+ CINs. We provide evidence that DLX2 directly drives glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human, GAD2 gene, and SLC32A1 gene expression, and show that Mutant had reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the Mutant formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and had reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, Homeobox Protein DLX-1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input. We provide evidence that some of these phenotypes were due to reduced expression of GRIN2B gene gene (a subunit of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors), a high confidence Autism gene. Thus, Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 coordinate key components of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival. Furthermore, Homeobox Protein DLX-1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input.[SEP]Relations: GAD2 has relations: pathway_protein with MECP2 regulates transcription of genes involved in GABA signaling, pathway_protein with MECP2 regulates transcription of genes involved in GABA signaling, protein_protein with CPLX4, protein_protein with CPLX4, protein_protein with RHEX, protein_protein with RHEX, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. SLC32A1 has relations: anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Definitions: Homeobox Protein DLX-1 defined as following: Homeobox protein DLX-1 (255 aa, ~27 kDa) is encoded by the human DLX1 gene. This protein may be involved in the development of the brain, skull and face.. GRIN2B gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both neurotransmitter binding and ion transport.. glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human defined as following: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (594 aa, ~67 kDa) is encoded by the human GAD1 gene. This protein is involved in the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid.. GAD2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid.. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors defined as following: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia defined as following: Squamous or glandular intraepithelial neoplasia that affects the cervical mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of stromal invasion. According to the degree of cellular atypia and the associated architectural changes, it is classified as low or high grade.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does prolactinoma increase osteoporosis risk?", "id": "converted_68", "sentence1": "Does prolactinoma increase osteoporosis risk?", "sentence2": "Prolactinoma: A Massive Effect on Bone Mineral Density in a Young Patient. Encounter due to family history of osteoporosis has been noted to be an issue in postmenopausal women with prolactinomas. This case shows a similar impact on bone health in a young male resulting in low bone mineral density for age based on Z-score. This case report highlights the possible mechanisms for the Osteopenia in the setting of prolactinoma and the need for assessing bone health in such patients. Hyperprolactinemia related to prolactinoma significantly (more than functional hyperprolactiaemia) increases the risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis and bone fractures. Prolactinoma are the most common type of functional pituitary tumor. Effective hyperprolactinemia treatment is of great importance, due to its potential deleterious effects including Sterility, Reproductive, Gonadal Disorders and osteoporosis. Prolactinoma cause Hypogonadism, Sterility, Reproductive, osteoporosis, and tumor mass effects, and are the most common type of Neuroendocrine Tumors. We present a 22-year-old man with multiple osteoporotic fractures associated with prolactinoma despite the use of teriparatide for 18 months. We emphasize and highlight the importance of hyperprolactinemia and fractures caused by high prolactin levels. OBJECTIVE: Patients with prolactinoma seem to be at high risk for osteopenia. RESULTS: Compared to the matched controls, BMD of patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of Osteopenia in prolactinoma. Data on osteoporotic fractures in hyperprolactinemia are limited. An increased prevalence of radiological Spinal Fractures was recently observed in women with prolactin (PRL)-secreting adenoma, whereas it is unknown whether this observation may reflect a more general increased risk of fractures in this Disease and whether the prevalence of fractures in males is affected by gonadal status. Prolactinoma presenting as chronic anaemia with osteoporosis: a case report. Six years later, he was evaluated and diagnosed with a prolactinoma and resultant osteoporosis. Prolactinoma in old people may present insidiously with chronic anaemia and osteoporosis with or without Sexual Dysfunction. The relative risk for developing osteoporosis in women with prolactinoma was found to be 4.5, indicating that hyperprolactinemia in women is a major risk factor for osteoporosis.
INTRODUCTION: Osteopenia and osteoporosis because of hyperprolactinaemia caused by prolactinoma may be followed by an increased risk of Fracture. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis indicated that the Osteopenia in prolactinomas was significantly correlated to Disease duration and Hypogonadism.
CONCLUSION: In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of Osteopenia in prolactinoma. High serum prolactin levels lead to increase of the risk of osteopenia or/and osteoporosis. Prolactinoma in old people may present insidiously with chronic anaemia and osteoporosis with or without Sexual Dysfunction.
CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 70-year-old Caucasian man who presented with mild anaemia and Fatigue. In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of Osteopenia in prolactinoma. The relative risk for developing osteoporosis in women with prolactinoma was found to be 4.5, indicating that hyperprolactinemia in women is a major risk factor for osteoporosis. CONCLUSION In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of Osteopenia in prolactinoma. Prolactinoma in old people may present insidiously with chronic anaemia and osteoporosis with or without Sexual Dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia related to prolactinoma significantly (more than functional hyperprolactiaemia) increases the risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis and bone fractures. INTRODUCTION Osteopenia and osteoporosis because of hyperprolactinaemia caused by prolactinoma may be followed by an increased risk of Fracture. In conclusion, men with prolactinoma have high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Homo sapiens with prolactinoma are at risk for osteoporosis. Osteopenia and osteoporosis because of hyperprolactinaemia caused by prolactinoma may be followed by an increased risk of Fracture. The relative risk for developing osteoporosis in women with prolactinoma was found to be 4.5, indicating that hyperprolactinemia in women is a major risk factor for osteoporosis.. In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of Osteopenia in prolactinoma.[SEP]Relations: Craniopharyngioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Increased susceptibility to fractures, disease_phenotype_positive with Increased susceptibility to fractures. Teriparatide has relations: indication with osteoporosis, indication with osteoporosis, indication with postmenopausal osteoporosis, indication with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteopenia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with prolactin producing pituitary gland tumor, disease_phenotype_positive with prolactin producing pituitary gland tumor. Prolactinoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma 1, disease_phenotype_positive with growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma 1. Definitions: Prolactinoma defined as following: A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.. Hypogonadism defined as following: Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism).. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Osteopenia defined as following: Decreased calcification or density of bone tissue.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Fracture defined as following: A traumatic injury to the bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.. Hyperprolactinemia defined as following: Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8). Neuroendocrine Tumors defined as following: Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.. Craniopharyngioma defined as following: A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) Craniopharyngioma and papillary Craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50). teriparatide defined as following: A polypeptide that consists of the 1-34 amino-acid fragment of human PARATHYROID HORMONE, the biologically active N-terminal region. The acetate form is given by intravenous infusion in the differential diagnosis of HYPOPARATHYROIDISM and PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). Gonadal Disorders defined as following: Pathological processes of the OVARIES or the TESTES.. Sexual Dysfunction defined as following: Disturbances in sexual desire or performance.. Spinal Fractures defined as following: Broken bones in the vertebral column.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Sterility, Reproductive defined as following: Complete inability to conceive or induce conception.. prolactinoma defined as following: A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is pregabalin effective for sciatica?", "id": "converted_69", "sentence1": "Is pregabalin effective for Sciatica?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with pregabalin did not significantly reduce the intensity of leg pain associated with Sciatica and did not significantly improve other outcomes, as compared with placebo, over the course of 8 weeks. The incidence of adverse events was significantly higher in the pregabalin group than in the placebo group. Whilst pregabalin (Prostaglandins B) and gabapentin (TMEM132A gene) are both used to treat Neuropathic pain, their relative role in Sciatica is unclear. TMEM132A gene and Prostaglandins B appeared to demonstrate comparable efficacy and FUT2 gene. However, the amount and quality of evidence was low, and only indirect comparisons were available.[SEP]Relations: Pregabalin has relations: drug_effect with Pancreatitis, drug_effect with Pancreatitis, drug_effect with Menorrhagia, drug_effect with Menorrhagia, drug_drug with Pridinol, drug_drug with Pridinol, drug_effect with Pneumonia, drug_effect with Pneumonia, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Pain. Definitions: gabapentin defined as following: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pregabalin defined as following: A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons; synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation.. Prostaglandins B defined as following: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.. Neuropathic pain defined as following: Chronic pain caused by damage to nerve fibers. It is usually associated with tissue injury.. Sciatica defined as following: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does MC1R palmitoylation reduce pigmentation?", "id": "converted_70", "sentence1": "Does Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens palmitoylation reduce pigmentation?", "sentence2": "The Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens), a G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, has a crucial role in Homo sapiens and Mus sp. pigmentation. Activation of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens in melanocyte by \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH) stimulates cAMP signalling and melanin production and enhances DNA repair after Ultra-violet irradiation. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens palmitoylation, primarily mediated by the protein-acyl transferase ZDHHC13, is essential for activating Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens signalling, which triggers increased pigmentation, Ultra-violet-B-induced G1-like cell cycle arrest and control of senescence and melanomagenesis in vitro and in vivo. The results highlight a central role for Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens palmitoylation in pigmentation and protection against Melanocytic neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens, molfunc_protein with Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens, molfunc_protein with MC3R, molfunc_protein with MC3R, molfunc_protein with MC4R, molfunc_protein with MC4R. melanocyte adhesion has relations: bioprocess_protein with KIT, bioprocess_protein with KIT. type 1 melanocortin receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with MRAP2, molfunc_protein with MRAP2. Definitions: melanocyte defined as following: Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocyte or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens defined as following: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (317 aa, ~35 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in both hormone binding and melanogenesis.. Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 defined as following: A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in Homo sapiens.. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors defined as following: The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocyte..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Tocilizumab effective for Giant-Cell Arteritis?", "id": "converted_71", "sentence1": "Is tocilizumab effective for Giant-Cell Arteritis?", "sentence2": "Emerging evidence for adjunctive therapy with tocilizumab, methotrexate, aspirin, Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists, and Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors is encouraging and may lead to a more mainstream role for these therapies among patients with glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity. TNF-\u03b1 blockers are ineffective in giant cell arteritis, while observational evidence and a phase 2 randomized trial support the use of tocilizumab in relapsing giant cell arteritis. OBJECTIVES: Randomised-controlled trials have recently proven the efficacy of the interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab (TCZ) in giant cell arteritis (glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity). CONCLUSIONS: TCZ may exert its therapeutic effects in glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity by increasing the proliferation and activation of Tregs, and by reverting the Pathogenic Variant Treg phenotype seen during active disease. cyclophosphamide and tocilizumab look promising but require validation in further studies. Therefore, tocilizumab (humanised monoclonal antibody binding the human interleukin-6 receptor) was introduced as a potential salvage therapy with a swift consecutive resolution of the systemic symptoms and stabilization of the ophthalmic lesions.CONCLUSIONS: Although a late effect of steroids pulses cannot be formally ruled out in this dramatic situation, tocilizumab likely offered a decisive effect in preventing bilateral Blindness and may have contributed to steroid tapering. tocilizumab may represent a new early effective second-line treatment option in corticosteroid-resistant anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis with corticosteroid-resistant progressive anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: tocilizumab, received weekly or every other week, combined with a 26-week prednisone taper was superior to either 26-week or 52-week prednisone tapering plus placebo with regard to sustained glucocorticoid-free remission in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine the durability of remission and safety of tocilizumab. Two RCTs have evidenced the efficacy of tocilizumab in addition to Glucocorticoid inhalants for obstructive airway disease (Ceramide Glucosyltransferase, human) in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity). Recent randomized placebo-controlled trials have reported on the efficacy and safety of abatacept and mostly tocilizumab in inducing and maintaining remission of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity. If a biological therapy is indicated, and in light of the data discussed in this review, the first choice would be tocilizumab in glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity and anti-TNF-\u03b1 agents (mainly infliximab) in CDK9 wt Allele. CONCLUSION: TCZ is effective in glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity. TNF-\u03b1 blockers are ineffective in giant cell arteritis, while observational evidence and a phase 2 randomized trial support the use of tocilizumab in relapsing giant cell arteritis. A favorable outcome was rapidly observed both on clinical and biological data allowing a corticoid therapy sparing.
CONCLUSION: tocilizumab is a promising treatment of giant cell arteritis but controlled trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.
INTRODUCTION: Treatment of giant cell arteritis is based on prolonged corticosteroid therapy but adverse side effects are common especially in the elderly.
CASE REPORTS: We report three patients with giant cell vasculitis treated by tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, owing to resistance or intolerance to corticosteroid therapy. Several studies have reported that tocilizumab is effective for Aortitis associated with Takayasu Arteritis and giant cell arteritis. TNF-\u03b1 blockers are ineffective in giant cell arteritis, while observational evidence and a phase 2 randomized trial support the use of tocilizumab in relapsing giant cell arteritis. Preliminary clinical trial data suggest that abatacept and tocilizumab reduce the risk of relapse in glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity. tocilizumab, an effective treatment for relapsing giant cell arteritis. TNF-\u03b1 blockers are ineffective in giant cell arteritis, while observational evidence and a phase 2 randomized trial support the use of tocilizumab in relapsing giant cell arteritis. tocilizumab is a promising treatment of giant cell arteritis but controlled trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.[SEP]Relations: tocilizumab has relations: indication with temporal arteritis, indication with temporal arteritis, drug_drug with Artemether, drug_drug with Artemether, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Ceritinib, drug_drug with Ceritinib, indication with Castleman disease, indication with Castleman disease. Definitions: Aortitis defined as following: Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.. aspirin defined as following: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. Takayasu Arteritis defined as following: A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with Aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.. cyclophosphamide defined as following: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.. glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: (7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanate + H2O = (7R)-7-aminocephalosporanate + glutarate. [EC:3.5.1.93]. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors defined as following: Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis.. CDK9 wt Allele defined as following: Human CDK9 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9q34.1 and is approximately 5 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cyclin-dependent kinase 9 protein, is involved in protein phosphorylation and the regulation of transcription.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. Ceramide Glucosyltransferase, human defined as following: Ceramide glucosyltransferase (394 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human UGCG gene. This protein is involved in the glycosylation of N-acylsphingosine.. infliximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.. Pathogenic Variant defined as following: A genetic variant that is known to directly contribute to the development of disease.. Blindness defined as following: The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists defined as following: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are AAV vectors considered for the treatment of retinal dystrophies?", "id": "converted_72", "sentence1": "Are AAV vectors considered for the treatment of Retinal Dystrophies?", "sentence2": "These novel gene vectors aim to more safely and efficiently transduce retinal cells, expand the gene packaging capacity of AAV, and utilize new strategies to correct the varying mechanisms of dysfunction found with inherited Retinal Dystrophies.[SEP]Relations: retinal dystrophy in systemic or cerebroretinal lipidoses has relations: disease_disease with retinal cone dystrophy, disease_disease with retinal cone dystrophy. Definitions: Retinal Dystrophies defined as following: A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Brucella abortus the organism that causes brucillosis known to cause spontaneous abortions in humans?", "id": "converted_73", "sentence1": "Is Brucella species abortus the organism that causes brucillosis known to cause spontaneous Abortions:Number:Point in time:^Patient:Quantitative:Reported in Homo sapiens?", "sentence2": ". Brucellosis is a major cause of Fever of unknown origin (Pyrexia of unknown origin (excl puerperal)) Brucellosis is the most common Bacterial Zoonoses, and causes a considerable burden of Disease in endemic countries. Cardiovascular involvement is the main cause of mortality due to Communicable Diseases with Brucella species species spp, quite abruptly, he developed Asthenia and Hypersomnia without any apparent cause or symptoms like Fever symptoms (finding), Chills, or night Sweating. On November 14, 2009, he suffered from Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in the right testicle that coincided with Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- in the Abdominal Cavity. Clinical, serological, and bacteriological investigations confirmed the first case of unilateral orchitis in man in Ecuador caused by Brucella species species abortus biovar 1 Brucellosis is not frequent in Chile but it may present with life threatening complications like Endocarditis. Human brucellosis exhibits diverse pathological manifestations that can affect almost any Organ. In particular, osteoarticular complications are the most common focal manifestation of brucellosis and occur in 40-80% of patients. Brucella species species. Human brucellosis often makes the diagnosis difficult. The symptoms and clinical signs most commonly reported are Fever symptoms (finding), Fatigue, Malaise, Chills, Sweating Headache, Myalgia, Arthralgia, and Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity). Some cases have been presented with only joint Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, lower backache, and involuntary limb movement, burning feet, or ischemic heart attacks. Forty-five cases were collected (31 acute and 14 sub-acute). Contamination was digestive in 62%. Symptoms of patients were Fever symptoms (finding) (93%), sweating (82%), Arthralgia (78%) and Splenomegaly (51%). Elevated Erythrocytes sedimentation rate was determined in 80%, White blood cell count decreased in 49% and Anemia in 37% of cases. Blood culture were positives in 39% of cases. The four sequenced strains were identified as Brucella species species melitensis biovar abortus. It is also known to cause persistent Brucellosis, Endocarditis, Arthritis, Osteomyelitis and Meningitis in Homo sapiens. Brucella species species abortus is a Gram-negative Protoplasm bacterial pathogen that causes a zoonosis of worldwide occurrence, leading to Brucellosis in Homo sapiens and Unspecified Abortion in domestic animals. Brucella species species abortus is a facultative Protoplasm bacterial pathogen that causes Unspecified Abortion in domestic animals and Brucellosis in Homo sapiens. Brucella species species abortus is a facultative, Protoplasm zoonotic pathogen which can cause Brucellosis in Homo sapiens and Abortions:Number:Point in time:^Patient:Quantitative:Reported in Bos taurus. Brucella species species abortus is a Gram-negative, facultative Protoplasm bacterium that causes brucellosis, a worldwide zoonotic Disease leading to Brucellosis in Homo sapiens and Unspecified Abortion in Bos taurus. Brucella species species abortus is a facultative Protoplasm bacterial pathogen that causes Unspecified Abortion in domestic animals and Brucellosis in Homo sapiens. Brucella species species abortus is a gram-negative, facultative Protoplasm pathogen that causes brucellosis, a chronic zoonotic Disease resulting in Unspecified Abortion in pregnant Bos taurus and Brucellosis in Homo sapiens. Brucella species species abortus is a bacterium which causes Abortions:Number:Point in time:^Patient:Quantitative:Reported and Sterility, Reproductive in Bos taurus and Brucellosis in Homo sapiens. Brucella species species abortus is the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis and causes a Chronic Disease in Homo sapiens known as Brucellosis. No case of acute Brucella species species Communicable Diseases was demonstrated; however, there were 5 cases in which the serological finding was consistent with chronic brucellosis (4%). In all these cases no positive evidence of close Animal allergens contact could be found; furthermore of the 12,1% of women who actually handled domestic animals, only 1 had a history of previous Unspecified Abortion[SEP]Relations: brucellosis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Spontaneous Unspecified Abortion, disease_phenotype_positive with Spontaneous Unspecified Abortion, disease_disease with Brucella species brucellosis, disease_disease with Brucella species brucellosis, disease_disease with Brucella species melitensis brucellosis, disease_disease with Brucella species melitensis brucellosis, disease_disease with brucellosis, bovine, disease_disease with brucellosis, bovine. Brucella species melitensis brucellosis has relations: disease_disease with brucellosis, disease_disease with brucellosis. Definitions: Bos taurus defined as following: The domesticated cow species, Bos taurus.. Chronic Disease defined as following: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies Chronic Disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).. Splenomegaly defined as following: Enlargement of the spleen.. Brucella species melitensis defined as following: A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including Homo sapiens, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than BRUCELLA ABORTUS and may cause fatal infections.. Anemia defined as following: A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Meningitis defined as following: Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6). Arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.. Osteomyelitis defined as following: INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of Communicable Diseases. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.. Headache defined as following: The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.. Brucellosis defined as following: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by Fever symptoms (finding), weakness, Malaise, and Measured weight loss (observable entity).. Malaise defined as following: A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out-of-sorts feeling.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Asthenia defined as following: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Organ defined as following: A unique macroscopic (gross) anatomic structure that performs specific functions. It is composed of various tissues. An Organ is part of an anatomic system or a body region. Representative examples include the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and uterus.. Abdominal Cavity defined as following: The region in the Abdominal Cavity extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.. Erythrocytes defined as following: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.. Sweating defined as following: The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.. Fever defined as following: An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.. Chills defined as following: The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.. Unspecified Abortion defined as following: The unintentional or intentional loss of a pregnancy before 22 weeks gestation.. Myalgia defined as following: Painful sensation in the muscles.. Bacterial Zoonoses defined as following: Bacterial infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an Animal allergens, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible Animal allergens or human host.. White blood cell count decreased defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.. Brucella species abortus defined as following: A Disease of Bos taurus caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to Unspecified Abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.. Measured weight loss (observable entity) defined as following: The measured decrease in body weight over a specified period of time.. Endocarditis defined as following: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, Endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.. Hypersomnia defined as following: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness.. Blood culture defined as following: Test to determine the presence of blood Communicable Diseases (e.g. SEPSIS; BACTEREMIA).. Arthralgia defined as following: Pain in the joint.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Sterility, Reproductive defined as following: Complete inability to conceive or induce conception.. organism defined as following: A living entity..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Cystatin D a biomarker?", "id": "converted_74", "sentence1": "Is CST5 gene a biomarker?", "sentence2": "CST5 gene (CST5): An ultra-early inflammatory biomarker of Traumatic Brain Injury.[SEP]Relations: brain injury has relations: contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Isopropamide, contraindication with Isopropamide, contraindication with Guaifenesin, contraindication with Guaifenesin, contraindication with Homatropine methylbromide, contraindication with Homatropine methylbromide, contraindication with Hydrocodone, contraindication with Hydrocodone. Definitions: Traumatic Brain Injury defined as following: A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. CST5 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the inhibition of cathepsins in the oral cavity..", "label": "yes"}