{"original_question": "Is NfL (neurofilament light chain) a biomarker of neurodegeneration?", "id": "converted_4600", "sentence1": "Is NEFL wt Allele (neurofilament light chain) a biomarker of Nerve Degeneration?", "sentence2": "NEFL gene (NEFL wt Allele) has recently been proposed as a promising biomarker in frontotemporal dementia (Frontotemporal dementia). , NEFL gene (NEFL wt Allele) is a new, non-disease specific, widely studied biomarker indicative of axonal injury and degeneration, the Nerve Degeneration biomarker neurofilament light chain (NEFL wt Allele) , bNfL can be used as a potential biomarker to predict disease onset, severity, and progression of genetic ataxia., NEFL gene protein (NEFL wt Allele) is a promising biomarker of Nerve Degeneration.[SEP]Relations: Frontotemporal dementia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with PRKAR1B-related neurodegenerative dementia with intermediate filaments, disease_phenotype_positive with PRKAR1B-related neurodegenerative dementia with intermediate filaments, disease_phenotype_positive with frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease, disease_phenotype_positive with frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Nefazodone, drug_drug with Nefazodone, drug_drug with Phenylbutazone, drug_drug with Phenylbutazone, drug_drug with Flurbiprofen axetil, drug_drug with Flurbiprofen axetil. Definitions: NEFL wt Allele defined as following: Human NEFL wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8p21 and is approximately 6 kb in length. This allele, which encodes neurofilament light polypeptide protein, plays a role in both the establishment and maintenance of axonal and dendritic structures. Mutation of the gene is associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease types 1F and 2E.. NEFL gene defined as following: Neurofilament light polypeptide (543 aa, ~62 kDa) is encoded by the human NEFL gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of neuronal structure.. Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. Frontotemporal dementia defined as following: The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.. neurofilament light chain defined as following: This gene is involved in the structure of neuronal processes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does GRHL2 over-expression lead to EMT?", "id": "converted_3243", "sentence1": "Does GRHL2 over-expression lead to Emergency Medical Technicians?", "sentence2": "GRHL2 gene is down-regulated in disseminated Tumor cells, malignant that have undergone Emergency Medical Technicians, and over-expression of GRHL2 gene is sufficient to induce epithelial gene expression.,  GRHL2 gene plays an essential role in the determination of Epithelial phenotype of Malignant neoplasm of breast, Emergency Medical Technicians and tumor progression., In breast cancer cell lines, shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 expression or functional inactivation of GRHL2 using dominant negative GRHL2 proteins induces down-regulation of ERBB3 gene expression, a striking reduction in cell proliferation, and morphological and phenotypical alterations characteristic of an epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (Emergency Medical Technicians), thus implying contradictory roles of GRHL2 in breast carcinogenesis., Interestingly, we could further demonstrate that expression of GRHL2 is directly suppressed by the TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR zinc finger enhancer-binding protein 1 (ZEB1 gene gene), which in turn is a direct target for repression by GRHL2, suggesting that the Emergency Medical Technicians transcription factors GRHL2 and ZEB1 gene gene form a double negative regulatory feedback loop in breast Tumor cells, malignant, Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition in Malignant neoplasm of soft tissue Is Controlled by the Combinatorial Expression of MicroRNA 200s and GRHL2., TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR--GRHL2 wt Allele (GRHL2) maintains the Epithelial phenotype, We explored the role of grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), a suppressor of Emergency Medical Technicians, in the progression of ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA, GRHL2 knockdown CFPAC-1 cells demonstrated morphological changes into Mesenchymal appearances and reduced proliferation through Emergency Medical Technicians, The TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) plays a crucial role in various developmental processes, GRHL2 wt Allele (GRHL2 gene), a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, has been reported to be associated with several tumor processes including Emergency Medical Technicians. , GRHL2 gene antagonizes transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced Emergency Medical Technicians[SEP]Relations: GRHL2 has relations: protein_protein with ESR1, protein_protein with ESR1, protein_protein with PIAS2, protein_protein with PIAS2, protein_protein with GRHL1, protein_protein with GRHL1, protein_protein with DDIT4L, protein_protein with DDIT4L, protein_protein with GRHL3, protein_protein with GRHL3. Definitions: GRHL2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in embyronic brain development and in epithelial development and maintenance.. ERBB3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in signal transduction pathways that result in cellular proliferation or differentiation. The gene has also been associated with numerous cancers.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Emergency Medical Technicians defined as following: A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory Mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:14701881]. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. ZEB1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the transcriptional repression of interleukin 2.. GRHL2 wt Allele defined as following: Human GRHL2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q22.3 and is approximately 186 kb in length. This allele, which encodes grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog protein, is involved in development and maintenance of epithelial tissues and neurulation. Mutation of the gene is associated with non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 28.. Malignant neoplasm of soft tissue defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues.. ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA defined as following: A rare clinical entity including as main characteristics anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia, and pulmonary hypoplasia or aplasia. Only five cases have been reported so far, two of who were siblings. In the three nonfamilial cases, unilateral pulmonary agenesis and microphthalmia were associated with diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary vessel agenesis. It has been suggested that two different entities can be distinguished: on one hand, the association of anophthalmia-pulmonary hypoplasia with/without anomalies of the face, heart, spleen and uterus, which may be due to a putative autosomal recessive gene with pleiotropic effects; on the other hand, a sporadic association including pulmonary hypoplasia, anophthalmia, unilateral diaphragmatic defect and agenesis of the pulmonary trunk, which may represent the expression of a developmental field defect. There is evidence that syndromic microphthalmia- is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the STRA6 gene on chromosome 15q24.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. GRHL2 defined as following: This gene plays a role in embyronic brain development and in epithelial development and maintenance..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there a vaccine for peanut allergy?", "id": "converted_3353", "sentence1": "Is there a vaccine for Arachis hypogaea allergy?", "sentence2": "Currently, two forms of Arachis hypogaea immunotherapy, oral immunotherapy (OIT) and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), are in Phase III clinical trials and have shown promise to induce desensitization in many subjects, This article presents an overview of potential treatments of food allergy, with an emphasis on various forms of immunotherapy (including oral immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy, epicutaneous immunotherapy, immunotherapy with modified food antigens, and immunotherapy with a recombinant Arachis hypogaea vaccine)., Recent advances in immunotherapy and vaccine development for Arachis hypogaea allergy., Efforts have been made to develop a vaccine for Arachis hypogaea allergy., So far, results, especially from oral immunotherapy studies, have shown good efficacy in achieving desensitization to Arachis hypogaea with a good safety profile.[SEP]Definitions: Arachis hypogaea defined as following: A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds called peanuts, which contain protein, oil, and lectins. Peanuts are also known as groundnuts which is a name also used for the edible seeds or edible PLANT ROOTS of other genera such as Apios, Vigna, Conopodium, or Macrotyloma.. Arachis hypogaea allergy defined as following: Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Could Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) be effective for the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer?", "id": "converted_1544", "sentence1": "Could Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) be effective for the treatment of recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary?", "sentence2": "The use of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy after aggressive cytoreductive surgery in patients with Malignant neoplasm of ovary with peritoneal dissemination can be performed with acceptable postoperative morbidity rates. Knowledge of the factors associated with the onset of these postoperative adverse events allows better management of the same and offers the patient a safe procedure, These results showed that the association of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy with a complete cytoreduction for recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary presents acceptable morbidity and survival, There is level-one evidence suggesting the benefit of postoperative adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of ovary after cytoreductive surgery, albeit catheter-related complications resulted after treatment discontinuation. Studies report the use of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy predominantly in the setting of recurrent disease and have demonstrated encouraging results, which merits further investigation in future clinical trials,  The combination of Stringent Complete Response and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy seems to improve survival rate in patients suffering from platinum-sensitive EOC recurrence with respect to no-Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy treatments. This result further supports the need of a randomized trial,  Cautious extrapolation of data from standard normothermic, nonintraoperative, intraperitoneal chemotherapy and data from Phase II and nonrandomized comparative studies suggest that Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy delivered at the time of surgery for Malignant neoplasm of ovary has definite potential, The available evidence suggests that a potential survival benefit of adding Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy may be largest in the settings of secondary Congenital Rubella Syndrome for stage III Malignant neoplasm of ovary and salvage Congenital Rubella Syndrome for recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary, two time-points representing failure of initial standard therapy. There is much less evidence for a potential benefit of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for less advanced stages (I-II) and for earlier time-points in the treatment of Malignant neoplasm of ovary (upfront, Parameterized Data Type - Interval and consolidation), Survival benefit of adding Hyperthermic IntraPEritoneal Chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) at the different time-points of treatment of Malignant neoplasm of ovary, Patients suffering from peritoneal recurrence of Malignant neoplasm of ovary should be considered for radical reoperation with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in a center with expertise in multimodal therapeutic options. Organ-preserving cytoreductive surgery allows complete cytoreduction with the goal of decreasing morbidity,  In recurrent platinum-sensitive Malignant neoplasm of ovary patients, the use of Congenital Rubella Syndrome plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy represents a safe treatment, able to significantly influence the survival rates compared to chemotherapy alone or surgery plus standard chemotherapy,  The results of our study indicate the feasibility and the potential benefit of a protocol including systemic chemotherapy, surgical cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from Malignant neoplasm of ovary. A phase III trial to compare this approach with conventional treatment is needed, In selected patients with heavily pretreated recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary, cytoreduction combined with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy may provide a meaningful OS with acceptable morbidity. Optimal results are achieved in patients with a macroscopically complete resection and biologically favorable disease,  Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy is a complement to radical surgery/ peritonectomy, which has been shown to be a surgical procedure with high tolerability, low morbimortality, enhanced survival and prolonged disease-free Parameterized Data Type - Interval in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis for recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary,  Despite the heterogeneity of the studies reviewed, current evidence suggest that complete Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy may be a feasible option with potential benefits that are comparable with the current standard of care. A randomized trial is required to establish the role of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Malignant neoplasm of ovary, in the majority of patients with primary and recurrent advanced Malignant neoplasm of ovary, cytoreductive surgery combined with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy can lead to a substantial increase in subsequent rates of disease-free and overall survival,  Peritonectomy procedures combined with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy offer promising long-term survival in patients with diffuse peritoneal ovarian carcinomatosis. They achieve high adequate primary and secondary surgical cytoreduction rates with acceptable morbidity and mortality, Cytoreduction surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in recurrent Malignant neoplasm of ovary improves progression-free survival, especially in BRCA-positive patients- a case-control study., Survival benefit of adding Hyperthermic IntraPEritoneal Chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) at the different time-points of treatment of Malignant neoplasm of ovary: review of evidence., Some encouraging results have been reported by the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (Pachyonychia Congenita) from Malignant neoplasm of ovary by complete surgical cytoreduction, peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy)., Although standard treatment for advanced epithelial Malignant neoplasm of ovary (EOC) consists of surgical debulking and intravenous platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, favorable oncological outcomes have been recently reported with the use of cytoreductive surgery (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy)., trabectedin, Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) and chemo-immunotherapy may be become a promising therapy for the treatment of Malignant neoplasm of ovary., Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) represents a new treatment strategy aimed to improve outcome of patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of ovary., Favorable oncological outcomes have been reported in several trials with the introduction of Cytoreductive Surgery (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) in the treatment of Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC)., Based on theoretical and experimental basis, Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy should stand as an effective treatment for Malignant neoplasm of ovary., Some encouraging results have been reported by the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (Pachyonychia Congenita) from Malignant neoplasm of ovary by complete surgical cytoreduction, peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy), Based on theoretical and experimental basis, Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy should stand as an effective treatment for Malignant neoplasm of ovary, Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) represents a new treatment strategy aimed to improve outcome of patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of ovary, [Importance of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) in Malignant neoplasm of ovary].[SEP]Relations: ovarian epithelial tumor has relations: disease_disease with ovarian squamous cell neoplasm, disease_disease with ovarian squamous cell neoplasm, disease_disease with ovarian neoplasm, disease_disease with ovarian neoplasm, disease_disease with ovarian serous tumor, disease_disease with ovarian serous tumor, disease_disease with epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with ovarian seromucinous tumor, disease_disease with ovarian seromucinous tumor. Definitions: trabectedin defined as following: A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to the minor groove of DNA, trabectedin interferes with the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair machinery to induce lethal DNA strand breaks and blocks the cell cycle in the G2 phase.. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy defined as following: A procedure performed in combination with abdominal surgery for cancer that has spread to the abdomen. It involves the infusion of a heated chemotherapy solution that circulates into the abdominal cavity.. Malignant neoplasm of ovary defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.. Congenital Rubella Syndrome defined as following: Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed). Stringent Complete Response defined as following: The confirmed disappearance of all signs of cancer, and absence of molecular or cytogenetic marker of disease, in response to treatment with additional biochemical, immunological and histopathological analyses to verify the CR.. platinum-sensitive Malignant neoplasm of ovary defined as following: Ovarian carcinoma that has a documented response to platinum-based chemotherapy.. Pachyonychia Congenita defined as following: A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is PCAT6 a microRNA?", "id": "converted_4633", "sentence1": "Is PCAT6 gene a microRNA?", "sentence2": "In this work, we investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6 gene gene) in Malignant neoplasm of breast progression.[SEP]Relations: long noncoding RNA binding has relations: molfunc_protein with MIR384, molfunc_protein with MIR384. benign neoplasm of male breast has relations: disease_disease with breast benign neoplasm, disease_disease with breast benign neoplasm. Definitions: Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are G-quadruplexes(G4) possible drug targets for glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_4242", "sentence1": "Are G-quadruplexes(Fuhrman Grade 4) possible drug targets for Glioblastoma Multiforme?", "sentence2": "These observations indicate that 6OTD targets GSCs through Fuhrman Grade 4 stabilization and promotion of DNA damage responses. Therefore, G4s are promising therapeutic targets for Glioblastoma Multiforme., Targeting glioma stem cells in vivo by a G-Quadruplexes-stabilizing synthetic macrocyclic hexaoxazole., G-Quadruplexes (Fuhrman Grade 4) DNA is a type of Quadruplicate helix structure formed by a continuous guanine-rich DNA sequence. Emerging evidence in recent years authenticated that Fuhrman Grade 4 DNA structures exist both in cell-free and cellular systems, and function in different diseases, especially in various Malignant Neoplasms, aging, neurological diseases, and have been considered novel promising targets for drug design., Therefore, G4s are promising therapeutic targets for Glioblastoma Multiforme., Guanine-rich oligonucleotides (GROs) are promising therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment and other biomedical application., These findings are valuable to the design and rationale behind the possible targeted drug delivery to specific cellular organelles using GROs., The G-Quadruplexes (Fuhrman Grade 4) DNA, which has been developed as a potential anticancer target in drug screening and design, plays a crucial role in the oncogene transcription and translation., Therefore, a novel Fuhrman Grade 4-directed therapeutic strategy could specifically target Cancer Stem Cells in Glomerular Basement Membrane.[SEP]Relations: adult Glioblastoma Multiforme has relations: disease_disease with Glioblastoma Multiforme (disease), disease_disease with Glioblastoma Multiforme (disease), disease_disease with adult spinal cord Glioblastoma Multiforme, disease_disease with adult spinal cord Glioblastoma Multiforme, disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm. central nervous system cancer has relations: disease_disease with malignant glioma, disease_disease with malignant glioma, disease_disease with paraganglioma, disease_disease with paraganglioma. Definitions: Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Fuhrman Grade 4 defined as following: Nuclei bizarre and multilobated, 20 microns or greater, nucleoli prominent, chromatin clumped.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. G-Quadruplexes defined as following: Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15). Cancer Stem Cells defined as following: A malignant cell which may derive from mutations in normal stem cells. Cancer stem cells proliferate and give rise to other malignant cells. They may be present in very small numbers in the tumor and may not be present in all tumors. Many investigators believe that Cancer Stem Cells cause relapse of the tumor and that novel cancer therapies should specifically target those cells..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does nimotuzumab improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_1372", "sentence1": "Does nimotuzumab improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "sentence2": "The survival times were similar to those seen in historical data of standard therapy., The survival time of a matched population treated at the same hospital with irradiation alone was decreased (median 8.0 and 12.2 mo for Glomerular Basement Membrane and SVEINSSON CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY patients, respectively) compared with that of the patients who received nimotuzumab and curative-intent radiotherapy., This study, in a poor prognosis population, validates the previous data of survival gain after combining nimotuzumab and radiotherapy, in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients., The mean and median survival time for subjects treated with nimotuzumab was 31.06 and 17.76 vs. 21.07 and 12.63 months for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized trial, nimotuzumab showed an excellent safety profile and significant survival benefit in combination with irradiation., Nimotuzumab was well-tolerated and treatment with the immunoglobulin complex location yielded a survival benefit: median survival time was 32.66 mo and the 2-y survival rate was 54.2%. This study demonstrated the feasibility of prolonged administration of nimotuzumab and showed preliminary evidence of clinical benefit in HGG patients with poor prognosis.,  Recent clinical studies show that patients with Malignant Glioma could benefit from nimotuzumab treatment., CONCLUSIONS: Nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy has moderate activity in patients with Malignant Glioma and the Toxic effect are well tolerable, therefore, worth further investigation., It has been evaluated in Malignant neoplasm of brain in adults and children, and shown to be therapeutically safe and effective in terms of increased survival and improved quality of life. , Conclusions As used in this study, nimotuzumab demonstrated a broad safety profile, making it acceptable for chronic use, and implied clinical benefits in terms of increased survival and improved functional status in these patients, compared to findings described in the literature. , Nimotuzumab prolongs survival in patients with Malignant Glioma: A phase I/II clinical study of concomitant radiochemotherapy with or without nimotuzumab., Conclusions As used in this study, nimotuzumab demonstrated a broad safety profile, making it acceptable for chronic use, and implied clinical benefits in terms of increased survival and improved functional status in these patients, compared to findings described in the literature., This study, in a poor prognosis population, validates the previous data of survival gain after combining nimotuzumab and radiotherapy, in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma patients, Conclusions As used in this study, nimotuzumab demonstrated a broad safety profile, making it acceptable for chronic use, and implied clinical benefits in terms of increased survival and improved functional status in these patients, compared to findings described in the literature, A multicenter exploratory study combining nimotuzumab and radiotherapy showed disease control and an overall patient survival similar to previous experiences along with an improvement in the quality of patient survival and no severe side effects., Combining craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with concurrent temozolomide and nimotuzumab therapy may slightly improve tumor control and overall survival[SEP]Relations: Nimotuzumab has relations: drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Obiltoxaximab, drug_drug with Obiltoxaximab, drug_drug with Visilizumab, drug_drug with Visilizumab. Definitions: Malignant Glioma defined as following: A grade 3 or grade 4 glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. nimotuzumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Nimotuzumab binds to and inhibits EGFR, resulting in growth inhibition of tumor cells that overexpress EGFR. This agent may act synergistically with radiation therapy.. SVEINSSON CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant inherited chorioretinal degenerative disease presenting at birth or during infancy. The disease has characteristics of progressive bilateral retinal and choroidal atrophy which appears as lesions on the optic nerve and peripheral ocular fundus and leads to loss of central vision. Congenital anterior polar cataracts are sometimes associated with this disease. There is evidence this disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the TEA domain family member-1 gene (TEAD1) on chromosome 11p15.. temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781765196]. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Malignant neoplasm of brain defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the brain.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has small pox been eradicated from the world?", "id": "converted_1876", "sentence1": "Has small pox been eradicated from the world?", "sentence2": "small pox has been eradicated., smallpox is now eradicated, In May 1980 the World Health Assembly in Geneva announced in solemn form the world-wide eradication of the small-pox and gave recommendations to the member countries for concluding measures concerning the small-pox vaccination, the foundation of vaccine reserves and the control of the epidemiological situation in the world., As a result of vaccination, diseases such as polio and measles have been controlled and small pox has been eradicated, Small pox eradication from the world is the perfect example of the role of mass vaccination of the entire community of the universe. , The French owe a lot to this Central Committee of Vaccine [APC] [APC], which greatly contributed to fighting small pox and eradicating the Disease finally., Small pox eradication from the world is the perfect example of the role of mass vaccination of the entire community of the universe., Also, the vaccine that Jenner used, which decreased the prevalence of Small PRODH gene worldwide in his own time, and later was used to eradicate Small PRODH gene altogether, is discussed in light of recent data.., the only known cases of smallpox happened from an outbreak in Birmingham, England caused by a laboratory accident in the year of 1979. On May the 8 th 1980 the Disease was declared as eliminated from the world by the WHO (WHO-Resolution 33.33).[SEP]Relations: BCG vaccine has relations: drug_drug with Ponatinib, drug_drug with Ponatinib, drug_drug with Paclitaxel, drug_drug with Paclitaxel, drug_drug with Ubenimex, drug_drug with Ubenimex, drug_drug with Ebola Zaire vaccine (live, attenuated), drug_drug with Ebola Zaire vaccine (live, attenuated), drug_drug with Aspoxicillin, drug_drug with Aspoxicillin. Definitions: Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a relationship between junctin and ryanodine receptors?", "id": "converted_980", "sentence1": "Is there a relationship between ASPH gene-2 and Ryanodine Receptors?", "sentence2": "ASPH gene, a 26 kDa intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) protein, forms a quaternary complex with TRDN gene, calsequestrin and the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location) at the Junctional SR Membrane Device. , ASPH gene ablation appears to affect how RyRs 'sense' SR Ca(2+) load, resulting in decreased diastolic SR Ca(2+) leak despite an elevated [Ca(2+)](SR). , Single channel recordings of RyRs from Wild Type Unspecified - zebrafish and JCN-KO cardiac SR indicate that the absence of ASPH gene-2 produces a dual effect on the normally linear response of RyRs to Luminal region [Ca(2+)]: at low Luminal region [Ca(2+)] (<1 mmol l(-1)), ASPH gene-2-devoid Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location channels are less responsive to Luminal region [Ca(2+)]; conversely, high Luminal region [Ca(2+)] turns them hypersensitive to this form of channel modulation. Thus, ASPH gene-2 produces complex effects on Ca(2+) sparks, transients, and leak, but the Luminal region [Ca(2+)]-dependent dual response of ASPH gene-2-devoid RyRs demonstrates that ASPH gene-2 normally acts as an activator of Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location channels at low Luminal region [Ca(2+)], and as an PPP1R1A gene at high Luminal region [Ca(2+)]., Normal Ca(2+) signalling in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle depends on the Membrane Device associated Proteins TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2 and their ability to mediate functional interactions between the Ca(2+) binding protein calsequestrin and the Ryanodine Receptor 1, Human in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum., We show here that purified skeletal Ryanodine Receptors are similarly activated by purified TRDN gene or purified ASPH gene-2 added to their Luminal region side, although a lack of competition indicated that the Proteins act at independent sites. Surprisingly, TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2 differed markedly in their ability to transmit information between skeletal calsequestrin and Ryanodine Receptors. Purified calsequestrin inhibited ASPH gene-2/TRDN gene-associated, or ASPH gene-2-associated, Ryanodine Receptors and the calsequestrin re-associated channel complexes were further inhibited when Luminal region Ca(2+) fell from 1mM to, By fusing GCaMP6f to the N-terminus of TRDN gene 1 or ASPH gene-2, GCaMP6f-T/J was targeted to dyadic junctions, where it colocalized with t-tubules and RyRs after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. , The Junctional face of the jSR, facing the transverse tubules, is occupied by a molecular complex composed of the transmembrane Ca2+ release channels (Ryanodine Receptors); the Luminal region protein calsequestrin (CSQ); the 2 Membrane Proteins, ASPH gene-2 (Jct), and TRDN gene (Tr), which mediate CSQ-Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel interactions; and several other components., CASQ2 gene, the main CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS buffer in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, provides a pool of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS for release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel and acts as a Luminal region CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS sensor for the channel via its interactions with TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2. We examined the influence of phosphorylation of calsequestrin on its ability to store CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS, to polymerise and to regulate Ryanodine Receptors by binding to TRDN gene and ASPH gene-2. , ASPH gene is a 26 kDa Membrane Device protein that binds to calsequestrin, TRDN gene, and Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) within the Junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release units. [SEP]Relations: Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with RYR1, cellcomp_protein with FKBP1A, cellcomp_protein with FKBP1A, cellcomp_protein with FKBP1A, cellcomp_protein with FKBP1A. Definitions: ASPH gene-2 defined as following: This gene is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ion channel regulation and amino acid hydroxylation.. CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS defined as following: A dietary supplement containing the mineral CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS.. ASPH gene defined as following: This gene is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ion channel regulation and amino acid hydroxylation.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location comprises a family of Ryanodine Receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. Ryanodine Receptor 1, Human defined as following: Ryanodine receptor 1 (5038 aa, ~565 kDa) is encoded by the human RYR1 gene. This protein is involved in the transport of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and neurons.. Membrane Proteins defined as following: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral Proteins. They include most Membrane Device-associated enzymes, antigenic Proteins, transport Proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.. Luminal region defined as following: Relating to the Units Of Measure - lumen of a blood vessel or other tubular structure.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Units Of Measure - lumen defined as following: A SI derived unit of luminous flux. It is the amount of light that falls on a unit area at unit distance from a source of one candela.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Membrane Device of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.. Wild Type Unspecified - zebrafish defined as following: A designation used to describe a wild-type zebrafish line that is of unknown stock.. Membrane Device defined as following: A device that is made from or resembles a thin flexible sheet of material..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are circular RNAs implicated in diseases of the eye?", "id": "converted_4439", "sentence1": "Are RNA, Circular implicated in diseases of the Eye Specimen Source Code?", "sentence2": "n this review, we summarized the function of circRNAs and indicated their roles in the pathogenesis of Derung Chinese, which may provide new therapeutic targets for clinical treatment., This study aimed to determine whether RNA, Circular (circRNAs) in whole blood could be served as novel non-invasive biomarkers for proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR).M, Discovery and validation of hsa_circ_0001953 as a potential biomarker for proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Homo sapiens blood., Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000034 (circ_0000034) was reported to be upregulated in RB tissues., We recently identified a circular RNA transcript (circGRM4) that is significantly upregulated in the Eye Specimen Source Code of Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice., Circular and long non-coding RNA and their role in ophthalmologic diseases., In this review, we summarize current knowledge about gene expression regulators - long non-coding and circular RNA molecules in Eye Specimen Source Code diseases., fied a circular RNA transcript (circGRM4) that is significantly upregulated in the Eye Specimen Source Code of Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice. We also discovered, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score (circRNAs) are dominant players regulating their parental Genes' expression dynamics, their importance in Ocular (intended site) biology has not been appreciated. Progress in gene-cent, Circular RNA Expression Profiling Identifies Glaucoma-Related Circular RNA in Various Chronic Ocular Hypertension Rat Models, Circular RNA profiling in the Cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse reveals novel gene targets for Hyperhomocysteinemia induced Ocular (intended site) disorders, Circular and long non-coding RNA and their role in ophthalmologic diseases, Comprehensive circular RNA profiling of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and its clinical significance,  these findings, we completed the first in-depth study of Rattus norvegicus retinal circular RNA expression profiling to identify probable biomarkers for the diagnosis of Glaucoma (eukaryote). Two ocu, Circular RNA profiling in the Cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse reveals novel gene targets for Hyperhomocysteinemia induced Ocular (intended site) disorders., Although, increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs may also contribute in different Ocular (intended site) diseases, the outline of circRNAs in Ocular (intended site) diseases remains obscure, In this review, we summarize current knowledge about gene expression regulators - long non-coding and circular RNA molecules in Eye Specimen Source Code diseases, Recent studies recognized the vital roles that circRNAs played in the pathogenesis of various Eye Specimen Source Code diseases, highlighting circRNAs as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of progression and prognosis, Partly because their circularity makes them resistant to degradation, they hold great promise as unique biomarkers for Ocular (intended site) and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System) disorders, In this review we consider the current state of knowledge regarding the potential role and underlying mechanism of circRNAs in Ocular (intended site) diseases including Pterygium Of Conjunctiva And Cornea, age-related Cataract, Glaucoma (eukaryote), Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinoblastoma, retinal vascular dysfunction and Hyperhomocysteinemia induced Ocular (intended site) diseases, emphasizing that circRNAs could be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation., Recent studies recognized the vital roles that circRNAs played in the pathogenesis of various Eye Specimen Source Code diseases, highlighting circRNAs as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of progression and prognosis., Although, increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs may also contribute in different Ocular (intended site) diseases, the outline of circRNAs in Ocular (intended site) diseases remains obscure., Circular RNA: Novel Promising Biomarkers in Ocular Diseases., This review summarizes our current perception of the properties, biogenesis, and functions of circRNAs and the development of circRNA researches related to ophthalmologic diseases, including Diabetic Retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, Retinal Diseases of Premature Birth, Glaucoma (eukaryote), Cornea neovascularization, Cataract, Pterygium Of Conjunctiva And Cornea, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Retinoblastoma, and Malignant melanoma of Eye Specimen Source Code., CircRNA Is a Rising Star in Researches of Ocular Diseases., Interventions targeting circRNAs provide insights for developing novel treatments for these Ocular (intended site) diseases., Future circRNAs-targeted intervention may become a novel therapeutic tool for the treatment of Ocular (intended site) diseases., Findings also revealed several MicroRNAs that are specific to each circRNA suggesting their roles in HHcy induced Ocular (intended site) disorders., Therefore, circRNAs may serve as potential regulators of Cornea LG., Expression profiling of RNA, Circular in Glaucoma (eukaryote), which is a form of Optic Neuropathy, has not been performed to date., Although RNA, Circular (circRNAs) are dominant players regulating their parental Genes' expression dynamics, their importance in Ocular (intended site) biology has not been appreciated., Progress in gene-centered analytics via improved microarray and bioinformatics are enabling dissection of genomic pathways however there is an acute under-representation of RNA, Circular in Ocular (intended site) disorders., Circular RNA constitute an inherent gene regulatory axis in the Mammals Eye Specimen Source Code and brain 1., Together with the target MicroRNAs underlying the top differentially expressed RNA, Circular, a new target of hsa_circ_0023826 and its host gene TENM4 gene gene were identified and further verified in the aqueous Humor therapy of Glaucoma (eukaryote) patients, indicating a promising biomarker for the disease., Recent studies suggest that they are differentially expressed both in healthy Ocular (intended site) tissues as well as in Eye Specimen Source Code pathologies, such as neovascularization, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Glaucoma (eukaryote), Cataract, Ocular (intended site) malignancy or even VANGL2 gene.[SEP]Relations: retinal disease has relations: disease_disease with macular holes, disease_disease with macular holes, disease_disease with Eye Specimen Source Code disease, disease_disease with Eye Specimen Source Code disease. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS has relations: anatomy_protein_present with RNASE6, anatomy_protein_present with RNASE6, anatomy_protein_present with RNASE1, anatomy_protein_present with RNASE1, anatomy_protein_present with RNASEH2A, anatomy_protein_present with RNASEH2A. Definitions: RNA, Circular defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES.. Pterygium Of Conjunctiva And Cornea defined as following: A wedge-shaped fibrovascular lesion arising from the bulbar conjunctiva and extending to the cornea. It is caused by chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, heat, and dust. It may cause severe vision loss. Studies have linked Pterygium Of Conjunctiva And Cornea to neoplastic proliferation and suggest that it may be a stem cell disorder.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Activity Score defined as following: The histopathological evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) based on the NAFLD scoring system. (Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, Yeh M, McCullough AJ, Sanyal AJ; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005 Jun;41(6):1313-21.). Cornea defined as following: The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the Eye Specimen Source Code consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the Eye Specimen Source Code. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cystathionine defined as following: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. Retinoblastoma defined as following: A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the Eye Specimen Source Code in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104). Cornea neovascularization defined as following: New blood vessels originating from the Cornea blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep Cornea stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the Ocular (intended site) anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.. Malignant melanoma of eye defined as following: A melanoma that arises from the structures of the Eye Specimen Source Code or Ocular (intended site) adnexa.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNA, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNA (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Diabetic Retinopathy defined as following: Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.. Hyperhomocysteinemia defined as following: Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 μmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. Development of the acquired Hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins B and/or folate deficiency (e.g., PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vitamin malabsorption). Familial Hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy.. Ocular (intended site) defined as following: An intended site for a dose form that is for administration to the Eye Specimen Source Code or Eye Specimen Source Code structures.. Optic Neuropathy defined as following: Disorder of the optic nerve.. Retinal Diseases defined as following: Diseases involving the RETINA.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Derung Chinese defined as following: A Chinese person from the Derung ethnic group.. Premature Birth defined as following: Birth when a fetus is less than 37 weeks and 0 days gestational age.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Cataract defined as following: Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of Cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can saponins be used as adjuvant?", "id": "converted_3898", "sentence1": "Can saponins be used as adjuvant?", "sentence2": "We report the design, synthesis, immunological evaluation, and conformational analysis of new Saponinum, Saponinum, saponin, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation variants as promising vaccine adjuvants, The purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin Saponinum, Saponinum, saponin, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation (AJSAF) is an ideal adjuvant candidate, BALB/c mice immunized with subcutaneous injections of the Recombinant Proteins with or without liposome/Saponinum, Saponinum, saponin, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation (Lip/Sap) as an adjuvant.,  a Saponinum, Saponinum, saponin, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant, . These results confirm that Momordica saponins are a viable natural source to provide potent Saponinum, Saponinum, saponin, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation, glucosidal found in Quillaya, Yucca and Senega, Homeopathic preparation adjuvants[SEP]Relations: adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest, bioprocess_bioprocess with re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest. Definitions: Recombinant Proteins defined as following: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.. saponins defined as following: A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does atemoya juice inhibit the CYP1A2 enzyme?", "id": "converted_4587", "sentence1": "Does atemoya juice inhibit the CYP1A2 enzyme?", "sentence2": "Atemoya juice significantly inhibited CYP1A2 activity in Homo sapiens liver microsomes, but not the activities of Cytochrome p450 Cytochrome p450 CYP2C9 enzyme enzyme and cytochrome P450 3A., This suggests that the intake of an excess amount of atemoya juice is necessary to cause a change in the pharmacokinetics of phenacetin when the IC50 values for CYP1A2 inhibition by atemoya and fluvoxamine are taken into account[SEP]Relations: Phenacetin has relations: drug_protein with CYP1A2, drug_protein with CYP1A2, drug_protein with CYP2E1, drug_protein with CYP2E1, drug_protein with CYP2A6, drug_protein with CYP2A6. Fluvoxamine has relations: drug_protein with CYP1A2, drug_protein with CYP1A2, drug_protein with CYP1A1, drug_protein with CYP1A1. Definitions: Cytochrome p450 CYP2C9 enzyme defined as following: A cytochrome P-450 subtype that has specificity for acidic XENOBIOTICS. It oxidizes a broad range of important clinical drugs that fall under the categories of NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; ANTCOAGULANTS; and DIURETICS.. phenacetin defined as following: A phenylacetamide that was formerly used in ANALGESICS but nephropathy and METHEMOGLOBINEMIA led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431). fluvoxamine defined as following: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. cytochrome P450 3A defined as following: A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is induction of interferon by TLR7 higher in males?", "id": "converted_3309", "sentence1": "Is induction of interferon by TLR7 wt Allele higher in males?", "sentence2": "ur results suggest that variations of TLR7 wt Allele wt Allele impair the immune response to HCV and imply a gender-specific effect of this X-chromosomal variation., The c.32A>T variation was over-represented in female patients with chronic HCV-infection compared to patients with other Chronic liver disease and to healthy controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, c.2403 G>A was less prevalent in male patients with chronic HCV-infection (P < 0.05). No association was observed for the third variant, c.1-120T>G. Haplotype analysis confirmed the differential distribution of TLR7 wt Allele wt Allele variants between the groups. Within the group of female patients with chronic HCV-infection, c.32T was predictive of an unfavourable outcome of interferon-alpha therapy (P < 0.05)[SEP]Relations: Chronic lung disease has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with midline interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with midline interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with primary ciliary dyskinesia, disease_phenotype_positive with primary ciliary dyskinesia, disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal acute respiratory distress due to SP-B deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal acute respiratory distress due to SP-B deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with combined immunodeficiency due to LRBA deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with combined immunodeficiency due to LRBA deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with familial papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with familial papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma. Definitions: Chronic liver disease defined as following: Hepatic necrosis, inflammation, or scarring due to any cause that persists for more than 6 months. Manifestations may include signs and symptoms of cholestasis, portal hypertension, and/or abnormal liver function tests.. TLR7 wt Allele defined as following: Human TLR7 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xp22.3 and is approximately 22 kb in length. This allele, which encodes toll-like receptor 7 protein, plays a role in pathogen recognition and innate immunity activation in response to microbial agents..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is esophageal adenocarcinoma associated with aberrant glycosylation?", "id": "converted_4256", "sentence1": "Is Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus associated with aberrant glycosylation?", "sentence2": "Altered Glycoproteins expression has been demonstrated in Tissue Specimen Code from patients with Barrett Esophagus and Malignant neoplasm of esophagus but the mechanisms regarding such changes are unknown. , Esophageal adenocarcinoma represents a highly morbid and mortal cancer with a defined progression from Metaplasia (Barrett Esophagus) to Dysplasia to Neoplasms. This Disease is highlighted because (1) differences in glycan profiles between the stages of Disease progression have been described in the glycoproteomic literature; (2) a glycan biomarker that identifies a given stage may be used as a predictor of Disease progression and thus may have significant influence over clinical management; and (3) the differences in glycan profiles between Disease and Disease-free states in Malignant neoplasm of esophagus are more dramatic than in other Malignant Neoplasms.,  comparative glycomic profiling of Familial multiple trichoepitheliomata reveals a subset of glycans that can be selected as candidate biomarkers,  comparative glycomic profiling of Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus reveals a subset of glycans that can be selected as candidate biomarkers, immunoglobulin G glycosylation profile was independently associated with esophageal precancerosis beyond Inflammation, which could be an early biomarker for Malignant neoplasm of esophagus.[SEP]Relations: carcinoma of esophagus has relations: disease_protein with GHRL, disease_protein with GHRL, disease_protein with GNG7, disease_protein with GNG7, disease_disease with esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma, disease_disease with esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma, disease_protein with SST, disease_protein with SST, disease_protein with EGFR, disease_protein with EGFR. Definitions: immunoglobulin G defined as following: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of immunoglobulin G, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.. Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus defined as following: A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of Adenocarcinoma Of Esophagus deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Metaplasia defined as following: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of Tissue Specimen Code. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Malignant neoplasm of esophagus defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.. Glycoproteins defined as following: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including MUCINS; mucoid, and AMYLOID glycoproteins.. Barrett Esophagus defined as following: A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of Metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.. Dysplasia defined as following: A usually neoplastic transformation of the cell, associated with altered architectural Tissue Specimen Code patterns. The cellular changes include nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities. Molecular genetic abnormalities are also often found and, in some instances, may lead to cancer.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is bortezomib a Proteasome inhibitor?", "id": "converted_3363", "sentence1": "Is bortezomib a proteasome inhibitor therapy?", "sentence2": "The proteasome-inhibitor bortezomib, The Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] bortezomib is effective for a variety of Neoplasms, but not for Glomerular Basement Membrane. , Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] therapy bortezomib , The Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] bortezomib, registered for Multiple Myeloma treatment, is currently explored for activity in solid Neoplasms including Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)., Regulation of osteoblastic differentiation by the Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] bortezomib., The Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] bortezomib (also known as Velcade and PS 341) is a clinically effective Antineoplastic Agents that is FDA approved for treatment of Hematologic Neoplasms such as Multiple Myeloma and Mantle cell lymphoma., Bortezomib as the first Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] anticancer drug: current status and future perspectives., The Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] bortezomib is emerging as a potent anti-cancer agent., Bortezomib (Velcade™) is a reversible Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] that is approved for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter)., The Proteasome Inhibitor [EPC] Bortezomib is used to treat Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter).[SEP]Relations: Bortezomib has relations: drug_drug with Protriptyline, drug_drug with Protriptyline, drug_drug with Procarbazine, drug_drug with Procarbazine, drug_drug with Probucol, drug_drug with Probucol, drug_drug with Progesterone, drug_drug with Progesterone, drug_effect with Hepatitis, drug_effect with Hepatitis. Definitions: Mantle cell lymphoma defined as following: A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).. Hematologic Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. bortezomib defined as following: A pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible PROTEASOME INHIBITOR. It is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA and MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. proteasome inhibitor therapy defined as following: Substances that inhibit proteasome, a multicatalytic cellular structure responsible for ATP-dependent proteolysis, and may induce apoptosis. Check for \"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C2160\" active clinical trials using this agent. (\"http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C2160\" NCI Thesaurus). solid Neoplasms defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered solid Neoplasms.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. Antineoplastic Agents defined as following: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can zinc finger nucleases be used to combat disease?", "id": "converted_288", "sentence1": "Can Zinc Fingers nucleases be used to combat disease?", "sentence2": "Genetic engineering has emerged as a powerful mechanism for understanding biological systems and a potential approach for redressing Congenital Disorders., This is of particular importance, given the momentum currently behind ZFNs in moving into phase I clinical trials. This study provides a historical account of the origins of Zinc Finger Nucleases technology, an analysis of current techniques and applications, and an examination of the ethical issues applicable to translational Zinc Finger Nucleases genetic engineering in early phase clinical trials., This broad range of tractable species renders ZFNs a useful tool for improving the understanding of complex physiological systems, to produce Animals, Transgenic, Cultured Cell Line, and Plants, and to treat Homo sapiens disease., We observe comparably high frequencies in Homo sapiens T cells, raising the possibility of strategies based on zinc-finger nucleases for the treatment of disease., Using engineered nucleases, such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases), to make targeted genomic modifications has become a common technique to create new model organisms and custom Cultured Cell Line, and has shown great promise for disease treatment., Zinc Finger nucleases (ZFNs) have been used to create precise genome modifications at frequencies that might be therapeutically useful in gene therapy., Zinc finger nucleases as tools to understand and treat Homo sapiens diseases., Evaluation of novel design strategies for developing Zinc Fingers nucleases tools for treating Homo sapiens diseases., An over expression APP model for anti-Alzheimer disease drug screening created by Zinc Fingers nuclease technology., Oxidase-deficient neutrophils from Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, X-Linked Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: functional correction by Zinc Fingers nuclease-mediated safe harbor targeting., Recently, it has been shown that targeted Mutagenesis Procedure using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) can be used to generate knockout Zebrafish lines for analysis of their function and/or developing disease models, Using engineered nucleases, such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases), to make targeted genomic modifications has become a common technique to create new model organisms and custom Cultured Cell Line, and has shown great promise for disease treatment, Gene correction by homologous recombination with Zinc Fingers nucleases in primary cells from a mouse model of a generic recessive genetic disease., raising the possibility of strategies based on zinc-finger nucleases for the treatment of disease.[SEP]Relations: C2H2 Zinc Fingers domain binding has relations: molfunc_protein with ZXDC, molfunc_protein with ZXDC, molfunc_protein with EHMT1, molfunc_protein with EHMT1, molfunc_protein with ZXDA, molfunc_protein with ZXDA, molfunc_protein with LEF1, molfunc_protein with LEF1, molfunc_protein with EHMT2, molfunc_protein with EHMT2. Definitions: Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases defined as following: Artificial nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific DNA sequences recognized by TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTORS. They are composed of an endodeoxyribonuclease fused to DNA-binding domains of the transcription activator-like effectors.. Zinc Finger Nucleases defined as following: Genetically engineered nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific DNA sequences recognized by ZINC FINGER DNA-BINDING DOMAINS. They are composed of a DNA cleaving domain adapted from DNA endonucleases fused to a Zinc Fingers DNA-binding domain.. Zinc Fingers defined as following: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic Zinc Fingers, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.. Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Experimental organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells defined as following: Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. Mutagenesis Procedure defined as following: Production of genetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Congenital Disorders defined as following: existing at, and usually before, birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation; inborn metabolism disorders are generally not treed here.. Plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE.. Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, X-Linked defined as following: An X-linked recessive form of chronic granulomatous disease caused by mutation(s) in the CYBB gene, encoding cytochrome b-245 beta chain..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is thalidomide used as an immunomodulatory drug nowadays?", "id": "converted_4511", "sentence1": "Is thalidomide used as an immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance nowadays?", "sentence2": "Potential immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, anti-angiogenic and sedative properties make thalidomide a good candidate for the treatment of several diseases such as multiple Multiple Myeloma., In 1990s, however, thalidomide received attention due to the discovery of its anticancer potential derived from antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities, and its therapeutic effect on Multiple Myeloma., Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent; although its mechanisms of action are not fully understood, many authors have described its Anti-Inflammatory Agents and immunosuppressive properties, Thalidomide has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory properties and has recently been used in the management of Homo sapiens malignancies, After nearly decades of extinction as a sedative and antiemetic, thalidomide reemerged as the parent compound of a novel and promising class of therapeutics termed the immunomodulatory drugs (Immunomodulatory IMiD Drugs), Thalidomide has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory properties and has recently been used in the management of Homo sapiens malignancies., Thalidomide is a Pharmacologic Substance that, since its development, has made history in the world of medicine--having been withdrawn and now has returned with a boom as an anticancer and immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance., Thalidomide was developed in the 1950s as a sedative Pharmacologic Substance and withdrawn in 1961 because of its teratogenic effects, but has been rediscovered as an immuno-modulatory Pharmacologic Substance., Thalidomide is attracting growing interest because of its reported immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents properties., Only in the last several years has thalidomide been aggressively investigated for its antiangiogenic potential and immunomodulatory properties in various tumor types., After nearly decades of extinction as a sedative and antiemetic, thalidomide reemerged as the parent compound of a novel and promising class of therapeutics termed the immunomodulatory drugs (Immunomodulatory IMiD Drugs)., In the present review an attempt is made to highlight the immunomodulatory action of thalidomide in various pathologic conditions., Thalidomide and its immunomodulatory analogues have numerous effects on the body's immune system, including potential anti-cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Agents activities., Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent; although its mechanisms of action are not fully understood, many authors have described its Anti-Inflammatory Agents and immunosuppressive properties., Thalidomide (Thal) has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activity., Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance (IMiD) with proven therapeutic action in several autoimmune/inflammatory diseases;, The immunomodulatory agents thalidomide and lenalidomide and the Proteasome Inhibitors [MoA] bortezomib are now routine components of Millimole per Liter therapy, Although thalidomide was withdrawn in the 1960s after its teratogenic property was recognized, it was subsequently found that this Pharmacologic Substance possesses immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents effects.,  Its immunological effects were known already from earlier studies. Nowadays its use is accepted in Multiple Myeloma therapy., Therapeutics that have proven to be highly effective include the immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance thalidomide and its newer analogs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, as well as the Proteasome inhibitors, antineoplastic agent bortezomib and carfilzomib, As immunomodulatory drugs, thalidomide and its analogues have been used to effectively treat various diseases, Its effectiveness in the clinic has been ascribed to wide-ranging properties, including anti-TNF-alpha, T-Lymphocyte costimulatory and antiangiogenic activity., Thalidomide has various immunomodulatory effects. Thalidomide inhibits TNF alpha production, has T-Lymphocyte costimulatory properties and modulates the expression of cell surface molecules on Specimen Source Codes - Leukocytes in vivo.,  thalidomide has been a target of active investigation in both malignant and inflammatory conditions. Although initially developed for its sedative properties, decades of investigation have identified a multitude of biological effects that led to its classification as an immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance (IMiD)., The mechanism of action of thalidomide is probably based on its immunomodulatory effect, namely the suppression of production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and the modulation of Recombinant Interleukins., This effect is probably due to a direct influence on the immune system[SEP]Relations: Thalidomide has relations: drug_drug with Etomidate, drug_drug with Etomidate, drug_drug with Desomorphine, drug_drug with Desomorphine, drug_drug with Dipyridamole, drug_drug with Dipyridamole, drug_drug with Practolol, drug_drug with Practolol, drug_drug with Felodipine, drug_drug with Felodipine. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the Homo sapiens or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Immunomodulatory IMiD Drugs defined as following: A class of immunomodulatory drugs containing an imide group.. thalidomide defined as following: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. lenalidomide defined as following: A thalidomide analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenalidomide inhibits TNF-alpha production, stimulates T cells, reduces serum levels of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent also promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells.. pomalidomide defined as following: An orally bioavailable derivative of thalidomide with potential immunomodulating, antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Although its exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, pomalidomide appears to inhibit TNF-alpha production, enhance the activity of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, pomalidomide may inhibit tumor angiogenesis, promote cell cycle arrest in susceptible tumor cell populations, and stimulate erythropoeisis.. Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. bortezomib defined as following: A pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible PROTEASOME INHIBITOR. It is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA and MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha defined as following: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.. carfilzomib defined as following: An epoxomicin derivate with potential antineoplastic activity. Carfilzomib irreversibly binds to and inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S catalytic core subunit of the proteasome, a protease complex responsible for degrading a large variety of cellular proteins. Inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis results in an accumulation of polyubiquinated proteins, which may lead to cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth.. Recombinant Interleukins defined as following: Formulated therapeutic analogs of one of a number of endogenous cytokine Recombinant Interleukins. Produced by T cells, macrophages, and other cells, Recombinant Interleukins bind to a specific surface receptor on immunohematopoietic cells, thereby inducing a multitude of biologic effects including stimulation of growth, differentiation, and proliferation of lymphocytes and eosinophils; activation of lymphocytes and macrophages; enhancement of mast cell activity; activation of the acute phase response; and stimulation of hematopoiesis. Some Recombinant Interleukins may enhance the host's immune response to malignant cells by stimulating lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which are capable of lysing some tumor cells. (NCI04). Anti-Inflammatory Agents defined as following: Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.. T-Lymphocyte defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Could transcription factors act as cell-cell signalling molecules?", "id": "converted_822", "sentence1": "Could transcription factors act as \"U\" lymphocyte-\"U\" lymphocyte signalling Molecule?", "sentence2": "PAX6 gene is a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR essential for the development of Body tissue including the Eye, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS and Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates and invertebrates. It regulates the expression of a broad range of Molecule, including transcription factors, \"U\" lymphocyte adhesion and short-range \"U\" lymphocyte-\"U\" lymphocyte signalling Molecule, hormones and structural proteins, Recent data support the view that transcription factors - in particular, Homeodomain Proteins - can be transferred from \"U\" lymphocyte to \"U\" lymphocyte and have direct non-\"U\" lymphocyte-autonomous (and therefore paracrine) activities[SEP]Relations: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding has relations: molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with MYC, molfunc_protein with MYC, molfunc_protein with PPARD, molfunc_protein with PPARD, molfunc_protein with JUN, molfunc_protein with JUN, molfunc_protein with NFIA, molfunc_protein with NFIA. Definitions: Endocrine Glands defined as following: Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. PAX6 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Homeodomain Proteins defined as following: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. transcription factors defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is a CpG island methylator phenotype involved in ependymomas?", "id": "converted_2378", "sentence1": "Is a CpG Islands methylator phenotype involved in Ependymoma?", "sentence2": "Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain Ependymoma exhibit a CpG Islands methylator phenotype, Although no recurrently mutated Genes were found throughout these groups of Ependymoma, DSG1 gene exhibited a CpG Islands methylator phenotype, Pseudofolliculitis barbae (disorder) was associated with extensive chromosomal aberrations, and the C11ORF95/RELA FUSION GENE was frequently observed in supratentorial Ependymoma. , Supratentorial and Spinal pediatric Ependymoma display a hypermethylated phenotype which includes the loss of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes involved in the control of cell growth and Cessation of life., Supratentorial and Spinal Cord Neoplasms displayed significantly more hypermethylated Genes than posterior fossa Neoplasms, similar to the 'CpG Islands methylator phenotype' (CIMP) identified in Glioma and Colon Carcinoma., The data suggests epigenetic silencing of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of supratentorial and Spinal, but not posterior fossa Ependymoma. Hypermethylation correlated with a decrease in expression of a number of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes and pathways that could be playing an important role in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor pathogenesis., Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain Ependymoma exhibit a CpG Islands methylator phenotype., CpG Islands methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain Ependymoma are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or Histone H3 Lysine 28 methylation both in vitro and in vivo., Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain Ependymoma reveals an extremely low Mutation Abnormality rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants., Although no recurrently mutated Genes were found throughout these groups of Ependymoma, DSG1 gene exhibited a CpG Islands methylator phenotype, Pseudofolliculitis barbae (disorder) was associated with extensive chromosomal aberrations, and the C11ORF95/RELA FUSION GENE was frequently observed in supratentorial Ependymoma., Ependymoma are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival whole genome and whole exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain Ependymoma reveals an extremely low Mutation Abnormality rate and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations poor prognosis hindbrain Ependymoma exhibit a cpg island methylator phenotype transcriptional silencing driven by cpg methylation converges exclusively on targets of the polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation Genes through trimethylation of h3k27 cpg island methylator phenotype positive hindbrain Ependymoma are responsive to clinical drugs that target either dna or h3k27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo we conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland., supratentorial and Spinal pediatric Ependymoma display a hypermethylated phenotype which includes the loss of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes involved in the control of cell growth and Cessation of life, epigenomic alterations define lethal cimp positive Ependymoma of infancy, Molecular Genetics (discipline) of Ependymoma and pediatric diffuse gliomas a short review, epigenetic alterations including methylation have been shown to be an important mechanism of gene silencing in cancer ependymoma has been well characterized at the dna copy number and RNA, Messenger expression levels however little is known about dna methylation changes to gain a more global view of the methylation profile of ependymoma we conducted an array based analysis our data demonstrated Neoplasms to segregate according to their location in the Central Nervous System which was associated with a difference in the global level of methylation supratentorial and Spinal Cord Neoplasms displayed significantly more hypermethylated Genes than posterior fossa Neoplasms similar to the cpg island methylator phenotype cimp identified in Glioma and Colon Carcinoma this hypermethylated profile was associated with an increase in expression of Genes encoding for Proteins involved in methylating dna suggesting an underlying mechanism an integrated analysis of methylation and RNA, Messenger expression array data allowed us to identify methylation induced expression changes most notably Genes involved in the control of cell growth and Cessation of life and the immune system were identified including members of the jnk pathway and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human in conclusion we have generated a global view of the methylation profile of ependymoma the data suggests epigenetic silencing of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of supratentorial and Spinal but not posterior fossa Ependymoma hypermethylation correlated with a decrease in expression of a number of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes and pathways that could be playing an important role in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor pathogenesis., here we review the recent literature on molecular discoveries in Ependymoma and pediatric diffuse gliomas Ependymoma can now be categorized into three location related subgroups according to their biological profile posterior fossa Ependymoma group a pfa and b pfb and supratentorial Ependymoma although no recurrently mutated Genes were found throughout these groups of Ependymoma pfa exhibited a cpg island methylator phenotype pfb was associated with extensive chromosomal aberrations and the c11orf95 rela fusion gene was frequently observed in supratentorial Ependymoma meanwhile it has now become apparent that pediatric diffuse gliomas have a distinct genetic status from their adult counterparts even though they share an indistinguishable histology in pediatric low grade diffuse gliomas an intragenic duplication of the portion of FGFR1 protein, human encoding the tyrosine kinase domain tkd and rearrangements of myb mybl1 were found recurrently and mutually exclusively as for non brainstem high grade Neoplasms in addition to H3-3A wt Allele tp53 and atrx Gene Mutation which were frequently observed in older children recurrent fusions involving ntrk1 ntrk2 and NT-3 Growth Factor Receptor, Human were reported in infants younger than 3 years of age moreover in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas dipg recurrent somatic Gene Mutation of ACVR1 protein, human were found in association with hist1h3b Gene Mutation.[SEP]Relations: ependymoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Ependymoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Ependymoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Seizure, disease_phenotype_positive with Seizure, disease_phenotype_positive with Neoplasm of the lung, disease_phenotype_positive with Neoplasm of the lung, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal cell morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal cell morphology. Glioma has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Ependymoma, phenotype_phenotype with Ependymoma. Definitions: Ependymoma defined as following: Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial Neoplasms in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the Spinal cord. Intracranial Ependymoma most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular Neoplasms which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal Ependymoma are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary Neoplasms. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9). C11ORF95/RELA FUSION GENE defined as following: A fusion gene that results from chromothripsis involving chromosome 11q13.1, which fuses the first 2, 3 or 4 exons of the ZFTA gene to sequences that are located 5' of either exon 2 or 3 of the RELA gene. This rearrangement is associated with supratentorial ependymoma.. Spinal Cord Neoplasms defined as following: Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the Spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and Spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary Neoplasms are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Colon Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). DSG1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in desmosome formation.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, Spinal cord, and meninges.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. H3-3A wt Allele defined as following: Human H3-3A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q42.12 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes histone H3.3 protein, plays a role in both nucleosome assembly and transcriptional regulation.. ACVR1 protein, human defined as following: Activin receptor type-1 (509 aa, ~57 kDa) is encoded by the human ACVR1 gene. This protein is involved in embryonic development, protein phosphorylation, and signal transduction.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. FGFR1 protein, human defined as following: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (822 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human FGFR1 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cellular migration.. NT-3 Growth Factor Receptor, Human defined as following: NT-3 growth factor receptor (839 aa, ~94 kDa) is encoded by the human NTRK3 gene. This protein is involved in ligand binding, tyrosine phosphorylation and neurotrophin-3-mediated signaling.. Spinal defined as following: Of or relating to the spine or Spinal cord.. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human defined as following: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (505 aa, ~58 kDa) is encoded by the human PPARG gene. This protein plays a role in transcriptional regulation, lipid metabolism, cell differentiation, glucose homeostasis and apoptosis.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Molecular Genetics (discipline) defined as following: The study of the flow and regulation of genetic information between DNA, RNA, and protein molecules.. supratentorial Ependymoma defined as following: A circumscribed ependymoma that arises from the supratentorial region of the brain. The diagnosis of supratentorial ependymoma should be made either when genetic analysis did not reveal a fusion gene involving ZFTA or YAP1 Genes (not elsewhere classified -NEC) or when the genetic analysis was unsuccessful or not reported (not otherwise specified-NOS).. Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor Genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. Histone H3 Lysine 28 defined as following: The lysine residue found at amino acid position 28 in the histone H3 protein. Methylation of this residue may be a marker for transcriptionally repressed Genes.. CpG Islands defined as following: Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of Genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted Genes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does allele phasing improve the phylogenetic utility of ultraconserved elements?", "id": "converted_2970", "sentence1": "Does allele phasing improve the phylogenetic utility of ultraconserved elements?", "sentence2": "Alleles Phasing Greatly Improves the Phylogenetic Utility of Ultraconserved Elements., Our empirical analyses of Ultraconserved Element (UCE) Gene Locus data collected from the South American hummingbird genus Topaza demonstrate that phased allele sequences carry sufficient phylogenetic information to infer the genetic structure, lineage divergence, and biogeographic history of a genus that diversified during the last three million years. The phylogenetic results support the recognition of two species, and suggest a high rate of gene flow across large distances of rainforest habitats but rare admixture across the Amazon River. Our simulations provide evidence that analyzing allele sequences leads to more accurate estimates of tree topology and divergence times than the more common approach of using contig sequences., Alleles Phasing Greatly Improves the Phylogenetic Utility of Ultraconserved Elements.Advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques now allow relatively easy and affordable sequencing of large portions of the Genome - anatomical entity, even for nonmodel Organism. [SEP]Relations: male organism has relations: anatomy_anatomy with multicellular organism, anatomy_anatomy with multicellular organism. anatomical entity has relations: anatomy_anatomy with anatomical cluster, anatomy_anatomy with anatomical cluster, anatomy_anatomy with immaterial anatomical entity, anatomy_anatomy with immaterial anatomical entity, anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart, anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart, anatomy_anatomy with material anatomical entity, anatomy_anatomy with material anatomical entity. Definitions: Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same Gene Locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is patisiran currently (November 2017) in clinical phase II trials?", "id": "converted_2421", "sentence1": "Is patisiran currently (November 2017) in clinical phase II trials?", "sentence2": "This review addresses nine small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and one unique MicroRNAs (miRNA) inhibitor, which entered the phase 2-3 clinical trials. The siRNAs in focus are PF-04523655, TKM-080301, Atu027, SYL040012, SYL1001, siG12D-LODER (phase 2), QPI-1002, QPI-1007, and patisiran (phase 3). ,  patisiran (phase 3),  Phase 3 APOLLO study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of patisiran in patients with hATTR amyloidosis with Polyneuropathy, Efficacy and safety of patisiran for familial amyloidotic Polyneuropathy: a phase II multi-dose study.[SEP]Relations: Polyneuropathy has relations: disease_protein with NMNAT2, disease_protein with NMNAT2, disease_protein with PNPLA6, disease_protein with PNPLA6, disease_disease with inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, disease_disease with inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, disease_protein with SCP2, disease_protein with SCP2, disease_protein with EPO, disease_protein with EPO. Definitions: MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded MicroRNAs gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Polyneuropathy defined as following: Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of Polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is miR-126 involved in heart failure?", "id": "converted_908", "sentence1": "Is miR-126 involved in Congestive heart failure?", "sentence2": "he MicroRNAs miR-126 and miR-508-5p are associated with the outcome of between breakfast and lunch and NICM patients with CHF. These two MicroRNAs could be useful in the diagnosis of CHF patients, and might provide novel targets for prevention and treatment of CHF., The plasma concentration of miR-126 was negatively correlated with age and NYHA class, and could be a useful biomarker for Congestive Congestive heart failure., In 10 patients with Congestive Congestive heart failure, plasma concentrations of miR-126 were up-regulated with improvement of the NYHA class from IV to III.[SEP]Relations: Congestive Congestive heart failure has relations: drug_effect with Rimantadine, drug_effect with Rimantadine, drug_effect with Metoprolol, drug_effect with Metoprolol, drug_effect with Bisoprolol, drug_effect with Bisoprolol, drug_effect with Ibutilide, drug_effect with Ibutilide, drug_effect with Iopromide, drug_effect with Iopromide. Definitions: between breakfast and lunch defined as following: To be done between breakfast and lunch.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 MicroRNAs discovered, and are from a class of MicroRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Congestive heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any involvement of L1 retrotransposition in the Rett syndrome?", "id": "converted_2226", "sentence1": "Is there any involvement of Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition in the Rett Syndrome?", "sentence2": "Using neuronal progenitor cells derived from Homo sapiens induced pluripotent stem cells and Homo sapiens tissues, we revealed that patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), carrying MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens mutations, have increased susceptibility for Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition. Our data demonstrate that Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition can be controlled in a tissue-specific manner and that disease-related Mutation can influence the frequency of neuronal Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition. Our findings add a new level of complexity to the molecular events that can lead to nervous system disorder., Furthermore, some neurological diseases, such as Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia, misregulate Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition, which could contribute to some pathological aspects. , Recent studies indicate that long interspersed nuclear element-1 (Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1) are mobilized in the Genome - anatomical entity of Homo sapiens neural progenitor cells and enhanced in Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia. , In addition, recent data indicate that engineered Homo sapiens L1s can undergo somatic retrotransposition in Homo sapiens neural progenitor cells and that an increase in Homo sapiens-specific Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 DNA content can be detected in the brains of normal controls, as well as in Rett Syndrome patients., Furthermore, some neurological diseases, such as Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia, misregulate Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition, which could contribute to some pathological aspects., Using neuronal progenitor cells derived from Homo sapiens induced pluripotent stem cells and Homo sapiens tissues, we revealed that patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), carrying MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens mutations, have increased susceptibility for Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition., In addition, recent data indicate that engineered Homo sapiens L1s can undergo somatic retrotransposition in Homo sapiens neural progenitor cells and that an increase in Homo sapiens-specific Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 DNA content can be detected in the brains of normal controls, as well as in Rett Syndrome patients., Using neuronal progenitor cells derived from Homo sapiens induced pluripotent stem cells and Homo sapiens tissues, we revealed that patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), carrying MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens mutations, have increased susceptibility for Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition, Furthermore, some neurological diseases, such as Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia, misregulate Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition, which could contribute to some pathological aspects, Using neuronal progenitor cells derived from Homo sapiens induced pluripotent stem cells and Homo sapiens tissues, we revealed that patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), carrying MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens mutations, have increased susceptibility for Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition., Furthermore, some neurological diseases, such as Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia, misregulate Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 retrotransposition, which could contribute to some pathological aspects., Recent studies indicate that long interspersed nuclear element-1 (Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1) are mobilized in the Genome - anatomical entity of Homo sapiens neural progenitor cells and enhanced in Rett Syndrome and Ataxia Telangiectasia.[SEP]Relations: Rett Syndrome has relations: disease_protein with PTPN1, disease_protein with PTPN1, disease_protein with STXBP1, disease_protein with STXBP1, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the dentition, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the dentition, disease_protein with NTNG1, disease_protein with NTNG1, disease_protein with FOXG1, disease_protein with FOXG1. Definitions: Ataxia Telangiectasia defined as following: An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.. MECP2 protein, human defined as following: Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (486 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MECP2 gene. This protein plays a role in the repression of transcription through binding methylated DNA.. Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 defined as following: A long interspersed element (LINE) found in mammals. The LINE-1 element is the only active LINE in humans and is approximately 6,000 base pairs long. This nucleotide sequence consists of two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORF) flanked by a 5' untranslated region (UTR), which contains a strong RNA polymerase II promoter sequence, and target side duplications. The first ORF encodes a 500 amino acid, ~40 kDa leucine zipper-containing RNA-binding protein. The second ORF encodes an ~150 kDa protein that has endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activity. Increased LINE-1 copy number is associated with cancer and neuropathy.. nervous system disorder defined as following: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.. Rett Syndrome defined as following: This gene plays a role in both the recognition of DNA methylation and the regulation of transcription..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is golimumab effective for ulcerative colitis?", "id": "converted_1971", "sentence1": "Is golimumab effective for ulcerative colitis?", "sentence2": "Initial experience with golimumab in clinical practice for ulcerative colitis., BACKGROUND: golimumab is a Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-blocking agent indicated as a second-line therapy in ulcerative colitis., CONCLUSIONS: In this short study, golimumab seems to be an alternative treatment in naive and non-naive anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein ulcerative colitis patients., Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 1-Year Treatment with golimumab/Standard Care and Standard Care Alone for Ulcerative Colitis in Poland., OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of induction and maintenance treatment up to 1 year of ulcerative colitis with golimumab/standard care and standard care alone in Poland., CONCLUSIONS: The biologic treatment of ulcerative colitis patients with golimumab/standard care is more effective but also more costly compared with standard care alone., Currently, infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab are available in the East Asian medical market, and these agents have been shown to be effective for inducing and maintaining long-term remission of Irritable Bowel Syndrome., Furthermore, upcoming treatments are introduced, such as golimumab, vedolizumab, AJM300, tofacitinib., CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in efficacy in the maintenance phase between infliximab and golimumab or adalimumab were revealed. Infliximab proved to be more effective than adalimumab but of similar efficacy to that of golimumab in the induction phase., In this review, we will provide a detailed discussion of the three Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-α) inhibitors currently approved for treatment of ulcerative colitis: infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab., golimumab, a Homo sapiens anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein antibody, is effective in patients with ulcerative colitis, according to new findings from an international phase III double-blind trial., golimumab for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis., Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis., Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis., Subcutaneous golimumab, a fully Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-α (TNFα), was evaluated as maintenance therapy in TNFα antagonist-naive adults with moderate-to-severe active ulcerative colitis, despite conventional therapy, who responded to golimumab induction therapy.We performed a phase 3, double-blind trial of patients who completed golimumab induction trials (Program of Ulcerative Colitis Research Studies Utilizing an Investigational Treatment, eg, PURSUIT), golimumab, a Homo sapiens anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein antibody, is effective in patients with ulcerative colitis, according to new findings from an international phase III double-blind trial, The purpose of this review was to describe the management of ulcerative colitis with emphasis on the use of anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) agents.Recent research has shown that new anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agents, adalimumab (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity) and golimumab, are effective in induction of remission and maintenance of remission in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis, vedolizumab and golimumab occurred more effective, and comparably as safe as placebo in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis increasing the number of available therapeutic options, The required sample sizes for direct head-to-head trials between infliximab and adalimumab for induction and maintenance are 174 and 204 subjects respectively.This study demonstrates that, compared to placebo, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab are all effective for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, The biosimilar of infliximab is as effective and as safe as its originator in rheumatologic conditions, while a new anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agent, namely golimumab, has been recently approved for refractory ulcerative colitis, We evaluated subcutaneous golimumab induction therapy in Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-α antagonist-naïve patients with moderate-to-severe UC despite conventional treatment. , vedolizumab and golimumab occurred more effective, and comparably as safe as placebo in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis increasing the number of available therapeutic options., The purpose of this review was to describe the management of ulcerative colitis with emphasis on the use of anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) agents.Recent research has shown that new anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agents, adalimumab (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity) and golimumab, are effective in induction of remission and maintenance of remission in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis., vedolizumab and golimumab occurred more effective, and comparably as safe as placebo in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis increasing the number of available therapeutic options., The biosimilar of infliximab is as effective and as safe as its originator in rheumatologic conditions, while a new anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agent, namely golimumab, has been recently approved for refractory ulcerative colitis., The incremental cost-utility ratio of golimumab/standard care compared to the standard care alone is estimated to be 391,252 PLN/QALY gained (93,155 €/QALYG) from public payer perspective and 374,377 PLN/QALY gained (89,137 €/QALYG) from social perspective.The biologic treatment of ulcerative colitis patients with golimumab/standard care is more effective but also more costly compared with standard care alone., The required sample sizes for direct head-to-head trials between infliximab and adalimumab for induction and maintenance are 174 and 204 subjects respectively.This study demonstrates that, compared to placebo, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab are all effective for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis., Recently, 2 new Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic have been approved: golimumab is a new option for ulcerative colitis and with another more selective mechanism of action; vedolizumab could be useful for ulcerative colitis as well as Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues., The present review summarizes the literature on the role of golimumab, a new anti Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agent, in ulcerative colitis.Literature search was done on PubMed using the search terms 'golimumab' AND 'ulcerative colitis' from inception till March 2016., The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of biological agents (vedolizumab, abatacept, visilizumab, golimumab) in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis.This paper was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines., vedolizumab and golimumab occurred more effective, and comparably as safe as placebo in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis increasing the number of available therapeutic options., BACKGROUND & AIMS: Subcutaneous golimumab, a fully Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-á (TNFá), was evaluated as maintenance therapy in TNFá antagonist-naive adults with moderate-to-severe active ulcerative colitis, despite conventional therapy, who responded to golimumab induction therapy.METHODS: We performed a phase 3, double-blind trial of patients who completed golimumab induction trials (Program of Ulcerative Colitis Research Studies Utilizing an Investigational Treatment, eg, PURSUIT)., BACKGROUND & AIMS: Little is known about the efficacy of golimumab, a fully Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) -á, for treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC)., This study demonstrates that, compared to placebo, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab are all effective for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis., vedolizumab and golimumab occurred more effective, and comparably as safe as placebo in patients with active moderate to severe ulcerative colitis increasing the number of available therapeutic options.., Recent research has shown that new anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein agents, adalimumab (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity) and golimumab, are effective in induction of remission and maintenance of remission in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis., golimumab for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis., Initial experience with golimumab in clinical practice for ulcerative colitis., golimumab was found to be effective and safe in inducing and maintaining clinical remission, clinical response and mucosal healing in patients with UC in the two registration trials., [golimumab Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis]., golimumab: clinical update on its use for ulcerative colitis., This review will focus on golimumab therapy in ulcerative colitis., To assess golimumab pharmacokinetics [Pyruvate Kinase] and exposure-response [Endoplasmic Reticulum] in adults with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis [UC] from the Program of Ulcerative Colitis Research Studies Utilizing an Investigational Treatment [PURSUIT] studies.[SEP]Relations: golimumab has relations: drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Ibalizumab, drug_drug with Ibalizumab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine. Definitions: Ulcerative Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.. visilizumab defined as following: A humanized, non-Fc receptor (FcR)-binding IgG2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against CD3 with potential immunosuppressive activity. Visilizumab binds to invariant CD3 epsilon, one of the non-covalently-associated subunits of T-cell receptors (TCRs) on activated T-cells. Upon binding to the TCR/CD3 complex, visilizumab induces apoptosis, which may result in the selective clonal deletion of activated pathogenic T-cells. This MoAb is engineered with a substitution at amino acid residues 234 and 237 (Val3Ala) within the IgG2 Fc arm, rendering it unable to bind to type II FcRs; accordingly, this agent is less likely to activate type II FcR-expressing resting T-cells.. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+. [EC:1.2.1.10]. Endoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of Homo sapiens cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of Homo sapiens immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to one of a number of endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) proteins. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein family cytokines bind to and activate specific cell-surface receptors, thereby mediating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. One primary antitumor effect of TNFs involves stimulation of T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity.. vedolizumab defined as following: A recombinant humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the Homo sapiens lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule 1 (LPAM-1; alpha4beta7; a4b7), with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, vedolizumab selectively binds to integrin a4b7 and prevents the binding of a4b7, expressed on the surface of a subset of T-lymphocytes, to its natural ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), which is mainly expressed on the surface of gut endothelial cells. This prevents a4b7-mediated signaling, adhesion of lymphocytes to the endothelium and the migration of T-lymphocytes across the endothelium into inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. By preventing this infiltration to the affected area, inflammation is reduced. The Homo sapiens lymphocyte a4b7 integrin, plays a key role in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation; it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. The alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the homing of T-lymphocytes to intestinal tissue.. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha defined as following: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein RECEPTORS.. infliximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.. Pyruvate Kinase defined as following: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.. adalimumab defined as following: A recombinant, Homo sapiens IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha), with immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, adalimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, thereby preventing its binding to the p55 and p75 Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein cell surface receptors and inhibiting Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in various autoimmune diseases.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. tofacitinib defined as following: An orally available inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAK), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to JAK and prevents the activation of the JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. JAK kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation.. golimumab defined as following: A Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a) with immunosuppressive activity. golimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a, thereby preventing Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer.. golimumab defined as following: A Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a) with immunosuppressive activity. golimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a, thereby preventing Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer.. ulcerative colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the JNK pathway activated during liver regeneration?", "id": "converted_1690", "sentence1": "Is the MAPK8 wt Allele pathway activated during liver regeneration?", "sentence2": "analysis of the role of MAPK8 wt Allele signaling pathway in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis of Rattus norvegicus liver regeneration, paths of MAPK8 wt Allele signaling pathway regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in both LR, JUN gene is not mandatory for Mus sp. hepatocyte proliferation , CASP14 gene lacking JUN gene in the liver display impaired regeneration after partial hepatectomy (pH:LsCnc:Pt:Ser/Plas:Qn), initial activity of the MAPK8 wt Allele pathway, use of Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> for the study of regeneration , Loss of macroautophagy led to overactivation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK8 wt Allele)/c-Jun signaling pathway that induced cell death., stress induced during intermittent selective clamping accelerates Rattus norvegicus liver regeneration through MAPK8 wt Allele pathway, MAPK9 wt Allele promotes injury after Mus sp. LT via the positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability, Jun N-terminal kinase 2 promotes graft injury via the mitochondrial permeability transition after Mus sp. liver transplantation, add45beta promotes hepatocyte survival during liver regeneration in mice by modulating MAPK8 wt Allele signaling, basis for MAPK8 wt Allele suppression during liver regeneration and identify GADD45B wt Allele as a potential therapeutic target in Liver diseases,  genetic inactivation of the MAPK8 wt Allele pathway results in impaired proliferation of fetal hepatoblasts in vitro and defective adult liver regeneration in vivo, enhancement of the activation of Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 caused by partial hepatectomy,  arsenite induced apoptosis in the Hepatocyte in vivo, through the enhancement of the activation of MAPK8 wt Allele and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 caused by partial hepatectomy, Jun N-terminal kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14, but not Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, was altered., Although mechanical stress has been implicated in Liver Cirrhosis and liver regeneration following hepatectomy, the signaling pathway(s) that may be activated in Hepatocyte in response to mechanical stress have not been determined,  MAPK8 wt Allele, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and JAK2 protein, human protein, human inhibitors partially abrogated apoptosis and when used in combination reduced it to basal levels, induction of CD40-mediated Biliary epithelial cell apoptosis requires JAK2 protein, human protein, human-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 protein, human protein, human as well as sustained JNK1/2, ERK1/2 activation, Jun-N-terminal kinase drives Cyclin D1 expression and proliferation during liver regeneration, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (MAPK8 wt Allele) pathway is strongly activated after partial hepatectomy (pH:LsCnc:Pt:Ser/Plas:Qn), Growth Factor and Recombinant Cytokines are involved in liver regeneration, COPS5 gene (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1), a co-activator of Transcription Factor Transcription Factor AP-1, which is essential for liver regeneration, specifically interacts with Protoplasm HPO[SEP]Relations: mitogen-activated protein kinase binding has relations: molfunc_protein with PTPRJ, molfunc_protein with PTPRJ, molfunc_protein with PTPRJ, molfunc_protein with PTPRJ, molfunc_protein with PTAFR, molfunc_protein with PTAFR, molfunc_protein with PTAFR, molfunc_protein with PTAFR, molfunc_protein with CDK5RAP3, molfunc_protein with CDK5RAP3. Definitions: STAT3 protein, human defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (770 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT3 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in cytokine signaling and gene expression.. MAPK9 wt Allele defined as following: Human MAPK9 wild-type allele is located within 5q35 and is approximately 45 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 protein, is involved in the activation of nuclear transcription factors in response to environmental stress and pro-inflammatory Recombinant Cytokines, stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor protein and differentiation of T-helper cells.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 defined as following: A 38-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. It is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. The kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound SB 203580.. JAK2 protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 protein, human (1132 aa, ~131 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in immunity, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.. macroautophagy defined as following: The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded. [PMID:11099404, PMID:12914914, PMID:15798367, PMID:16973210, PMID:20159618, PMID:9412464]. Liver diseases defined as following: Pathological processes of the LIVER.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. MAPK8 wt Allele defined as following: Human MAPK8 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q11.22 and is approximately 133 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 protein, plays a role in the induction of programmed cell death mediated by both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ultraviolet radiation.. JUN gene defined as following: This gene plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation and cellular growth.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. Growth Factor defined as following: Growth Factors are extracellular signaling molecules (ligands) involved in control of target cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. (NCI). Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt defined as following: Expressed in diverse tissues, Protein Kinase B (AKT/RAC Family) is a group (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) of cytoplasmic serine/threonine enzymes that covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrate proteins and regulate cell signaling responses to insulin, PDGF, and IGF1 (through PI3K) involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, glycogen synthesis, and glucose uptake.. mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 defined as following: A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.. Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).. positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability defined as following: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:bf, PMID:12546810]. Transcription Factor AP-1 defined as following: A multiprotein complex composed of the products of JUN gene and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the Transcription Factor AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). Transcription Factor AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.. GADD45B wt Allele defined as following: Human GADD45B wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.3 and is approximately 2 kb in length. This allele, which encodes growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta, is involved in the modulation of apoptosis, signaling and cell growth.. Liver Cirrhosis defined as following: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a deep-learning algorithm for protein solubility prediction?", "id": "converted_2933", "sentence1": "Is there a deep-learning algorithm for Protein Info solubility prediction?", "sentence2": "DeepSol: a deep learning framework for Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-based Protein Info solubility prediction., Protein solubility plays a vital role in pharmaceutical research and production yield. For a given Protein Info, the extent of its solubility can represent the quality of its function, and is ultimately defined by its Sequence - ParameterizedDataType. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel, highly accurate in silico Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-based Protein Info solubility predictors. In this work we propose, DeepSol, a novel Deep Learning-based Protein Info solubility predictor. The backbone of our framework is a convolutional neural network that exploits k-mer structure and additional Sequence - ParameterizedDataType and structural features extracted from the Protein Info Sequence - ParameterizedDataType., DeepSol: a deep learning framework for Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-based Protein Info solubility prediction.<AbstractText Label=\"Motivation\" NlmCategory=\"UNASSIGNED\">Protein solubility plays a vital role in pharmaceutical research and production yield. [SEP]Relations: response to amino acid has relations: bioprocess_protein with GLRB, bioprocess_protein with GLRB, bioprocess_protein with MEAK7, bioprocess_protein with MEAK7, bioprocess_protein with GLRA1, bioprocess_protein with GLRA1, bioprocess_protein with GSS, bioprocess_protein with GSS, bioprocess_protein with LYN, bioprocess_protein with LYN. Definitions: Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Protein Info Sequence - ParameterizedDataType defined as following: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is ocular melanosis a risk factor for uveal melanoma?", "id": "converted_2016", "sentence1": "Is ocular Melanosis coli a risk factor for Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm?", "sentence2": "Ocular/oculodermal (oculo[dermal]) melanocytosis is a congenital periocular pigmentary condition that can lead to the development of Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm, estimated at 1 in 400 affected patients., Melanosis oculi is often underestimated as a risk factor for Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm and Glaucoma (eukaryote). Ophthalmic surveillance, every 6 or 12 months is important, in patients with Ocular Melanosis coli for early detection of high risk diseases.,  One of about 400 patients with ODM followed for life is estimated to develop Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm. Excessive melanocyte in the Uvea tract in ODM may provide the biologic basis for susceptibility to the development of Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm. Patients with ODM should be monitored ophthalmoscopically, especially during the susceptible period, for the development of Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm. The authors suggest that a national registry of ODM patients be created and prospective data collected to better assess the risk of developing Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm., In the white population, an association between oculo(dermal) melanocytosis (ODM) and Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm is well recognized. , Melanocytic neoplasm may arise in the Uvea tract, the Specimen Source Codes - Conjunctiva, the Skin Specimen Source Code of the Eyelid structure, or the Orbit (brand of fungicide). Risk factors:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal so far identified include pre-existing choroidal naevi for Uvea melanomas, primary acquired Melanosis coli (Potassium aggravated myotonia) for conjunctival tumours, and ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis for Uvea and orbital lesions. , Risk factors:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal so far identified include pre-existing choroidal naevi for Uvea melanomas, primary acquired Melanosis coli (Potassium aggravated myotonia) for conjunctival tumours, and ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis for Uvea and orbital lesions., Port-wine stain with oculocutaneous Melanosis coli of cesioflammea type in 7 patients: combination of ocular pigmentation (melanocytosis or Melanosis coli) and Port-Wine Stain with risk for Melanocytic neoplasm., In the fourth case the Melanocytic neoplasm was detected in a routine examination and we were able to apply a preserving treatment with I125 brachytherapy.DISCUSSION: Melanosis oculi is often underestimated as a risk factor for Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm and Glaucoma (eukaryote)., Association of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis with the rate of Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm metastasis: analysis of 7872 consecutive Eye., Risk factors:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal so far identified include pre-existing choroidal naevi for Uvea melanomas, primary acquired Melanosis coli (Potassium aggravated myotonia) for conjunctival tumours, and ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis for Uvea and orbital lesions, In the fourth case the Melanocytic neoplasm was detected in a routine examination and we were able to apply a preserving treatment with I125 brachytherapy.Melanosis oculi is often underestimated as a risk factor for Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm and Glaucoma (eukaryote), In this study, patients with melanocytosis who developed Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm were found to have double the risk for metastasis compared with those without melanocytosis.To determine the relationship of oculo(dermal) melanocytosis to the prognosis of patients with Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm.Retrospective chart review of 7872 patients with Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm treated at the Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Institute, from August 25, 1970, through August 27, 2008.Enucleation, plaque radiotherapy, local resection, or thermotherapy.Metastasis and Cessation of life.Of 7872 patients with Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm, oculo(dermal) melanocytosis was present in 230 (3%), By multivariable analysis, the factors predictive of metastasis in patients harboring Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm associated with oculo(dermal) melanocytosis were increased tumor thickness (P = .001) and the presence of subretinal fluid (P = .05), and the only factor predictive of Cessation of life was increased tumor thickness (P = .009). , In the fourth case the Melanocytic neoplasm was detected in a routine examination and we were able to apply a preserving treatment with I125 brachytherapy.Melanosis oculi is often underestimated as a risk factor for Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm and Glaucoma (eukaryote)., Risk factors:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal so far identified include pre-existing choroidal naevi for Uvea melanomas, primary acquired Melanosis coli (Potassium aggravated myotonia) for conjunctival tumours, and ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis for Uvea and orbital lesions., CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm associated with oculo(dermal) melanocytosis have double the risk for metastasis compared with those with no melanocytosis., By multivariable analysis, the factors predictive of metastasis in patients harboring Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm associated with oculo(dermal) melanocytosis were increased tumor thickness (P = .001) and the presence of subretinal fluid (P = .05), and the only factor predictive of Cessation of life was increased tumor thickness (P = .009)., CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with Uvea Melanocytic neoplasm associated with oculo(dermal) melanocytosis have double the risk for metastasis compared with those with no melanocytosis.[SEP]Relations: Melanocytic neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with ocular Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with ocular Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_phenotype_positive with Uveal Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_phenotype_positive with Uveal Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with Eyelid structure Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with Eyelid structure Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with Skin Specimen Source Code cancer, disease_disease with Skin Specimen Source Code cancer, disease_disease with amelanotic Skin Specimen Source Code Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with amelanotic Skin Specimen Source Code Melanocytic neoplasm. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Eyelid structure defined as following: Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocyte.. Ocular Melanosis coli defined as following: A congenital abnormality characterized by the presence of an increased population of non-proliferating hyperpigmented melanocyte in the sclera, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and Orbit (brand of fungicide). Patients present with hyperchromic heterochromia.. melanoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the Skin Specimen Source Code of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant Skin Specimen Source Code melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445). melanocyte defined as following: Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the Eye and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocyte or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.. Port-Wine Stain defined as following: A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483). Uvea defined as following: The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). Potassium aggravated myotonia defined as following: A group of autosomal dominant inherited non-dystrophic myotonias caused by mutations of the SCN4A gene, resulting in sodium muscle channelopathy. They are characterized by muscle stiffness, which worsens by ingestion of potassium-rich food. This group includes myotonia fluctuans, myotonia permanens, and acetazolamide-responsive myotonia.. Port-wine stain with oculocutaneous melanosis defined as following: A rare Skin Specimen Source Code disease characterized by the co-occurrence of a widespread vascular nevus (typically Port-Wine Stain) and a pigmentary nevus, potentially associated with a variety of other cutaneous nevi, and with or without extracutaneous (most commonly central nervous system, ocular, or musculoskeletal) involvement. Several subtypes are distinguished based on phenotypic characteristics.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. ocular defined as following: Subdivision of face which has as its direct parts orbital cavity and its content and eyelids..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does a linker histone exist in the yeast genome?", "id": "converted_409", "sentence1": "Does a linker Histone antigen exist in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome?", "sentence2": "Hho1p is a bona fide linker Histone antigen, In saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract, HHO1 encodes a putative linker Histone antigen with very significant Homologous Gene to Histone antigen H1, HHO1p may play a similar role to linker Histones, but at restricted locations in the chromatin location location, The putative linker Histone antigen in saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract, Hho1p, has two regions of Sequence - ParameterizedDataType (Gastrointestinal studies and measurements and GII) that are homologous to the single globular domains of linker Histones H1 and FGFR1 Genes in higher Eukaryota. , The saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract homologue of the linker Histone antigen H1, Hho1p, has two domains that are similar in Sequence - ParameterizedDataType to the globular domain of H1 (and variants such as FGFR1 Genes), Two homologous domains of similar structure but different stability in the saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen, Hho1p, saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract encodes a single linker Histone antigen, Hho1p, with two globular domains. , The saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen Hho1p, with two globular domains, can simultaneously bind to two four-way junction DNA molecules, Here, we show in saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract, that the presence of saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen Hho1p represses expression of a pol II transcribed Genes (MET15) embedded in the DNA, Ribosomal., Yeast linker Histone antigen Hho1p is required for efficient RNA Polymerase I processivity and transcriptional silencing at the ribosomal DNA, saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen Hho1p is not essential for cell viability, and very little is known about its function in vivo. , saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen Hho1p functionally interacts with core Histone antigen H4 and negatively regulates the establishment of transcriptionally silent chromatin location location,  Unlike canonical linker Histones in higher Eukaryota that have a single conserved globular domain, Hho1p possesses two globular domains. We show that the carboxyl-terminal globular domain of Hho1p is dispensable for its function, suggesting that the mode of Hho1p action is similar to that of canonical linker Histones, To identify new Proteins involved in spore nuclear organization, we purified chromatin location location from mature spores and discovered a significant enrichment of the linker Histone antigen (Hho1), Hho1 chromatin location location immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed increased genome-wide binding in mature spores and provides novel in vivo evidence of the linker Histone antigen binding to nucleosomal linker DNA, One of the peculiarities of S. cerevisiae cells is the unusual and less abundant linker Histone antigen, Hho1p., Hho1p, the linker Histone antigen of saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract, is important for the proper chromatin location location organization in vivo, Characteristically, linker Histone antigen depleted chromatin location location generally exhibited longer chromatin location location loops than the wild-type. , saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract linker Histone antigen-Hho1p maintains Chromatin Loop organization during ageing., Database Homologous Gene searching against the complete saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract genome has identified a Genes, HHO1, (or YPL127C, formerly LPI17) which encodes a Protein Info that has two regions that show similarity to the pea Histone antigen H1 globular domain., Database Homologous Gene searching against the complete saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract genome has identified a Genes, HHO1, (or YPL127C, formerly LPI17) which encodes a Protein Info that has two regions that show similarity to the pea Histone antigen H1 globular domain. , Biochemical studies to date have not been able to identify the linker Histone antigen H1 Protein Info in the budding saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract. Database Homologous Gene searching against the complete saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract genome has identified a Genes, HHO1, (or YPL127C, formerly LPI17) which encodes a Protein Info that has two regions that show similarity to the pea Histone antigen H1 globular domain., Database Homologous Gene searching against the complete saccharomyces cerevisiae allergenic extract genome has identified a Genes, HHO1, (or YPL127C, formerly LPI17) which encodes a Protein Info that has two regions that show similarity to the pea Histone antigen H1 globular domain.[SEP]Relations: FGFR1 has relations: molfunc_protein with heparin binding, molfunc_protein with heparin binding, drug_protein with Heparin, drug_protein with Heparin, disease_protein with isolated cloverleaf skull syndrome, disease_protein with isolated cloverleaf skull syndrome, anatomy_protein_present with connective tissue, anatomy_protein_present with connective tissue, anatomy_protein_present with putamen, anatomy_protein_present with putamen. Definitions: Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. DNA, Ribosomal defined as following: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.. Chromatin Loop defined as following: A higher order chromatin location structure above the level of the chromatin location fiber. The organization of chromatin location into loops permits the partitioning of chromatin location into topologically independent domains, and is thought to facilitate its compartmentation into functionally independent regions.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Histones defined as following: Small chromosomal Proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated Histone antigen I, Histone antigen II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.. Histone antigen H1 defined as following: Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin location compaction into higher order structures. Histones are basic nuclear Proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of eukaryotic chromatin location. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of core Histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. (NCI). Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding Genes via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, Protein Info, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. RNA Polymerase I defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. FGFR1 gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation.. Homologous Gene defined as following: A Genes from one species which corresponds to a Genes in another species and that is related via a common ancestral species. These genes retain a similar Sequence - ParameterizedDataType and function..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does Amblyopia affect the eye?", "id": "converted_4499", "sentence1": "Does Amblyopia affect the Eye Specimen Source Code?", "sentence2": "The main goal of our study is to assess the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation, specifically theta burst stimulation (SALL1 gene), in a group of amblyopic volunteers measuring several visual parameters: visual acuity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity, This study was undertaken to determine if optometrists in Ghana screen, diagnose and manage paediatric ocular conditions (for example, VANGL2 gene, amblyopia), and further assessed if optometrists in Ghana have the requisite paediatric instrumentation in their practices., Many bilateral amblyopia patients have asymmetric visual acuity (VA)., LTS: In patients with persistent amblyopia and in those with recovered amblyopia, the affected eyes were significantly more hyperopic than the fellow eyes. The, e RNFLT was compared between the affected and fellow eyes in patients with persistent amblyopia and in those with recovered amblyopia, and between the amblyopic eyes of patients with persistent amblyopia and the previously amblyopic eyes of patients with recovered amblyopia.RE, We compared the optic nerve head topography and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of the Strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic eyes with the normal fellow eyes and age-matched controls and concluded that, although amblyopia is a functional visual loss, RNFL thickness and optic nerve head topographic changes in Strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic eyes may be affected by amblyopia., ODS: Four consecutive infants between 7 and 19 months of age with unilateral periocular vascular lesions that intermittently obstructed vision in the affected Eye Specimen Source Code and no clinical evidence of amblyopia were evaluated. No , Histologic study of the LGNs from a patient with ophthalmologically confirmed Anisometropic Amblyopia shows a decrease of cell sizes in the parvocellular layers innervated by the amblyopic Eye Specimen Source Code., S: Neutral density filters affect eyes with Strabismic amblyopia differently than they do non-amblyopic eyes. A signifi, Together with recent advances in our theoretical understanding of amblyopia and technological advances in amblyopia treatment, we anticipate improved visual outcomes for children affected by this very common Eye Specimen Source Code condition., OBJECTIVE: Amblyopia or lazy Eye Specimen Source Code is a common visual problem affecting children that cannot correct with lenses., Experimental amblyopia in animal models causes a reduction of cell sizes in lateral geniculate nucleus (GPSM2 gene) laminae connected with the amblyopic Eye Specimen Source Code., Amblyopia cannot be cured by treating the cause alone; the weaker Eye Specimen Source Code must be made stronger in order to see normally., To correct amblyopia, a child must be made to use the weak Eye Specimen Source Code., Similarly, decreased activation of the GPSM2 gene as well as the visual cortex by the affected Eye Specimen Source Code was demonstrated in the patient with Anisometropic Amblyopia., Amblyopia is defined as a loss of letter recognition visual acuity in the affected Eye Specimen Source Code; however, studies in both Nonhuman primate and Homo sapiens have shown that other important aspects of vision, including color, motion, and contour perception, are also abnormal. The, Amblyopia is a developmental disorder that affects the spatial vision of one or both eyes in the absence of an obvious organic cause; it is associated with a history of abnormal visual experience during childhood, Amblyopia is defined as the reduction of best-corrected visual acuity of one or both eyes caused by conditions that affect normal visual development, Amblyopia is a reduced best-corrected visual acuity of one or both eyes that cannot be attributed to a structural abnormality; it is a functional reduction in the vision of an Eye Specimen Source Code caused by disuse during a critical period of visual development, Amblyopia is defined as reduced and uncorrectable vision in a structurally normal Eye Specimen Source Code, Amblyopia or \"lazy Eye Specimen Source Code\" represents a disorder of the visual system characterized by poor vision in an Eye Specimen Source Code that is otherwise physically normal. , Amblyopia is a common Vision Disorders that results in a spatial acuity deficit in the affected Eye Specimen Source Code, Amblyopia is a common deficit in spatial vision that could be based on either unreliable local estimates of image structure, irregularities in global image integration or a combination of errors at both these stages., Amblyopia is a disorder of visual acuity in one Eye Specimen Source Code, thought to arise from suppression by the other Eye Specimen Source Code during development of the visual cortex., Amblyopia is characterised by decrease in vision in one or both eyes as a result of processing defect in the visual pathways of the Head>Brain, Amblyopia is defined as a loss of letter recognition visual acuity in the affected Eye Specimen Source Code; however, studies in both Nonhuman primate and Homo sapiens have shown that other important aspects of vision, including color, motion, and contour perception, are also abnormal, Amblyopia, commonly known as \"lazy Eye Specimen Source Code,\" is a frequent but preventable cause of decreased vision, Here, we consider four explanations that may account for decreased fellow Eye Specimen Source Code sensitivity: the fellow Eye Specimen Source Code is adversely impacted by treatment for amblyopia; the maturation of the fellow Eye Specimen Source Code is delayed by amblyopia; fellow Eye Specimen Source Code sensitivity is impacted for visual functions that rely on binocular cortex; and fellow Eye Specimen Source Code deficits reflect an adaptive mechanism that works to equalize the sensitivity of the two eyes, Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge about the effects of amblyopia on Eye Specimen Source Code movements, upper limb reaching and grasping movements, as well as balance and gait, Atropinum, atropine occlusion in the treatment of Strabismic amblyopia and its effect upon the non-amblyopic Eye Specimen Source Code., Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in children, with a prevalence of 2-3%, Amblyopia is a Neurodevelopmental Disorders of the visual system, as a result of discordant visual experience during infancy or early childhood, By its nature, however, amblyopia has an adverse effect on the development of a binocular visual system and the interactions between signals from two eyes., Unilateral Amblyopia Affects Two Eye: Fellow Eye Deficits in Amblyopia., PURPOSE: Impairment of spatiotemporal visual processing is the hallmark of amblyopia, but its effects on Eye Specimen Source Code movements during visuomotor tasks have rarely been, Amblyopia is defined as a loss of letter recognition visual acuity in the affected Eye Specimen Source Code; however, studies in both Nonhuman primate and Homo sapiens have shown that other important aspects of vision, including color, motion, and contour perception, are also abnormal., Further research targeted at exploring fellow Eye Specimen Source Code deficits in amblyopia will provide us with a broader understanding of normal visual development and how amblyopia impacts the developing visual system., While these fellow Eye Specimen Source Code deficits have been noted, no overarching theory has been proposed to describe why and under what conditions the fellow Eye Specimen Source Code is impacted by amblyopia., Here, we consider four explanations that may account for decreased fellow Eye Specimen Source Code sensitivity: the fellow Eye Specimen Source Code is adversely impacted by treatment for amblyopia; the maturation of the fellow Eye Specimen Source Code is delayed by amblyopia; fellow Eye Specimen Source Code sensitivity is impacted for visual functions that rely on binocular cortex; and fellow Eye Specimen Source Code deficits reflect an adaptive mechanism that works to equalize the sensitivity of the two eyes., In anisometropes, the amblyopic Eye Specimen Source Code influenced a relatively small proportion of cortical neurons; in strabismics, the influence of the two eyes was more nearly equal., studied. Here the authors investigate how visual deficits in Anisometropic Amblyopia affect saccadic Eye Specimen Source Code movements.METHODS: Thirteen patients with Anisometropic Amblyopia and 13 control subj, Unilateral amblyopia is a Vision Disorders that arises after selective disruption of visual input to one Eye Specimen Source Code during critical periods of development., Amblyopia is a developmental disorder resulting in poor vision in one Eye Specimen Source Code., In the clinic, amblyopia is understood as poor visual acuity in an Eye Specimen Source Code that was deprived of pattern vision early in life., Ocular misalignment or unilateral blur often causes amblyopia, a disorder that has become a standard for understanding developmental plasticity., Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of pattern vision.,  amblyopia are associated with poor PS. PS of amblyopic and fellow eyes is differentially , The contrast sensitivity function of both eyes of subjects with functional amblyopia has been measured. A clinically significant difference was found between the amblyopic and the normal Eye Specimen Source Code., t appears that the functionally amblyopic Eye Specimen Source Code takes more information from the peripheral parts of the stimulus than does the normal Eye Specimen Source Code, Previous studies focused on the differences between amblyopic patients and normal controls without evaluating amblyopic eyes after patching. To evaluate differences in the superficial vascular density of amblyopic eyes, normal eyes, and amblyopic eyes reaching normal BCVA after patch therapy,[SEP]Relations: vision disorder has relations: disease_disease with amblyopia (disease), disease_disease with amblyopia (disease). ametropic amblyopia has relations: disease_disease with amblyopia (disease), disease_disease with amblyopia (disease), disease_disease with amblyopia (disease), disease_disease with amblyopia (disease). suppression amblyopia has relations: disease_disease with toxic amblyopia, disease_disease with toxic amblyopia, disease_disease with amblyopia (disease), disease_disease with amblyopia (disease). Definitions: Vision Disorders defined as following: Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the Eye Specimen Source Code: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Amblyopia defined as following: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each Eye Specimen Source Code results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. Neurodevelopmental Disorders defined as following: A childhood disorder that has a neurological basis and manifests as a developmental disability..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there any statistical methods for normalizing and identifying differential regions in histone modification ChIP-seq data?", "id": "converted_166", "sentence1": "Are there any statistical methods for normalizing and identifying differential regions in histone modification Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data?", "sentence2": "ChIPnorm: a statistical method for normalizing and identifying differential regions in histone modification Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries., In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types. We show that the ChIPnorm method removes most of the noise and bias in the data and outperforms other normalization methods. We correlate the histone marks with gene expression data and confirm that histone modification Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 and histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 act as respectively a Transcription Repressor/Corepressor and an activator of genes. Compared to what was previously reported in the literature, we find that a substantially higher fraction of bivalent marks in ES cells for Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 and histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 move into a K27-only state. We find that most of the Promoter Regions, Genetic in protein-coding genes have differential histone-modification sites., In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types., In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types. , In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types. We show that the ChIPnorm method removes most of the noise and bias in the data and outperforms other normalization methods. , In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types., In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types. We show that the ChIPnorm method removes most of the noise and bias in the data and outperforms other normalization methods., This problem turns out to be surprisingly difficult, even in simple pairwise comparisons, because of the significant level of noise in Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data. In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types., In this paper we propose a two-stage statistical method, called ChIPnorm, to normalize Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, and to find differential regions in the Genome - anatomical entity, given two libraries of histone modification of different cell types.[SEP]Relations: histone modification has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular protein modification process, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular protein modification process, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone deubiquitination, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone deubiquitination, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone peptidyl-prolyl isomerization, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone peptidyl-prolyl isomerization, bioprocess_protein with HLCS, bioprocess_protein with HLCS, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone biotinylation, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone biotinylation. Definitions: histone modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc]. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 28 is trimethylated. This modification is associated with formation of heterochromatin and polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1).. histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 4 is trimethylated. This modification may be a marker for areas of active gene expression.. Promoter Regions, Genetic defined as following: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Transcription Repressor/Corepressor defined as following: Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology). Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing defined as following: A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.. histone modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can parasite infections by Schistosoma japonicum prevent or improve asthma?", "id": "converted_4717", "sentence1": "Can parasite infections by Schistosoma japonicum prevent or improve Asthma?", "sentence2": "Helminths and their products can shape immune responses by modulating immune cells, which are dysfunctional in inflammatory diseases such as asthm, Schistosoma japonicum Peptides SJMHE1 suppresses airway Inflammation of Allergic Asthma in mice., Schistosomiasis japonica downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway Inflammation in mice., To our knowledge, it is the first study to reveal the impact of S. japonicum Communicable Diseases on house dust mite induced severe Asthma. More in depth investigation is need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, Novel T-Lymphocyte epitopes on Schistosoma japonicum SjP40 protein and their preventive effect on Allergic Asthma in mice., hese results reveal a novel form of immune protective mechanism, which may play an important role in the modulating effect of Helminthiasis on allergic asthmatic reactions., Using a panel of overlapping peptides, we identified T-Lymphocyte epitopes on SjP40 protein of Schistosoma japonicum, which can induce Th1 cytokine and inhibit the production of Th2 cytokines and airway Inflammation in a mouse model of Allergic Asthma., Helminths and their products can regulate immune response and offer new strategies to control and alleviate Inflammation, including Asthma., SJMHE1 Peptide from Schistosoma japonicum Inhibits Asthma in CASP14 gene by Regulating Th17/Treg Cell Balance via miR-155., We previously found that a Peptides named as SJMHE1 from Schistosoma japonicum can suppress Asthma in mice, el of overlapping peptides, we identified T-Lymphocyte epitopes on SjP40 protein of Schistosoma japonicum, which can induce Th1 cytokine and inhibit the production of Th2 cytokines and airway Inflammation in a mouse model of Allergic Asthma. These resul, has been shown that helminth infections including Schistosoma mansoni may modulate atopic diseases including Asthma. I, Schistosomiasis japonica downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway Inflammation in mice, it is the first study to reveal the impact of S. japonicum Communicable Diseases on house dust mite induced severe Asthma. More in depth inv, s study, we investigated the impact of Schistosomiasis japonica on the allergic airway Inflammation induced by repeated intracheal inoculations of house dust mites (HDM), which is a Th17 and neutrophil dominant Mus Asthma model, mimicking severe Asthma. We found, Schistosomiasis japonica showed protective effects against allergic airway Inflammation (AAI)., Therefore, we hypothesize that Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens, a type of native Antigens, can induce production of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells with regulatory activity, modulating airway Inflammation and inhibiting Asthma development., Schistosomiasis japonica modulates the development of allergen-induced airway Inflammation in mice., It has been shown that helminth infections including Schistosoma mansoni may modulate atopic diseases including Asthma., Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway Inflammation in a Mus model of Asthma., Most previous studies focused on understanding the preventive effect of S. japonicum Communicable Diseases on Asthma (Communicable Diseases before allergen sensitization), whereas the protective effects of S. japonicum Communicable Diseases (allergen sensitization before Communicable Diseases) on Asthma were rarely investigated., In conclusion, our data showed that lung-stage S. japonicum Communicable Diseases could relieve Ovum-induced Asthma in a mouse model., In this study, we investigated the protective effects of S. japonicum Communicable Diseases on AAI using a mouse model of Ovum-induced Asthma.,  prior to Ovum immunization. These results suggest that both bisexual and male S. japonicum infections may modulate the development of Allergic Asthma., aponicum, which can induce Th1 cytokine and inhibit the production of Th2 cytokines and airway Inflammation in a mouse model of Allergic Asthma. These, ve found that Schistosoma Communicable Diseases or Schistosoma related products can improve or prevent some immune and inflammatory diseases, such as severe asthm, Our findings indicated that S. japonicum Communicable Diseases was able to effectively inhibit host's allergic airway Inflammation, which may be related to the upregulated Regulatory T-Lymphocytes upon Communicable Diseases., These results suggest that both bisexual and male S. japonicum infections may modulate the development of Allergic Asthma., We found that lung-stage S. japonicum Communicable Diseases significantly ameliorated Ovum-induced AAI, whereas post-lung-stage Communicable Diseases did not., In a Mus model of Asthma, S. japonicum egg antigens decreased the expression of Th2 cytokines, relieved Antigens-induced airway Inflammation, and inhibited Asthma development., We found that S. japonicum Communicable Diseases downregulated airway hyperresponsiveness., However, in recent years, studies have found that Schistosoma Communicable Diseases or Schistosoma related products can improve or prevent some immune and inflammatory diseases, such as severe Asthma, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2, Diabetes Mellitus and so on., In areas where Schistosomiasis is endemic, a negative correlation is observed between MS4A2 wt Allele and Helminthiasis, associated with a low prevalence of Asthma.[SEP]Relations: Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease has relations: disease_disease with Schistosomiasis, disease_disease with Schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis has relations: disease_disease with Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma intercalatum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma intercalatum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma intercalatum infectious disease, disease_disease with Schistosoma intercalatum infectious disease. Definitions: Regulatory T-Lymphocytes defined as following: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Helminthiasis defined as following: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.. MS4A2 wt Allele defined as following: Human MS4A2 wild-type allele is located within 11q12-q13 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit beta protein, plays a role in both immunoglobulin binding and mast cell responses.. Helminths defined as following: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.. Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by Peptides bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Antigens defined as following: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.. Mus defined as following: Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae.. Schistosomiasis defined as following: Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.. Schistosoma mansoni defined as following: A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes Schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Asthma defined as following: A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).. neutrophil defined as following: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.. Schistosomiasis japonica defined as following: Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum. It is endemic in the ASIA, EASTERN and affects the bowel, liver, and spleen.. Schistosoma japonicum defined as following: A species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the ASIA, EASTERN. The intermediate host is a snail. It occurs in man and other mammals.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. T-Lymphocyte defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an Antigens, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that Antigens.. Ovum defined as following: A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Have germline variants been associated to colorectal cancer?", "id": "converted_1501", "sentence1": "Have Germline Variant been associated to Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum?", "sentence2": "Overall, we identified aberrant RNA Transcript in 8% of the patients (familial cases 30%; early-onset manifestation 21%). In eight of them, two different out-of-frame pseudoexons were found consisting of a 167-bp insertion from intron 4 in five families with a shared founder cdE cdE haplotype finding finding and a 83-bp insertion from intron 10 in three patients. The pseudoexon formation was caused by three different heterozygous Germline Gene Mutation, which are supposed to activate Cryptic Splice Sites, We apply OS-Seq to resequence the Exons of either 10 or 344 cancer Genes from human DNA samples. In our assessment of capture performance, >87% of the captured sequence originated from the intended target region with sequencing coverage falling within a tenfold range for a majority of all targets. Single nucleotide Variant (SNVs) called from OS-Seq data agreed with >95% of Variant obtained from whole-genome sequencing of the same individual., The minor Alleles of CD44 rs8193 C>T, ALCAM rs1157 G>A, and Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 rs17109924 T>C were significantly associated with increased TTR protein, human protein, human (9.4 vs. 5.4 years; plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.51; 95% CI: 0.35-0.93; P = 0.022; 11.3 vs. 5.7 years; plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.94; P = 0.024, and 10.7 vs. 5.7 years; plant-type hypersensitive response, 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12-0.90; P = 0.023, respectively) and remained significant in the multivariate analysis stratified by ethnicity. In recursive partitioning, a specific Gene Mutant profile including Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 rs17109924, CD44 rs8193, and ALDH1A1 rs1342024 represented a high-risk subgroup with a median TTR protein, human protein, human of 1.7 years (plant-type hypersensitive response, 6.71, 95% CI: 2.71-16.63, P < 0.001)., In this study, we identified common Germline Variant in VEGF-dependent and -independent angiogenesis Genes predicting clinical outcome and tumor response in patients with mCRC receiving first-line bevacizumab and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy., We identified 22 nonsynonymous somatic Gene Mutation of which the majority was of missense type. In Germline, three novel nonsynonymous Variant were identified in the following Genes: CSMD3 protein, human protein, human, EPHB6 protein, human protein, human and EDRF1 gene, and none of the Variant were present in 890 population-matched healthy controls. It is possible that the identified Germline Variant modulate predisposition to Cytogenetic Complete Response., One patient proved to carry an Antigen-Presenting Cells whole-gene deletion; 4 of 25 (16%) patients showed biallelic and 3 of 25 (12%) monoallelic MUTYH protein, human protein, human Gene Mutation. In the three heterozygous subjects no pathogenetic Variant were found in OGG1 protein, human protein, human, NUDT1 wt Allele, APEX1 gene, DNA Mismatch Repair Protein DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2, human, human, and MSH6 protein, human protein, human Genes. Frequency assessment of MUTYH protein, human protein, human Gene Mutation in healthy subjects showed that only Y165C and G382D reach a subpolymorphic frequency., Scrutinizing the molecular genetic results and family data of 242 index patients with pathogenic Antigen-Presenting Cells Gene Mutation led to the identification of 10 mosaic cases (4%). C>T transitions were observed in PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A sites in four of the 10 cases with Somatic mosaicism, which is significantly more than 26 of the 232 non-mosaic cases (p = 0.02). Phenotypes of patients with Somatic mosaicism ranged from an attenuated form of Multiple polyps coli to florid Multiple polyps with major extracolonic manifestations., Altogether 12 previously reported changes and four novel Mutation, mostly in intronic sequences, were identified. The results revealed the presence of biallelic Germline MUTYH protein, human wt Allele Gene Mutation in two patients. These patients were compound heterozygotes for two of the most common Germline Gene Mutation c.494 A>G (p.Y165C); c.1,145 G>A (p.G382D). These Variant are established to be associated with Adenomatous Polyposis Coli and Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum.[SEP]Relations: EDRF1 has relations: disease_protein with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_protein with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_protein with colorectal carcinoma, disease_protein with colorectal carcinoma. Somatic mutation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_phenotype_positive with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_phenotype_positive with esophageal cancer, disease_phenotype_positive with esophageal cancer. malignant colon neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum. Definitions: DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2, human defined as following: DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (934 aa, ~105 kDa) is encoded by the human DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2, human gene. This protein is involved in DNA mismatch repair.. Gene Mutant defined as following: A variation in the nucleic acid sequence of a specific gene.. TTR protein, human defined as following: Transthyretin (147 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human TTR protein, human gene. This protein is involved in both the binding and transport of retinol and thyroxine.. Somatic mosaicism defined as following: The presence of genetically distinct populations of somatic cells in a given organism caused by DNA Gene Mutation, epigenetic alterations of DNA, chromosomal abnormalities or the spontaneous reversion of inherited Gene Mutation. [HPO:probinson, PMID:12360233]. Cytogenetic Complete Response defined as following: The disappearance of all signs of cancer, including the absence of a detectable disease-related genetic abnormality, as determined by techniques such as karyotyping or FISH, in response to treatment.. MUTYH protein, human defined as following: Adenine DNA glycosylase protein (546 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the MUTYH protein, human gene. This nuclear enzyme plays a role in mismatch repair via the removal of mutagenic adenine/8-oxo-guanine.. NUDT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human NUDT1 wild-type allele is located within 7p22 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase protein, is involved in the hydrolysis of 8-oxo-dGTP in the free nucleotide pool. Overexpression of the NUDT1 gene is associated with several types of cancer such as non-small-cell lung carcinomas, renal cell carcinomas and prostate cancer.. OGG1 protein, human defined as following: N-glycosylase/DNA lyase (345 aa, ~39 kDa) is encoded by the human OGG1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in nucleotide excision repair.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. MUTYH wt Allele defined as following: Human MUTYH protein, human allele is located within 1p34.3-p32.1 and is approximately 92 kb in length. This allele, which encodes adenine DNA glycosylase protein, is involved in repair of the mutagenic adenosine/8-oxo-guanine mismatched base pair in DNA. Certain allelic Variant of the MUTYH protein, human gene are associated with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum.. Antigen-Presenting Cells defined as following: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.. CSMD3 protein, human defined as following: CUB and sushi domain-containing protein 3 (3707 aa, ~406 kDa) is encoded by the human CSMD3 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the development of neuronal projections.. APEX1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in DNA repair processes.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 defined as following: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (907 aa, ~100 kDa) is encoded by the human Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 gene. This protein plays a role in signal transduction.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli defined as following: A Multiple polyps syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the Antigen-Presenting Cells Genes (GENES, Antigen-Presenting Cells) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the Variant in production of the same gene product.. Multiple polyps defined as following: A condition characterized by the presence of numerous polyps.. MSH6 protein, human defined as following: DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 (1360 aa, ~153 kDa) is encoded by the human MSH6 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the DNA damage response.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. plant-type hypersensitive response defined as following: The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen. [ISBN:0582227089]. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. EPHB6 protein, human defined as following: Ephrin type-B receptor 6 (1021 aa, ~111 kDa) is encoded by the human EPHB6 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of ephrin-B signaling pathways.. Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is LDB1-mediated enhancer looping dependent on cohesin?", "id": "converted_2455", "sentence1": "Is LDB1-mediated enhancer looping dependent on cohesins?", "sentence2": "LDB1-mediated enhancer looping can be established independent of mediator and cohesins., Moreover, Encode (action) data and our chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicate that cohesins is almost completely absent from validated and predicted LDB1-regulated erythroid enhancer-gene pairs. Thus, lineage specific factors largely mediate enhancer-promoter looping in Erythroid Cells independent of mediator and cohesins., Moreover, Encode (action) data and our chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicate that cohesins is almost completely absent from validated and predicted LDB1-regulated erythroid enhancer-gene pairs., Moreover, Encode (action) data and our chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicate that cohesins is almost completely absent from validated and predicted LDB1-regulated erythroid enhancer-gene pairs., LDB1-mediated enhancer looping can be established independent of mediator and cohesins.[SEP]Definitions: Encode (action) defined as following: To assign a code to represent data.. Erythroid Cells defined as following: The series of cells in the red blood cell lineage at various stages of differentiation..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is ustekinumab a polyclonal antibody?", "id": "converted_3217", "sentence1": "Is ustekinumab a polyclonal antibody?", "sentence2": "Ustekinumab Ab Ab, a Homo sapiens monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting the p40-subunit shared by interleukin (IL)12 and interleukin-23 binding activity, represents a potential treatment for Dermatitis, Atopic (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol).[SEP]Relations: Ustekinumab Ab has relations: drug_drug with Ficlatuzumab, drug_drug with Ficlatuzumab, drug_protein with IL12B, drug_protein with IL12B, drug_drug with Ecromeximab, drug_drug with Ecromeximab, drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Teplizumab, drug_drug with Teplizumab. Definitions: Dermatitis, Atopic defined as following: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.. interleukin-23 binding activity defined as following: Binding to interleukin-23. [GOC:jl]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. polyclonal antibody defined as following: A heterogeneous antibody derived from a host organism, typically produced by immunization of a suitable mammal with an antigen which induces B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. The resulting collection of antibodies have specificity for different epitopes of the antigen..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is vorinostat effective for glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_2486", "sentence1": "Is vorinostat effective for Glioblastoma Multiforme?", "sentence2": "Conclusions: vorinostat combined with standard chemoradiation had acceptable tolerability in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme. Although the primary efficacy endpoint was not met, vorinostat sensitivity and resistance signatures could facilitate patient selection in future trials., LESSONS LEARNED: Combination regimen with bevacizumab (BEV) and vorinostat is well tolerated in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., CONCLUSION: Combination treatment of BEV and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity was well tolerated. This combination therapy for this study population did not improve PFS6 or median OS when compared with BEV monotherapy., We present two patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme multiforme who developed severe Anemia, Hemolytic shortly after initiating therapy with vorinostat, a pan-active histone deacetylase PPP1R1A gene, while on prophylactic dapsone., vorinostat is the most advanced HDAC9 wt Allele PPP1R1A gene that entered clinical trials in Glioblastoma Multiforme, showing activity in recurrent disease. Multiple phase II trials with vorinostat in combination with targeted agents, temozolomide and radiotherapy are currently recruiting. , . On the basis of the results of this phase II study, further evaluation of the vorinostat-bortezomib combination in Glomerular Basement Membrane patients in this dose and schedule is not recommended., ith the increased Toxic effect associated with CPT-11 coupled with its unclear clinical significance, investigating the efficacy of vorinostat combined with bevacizumab alone may represent a more promising strategy to evaluate in the context of a phase II clinical trial., CONCLUSION: vorinostat in combination with temozolomide is well tolerated in patients with HGG. A phase I/II trial of vorinostat with radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme is underway.[SEP]Relations: vorinostat has relations: drug_effect with Cholecystitis, drug_effect with Cholecystitis, drug_effect with Erythroderma, drug_effect with Erythroderma, drug_effect with T-cell lymphoma, drug_effect with T-cell lymphoma, drug_drug with Entinostat, drug_drug with Entinostat, drug_effect with Xerostomia, drug_effect with Xerostomia. Definitions: vorinostat defined as following: A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC9 wt Allele, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin. [EC:1.2.7.7]. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. HDAC9 wt Allele defined as following: Human HDAC9 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 7p21.1 and is approximately 910 kb in length. This allele, which encodes histone deacetylase 9 protein, is involved in the modification of histones.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Anemia, Hemolytic defined as following: A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).. CPT-11 defined as following: brand name of an anti-cancer drug. vorinostat defined as following: A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC9 wt Allele, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is CircRNA produced by back splicing of exon, intron or both, forming exon or intron circRNA?", "id": "converted_4543", "sentence1": "Is CircRNA produced by back splicing of exon, intron or both, forming exon or intron circRNA?", "sentence2": "CircRNAs are a subclass of lncRNAs that have been found to be abundantly present in a wide range of Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing, including Homo sapiens. CircRNAs are generally produced by a noncanonical splicing event called backsplicing that is dependent on the canonical splicing machinery, giving rise to circRNAs classified into three main categories: exonic circRNA, Circular Intronic RNA, and exon-intron circular RNA. , Circular RNA (circRNA) is a large class of covalently closed circRNA., Human transcriptome contains a large number of RNA, Circular (circRNAs) that are mainly produced by back splicing of RNA, Messenger Precursor., Analyses of the other reads revealed two origins for non-canonical circRNAs: (1) Intronic sequences for lariat-derived intronic circRNAs and intron circles, (2) Mono-exonic genes (mostly non-coding) for either a new type of circRNA (including only part of the exon: sub-exonic circRNAs) or, even more rarely, mono-exonic canonical circRNAs., Our objective was to characterize non-canonical circRNAs, namely not originating from back splicing and circRNA produced by non-coding genes., Recent studies have identified a new class of ncRNAs called RNA, Circular (circRNAs), which are produced by back-splicing and fusion of either Exons, Introns, or both exon-intron into covalently closed loops., CircRNA is produced by the reverse splicing of exon, intron or both, forming exon or intron circRNA., Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a recently re-discovered Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing of RNA that emerge during RNA maturation through a process called back-splicing. , Exonic RNA, Circular (circRNAs) are RNA molecules that are covalently closed by back-splicing via canonical splicing machinery. , Human transcriptome contains a large number of RNA, Circular (circRNAs) that are mainly produced by back splicing of RNA, Messenger Precursor. , Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non‑coding RNAs formed by covalently closed loops through back‑splicing and exon‑skipping. , Here, we review the emerging understanding that both, circRNAs produced by co- and posttranscriptional head-to-tail \"backsplicing\" of a downstream splice donor to a more upstream splice acceptor, as well as circRNAs generated from intronic lariats during colinear splicing, may exhibit physiologically relevant regulatory functions in Eukaryota., Compared to the linear RNA, circRNAs are produced differentially by backsplicing Exons or lariat Introns from a pre-messenger RNA (RNA, Messenger) forming a covalently closed loop structure missing 3' poly-(A) tail or 5' cap, rendering them immune to exonuclease-mediated degradation., CircRNAs are a large class of endogenous single-stranded RNA that is different from other linear RNA, which are produced by back-splicing and fusion of either Exons, Introns, or both exon-intron into covalently closed loops., Circular RNAs (circRNAs) derived from back-spliced Exons have been widely identified as being co-expressed with their linear counterparts.[SEP]Relations: Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis has relations: pathway_protein with POLR2C, pathway_protein with POLR2C, pathway_protein with POLR2B, pathway_protein with POLR2B, pathway_protein with POLR2K, pathway_protein with POLR2K, pathway_protein with POLR2E, pathway_protein with POLR2E, pathway_protein with POLR2L, pathway_protein with POLR2L. Definitions: RNA, Circular defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). RNA, Messenger Precursor defined as following: A primary RNA transcript synthesized from a DNA template in eukaryotic nuclei which is post-transcriptionally modified and spliced to produce a mature RNA, Messenger.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing Homo sapiens.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the Exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate genes.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. exon defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. intron defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the Exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate genes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are bacteria in the genus Clostridium facultative anaerobes?", "id": "converted_3760", "sentence1": "Are Bacteria in the genus Clostridium species facultative anaerobes?", "sentence2": "strict Bacteria, Anaerobic Clostridium species species acetobutylicum, Class Class Clostridia belong to those Bacteria which are considered as obligate Bacteria, Anaerobic, e.g. Oxygen Equipment Location is harmful or lethal to these Bacteria., We report here the closed genome of Clostridium species species pasteurianum ATCC 6013, a saccharolytic, nitrogen-fixing, and spore-forming Gram-positive obligate Bacteria, Anaerobic, Clostridium species species pasteurianum BB, a saccharolytic and spore-forming obligate Bacteria, Anaerobic, Clostridium species species difficile is a spore-forming obligate Bacteria, Anaerobic that is a leading cause of Cross Infection, However, the discovery of Microbicides has been biased towards aerobes and facultative anaerobes, and strict anaerobes such as Clostridium species species spp., Clostridium species species is a large genus of obligate anaerobes belonging to the Firmicutes phylum of Bacteria, most of which have a Gram-positive cell wall structure., Such Bacteria are either obligate anaerobic Bacteria like Clostridium species species or Bifidobacterium species species or facultative anaerobic like Escherichia coli or Salmonella species species., Antimicrobial production by strictly anaerobic Clostridium species species spp.[SEP]Relations: anaerobic Bacteria infectious disease has relations: disease_disease with Clostridium species infectious disease, disease_disease with Clostridium species infectious disease, disease_disease with infection caused by Bifidobacterium species, disease_disease with infection caused by Bifidobacterium species, disease_disease with Fusobacterium infectious disease, disease_disease with Fusobacterium infectious disease, disease_disease with Bacteroides infectious disease, disease_disease with Bacteroides infectious disease. Clostridium species difficile colitis has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Unusual gastrointestinal infection, phenotype_phenotype with Unusual gastrointestinal infection. Definitions: Bacteria, Anaerobic defined as following: Bacteria that can survive and grow in the complete, or nearly complete absence of Oxygen Equipment Location.. Cross Infection defined as following: Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.. Firmicutes defined as following: A taxonomic phylum within kingdom Bacteria consisting of mostly gram-positive Bacteria with a low G+C ratio. The phylum is highly diverse in phenotypic characteristics.. Microbicides defined as following: Generically, any agent that destroys microbes. However, usage of the term is increasingly being confined to agents that prevent or reduce the transmission of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Clostridium species difficile defined as following: A species of Clostridium species that is the most significant cause of pseudomembranous colitis.. Escherichia coli defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped Bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome organized into topologically associated domains (TADs)?", "id": "converted_3054", "sentence1": "Is the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae) Genome - anatomical entity organized into topologically associated domains (Tietz syndrome)?", "sentence2": "Recent advances in our understanding of the three-dimensional organization of the eukaryotic nucleus have rendered the spatial distribution of Genes increasingly relevant. In a recent work (Tsochatzidou et al., Nucleic Acids Res 45:5818-5828, 2017), we proposed the existence of a functional compartmentalization of the yeast Genome - anatomical entity according to which, Genes occupying the chromosomal regions at the nuclear periphery have distinct structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics compared to their centromeric-proximal counterparts. Around the same time, it was also shown that the Genome - anatomical entity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae is organized in topologically associated domains (Tietz syndrome), which are largely associated with the replication timing., Form and function of topologically associating genomic domains in budding yeast., Although similar structures appear to be conserved in fission yeast, computational modeling and analysis of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data have been used to argue that the small, highly constrained budding yeast chromosomes could not have these structures. In contrast, herein we analyze Hi-C data for budding yeast and identify 200-kb scale Tietz syndrome, whose boundaries are enriched for transcriptional activity. Furthermore, these boundaries separate regions of similarly timed replication origins connecting the long-known effect of genomic context on replication timing to Genome - anatomical entity architecture. To investigate the molecular basis of aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen formation, we performed Hi-C experiments on Cells depleted for the Forkhead Transcription Factors, FOXO1 wt Allele and FOXG1 wt Allele, previously associated with replication timing. Forkhead factors do not regulate aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen formation, but do promote longer-range genomic interactions and control interactions between origins near the centromere. Thus, our work defines spatial organization within the budding yeast nucleus, demonstrates the conserved role of Genome - anatomical entity architecture in regulating DNA replication, and identifies a molecular mechanism specifically regulating interactions between pericentric origins., Around the same time, it was also shown that the Genome - anatomical entity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae is organized in topologically associated domains (Tietz syndrome), which are largely associated with the replication timing., Around the same time, it was also shown that the Genome - anatomical entity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae is organized in topologically associated domains (Tietz syndrome), which are largely associated with the replication timing. , In contrast, herein we analyze Hi-C data for budding yeast and identify 200-kb scale Tietz syndrome, whose boundaries are enriched for transcriptional activity.[SEP]Relations: TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of other transcription factors has relations: pathway_protein with CITED2, pathway_protein with CITED2, pathway_protein with TFAP2C, pathway_protein with TFAP2C, pathway_protein with TFAP2A, pathway_protein with TFAP2A, pathway_protein with PITX2, pathway_protein with PITX2. anatomical entity has relations: anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart, anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart. Definitions: FOXO1 wt Allele defined as following: Human FOXO1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 13q14.1 and is approximately 111 kb in length. This allele, which encodes forkhead box protein O1A, is involved in the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.. Tietz syndrome defined as following: Tietz syndrome is a genetic hypopigmentation and deafness syndrome characterized by congenital profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and generalized albino-like hypopigmentation of skin, eyes and hair.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the chromosomes.. FOXG1 wt Allele defined as following: Human FOXG1 wild-type allele is located within 14q12-q13 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes forkhead box protein G1, is involved in both the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and in the regional development of the brain.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Forkhead Transcription Factors defined as following: A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.. yeast defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an RNAi drug being developed to treat amyloidosis?", "id": "converted_2308", "sentence1": "Is there an RNAi drug being developed to treat Primary amyloidosis?", "sentence2": "Patisiran is an investigational RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic in development for the treatment of hereditary ATTR (hATTR) Primary Primary amyloidosis, a progressive disease associated with significant disability, morbidity, and mortality.[SEP]Relations: primary Primary amyloidosis has relations: disease_disease with AL Primary amyloidosis, disease_disease with AL Primary amyloidosis. Definitions: Primary amyloidosis defined as following: A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is intense physical activity associated with longevity?", "id": "converted_370", "sentence1": "Is intense physical activity associated with longevity?", "sentence2": "Our major finding is that repeated very intense exercise prolongs life span in well trained practitioners., Cessation of life rates declined with increased levels of total activity (estimated in kilocalories), and declined also with increased intensity of effort measured as from none, to light, to moderately vigorous or vigorous sports play. Cessation of life rates at any given quantity of physical exercise were lower for men playing moderately intense sports than for less vigorous men., he purpose of this study was to investigate if jogging, which can be very vigorous, is associated with increased all-cause mortality in men and women., This long-term study of joggers showed that jogging was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality and a substantial increase in survival for both men and women., Light activities (<4 multiples of resting metabolic rate (METs)) were not associated with reduced mortality rates, moderate activities (4-<6 METs) appeared somewhat beneficial, and vigorous activities (> or =6 METs) clearly predicted lower mortality rates (p, trend = 0.72, 0.07, and <0.001, respectively)., These data demonstrate a graded inverse relationship between total physical activity and mortality. Furthermore, vigorous activities but not nonvigorous activities were associated with longevity., The capacity for prolonged and vigorous physical exercise, particularly if the exercise is recreational, is a strong indicator of longevity.[SEP]Relations: Cessation of head growth has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, phenotype_phenotype with Secondary microcephaly, phenotype_phenotype with Secondary microcephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Nivolumab (Opdivo) a PD-L1 inhibitor?", "id": "converted_3370", "sentence1": "Is nivolumab (Opdivo) a PD-L1 PPP1R1A gene?", "sentence2": "Fatal Myocarditis Following Treatment with the PDCD1 wt Allele Inhibitor nivolumab,  PDCD1 wt Allele PPP1R1A gene nivolumab (Opdivo), programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1 wt Allele)-blocking Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic nivolumab or pembrolizumab , An improvement in the understanding of the role of the immune system in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor immunosurveillance has led to the development of the programmed death-1 ( PDCD1 wt Allele ) Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors nivolumab ( Opdivo) . , nivolumab (Opdivo(®); nivolumab BMS™) was the first programmed death (PD)-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors to be approved for use in advanced, Squamous non-small cell lung cancer (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) following prior chemotherapy.[SEP]Relations: nivolumab has relations: drug_protein with PDCD1, drug_protein with PDCD1, drug_drug with Opicinumab, drug_drug with Opicinumab, drug_drug with PRO-542, drug_drug with PRO-542, drug_drug with IGN311, drug_drug with IGN311, drug_drug with Ipilimumab, drug_drug with Ipilimumab. Definitions: PDCD1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PDCD1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37.3 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death protein 1, plays a role in the modulation of both apoptosis and cellular immunity. Mutation of the gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus type 2.. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors defined as following: An agent that inhibits any of the immune checkpoint inhibitory proteins.. Squamous non-small cell lung cancer defined as following: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells. It includes the clear cell and papillary variants of squamous cell carcinoma.. nivolumab defined as following: A fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PDCD1 wt Allele, PCD-1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PDCD1 wt Allele, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against Specimen Source Codes - tumor cells. Activated PDCD1 wt Allele negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in Specimen Source Codes - tumor evasion from host immunity.. Myocarditis defined as following: Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. PD-L1 defined as following: Human CD274 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p24 and is approximately 20 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein, plays a role in the regulation of T cell stimulation and proliferation..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there an increased risk for cancer in Dyskeratosis Congenita?", "id": "converted_162", "sentence1": "Is there an increased risk for Primary malignant neoplasm in Dyskeratosis Congenita?", "sentence2": "People with Dyskeratosis Congenita are at increased risk for progressive Bone marrow hypocellularity (Bcl-2-Modifying Factor), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (Miller Dieker syndrome) or Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute (AML), Solid Neoplasm (usually Anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital Primary malignant neoplasm), and Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- fibrosis, Clinical progression of the disease can lead to Aplastic Anemia (86% of all patients) and to Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- or hepatic complications. These patients also have an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm., Fanconi Anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol), dyskeratosis congenita (Dyskeratosis Congenita), Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1), and SHWACHMAN-DIAMOND SYNDROME 2 (Symptom Distress Scale) comprise major inherited Bone marrow hypocellularity syndromes (Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes). Adverse events include severe Bone marrow hypocellularity (Bcl-2-Modifying Factor), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (Miller Dieker syndrome), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and solid tumours (ST), Patients with doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol had earlier onset of Malignant Neoplasms, need for stem cell transplant, and Cessation of life; followed by Dyskeratosis Congenita; Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 and Symptom Distress Scale were mildest. While doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol and Dyskeratosis Congenita patients had markedly increased risks of Primary malignant neoplasm, AML and Miller Dieker syndrome, there were no cases of leukemia in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 or Symptom Distress Scale patients, The findings demonstrate that both doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol and Dyskeratosis Congenita are major Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility syndromes, People with Dyskeratosis Congenita are at increased risk for progressive Bone marrow hypocellularity (Bcl-2-Modifying Factor), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (Miller Dieker syndrome) or Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute (AML), Solid Neoplasm (usually Anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital Primary malignant neoplasm), and Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- fibrosis, Patients with dyskeratosis congenita (Dyskeratosis Congenita) have an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm, but also exhibit heightened radiation sensitivity., Dyskeratosis congenita (Dyskeratosis Congenita) is characterized by the clinical triad of reticular skin pigmentation, Leukoplakia, Oral, and Dystrophia unguium associated with Bone marrow hypocellularity (Bcl-2-Modifying Factor) and an high risk to develop Primary malignant neoplasm and Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- complications., CONCLUSION: Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract Malignant Neoplasms in these patients., Point Mutation in the DKC1 gene that encodes H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 4, human cause the rare inherited syndrome called X-Linked Dyskeratosis Congenita, characterized by a failure of proliferating tissues and increased susceptibility to Primary malignant neoplasm., Dyskeratosis Congenita (Dyskeratosis Congenita) also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome is a rare multi-system BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROME 2 characterised by mucocutaneous abnormalities and an increased predisposition to Primary malignant neoplasm\"., Dyskeratosis congenita is an inherited syndrome characterised by mucocutaneous features, Bone marrow hypocellularity, an increased risk of malignancy and other somatic abnormalities., Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract Malignant Neoplasms in these patients., Epidermal atrophy, hair growth defects, Bone marrow hypocellularity and increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm are also common in Dyskeratosis Congenita patients., telomere dysfunction and Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppression responses in dyskeratosis congenita: balancing Primary malignant neoplasm and Tissue Specimen Code renewal impairment., Patients with dyskeratosis congenita (Dyskeratosis Congenita) have an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm, but also exhibit heightened radiation sensitivity, Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract Malignant Neoplasms in these patients, Dyskeratosis congenita is an inherited syndrome characterised by mucocutaneous features, Bone marrow hypocellularity, an increased risk of malignancy and other somatic abnormalities, While doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol and Dyskeratosis Congenita patients had markedly increased risks of Primary malignant neoplasm, AML and Miller Dieker syndrome, there were no cases of leukemia in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 or Symptom Distress Scale patients, As in FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) and dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 is both an inherited BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROME 2 and a Primary malignant neoplasm predisposition syndrome; Primary malignant neoplasm risks appear lower in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 than in FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) or dyskeratosis congenita, Severe Pancytopenia frequently causes early mortality of Dyskeratosis Congenita patients, who have an increased risk of developing Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Here different aspects of telomere biology, concerning adult stem cells senescence, Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppression and Primary malignant neoplasm are considered in the context of Dyskeratosis Congenita, resulting in two translational models: late onset of Dyskeratosis Congenita symptoms in telomere-related mutations carriers is a potential indicator of increased Primary malignant neoplasm risk and differences in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppression capacities among the genetic subgroups are (at least partial) causes of different clinical manifestations of the disease, Point Mutation in the DKC1 gene that encodes H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 4, human cause the rare inherited syndrome called X-Linked Dyskeratosis Congenita, characterized by a failure of proliferating tissues and increased susceptibility to Primary malignant neoplasm, Dyskeratosis congenita is a Primary malignant neoplasm-prone BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROME 2 caused by aberrations in telomere biology.[SEP]Relations: dyskeratosis congenita has relations: disease_protein with TERC, disease_protein with TERC, disease_protein with TERT, disease_protein with TERT. dyskeratosis congenita, X-linked has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Carcinoma, disease_protein with TERT, disease_protein with TERT, disease_disease with X-linked disease, disease_disease with X-linked disease. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. telomere defined as following: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.. Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma defined as following: A Anal squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oropharynx. It predominantly affects adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the Specimen Source Codes - tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with locally advanced disease. Signs and symptoms include mucosal ulceration, pain, bleeding, weight loss, neck swelling, and difficulty speaking, chewing, and swallowing. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal Specimen Source Codes - tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the Specimen Source Codes - tumor and the lymph nodes status.. Leukoplakia, Oral defined as following: A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).. Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 defined as following: Congenital pure red cell aplasia caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the RPS19 gene, encoding 40S ribosomal protein S19.. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other Tissue Specimen Code. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A Specimen Source Codes - tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 4, human defined as following: H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 4 (514 aa, ~58 kDa) is encoded by the human DKC1 gene. This protein is involved in telomerase stabilization and maintenance and the processing of ribosomal RNA.. DKC1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both H/ACA small nucleolar RNA ribonucleoprotein assembly and telomerase stabilization and maintenance.. Dyskeratosis Congenita defined as following: A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, Dystrophia unguium and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with Pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 4, human.. Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes defined as following: A group of inherited genetic hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by Bone marrow hypocellularity that involves one or more cell lines. Representative examples include FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder), Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and SHWACHMAN-DIAMOND SYNDROME 2.. Pancytopenia defined as following: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Symptom Distress Scale defined as following: A patient reported questionnaire composed of rating scales developed to measure the degree of distress experienced by the patient for specific symptoms.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Point Mutation defined as following: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. Dystrophia unguium defined as following: Deformity or discoloration of a fingernail or toenail.. Aplastic Anemia defined as following: A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME defined as following: Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) defined as following: FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) caused by mutations of the FANCA gene. FANCA gene mutations are the most common cause of FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder). This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway.. Bone marrow hypocellularity defined as following: A reduced number of hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow relative to marrow fat. [DDD:wouwehand, HPO:probinson]. Fanconi Anemia defined as following: Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder): FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004). Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan defined as following: A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94). Solid Neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered Solid Neoplasm.. X-Linked Dyskeratosis Congenita defined as following: Dyskeratosis congenita inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. It is caused by mutations in the DKC1 gene.. Miller Dieker syndrome defined as following: A rare syndrome caused by deletion of genetic material in the short arm of chromosome 17. It is characterized by an abnormally smooth brain with fewer folds and grooves. It results in intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, spasticity, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Affected individuals have distinctive facial features that include a prominent forehead, midface hypoplasia, small, upturned nose, low-set ears, small jaw, and thick upper lip.. Anal squamous cell carcinoma defined as following: A Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the anal canal or the anal margin (perianal skin). Human papillomavirus is detected in the majority of cases. Homosexual HIV-positive men have an increased risk of developing anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison to the general male population. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding. The prognosis is generally better for anal margin SCC than for anal canal SCC.. Bcl-2-Modifying Factor defined as following: Bcl-2-modifying factor (184 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human Bcl-2-Modifying Factor gene. This protein plays a role in the positive regulation of pro-apoptotic gene products.. Dyskeratosis Congenita defined as following: A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, Dystrophia unguium and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with Pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 4, human..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the protein HOXA11 associated with endometrial disease?", "id": "converted_4578", "sentence1": "Is the protein Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 associated with endometrial disease?", "sentence2": " Both Neprilysin and Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 have been implicated in regulation of endometrial homeostasis., Combined expression of Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 and Neprilysin identifies Endometriosis versus normal tissue and Neoplasms., The combination of Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 and Neprilysin expression profiles provides a useful tool to identify ectopic endometrial tissue and for distinguishing Endometriosis from various types of gynecological malignancies and metastases., Downregulation of Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 enhances Malignant neoplasm of endometrium malignancy, Low Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 expression may promote the proliferation, migration, invasion of Malignant neoplasm of endometrium cells, and increase their resistance to cisplatin through activating PTEN/AKT pathway., Endometrial mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXA10 wt Allele wt Allele and Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 were significantly lower in patients with AM than in control patients.[SEP]Relations: cervix Endometriosis has relations: disease_disease with cervix disease, disease_disease with cervix disease, disease_disease with Endometriosis (disease), disease_disease with Endometriosis (disease). Cisplatin has relations: drug_protein with NQO1, drug_protein with NQO1, drug_protein with ATOX1, drug_protein with ATOX1. anus neoplasm has relations: disease_protein with IFNB1, disease_protein with IFNB1. Definitions: HOXA10 wt Allele defined as following: Human HOXA10 wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 7p15-p14 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes homeobox protein Hox-A10, is involved in both the modulation of the transcriptional activity of RNA Polymerase II and the development of the anterio-posterior axis.. Neprilysin defined as following: Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.. Malignant neoplasm of endometrium defined as following: Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the endometrium (mucous membrane that lines the endometrial cavity).. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 defined as following: Homeobox protein Hox-A11 (313 aa, ~34 kDa) is encoded by the human Homeobox Protein Hox-A11 gene. This protein is involved in dorsal/ventral patterning.. cisplatin defined as following: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.. Endometriosis defined as following: A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are TAD boundaries in Drosophila depleted in highly-expressed genes?", "id": "converted_2277", "sentence1": "Are aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen boundaries in Drosophila <basidiomycetes> depleted in highly-expressed Genes?", "sentence2": "Furthermore, we find that these aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen boundaries are present irrespective of the expression and looping of Genes located between them., In particular, Hi-C revealed that Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 of animal allergen extracts are organized into topologically associating domains (Tietz syndrome), evolutionary conserved compact chromatin domains that influence gene expression., Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> inter-Tietz syndrome harbor active chromatin and constitutively transcribed (housekeeping) Genes. , The insulator-like, aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen-boundary-like, and aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen-interior-like regions are each enriched for distinct epigenetic marks and are each correlated with different gene expression levels, We conclude that epigenetic modifications, gene density, and transcriptional activity combine to shape the local packing of the A. thaliana nuclear Genome - anatomical entity., Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions., Our results demonstrate the functional importance of Tietz syndrome for orchestrating gene expression via Genome - anatomical entity architecture and indicate criteria for predicting the pathogenicity of Homo sapiens structural variants, particularly in non-coding regions of the Homo sapiens Genome - anatomical entity., The three-dimensional organization of a Genome - anatomical entity plays a critical role in regulating gene expression, yet little is known about the machinery and mechanisms that determine higher-order Chromosome Structures., Ectopically expressed roX1 and roX2 RNA target Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder dysfunction on the X Chromosome in trans and, via spatial proximity, induce spreading of the MSL complex in cis, leading to increased expression of neighboring autosomal Genes. , Collectively, our results suggest that Tietz syndrome are condensed chromatin domains depleted in active chromatin marks, separated by regions of active chromatin., However, Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> inter-Tietz syndrome harbor active chromatin and constitutively transcribed (housekeeping) Genes.[SEP]Relations: insect neurogenic region has relations: anatomy_anatomy with embryonic structure, anatomy_anatomy with embryonic structure. X Chromosome has relations: cellcomp_protein with PCGF3, cellcomp_protein with PCGF3, cellcomp_protein with SIN3B, cellcomp_protein with SIN3B, cellcomp_protein with PCGF5, cellcomp_protein with PCGF5. chromosome X structural anomaly has relations: disease_disease with partial deletion of chromosome X, disease_disease with partial deletion of chromosome X. Definitions: RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Chromosome Structures defined as following: Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.. Tietz syndrome defined as following: Tietz syndrome is a genetic hypopigmentation and deafness syndrome characterized by congenital profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and generalized albino-like hypopigmentation of skin, eyes and hair.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of Homo sapiens Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1.. Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder dysfunction defined as following: Bladder sphincter dysfunction in an individual with normal bladder innervation, which may lead to renal impairment.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. MSL complex defined as following: A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residue at position 16. In Homo sapiens, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, and MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3. [PMID:16227571, PMID:20018852]. X Chromosome defined as following: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in Homo sapiens and other male-heterogametic species..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Can protein coding exons originate from ALU sequences?", "id": "converted_415", "sentence1": "Can protein coding Exons originate from ALU sequences?", "sentence2": "The Alu Elements has been a major source of new Exons during primate evolution. Thousands of Homo sapiens genes contain spliced Exons derived from Alu elements., More than 25% of Alu Exons analyzed by RNA-Seq have estimated transcript inclusion levels of at least 50% in the Homo sapiens cerebellum, indicating widespread establishment of Alu Exons in Homo sapiens genes., his study presents genomic evidence that a major functional consequence of Alu exonization is the lineage-specific evolution of translational regulation., Our data suggests that lineage-specific exonization events should be determined by the combination event of the formation of splicing sites and protection against site-specific mutation pressures. These evolutionary mechanisms could be major sources for primate diversification., Exonization of Alu elements creates primate-specific genomic diversity, Our data show that, once acquired, some exonizations were lost again in some lineages. In general, Alu exonization occurred at various time points over the evolutionary history of primate lineages, and protein-coding potential was acquired either relatively soon after Integration (data processing) or millions of years thereafter., Once integrated, they have the potential to become exapted as functional modules, e.g., as protein-coding domains via alternative splicing. This particular process is also termed exonization and increases protein versatility, alternative \"Alu-Exons\" also carry the potential to greatly enhance genetic diversity by increasing the transcriptome of primates chiefly via alternative splicing., ere, we report a 5' exon generated from one of the two alternative transcripts in Homo sapiens tumor necrosis factor receptor gene type 2 (TNFRSF1B wt Allele) that contains an ancient Alu-SINE, which provides an alternative N-terminal protein-coding domain.[SEP]Relations: Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation has relations: pathway_protein with ELOC, pathway_protein with ELOC, pathway_protein with UNKL, pathway_protein with UNKL, pathway_protein with GLMN, pathway_protein with GLMN, pathway_protein with AREL1, pathway_protein with AREL1, pathway_protein with ASB10, pathway_protein with ASB10. Definitions: Integration (data processing) defined as following: An operation used in calculus whereby the integral of a function is determined.. TNFRSF1B wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFRSF1B wild-type allele is located within 1p36.3-p36.2 and is approximately 42 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B protein, plays a role in the mediation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling.. Alu Elements defined as following: The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an upper limit on the functional fraction of the human genome?", "id": "converted_4040", "sentence1": "Is there an upper limit on the functional fraction of the human genome?", "sentence2": "Mutational load considerations lead to the conclusion that the functional fraction within the human genome cannot exceed 25%, and is probably considerably lower.[SEP]", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is baricitinib effective for rheumatoid arthritis?", "id": "converted_3040", "sentence1": "Is baricitinib effective for Rheumatoid Arthritis?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSION: Baricitinib 2 mg and 4 mg administered once daily, in combination with DMARD, were efficacious interventions for active RA that had no significant risk of TEAE development., CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety profile of baricitinib was maintained during long-term treatment of Japanese patients with RA and background methotrexate therapy., CONCLUSION: In a phase IIb study in RA, the safety and tolerability profile of baricitinib, up to 128 weeks, remained consistent with earlier observations, without unexpected late signals. Clinical improvements seen in the 24-week blinded period were maintained during the OLE., CONCLUSION: Data for baricitinib, with/without methotrexate, in Japanese subpopulations across all stages of the RA treatment continuum accord with the efficacy/safety profile in overall study populations., Conclusion: Baricitinib demonstrated a consistent, beneficial treatment effect in bDMARD-refractory patients across subgroups based on baseline characteristics and prior bDMARD use., Baricitinib is effective in treatment of RA, and did not appear to have significant safety concerns during the first 6 months of treatment., OBJECTIVE\nBaricitinib is an orally administered PPP1R1A gene of JAK1 protein, human protein, human and JAK2 protein, human protein, human that has been shown to be effective in treating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., EXPERT OPINION\nJanus kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis as evidenced by several inhibitors enabling the majority of treated patients to achieve ACR20 responses, with baricitinib and INCB-039110 both effective when administered once daily., OBJECTIVE\nBaricitinib is an oral, once-daily selective Janus kinase (JAK1 protein, human protein, human/JAK2 protein, human protein, human) PPP1R1A gene for adults with moderately to severely active Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., Two different Janus kinase (Janus kinase) inhibitors-baricitinib and tofacitinib-are effective and licensed in active Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., Baricitinib for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis., OBJECTIVES\nOral Route of Drug administration Route of Drug administration targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including the Janus kinase inhibitors tofacitinib and baricitinib, are the latest addition to the therapeutic options for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., Baricitinib (Olumiant™) is an orally-administered, small-molecule, janus-associated kinase (Janus kinase) PPP1R1A gene developed by Eli Lilly and Incyte Corporation for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Dermatitis, Atopic and Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic., EXPERT OPINION Janus kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis as evidenced by several inhibitors enabling the majority of treated patients to achieve ACR20 responses, with baricitinib and INCB-039110 both effective when administered once daily., Tofacitinib 10 mg + methotrexate (MTX) and baricitinib 4 mg + MTX were among the most effective treatments for active RA with an inadequate DMARD or biologic response, followed by baricitinib 2 mg + MTX, tofacitinib 5 mg + MTX, and adalimumab + MTX., OBJECTIVE Baricitinib is an orally administered PPP1R1A gene of JAK1 protein, human protein, human and JAK2 protein, human protein, human that has been shown to be effective in treating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., CONCLUSIONS In patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis who had had an inadequate response to methotrexate, baricitinib was associated with significant clinical improvements as compared with placebo and adalimumab., Thus, once-daily baricitinib, as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate, is an effective and generally well tolerated emerging treatment for patients with moderate to severe active RA who have responded inadequately to or are intolerant of ≥ 1 DMARD, and extends the options available for this population., OBJECTIVES Oral Route of Drug administration Route of Drug administration targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including the Janus kinase inhibitors tofacitinib and baricitinib, are the latest addition to the therapeutic options for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., Five phase 3 trials of Baricitinib, a JAK1 protein, human protein, human and JAK2 protein, human protein, human PPP1R1A gene, have been performed and showed high clinical efficacy in patients with active RA and naïve to sDMARDs or an inadequate response to sDMARDs, MTX or bDMARDs., It is also reported that safety was tolerable within the limited study period.<br><b>AREAS COVERED</b>: We here review the recent progress in the development of baricitinib and its potential for the treatment of RA., <b>OBJECTIVE</b>: Baricitinib is an orally administered PPP1R1A gene of JAK1 protein, human protein, human and JAK2 protein, human protein, human that has been shown to be effective in treating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)., In February 2017, baricitinib was approved in the EU, as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate, for the treatment of moderate to severe active Rheumatoid Arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)., In patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis who had had an inadequate response to methotrexate, baricitinib was associated with significant clinical improvements as compared with placebo and adalimumab., In pivotal multinational trials, once-daily baricitinib 4 mg, with/without methotrexate (± another csDMARD), improved the signs and symptoms of RA, disease activity and physical function in DMARD-naive patients and in patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate, csDMARDs or Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein inhibitors; baricitinib treatment also slowed structural joint damage in DMARD-naive patients and in those with an inadequate response to methotrexate and csDMARDs., Five phase 3 trials of Baricitinib, a JAK1 protein, human protein, human and JAK2 protein, human protein, human PPP1R1A gene, have been performed and showed high clinical efficacy in patients with active RA and naïve to sDMARDs or an inadequate response to sDMARDs, MTX or bDMARDs.[SEP]Relations: Baricitinib has relations: drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Denosumab, drug_drug with Denosumab, drug_drug with Ibrutinib, drug_drug with Ibrutinib. Definitions: baricitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable PPP1R1A gene of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1 protein, human/2), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, baricitinib binds to JAK1 protein, human/2, which inhibits JAK1 protein, human/2 activation and leads to the inhibition of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and may prevent an inflammatory response. In addition, baricitinib may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation of JAK1 protein, human/2-expressing tumor cells. Janus kinase kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in cytokine signaling, inflammation, immune function and hematopoiesis; they are also upregulated and/or mutated in various tumor cell types.. methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an PPP1R1A gene of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. JAK1 protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 protein, human (1154 aa, ~133 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in both tyrosine phosphorylation and interferon-mediated signaling.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic defined as following: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to one of a number of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) proteins. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein family cytokines bind to and activate specific cell-surface receptors, thereby mediating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. One primary antitumor effect of TNFs involves stimulation of T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity.. Janus kinase defined as following: A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the Janus kinase/STAT pathway. The name Janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains.. JAK2 protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 protein, human (1132 aa, ~131 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in immunity, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.. adalimumab defined as following: A recombinant, human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha), with immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, adalimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, thereby preventing its binding to the p55 and p75 Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein cell surface receptors and inhibiting Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in various autoimmune diseases.. tofacitinib defined as following: An orally available PPP1R1A gene of Janus kinases (Janus kinase), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to Janus kinase and prevents the activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. Janus kinase kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation.. Dermatitis, Atopic defined as following: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.. Oral Route of Drug administration defined as following: The introduction of a substance to the mouth or into the gastrointestinal tract by the way of the mouth, usually for systemic action. It is the most common, convenient, and usually the safest and least expensive route of drug administration, but it uses the most complicated pathway to the tissues and bioavailability varies. The disadvantages of method are hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation of the drug within the gastrointestinal tract. This prohibits oral administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between TERT promoter mutation and survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_366", "sentence1": "Is there an association between TERT wt Allele promoter mutation and survival of glioblastoma patients?", "sentence2": "Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme patients with TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations showed a shorter survival than those without TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations in univariate analysis (median, 9.3 vs. 10.5 months; P = 0.015) and multivariate analysis after adjusting for age and gender (plant-type hypersensitive response 1.38, 95 % CI 1.01-1.88, P = 0.041). However, TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations had no significant impact on patients' survival in multivariate analysis after further adjusting for other Mutation, or when primary and secondary glioblastomas were separately analysed. These results suggest that the prognostic value of TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations for poor survival is largely due to their inverse correlation with Isocitrate Dehydrogenase [NADP] Cytoplasmic mutations, which are a significant prognostic marker of better survival in patients with secondary glioblastomas., Patients with Neoplasms lacking hTERT expression/TA showed a significant survival benefit (Kaplan-Meier test, both P < .01), which, however, was based exclusively on the younger patient subgroup (≤60 y, both P < .005; >60 y, both ns). , Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme patients with TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations showed a shorter survival than those without TERT wt Allele wt Allele mutations in univariate analysis (median, 9.3 vs[SEP]Relations: adult glioblastoma has relations: disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease), disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease), disease_disease with adult spinal cord glioblastoma, disease_disease with adult spinal cord glioblastoma, disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm. Somatic mutation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with glioma susceptibility, disease_phenotype_positive with glioma susceptibility, disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma, disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma. Definitions: Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase [NADP] Cytoplasmic defined as following: Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic (414 aa, 47 kDa) is encoded by the human Isocitrate Dehydrogenase [NADP] Cytoplasmic gene. This protein plays a role the oxidation of isocitrate and oxalosuccinate.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). plant-type hypersensitive response defined as following: The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen. [ISBN:0582227089]. TERT wt Allele defined as following: Human TERT wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5p15.33 and is approximately 42 kb in length. This allele, which encodes telomerase reverse transcriptase protein, is involved in the replication of telomeres. Aberrant expression of the allele at elevated levels may contribute to oncogenesis.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an increased risk of meningiomas in atomic bomb survivors?", "id": "converted_3536", "sentence1": "Is there an increased risk of Benign Meningioma in Atomic Bombs survivors?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: Benign Benign Meningioma was the most common Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor among clinically diagnosed Neoplasms, followed by neuroepithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, Neurilemmoma, and pituitary Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor. , The predominance of Benign Benign Meningioma over Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial in the Japanese population was noteworthy and warrants further investigation. , Risk increases, although not statistically significant, were seen for Benign Benign Meningioma (ERR(Sv) = 0.6, 95% CI = -0.01 to 1.8), Glioma (ERR(Sv) = 0.6, 95% CI = -0.2 to 2.0), other nervous system Neoplasms (ERR(Sv) = 0.5, 95% CI = <-0.2 to 2.2), and pituitary Neoplasms (ERR(Sv) = 1.0, 95% CI = <-0.2 to 3.5)., High incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima Atomic Bombs survivors., The incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima Atomic Bombs survivors has increased since 1975. There was a significant correlation between the incidence and the dose of radiation to the Head>Brain. The present findings strongly suggest that meningioma is one of the Neoplasms induced by atomic bombing in Hiroshima., Incidence of Intracranial Benign Benign Meningioma in Nagasaki atomic-bomb survivors., The analysis showed a high correlation between incidence of Benign Benign Meningioma and distance from the hypocenter. The incidence among Nagasaki atomic-bomb survivors over 40 years of age, especially in those proximally exposed, appears to be increasing, in inverse proportion to the exposure distance, since 1981, 36 years after the explosion of the Atomic Bombs., The incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima Atomic Bombs survivors has increased since 1975., The present findings strongly suggest that meningioma is one of the Neoplasms induced by atomic bombing in Hiroshima., The incidences of meningioma among the survivors of Hiroshima in 5-year intervals since 1975 were 5.3, 7.4, 10.1, and 14.9, respectively., The analysis showed a high correlation between incidence of Benign Benign Meningioma and distance from the hypocenter.[SEP]Relations: skin meningioma has relations: disease_disease with meningioma (disease), disease_disease with meningioma (disease), disease_disease with malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor of meninges, disease_disease with malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor of meninges. benign meningioma has relations: disease_disease with meningioma (disease), disease_disease with meningioma (disease). Intracranial meningioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with meningioma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with meningioma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis, disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis. Definitions: Intracranial Benign Meningioma defined as following: A meningioma that arises within the cranial cavity.. Benign Meningioma defined as following: A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular Neoplasms which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7). Benign Meningioma defined as following: A grade I, slowly growing meningioma. Only a minority of Neoplasms recur following complete resection.. Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial defined as following: Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal Neoplasms are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5). Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. pituitary Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary Neoplasms may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Neurilemmoma defined as following: A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these Neoplasms may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these Neoplasms are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5). nervous system Neoplasms defined as following: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is HYDIN (Hydrocephalus-inducing protein homolog) an axonemal protein?", "id": "converted_4691", "sentence1": "Is HYDIN (Hydrocephalus-inducing Protein Info homolog) an axonemal Protein Info?", "sentence2": "HYDIN gene was recently identified as an axonemal Protein Info; however, its function is as yet unknown., precise axonemal location of hydin, a Protein Info that, when mutated, causes Hydrocephalus, and defined a unique role for hydin in ciliary motility.[SEP]Relations: Hydrocephalus has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with isotretinoin-like syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with isotretinoin-like syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with methylmalonic aciduria/acidemia and homocystinuria, disease_phenotype_positive with methylmalonic aciduria/acidemia and homocystinuria, disease_phenotype_positive with methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria, disease_phenotype_positive with methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria, disease_phenotype_positive with Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair, disease_phenotype_positive with Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair, drug_effect with Glatiramer, drug_effect with Glatiramer. Definitions: Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Hydrocephalus defined as following: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is pRETRO-SUPER an adenoviral vector?", "id": "converted_4422", "sentence1": "Is pRETRO-SUPER an adenoviral vector?", "sentence2": " In this study, we investigated the effect of RNA, Small Interfering (siRNA) of Connective Tissue growth factor (Connective Tissue growth factor) by pRetro-Super (Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy) retrovirus vector on the expression of Connective Tissue growth factor and related extracellular matrix molecules in Homo sapiens renal proximal tubular cells (HKCs) induced by high glucose, to provide help for renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis therapy.[SEP]Relations: Connective Tissue has relations: anatomy_protein_present with PRELP, anatomy_protein_present with PRELP, anatomy_protein_present with FAAP24, anatomy_protein_present with FAAP24, anatomy_protein_present with ZPR1, anatomy_protein_present with ZPR1, anatomy_protein_present with MRPL24, anatomy_protein_present with MRPL24. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis has relations: pathway_protein with PRKRA, pathway_protein with PRKRA. Definitions: RNA, Small Interfering defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy defined as following: An endoscopic technique that uses polarized light to provide qualitative morphological information of tissue in situ, with reduced background signals, to evaluate epithelial tissue for dysplasia and ischemia.. Connective Tissue growth factor defined as following: A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification.. Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. adenoviral vector defined as following: One of a number of genetically-engineered adenoviruses designed to insert a gene of interest into a eukaryotic cell where the gene of interest is subsequently expressed. Unlike most other vectors, adenovirus vectors have the ability to infect post-mitotic cells. Thus, these agents are especially useful for gene transfer into neuronal cells. (NCI04).", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is disruption of immune regulation mechanisms associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE)?", "id": "converted_4697", "sentence1": "Is disruption of immune regulation mechanisms associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines)?", "sentence2": " Maternal systemic and Eutheria inflammatory responses participate in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including Pre-Eclampsia, a pregnancy-specific syndrome, although the role of inflammation remains unclear. , Our results indicate these Proteins are new factors that play important roles in the immunological pathomechanism of Pre-Eclampsia., Inflammation and oxidative stress at the maternal-Prenatal care interface characterize the Eutheria dysfunction that underlies the pregnancy disorder Pre-Eclampsia., The abnormal expression of HAVCR2 wt Allele on Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of phosphatidylethanolamines, and could be a marker to evaluate the immune function in phosphatidylethanolamines., Maternal immune tolerance is important for maintaining pregnancy, and researchers have increasingly focused on the critical roles of Recombinant Cytokines in the pathogenesis of phosphatidylethanolamines in recent years., Disruption of well-controlled immune functions leads to Sterility, Reproductive, Eutheria inflammation, and numerous pregnancy complications, including Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines)., Effect of Endogenic and Exogenic Oxidative Stress Triggers on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preterm Birth., Disruption of complex immune regulation mechanisms is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines)., In addition, it has been demonstrated that immune disturbance may be responsible for some adverse pregnancy outcomes such as Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines), recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and intrauterine growth restriction (Fetal Growth Retardation)., esponse. In previous models of Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines), defective immune function caused by disruption of lymphangiogenesis was shown to be involved in the disease pathophy, OBJECTIVE: Increased oxidative stress and Immune System Diseases are implicated in Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines) and may contribute to the two- to fourfold increase in phosphatidylethanolamines prevalence among women with type 1 , r, in Pre-Eclampsia, the regulation of immune responses is disrupted as a result of aberrant activation of innate immune cells and imbalanced differentiation of T-helper cell subsets creating a cytotoxic environment in uter, Disruption in the Regulation of Immune Responses in the Placental Subtype of Preeclampsia, a disrupted immune system might be a Predisposing Factors or result of Eutheria oxidative stress or excessive inflammation in Pre-Eclampsia. Preeclampsia c, clude insufficient control of inflammation, failure of tolerance toward paternal Antigens at the Prenatal care-maternal interface, and subsequent over- or insufficient activation of Biological Response Modifiers. It is als, PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the disruption of immune regulation occurs in early pregnancy before the clinical manifestations of pre, s review, we focus on the role of excessive systemic inflammation as the result of a dysregulated immune system in the development of Pre-Eclampsia. These, PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the disruption of immune regulation occurs in early pregnancy before the clinical manifestations of pree, However, in Pre-Eclampsia, the regulation of immune responses is disrupted as a result of aberrant activation of innate immune cells and imbalanced differentiation of T-helper cell subsets creating a cytotoxic environment in utero., In conclusion, a disrupted immune system might be a Predisposing Factors or result of Eutheria oxidative stress or excessive inflammation in Pre-Eclampsia., esponse. In previous models of Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines), defective immune function caused by disruption of lymphangiogenesis was shown to be involved in the disease pathoph, Disruption of this immune balance and/or inadequate Eutheria perfusion is believed to be associated with a lot of pregnancy-related complications, such as recurrent spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, and Prenatal care intrauterine growth restriction., Therefore, a delicate immune balance is critical for the maintenance of a successful pregnancy, while disruption of this balance can induce complications such as implantation failure, miscarriage, preterm birth/labor, Pre-Eclampsia and Prenatal care growth restriction., Antigens during pregnancy. Disruption of complex immune regulation mechanisms is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including Pre-Eclampsia (P, ccessful pregnancy. It has been demonstrated that innate immune disturbances may be responsible for some adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclamps, ever, in Pre-Eclampsia, the regulation of immune responses is disrupted as a result of aberrant activation of innate immune cells and imbalanced differ, PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the disruption of immune regulation occurs in early pregnancy before the clinical manifestations of Pre-Eclampsia, However, immune maladaptation and hemostatic imbalance have been suggested to be responsible for adverse pregnant outcomes, such as Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines), miscarriage, recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and intrauterine growth restriction (Fetal Growth Retardation)., PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to clarify whether the disruption of immune regulation occurs in early pregnancy before the clinical manifestations of Pre-Eclampsia.METHOD OF STUDY: The serum concentrations of Recombinant Interleukin-2 (Recombinant Interleukin-2 binding activity) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha) were determined by using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) in the first trimester of pregnancy in women who had Pre-Eclampsia develop after 28 weeks of pregnancy (preeclamptic group) and in women who completed pregnancy uneventfully (control group).RESULTS: Serum concentrations of both Recombinant Interleukin-2 binding activity and Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in the first trimester of the preeclamptic group were significantly higher than those of the control group.CONCLUSIONS: That the perturbation of feto-maternal immune regulation may precede the clinical manifestations of Pre-Eclampsia, which may be of relevance i, Preeclampsia can thus be considered a hyperinflammatory state associated with defective regulation of the immune system proposed as a key element in the pathological events of the Eutheria subtype of this disorder., Disruption in the Regulation of Immune Responses in the Placental Subtype of Preeclampsia., It has been demonstrated that innate immune disturbances may be responsible for some adverse pregnancy outcomes such as Pre-Eclampsia (phosphatidylethanolamines); Specimen Reject Reason - Hemolysis, elevated Finding of liver enzyme levels, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome; intrauterine growth restriction (Fetal Growth Retardation); and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).[SEP]Relations: Pre-Eclampsia has relations: contraindication with Progesterone, contraindication with Progesterone, disease_disease with toxemia of pregnancy, disease_disease with toxemia of pregnancy, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the nervous system, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the nervous system, disease_disease with severe pre-eclampsia, disease_disease with severe pre-eclampsia, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the kidney, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the kidney. Definitions: HAVCR2 wt Allele defined as following: Human HAVCR2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q33.3 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 protein, is involved in the activation of macrophages and helper T cells.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells defined as following: A heterogeneous, immature population of myeloid cells that can suppress the activity of T-CELLS and NATURAL KILLER CELLS in the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE and ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. They play important roles in ONCOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; and INFECTION.. Recombinant Interleukin-2 binding activity defined as following: Binding to Recombinant Interleukin-2. [GOC:jl]. phosphatidylethanolamines defined as following: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.. Pre-Eclampsia defined as following: A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha with antineoplastic properties. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha binds to and activates \"death receptors\" on the cell surface, resulting in apoptosis and cell death by the p53-independent extrinsic pathway. This agent also disrupts tumor vascularization. (NCI04). Antigens defined as following: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Prenatal care defined as following: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.. Fetal Growth Retardation defined as following: Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.. Immune System Diseases defined as following: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha defined as following: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.. Recombinant Interleukin-2 defined as following: Any recombinant analog of endogenous Recombinant Interleukin-2 (Recombinant Interleukin-2 binding activity), a cytokine involved in intercellular communication related to cell differentiation, proliferation, inflammation, hematopoiesis, neuronal functions, and release of hormones. Recombinant Interleukin-2 binding activity binds to and activates specific receptors, triggering expression of specific genes, and may induce T cell-mediated tumor regression in some tumor types.. Biological Response Modifiers defined as following: Any substance that induces, enhances, restores or suppresses the host's immune system, or an agent that utilizes or is derived from a component of the immune system.. Eutheria defined as following: A highly vascularized mammalian Prenatal care-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and Prenatal care waste products. It includes a Prenatal care portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).. Sterility, Reproductive defined as following: Complete inability to conceive or induce conception..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is deletion at 6q24.2-26 associated with shorter survival for ovarian cancer patients?", "id": "converted_3714", "sentence1": "Is Gene Deletion Abnormality at 6q24.2-26 associated with shorter survival for ovarian cancer patients?", "sentence2": "Deletion at 6q24.2-26 predicts longer survival of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients., Standard treatments for advanced high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) show significant side-effects and provide only short-term survival benefits due to disease recurrence. Thus, identification of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers is urgently needed. We have used 42 paraffin-embedded HGSOCs, to evaluate the utility of DNA copy number alterations, as potential predictors of clinical outcome. Copy number-based unsupervised clustering stratified HGSOCs into two clusters of different immunohistopathological features and survival outcome (HR = 0.15, 95%CI = 0.03-0.81; Padj = 0.03). We found that loss at 6q24.2-26 was significantly associated with the cluster of longer survival independently from other confounding factors (HR = 0.06, 95%CI = 0.01-0.43, Padj = 0.005). The prognostic value of this Gene Deletion Abnormality was validated in two independent series, one consisting of 36 HGSOCs analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (P = 0.04) and another comprised of 411 HGSOCs from the Cancer Genome Atlas study (TCGA) (HR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.48-0.93, Padj = 0.019). In addition, we confirmed the association of low expression of the Genes from the Geographic Locations with longer survival in 799 HGSOCs (HR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.61-0.90, log-rank P = 0.002) and 675 high-FIGO stage HGSOCs (HR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.61-0.96, log-rank P = 0.02) available from the online tool KM-plotter. Finally, by integrating copy number, RNAseq and survival data of 296 HGSOCs from TCGA we propose a few candidate Genes that can potentially explain the association. Altogether our findings indicate that the 6q24.2-26 Gene Deletion Abnormality is an independent marker of favorable outcome in HGSOCs with potential clinical value as it can be analyzed by FISH on tumor sections and guide the selection of patients towards more conservative therapeutic strategies in order to reduce side-effects and improve quality of life., We found that loss at 6q24.2-26 was significantly associated with the cluster of longer survival independently from other confounding factors (HR = 0.06, 95%CI = 0.01-0.43, Padj = 0.005)., OBJECTIVE\n\nWe aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of the nucleotide excision repair-related gene GTF2H5, which is localized at the 6q24.2-26 Gene Deletion Abnormality previously reported by our group to predict longer survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients., We found that loss at 6q24.2-26 was significantly associated with the cluster of longer survival independently from other confounding factors (HR = 0.06, 95%CI = 0.01-0.43, Padj = 0.005)., OBJECTIVE\nWe aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of the nucleotide excision repair-related gene GTF2H5, which is localized at the 6q24.2-26 Gene Deletion Abnormality previously reported by our group to predict longer survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients., OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of the nucleotide excision repair-related gene GTF2H5, which is localized at the 6q24.2-26 Gene Deletion Abnormality previously reported by our group to predict longer survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients., We aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of the nucleotide excision repair-related gene GTF2H5, which is localized at the 6q24.2-26 Gene Deletion Abnormality previously reported by our group to predict longer survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients.[SEP]Relations: Abnormality of the dentition has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 6pter-p24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 6pter-p24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 8q21.11 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 8q21.11 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with 22q11.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with 22q11.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome. Definitions: DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. ovarian cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between pyostomatitis vegetans and Crohn's disease?", "id": "converted_4559", "sentence1": "Is there an association between pyostomatitis vegetans and Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues?", "sentence2": "Among the main oral manifestations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome are cobblestoning of the Oral mucous membrane structure, labial swellings with vertical fissures, pyostomatitis vegetans, Angular cheilitis, Perioral erythema, and Glossitis. , Pyostomatitis vegetans: A Clue for Diagnosis of Silent Crohn's Disease., We present a case of Pyostomatitis vegetans involving Gingiva and Oral mucous membrane structure with no skin lesion which led to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues to emphasize important role of dentists in diagnosis of rare oral Lesion and management of patients' systemic disease., Moreover, in both CD and Ulcerative Colitis, there occur several other inflammatory skin conditions such as Erythema Nodosum, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, chronic oral aphthous disease, Sweet Syndrome, pyostomatitis vegetans, and Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome. , Diffuse mucosal swelling, cobblestone mucosa, localised mucogingivitis, deep linear ulceration, Fibrous tissue Tags (device), Specimen Source Codes - Polyps, Nodulus cerebelli, pyostomatitis vegetans, and aphthous-like Ulcer have been described in Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues. , Aphthous stomatitis and pyostomatitis vegetans are among non-specific oral manifestations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome., Pyostomatitis vegetans (Polycythemia Vera) is a rare, chronic mucocutaneous disorder associated with INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome). Oral Lesion of Polycythemia Vera are distinct and present as multiple white or yellow pustule with an erythematous base that coalesce and undergo Necrotic changes (finding) to form a typical \"snail tracks\" appearance. Two cases of Polycythemia Vera associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome--one with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues (CD) and the other with ulcerative colitis (Ulcerative Colitis) are reported.,  Oral involvement during Irritable Bowel Syndrome includes several types of Lesion: the most common are aphthae; uncommon Lesion include, among others, pyostomatitis vegetans and granulomatous Lesion of CD. , Pyostomatitis vegetans (Polycythemia Vera) is a rare condition characterized by pustule that affect the Oral mucous membrane structure. It is a highly specific marker for INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 and its correct recognition may lead to the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues. , matitis and pyostomatitis vegetans are among non-specific oral manifestations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In differe, on-specific manifestations, such as Minor oral aphthous ulceration and Angular cheilitis, occur in both diseases, while pyostomatitis vegetans is more pronounced in patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Non-specific lesio, ment during Irritable Bowel Syndrome includes several types of Lesion: the most common are aphthae; uncommon Lesion include, among others, pyostomatitis vegetans and granulomatous Lesion of CD. Starting wit, s Ulcer, pyostomatitis vegetans, cobblestoning and Gingivitis are important oral findings frequently observed in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Their p, e main oral manifestations of Irritable Bowel Syndrome are cobblestoning of the Oral mucous membrane structure, labial swellings with vertical fissures, pyostomatitis vegetans, Angular cheilitis, Perioral erythema, and Glossitis. In this sen, Pyostomatitis vegetans is frequently associated with chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and can, thus, give a diagnostic hint at an existing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease., Oral Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues and pyostomatitis vegetans. An unusual association., [Pyostomatitis vegetans and Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues. A specific association of 2 diseases]., osis of Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues. Clinical manifestations improved dramatically with prednisone.DISCUSSION: This case of pyostomatitis-pyodermatitis vegetans involved several aspects rarely reported in the literature: a) the cutaneomucosal signs were inaugural; b) the association with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues; c) the presence of Lesion to the genital mucosa; d) the unusual localization , Pyostomatitis vegetans is a specific marker for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues., The pathogenetic interrelationship between pyostomatitis vegetans and Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues is discussed., Successful treatment with infliximab and methotrexate of pyostomatitis vegetans associated with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues., Infliximab and methotrexate may be a promising treatment for the rare cases of pyostomatitis vegetans associated with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues., INTRODUCTION: Pyostomatitis vegetan (Polycythemia Vera) is often associated with chronic INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome).OBSERVATION: Tw[SEP]Relations: Crohn disease of the esophagus has relations: disease_disease with Crohn disease, disease_disease with Crohn disease, disease_disease with esophagitis (disease), disease_disease with esophagitis (disease). INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues, disease_phenotype_positive with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues, disease_phenotype_positive with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues, disease_phenotype_positive with Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues, disease_disease with Crohn disease, disease_disease with Crohn disease. Definitions: Lesion defined as following: A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part.. methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. Erythema Nodosum defined as following: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory Nodulus cerebelli that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These Nodulus cerebelli are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.. Pyoderma Gangrenosum defined as following: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish Ulcer with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.. Angular cheilitis defined as following: Inflammation of the skin at the corners of the mouth characterized by redness, fissures or crusts.. Ulcerative Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases defined as following: Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.. pustule defined as following: A circumscribed and elevated skin lesion filled with purulent material.. Ulcer defined as following: A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.. Oral mucous membrane structure defined as following: Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.. Sweet Syndrome defined as following: Condition characterized by large, rapidly extending, erythematous, tender plaques on the upper body usually accompanied by fever and dermal infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes. It occurs mostly in middle-aged women, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection, and clinically resembles ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME. Sweet Syndrome is associated with LEUKEMIA.. Gingiva defined as following: Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.. Glossitis defined as following: Inflammation of the tongue.. infliximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.. prednisone defined as following: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. Perioral erythema defined as following: Erythema (Redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin) localized to the region surrounding the mouth. []. Tags (device) defined as following: Cardboard, metal, or plastic markers used for object (e.g., medical device, container with clinical samples) and/or personal (e.g., health emergency patients, accident victims) identification and/or classification.. Necrotic changes (finding) defined as following: A finding indicating the presence of cellular Necrotic changes (finding) in a tissue specimen.. Fibrous tissue defined as following: A tissue composed of bundles of collagenous white fibers between which are rows of connective tissue cells.. Gingivitis defined as following: Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. Hidradenitis Suppurativa defined as following: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, Ulcer appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.. Polycythemia Vera defined as following: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are integrins part of the extracellular matrix?", "id": "converted_539", "sentence1": "Are Integrins part of the extracellular matrix?", "sentence2": "Several constituents of the MMRN1 wt Allele provide adhesive cues, which serve as Binding Sites for cell trans-membrane receptors, such as Integrins., We also determined that blocking β1integrins, the major class of receptors for all MMRN1 wt Allele proteins tested,, Here, we elucidate a cross-scale mechanism for tissue assembly and MMRN1 wt Allele remodeling involving Cadherin-2, the MMRN1 wt Allele protein Fibronectin, and its receptor Integrin α5. , due to the diverse functions and variable expression of proteoglycans, matrix proteins, and Integrins, it is rather difficult to identify a comprehensive therapeutic target among MMRN1 wt Allele components., Integrin-dependent cell-extracellular matrix (MMRN1 wt Allele) adhesion is a determinant of Spindle orientation., The extracellular matrix component periostin is a secreted protein that functions as both a cell attachment protein and an autocrine or paracrine factor that signals through the cell adhesion molecule Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5. , Integrin receptors connect the extracellular matrix to the cell cytoskeleton to provide essential forces and signals. ,  the integrin, TLN1 gene, and Actins filament form a linear complex of which both ends are typically anchored to the Extracellular Matrix via Integrins., Integrins, a central family of cellular MMRN1 wt Allele receptors, have been implicated in these processes but their specific role in ES cell self-renewal remains unclear., Attachment to the extracellular matrix is mediated by a complex of adhesion proteins, including Integrins, signaling molecules, Actins and Actin-Binding Protein, and scaffolding proteins., Beta 1 integrin binding plays a role in the constant traction force generation in response to varying stiffness for Cells grown on mature cardiac extracellular matrix.[SEP]Relations: extracellular matrix has relations: cellcomp_protein with IGFALS, cellcomp_protein with IGFALS, cellcomp_protein with IHH, cellcomp_protein with IHH, cellcomp_protein with COMP, cellcomp_protein with COMP, cellcomp_protein with NYX, cellcomp_protein with NYX, cellcomp_protein with VEGFA, cellcomp_protein with VEGFA. Definitions: Integrins defined as following: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other Cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The Integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors (RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.. MMRN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MMRN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q22 and is approximately 75 kb in length. This allele, which encodes multimerin-1 protein, plays a role in platelet factor V/Va homeostasis.. Cadherin-2 defined as following: Cadherin-2 (906 aa, ~100 kDa) is encoded by the human CDH2 gene. This protein is involved in both neural stem cell anchorage and quiescence.. Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. Actin-Binding Protein defined as following: A diverse group of proteins that bind to Actins. These proteins direct a complex network of protein filaments that provide stability to the cellular infrastructure by supporting the dynamic motility of microfilaments, thereby enabling intracellular translocation and organelle transport.. Extracellular Matrix defined as following: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which Cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.. Spindle defined as following: The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [ISBN:0198547684]. Actins defined as following: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-Actins) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-Actins. In conjunction with MYOSINS, Actins is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Actins filament defined as following: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of Actins and associated proteins. Includes Actins cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]. extracellular matrix defined as following: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which Cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between Histone H3.3 mutations and glioma?", "id": "converted_2190", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Histone H3.3 mutations and glioma?", "sentence2": "PURPOSE: Histone H3.3 (H3-3A wt Allele) Mutation Abnormality in the Codon (nucleotide sequence) for lysine 27 (K27M) has been found as driver mutations in pediatric glioblastoma and has been suggested to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of thalamic Glioma and diffuse intrinsic pontine Glioma. We report a case of thalamic glioma with H3-3A wt Allele K27M Mutation Abnormality, which was detected in both the primary tumor diagnosed as diffuse Astrocytoma obtained during the first surgery and also in the tumor diagnosed as anaplastic Astrocytoma obtained at the second surgery., CONCLUSION: This report demonstrates minute neuroradiological and pathological features of malignant transformation from thalamic low grade glioma with H3-3A wt Allele K27M Mutation Abnormality., Recently, sequencing of Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant revealed that Histone antigen H3 is frequently mutated in pediatric HGG, with up to 78 % of diffuse intrinsic pontine Glioma (DIPGs) carrying K27M and 36 % of non-brainstem Glioma carrying either K27M or G34R/V mutations., The pathological diagnosis was Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma, and we identified a Mutation Abnormality in Histone antigen H3.3 in the tumor specimen., CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric brainstem oligodendroglial tumors can include Histone antigen H3.3-mutated tumors and have a tendency to disseminate throughout the neuroaxis at the time of relapse., We highlight the Genetic aberrations recently discovered in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NAD+), alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked, death-domain-associated protein, Histone antigen H3.3, and TERT gene and discuss how these mutations lead to unexpected changes in the epigenetic landscape in Glioma., Particularly striking is the discovery of frequent Histone antigen H3.3 mutations in pediatric glioma, a particularly aggressive neoplasm that has long remained poorly understood, Exon sequencing has identified a Mutation Abnormality in K27M of the Histone antigen H3.3 gene (H3-3A wt Allele K27M and G34R/V) in about 20% of pediatric glioblastomas, but it remains to be seen whether these mutations can be considered specific for pediatric diffuse high-grade astrocytomas or also occur in other pediatric brain tumors, The Histone antigen H3.3K27M Mutation Abnormality in pediatric glioma reprograms Histone H3 Lysine 28 methylation and gene expression, A lesson learned from the H3.3K27M Mutation Abnormality found in pediatric glioma: a new approach to the study of the function of Histone antigen modification in vivo, Pediatric Glioblastoma Multiforme (Glomerular Basement Membrane) is rare, and there is a single study, a seminal discovery showing association of Histone antigen H3.3 and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) (IDH)1 Mutation Abnormality with a DNA methylation signature., Over 70% of diffuse intrinsic pediatric Glioma, an aggressive brainstem tumor, harbor heterozygous mutations that create a K27M amino acid substitution (racemethionine replaces lysine 27) in the tail of Histone antigen H3.3., Gene Mutation in H3-3A wt Allele, which encodes Histone antigen H3.3, commonly occur in pediatric glioblastoma., Somatic mutations of the H3-3A wt Allele and H3C2 wt Allele Genes encoding the Histone antigen H3 Variant, H3.3 and H3C3 gene, were recently identified in high-grade Glioma arising in the Thalamic structure, Pontine structure and Spinal Cord of children and young adults., K27M Mutation Abnormality in Histone antigen H3.3 defines clinically and biologically distinct subgroups of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine Glioma., Recurrent mutations affecting the Histone antigen H3.3 residues Lys27 or indirectly Lys36 are frequent drivers of pediatric high-grade Glioma (over 30% of HGGs)., Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to model pediatric Glioma with H3.3K27M Histone antigen Mutation Abnormality., Recent studies on high-grade pediatric Glomerular Basement Membrane have identified two recurrent mutations (K27M and G34R/V) in Genes encoding Histone antigen H3 (H3-3A wt Allele for H3.3 and H3C2 wt Allele for H3C3 gene)., Driver mutations in Histone antigen H3.3 and chromatin remodelling Genes in paediatric glioblastoma.[SEP]Relations: Histone antigen H3 acetylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with MAP3K7, bioprocess_protein with MAP3K7, bioprocess_protein with KAT7, bioprocess_protein with KAT7, bioprocess_protein with BRPF3, bioprocess_protein with BRPF3, bioprocess_protein with KAT2A, bioprocess_protein with KAT2A, bioprocess_protein with KAT6A, bioprocess_protein with KAT6A. Definitions: H3C3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of chromosome dynamics.. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) defined as following: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.. Histone antigen modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a Histone antigen protein. [GOC:krc]. Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma defined as following: A central nervous system tumor with morphological features of Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH Genes and 1p/19q codeletion status.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through Genes in sperm and egg cells.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or Glioblastoma Multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Spinal Cord defined as following: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.. Astrocytoma defined as following: Neoplasms of the brain and Spinal Cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082). Histone antigen H3 defined as following: Histone H3 is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of Histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). H3C2 wt Allele defined as following: Human H3C2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6p22.1 and is approximately 1 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Histone antigen H3C3 gene protein, plays a role in the modulation of chromatin structure.. Pontine structure defined as following: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The Pontine structure serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.. Codon (nucleotide sequence) defined as following: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).. anaplastic Astrocytoma defined as following: A central nervous system tumor with morphological features of anaplastic Astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH Genes status.. racemethionine defined as following: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-racemethionine and L-racemethionine isomers.. Thalamic structure defined as following: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Histone antigen H3.3 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in nucleosome assembly.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. H3-3A wt Allele defined as following: Human H3-3A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q42.12 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Histone antigen H3.3 protein, plays a role in both nucleosome assembly and transcriptional regulation.. Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. TERT gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and telomere maintenance.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Histone H3 Lysine 28 defined as following: The lysine residue found at amino acid position 28 in the Histone antigen H3 protein. Methylation of this residue may be a marker for transcriptionally repressed Genes.. Human Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: A type of PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from early stage human embryos, up to and including the BLASTOCYST stage.. glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or Glioblastoma Multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is tofacitinib a JAK inhibitor?", "id": "converted_4273", "sentence1": "Is tofacitinib a Janus kinase inhibitor?", "sentence2": "The Janus Kinase inhibitor tofacitinib impacts human dendritic cell differentiation and favours M1 Macrophage development., tofacitinib, a small Janus kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and has demonstrated good efficacy in Psoriasis phase III clinical trials. [SEP]Relations: tofacitinib has relations: drug_protein with JAK2, drug_protein with JAK2, drug_protein with JAK1, drug_protein with JAK1, drug_protein with JAK3, drug_protein with JAK3, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Tocilizumab, drug_drug with Tocilizumab. Definitions: Janus kinase defined as following: A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the Janus kinase/STAT pathway. The name Janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. tofacitinib defined as following: An orally available inhibitor of Janus kinases (Janus kinase), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to Janus kinase and prevents the activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. Janus kinase kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation.. Psoriasis defined as following: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in Psoriasis.. M1 Macrophage defined as following: A macrophage that expresses CD80 and CD86 on the cell surface, produces high levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-12 and converts arginine to nitric oxide. These cells promote inflammation.. tofacitinib defined as following: An orally available inhibitor of Janus kinases (Janus kinase), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to Janus kinase and prevents the activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. Janus kinase kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there RNAi approaches considered for the treatment of kidney injury?", "id": "converted_2313", "sentence1": "Are there RNAi approaches considered for the treatment of kidney injury?", "sentence2": "Herein, we describe ammonium-functionalized carbon nanotube (fCNT)-mediated transport of siRNA selectively and with high efficiency to Kidney proximal tubule cells in animal models of Kidney Failure, Acute (Blighia sapida)., fCNT enhanced siRNA delivery to tubule cells compared to siRNA alone and effectively knocked down the expression of several target Genes, includingTrp53,Mep1b,SLC31A1 wt Allele, andEGFP A clinically relevant cisplatin-induced murine model of Blighia sapida was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of fCNT-targeted siRNA to effectively halt the pathogenesis of Kidney injury. , The nanocarbon-mediated delivery of siRNA provides a therapeutic means for the prevention of Blighia sapida to safely overcome the persistent barrier of Toxic nephropathy during medical intervention.[SEP]Relations: Acute kidney injury has relations: drug_effect with Imatinib, drug_effect with Imatinib, drug_effect with Aprotinin, drug_effect with Aprotinin, drug_effect with Propylthiouracil, drug_effect with Propylthiouracil, drug_effect with Lapatinib, drug_effect with Lapatinib, drug_effect with Pamidronic acid, drug_effect with Pamidronic acid. Definitions: Toxic nephropathy defined as following: Toxicity that impairs or damages the kidney. This condition is often caused by the administration of a pharmaceutical agent that causes damage to the kidney.. SLC31A1 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLC31A1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9q32 and is approximately 43 kb in length. This allele, which encodes high affinity copper uptake protein 1, is involved in transmembrane copper ion transport.. Kidney defined as following: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.. Kidney injury defined as following: Trauma to the kidney.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Kidney Failure, Acute defined as following: Sudden and sustained deterioration of the kidney function characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased serum creatinine or oliguria.. kidney injury defined as following: Trauma to the kidney..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is progesterone effective for treatment of patients with traumatic brain injury based on clinical trial data?", "id": "converted_436", "sentence1": "Is progesterone effective for treatment of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury based on clinical trial data?", "sentence2": "BACKGROUND: Progesterone [EPC] [EPC] has been associated with robust positive effects in animal models of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and with clinical benefits in two phase 2 randomized, controlled trials. , The proportion of patients with a favorable outcome on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (good recovery or moderate Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom) was 50.4% with progesterone, as compared with 50.5% with placebo. Mortality was similar in the two groups. No relevant safety differences were noted between progesterone and placebo. CONCLUSIONS: True primary (qualifier value) and secondary efficacy analyses showed no clinical benefit of progesterone in patients with severe TBI. These data stand in contrast to the robust preclinical data and results of early single-center trials that provided the impetus to initiate phase 3 trials., BACKGROUND: Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) is a major cause of death and Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom worldwide. Progesterone [EPC] [EPC] has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving patients with TBI. , There was no significant difference between the progesterone group and the placebo group in the proportion of patients with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of progesterone, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [NDUFB6 gene], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). Phlebitis or Thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the progesterone group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; NDUFB6 gene, 1.96 to 4.66). , CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial did not show a benefit of progesterone over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in patients with acute TBI. , Numerous studies, however, show that progesterone has substantial pleiotropic properties as a neuroprotective agent in both animal models and Homo sapiens., RESULTS: There was a better recovery rate and Genomics Outcome Scale score for the patients who were given progesterone than for those in the control group in a 3-months follow-up period (50% vs. 21%); subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in the percentage of favorable outcome between the two groups with GCS of 5-8 (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: The use of progesterone may significantly improve neurologic outcome of patients suffering severe TBI up to 3 months after injury, especially those with 5≤GCS≤8, providing a potential benefit to the treatment of acute severe TBI patients. Considering this Pharmacologic Substance had no significant side effects, so progesterone could be used in patients with severe TBI as a neuro-protective Pharmacologic Substance., While progesterone and cyclosporine have shown promise in phase II studies, success in larger phase III, randomized, multicentre, clinical trials is pending.,  All three studies reported the effects of progesterone on mortality. The pooled risk ratio (RR) for mortality at end of follow-up was 0.61, 95% confidence interval (NDUFB6 gene) 0.40 to 0.93. Three studies measured Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom and found the RR of death or severe Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom in patients treated with progesterone to be 0.77, 95% NDUFB6 gene 0.62 to 0.96., AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Current clinical evidence from three small RCTs indicates progesterone may improve the neurologic outcome of patients suffering TBI. This evidence is still insufficient and further multicentre randomised controlled trials are required., Genomics Outcome Scale was classified to 2 main categories of favorable and unfavorable recovery, of which, favorable recovery in placebo, progesterone, and progesterone-ergocalciferol was 25%, 45%, and 60%, respectively which showed a statistical significant difference among the groups (P-value = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results showed that recovery rate in patients with severe brain trauma in the group receiving progesterone and ergocalciferol together was significantly higher than that of progesterone group, which was in turn higher than that of placebo group.,  The pooled relative risk (RR) for mortality at end of follow-up is 0.61, 95% confidence interval (NDUFB6 gene) 0.40 to 0.93. Three studies measured Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom and found the RR of death or severe Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom in patients treated with progesterone was 0.77, 95% confidence interval (NDUFB6 gene) 0.62 to 0.96., AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Current clinical evidence from three small RCTs indicates progesterone may improve the neurologic outcome of patients suffering TBI. This evidence is still insufficient and further multicentre randomised controlled trials are required., Clinical trials have shown that short-and long-term progesterone treatment induces a significant improvement in the level of Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom among patients with Brain Injuries. , Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe Traumatic Brain Injury: a randomized controlled trial., CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that acute severe TBI patients with administration of progesterone hold improved neurologic outcomes for up to 6 months. These results provide information important for further large and multicenter clinical trials on progesterone as a promising neuroprotective Pharmacologic Substance. , The modified Functional Independence Measure scores in the progesterone group were higher than those in the placebo group at both 3-month and 6-month follow-up (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The mortality rate of the progesterone group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group at 6-month follow-up (P < 0.05). , CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that acute severe TBI patients with administration of progesterone hold improved neurologic outcomes for up to 6 months. These results provide information important for further large and multicenter clinical trials on progesterone as a promising neuroprotective Pharmacologic Substance. , These data, combined with the results of the previously published ProTECT trial, show progesterone to be safe and potentially efficacious in the treatment of TBI. Larger phase III trials will be necessary to verify results prior to clinical implementation., CONCLUSION: It indicated that successive early application of PEPSINOGEN GENE will benefit the patients with acute severe head injury by improving the recovery and reducing the Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom, which may be related to its alleviating inflammatory and Lipid Peroxidation response., Adverse and serious adverse event rates were similar in both groups, except that patients randomized to progesterone had a lower 30-day mortality rate than controls (rate ratio 0.43; 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.99). , However, moderate Traumatic Brain Injury survivors who received progesterone were more likely to have a moderate to good outcome than those randomized to placebo. CONCLUSION: In this small study, progesterone caused no discernible harm and showed possible signs of benefit., After more than 30 years of research and 30 failed clinical trials with as many different treatments, progesterone is the first agent to demonstrate robust clinical efficacy as a treatment for traumatic brain injuries., After more than 30 years of research and 30 failed clinical trials with as many different treatments, progesterone is the first agent to demonstrate robust clinical efficacy as a treatment for traumatic brain injuries, A US National Institutes of Health-sponsored, nationwide Phase III clinical trial is now evaluating progesterone for moderate-to-severe TBI in 1200 patients, An industry-sponsored Phase III international trial is also under way, and planning for a trial using progesterone to treat pediatric Brain Injuries has begun, More than two decades of pre-clinical research and two recent clinical trials have shown that progesterone (PROG) and its Metabolite exert beneficial effects after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) through a number of metabolic and physiological pathways that can reduce damage in many different Body tissue and organ systems, After more than 30 years of research and 30 failed clinical trials with as many different treatments, progesterone is the first agent to demonstrate robust clinical efficacy as a treatment for traumatic brain injuries, RESULTS: Analysis of these reviews yielded meanfuling observations: (1) The effectiveness of most ordinary treatments in TBI is inconclusive except that Corticosteroid ophthalmologic and otologic preparations are likely to be ineffective or harmful, and tranexamic acid, nimodipine and progesterone show a promising effect in bleeding trauma, Traumatic spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage, TBI or severe TBI., Laboratory data strongly show that progesterone treatment after TBI reduces Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal, improves outcomes, and restores blood-brain barrier function. Clinical studies to date agree with these data, and there are ongoing human trials for progesterone treatment after TBI.[SEP]Relations: Progesterone [EPC] has relations: drug_effect with Memory impairment, drug_effect with Memory impairment, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Bone pain, drug_effect with Bone pain, drug_effect with Back pain, drug_effect with Back pain, drug_effect with Limb pain, drug_effect with Limb pain. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Genomics Outcome Scale defined as following: A 6-item patient-reported outcome used to evaluate patient empowerment after they have received genetic counseling and testing services.. ergocalciferol defined as following: Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of ergocalciferol. Ergocalciferol is the form of ergocalciferol usually found in vitamin supplements. (NCI04). nimodipine defined as following: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. tranexamic acid defined as following: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.. Traumatic Brain Injury defined as following: A form of acquired Brain Injuries which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. cyclosporine defined as following: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Brain Injuries defined as following: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.. Thrombophlebitis defined as following: Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).. Phlebitis defined as following: Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).. Lipid Peroxidation defined as following: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.. Metabolite defined as following: Any substance involved in metabolism, either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Loss of function one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?", "id": "converted_2390", "sentence1": "Is Loss of function one of the cardinal signs of Inflammation?", "sentence2": "The concept of the four cardinal signs of acute Inflammation comes from antiquity as Redness et tumor cum calore et dolore, (Erythema and Swelling with heat and Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-) extended later by functio laesa (loss of function)., As early as 2000 years ago, the Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus recognised four cardinal signs of this response-Erythema, heat, Swelling and Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-; a fifth sign is loss of function.[..., It was Galen who added the disturbance of function (functio laesa) as the fifth cardinal sign of Inflammation to the four well-known cardinal signs of Celsus (Redness, Increased skin temperature, tumor, dolor)., Specimen Source Codes - tumor, Increased skin temperature, Redness, and dolor describe four cardinal signs of Inflammation. The fifth-functio laesa, or loss of function-was promulgated by Rudolf Virchow, who, in the 19th century, also noted an intricate link between Inflammation and Primary malignant neoplasm. [SEP]Relations: Impaired temperature sensation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with superficial siderosis, disease_phenotype_positive with superficial siderosis, disease_phenotype_positive with pachydermoperiostosis, disease_phenotype_positive with pachydermoperiostosis, disease_phenotype_positive with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Portal Inflammation has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system. Erythema has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal inflammatory skin and bowel disease, disease_phenotype_positive with neonatal inflammatory skin and bowel disease. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, heat, Erythema, Swelling, and loss of function.. Swelling defined as following: Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of Inflammation. Erythema defined as following: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there transposon-free regions in mammalian genomes?", "id": "converted_419", "sentence1": "Are there transposon-free regions in mammalian genomes?", "sentence2": "Transposon-free regions in mammalian genomes., Despite the presence of over 3 million transposons separated on average by approximately 500 bleomycin/cisplatin protocol, the Homo sapiens and Mus sp. genomes each contain almost 1000 transposon-free regions (TFRs) over 10 kb in length. The majority of Homo sapiens TFRs correlate with orthologous TFRs in the Mus sp., despite the fact that most transposons are lineage specific. Many Homo sapiens TFRs also overlap with orthologous TFRs in the marsupial opossum, indicating that these regions have remained refractory to transposon Insert (object) for long evolutionary periods. Over 90% of the Unit dose - Base covered by TFRs are noncoding, much of which is not highly conserved. Most TFRs are not associated with unusual nucleotide composition, but are significantly associated with Genes encoding developmental regulators, suggesting that they represent extended regions of regulatory information that are largely unable to tolerate Clinical act of Insert (object), a conclusion difficult to reconcile with current conceptions of gene regulation., All three elements insert only rarely within many Polycomb-regulated regions, a property that may contribute to the origin of \"transposon-free regions\" (TFRs) in metazoan genomes., Despite the presence of over 3 million transposons separated on average by approximately 500 bleomycin/cisplatin protocol, the Homo sapiens and Mus sp. genomes each contain almost 1000 transposon-free regions (TFRs) over 10 kb in length., RESULTS: Here we report that transposon-free regions (TFRs) are prominent genomic features of Amphibians and fish lineages, and that many have been maintained throughout Vertebrates evolution, although most transposon-derived sequences have entered these lineages after their divergence. , Despite the presence of over 3 million transposons separated on average by approximately 500 bleomycin/cisplatin protocol, the Homo sapiens and Mus sp. genomes each contain almost 1000 transposon-free regions (TFRs) over 10 kb in length. , All three elements insert only rarely within many Polycomb-regulated regions, a property that may contribute to the origin of \"transposon-free regions\" (TFRs) in metazoan genomes. , Despite the presence of over 3 million transposons separated on average by approximately 500 bleomycin/cisplatin protocol, the Homo sapiens and Mus sp. genomes each contain almost 1000 transposon-free regions (TFRs) over 10 kb in length., Here we report that transposon-free regions (TFRs) are prominent genomic features of Amphibians and fish lineages, and that many have been maintained throughout Vertebrates evolution, although most transposon-derived sequences have entered these lineages after their divergence.[SEP]Relations: regulation of establishment of actomyosin contractile ring localization involved in mitotic cell cycle has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of establishment of actomyosin contractile ring localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of establishment of actomyosin contractile ring localization. vertebra has relations: anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with predorsal vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with predorsal vertebra. Definitions: Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Amphibians defined as following: VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.. Insert (object) defined as following: Something inserted or to be inserted.. Clinical act of insertion defined as following: The act of putting one thing into another.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any role for Pds5b in cohesion establishment?", "id": "converted_1901", "sentence1": "Is there any role for Pds5b in cohesion establishment?", "sentence2": "PDS5B gene is required for cohesion establishment and AURKB protein, human accumulation at Centromere., Here, we demonstrate that Pds5 Proteins are essential for cohesion establishment by allowing SMC3 wt Allele acetylation by the cohesin acetyl transferases (CoATs) Esco1/2 and binding of CDCA5 gene. While both Proteins contribute to telomere and arm cohesion, PDS5B gene is specifically required for centromeric cohesion. Furthermore, reduced accumulation of AURKB protein, human at the inner centromere region in Cells lacking PDS5B gene impairs its error correction function, promoting chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. Our work supports a model in which the composition and function of cohesin complexes differs between different chromosomal regions., PDS5B gene is required for cohesion establishment and AURKB protein, human accumulation at Centromere., Here, we demonstrate that Pds5 Proteins are essential for cohesion establishment by allowing SMC3 wt Allele acetylation by the cohesin acetyl transferases (CoATs) Esco1/2 and binding of CDCA5 gene.[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with p-Coumaric acid, drug_drug with p-Coumaric acid, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b. centromere clustering has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with chromosome localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with chromosome localization. Definitions: Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Centromere defined as following: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.. PDS5B gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation.. SMC3 wt Allele defined as following: Human SMC3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q25 and is approximately 37 kb in length. This allele, which encodes structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3, is involved in the regulation of chromosome migration during mitosis.. AURKB protein, human defined as following: Aurora kinase B (344 aa, ~39 kDa) is encoded by the human AURKB gene. This protein plays a role in both the modulation of microtubule structure and facilitation of chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. telomere defined as following: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.. Pds5b defined as following: This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is HER2 active only when it dimerizes?", "id": "converted_1367", "sentence1": "Is erbB-2 Receptor active only when it dimerizes?", "sentence2": "Herero language activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family., rtuzumab is the first Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL in a new class of drugs, the Herero language dimerization inhibitors, approved by the Food and Drug, Pertuzumab is a novel anti-erbB-2 Receptor monoclonal antibody CAL CAL, which blocks erbB-2 Receptor dimerization with other ligand-activated Herero language family members. Here, we explored the complement-mediated anti-tumor effects of trastuzumab and pertuzumab on erbB-2 Receptor-positive tumor cells of various histological origins., ays. In this study, we report that an anti-erbB-2 Receptor monoclonal antibody CAL CAL (HER2Mab), which blocks erbB-2 Receptor dimerization with ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, induces ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase dimerization with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in both low and high erbB-2 Receptor expressing Tumor cells, malignant., Recent evidence from both basic and clinical studies suggests that ERBB3 gene gene (ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase) serves as a key activator of downstream signaling through dimerization with other ERBB proteins and plays a critical role in the widespread clinical resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and erbB-2 Receptor targeting cancer therapies. , ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase intracellular domains play a crucial role in ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/erbB-2 Receptor dimerization and activation of downstream signaling pathways., Dimerization among the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family of Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases leads to allosteric activation of the kinase domains of the partners., Our results show that quantification of Herero language dimerization provides information about receptor activation that cannot be obtained by quantification of single receptors. , Pertuzumab is a novel Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL that blocks epidermal growth factor receptor 2, human (erbB-2 Receptor) dimerization. It was recently approved by the US FDA for use in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel for patients with erbB-2 Receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer who have not received prior anti-erbB-2 Receptor therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic disease. , he Herero language dimerization status may be more important than Herero language receptor expression per se in determining sensitivity or resistance to a given therapeutic agen,  and erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitors, One of the mechanisms by which Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant proliferation can be inhibited consists in hampering erbB-2 Receptor dimerization by targeting its Extracellular Domain with specific Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic. , Pertuzumab, a Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL, is the first erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitor. It binds to the dimerization site on the erbB-2 Receptor domain and prevents ligand-driven pairing of erbB-2 Receptor with other Herero language receptors, thus inhibiting Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant growth and survival, Pertuzumab, another monoclonal antibody CAL CAL, is a erbB-2 Receptor dimerization inhibitor that binds to a different Epitopes on erbB-2 Receptor than trastuzumab and inhibits erbB-2 Receptor dimer formation with other Herero language family members such as ERBB3 gene Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene. [SEP]Relations: ERBB3 gene has relations: protein_protein with ACTR2, protein_protein with ACTR2, molfunc_protein with protein heterodimerization activity, molfunc_protein with protein heterodimerization activity, molfunc_protein with protein tyrosine kinase activator activity, molfunc_protein with protein tyrosine kinase activator activity, protein_protein with ACTG2, protein_protein with ACTG2, protein_protein with ACTBL2, protein_protein with ACTBL2. Definitions: Herero language defined as following: A Niger-Congo Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana.. ERBB3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in signal transduction pathways that result in cellular proliferation or differentiation. The gene has also been associated with numerous cancers.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. erbB-2 Receptor defined as following: Human ERBB2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.1 and is approximately 29 kb in length. This allele, which encodes receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 protein, plays a role in EGF receptor signal transduction pathways and cellular growth. Amplification or overexpression of this gene is involved in the progression of several forms of cancer, including breast and ovarian tumors.. trastuzumab defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL against the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR (erbB-2 Receptor). As an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT, it is used to treat BREAST CANCER where erbB-2 Receptor is overexpressed.. Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway.. monoclonal antibody CAL defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family defined as following: A family of structurally related cell-surface receptors that signal through an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The receptors are activated upon binding of specific ligands which include EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTORS, and NEUREGULINS.. ERBB3 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase defined as following: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR. Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with TUMORIGENESIS.. pertuzumab defined as following: A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody CAL directed against the extracellular dimerization domain of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of the antibody to the dimerization domain of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein directly inhibits the ability of the Herero language-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein (the most common pairing partner) to dimerize with other Herero language tyrosine kinase receptor proteins; inhibiting receptor protein dimerization prevents the activation of Herero language signaling pathways, resulting in Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant apoptosis. (NCI04). Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized CAL defined as following: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic end in -zumab.. docetaxel defined as following: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. Extracellular Domain defined as following: Any part of a transmembrane protein that projects into the environment surrounding a cell.. Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases defined as following: A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.. Epitopes defined as following: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Alpers disease inherited in an autosomal recessive mode?", "id": "converted_511", "sentence1": "Is Alpers Syndrome (disorder) inherited in an Autosomal recessive inheritance mode?", "sentence2": "Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS) is a very rare Autosomal Recessive Disorder, Alpers syndrome is an Autosomal recessive inheritance mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder that affects children and young adults, Alpers' syndrome is a fatal neurogenetic disorder first described more than 70 years ago. It is an Autosomal recessive inheritance, developmental mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder characterized by deficiency in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG protein, human protein, human) catalytic activity, refractory seizures, Nerve Degeneration, and Hepatobiliary Disorder, Histopathological findings in both patients ((a) chronic hepatitis with prominent bile duct proliferation, Fatty degeneration, and Fibrosis; (b) in the Head>Brain a patchy destruction of the Cerebral cortex, predominantly involving Area striata structure) were characteristic of progressive Neuronal degeneration of childhood with Hepatobiliary Disorder--Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome--a rare Autosomal Recessive Disorder usually seen in infants and young children, Histopathological findings in both patients ((a) chronic hepatitis with prominent bile duct proliferation, Fatty degeneration, and Fibrosis; (b) in the Head>Brain a patchy destruction of the Cerebral cortex, predominantly involving Area striata structure) were characteristic of progressive Neuronal degeneration of childhood with Hepatobiliary Disorder--Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome--a rare Autosomal Recessive Disorder usually seen in infants and young children., Alpers syndrome is a rare Autosomal recessive inheritance hepatocerebral degenerative disorder., Alpers Syndrome (disorder) is a recessive mitochondrial disorder caused by Gene Mutation in POLG protein, human protein, human wt Allele and characterized primarily by progressive neurological and hepatic degeneration., Alpers syndrome is an Autosomal recessive inheritance mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder that affects children and young adults., We conclude that Alpers Syndrome (disorder) can be a cause of rapidly progressive Liver Failure in early childhood. Although the cause of this Autosomal recessive inheritance disease is not known, it does not appear to be related to peroxisomal dysfunction.[SEP]Relations: Autosomal recessive inheritance disease has relations: disease_disease with Autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome, disease_disease with Autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome, disease_disease with Autosomal recessive inheritance ocular albinism, disease_disease with Autosomal recessive inheritance ocular albinism, disease_disease with Autosome genetic disease, disease_disease with Autosome genetic disease. Autosomal recessive inheritance has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Mode of inheritance, phenotype_phenotype with Mode of inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome. Definitions: Autosomal Recessive Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder manifested only when two copies of a mutated gene are present.. Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.. Fatty degeneration defined as following: Acumulation of adipose tissue in intracytoplasmic or extracellular spaces.. Autosomal recessive inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele). [HPO:probinson]. Alpers Syndrome (disorder) defined as following: A rare genetic syndrome with an Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of inheritance. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase POLG protein, human. Clinical signs are usually not present at birth but develop within the first two years of life and include hypoglycemia from underlying liver dysfunction, failure to thrive, spasticity, myoclonus and seizures. The clinical course follows a progression of neurologic disability and hepatic failure. The prognosis is poor with survival outside the first decade unlikely.. Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. POLG protein, human wt Allele defined as following: Human POLG protein, human wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 15q26.1 and is approximately 30 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA polymerase subunit gamma-1 protein, is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication. Mutations in the gene are associated with colorectal cancer, progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions 1 (PEOA1), sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria and ophthalmoparesis (SANDO), Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome (MNGIE).. Area striata structure defined as following: A Head>Brain region in the occipital cortex that receives visual stimuli from the retina.. Hepatobiliary Disorder defined as following: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.. POLG protein, human defined as following: DNA polymerase subunit gamma-1 (1239 aa, ~140 kDa) is encoded by the human POLG protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in mitochondrial DNA replication.. Cerebral cortex defined as following: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulci. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.. Liver Failure defined as following: Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed). Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has the fungus Ashbya gossypii got many nuclei that share cytoplasm?", "id": "converted_604", "sentence1": "Has the fungus Eremothecium gossypii got many nuclei that share cytoplasm?", "sentence2": "multinucleated Eremothecium gossypii cells., multinucleated Eremothecium gossypii fungal cells, Nuclei in the filamentous, multinucleated fungus Eremothecium gossypii divide asynchronously. , multinucleated Eremothecium gossypii cells, We analyzed a unique asynchronous nuclear division cycle in a multinucleated filamentous fungus, Eremothecium gossypii.,  multinucleated hyphae in Eremothecium gossypii., We have followed the migration of GFP-labelled nuclei in multinucleate hyphae of Eremothecium gossypii, multinucleate fungus Eremothecium gossypii, Eremothecium gossypii grows as multinucleated and constantly elongating hyphae, multinucleated hyphae of Eremothecium gossypii., We report the mechanistic basis guiding the migration pattern of multiple nuclei in hyphae of Eremothecium gossypii. , multinucleate fungal cells, multinucleate Eremothecium gossypii cells relies on a minimal network of genes, Clustering of nuclei in multinucleated hyphae is prevented by dynein-driven bidirectional nuclear movements and microtubule growth control in Eremothecium gossypii., In the multinucleate fungus Eremothecium gossypii, Cytoplasmic microtubule (cMTs) emerge from the spindle pole body outer plaque (OP) in perpendicular and tangential directions., multinucleated hyphae of Eremothecium gossypii., multiple nuclei in Eremothecium gossypii hyphae, Eremothecium gossypii has a budding yeast-like genome but grows exclusively as multinucleated hyphae.[SEP]Relations: cytoplasmic microtubule has relations: cellcomp_protein with SPACA9, cellcomp_protein with SPACA9, cellcomp_protein with TOGARAM1, cellcomp_protein with TOGARAM1, cellcomp_protein with C4orf47, cellcomp_protein with C4orf47, cellcomp_protein with ARHGAP18, cellcomp_protein with ARHGAP18, cellcomp_protein with SYBU, cellcomp_protein with SYBU. Definitions: Cytoplasmic microtubule defined as following: Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]. cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does echinacea increase anaphylaxis risk?", "id": "converted_2265", "sentence1": "Does echinacea increase anaphylaxis risk?", "sentence2": "Chicoric acid (dicaffeoyl-tartaric acid), is a natural phenolic compound found in a number of plants, such as chicory (Cichorium intybus) and Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and analgesic activities. Although these biological effects of chicoric acid have been investigated, there are no reports of its antiallergic-related anti-inflammatory effects in human mast cells (HMC)-1 or anaphylactic activity in a mouse model., BACKGROUND: Fifty percent of Australians use complementary and alternative medicines (other than Vitamin IV solution additives) in any 12-month period, of which echinacea-containing products are increasingly popular. Recent reports have highlighted the risk of Hypersensitivity to complementary medicines in Atopy patients., Two patients suffered anaphylaxis and a third had an acute asthma attack 10 minutes after their first ever dose of echinacea., Fifty-one Australian adverse drug reports implicating echinacea were also reviewed. There were 26 cases suggestive of possible immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity (4 anaphylaxis, 12 acute asthma, 10 urticaria/angioedema). , Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis., A woman with MS4A2 wt Allele experienced anaphylaxis after taking, among other dietary supplements, a commercial extract of echinacea., Risk of anaphylaxis in complementary and alternative medicine., Several culprits identified including Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea species, bee products, Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng are discussed here.SUMMARY: Knowing the factors that increase the risk of anaphylaxis allows reactions to be recognized, reported and further investigated.[SEP]Relations: anaphylaxis has relations: disease_disease with exercise-induced anaphylaxis, disease_disease with exercise-induced anaphylaxis, contraindication with Paclitaxel, contraindication with Paclitaxel, contraindication with Esmolol, contraindication with Esmolol, contraindication with Acebutolol, contraindication with Acebutolol, contraindication with Atenolol, contraindication with Atenolol. Definitions: Hypersensitivity defined as following: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.. anaphylaxis defined as following: Progression of anaphylaxis into systemic shock, which is characterized by significant reduction in tissue perfusion which leads to hypoxia and hypotension, and can lead to death if untreated.. Atopy defined as following: A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and Atopy conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, Atopy dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.. MS4A2 wt Allele defined as following: Human MS4A2 wild-type allele is located within 11q12-q13 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit beta protein, plays a role in both immunoglobulin binding and mast cell responses..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Have mutations in the GARS gene been identified to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2D (CMT2D)?", "id": "converted_459", "sentence1": "Have mutations in the GARS gene been identified to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2D (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D)?", "sentence2": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2D is a hereditary axonal and GARS1 wt Allele (GARS)-associated Neuropathy that is caused by a Mutation Abnormality in GARS. , Mutations in the GARS gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2D and distal spinal Muscular Atrophy type V - allelic disorders characterized by predominantly distal upper extremity weakness and Atrophic, typically beginning during the second decade of life. , Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2D (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D) is a dominantly inherited peripheral Neuropathy caused by missense mutations in the GARS1 wt Allele gene (GARS)., The 13 Genes known to be associated with the Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2 subtypes are KIF1B protein, human protein, human (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2a1), Mitofusin-2 (CMT2A2), RAB7A gene gene (formerly RAB7A gene gene wt Allele) (CMT2B), Prelamin-A/C (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2B1), MED25 gene gene (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2B2), TRPV4 protein, human protein, human (Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita), GARS (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D), NEFL protein, human protein, human (CMT2E/1F), HSPB1 protein, human protein, human (CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, AXONAL, TYPE 2F), MPZ gene gene (CMT2I/J), GDAP1 gene gene (CMT2H/K), Heat Shock Protein Beta-8 (Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2L), and AARS1 gene (CMT2N). ,  The diagnosis of GARS-associated axonal Neuropathy is based on clinical findings, electromyography (Electromyogram of eye), and molecular genetic testing of GARS, encoding GARS1 wt Allele., Sporadic juvenile Muscular Atrophy of the distal upper extremity or Hirayama's disease (Hodgkin Disease) and Autosome dominant motor distal neuronopathy/axonopathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D/dSMA-V), produced by GARS1 wt Allele (GARS) Gene Mutation, share some clinical features including: young age of onset, predilection for the distal upper extremity, asymmetry, sparing of proximal muscles and unusual cold sensitivity. , Distal hereditary motor Neuropathy type V (NEURONOPATHY, DISTAL HEREDITARY MOTOR, TYPE V) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome (CMT) type 2 presenting with predominant hand involvement, also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D and Spastic paraplegia 17 (Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar) are rare phenotypically overlapping diseases which can be caused by mutations in the Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy Type 2 (BSCL2 gene gene) and in the GARS1 wt Allele encoding (GARS) Genes. , We previously implicated mutations in the gene encoding GARS1 wt Allele (GARS) as the cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D and dSMA-V., Of the many inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathies, type 2D (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D) is caused by dominant Point Mutation in the gene GARS, encoding Glycine-tRNA Ligase (GlyRS). , Missense mutations in the GARS1 wt Allele (GARS) gene have been recently reported in families with either NEURONOPATHY, DISTAL HEREDITARY MOTOR, TYPE V, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D, or both., Based on the presence or absence of sensory changes, the disease phenotype was initially defined as distal spinal Muscular Atrophy type V (dSMA-V) in three families, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2D (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D) in a single family, and as either dSMA-V or Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D in patients of another large family. Linkage to chromosome 7p15 and the presence of disease-associated heterozygous GARS mutations have been identified in patients from each of the five studied families. [SEP]Relations: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease has relations: disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with GARS1, disease_protein with MTMR2, disease_protein with MTMR2. Definitions: Muscular Atrophy defined as following: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.. Glycine-tRNA Ligase defined as following: An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2B2 defined as following: An axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy that has been described in a large consanguineous Costa Rican family of Spanish ancestry. Onset occurs in adulthood (between 26 and 42 years of age) with symmetric moderate to severe weakness of the distal muscles, predominantly affecting the lower extremities. Marked sensory deficits were also reported. Transmitted in an Autosome recessive manner and the disease-causing gene was mapped to chromosome 19q13.3 (MED25 gene).. GARS1 wt Allele defined as following: Human GARS1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 7p14.3 and is approximately 39 kb in length. This allele, which encodes glycine-tRNA ligase protein, is involved in the synthesis of glycyl-tRNA. Mutation of the gene is associated with type 2D Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease and distal hereditary motor Neuropathy, type Va.. NEFL protein, human defined as following: Neurofilament light polypeptide (543 aa, ~62 kDa) is encoded by the human NEFL protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of neuronal structure.. RAB7A gene wt Allele defined as following: Human RAB7A gene wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 3q21 and is approximately 89 kb in length. This allele, which encodes ras-related protein Rab-7a, plays a role in the localization and function of both endosomes and lysosomes. Mutation of the gene is associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 2B.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 2D defined as following: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease inherited in an Autosome dominant pattern. It is caused by mutations in the GARS gene. It results in axonal peripheral Neuropathy.. KIF1B protein, human defined as following: Kinesin-like protein KIF1B protein, human (1816 aa, ~204 kDa) is encoded by the human KIF1B protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in intercellular transport of organelles and vesicles.. Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar defined as following: <p>Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar</p>. Neuropathy defined as following: A disorder affecting the cranial nerves or the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease defined as following: A hereditary motor and sensory Neuropathy transmitted most often as an Autosome dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343). TRPV4 protein, human defined as following: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (871 aa, ~98 kDa) is encoded by the human TRPV4 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of calcium transport.. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita defined as following: A congenital vascular malformation that presents as localized or generalized erythematous-telangiectatic lesions with a reticular pattern; the lesions are almost always present at birth or develop in the first days of life. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita) appears as marble-like pattern (mottling) on the surface of the skin. In contrast to cutis marmorata, the marbling is more severe and always visible. [PMID:22483320, PMID:25864701]. CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, AXONAL, TYPE 2F defined as following: A form of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, a peripheral sensorimotor Neuropathy with symmetric weakness primarily occurring in the lower limbs and reaching the arms only after 5 to 10 years, occasional and predominantly distal sensory loss and reduced tendon reflexes. Presents with gait anomaly between the first and sixth decade and early onset is generally associated to a more severe phenotype that may include foot drop.. Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy Type 2 defined as following: It is caused by Mutation Abnormality of gene encoding seipin (BSCL2 gene).. Mitofusin-2 defined as following: Mitofusin-2 (757 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human Mitofusin-2 gene. This protein is involved in both mitochondrial fusion and GTP hydrolysis.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 2B1 defined as following: An axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy. It has been described exclusively in families originating from North-Western Africa. Onset occurs in the second decade of life. The disease course and severity are variable, even between affected members of the same family. In general, the disease manifests as distal muscle weakness and Atrophic that progress gradually to the proximal muscles. Caused by a p.R644C missense Mutation Abnormality in the lamin A/C protein (encoded by the Prelamin-A/C gene, 1q22). Transmitted in an Autosome recessive manner.. NEURONOPATHY, DISTAL HEREDITARY MOTOR, TYPE V defined as following: A rare Autosome dominant distal hereditary motor Neuropathy disease characterized by muscle weakness and wasting predominantly affecting the hands, in particular the thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles, and/or marked foot deformity and gait disturbance. Sensation is normal, although reduced response to vibration has been described. The disease is slowly progressive with an age of onset within the first few decades of life.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Point Mutation defined as following: A Mutation Abnormality caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. RAB7A gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the trafficking of endosomes and lysosomes.. Prelamin-A/C defined as following: Prelamin-A/C (664 aa, ~74 kDa) is encoded by the human Prelamin-A/C gene. This protein is involved in the framework required for the nuclear envelope and in chromatin interactions.. HSPB1 protein, human defined as following: Heat shock protein beta-1 (205 aa, ~23 kDa) is encoded by the human HSPB1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in protein denaturation and the cellular response to oxidative stress.. Autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2L defined as following: A form of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, a peripheral sensorimotor Neuropathy. In the single family reported to date, onset is between 15 and 33 years. Patients present with a symmetric distal weakness of legs and occasionally of the hands, absent or reduced tendon reflexes, distal legs sensory loss and frequently a pes cavus. Progression is slow.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Spastic paraplegia 17 defined as following: A complex hereditary spastic paraplegia with characteristics of progressive spastic paraplegia, upper and lower limb muscle Atrophic, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar responses, pes cavus and occasionally impaired vibration sense.. Heat Shock Protein Beta-8 defined as following: Heat shock protein beta-8 (196 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the human Heat Shock Protein Beta-8 gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of autophagy and as a protein chaperone.. Atrophic defined as following: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2a1 defined as following: An Autosome dominant sub-type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the KIF1B protein, human gene, encoding kinesin-like protein KIF1B protein, human.. mutations defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2D defined as following: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease inherited in an Autosome dominant pattern. It is caused by mutations in the GARS gene. It results in axonal peripheral Neuropathy..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any association between Jarid2 and miR-155 in Th17 cells?", "id": "converted_222", "sentence1": "Is there any association between JARID2 gene and miR-155 in Th17 Cells?", "sentence2": "JARID2 gene links MicroRNA and Chromatin in Th17 Cells., In this issue of Immunity, Escobar et al. (2014) bring MicroRNAs and Chromatin together by showing how activation-induced miR-155 targets the Chromatin protein JARID2 gene to regulate proinflammatory cytokine production in T helper 17 Cells., miR-155 activates cytokine gene expression in Th17 Cells by regulating the DNA-Binding Proteins JARID2 gene to relieve polycomb-mediated repression., MIR155 gene was bound by Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte transcription factors and was highly expressed during Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte differentiation. miR-155-deficient Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) Cells expressed increased amounts of JARID2 gene, a DNA-Binding Proteins that recruits the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to Chromatin. PRC2 binding to Chromatin and H3K27 histone methylation was increased in miR-155-deficient Cells, coinciding with failure to express IL22 protein, human, interleukin-10, interleukin-9, and Cyclic AMP-Dependent Transcription Factor ATF-3. Defects in Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte cytokine expression and Treg \"U\" lymphocyte homeostasis in the absence of MIR155 gene could be partially suppressed by JARID2 gene deletion. Thus, miR-155 contributes to Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte function by suppressing the inhibitory effects of JARID2 gene., Thus, miR-155 contributes to Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte function by suppressing the inhibitory effects of JARID2 gene., Thus, miR-155 contributes to Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte function by suppressing the inhibitory effects of JARID2 gene., Defects in Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte cytokine expression and Treg \"U\" lymphocyte homeostasis in the absence of MIR155 gene could be partially suppressed by JARID2 gene deletion. Thus, miR-155 contributes to Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte function by suppressing the inhibitory effects of JARID2 gene., Thus, miR-155 contributes to Th17 \"U\" lymphocyte function by suppressing the inhibitory effects of JARID2 gene.[SEP]Relations: MIR155 has relations: disease_protein with lung cancer, disease_protein with lung cancer, disease_protein with lung neoplasm, disease_protein with lung neoplasm, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of gene expression, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of gene expression, disease_protein with goblet \"U\" lymphocyte carcinoma, disease_protein with goblet \"U\" lymphocyte carcinoma, disease_protein with carcinoid tumor (disease), disease_protein with carcinoid tumor (disease). Definitions: Th17 Cells defined as following: A subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete INTERLEUKINS IL-17; IL-17F; and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. IL22 protein, human defined as following: Interleukin-22 (179 aa, ~20 kDa) is encoded by the human IL22 gene. This protein is involved in both \"U\" lymphocyte signaling and the immune response.. MIR155 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plays a potential tumor suppressor role in breast and pancreatic carcinomas, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-\"U\" lymphocyte lymphoma.. cytokine defined as following: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic Cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or \"U\" lymphocyte types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Transcription Factor ATF-3 defined as following: Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 (181 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human ATF3 gene. This protein plays a role in both DNA binding and the repression of gene expression.. interleukin-10 defined as following: A cytokine produced by a variety of \"U\" lymphocyte types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.. Treg \"U\" lymphocyte defined as following: CD4-positive T Cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other \"U\" lymphocyte types. Regulatory T-Cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 Cells, and Th3 Cells.. interleukin-9 defined as following: A multifunctional cytokine secreted by primarily by activated TH2 CELLS that may play a role as a regulator of allergic INFLAMMATION. It has been shown to enhance the growth and CELL DIFFERENTIATION of MAST CELLS, and can act on a variety of other immune Cells.. Chromatin defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. DNA-Binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Herceptin) of potential use in the treatment of prostate cancer?", "id": "converted_15", "sentence1": "Is the monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location trastuzumab (Herceptin) of potential use in the treatment of Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate?", "sentence2": "Herceptin is widely used in treating Her2-overexpressing Breast cancer. However, the application of Herceptin in Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate is still controversial., Our data demonstrate that Re-188-labeled Herceptin effectively inhibited the growth of DU145 cells compared to the Herceptin- and Re-188-treated cohorts. This implies that targeting Her2 by both radio- and immuno- therapy might be a potential strategy for treating patients with androgen-independent Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family members are potential targets for therapy using extra-cellular domain receptor binding agents, such as the Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic trastuzumab and cetuximab,  there were tendencies for upregulation of HER2, increased co-expression of EGFR and HER2 and downregulation of ERBB3 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase in the Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate lymph node metastases in comparison to the Primary Neoplasm. , We performed a comparative analysis in vitro and in vivo of the Antitumor effects of three different Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic targeting different Epitopes of ErbB2: Herceptin (trastuzumab), 2C4 antibody immunoglobulin complex location (pertuzumab) and Erb-hcAb (Homo sapiens anti-ErbB2-compact immunoglobulin complex location), a novel fully Homo sapiens compact immunoglobulin complex location produced in our laboratory. Herein, we demonstrate that the growth of both androgen-dependent and independent Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate cells was efficiently inhibited by Erb-hcAb. The Antitumor effects induced by Erb-hcAb on some Cultured Cell Line were more potent than those observed for either Herceptin or 2C4 antibody immunoglobulin complex location., These findings suggest that a systemic delivery of 212Pb-trastuzumab could             be an effective modality for management of advanced Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor type 2 (HER2) overexpression supports proliferation of androgen-independent Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate (Pachyonychia Congenita), Radiolabeled ABY-025 Affibody molecule provides higher contrast in imaging of HER2-expressing Pachyonychia Congenita xenografts than Radiolabeled trastuzumab. , These studies indicate that dual EGFR/HER2 inhibition, administered together with AWT, sensitize Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate cells to apoptosis during AWT, The overall goal of these studies is to determine whether dual inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and HER2 would prolong the effectiveness of this treatment in Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate. , The expression of HER2 was demonstrated and quantified in all three tested Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate cell-lines., Such features would definitely favor the use of radiometal labels for trastuzumab and, most likely, for affibody molecules, our data demonstrate that Her2 plays an important role in the support of AR protein stability in the transition of androgen requirement in Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate cells. We hope these findings will provide novel insight into the treatment of hormone-refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., These two Cultured Cell Line exhibited distinct responses to Her2 activation (by Recombinant Heregulin treatment) on Her2 phosphorylation and Her2 inhibition (by tyrphostin tyrphostin AG825 or Herceptin treatments) on proliferation,  While Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms that express high levels of HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine are resistant to the killing effects of trastuzumab, they can be targeted for selective gene expression and destruction by Genus: Lentivirus group with envelope proteins engineered to bind to this therapeutic immunoglobulin complex location, Overexpression of EGFR gene-2 and EGFR has been associated with aggressive Disease and poor patient prognosis in a range of Homo sapiens Neoplasms types (e.g. Breast, Chest>Lung, Ovarian, Pelvis>Prostate, Various approaches have been developed to target the EGFR gene signalling pathways including Monoclonal Antibodies (trastuzumab/Herceptin, The data from these in vitro and in vivo studies supported advancement of Radiolabeled trastuzumab into two clinical studies, Specimen Source Codes - tumor targeting was evaluated in CASP14 gene bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) xenografts of colorectal, Pancreatic Hormones, Ovarian, and Pelvis>Prostate carcinomas., we found that although Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms that express high levels of HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine are resistant to the killing effects of trastuzumab, they can be targeted for selective gene expression and destruction by Virus with envelope proteins engineered to bind this immunoglobulin complex location, detection of Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) and advances in hormonal and chemotherapy treatments have provided great clinical benefits to patients with early stages of the Disease., MAbs directed to established targets include those approved for other Solid Neoplasm, including anti-Homo sapiens Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) MAb trastuzumab, We conclude that erbB-2 Receptor wt Allele expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate patients is frequent and therefore this assay may potentially be useful to detect the presence of micrometastatic Disease in men with Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate and for monitoring patients enrolled in trastuzumab-based therapeutic protocols., This study suggests that the Docetaxel/trastuzumab combination may prove an effective therapeutic approach for HER2-expressing hormone-refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., there was no significant difference in antimetastatic activity between the emulsion and the immunoemulsion despite the affinity of the immunoemulsion towards the HER2 receptor. , a targeted drug delivery system based on cationic emulsion covalently linked to anti-HER2 monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location (Herceptin), in a well-established in vivo pharmacologic model of metastatic Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate that overexpresses the HER2 receptor, The finding of strong, consistent Oncogene ErbB2 expression in ACBCC suggests that treatment with Herceptin (trastuzumab) may be effective in patients with this rare Neoplasms., Although HER2 can be over-expressed in Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate, there is no clinical data to support the use of trastuzumab for Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate patients., whereas the effect of the trastuzumab-RT combination was inferior to that predicted by the individual effects., HER 1-2 targeting of hormone-refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate by ZD1839 and trastuzumab, trastuzumab (Herceptin) as a single agent demonstrated poor efficacy in treating Hormone refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., To investigate the efficacy and Toxic effect of the immunoglobulin complex location to the Oncogene ErbB2 receptor (trastuzumab, Herceptin) in the treatment of advanced hormone-refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate (Hormone refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate), Conclusions regarding the predictive value of HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine status on outcome after trastuzumab-based therapy were not reached and were only drawn after larger-scale screening efforts. , rastuzumab plus docetaxel in Oncogene ErbB2-positive Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, clinical trials are currently in progress in patients with Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate testing novel agents that selectively interfere with these receptors, such as trastuzumab,, ytotoxicity of Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate Cultured Cell Line in vitro and induction of apoptosis using 213Bi-Herceptin alpha-conjugate, The clinical interpretation of c-erbB-2 abnormalities should reflect the complexity of c-erbB-2 mediated regulatory pathway and explain why tumours with overexpression/amplification of c-erbB-2 very often do not respond to therapy using Herceptin, HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine overexpression also has been reported in up to 60% of patients with hormone-refractory Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma (Hormone refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate) and was correlated with shortened survival, Unlike Breast carcinoma and contrary to prior reports, HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine overexpression by IHC in archival Pelvis>Prostate tissue from patients who eventually developed hormone-refractory Disease was infrequent. There did not appear to be any correlation between HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine overexpression by IHC and shed HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine antigen levels in serum by ELISA in this tumor type., Further development of trastuzumab for the treatment of patients with metastatic Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma is not feasible until more reliable and practical methods of sampling metastatic Disease are developed to identify patients with HER-2-neu peptide vaccine-neu peptide vaccine positive tumors., the expression of erbB-2 Receptor in Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate is relatively low, and is not altered during Disease progression. Thus, it is unlikely that treatment modalities relying on the overexpression of erbB-2 Receptor gene will be useful in treating Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate., A phase I study was designed to evaluate Docetaxel-Estramustine Regimen plus trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location that binds to the HER2 receptor, in patients with metastatic androgen-independent Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate (2,2'-azobis(2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane) dihydrochloride), Laboratory evidence also supports the clinical evaluation of docetaxel-based combinations that include agents such as trastuzumab and/or estramustine, trastuzumab, a monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location binding to the HER2 receptor; immunotoxin conjugates use an immunoglobulin complex location directed against EGFR joined to a cell toxin. All are in clinical trials for a number of Malignant Neoplasms, including Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate, we investigated the Antitumor efficacy of Herceptin, a new recombinant humanized anti-HER2/neu immunoglobulin complex location, which exhibits cytostatic activity on Breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate cells that overexpress the HER2 oncogene., trastuzumab was found to have additive and synergistic effects with some chemotherapeutic agents, ER-2/neu as a therapeutic target in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate, in these Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate model systems, Herceptin alone has clinical activity only in the androgen-dependent tumor and has at least an additive effect on growth,, anti-HER2 receptor monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location Herceptin significantly enhanced growth inhibition of the MDA Patient-Controlled Analgesia 2a cells.[SEP]Relations: trastuzumab has relations: drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Tepoxalin, drug_drug with Tepoxalin, drug_drug with Golimumab, drug_drug with Golimumab, drug_drug with Ascrinvacumab, drug_drug with Ascrinvacumab, drug_drug with Streptozocin, drug_drug with Streptozocin. Definitions: erbB-2 Receptor defined as following: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.. erbB-2 Receptor gene defined as following: The erbB-2 gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2), a protein with structural features similar to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Its name originates from the viral oncogene homolog (v-erbB) which is a truncated form of the chicken erbB gene found in the avian erythroblastosis virus. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with a significant number of adenocarcinomas. The Homo sapiens c-erbB-2 gene is located at 17q21.2.. Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the Pelvis>Prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of Chest>Lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Pancreatic Hormones defined as following: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete Pancreatic Hormones polypeptide.. immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781765196]. Oncogene ErbB2 defined as following: Human Oncogene ErbB2 is a mutated variant of erbB-2 Receptor Gene, which encodes ERRB2 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, a 185-kDa type I membrane glycoprotein similar to EGFR that controls cell growth. Ligand binding increases erbB-2 Receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. A heterodimer with ERBB3 and ERBB4, p185ERBB2 is an essential component of the Recombinant Heregulin/neuregulin receptor. erbB-2 Receptor forms an IL6-dependent complex with IL6R gp130, resulting in erbB-2 Receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK activation. Oncogene erbB-2 Receptor disrupts normal cell function.. ERBB2 wt Allele defined as following: Human erbB-2 Receptor wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.1 and is approximately 29 kb in length. This allele, which encodes receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 protein, plays a role in EGF receptor signal transduction pathways and cellular growth. Amplification or overexpression of this gene is involved in the progression of several forms of cancer, including Breast and Ovarian tumors.. metastatic Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that arises from the Pelvis>Prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. trastuzumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location against the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR (HER2). As an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT, it is used to treat BREAST CANCER where HER2 is overexpressed.. Epitopes defined as following: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic.. HER-2-neu peptide vaccine defined as following: A cancer vaccine comprised of peptides derived from the extracellular domain of the tumor-associated antigen Her-2/neu with potential antineoplastic activity. Oncogene ErbB2 peptide vaccine may induce Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic with anti-tumor activity and may also elicit a specific CD8 T-cell response against specific tumor cell types. (NCI04). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. cetuximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location that functions as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT through its binding to the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors.. Hormone refractory prostate cancer defined as following: Prostate carcinoma that grows and continues to spread despite the surgical removal of the testes or medical intervention to block androgen production.. tyrphostin AG825 defined as following: A member of the tyrphostin family of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which selectively inhibits HER2. (NCI). Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Recombinant Heregulin defined as following: A growth factor of the EGF family that induces growth and differentiation of epithelial, glial and muscle cells in culture. It binds the receptor erbB3 which will heterodimerize with HER-2-neu peptide vaccine/erbB2.. Primary Neoplasm defined as following: A tumor at the original site of origin.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Patient-Controlled Analgesia defined as following: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).. Genus: Lentivirus group defined as following: A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by Breast, Pelvis>Prostate, and other Malignant Neoplasms, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04). EGFR gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway.. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. Docetaxel-Estramustine Regimen defined as following: A regimen consisting of docetaxel and estramustine used for the treatment of metastatic hormone-refractory Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Prostate. Additional steroids such as dexamethasone or hydrocortisone may also be included in this regimen.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. ERBB3 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase defined as following: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR. Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with TUMORIGENESIS.. estramustine defined as following: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. pertuzumab defined as following: A humanized recombinant monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location directed against the extracellular dimerization domain of the HER-2-neu peptide vaccine tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of the immunoglobulin complex location to the dimerization domain of the HER-2-neu peptide vaccine tyrosine kinase receptor protein directly inhibits the ability of the HER-2-neu peptide vaccine tyrosine kinase receptor protein (the most common pairing partner) to dimerize with other HER tyrosine kinase receptor proteins; inhibiting receptor protein dimerization prevents the activation of HER signaling pathways, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. (NCI04). humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: Antibodies from non-Homo sapiens species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with Homo sapiens Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic end in -zumab.. docetaxel defined as following: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. Solid Neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. Chest>Lung carcinoma, Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, Breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered Solid Neoplasm.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. metastatic Disease defined as following: A tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site, close to or distant from the primary site. Metastasis is characteristic of advanced malignancies, but in rare instances can be seen in neoplasms lacking malignant morphology.. Pachyonychia Congenita defined as following: A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is a mutation of the  ZIKV's membrane protein prM responsible for the microcephaly in new-born infants?", "id": "converted_2671", "sentence1": "Is a mutation of the  ZIKV's membrane protein prM responsible for the Microcephaly (physical finding) in new-born infants?", "sentence2": "Here we show that a single serine-to-asparagine substitution [Ser139→Asn139(S139N)] in the viral polyprotein substantially increased ZIKV infectivity in both Homo sapiens and Mus sp. neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and led to more severe Microcephaly (physical finding) in the Mus sp. fetus, as well as higher mortality rates in neonatal CASP14 gene., A single mutation in the prM protein of Zika virus contributes to fetal Microcephaly (physical finding).[SEP]Definitions: Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. mutation defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the gene MAOA epigenetically modified by methylation?", "id": "converted_156", "sentence1": "Is the gene MAOA protein, human epigenetically modified by methylation?", "sentence2": "Evidence that the methylation state of the MAOA protein, human protein, human gene (MAOA protein, human protein, human) gene predicts brain activity of Monoamine Oxidase A Enzyme [APC] in healthy men., We found significant interindividual differences in methylation status and methylation patterns of the core MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter. , In the present study, DNA methylation patterns in the MAOA protein, human protein, human regulatory and exon 1/intron 1 Geographic Locations were investigated for association with Panic Disorder with particular attention to possible effects of gender and environmental factors. ,  The present pilot data suggest a potential role of MAOA protein, human protein, human gene hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of Panic Disorder particularly in female patients, possibly mediating a detrimental influence of negative life events. , The MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter was hypermethylated immediately upstream of the start codon in cholangiocarcinoma samples and Cultured Cell Line but not in nonmalignant counterparts. , MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter methylation and susceptibility to carotid atherosclerosis: role of familial factors in a monozygotic twin sample., Because twins reared together share early life experience, which may leave a long-lasting epigenetic mark, aberrant MAOA protein, human protein, human methylation may represent an early biomarker for unhealthy familial environment., Effects of MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter methylation on susceptibility to paranoid SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder)., In conclusion, abnormalities of DNA methylation at the MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter may be associated with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) in males., In our study we analyzed DNA methylation patterns of 14 neuropsychiatric genes (Catechol O-Methyltransferase, SLC6A3 wt Allele, GABRA1 gene gene, GNB3 protein, human protein, human, GRIN2B gene gene, HTR1B protein, human protein, human, HTR2A 1 Allele 1 Allele, 5-HTT, MAOA protein, human protein, human, Monoamine Oxidase Type B, human, NANOS1 gene, NR3C1 wt Allele wt Allele, TPH1 protein, human protein, human and Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human). D, Our data suggest that aberrant epigenetic regulation of neuropsychiatric genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of Borderline Personality Disorder., We conclude that Location characteristic ID - Smoking reliably decreases MAOA protein, human protein, human methylation, but exact characterization of effects on level of methylation depend on genotype, Location characteristic ID - Smoking history, current Location characteristic ID - Smoking status, gender, and Geographic Locations of the Promoter-associated CpG Island examined., Given that DNA methylation is linked to the regulation of gene expression, we hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms factor into the MAOA protein, human protein, human expression,  the extended MAOA protein, human protein, human regulatory Geographic Locations contains two CpG islands (CGIs), one of which overlaps with the canonical MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter and the other is located further upstream; both CGIs exhibit sensitivity to differential methylation., Identification and characterization of putative methylation targets in the MAOA protein, human protein, human Gene Locus using bioinformatic approaches., DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism involved in the developmental regulation of gene expression. , MAOA protein, human protein, human methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women., In recent years, the role of epigenetic phenomenon, such as methylation, in mediating vulnerability to Illness Behavior has become increasingly appreciated. One prominent Gene Locus at which epigenetic phenomena are thought to be in play is the MAOA protein, human protein, human gene (MAOA protein, human protein, human) Gene Locus. , We conclude that methylation of MAOA protein, human protein, human may play a significant role in common Mental disorders and that further examination of epigenetic processes at this Gene Locus is in order., Analysis of CpG methylation in the MAOA protein, human protein, human Promoter Geographic Locations revealed substantial methylation in females but not in males., Therefore, allelic mRNA expression is affected by Genetic and epigenetic events, both with the potential to modulate biogenic amine tone in the Central Nervous System.[SEP]Relations: Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase has relations: pathway_protein with MAOA protein, human, pathway_protein with MAOA protein, human. monoamine oxidase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with MAOA protein, human, molfunc_protein with MAOA protein, human, molfunc_protein with MAOA protein, human, molfunc_protein with MAOA protein, human, molfunc_protein with Monoamine Oxidase Type B, human, molfunc_protein with Monoamine Oxidase Type B, human. central nervous system has relations: anatomy_protein_present with MAOA protein, human, anatomy_protein_present with MAOA protein, human. Definitions: HTR2A 1 Allele defined as following: HTR2A 1 Allele-C Allele is a variant form of 20-kb 3-exon human HTR2A 1 Allele Gene (GPCR1/5HT2 Family), which encodes Serotonin 5-HT-2A Receptor, a conserved integral membrane 5-HT/serotonin receptor protein involved in tracheal smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and control of aldosterone production by association with G proteins that activate a PI-calcium second messenger system. 5-HT is a biogenic hormone that affects specific receptors as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or mitogen. HTR2A 1 Allele contains several polymorphic sites. Different alleles differ in the concentration of RNA and protein product of 5HTR2A. HTR2A 1 Allele-C Allele contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (102 T>C) in an intron and is expressed at a lower level than the 102 C>T allele.. GRIN2B gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both neurotransmitter binding and ion transport.. HTR1B protein, human defined as following: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (390 aa, ~44 kDa) is encoded by the human HTR1B protein, human gene. This protein is involved in serotonin binding and regulation of the release of serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. TPH1 protein, human defined as following: Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 (444 aa, ~51 kDa) is encoded by the human TPH1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the metabolism of tryptophan.. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human defined as following: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (528 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the human Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human gene. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine.. Panic Disorder defined as following: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.. Monoamine Oxidase Type B, human defined as following: Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B (520 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the human Monoamine Oxidase Type B, human gene. This protein is involved in the deamination of amines.. MAOA protein, human gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines.. Illness Behavior defined as following: Coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-Mental disorders. These may include loss of APPETITE or LIBIDO; disinterest in ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; or withdrawal from social interaction.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. GNB3 protein, human defined as following: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 (340 aa, ~37 kDa) is encoded by the human GNB3 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the mediation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling.. Catechol O-Methyltransferase defined as following: Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. nicotine defined as following: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.. Borderline Personality Disorder defined as following: A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV). Mental disorders defined as following: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.. SLC6A3 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLC6A3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5p15.3 and is approximately 53 kb in length. This allele, which encodes sodium-dependent dopamine transporter protein, is involved in sodium-dependent internalization of dopamine. Mutation of the gene is associated with infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. NR3C1 wt Allele defined as following: Human NR3C1 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q31.3 and is approximately 125 kb in length. This allele, which encodes glucocorticoid receptor protein, is involved in transcriptional regulation that affects a variety of processes such as blood glucose concentration, protein/fat metabolism, inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations in the gene are a primary cause of glucocorticoid resistance, or cortisol resistance.. Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. MAOA protein, human defined as following: Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A (527 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the human MAOA protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the deamination of neuroactive and vasoactive amines.. modified defined as following: The act of alteration or modification; changed or altered in form or character..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does association with the nuclear pore promote gene silencing?", "id": "converted_3590", "sentence1": "Does association with the nuclear pore promote gene silencing?", "sentence2": "Here, we show that the nucleoporin RANBP2 wt Allele plays an important role in this process. RANBP2 wt Allele localizes to the Nuclear Pore and to the cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (AL), and these structures dynamically associate with two mRNP granules: processing bodies (P bodies) and Stress Granules (Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome). , MicroRNA (miRNA)-guided mRNA repression, mediated by the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), is an important component of post-transcriptional gene silencing., To assess TPR protein, human's role as an architectural element of the Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we have studied the sequential disassembly and reassembly of NPCs in mitotic Cells, paralleled by studies of Cells depleted of TPR protein, human as a result of posttranscriptional tpr gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi)., The results raise the possibility that Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-localized protein desumoylation may be a key regulatory event preventing inappropriate mRNA Precursor export., Silencing nuclear pore protein TPR protein, human elicits a senescent-like phenotype in Tumor Cells, malignant.[SEP]Relations: nuclear pore has relations: cellcomp_protein with RAN, cellcomp_protein with RAN, cellcomp_protein with IPO5, cellcomp_protein with IPO5, cellcomp_protein with GLE1, cellcomp_protein with GLE1, cellcomp_protein with IPO7, cellcomp_protein with IPO7, cellcomp_protein with RGPD5, cellcomp_protein with RGPD5. Definitions: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. RANBP2 wt Allele defined as following: Human RANBP2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q12.3 and is approximately 66 kb in length. This allele, which encodes E3 SUMO-protein ligase RanBP2 protein, plays a role in both nuclear transport and protein SUMOylation. Mutation of the gene is associated with acute infection-induced encephalopathy 3. A chromosomal translocation t(2;2)(p23;q13) involving this gene and the ALK gene is associated with both inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and, more rarely, myeloproliferative disorders.. mRNA Precursor defined as following: A primary RNA transcript synthesized from a DNA template in eukaryotic nuclei which is post-transcriptionally modified and spliced to produce a mature mRNA.. Tumor Cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited syndrome often caused by mutations in the SKI gene. It is characterized by premature fusion of skull bones and distinctive facial features, including a long, narrow head, hypertelorism, exophthalmos, downslanting palpebral fissures, a high, narrow palate, micrognathia, and low-set ears. The bodies of affected individuals resemble those of people with Marfan syndrome.. TPR protein, human defined as following: Nucleoprotein TPR (2363 aa, ~267 kDa) is encoded by the human TPR gene. This protein plays a role in both mitotic spindle assembly and nuclear membrane transport.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Nuclear Pore defined as following: An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the Nuclear Pore which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel.. Stress Granules defined as following: A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress. [GOC:ans, PMID:17284590, PMID:17601829, PMID:17967451, PMID:20368989]. nuclear pore defined as following: An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the Nuclear Pore which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is CREB a key memory protein?", "id": "converted_2436", "sentence1": "Is Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein a key memory protein?", "sentence2": "Homo sapiens cyclic AMP response element Protein Binding (Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein) transcription factor which plays a crucial role in memory, The activated Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein is implicated in the regulation of development, protection, learning, memory and plasticity in the nerve system. , A mouse genetic study showed that cAMP-responsive element-Protein Binding (Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein)-mediated transcription is required for the formation of social recognition memory., Transcription factor cAMP response element-Protein Binding (Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein) plays a critical role in memory formation., It is well known that Molecule like cAMP response element binding (Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein) and Protein Binding (1-Chloro-3-bromopropene-1) play a crucial role in memory consolidation. , Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein SUMOylation by the ubiquitin-protein ligase PIAS1 protein, human protein, human enhances spatial memory., Therefore, Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein phosphorylation may be responsible for signal transduction during the early phase of long-term memory formation, whereas Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein SUMOylation sustains long-term memory[SEP]Relations: protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with CREB1, molfunc_protein with CREB1, molfunc_protein with CREB3, molfunc_protein with CREB3, molfunc_protein with CREB5, molfunc_protein with CREB5, molfunc_protein with CREBBP, molfunc_protein with CREBBP, molfunc_protein with CREM, molfunc_protein with CREM. Definitions: PIAS1 protein, human defined as following: E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS1 protein, human (651 aa, ~72 kDa) is encoded by the human PIAS1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of protein sumoylation.. Protein Binding defined as following: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.. cAMP-responsive element-Protein Binding defined as following: Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 (505 aa, ~55 kDa) is encoded by the human ATF2 gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional activation.. Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein defined as following: Ubiquitously or widely expressed human cAMP Responsive Element Binding Proteins (bZIP/Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein Family) are conserved nuclear bZIP domain dimeric transcription factors that bind to octameric DNA palindrome cAMP-response elements (CRE) present in many viral and cellular promoters and induce gene transcription in response to cAMP signaling pathways. Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins bind to DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with JUN/c-Jun or ATF2/CREBP1. Increased cAMP levels following stimulation activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which phosphorylates Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins that stimulate transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. Calcium-regulated Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein transcription factors integrate calcium and cAMP signals. cAMP pathways provide a chief means by which cellular growth, differentiation, and function can be influenced by extracellular signals. (NCI). Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. ubiquitin-protein ligase defined as following: A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does thyroid hormone signaling affect microRNAs expression in the heart?", "id": "converted_1302", "sentence1": "Does Thyroid Hormones signaling affect microRNAs expression in the Chest>Heart?", "sentence2": "e show that the Chest>Heart regulates systemic energy homeostasis via MED13 gene protein, human gene protein, human, a subunit of the Mediator of activation protein, which controls transcription by Thyroid Hormones and other Nuclear Hormone Receptors. MED13 gene protein, human gene protein, human, in turn, is negatively regulated by a Chest>Heart-specific microRNA, miR-208a., On the other hand, T₃ treatment increased miR-350 expression., Through a bioinformatics screening using TargetScan, we identified Thyroid Hormones receptor β1 (TRβ1), which negatively regulates β-MHC transcription, as a target of miR-27a, hese findings suggested that miR-27a regulates β-MHC gene expression by targeting TRβ1 in Myocytes, Cardiac., We found that a cardiac-specific microRNA (miR-208) encoded by an Introns of the alphaMHC gene is required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, Fibrosis, and expression of betaMHC in response to stress and Hypothyroidism., Moreover, miR-27a was demonstrated to modulate β-MHC gene regulation via Thyroid Hormones signaling and to be upregulated during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells or in hypertrophic hearts in association with β-MHC gene upregulation.[SEP]Relations: response to Thyroid Hormones has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Thyroid Hormones stimulus, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Thyroid Hormones stimulus, bioprocess_protein with CAB39, bioprocess_protein with CAB39, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone, bioprocess_protein with ANXA2, bioprocess_protein with ANXA2. Thyroid Hormones receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with MED17, molfunc_protein with MED17. Definitions: Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. MED13 gene protein, human defined as following: This gene is involved in mediator complex-dependent transcriptional regulation.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.. Nuclear Hormone Receptors defined as following: Nuclear hormone receptors constitute a superfamily of structurally related ligand binding transcription factors that includes the steroid receptors, Thyroid Hormones receptors, vitamin D and retinoid receptors, and orphan receptors for which ligands have not yet been found.. Mediator of activation protein defined as following: A protein complex that is involved in the initiation of transcription. This complex is composed of over 30 protein subunits, which binds to the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and facilitates the interaction of transcription factors with the polymerase.. Thyroid Hormones receptor β1 defined as following: Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta Thyroid Hormones receptors, respectively.. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Myocytes, Cardiac defined as following: Striated muscle cells found in the Chest>Heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).. microRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) synthesized by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from arachidonic acid?", "id": "converted_4331", "sentence1": "Are Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) synthesized by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from arachidonic acid?", "sentence2": "Biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid) regioisomers are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases of Endothelium, Myocardial, and renal tubular cells., epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), synthesized by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from arachidonic acid. , Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, function primarily as autocrine and paracrine effectors in the cardiovascular system and Both kidneys. , Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases in Endothelium cells. I, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the eicosanoid biomediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases,, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are bioactive Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases., arachidonic acid is metabolized to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by cytochrome (CYP) P450 epoxygenases, and to ω-terminal hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) by ω-hydroxylases., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, are converted to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble Epoxide hydrolase., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, function primarily as autocrine and paracrine effectors in the cardiovascular system and Both kidneys., Epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and selected monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs)., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are potent lipid mediators formed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from arachidonic acid. , Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are bioactive Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. , Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), derived from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, are potent vasodilators that function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors in some vascular beds. E, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, function primarily as autocrine and paracrine effectors in the cardiovascular system and Both kidneys. T, poxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are epoxy lipids derived from metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. W, he Endothelium, Vascular metabolizes arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are the epoxidation products of arachidonic acid catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases, which possess multiple biological activities. In , OBJECTIVE: arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases leads to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are Eicosanoids with vasodilator and anti-inflammatory pro, Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which play important and diverse roles in the cardiovascular system. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases which are highly expressed in Hepatocyte. , Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are epoxides of arachidonic acid generated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases., Although Eicosanoids, including Prostaglandin drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and Leukotriene A, are best known as products of arachidonic acid metabolism by Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase and Lipoxygenases, arachidonic acid is also a substrate for another enzymatic pathway, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by Arachidonate Epoxygenase, are converted by soluble Epoxide hydrolase (SEH) to the corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs)., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases in Endothelium cells., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the eicosanoid biomediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, are inactivated in many Body tissue by conversion to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs)., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are potent lipid mediators formed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases from arachidonic acid., Recent studies show that Mus sp. epidermis expresses CYP2B19, a keratinocyte-specific epoxygenase that generates 11,12- and 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid) acids from arachidonate., Identification of rabbit cytochromes P450 2C1 and 2C2 as arachidonic acid epoxygenases., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are formed from arachidonic acid by the action of P450 epoxygenases (cytochrome P-450 cytochrome P-450 CYP2C subfamily subfamily and CYP2J)., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are generated from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases.[SEP]Relations: Arachidonic Acid has relations: drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Phenylbutazone, drug_drug with Phenylbutazone, drug_drug with Apremilast, drug_drug with Apremilast, drug_drug with Ethinylestradiol, drug_drug with Ethinylestradiol. arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with ALOX5AP, molfunc_protein with ALOX5AP. Definitions: arachidonic acid defined as following: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of Prostaglandin drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), thromboxanes, and Leukotriene A.. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid defined as following: A class of Eicosanoids produced by the epoxidation of one of the double bonds of arachidonic acid by some of the members of the cytochrome P450 family of epoxygenases. Epoxides in the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid) family act locally to stimulate signaling pathways involved in the regulation of blood pressure, vascular maintenance, inflammation, and pain responses. EETs may promote the proliferation and survival of certain types of cancer cells.. arachidonate defined as following: polyunsaturated 20-carbon essential fatty acid found in animal fat or formed in biosynthesis from dietary linoleic acid; also, its salts, esters, or anions; precursor in the biosynthesis of Leukotriene A, Prostaglandin drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), and thromboxanes.. Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase defined as following: An enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into biologically active prostanoids, such as Prostaglandin drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), prostacyclins, and thromboxanes.. Eicosanoids defined as following: A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. Myocardial defined as following: Of or pertaining to the myocardium.. Endothelium, Vascular defined as following: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.. Epoxide hydrolase defined as following: Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively.. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human defined as following: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (528 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the human TH gene. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine.. Endothelium defined as following: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Endothelium cells defined as following: Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the Endothelium layer.. Lipoxygenases defined as following: Dioxygenases that catalyze the peroxidation of methylene-interrupted UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.. arachidonic acid defined as following: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of Prostaglandin drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), thromboxanes, and Leukotriene A..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does melanoma  occur in people of African origin ?", "id": "converted_462", "sentence1": "Does Melanocytic neoplasm  occur in people of African origin ?", "sentence2": "ALM is the most common type of Melanocytic neoplasm amongst Asians, African People,, ALM develops on palmar, Plantar - anatomical location, and subungual Skin Specimen Source Code, and its biology is different from that of other cutaneous melanomas, where sunlight is the major known environmental determinant, We present four albinos with histologic diagnoses of Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code, Four Nigerian albinos (two men and two women) with Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code, The Site of the Lesion included the head [Anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma (sodium copper chlorophyllin) in two patients and Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal cell carcinoma) in one patient] and the upper limb (Melanocytic neoplasm, wenty-nine patients (18 males and 11 females) with Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code were identified, Kaposi Sarcoma associated with HIV Infections Infections represented 81.8 percent of KS cases found. Squamous cell carcinoma (sodium copper chlorophyllin) ranked second and malignant Melanocytic neoplasm third, Earlier studies have shown frequent Gene Mutation in the BRAF protein, human protein, human and Human Oncogene N-RAS genes in Cutaneous Melanoma, but these alterations have not been examined in the rare category of Melanocytic neoplasm from black African People., In a series of melanomas from black African People (n=26), only two BRAF protein, human protein, human Gene Mutation (8%) were found, both being different from the common T1799A substitution. Moreover, melanomas from black African People exhibited Gene Mutation in Human Oncogene N-RAS exon 1 only (12%), whereas Human Oncogene N-RAS exon 2 Gene Mutation were predominant in melanomas from Caucasians. Thus, the frequencies of BRAF protein, human protein, human and Human Oncogene N-RAS Gene Mutation were particularly low in melanomas from black African People, supporting a different pathogenesis of these Neoplasms., Malignant Melanocytic neoplasm (Millimole per Liter) remains a pediatric rarity world-wide, but perhaps more so in black African People. To the best of our knowledge, the current report of Millimole per Liter in a two-and-a-half-year-old Nigerian who had a pre-existing congenital giant hairy nevus is probably the first (in an accessible literature) in a black African child., Malignant melanomas in black African People are predominantly located on the lower All All extremities, Thus, our findings indicate that melanomas located on the lower All All extremities in black African People show several features of Aggressive behavior; in particular, the proliferative activity was high, and p16 alterations was frequent as evidenced by loss of protein staining. Our findings also indicated that the diagnosis is delayed among black African People., African People with dark Skin Specimen Source Code have a reduced risk of getting all types of Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code as compared with Caucasians, but the ratio of their incidence rates of cutaneous malignant Melanocytic neoplasm to that of Anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma is larger than the corresponding ratio for Caucasians. (, Albino African People, as compared with normally Pigmented African People, seem to have a relatively small risk of getting Cutaneous Melanoma compared to nonmelanomas. This is probably also true for albino and normally Pigmented Caucasians., Scant data exists on Melanocytic neoplasm in Black Populations from Africa, The mean age at presentation of the 39 women and 24 men was 60.5 years (range of 30 to 85 years), with a peak incidence in the sixth decade. The Lower extremity>Foot was the most common site of disease (45 patients). Seven patients had subungual Melanocytic neoplasm, seven had primary Mucosal Lesion, and in six, the Primary Lesion could not be found., The poor prognosis in black patients in South Africa is the result of delayed presentation with thick primary Lesion and advanced disease, The outcome of treatment in 40 black patients (27 women, 13 men; mean age 62.9 years) with Plantar - anatomical location Melanocytic neoplasm over a 13-year period was analysed, Delay in presentation and locally advanced disease may explain the poor prognosis of Plantar - anatomical location Melanocytic neoplasm in black South African People., Eighteen cases of malignant Skin Specimen Source Code Neoplasms seen at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital over 3 years (1984 to 1987) were analyzed for diagnoses, site of Neoplasms, sex, and age. Seven patients (39%) had Melanocytic neoplasm affecting only the Sole of Foot of the feet, while the same number had Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth widely distributed in various parts of the body, Non-white populations experienced in general a much lower incidence of Melanocytic neoplasm although there was some overlap of white and non-white rates., Populations of African descent were found to have a higher incidence than those of Asiatic origin, but it was concluded that this was due largely to the high frequency of tumours among African People on the sole of the Lower extremity>Foot., Pathological features of twenty-one cases of malignant Melanocytic neoplasm studied in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu during the period January, 1974 to December, 1975 are presented. Malignant Melanocytic neoplasm accounted for 2.4% of all tumours and 4.5% of all malignant tumours, greatest age incidence being in the fifth to seventh decades., 81% melanomas occurred on the sole of feet validating the hypothesis that the Pigmented Skin Specimen Source Code in African People is resistant to malignant Melanocytic neoplasm., This paper reports the incidence of this lesion in association with invasive Melanocytic neoplasm of the feet and hands of Black African People., Follow-up data (over a 3-year period) and the histological appearances of Primary Lesion were studied and related in 40 Black patients with malignant Melanocytic neoplasm., Malignant Melanocytic neoplasm of the Skin Specimen Source Code in Blacks in formidable and sinister tumour., The incidence of malignant Melanocytic neoplasm in Johannesburg Black was 1,2 per 100 000 and accounted for 2% of all Malignant Neoplasms. The largest number of cases occurred in the 50- 70-year age group and there was a female preponderance. As in previous studies, the Site predominantly affected were the Lower extremity>Foot and the hand, mainly on the Plantar - anatomical location and palmar surfaces., Twenty-one cases of malignant Melanocytic neoplasm occurring in the Igbos of Nigeria have been analysed. The site of predilection is the sole of the Lower extremity>Foot. This result supports the conclusion that Negroes tend to have the disease in the non-Pigmented parts., A case of leptomeningeal Melanocytic neoplasm in an African child of 7 years is presented together with a survey of pigmentation in the normal African Head>Brain.[SEP]Relations: Melanocytic neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with melanomatosis, disease_disease with melanomatosis, disease_disease with familial Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with familial Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with childhood malignant Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with childhood malignant Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code, disease_disease with amelanotic Skin Specimen Source Code Melanocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with amelanotic Skin Specimen Source Code Melanocytic neoplasm. Definitions: Plantar - anatomical location defined as following: relating to the sole of the Lower extremity>Foot. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the Skin Specimen Source Code of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other Site. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a Pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and Head>Brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant Skin Specimen Source Code melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445). Basal cell carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma involving the basal cells.. Malignant neoplasm of Skin Specimen Source Code defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Skin Specimen Source Code. Primary malignant Skin Specimen Source Code neoplasms most often are carcinomas (either basal cell or Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth) or melanomas. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the Skin Specimen Source Code include carcinomas and lymphomas.. Human Oncogene N-RAS defined as following: Human Oncogene N-RAS is a mutated variant of Human Oncogene N-RAS Gene (RAS Family), which encodes p21 N-Ras Protein, a monomeric GTPase involved in transmembrane signal transduction that alternates between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms. RAS is activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein. Mitogen-stimulated RAS stabilizes MYC protein and enhances MYC accumulation by the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, which appears to inhibit the proteasome-dependent degradation of MYC. Implicated in a variety of human Neoplasms, specific amino acid Gene Mutation activate c-RAS and transform cells. Oncogene Human Oncogene N-RAS disrupts normal cell function.. Mucosal Lesion defined as following: A pathologic process that affects the mucosa.. BRAF protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (766 aa, ~84 kDa) is encoded by the human BRAF protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in protein phosphorylation, mitogenesis and neuronal signal transduction.. Cutaneous Melanoma defined as following: A primary Melanocytic neoplasm arising from atypical melanocytes in the Skin Specimen Source Code. Precursor Lesion include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading Melanocytic neoplasm, acral lentiginous Melanocytic neoplasm, nodular Melanocytic neoplasm, and lentigo maligna Melanocytic neoplasm.. Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth defined as following: A Anal squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white Lesion or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic Site and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. Aggressive behavior defined as following: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.. Lesion defined as following: A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part.. Sole of Foot defined as following: The undersurface of the Lower extremity>Foot.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocytes.. Kaposi Sarcoma defined as following: A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower All extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The Neoplasms have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the Skin Specimen Source Code and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.. Anal squamous cell carcinoma defined as following: A Anal squamous cell carcinoma (sodium copper chlorophyllin) arising from the anal canal or the anal margin (perianal Skin Specimen Source Code). Human papillomavirus is detected in the majority of cases. Homosexual HIV Infections-positive men have an increased risk of developing anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison to the general male population. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding. The prognosis is generally better for anal margin sodium copper chlorophyllin than for anal canal sodium copper chlorophyllin.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. African People defined as following: People native to or inhabitants of AFRICA.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. HIV Infections defined as following: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).. Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant Skin Specimen Source Code neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing Skin Specimen Source Code, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471). Site defined as following: A position in relation to its surroundings.. Primary Lesion defined as following: A term that refers to a pathologic process in its original anatomic site of growth..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are somatic mutations positioned towards the nuclear periphery?", "id": "converted_4162", "sentence1": "Are somatic mutations positioned towards the nuclear periphery?", "sentence2": "lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core., Furthermore, mutational signatures differed between the nuclear core and periphery, thus indicating differences in the patterns of DNA-damage or DNA-repair processes. For instance, Location characteristic ID - Smoking and UV-related signatures, as well as substitutions at certain motifs, were more enriched in the nuclear periphery. , We found that lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core., found that lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core. Thi[SEP]Relations: regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of protein localization to cell division site, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of protein localization to cell division site, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of cell cycle process, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of cell cycle process.", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is HDAC1 required for GATA-1 transcriptional activity?", "id": "converted_4634", "sentence1": "Is HDAC1 gene required for GATA1 wt Allele transcriptional activity?", "sentence2": "HDAC1 gene gene is required for GATA1 wt Allele transcription activity, global chromatin occupancy and hematopoiesis., GATA-12RA knock-in (KI) mice suffer mild Genus Anemia and THROMBOCYTOPENIA 2 (disorder) with accumulation of immature Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes in bone marrow and Abdomen>Spleen. Single cell RNA-seq analysis of Lin- cKit+ (LK) cells further reveal a profound change in cell subpopulations and signature gene expression patterns in Hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid progenitors, and erythroid/megakaryocyte clusters in KI mice. Thus, GATA1 wt Allele deacetylation and its interaction with HDAC1 gene gene modulates GATA1 wt Allele chromatin binding and transcriptional activity that control erythroid/megakaryocyte commitment and differentiation.[SEP]Relations: hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis has relations: bioprocess_protein with FOXA3, bioprocess_protein with FOXA3, bioprocess_protein with TCIRG1, bioprocess_protein with TCIRG1, bioprocess_protein with ADGRG1, bioprocess_protein with ADGRG1, bioprocess_protein with CCN3, bioprocess_protein with CCN3. immune complex clearance by Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes has relations: bioprocess_protein with CR1, bioprocess_protein with CR1. Definitions: Megakaryocytes defined as following: Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.. HDAC1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in chromatin remodeling and the repression of gene expression.. GATA1 wt Allele defined as following: Human GATA1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xp11.23 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes erythroid transcription factor protein, is involved in the regulation of both transcription by RNA polymerase II and erythroid development.. Hematopoietic stem cells defined as following: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. THROMBOCYTOPENIA 2 (disorder) defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation(s) in the ANKRD26 gene, encoding ANKRD26 protein. Additionally, in one family, a mutation(s) has been identified in the MASTL gene, encoding serine/threonine-protein kinase greatwall. The condition is characterized by mild to moderate bruisability..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Figitumumab effective for non-small cell lung cancer?", "id": "converted_3348", "sentence1": "Is Figitumumab effective for non-small cell lung cancer?", "sentence2": "A phase III study failed for carboplatin, paclitaxel, with or without figitumumab in first-line treating metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma)., CONCLUSION: Adding figitumumab to standard chemotherapy failed to increase OS in patients with advanced nonadenocarcinoma Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma., Median OS was 8.6 months for figitumumab plus chemotherapy and 9.8 months for chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.40; P = .06); median progression-free survival was 4.7 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.4) and 4.6 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.4), respectively (HR, 1.10; P = .27); the objective response rates were 33% and 35%, respectively. , Phase III trials of the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) antibody figitumumab in non-small cell lung cancer (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) patients have been discontinued owing to lack of survival benefit., Two phase III trials of the anti-IGF1R protein, human monoclonal antibody, figitumumab (CP 751871), were discontinued in 2010 as it was considered unlikely either trial would meet their primary endpoints. In light of disappointing clinical data with figitumumab and other targeted agents, it is likely that the use of molecular markers will become important in predicting response to treatment. , Phase III trials of the anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor ( IGF1R ) antibody figitumumab in non-small cell lung cancer ( Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ) patients have been discontinued owing to lack of survival benefit . , Phase III trials of the anti-insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor ( IGF-IR ) antibody figitumumab ( F ) in unselected non-small-cell lung cancer ( Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ) patients were recently discontinued owing to futility . , One recent phase III trial of the IGF1R protein, human inhibitor figitumumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer was discontinued after an interim analysis showed no survival improvement . , The Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor ( IGF1R protein, human ) monoclonal antibody figitumumab , while initially promising , appears to increase Toxic effect and Cessation of life in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma of Squamous histology; therefore , clinical development of this class of agents will need to proceed with caution . , Two phase III trials of the anti-IGF1R protein, human monoclonal antibody , figitumumab ( CP 751871) , were discontinued in 2010 as it was considered unlikely either trial would meet their primary endpoints . , A phase III study failed for carboplatin , paclitaxel , with or without figitumumab in first-line treating metastatic non-small cell lung cancer ( Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) . , Median OS was 8.6 months for figitumumab plus chemotherapy and 9.8 months for chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.40; P = .06); median progression-free survival was 4.7 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.4) and 4.6 months (95% CI, 4.2 to 5.4), respectively (HR, 1.10; P = .27); the objective response rates were 33% and 35%, respectively.[SEP]Relations: Figitumumab has relations: drug_drug with Necitumumab, drug_drug with Necitumumab, drug_drug with Inebilizumab, drug_drug with Inebilizumab, drug_drug with Concizumab, drug_drug with Concizumab, drug_drug with Catumaxomab, drug_drug with Catumaxomab, drug_drug with Tositumomab, drug_drug with Tositumomab. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor defined as following: Cell surface receptors that bind somatomedins and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Studies have disclosed two types of receptors for this family of peptide hormones. The type I receptor is homologous to the insulin receptor and has tyrosine kinase activity. The type II receptor is identical to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor which is important in trafficking of lysosomal enzymes.. figitumumab defined as following: A human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Figitumumab selectively binds to IGF1R, preventing insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) from binding to the receptor and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation. Inhibition of IGF1R autophosphorylation may result in a reduction in receptor expression on tumor cells that express IGF1R, a reduction in the anti-apoptotic effect of IGF, and inhibition of tumor growth. IGF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on most tumor cells and is involved in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival.. IGF1R protein, human defined as following: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (1367 aa, ~155 kDa) is encoded by the human IGF1R gene. This protein is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition.. carboplatin defined as following: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. paclitaxel defined as following: A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell Cessation of life.. non-small cell lung cancer defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Figitumumab defined as following: A human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Figitumumab selectively binds to IGF1R, preventing insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) from binding to the receptor and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation. Inhibition of IGF1R autophosphorylation may result in a reduction in receptor expression on tumor cells that express IGF1R, a reduction in the anti-apoptotic effect of IGF, and inhibition of tumor growth. IGF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on most tumor cells and is involved in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is nerinetide effective for ischaemic stroke?", "id": "converted_4485", "sentence1": "Is nerinetide effective for ischaemic stroke?", "sentence2": "337 (61·4%) of 549 patients with nerinetide and 329 (59·2%) of 556 with placebo achieved an mRS score of 0-2 at 90 days (adjusted risk ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·96-1·14; p=0·35). Secondary outcomes were similar between groups. , INTERPRETATION: Nerinetide did not improve the proportion of patients achieving good clinical outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy compared with patients receiving placebo.,  patients receiving alteplase. Serious adverse events occurred equally between groups.INTERPRETATION: Nerinetide did not improve the proportion of patients achieving good clinical outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy compared with patients receiving placebo.FUNDING: Canadian Inst[SEP]Relations: Alteplase has relations: drug_drug with Lenalidomide, drug_drug with Lenalidomide, drug_drug with Benzthiazide, drug_drug with Benzthiazide, drug_drug with Mebutizide, drug_drug with Mebutizide, drug_drug with Nimesulide, drug_drug with Nimesulide, drug_drug with Nelarabine, drug_drug with Nelarabine. Definitions: alteplase defined as following: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases.. ischaemic stroke defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is cadherin a plasma membrane marker?", "id": "converted_3931", "sentence1": "Is cadherin a Plasma membrane marker?", "sentence2": "the Plasma membrane-bound E-Cadherin protein, cadherin 5 protein levels were also increased in the Plasma membrane fraction. ,  recycling of cadherin 5 to the Plasma membrane,, E-Cadherin, a central component of the Zonula Adherens (AJ), is a Single-pass plasma transmembrane protein [SEP]Relations: Plasma membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with CADM3, cellcomp_protein with CADM3, cellcomp_protein with CADM2, cellcomp_protein with CADM2, cellcomp_protein with CADM1, cellcomp_protein with CADM1, cellcomp_protein with FURIN, cellcomp_protein with FURIN, cellcomp_protein with ACIN1, cellcomp_protein with ACIN1. Definitions: Plasma membrane defined as following: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.. Zonula Adherens defined as following: A cell-cell Zonula Adherens which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells. [ISBN:0815316208]. cadherin defined as following: This gene plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and loss of function contributes to the progression of many carcinomas..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does Yersinia pestis causes a respiratory infection?", "id": "converted_2040", "sentence1": "Does Yersinia pestis causes a respiratory Communicable Diseases?", "sentence2": "Inhalation of Yersinia pestis results in primary pneumonic plague, a highly lethal and rapidly progressing necrotizing Pneumonia, Yersinia pestis causes the fatal Respiratory Tract Diseases pneumonic plague., Pulmonary Communicable Diseases by Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, a rapidly progressing and often fatal disease., Pulmonary Communicable Diseases with the bacterium Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, an often-fatal disease for which no vaccine is presently available., Yersinia pestis causes the fatal Respiratory Tract Diseases pneumonic plague, Pneumonic plague is a deadly Respiratory Tract Diseases caused by Yersinia pestis, On July 8, 2014, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) laboratory identified Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, in a blood specimen collected from a man (patient A) hospitalized with Pneumonia., Early emergence of Yersinia pestis as a severe respiratory pathogen., The aerosol form of the bacterium Yersinia pestis causes the pneumonic plague, a rapidly fatal disease,  plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, has historically been regarded as one of the deadliest pathogens known to mankind, having caused three major pandemics. After being transmitted by the bite of an infected flea arthropod vector, Y. pestis can cause three forms of human plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic,, Plague is an infectious disease caused by the Yersinia pestis microorganism, which is transmitted to the human host from a natural reservoir (different rodent species) by a flea bite. Plague is still encountered in Homo sapiens in the areas of its enzootic prevalence in local rodent populations. Infection by flea bite results in a bubonic or septicemic plague, possibly complicated by secondary Pneumonia. The person with pneumonic symptoms may be a source of a droplet-borne inhalatory Communicable Diseases for other people who consequently develop primary pneumonic plague. , uring pneumonic plague, the bacterium Yersinia pestis elicits the development of inflammatory lung lesions that continue to expand throughout Communicable Diseases. , In November 2006, the Uganda Ministry of Health received reports of an increase in bubonic plague cases and a possible outbreak of pneumonic plague among residents in the Arua and Nebbi districts. , Pneumonic plague is a fatal disease caused by Yersinia pestis that is associated with a delayed immune response in the Lung[SEP]Relations: lower respiratory tract disease has relations: contraindication with Fluticasone furoate, contraindication with Fluticasone furoate, disease_disease with lung disease, disease_disease with lung disease, contraindication with Fluticasone propionate, contraindication with Fluticasone propionate, disease_disease with respiratory system disease, disease_disease with respiratory system disease, contraindication with Flunisolide, contraindication with Flunisolide. Definitions: Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Respiratory Tract Diseases defined as following: Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.. Pneumonia defined as following: Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.. Pulmonary Communicable Diseases defined as following: An acute or chronic infectious process affecting the Lung.. Lung defined as following: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.. respiratory Communicable Diseases defined as following: Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate genomes?", "id": "converted_1298", "sentence1": "Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate Genome?", "sentence2": "Here, we use genome-wide comparisons between C. intestinalis and C. savignyi to identify putative urochordate cis-regulatory DNA Sequence. Ciona conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs) are associated with largely the same key Genes, Regulator as vertebrate CNEs, We have identified Conserved Non-coding Elements (CNEs) in the Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae , Here we report that nematode Genome contain an alternative set of CNEs that share Sequence - ParameterizedDataType characteristics, but not identity, with their vertebrate counterparts. CNEs thus represent a very unusual class of DNA Sequence that are extremely conserved within specific animal lineages yet are highly divergent between lineages, A core set of Genes that regulate development is associated with CNEs across three animal groups (worms, Diptera and Vertebrates), The Genome of Vertebrates, Diptera, and Phylum Nematoda contain highly conserved noncoding elements (CNEs)., The Genome of Vertebrates, Diptera, and Phylum Nematoda contain highly conserved noncoding elements (CNEs)[SEP]Relations: vertebra has relations: anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra. regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-specific DNA binding. Definitions: Genes, Regulator defined as following: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other Genes; specifically, Genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid DNA Sequence involved in regulating the expression of Genes.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Phylum Nematoda defined as following: class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures; many species are parasites.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid DNA Sequence that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Diptera defined as following: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called Diptera, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Have yeast prions become important models for the study of the basic mechanisms underlying human amyloid diseases?", "id": "converted_2973", "sentence1": "Have Saccharomyces cerevisiae Prions become important models for the study of the basic mechanisms underlying human Serum amyloid A protein diseases?", "sentence2": "Endogenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae amyloids that control heritable traits and are frequently used as models for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases are termed Saccharomyces cerevisiae Prions, Fibrous cross-β aggregates (amyloids) and their transmissible forms (Prions) cause diseases in Mammals (including Homo sapiens) and control heritable traits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , These infectious Saccharomyces cerevisiae amyloidoses are outstanding models for the many common human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein-based diseases that are increasingly found to have some infectious characteristics., Yeast Prions (infectious proteins) were discovered by their outré genetic properties and have become important models for an array of human prion and Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases., Yeast Prions are models for both rare mammalian Prion Diseases and for several very common amyloidoses such as ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent, and Parkinson Disease. , Yeast Prions are important models for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases in general, particularly because new evidence is showing infectious aspects of several human amyloidoses not previously classified as Prions. , Mechanism of Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein formation is critical for a complete understanding of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion phenomenon and human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein-related diseases. , Yeast Prions are important models for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases in general, particularly because new evidence is showing infectious aspects of several human amyloidoses not previously classified as Prions., Endogenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae amyloids that control heritable traits and are frequently used as models for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases are termed Saccharomyces cerevisiae Prions., Mechanism of Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein formation is critical for a complete understanding of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion phenomenon and human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein-related diseases., Here we summarize the results of studies of Prions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae model for investigation of some human amyloidoses, such as Prion Diseases, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington Disease., Yeast Prions increasingly are serving as models for the understanding and treatment of many mammalian amyloidoses., Yeast Prions, based on self-seeded highly ordered Fibrous aggregates (amyloids), serve as a model for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases., These infectious Saccharomyces cerevisiae amyloidoses are outstanding models for the many common human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein-based diseases that are increasingly found to have some infectious characteristics.<br>, The Saccharomyces cerevisiae system has provided considerable insight into the biology of Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein and Prions., Yeast Prions are important models for human Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein diseases in general, particularly because new evidence is showing infectious aspects of several human amyloidoses not previously classified as Prions., We also review studies of the roles of chaperones, aggregate-collecting proteins, and other cellular components using Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have led the way in improving the understanding of similar processes that must be operating in many human amyloidoses.[SEP]Relations: prion disease has relations: disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_disease with brain disease, disease_disease with brain disease, disease_disease with encephalopathy, bovine spongiform, disease_disease with encephalopathy, bovine spongiform, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_protein with PRNP. familial Alzheimer disease has relations: disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_disease with inherited prion disease. Definitions: Prions defined as following: Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by Prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.. Serum amyloid A protein defined as following: A family of apolipoproteins that are associated with high-density lipoprotein particles in the serum. These proteins may play a role in both the acute-phase of inflammation and in cholesterol transport.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Huntington Disease defined as following: A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4). Serum amyloid A protein diseases defined as following: A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the Serum amyloid A protein deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.. Prion Diseases defined as following: A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In Homo sapiens, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83). ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding Serum amyloid A protein-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does physical activity influence gut hormones?", "id": "converted_38", "sentence1": "Does physical activity influence gut hormones?", "sentence2": "Increases in blood Peptide YY, human(3-36) levels were dependent on the exercise intensity (effect of session: P<0.001 by two-way ANOVA), whereas those in Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 levels were similar between two different exercise sessions., A decrease in serum leptin levels (-48.4%, p < 0.001) was observed after intervention without changes in total peptide YY and Therapeutic Insulin levels., ur data suggest that the control of spontaneous physical activity by gut hormones or their neuropeptide targets may represent an important mechanistic component of energy balance regulation, Hunger and gut hormones remained unchanged during the bed rest., weight-bearing exercise has a greater exercise-induced Desire for food suppressive effect compared with non-weight-bearing exercise, and both forms of exercise lowered acylated Lenomorelin and increased total Peptide YY, human, but the changes did not differ significantly between exercise modes., Appetite (P < 0.0005) and acylated Lenomorelin (P < 0.002) were suppressed during exercise but more so during SIE. Peptide YY increased during exercise but most consistently during END (P < 0.05). Acylated Lenomorelin was lowest in the afternoon of SIE (P = 0.018) despite elevated Desire for food, Following the pre-exercise meal, Lenomorelin was suppressed ~17% and Therapeutic Insulin and Peptide YY, human were elevated ~157 and ~40%, respectively, relative to fasting (day 7). Following exercise, Peptide YY, human, Lenomorelin, and Human Growth Hormone were significantly (p < 0.0001) increased by ~11, ~16 and ~813%, respectively. The noted disruption in the typical inverse relationship between Lenomorelin and Peptide YY, human following exercise suggests that interaction of these Peptides may be at least partially responsible for post-exercise Desire for food suppression, Plasma levels of Peptide YY, human and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 were increased by exercise, whereas plasma Lenomorelin levels were unaffected by exercise, These findings suggest Lenomorelin and Peptide YY, human may regulate Desire for food during and after exercise,, significant (P < 0.05) interaction effects for hunger, acylated Lenomorelin, and Peptide YY, human, indicating suppressed hunger and acylated Lenomorelin during aerobic and resistance exercise and increased Peptide YY, human during aerobic exercise, 'exercise-induced anorexia' may potentially be linked to increased Peptide YY, human, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Pancreatic Polypeptide levels., Hunger scores and Peptide YY, human, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Pancreatic Polypeptide levels showed an inverse temporal pattern during the 1-h exercise/control intervention, Exercise significantly increased mean Peptide YY, human, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Pancreatic Polypeptide levels, and this effect was maintained during the post-exercise period for Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Pancreatic Polypeptide. No significant effect of exercise was observed on postprandial levels of Lenomorelin, following blood donation the strenuous exercise resulted in a marked reduction in the plasma leptin, We conclude that strenuous physical exercise; 1) fails to affect plasma leptin level but when performed after meal but not after blood withdrawal it results in an increase and fall in plasma leptin, and 2) the release of gut hormones (Gastrin, human, Cholecystokinin, human and Pancreatic Polypeptide) and stress hormones (epinephrine and epinephrine and norepinephrine, hydrocortisone, Human Growth Hormone) increase immediately after exercise independently of feeding or blood donation, the unrestricted exercise group has a significantly elevated SRIF-LI concentration, Exercise has recently been reported to influence Lenomorelin and Peptide YY, human concentrations.[SEP]Relations: Norepinephrine has relations: drug_effect with Aggressive behavior, drug_effect with Aggressive behavior, drug_effect with Lactic acidosis, drug_effect with Lactic acidosis, drug_effect with Anxiety, drug_effect with Anxiety. Hydrocortisone has relations: drug_effect with Increased body weight, drug_effect with Increased body weight, drug_effect with Emotional lability, drug_effect with Emotional lability. Definitions: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 defined as following: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in Glucagon-Like Peptide 1(7-37) or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.. leptin defined as following: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.. Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of Peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Peptide YY, human defined as following: Peptide YY (97 aa, ~11 kDa) is encoded by the human Peptide YY, human gene. This protein is involved in hormone signaling to regulate gastrointestinal processes.. Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.. Human Growth Hormone defined as following: A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as Human Growth Hormone or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.. Cholecystokinin, human defined as following: Cholecystokinin (115 aa, ~13 kDa) is encoded by the human Cholecystokinin, human gene. This protein is involved in both pancreatic enzyme release and gallbladder contraction.. Desire for food defined as following: Natural recurring desire for food. Alterations may be induced by APPETITE DEPRESSANTS or APPETITE STIMULANTS.. Gastrin, human defined as following: Gastrin (101 aa, ~11 kDa) is encoded by the human GAST gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of food digestion by the gastrointestinal system.. hydrocortisone defined as following: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.. Pancreatic Polypeptide defined as following: A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (Pancreatic Polypeptide), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and Desire for food. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (Pancreatic Polypeptide) has been associated with OBESITY in rats and mice..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is protein M3/6 a dual specificity phosphatase?", "id": "converted_213", "sentence1": "Is protein M3/6 a dual specificity phosphatase?", "sentence2": "Involvement of the dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6 in c-Jun N-terminal kinase inactivation following Cerebral Infarction in the Rattus norvegicus hippocampus., The results revealed upregulation of dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6 (DUSP8) activity at 4 h of reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus hippocampi. , This study examines the molecular mechanism underlying MAPK8 wt Allele dephosphorylation and inactivation evoked by dual-specificity phosphates following Cerebral Infarction., Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases play a particularly important role in this respect, by tightly controlling Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases phosphorylation and activation. M3/6 (DUSP8) is a dual-specificity phosphatase implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAPK8 wt Allele and, to a lesser extent, p38 MAPKs and is found in a complex with these kinases, along with other pathway components, held together by scaffold proteins. , Dual-Specificity Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases (DUSPs) play a very important role in these events by modulating the extent of MAPK8 wt Allele phosphorylation and activation and thus regulating cellular responses to stress. M3/6 (DUSP8) is one of the dual-specificity protein phosphatases with distinct specificity towards MAPK8 wt Allele., M3/6 is a dual-specificity phosphatase selective for MAPK8 wt Allele [7, 8]. , Here we describe two new dual specificity phosphatases of the CL100/MKP-1 family that are selective for inactivating ERK or MAPK8 wt Allele/SAPK and p38 MAP kinases when expressed in COS-7 cells. M3/6 is the first phosphatase of this family to display highly specific inactivation of MAPK8 wt Allele/SAPK and p38 MAP kinases. , We previously demonstrated that the dual specificity phosphatases (DSPs) DUSP16 gene and M3/6 bind the scaffold MAPK8 wt Allele-interacting protein-1 (MAPK8IP1 gene) and inactivate the bound subset of MAPK8 wt Allele (1)., the dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6,  dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6 (DUSP8), M3/6 (DUSP8) is a dual-specificity phosphatase implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAPK8 wt Allele , the M3/6 dual-specificity phosphatase, M3/6 (DUSP8) is one of the dual-specificity protein phosphatases with distinct specificity towards MAPK8 wt Allele, M3/6 is a dual-specificity phosphatase selective for MAPK8 wt Allele, The dual specificity phosphatases M3/6 and DUSP6 protein, human are highly selective for inactivation of distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases., Phosphorylation of the M3/6 dual-specificity phosphatase enhances the activation of MAPK8 wt Allele by arsenite., Indeed, expanded polyglutamine impaired the solubility of the dual-specificity MAPK8 wt Allele phosphatase M3/6., Regulation of dual-specificity phosphatases M3/6 and DUSP8 gene by Phorbol Esters., M3/6 (DUSP8) is one of the dual-specificity protein phosphatases with distinct specificity towards MAPK8 wt Allele., M3/6 is a dual-specificity phosphatase selective for MAPK8 wt Allele [7, 8], M3/6 (DUSP8) is one of the dual-specificity protein phosphatases with distinct specificity towards MAPK8 wt Allele, Here we describe how diverse cellular stresses affect differently the stability and activity of a MAPK8 wt Allele-inactivating dual-specificity threonine-tyrosine phosphatase M3/6, M3/6 is a dual-specificity phosphatase selective for MAPK8 wt Allele [7, 8], Regulation of dual-specificity phosphatases M3/6 and DUSP8 gene by Phorbol Esters. Analysis of a delta-like domain., The results revealed upregulation of dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6 (DUSP8) activity at 4 h of reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus hippocampi, Indeed, expanded polyglutamine impaired the solubility of the dual-specificity MAPK8 wt Allele phosphatase M3/6, Here we report that MAPK8IP1 gene also binds the dual-specificity phosphatases DUSP16 gene and M3/6 via a Geographic Locations independent of its MAPK8 wt Allele binding domain., Differential regulation of M3/6 (DUSP8) signaling[SEP]Relations: MAPK8IP1 has relations: disease_protein with type 2 diabetes mellitus, disease_protein with type 2 diabetes mellitus, protein_protein with LRP2, protein_protein with LRP2, bioprocess_protein with JUN phosphorylation, bioprocess_protein with JUN phosphorylation, protein_protein with MAP2K7, protein_protein with MAP2K7, protein_protein with LRP8, protein_protein with LRP8. Definitions: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).. Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases defined as following: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate.. MAPK8 wt Allele defined as following: Human MAPK8 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q11.22 and is approximately 133 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 protein, plays a role in the induction of programmed cell death mediated by both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ultraviolet radiation.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. DUSP6 protein, human defined as following: Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6 (381 aa, ~42 kDa) is encoded by the human DUSP6 gene. This protein plays a role in both dephosphorylation and inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. Dual-Specificity Phosphatases defined as following: A sub-class of protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain an additional phosphatase activity which cleaves phosphate ester bonds on SERINE or THREONINE residues that are located on the same protein.. Cerebral Infarction defined as following: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).. Phorbol Esters defined as following: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Otolin-1 a matrix protein?", "id": "converted_4566", "sentence1": "Is Otolin-1 a matrix protein?", "sentence2": "otoconia matrix protein, otolin-1, Otolin-1 is a collagen-like protein expressed in the inner ear of vertebrates. , Mammalian Otolin: a multimeric glycoprotein specific to the inner ear that interacts with otoconial matrix protein Otoconin-90 and Cerebellin-1, binds to otolin-1 and forming matrix protein architectures[SEP]", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is it feasible to determine the complete proteome of yeast?", "id": "converted_340", "sentence1": "Is it feasible to determine the complete proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae?", "sentence2": "or model organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae, we can now quantify complete proteomes in just a few hours., A complete mass-spectrometric map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae proteome applied to quantitative trait analysis., So far, attempts to generate such maps for any proteome have failed to reach complete proteome coverage. Here we use a strategy based on high-throughput peptide synthesis and mass spectrometry to generate an almost complete reference map (97% of the genome-predicted proteins) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae proteome.[SEP]Definitions: Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there interactions between short and long noncoding RNAs?", "id": "converted_3510", "sentence1": "Are there interactions between short and long noncoding RNAs?", "sentence2": "It is now evident that noncoding RNAs play key roles in regulatory networks determining cell fate and behavior, in a myriad of different conditions, and across all species. Among these noncoding RNAs are short RNAs, such as MicroRNAs, snoRNAs, and Piwi-Interacting RNA, and the functions of those are relatively well understood. Other noncoding RNAs are longer, and their modes of action and functions are also increasingly explored and deciphered. Short RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) interact with each other with reciprocal consequences for their fates and functions. LncRNAs serve as precursors for many types of small RNAs and, therefore, the pathways for small RNA biogenesis can impinge upon the fate of lncRNAs. In addition, Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA expression can be repressed by small RNAs, and lncRNAs can affect small RNA activity and abundance through competition for binding or by triggering small RNA degradation. Here, I review the known types of interactions between small and long RNAs, discuss their outcomes, and bring representative examples from studies in Mammals., Short RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) interact with each other with reciprocal consequences for their fates and functions., Short RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) interact with each other with reciprocal consequences for their fates and functions.[SEP]Relations: long noncoding RNA binding has relations: molfunc_protein with MIR384, molfunc_protein with MIR384. PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis has relations: pathway_protein with HSP90AA1, pathway_protein with HSP90AA1, pathway_protein with TDRD9, pathway_protein with TDRD9, pathway_protein with TDRD6, pathway_protein with TDRD6, pathway_protein with MAEL, pathway_protein with MAEL. Definitions: Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.. Piwi-Interacting RNA defined as following: Single-stranded RNA molecules that are expressed in animal cells and form complexes with Piwi proteins. They are involved in transcriptional gene silencing..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is AZD5153 active in prostate cancer?", "id": "converted_3555", "sentence1": "Is AZD5153 active in Malignant neoplasm of prostate?", "sentence2": "AZD5153 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Growth in Vitro and in Vivo., BRD4 protein, human gene (BRD4 protein, human protein, human) overexpression participates in Malignant neoplasm of prostate progression by enhancing the transcriptional activity and expression of several key oncogenes. AZD5153 is a novel BRD4 protein, human protein, human inhibitor.METHODS: Prostate cancer cells were treated with AZD5153. Cell survival was tested by MTT assay and clonogenicity assay. Cell proliferation was tested by [H3] DNA incorporation assay. Cell apoptosis was tested by caspase-3/-9 activity assay, Histone DNA ELISA assay, ANXA5 gene Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting assay and TUNEL staining assay. Cell cycle progression was tested by Propidium Iodide (Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency) Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting assay. Signal Transduction was tested by Western blotting assay. The nude mice PC-3 cell line cell line xenograft model was applied to test AZD5153's activity in vivo.RESULTS: AZD5153 inhibited proliferation and survival of established and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells. AZD5153 induced apoptosis activation and cell cycle arrest in Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells. AZD5153 was non-cytotoxic to the prostate epithelial cells. AZD5153 downregulated BRD4 protein, human protein, human targets (Cyclin D1, MYC protein, human, BCL2 gene, FOSL1 wt Allele wt Allele and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4) in PC-3 cell line cell line and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells. Further studies show that Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt could be the primary resistance factor of AZD5153. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt induced BRD4 protein, human protein, human downregulation, sensitizing AZD5153-induced cytotoxicity in PC-3 cell line cell line cells. In vivo, AZD5153 oral administration inhibited PC-3 cell line cell line xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Its anti-tumor activity was further enhanced with co-treatment of the Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt specific inhibitor MK-2206.CONCLUSION: Together, our results indicate a promising therapeutic value of the novel BRD4 protein, human protein, human inhibitor AZD5153 against Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., AZD5153 induced apoptosis activation and cell cycle arrest in Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., CONCLUSION\n\nTogether, our results indicate a promising therapeutic value of the novel BRD4 protein, human protein, human inhibitor AZD5153 against Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., AZD5153 downregulated BRD4 protein, human protein, human targets (Cyclin D1, MYC protein, human, BCL2 gene, FOSL1 wt Allele wt Allele and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4) in PC-3 cell line cell line and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., RESULTS\n\nAZD5153 inhibited proliferation and survival of established and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., RESULTS AZD5153 inhibited proliferation and survival of established and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., AZD5153 induced apoptosis activation and cell cycle arrest in Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., AZD5153 downregulated BRD4 protein, human protein, human targets (Cyclin D1, MYC protein, human, BCL2 gene, FOSL1 wt Allele wt Allele and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4) in PC-3 cell line cell line and primary Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., CONCLUSION Together, our results indicate a promising therapeutic value of the novel BRD4 protein, human protein, human inhibitor AZD5153 against Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells., AZD5153 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Growth in Vitro and in Vivo, AZD5153 induced apoptosis activation and cell cycle arrest in Malignant neoplasm of prostate cells.[SEP]Relations: ANXA5 has relations: anatomy_protein_present with prostate gland, anatomy_protein_present with prostate gland, disease_protein with gastric cancer, disease_protein with gastric cancer, disease_protein with lung cancer, disease_protein with lung cancer, disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia with t(9;11)(p22;q23), disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia with t(9;11)(p22;q23), disease_protein with acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation, disease_protein with acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation. Definitions: BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. Signal Transduction defined as following: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 defined as following: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. BRD4 protein, human defined as following: BRD4 gene (1362 aa, ~152 kDa) is encoded by the human BRD4 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the mitotic process.. MYC protein, human defined as following: MYC protein, human proto-oncogene protein (439 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human MYC gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of transcription and cell proliferation.. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt defined as following: Expressed in diverse tissues, Protein Kinase B (Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/RAC Family) is a group (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) of cytoplasmic serine/threonine enzymes that covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrate proteins and regulate cell signaling responses to insulin, PDGF, and IGF1 (through PI3K) involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, glycogen synthesis, and glucose uptake.. ANXA5 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in anticoagulation processes and mediates lipid binding.. AZD5153 defined as following: An orally bioavailable bivalent inhibitor of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4 protein, human), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the BRD4 protein, human inhibitor AZD5153 selectively binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in two bromodomains in the BRD4 protein, human protein, thereby preventing the binding of BRD4 protein, human to acetylated lysines on histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and dysregulates expression of target genes, which leads to the downregulation of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes, induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of BRD4 protein, human-overexpressing tumor cells. BRD4 protein, human, a member of the human bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, is a transcriptional regulator that is overexpressed in certain tumor cells and plays an important role in cellular proliferation.. PC-3 cell line defined as following: An adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1979 from a bone metastasis from a 62 year old Caucasian male patient with stage IV prostate carcinoma.. Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. FOSL1 wt Allele defined as following: Human FOSL1 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11q13 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes FOSL1 wt Allele protein, is involved in transcriptional regulation.. Propidium Iodide defined as following: A fluorescent nucleic acid dye which binds only to double-stranded nucleic acids. It has a molecular weight of 668.4, an absorbance maximum of 535nm, and an emission maximum of 617 nm. It is commonly used to determine the DNA content of a cell or to discriminate viable from non-viable cells.. BRD4 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in mitosis.. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting defined as following: Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted.. Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are retroviruses used for gene therapy?", "id": "converted_690", "sentence1": "Are retroviruses used for gene therapy?", "sentence2": "Several Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes have been treated successfully by stem cell-targeted, retroviral-mediated gene transfer with reconstitution of the immune system following infusion of the transduced Cells., In this work we have developed and tested a self-inactivating (Sinhalese language) gammaretroviral vector (SINfes.gp91s) containing a codon-optimized transgene (gp91(phox)) under the transcriptional control of a myeloid promoter for the gene therapy of the X-linked form of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder, Complementation Group D (X-Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder, Complementation Group D).,  We used a lentiviral vector encoding functional Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome wt Allele to genetically correct HSPCs from three Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome patients and reinfused the Cells after a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, We used a lentiviral vector to transfer a functional ARSA gene into hematopoietic stem Cells (Hematopoietic stem Cells) from three presymptomatic patients who showed Genetic, biochemical, and neurophysiological evidence of late infantile Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic. , We assessed lentiviral vectors (LVs) targeted to the EC surface marker CD105 for in vivo gene delivery., Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors and apoptin genes were cloned into a doxycycline-regulated retrovirus-mediated gene expression system.[SEP]Relations: Geneticin has relations: drug_drug with Trimebutine, drug_drug with Trimebutine, drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Ledipasvir, drug_drug with Ledipasvir, drug_drug with Dexmedetomidine, drug_drug with Dexmedetomidine, drug_drug with Rasagiline, drug_drug with Rasagiline. Definitions: Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes defined as following: Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.. Hematopoietic stem Cells defined as following: Progenitor Cells from which all blood Cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome wt Allele defined as following: Human Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome wild-type allele is located within Xp11.4-p11.21 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, plays a role in actin cytoskeletal organization. Mutations in this gene are the cause of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome an X-linked disease characterized by eczema, immune deficiencies and thrombocytopenia.. Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic defined as following: An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.. Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors defined as following: Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Sinhalese language defined as following: An Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan branch that is the native language of the Sinhalese people, who make up the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg Cells.. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome defined as following: A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.. ARSA gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the metabolism of cerebroside sulfate.. retroviruses defined as following: Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Stat4 a transcription factor?", "id": "converted_1898", "sentence1": "Is Stat4 a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR?", "sentence2": "transcription factors TBX21 gene and STAT4 protein, human protein, human, STAT4 protein, human protein, human is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Extended Priority Codes - Stat) family of Molecule that localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 protein, human protein, human regulates various genes expression as a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR after it is phosphorylated, dimerizes and translocates to the Cell Nucleus. , STAT4 protein, human protein, human is a latent cytosolic factor that encodes a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR transmitting signals stimulated by Recombinant Cytokines. ,  To investigate the role of signal transduction and activation of transcription 4 (STAT4 protein, human protein, human) in the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol)[SEP]Relations: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding has relations: molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with STAT3, molfunc_protein with IRF4, molfunc_protein with IRF4, molfunc_protein with E2F4, molfunc_protein with E2F4, molfunc_protein with CHD4, molfunc_protein with CHD4, molfunc_protein with NFATC4, molfunc_protein with NFATC4. Definitions: Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. STAT4 protein, human defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT4 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional activation and signal transduction.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. TBX21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of cytokine gene expression.. Stat4 defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT4 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional activation and signal transduction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can autophagy related lncRNAs be used for colorectal cancer prognosis?", "id": "converted_4698", "sentence1": "Can autophagy related lncRNAs be used for colorectal cancer prognosis?", "sentence2": "A Novel Prognostic Prediction Model for Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum Based on Nine Autophagy-Related Long Noncoding RNAs, A prognostic prediction model of Cytogenetic Complete Response was built based on nine ARlncRNAs (NKILA gene gene, LINC00174, AC008760.1, LINC02041, PCAT6 gene gene, AC156455.1, LINC01503, LINC00957 gene gene, and CD27-AS1). The 5-year overall survival rate was significantly lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group among train set, validation set, and all patients (all p < 0.001). The model had high sensitivity and accuracy in predicting the 1-year overall survival rate (area under the curve = 0.717). The prediction model risk score was an independent predictor of Cytogenetic Complete Response. , The new ARlncRNA-based model predicts Cytogenetic Complete Response patient prognosis and provides new research ideas regarding potential mechanisms regulating the biological behavior of Cytogenetic Complete Response. ARlncRNAs may play important roles in personalized cancer treatment.[SEP]Relations: malignant colon neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with colorectal cancer, disease_disease with colorectal cancer, disease_protein with LGR5, disease_protein with LGR5, disease_protein with GCG, disease_protein with GCG, disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with LRG1, disease_protein with LRG1. Definitions: Cytogenetic Complete Response defined as following: The disappearance of all signs of cancer, including the absence of a detectable disease-related genetic abnormality, as determined by techniques such as karyotyping or FISH, in response to treatment..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is microRNA(miRNA) 29 involved in post-ischemic cardiac remodeling?", "id": "converted_319", "sentence1": "Is microRNA(miRNA) 29 involved in post-ischemic cardiac remodeling?", "sentence2": "Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced remodelling generally includes cell death (Necrotic changes (finding) and apoptosis), Myocyte hypertrophy, angiogenesis, cardiac Fibrosis, and Myocardial dysfunction. I, In addition, MIR21 gene, -24, -133, -210, -494, and -499 appear to protect Muscle Cells against I/R-induced apoptosis, whereas miR-1, -29, -199a, and -320 promote apoptosis, Myocardial Fibrosis can be regulated by the miR-29 family, Studies using various in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models have suggested the possible involvement of miR-1, MIR21 gene, miR-29, miR-92a, miR-133, miR-199a, and miR-320 in Reperfusion Injury and/or remodeling after Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Among the MI-regulated MicroRNAs are members of the miR-29 family, which are down-regulated in the region of the Chest>Heart adjacent to the Infarction. The miR-29 family targets a cadre of mRNAs that encode proteins involved in Fibrosis, including multiple collagen, Fibrillins, and ELN protein, human. Thus, down-regulation of miR-29 would be predicted to derepress the expression of these mRNAs and enhance the fibrotic response. Indeed, down-regulation of miR-29 with Antagomirs in vitro and in vivo induces the expression of collagen, whereas over-expression of miR-29 in Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts reduces collagen expression. We conclude that miR-29 acts as a regulator of cardiac Fibrosis and represents a potential therapeutic target for tissue Fibrosis in general.[SEP]Relations: ischemia reperfusion injury has relations: disease_protein with MIR148B, disease_protein with MIR148B, disease_protein with EFNA5, disease_protein with EFNA5. Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal has relations: disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR761, disease_protein with MIR761. Definitions: Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.. collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).. Fibrillins defined as following: A family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins that is structurally similar to LATENT TGF-BETA BINDING PROTEINS, but contain additional TGF-beta binding domains, in addition to unique domains at their N and C-terminals. Fibrillins assemble into 10-12 nm MICROFIBRILS that function in a variety of cell interactions with the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and developmental processes such as ELASTIC TISSUE maintenance and assembly, and the targeting of growth factors to the extracellular matrix.. MIR21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular, breast, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, prostatic and squamous cell carcinomas, glioblastoma and glioma.. Reperfusion Injury defined as following: Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.. Muscle Cells defined as following: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as Muscle Cells, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.. Necrotic changes (finding) defined as following: A finding indicating the presence of cellular Necrotic changes (finding) in a tissue specimen.. ELN protein, human defined as following: Elastin (786 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human ELN gene. This protein is involved in the elasticity of the extracellular matrix.. Antagomirs defined as following: Chemically-engineered oligonucleotides used to selectively inhibit expression of target genes through sequence-specific binding of corresponding microRNA (miRNA) sites.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 MicroRNAs discovered, and are from a class of MicroRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an Infarction, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Myocardial Fibrosis defined as following: The accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the myocardium. This may result from chronic hypertension, Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal or cardiomyopathy and eventually lead to Chest>Heart failure..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does mTOR regulate the translation of MAPKAPK2?", "id": "converted_1974", "sentence1": "Does FRAP1 protein, human regulate the translation of MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2?", "sentence2": "FRAP1 protein, human regulates MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 translation to control the senescence-associated secretory phenotype., Senescent cells secrete a combination of factors collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (TXN protein, human). The TXN protein, human reinforces senescence and activates an immune surveillance response, but it can also show pro-tumorigenic properties and contribute to age-related pathologies. In a drug screen to find new TXN protein, human regulators, we uncovered the FRAP1 protein, human inhibitor sirolimus as a potent TXN protein, human suppressor. Here we report a mechanism by which FRAP1 protein, human controls the TXN protein, human by differentially regulating the translation of the MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 protein, human (also known as MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2) kinase through EIF4EBP1 wt Allele. In turn, MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 phosphorylates the RNA-Binding Proteins ZFP36L1 gene gene during senescence, inhibiting its ability to degrade the RNA Transcript of numerous TXN protein, human components. Consequently, FRAP1 protein, human inhibition or constitutive activation of ZFP36L1 gene gene impairs the non-cell-autonomous effects of senescent cells in both tumour-suppressive and tumour-promoting contexts. Altogether, our results place regulation of the TXN protein, human as a key mechanism by which FRAP1 protein, human could influence Primary malignant neoplasm, age-related diseases and immune responses., Here we report a mechanism by which FRAP1 protein, human controls the TXN protein, human by differentially regulating the translation of the MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 protein, human (also known as MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2) kinase through EIF4EBP1 wt Allele., FRAP1 protein, human regulates MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 translation to control the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, Here we report a mechanism by which FRAP1 protein, human controls the TXN protein, human by differentially regulating the translation of the MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 protein, human (also known as MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2) kinase through EIF4EBP1 wt Allele, Here we report a mechanism by which FRAP1 protein, human controls the TXN protein, human by differentially regulating the translation of the MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 protein, human (also known as MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2) kinase through EIF4EBP1 wt Allele., Both Beclin1-PI3KIII and Beclin1-MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 interactions as were remarkably affected by silencing either ammonium tetrathiomolybdate or MAPK14.ammonium tetrathiomolybdate promoted IR-induced autophagy via the MAPK14 pathway, FRAP1 protein, human pathway and Beclin1/PI3KIII complexes., FRAP1 protein, human regulates MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 translation to control the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.[SEP]Relations: protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2, molfunc_protein with MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2, molfunc_protein with MTMR2, molfunc_protein with MTMR2, molfunc_protein with MTOR, molfunc_protein with MTOR, molfunc_protein with MAPKAPK3, molfunc_protein with MAPKAPK3. ZFP36L1 gene has relations: protein_protein with MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2, protein_protein with MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. TXN protein, human defined as following: Thioredoxin (105 aa, ~12 kDa) is encoded by the human TXN gene. This protein plays a role in redox reactions, signaling and immunity.. FRAP1 protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase FRAP1 protein, human (2549 aa, ~289 kDa) is encoded by the human MTOR gene. This protein is involved in protein phosphorylation, signaling and cell growth.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. EIF4EBP1 wt Allele defined as following: Human EIF4EBP1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8p12 and is approximately 30 kb in length. This allele, which encodes eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, plays a role in the regulation of both translation and protein-protein interactions.. RNA-Binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.. FRAP1 protein, human inhibitor defined as following: Agents that inhibit the activity of TOR SERINE-THREONINE KINASES.. MAPKAPK2 protein, human defined as following: MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (400 aa, ~46 kDa) is encoded by the human MAP-kinase-activated kinase 2 gene. This protein is involved in stress responsive signaling.. sirolimus defined as following: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do honey contain diastases/amylases?", "id": "converted_4190", "sentence1": "Do honey preparation contain diastases/amylases?", "sentence2": "A new rapid method for the determination of honey preparation preparation diastase activity using direct potentiometric principles has been proposed. , The major alpha-amylase in honey preparation preparation was characterized. , Separation of honey preparation preparation amylase[SEP]Relations: alpha-amylase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with AMY1A, molfunc_protein with AMY1A, molfunc_protein with AMY2A, molfunc_protein with AMY2A, molfunc_protein with AMY1C, molfunc_protein with AMY1C, molfunc_protein with AMY2B, molfunc_protein with AMY2B, molfunc_protein with AMY1B, molfunc_protein with AMY1B.", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is DNA polymerase θ involved in DNA repair?", "id": "converted_2620", "sentence1": "Is DNA polymerase θ involved in DNA repair?", "sentence2": "DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is implicated in various cellular processes including double-strand break repair and apurinic/apyrimidinic site bypass.,  Pol θ is the defining Enzyme [APC] for a pathway of DSB repair termed \"alternative end-joining\" (altEJ) or \"theta-mediated end-joining.\", DNA polymerase θ is a key player in PARP-mediated DNA damage repair and essential for the survival of Tumor cells, malignant where homologous recombination is compromised. , DNA polymerase θ protects against genomic instability via an alternative end-joining repair pathway for DNA double-strand breaks.[SEP]Relations: malignant giant cell tumor has relations: disease_disease with malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone, disease_disease with malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone, disease_disease with malignant tenosynovial giant cell tumor, disease_disease with malignant tenosynovial giant cell tumor, disease_disease with giant cell tumor of soft tissue, disease_disease with giant cell tumor of soft tissue, disease_disease with giant cell tumor, disease_disease with giant cell tumor, disease_disease with cancer, disease_disease with cancer. Definitions: Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis?", "id": "converted_4226", "sentence1": "Is ATP-Dependent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) the rate-limiting Enzyme [APC] in Gluconeogenesis?", "sentence2": "PCK1 gene (Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase) is a metabolic Enzyme [APC] in the Gluconeogenesis pathway,, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase, a key Enzyme [APC] involved in Gluconeogenesis associated with a decrease in the expression of master genes involved in the VLDL synthesis , Transcriptome analysis of rate-limiting ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS involved in hepatic Gluconeogenesis revealed that moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin at a concentration of 1000 μM did not affect the expression of key gluconeogenic ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS such as ATP-Dependent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase., Pck1 is a rate-limiting gluconeogenic Enzyme [APC], where its deficiency or Mutation Abnormality contributes to serious clinical situations as neonatal Hypoglycemia and Liver Failure., the Gluconeogenesis key ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (ATP-Dependent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase) [SEP]Relations: ATP-Dependent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase deficiency has relations: disease_protein with PCK1, disease_protein with PCK1, disease_protein with PCK2, disease_protein with PCK2, disease_disease with Gluconeogenesis disorder, disease_disease with Gluconeogenesis disorder. Gluconeogenesis has relations: bioprocess_protein with PCK1, bioprocess_protein with PCK1, bioprocess_protein with PCK2, bioprocess_protein with PCK2. Definitions: ATP-Dependent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase defined as following: An Enzyme [APC] of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and oxaloacetate to ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. The Enzyme [APC] is found in some bacteria, yeast, and Trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. EC 4.1.1.49.. gatifloxacin defined as following: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. Gluconeogenesis defined as following: Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.. GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE defined as following: An Enzyme [APC] that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.. Hypoglycemia defined as following: A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical Hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe Hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase defined as following: An Enzyme [APC] with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31.. moxifloxacin defined as following: A fluoroquinolone antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Moxifloxacin binds to and inhibits the bacterial ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and repair and cell death in sensitive bacterial species.. fructose defined as following: A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.. Liver Failure defined as following: Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do carmustine wafers improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_855", "sentence1": "Do carmustine Oral Wafer improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "sentence2": "At recurrence, treatment options include repeat surgery (with or without Gliadel wafer placement), reirradiation or systemic therapy. , DISCUSSION: carmustine Oral Wafer for primary HGG surgery in accordance with the NICE TA121 were associated with a median survival of 15.3 months; this is improved compared with previously reported randomised trials. Multimodal treatment with carmustine Oral Wafer, radical radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide was associated with improved survival., Gliadel wafer is a new approach to the treatment of glioblastoma, which involves controlled release delivery of carmustine from biodegradable polymer Oral Wafer. It has shown promising results and provides a silver lining for glioblastoma patients., For patient with and without Gliadel, median and 1-year RFS were 12.9 months and 52% vs. 14 months and 42%, respectively (p = 0.89)., According to pathology, Gliadel did not influence OS of patients with Grade III or glioblastoma, CONCLUSION: In patients with high-grade Glioma, adding Gliadel before performing a Stupp protocol did not improve survival., Randomized phase III trials have shown significant improvement of survival 1, 2, and 3 years after implantation of 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) Oral Wafer for patients with newly diagnosed Malignant Glioma. , CONCLUSIONS: The combination of aggressive resection, Gliadel wafer implantation, and GKS in addition to standard fractionated RT in selected patients resulted in increased local control and increased survival compared with a historical control group treated with surgery and involved-field RT alone., OBJECT: Gliadel (BCNU) wafer and concomitant temozolomide (temozolomide) therapy, when used individually as adjuvant therapies, extend survival from that achieved by resection and radiation therapy (XRT) for Glioblastoma Multiforme (Glomerular Basement Membrane). , BACKGROUND: Gliadel (polifeprosan 20 20 20 with carmustine [BCNU] implant) is commonly used for local delivery of BCNU to high-grade Glioma after resection and is associated with increased survival., Temozolomide administered according to this protocol produced a median survival benefit of 2 months in Glioblastoma, and carmustine a similar benefit in high-grade Glioma., Analysis of a large trial by Westphal and colleagues (n = 240) showed a 29% risk reduction (P = 0.03) in the BCNU wafer-treated group over the course of the 30-month trial., Median survival of patients treated with BCNU Oral Wafer was 13.8 months vs 11.6 months in placebo-treated patients (P = 0.017) with a hazard ratio of 0.73 (P = 0.018), representing a 27% significant risk reduction. This survival advantage was maintained at 1, 2, and 3 years and was statistically significant (P = 0.01) at 3 years., CONCLUSION: Malignant glioma patients treated with BCNU Oral Wafer at the time of initial surgery in combination with radiation therapy demonstrated a survival advantage at 2 and 3 years follow-up compared with placebo., OBJECTIVE: Recently a randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of biodegradable Polymers containing carmustine has demonstrated a significant survival benefit for patients treated with local chemotherapy. , CONCLUSION: In this subgroup analysis of a phase III trial population both the clinical progression and radiological progression were significantly delayed in patients treated with local chemotherapy, resulting in an increased survival time., A previous placebo-controlled trial has shown that biodegradable 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) Oral Wafer (Gliadel Oral Wafer) prolong survival in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. A previously completed phase 3 trial, also placebo controlled, in 32 patients with newly diagnosed Malignant Glioma also demonstrated a survival benefit in those patients treated with BCNU Oral Wafer., Median survival in the intent-to-treat group was 13.9 months for the BCNU wafer-treated group and 11.6 months for the placebo-treated group (log-rank P -value stratified by country = 0.03), with a 29% reduction in the risk of death in the treatment group. When adjusted for factors affecting survival, the treatment effect remained positive with a risk reduction of 28% ( P = 0.03). , Controlled release delivery of carmustine from biodegradable polymer Oral Wafer was approved as an adjunct to surgical resection in the treatment of recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme after it was shown in clinical trials to be well tolerated and effective. , Clinical trials have demonstrated significant improvements in survival and quality of life for patients after complete tumour resection and BCNU wafer implantation., BCNU Oral Wafer are an effective means of increasing survival and quality of life in patients diagnosed with Malignant Glioma, and are a valuable addition to the overall multimodal treatment strategy for these Neoplasms., CONCLUSIONS: carmustine wafer with concurrent temozolomide and radiation followed by rotational chemotherapy is a well tolerated, effective therapy, and has a survival benefit compared with radiation alone., Median overall survival in 14 studies of newly-diagnosed patients suggested a modest improvement versus resection followed by Stupp protocol or resection with BCNU Oral Wafer, with an acceptable and manageable safety profile., The efficacy of carmustine Oral Wafer for older patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme: prolonging survival., DISCUSSION: Older patients with Glomerular Basement Membrane may benefit from carmustine Oral Wafer. The survival for older patients who received carmustine Oral Wafer is significantly longer than matched patients who did not receive carmustine Oral Wafer., For glioblastoma patients who received ≥90% resection in the BCNU wafer study, median survival increased for BCNU wafer versus placebo (14.5 versus 12.4 months, respectively; P = 0.02), but no survival increase was found for <90% resection (11.7 versus 10.6 months, respectively; P = 0.98)., A wafer impregnated with carmustine, for use as an implant after surgical removal of recurrent Glomerular Basement Membrane showed a prolongation in the median survival time of only 2 mo, from 20 to 28 wk in a study with a total of 222 patients. , No clear survival benefit associated with wafer implantation was identified., In three of the trials, patients with Glomerular Basement Membrane who received carmustine Oral Wafer had significantly longer median survival than patients who did not receive Oral Wafer. , temozolomide and carmustine (BCNU) biodegradable wafer (Gliadel) are the only adjuvant chemotherapies that have improved survival in randomised GB clinical trials . , The carmustine implant wafer was demonstrated to improve survival in blinded placebo-controlled trials in selected patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent Malignant Glioma, with little increased risk of adverse events. , For patients undergoing repeat resection for Malignant Glioma, a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated a median survival for 110 patients who received carmustine Polymers of 31 weeks compared with 23 weeks for 122 patients who only received placebo Polymers., Median survival was improved from 11.6 to 13.9 months (P = 0.03), with a 29% reduction in the risk of death. When patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme alone were analyzed, the median survival improved from 11.4 to 13.5 months, but this improvement was not statistically significant. , OBJECT: Locoregional chemotherapy with carmustine Oral Wafer, positioned at surgery and followed by radiation therapy, has been shown to prolong survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, as has concomitant radiochemotherapy with temozolomide., Following the resection of newly diagnosed or recurrent Glioblastoma, local implantation of carmustine-impregnated biodegradable Oral Wafer (Gliadel) in the resection cavity constitutes an adjuvant therapy that can improve the possibilities of survival., The carmustine implant wafer was demonstrated to improve survival in blinded placebo-controlled trials in selected patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent Malignant Glioma, with little increased risk of adverse events., However, patients with carmustine Oral Wafer demonstrated prolonged survival as compared to patients without Oral Wafer., The median survival for patients with carmustine Oral Wafer was 8.7 months, while median survival for patients without Oral Wafer was 5.5 months (P=0.007)., Likewise, in subgroup analysis, patients older than 70 years (P=0.0003) and 75 years (P=0.04) who had carmustine Oral Wafer had significantly longer survival than matched patients without Oral Wafer., Implantation of carmustine Oral Wafer did not significantly improve progression-free survival, In three of the trials, patients with Glomerular Basement Membrane who received carmustine Oral Wafer had significantly longer median survival than patients who did not receive Oral Wafer, A previous placebo-controlled trial has shown that biodegradable 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) Oral Wafer (Gliadel Oral Wafer) prolong survival in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme, A previously completed phase 3 trial, also placebo controlled, in 32 patients with newly diagnosed Malignant Glioma also demonstrated a survival benefit in those patients treated with BCNU Oral Wafer, Following the resection of newly diagnosed or recurrent Glioblastoma, local implantation of carmustine-impregnated biodegradable Oral Wafer (Gliadel) in the resection cavity constitutes an adjuvant therapy that can improve the possibilities of survival, Multimodal treatment with carmustine Oral Wafer, radical radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide was associated with improved survival, The carmustine implant wafer was demonstrated to improve survival in blinded placebo-controlled trials in selected patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent Malignant Glioma, with little increased risk of adverse events, temozolomide and carmustine (BCNU) biodegradable wafer (Gliadel) are the only adjuvant chemotherapies that have improved survival in randomised GB clinical trials [SEP]Relations: carmustine has relations: drug_effect with Renal insufficiency, drug_effect with Renal insufficiency, contraindication with lung disease, contraindication with lung disease, drug_effect with Diplopia, drug_effect with Diplopia, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Stomatitis, drug_effect with Stomatitis. Definitions: Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Malignant Glioma defined as following: A grade 3 or grade 4 glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.. carmustine defined as following: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. Glioblastoma defined as following: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or Glioblastoma Multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Oral Wafer defined as following: A solid composed of a thin slice of material that contain active and/or inert ingredient(s).. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Polymers defined as following: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). carmustine defined as following: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there evidence for de novo genesis of enhancers in vertebrates?", "id": "converted_1278", "sentence1": "Is there evidence for de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates?", "sentence2": "De novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates., Evolutionary innovation relies partially on changes in gene regulation. While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile sequences has, to our knowledge, not previously been demonstrated. Here we show evidence for the de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates. For this, we took advantage of the massive gene loss following the last whole genome duplication in teleosts to systematically identify regions that have lost their coding capacity but retain sequence conservation with Mammals. We found that these regions show enhancer activity while the orthologous coding regions have no regulatory activity. These results demonstrate that these enhancers have been de novo generated in Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization. By revealing that minor changes in non-regulatory sequences are sufficient to generate new enhancers, our study highlights an important playground for creating new regulatory variability and evolutionary innovation., Here we show evidence for the de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates., While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile sequences has, to our knowledge, not previously been demonstrated., While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile sequences has, to our knowledge, not previously been demonstrated, While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile sequences has, to our knowledge, not previously been demonstrated. Here we show evidence for the de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates. For this, we took advantage of the massive gene loss following the last whole genome duplication in teleosts to systematically identify regions that have lost their coding capacity but retain sequence conservation with Mammals. , Here we show evidence for the de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates. , While a growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile sequences has, to our knowledge, not previously been demonstrated. Here we show evidence for the de novo genesis of enhancers in Vertebrates.[SEP]Relations: vertebra has relations: anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral element, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral bone 1, anatomy_anatomy with vertebral bone 1, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with transverse process-bearing vertebra. formation of specialized structure for nutrient acquisition from other organism involved in symbiotic interaction has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis, bioprocess_bioprocess with anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis. Definitions: Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization defined as following: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is AGO2 related to cytokinesis?", "id": "converted_4570", "sentence1": "Is EIF2C2 protein, human related to cytokinesis?", "sentence2": "EIF2C2 protein, human localizes to cytokinetic protrusions in a p38-dependent manner and is needed for accurate cell division., We suggest that EIF2C2 protein, human is part of a regulatory mechanism triggered by cytokinetic stress to generate the appropriate micro-environment for local RNA Transcript homeostasis.[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B. Definitions: EIF2C2 protein, human defined as following: Protein argonaute-2 (859 aa, ~97 kDa) is encoded by the human EIF2C2 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in RNA catabolism.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is celiac disease caused by gliadin-induced transglutaminase-2 (TG2)-dependent events ?", "id": "converted_2512", "sentence1": "Is celiac disease caused by gliadin-induced transglutaminase-2 (TGM2 protein, human)-dependent events ?", "sentence2": "Celiac Disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. , Celiac Disease (CD) is an Autoimmune enteropathy initiated and sustained by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. It is caused by a dysregulated immune response toward both dietary antigens, the gluten Proteins of wheat, Secale cereale, and barley, and Autoantigens, the Enzyme [APC] tissue transglutaminase (TGM2 protein, human), Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disorder characterized by the presence of anti-transglutaminase 2 (TGM2 protein, human) and anti-gliadin antibodies, Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2 (TGM2 protein, human) catalyzes cross-linking or deamidation of glutamine residues in Peptides and Proteins. The in vivo deamidation of gliadin Peptides plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of celiac disease (CD)., Tissue transglutaminase (TGM2 protein, human) modifies Proteins and Peptides by transamidation or deamidation of specific glutamine residues. TGM2 protein, human also has a central role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. The Enzyme [APC] is both the target of disease-specific autoantibodies and generates deamidated gliadin Peptides recognized by intestinal T cells from patients.[SEP]Relations: celiac disease has relations: disease_protein with TGM2, disease_protein with TGM2, disease_protein with SOAT2, disease_protein with SOAT2, disease_protein with UGT1A4, disease_protein with UGT1A4, disease_protein with MAGI2, disease_protein with MAGI2, disease_protein with TFF1, disease_protein with TFF1. Definitions: Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. TGM2 protein, human defined as following: Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (687 aa, ~77 kDa) is encoded by the human TGM2 gene. This protein plays a role in both the induction of apoptosis and the formation of covalent bonds between peptide-bound glutamine and various primary amines.. Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of Peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2 defined as following: Calcium-dependent acyltransferase that catalyzes cross-linking of Proteins at a GLUTAMINE in one chain with primary amine such as in LYSINE in another chain. In addition it can also accept monoamine substrates to catalyze post-translational modifications (e.g., protein serotonylation).. Autoantigens defined as following: Endogenous tissue constituents with the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.. Secale cereale defined as following: A hardy EDIBLE GRAIN crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (CLAVICEPS), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with TRITICUM is TRITICALE, another CEREAL crop.. Celiac Disease defined as following: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, Secale cereale, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.. gluten Proteins defined as following: Prolamins in the endosperm of SEEDS from the Triticeae tribe which includes species of WHEAT; BARLEY; and RYE.. Autoimmune enteropathy defined as following: A rare autoimmune disorder that usually affects children. It is associated with the presence of circulating autoantibodies that act against the gut epithelial cells. It is characterized by diarrhea and weight loss due to malabsorption.. celiac disease defined as following: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, Secale cereale, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.. transglutaminase-2 defined as following: Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (687 aa, ~77 kDa) is encoded by the human TGM2 gene. This protein plays a role in both the induction of apoptosis and the formation of covalent bonds between peptide-bound glutamine and various primary amines..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is depression associated with poor prognosis of brain tumor patients?", "id": "converted_1497", "sentence1": "Is Depressive disorder associated with poor prognosis of brain tumor patients?", "sentence2": "Before surgery 27 patients (35%) had BDI scores indicating the presence of Depressive disorder. These scores were significantly higher in patients with a history of Depressive disorder (p = 0.017) and in those with a lower functional outcome (p = 0.015)., A lower functional status (KPS score < or = 70) in patients was significantly associated with high Depressive disorder scores at the 3-month (p = 0.000) and 1-year (p = 0.005) assessments., At all follow-ups, depressed low-grade glioma patients had a significantly shorter survival time, 3.3-5.8 years, compared to non-depressed low-grade glioma patients, 10.0-11.7 years., The results suggest that Depressive disorder and decreased QOL among low-grade glioma patients is related to shorter survival at long-term follow-up., The adverse impact of Depressive disorder in relation to survival among Primary malignant neoplasm patients is currently a subject of great interest in research., In the subgroup of patients with low-grade Glioma, depressive patients had a significantly shorter survival time compared with nondepressive subjects (P = 0.031, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis)., Preoperative Depressive disorder seemed to be a significant prognostic factor for worse survival in low-grade glioma patients., Major depressive disorder was marginally associated with outcomes, while surgical interventions and radiotherapy did not show strong associations with test performances.[SEP]Relations: malignant ear neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with inner ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with inner ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with middle ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with middle ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with sensory system Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with sensory system Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with head and neck Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with head and neck Primary malignant neoplasm. Glioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with glioma susceptibility, disease_phenotype_positive with glioma susceptibility. Definitions: Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Depressive disorder defined as following: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a link between rare variants in PPARG and type 1 diabetes?", "id": "converted_3947", "sentence1": "Is there a link between rare Variant in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human and type 1 diabetes?", "sentence2": "Rare Variant in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human with decreased activity in Adipocytes differentiation are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes., By sequencing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human in 19,752 Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent cases and controls drawn from multiple studies and ethnic groups, we identified 49 previously unidentified, nonsynonymous Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human Variant (MAF < 0.5%). Considered in aggregate (with or without computational prediction of functional consequence), these rare Variant showed no association with Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent (OR = 1.35; P = 0.17). The function of the 49 Variant was experimentally tested in a novel high-throughput human Adipocytes differentiation assay, and nine were found to have reduced activity in the assay. Carrying any of these nine LOF Variant was associated with a substantial increase in risk of Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent (OR = 7.22; P = 0.005). The combination of large-scale DNA sequencing and functional testing in the laboratory reveals that approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals carries a variant in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human that reduces function in a human Adipocytes differentiation assay and is associated with a substantial risk of Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent.[SEP]Relations: diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent has relations: disease_disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus, disease_disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus, disease_protein with TBC1D4, disease_protein with TBC1D4, disease_disease with inborn errors of metabolism, disease_disease with inborn errors of metabolism, disease_protein with CAPN10, disease_protein with CAPN10. peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with HMGA1, molfunc_protein with HMGA1. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.. Adipocytes defined as following: Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human defined as following: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (505 aa, ~58 kDa) is encoded by the human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, human gene. This protein plays a role in transcriptional regulation, lipid metabolism, cell differentiation, glucose homeostasis and apoptosis..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are patients with marfan syndrome at increased risk of arrhythmias?", "id": "converted_933", "sentence1": "Are patients with marfan syndrome at increased risk of arrhythmias?", "sentence2": "FBN1 gene (Marfan Syndrome) is a variable, autosomal-dominant disorder of the Connective Tissue. In Marfan Syndrome serious Ventricular arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) can occur., Marfan's patients carry increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias. , Ventricular arrhythmias were present in 21% and were associated with increased left ventricular size, Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome, and abnormalities of repolarization., Cardiac complication are rare in young patients with FBN1 gene receiving medical therapy and close clinical follow-up. Sudden death still occurs, and appears more common in patients with a dilated left ventricle. Left ventricular dilation may predispose to alterations of repolarization and fatal Ventricular arrhythmia.[SEP]Relations: FBN1 gene has relations: disease_disease with Marfan and Marfan-related disorder, disease_disease with Marfan and Marfan-related disorder, disease_phenotype_positive with Chronic fatigue, disease_phenotype_positive with Chronic fatigue, disease_protein with CAT, disease_protein with CAT, disease_protein with NODAL, disease_protein with NODAL, disease_phenotype_positive with Arthralgia/arthritis, disease_phenotype_positive with Arthralgia/arthritis. Definitions: Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome defined as following: Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.. Marfan Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; AORTIC ANEURYSM; and AORTIC DISSECTION. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). FBN1 gene (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of Connective Tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with FBN1 gene type 2.. Cardiac complication defined as following: Any heart or vascular disorder occurring as a consequence of injury to the cardiovascular system.. FBN1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the maintenance of Connective Tissue.. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Sudden death defined as following: The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.. Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. Sudden Cardiac Death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). marfan syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; AORTIC ANEURYSM; and AORTIC DISSECTION. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). FBN1 gene (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of Connective Tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with FBN1 gene type 2.. arrhythmias defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can a given genotype exhibit opposite fitness effects (beneficial and detrimental) within the same environment?", "id": "converted_298", "sentence1": "Can a given genotype exhibit opposite fitness effects (beneficial and detrimental) within the same environment?", "sentence2": "Gene Mutation beneficial in one environment may cause costs in different environments, resulting in antagonistic pleiotropy. Here, we describe a novel form of antagonistic pleiotropy that operates even within the same environment, where benefits and deleterious effects exhibit themselves at different growth rates., The hfq mutations were beneficial, deleterious or neutral at an intermediate growth rate (0.5 h(-1)) and one changed from beneficial to deleterious within a 36 min difference in doubling time., Two genetic models exist to explain the evolution of ageing - Mutation Abnormality accumulation (MIGRAINE WITH OR WITHOUT AURA, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1) and antagonistic pleiotropy (Anterior-Posterior)., Under Anterior-Posterior, late-acting deleterious mutations accumulate because they confer beneficial effects early in life., Many marker loci responded in opposite directions to selection for late- and early-life fitness, indicating negative genetic correlations or trade-offs between those traits. Indirect evidence suggested that some negative genetic correlations were due to antagonistic pleiotropy., Here, we describe a novel form of antagonistic pleiotropy that operates even within the same environment, where benefits and deleterious effects exhibit themselves at different growth rates., The basis of antagonistic pleiotropy in hfq mutations that have opposite effects on fitness at slow and fast growth rates., Here, we describe a novel form of antagonistic pleiotropy that operates even within the same environment, where benefits and deleterious effects exhibit themselves at different growth rates[SEP]Relations: adaptation to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange. migraine with or without aura, susceptibility to has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Photophobia, disease_phenotype_positive with Photophobia, disease_phenotype_positive with Hemiparesis, disease_phenotype_positive with Hemiparesis. Lacrimation abnormality has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with EEC syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with EEC syndrome. Definitions: Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. genotype defined as following: The determination of the DNA sequence of an individual..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do DNA double-strand breaks play a causal role in carcinogenesis?", "id": "converted_1130", "sentence1": "Do DNA double-strand breaks play a causal role in carcinogenesis?", "sentence2": "The DNA non-homologous end-joining repair gene XRCC6/Ku70 plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by both exogenous and endogenous DNA-damaging agents. Defects in overall 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione repair capacity can lead to genomic instability and carcinogenesis., The tumor suppressor Malignant neoplasm of breast susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1 gene gene) protects our Cells from genomic instability in part by facilitating the efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). BRCA1 gene gene promotes the error-free repair of DSBs through homologous recombination and is also implicated in the regulation of nonhomologous end joining (Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining) repair fidelity., The increased frequency of 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione Mutagenesis Procedure and MMEJ repair in the absence of BRCA1 gene gene suggests a potential mechanism for carcinogenesis., Comet assay under neutral conditions allows detection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which has consequence to genome instability and carcinogenesis., Loss of p15/Ink4b accompanies tumorigenesis triggered by complex DNA double-strand breaks., Although DSBs are potentially carcinogenic, it is not clear whether complex DSBs that are refractory to repair are more potently tumorigenic compared with simple breaks that can be rapidly repaired, correctly or incorrectly, by mammalian Cells., Zinc chromate induces chromosome instability and DNA double strand breaks in Homo sapiens lung Cells., Our study shows that zinc chromate induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, chromosome damage and DNA double strand breaks in Homo sapiens lung Cells., Foci formation of TP53BP2 protein, Homo sapiens in Thyroid Neoplasm: activation of genomic instability during thyroid carcinogenesis., nitric oxide and acid induce double-strand DNA breaks in Barrett's esophagus carcinogenesis via distinct mechanisms., DNA double-strand break repair capacity and risk of Malignant neoplasm of breast., A tumorigenic role of the non-homologous end-joining (Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining) pathway for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) has been suggested by our finding of a significant association between increased Malignant neoplasm of breast risk and a cooperative effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining Genes., Carcinogen-induced DNA double strand break repair in sporadic Malignant neoplasm of breast., Induction of DNA double strand breaks and alterations in the repair of these breaks is implicated in breast carcinogenesis. Prior studies have demonstrated that Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) (PBMC) from Malignant neoplasm of breast patients exhibit increased numbers of DNA strand breaks after exposure to ionizing radiation, but these studies did not specifically measure DNA double strand breaks and it is not known whether chemical carcinogens produce similar effects., Abnormal DNA end-joining activity in Homo sapiens head and neck cancer., In Human Cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired primarily by the DNA end-joining (EJ) process and thus, abnormal DNA EJ activities lead to an accumulation of Gene Mutation and/or aneuploidy, resulting in genetic instability of Cells. Since genetic instability is the hallmark of Tumor Cells, malignant, we studied the DNA EJ activities of normal, non-malignant immortalized and malignant Homo sapiens epithelial Cells to investigate the association between DNA EJ and carcinogenesis., Homologous recombination repair plays an important role in 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione repair and impairment of this repair mechanism may lead to loss of genomic integrity, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Recent research has shown that the tumor suppressor Genes p53 and BRCA1 gene gene and -2 are involved in the proper control of homologous recombination, suggesting a role of this type of repair in Homo sapiens cancer., In order to study the role of DNA damage processing in the development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rat Skin (sodium copper chlorophyllin), we assessed the ability of six keratinocyte cell lines from a multistage-tumor progression model to repair three types of DNA damage: Pyrimidine dimers, oxidative DNA lesions and DNA double strand breaks (1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione)., However, an Malnutrition in repairing DNA double strand breaks can be one mechanism promoting progression towards Primary malignant neoplasm, possibly through impairing chromosomal stability., Recent findings demonstrate that accelerated carcinogenesis following liver regeneration is associated with chronic inflammation-induced double-strand DNA breaks in Cells, which escaped apoptosis due to proliferative stress., Although DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis may relate to arsenite-induced damage and carcinogenesis, the mechanism of action remains obscure.[SEP]Relations: Pyrimidine dimer repair has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with DNA repair, bioprocess_bioprocess with DNA repair, bioprocess_protein with DDB2, bioprocess_protein with DDB2. Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, drug_drug with Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with peroxisome biogenesis disorder, disease_phenotype_positive with peroxisome biogenesis disorder. Definitions: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) defined as following: A peripheral blood cell with a single nucleus. This category includes lymphocytes and monocytes.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Mutagenesis Procedure defined as following: Production of genetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods.. Thyroid Neoplasm defined as following: Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.. TP53BP2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (1128 aa, ~126 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens TP53BP2 gene. This protein plays a role in cell cycle arrest and the regulation of cellular tumor antigen p53-dependent apoptosis.. nitric oxide defined as following: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian Cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.. Tumor Cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. zinc chromate defined as following: A yellowish, crystalline, inorganic compound that emits toxic chromium fumes upon heating. Zinc chromate is highly corrosive and is a strong oxidizing agent. This substance is used as a corrosion inhibitor, metal conditioner and is used in paints, varnishes and oil colors. Zinc chromate primarily affects the lungs causing shortness of breath, bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma but can also affect the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys and immune system. This substance is a known Homo sapiens carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the sinonasal cavity. (NCI05). BRCA1 gene defined as following: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on Homo sapiens CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.. Malnutrition defined as following: An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. tumor suppressor Genes p53 defined as following: Tumor suppressor Genes located on the short arm of Homo sapiens chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining defined as following: The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining and A-Non-Homologous DNA End-Joining). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear. [GOC:rph, PMID:10827453, PMID:24837021].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can RG7112 inhibit MDM2?", "id": "converted_1067", "sentence1": "Can RG7112 inhibit MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens?", "sentence2": "To assess the influence of the TP53 wt Allele regulatory pathway further, we studied the effect of RG7112, a small molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) that activates TP53 wt Allele by preventing its interaction with MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, on normal megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production., RG7112 (2g) is the first clinical small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor designed to occupy the TP53 wt Allele-binding pocket of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens., Effect of the MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 on the P53 pathway in patients with MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens-amplified, well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma: an exploratory proof-of-mechanism study., We report a proof-of-mechanism study of RG7112, a small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance), in patients with chemotherapy-naive primary or relapsed well-differentiated or dedifferentiated MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens-amplified liposarcoma who were eligible for resection., To assess the influence of the TP53 wt Allele regulatory pathway further, we studied the effect of RG7112, a small molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) that activates TP53 wt Allele by preventing its interaction with MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, on normal megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production., Discovery of RG7112: A Small-Molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Inhibitor in Clinical Development., RG7112 was the first small-molecule TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor in clinical development., RG7112 binds MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens with high affinity (K(D) ~ 11 nmol/L), blocking its interactions with TP53 wt Allele in vitro., RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis., The effects of RG7112 and Peg-IFNα 2a on Myeloproliferative disease progenitor cells were dependent on blocking TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens interactions and activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway, thereby increasing Myeloproliferative disease CD34(+) cell apoptosis, The orally bioavailable MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 and pegylated interferon α 2a target JAK2V617F-positive progenitor and Stem cells, Initial testing of the MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor RG7112 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program, In this issue of Blood, Lu et al describe the cooperation between an orally bioavailable Mus sp. double minute 2 (MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens) Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) (RG7112) and the pegylated interferon α (Peg-IFNα 2a) to target JAK2V617F hematopoietic progenitors and Stem cells, MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens small-molecule Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 activates TP53 wt Allele signaling and regresses Homo sapiens Neoplasms in preclinical cancer models., Activation of TP53 wt Allele by the MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor RG7112 impairs thrombopoiesis., The orally bioavailable MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 and pegylated interferon α 2a target JAK2V617F-positive progenitor and Stem cells., Initial testing of the MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor RG7112 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program., The primary endpoint was to assess markers of RG7112-dependent MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibition and P53 pathway activation (P53, oncoprotein p21, MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, MKI67 gene, GDF15 protein, Homo sapiens [GDF15 wt Allele], and apoptosis). , RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms., However, the hydrophobic protein-protein interaction surface represents a significant challenge for the development of small-molecule inhibitors with desirable pharmacological profiles. RG7112 was the first small-molecule TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor in clinical development., Treatment with low doses of RG7112, an orally available small-molecule inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, both alone and combined with pegylated interferon α 2a (Peg-IFNα 2a), significantly decreased Myeloproliferative disease colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage and burst-forming unit-erythroid numbers and preferentially eliminated the total number of JAKV617F(+) Myeloproliferative disease Hematopoietic Stem cells. The effects of RG7112 and Peg-IFNα 2a on Myeloproliferative disease progenitor cells were dependent on blocking TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens interactions and activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway, thereby increasing Myeloproliferative disease CD34(+) cell apoptosis., RG7112 (2g) is the first clinical small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor designed to occupy the TP53 wt Allele-binding pocket of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens. In Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele, RG7112 stabilizes TP53 wt Allele and activates the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition or regression of Homo sapiens tumor xenografts.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b. Definitions: Stem cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.. MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (491 aa, ~55 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of the ubiquitination and degradation of protein substrates, and the inhibition of apoptosis induction that is mediated by cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele.. liposarcoma defined as following: A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed). Myeloproliferative disease defined as following: Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms in select cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. GDF15 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Growth/differentiation factor 15 (308 aa, ~34 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens GDF15 gene. This protein plays a role in both tissue differentiation and signal transduction.. MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor defined as following: Any agent that binds to Mus sp. double minute 2 (Homo sapiens double minute 2 homolog; MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens; HDM2) and/or prevents the interaction with the tumor suppressor protein TP53 wt Allele, with potential antineoplastic activity.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. MKI67 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. oncoprotein p21 defined as following: A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Hematopoietic stem cells defined as following: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. GDF15 wt Allele defined as following: Human GDF15 wild-type allele is located within 19p13.1-13.2 and is approximately 3 kb in length. This allele, which encodes growth/differentiation factor 15 protein, plays a role in the regulation of tissue differentiation and maintenance..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the crystal structure of Pim-1 available?", "id": "converted_3237", "sentence1": "Is the crystal structure of Pim-1 available?", "sentence2": "Recent crystallographic studies of Pim-1 have identified unique structural features but have not provided insight into how the MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase recognizes its target substrates. , a co-crystal structure of lead molecule (HS38) in complex with DAPK3 gene gene, a dual Pim/DAPK3 gene gene inhibitor (HS56), The crystal structure of this fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether with LONP1 gene confirmed the predicted binding mode and Protein Info-ligand interactions except those in the acidic ribose pocket. , Using the determined X-ray crystal structure of LONP1 gene complexed to the fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether 1-R as a control, we discuss the importance of including the Protein Info flexibility inherent in the ensemble docking protocol, for the accuracy of the structure prediction of the bound state. , Here, we describe the crystal structure of Pim1 in complex with a newly developed pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-derivative inhibitor (SKI-O-068)., Crystallographic and docking data analyses have been undertaken using inhibitor complexes , The crystal structures of Pim1 in apo form and bound with Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate have been solved[SEP]Relations: Protein C has relations: drug_drug with Pivhydrazine, drug_drug with Pivhydrazine, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Piroxicam, drug_drug with Piroxicam, drug_drug with Pirlindole, drug_drug with Pirlindole, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b. Definitions: Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate defined as following: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase defined as following: Mitogen-activated Protein Info MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine Protein Info kinases that initiate Protein Info MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the glucocorticoid receptor a transcription factor?", "id": "converted_4148", "sentence1": "Is the GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 a transcription factor?", "sentence2": "Glutathione Reductase, Mitochondrial, Human and KLF4 protein, human protein, human, both pioneer transcription factors,, The GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 (Glutathione Reductase, Mitochondrial, Human) is a ligand-binding dependent transcription factor that ultimately regulates vital biological processes and Inflammation response through specific gene expression control, thus representing a notable Pharmacologic Substance target to explore. , The GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 (Glutathione Reductase, Mitochondrial, Human) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that translocates to the Cell Nucleus upon hormone stimulation and distributes between the Nucleoplasm and membraneless compartments named nuclear foci.[SEP]Relations: GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 activity has relations: molfunc_protein with NR3C1, molfunc_protein with NR3C1. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor human, drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor human, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Factor IX Complex (Human), drug_drug with Factor IX Complex (Human). Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). KLF4 protein, human defined as following: Krueppel-like factor 4 (470 aa, ~50 kDa) is encoded by the human KLF4 protein, human gene. This protein regulates transcription.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Nucleoplasm defined as following: That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]. GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-LIKE 1 defined as following: This gene is involved in ligand-activated transcriptional regulation and mutations in the gene are associated with glucocorticoid resistance.. Glutathione Reductase, Mitochondrial, Human defined as following: Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial (522 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human GSR gene. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of the sulfhydryl form of glutathione.. transcription factor defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the zelda transcription factor a chromatin remodeller?", "id": "converted_4210", "sentence1": "Is the zelda TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR a chromatin location remodeller?", "sentence2": "ncreasing the number of Zelda Binding Sites accelerates the kinetics of nuclei transcriptional activation regardless of their transcriptional past, Zelda facilitates transcriptional activation by accumulating in microenvironments where it could accelerate the duration of multiple pre-initiation steps., Zelda acts through specific chromatin location location patterns of histone modification to mark developmental enhancers and active promoters, Zelda overcomes the high intrinsic nucleosome barrier at enhancers during Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> zygotic Genome - anatomical entity activation., The Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> Genome - anatomical entity activator Vielfaltig (Vfl), also known as Zelda (Zld), is thought to prime enhancers for activation by patterning transcription factors (TFs). Such priming is accompanied by increased chromatin location location accessibility, early enhancers are characterized by an intrinsically high nucleosome barrier. Zld tackles this nucleosome barrier through local depletion of Nucleosomes with the effect being dependent on the number and Positioning Attribute of Zld motifs., Zelda is differentially required for chromatin location location accessibility, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding, and gene expression in the early Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> embryo, Open chromatin location location is associated with Zelda-bound loci, as well as more generally with regions of active transcriptio, During this developmental transition, the zygotic Genome - anatomical entity is largely transcriptionally quiescent and undergoes significant chromatin location location remodeling. In Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes>, the DNA-binding protein Zelda (also known as Vielfaltig) is required for this transition and for transcriptional activation of the zygotic Genome - anatomical entity., Zld facilitates binding of Dl to regulatory DNA, and that this is associated with increased chromatin location location accessibility., Importantly, the change in chromatin location location accessibility is strongly correlated with the change in Zld binding, Zelda is differentially required for chromatin location location accessibility, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding, and gene expression in the early Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> embryo., We propose that both Zelda and GAGA factor function to specify Site of open chromatin location location and together facilitate the remodeling of the early embryonic Genome - anatomical entity., is analysis highlighted a strong and specific enrichment of predicted ZGA-associated CRMs for Zelda, 1-Chloro-3-bromopropene-1, Trl Binding Sites, as well as for histone marks associated with active enhancers (Histone H3 Methyl Lys4) and for open chromatin location location regions.AQP1 gene, We demonstrate that Zelda is essential for hundreds of regions of open chromatin location location., Intriguingly, some Zelda Site still maintain these chromatin location location patterns in Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> embryos lacking maternal Zelda protein., Zelda potentiates morphogen activity by increasing chromatin location location accessibility., Zelda binds cis-regulatory elements (TAGteam heptamers), making chromatin location location accessible for gene transcription., zinc-finger TF zelda (zld) is essential for the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand cis-regulatory modules to regulate chromatin location location accessibility. D. mela, This Zelda-mediated chromatin location location accessibility facilitates transcription-factor recruitment and early gene expression., While analyzing chromatin location location immunoprecipitation data sets from 21 sequence-specific transcription factors active in the Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> embryo, we found that binding of all factors exhibits a dose-dependent relationship with \"TAGteam\" sequence motifs bound by the zinc finger protein Vielfaltig, also known as Zelda, a recently discovered activator of the zygotic Genome - anatomical entity., These different timing classes each associate with Binding Sites for two transcription factors, GAGA-factor and Zelda, previously implicated in controlling chromatin location location accessibility at ZGA., Together this reveals a distinct requirement for a chromatin location location remodeller in promoting the activity of the pioneer factor POU5F1 gene and regulating the pluripotency network., Chromatin accessibility at POU5F1 gene-bound Site requires the chromatin location location remodeller SMARCA4 wt Allele, which is recruited to these Site by POU5F1 gene to support additional TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding and expression of the pluripotency-associated transcriptome., The pioneer factor POU5F1 gene requires the chromatin location location remodeller SMARCA4 wt Allele to support gene Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid function in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells., Pioneer transcription factors recognise and bind their target sequences in inaccessible chromatin location location to establish new transcriptional networks throughout development and cellular reprogramming., During this process, pioneer factors establish an accessible chromatin location location state to facilitate additional TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding, yet it remains unclear how different pioneer factors achieve this., Here, we discover that the pluripotency-associated pioneer factor POU5F1 gene binds chromatin location location to shape accessibility, TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR co-binding, and Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid function in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells., Open chromatin location location is associated with Zelda-bound loci, as well as more generally with regions of active transcription., Unexpectedly, chromatin location location at a large subset of Zelda-bound regions remains open even in the absence of Zelda., During this developmental transition, the zygotic Genome - anatomical entity is largely transcriptionally quiescent and undergoes significant chromatin location location remodeling., Here we used formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements to determine the role of Zelda in regulating regions of open chromatin location location in the early embryo., Pioneer transcription factors can engage nucleosomal DNA, which leads to local chromatin location location remodeling and to the establishment of transcriptional competence., Recently, we showed that Zelda acts through specific chromatin location location patterns of histone modification to mark developmental enhancers and active promoters., The zinc-finger TF zelda (zld) is essential for the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand cis-regulatory modules to regulate chromatin location location accessibility., Nonetheless, the extent to which Zelda influences chromatin location location accessibility across the Genome - anatomical entity is largely unknown., We present evidence that Zld facilitates binding of Dl to regulatory DNA, and that this is associated with increased chromatin location location accessibility., DNAJC2 gene facilitates the remodeling of Multiprotein Complexes at chromatin location location and lies at the Chest>Heart of signaling processes that occur at DNA damage Site and during transcriptional activation., We postulate that DNAJC2 gene operates in conjunction with cellular remodeling machines and suggest that on-site remodeling might be a hallmark of many chromatin location location-associated signaling pathways., Reconstituted transcription reactions established that the BRAHMA (BRM) chromatin location location-remodeling complex is essential for Zeste-directed activation on nucleosomal templates.[SEP]Relations: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding has relations: molfunc_protein with RARA, molfunc_protein with RARA, molfunc_protein with ZFPM2, molfunc_protein with ZFPM2, molfunc_protein with RORA, molfunc_protein with RORA, molfunc_protein with CENPF, molfunc_protein with CENPF, molfunc_protein with RNF19A, molfunc_protein with RNF19A. Definitions: Nucleosomes defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin location, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. POU5F1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in early mammalian development.. histone modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc]. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. Multiprotein Complexes defined as following: Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. BRAHMA defined as following: The Drosophila <basidiomycetes> gene brahma (brm) encodes a non-specific RNA polymerase II transcription co-activator, assisting one or more transcriptional activators of ANT-C and BX-C homeotic genes. Brm can counteract the repressive effect of polycomb protein and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. It contains a SNF2 related domain, a DEAD/DEAH box helicase, a helicase C-terminal domain, and belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. Two isoforms (long and short) may be produced by alternative splicing. Highest expression is seen in unfertilized eggs and early embryos. It interacts genetically with Antp, trx, Psc, Pc, hh, and several other genes. Similar sequences have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, Gallus gallus, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (from SWISS-PROT P25439, FlyBase 0000212, and NCI). chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Histone H3 Methyl Lys4 defined as following: A form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at Positioning Attribute 4 has been post-translationally modified with a single methyl group. This modification may be a marker for transcriptionally active genes.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.. Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS of day 3.5 mouse embryos.. Site defined as following: A Positioning Attribute in relation to its surroundings.. SMARCA4 wt Allele defined as following: Human SMARCA4 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.3 and is approximately 101 kb in length. This allele, which encodes probable global transcription activator SNF2L4 protein, plays a role in both transcriptional progression and chromatin location structural modulation.. AQP1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transmembrane transport of water..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there any R packages that help with visualizing data on spirals?", "id": "converted_4694", "sentence1": "Are there any R packages that help with visualizing data on spirals?", "sentence2": "spiralize: an R package for Visualizing Data on Spirals., Spiral layout has two major advantages for data visualization. First, it is able to visualize data with long axes, which greatly improves the resolution of visualization. Second, it is efficient for time series data to reveal periodic patterns. Here we present the R package spiralize that provides a general solution for visualizing data on spirals. spiralize implements numerous graphics functions so that self-defined high-level graphics can be easily implemented by users. The flexibility and power of spiralize are demonstrated by five examples from real-world datasets.[SEP]", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can valproic acid act as an activator of AMPK?", "id": "converted_238", "sentence1": "Can valproic acid act as an activator of AMPK?", "sentence2": "Here we demonstrate that valproic acid is a novel activator of AMP-Activated Protein Kinases (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular metabolism, using primary mouse and human hepatocytes., These studies are the first to establish valproic acid and its Metabolite as in vitro activators of AMPK.[SEP]Relations: Valproic acid has relations: drug_drug with Amprenavir, drug_drug with Amprenavir, drug_drug with Amphetamine, drug_drug with Amphetamine, drug_effect with Arthropathy, drug_effect with Arthropathy, drug_drug with Acetylsalicylic acid, drug_drug with Acetylsalicylic acid, drug_drug with Glutaric Acid, drug_drug with Glutaric Acid. Definitions: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.. valproic acid defined as following: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. Metabolite defined as following: Any substance involved in metabolism, either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism.. valproic acid defined as following: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. AMPK defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] + ATP = [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] phosphate + ADP. [EC:2.7.11.31, MetaCyc:2.7.1.109-RXN].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there any urine biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis?", "id": "converted_677", "sentence1": "Are there any urine biomarkers for Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder diagnosis?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: Several gene-based urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promise in initial studies, which now need to be rigorously validated in the clinical setting for them to be translated into clinically useful tests in diagnosis, surveillance or risk-stratification of Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder,  Novel promising markers are in various stages of clinical testing, and a panel of biomarkers may serve in the future as a feasible alternative to urine cytology and Cystoscopy for the screening, detection, and follow-up of non-muscle invasive Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder., RESULTS: Seven of the 8 urine biomarkers were increased in subjects with Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder relative to those without Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder. The 7 biomarkers were assessed in a new model, which had an AUROC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.93), and 74% sensitivity and 90% specificity., The study provides further evidence that the reported panel of diagnostic biomarkers can reliably achieve the noninvasive detection of Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder with higher sensitivity than currently available urine based assays., The urinary concentrations of 14 biomarkers (interleukin-8 receptor binding activity, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, MMP10 protein, human, SDC1 gene gene, CCL18 gene gene, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, CD44 Antigens Antigens, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, ANG protein, human protein, human, CA9 wt Allele wt Allele, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, human, SPP1 wt Allele, PITX3 gene, and Apolipoprotein E) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diagnostic performance of each biomarker and multivariate models were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves and the chi-square test. An 8-biomarker model achieved the most accurate Bicinchoninic Acid Assay diagnosis (sensitivity 92%, specificity 97%), but a combination of 3 of the 8 biomarkers (interleukin-8 receptor binding activity, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, and Apolipoprotein E) was also highly accurate (sensitivity 90%, specificity 97%). For comparison, the commercial BTA-Trak ELISA test achieved a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 83%, and voided urine cytology detected only 33% of Bicinchoninic Acid Assay cases in the same cohort. These data show that a multivariate urine-based assay can markedly improve the accuracy of non-invasive Bicinchoninic Acid Assay detection, : Histopathological grading of papillary urothelial tumors (PUTs) of the urinary bladder is subjective and poorly reproducible. We investigated the relationship between the expression of frequently deregulated MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as well as their target Genes (ZEB1/ZEB2) and Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder histopathological grade in an attempt to find a miRNA that might allow more reliable grading of PUTs., The MCM5 protein, human immunoassay is a non-invasive test for identifying patients with urothelial cancers with similar accuracy to the FDA-approved Nuclear matrix protein 22 ELISA Test Kit. The combination of MCM5 protein, human plus Nuclear matrix protein 22 improves the detection of UCC and identifies 95% of clinically significant disease. Trials of a commercially developed MCM5 protein, human assay suitable for an end-user laboratory alongside Nuclear matrix protein 22 are required to assess their potential clinical utility in improving diagnostic and surveillance care pathways., HYAL1 gene and HNF1A-AS1 gene expression predicted Bicinchoninic Acid Assay metastasis, and HYAL1 gene expression also predicted disease-specific survival. Furthermore, the combined HAS2-HYAL1 gene biomarker detected Bicinchoninic Acid Assay and significantly predicted its recurrence., Cancer biomarkers are the backbone for the implementation of individualized approaches to Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder (Bicinchoninic Acid Assay). , Through Genome and proteomic profiling of urine, we have identified a panel of biomarkers associated with the presence of Bicinchoninic Acid Assay. In this study, we evaluated the utility of three of these biomarkers, interleukin-8 (interleukin-8 receptor binding activity), Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9) and syndecan 1 protein in the diagnosis of Bicinchoninic Acid Assay through urinalysis. METHODS: Voided urines from 127 subjects, cancer subjects (n = 64), non-cancer subjects (n = 63) were analyzed. The protein concentrations of interleukin-8 receptor binding activity, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, and syndecan 1 protein were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., . There was an association between differences in individual biomarkers and differences in protein levels over time, particularly in control patients. Collectively, our findings identify caveats intrinsic to the common practice of protein standardization in biomarker discovery studies conducted on urine, particularly in patients with Hematuria[SEP]Relations: urinary bladder neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with urinary Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder, disease_disease with urinary Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder, disease_disease with urinary bladder disease, disease_disease with urinary bladder disease, disease_protein with NCOR1, disease_protein with NCOR1, disease_protein with AMFR, disease_protein with AMFR, disease_protein with MYC, disease_protein with MYC. Definitions: Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 defined as following: An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A defined as following: The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as \"tumor angiogenesis factor\" and \"vascular permeability factor\". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.. interleukin-8 defined as following: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.. Apolipoprotein E defined as following: A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.. MMP10 protein, human defined as following: Stromelysin-2 (476 aa, ~54 kDa) is encoded by the human MMP10 gene. This protein plays a role in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix.. interleukin-8 receptor binding activity defined as following: Binding to an interleukin-8 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Bicinchoninic Acid Assay defined as following: A copper-based colorimetric assay for total protein quantification. This assay relies on the formation of a Cu2+-protein complex in a basic environment, followed by reduction of the Cu2+ to Cu+, causing a change of color from green to purple, with a strong absorbance at 562nm.. ANG protein, human defined as following: Angiogenin (147 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human ANG protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of both vascular development and transcription.. CD44 Antigens defined as following: Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary THYMOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. Their interaction with HYALURONIC ACID mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial VENULES.. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 defined as following: A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.. SDC1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell adhesion, signal transduction and cytoskeleton organization.. CCL18 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the modulation of immune responses.. syndecan 1 protein defined as following: A syndecan that interacts with EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS and plays a role CELL PROLIFERATION and CELL MIGRATION.. alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, human defined as following: Human serum-derived alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin or AAT) with immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory activity. Upon administration, AAT reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-32, IL-6, and proteinase 3, and induces the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and the IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1RN. This agent also downregulates heparan sulfate and reduces the expansion of cytotoxic effector T cells, interferes with the maturation of dendritic cells and increases T regulatory cells. Altogether, AAT may attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and may facilitate graft acceptance and survival. In addition, AAT enhances levels of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. AAT, a 52kD protein and serine protease inhibitor, belongs to the serpin superfamily.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. CA9 wt Allele defined as following: Human CA9 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p13.3 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes carbonic anhydrase 9 protein, plays a role in intracellular pH balance.. SPP1 wt Allele defined as following: Human SPP1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q22.1 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes osteopontin protein, plays a role in the modulation of both intercellular communication and matrix mineralization. Aberrant expression may be associated with many cancers.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. MCM5 protein, human defined as following: DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 (734 aa, ~82 kDa) is encoded by the human MCM5 gene. This protein plays a role in DNA replication.. Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder.. Hematuria defined as following: Presence of blood in the urine.. Cystoscopy defined as following: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there any DNMT3 proteins present in plants?", "id": "converted_216", "sentence1": "Are there any DNMT3 proteins present in plants?", "sentence2": "De novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis sp. sp. thaliana is catalyzed by the methyltransferase DRM2, a Homologous Gene of the Mammals de novo methyltransferase DNMT3., Here we describe DNA Modification Methylases Genes from both Arabidopsis sp. sp. and maize that show a high level of Sequence - ParameterizedDataType similarity to DNMT3 Family, suggesting that they encode Plant allergen de novo Methyltransferase. Relative to all known eukaryotic Methyltransferase, these Plant Proteins contain a novel arrangement of the motifs required for DNA Modification Methylases catalytic activity. The N termini of these Methyltransferase contain a series of ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains. , BLASTX searches and phylogenetic analysis suggested that five cDNAs belonged to four classes (DNMT1 wt Allele, TRDMT1 wt Allele, CMT brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate and DNMT3 Family) of DNA Modification Methylases Genes.[SEP]Relations: DNA modification has relations: bioprocess_protein with DNTT, bioprocess_protein with DNTT, bioprocess_protein with TREX1, bioprocess_protein with TREX1. methyltransferase complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with RIOK1, cellcomp_protein with RIOK1. Choline magnesium trisalicylate has relations: drug_protein with PTGS2, drug_protein with PTGS2, drug_protein with PTGS1, drug_protein with PTGS1. Definitions: DNA Modification Methylases defined as following: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base Sequence - ParameterizedDataType in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated Sequence - ParameterizedDataType will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.. DNMT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human DNMT1 wt allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.2 and is approximately 62 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1, is involved in epigenetic modification of chromatin DNA and control of gene expression.. Plant Proteins defined as following: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which PLANT PROTEINS, DIETARY is available.. TRDMT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human TRDMT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10p15.1 and is approximately 60 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase protein, plays a role in methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA but also has DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity.. Methyltransferase defined as following: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.. Homologous Gene defined as following: A gene from one species which corresponds to a gene in another species and that is related via a common ancestral species. These Genes retain a similar Sequence - ParameterizedDataType and function.. DNMT3 Family defined as following: A family of proteins involved in methylation of DNA. There are three proteins in this family. DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DNMT) 3A and DNMT3B are DNA Methyltransferase that catalyze the methylation of hemimethylated and unmethylated CpG at the same rate. DNMT3-like (DNMT3L) has no enzymatic activity; instead this protein interacts with other members of the family and regulates their enzymatic activity.. CMT brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate defined as following: brand name of choline magnesium trisalicylate. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does SATB1 regulate the RAG1 and RAG2 genes?", "id": "converted_3360", "sentence1": "Does DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 regulate the RAG1 and RAG2 genes?", "sentence2": "High level expression of the Xlr nuclear protein in immature thymocytes and colocalization with the matrix-associated region-binding DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 protein,  Its onset preceded the rearrangement of transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair genes, as Xlr expression was conserved in thymus cells from RAG1(0/0) CASP14 gene. , An anti-silencer- and DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1-dependent chromatin hub regulates RAG1 gene and RAG2 gene gene expression during thymocyte development.,  DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 binds to the ASE and Rag promoters, facilitating inclusion of RAG2 gene in the chromatin hub and the loading of RNA Polymerase II to both the RAG1 gene and RAG2 gene promoters., Our results provide a novel framework for understanding ASE function and demonstrate a novel role for DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 as a regulator of Rag locus organization and gene expression in DP thymocytes.[SEP]Relations: Tat protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1, molfunc_protein with CTDP1, molfunc_protein with CTDP1. transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair has relations: bioprocess_protein with DDB1, bioprocess_protein with DDB1, bioprocess_protein with XAB2, bioprocess_protein with XAB2. Definitions: RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. RAG2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in immunoglobulin diversity.. thymocyte defined as following: HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS that have migrated to the THYMUS where they differentiate into T-LYMPHOCYTES. Thymocytes are classified into maturational stages based on the expression of CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS.. DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 defined as following: DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 (763 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 gene. This protein binds DNA and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.. transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair defined as following: The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway. [PMID:10197977, PMID:11900249]. RAG1 gene defined as following: Genes involved in activating the enzyme VDJ recombinase. RAG-1 is located on chromosome 11 in humans (chromosome 2 in CASP14 gene) and is expressed exclusively in maturing lymphocytes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can Freund's complete adjuvant induce arthritis?", "id": "converted_3897", "sentence1": "Can Freund's complete adjuvant induce arthritis?", "sentence2": "complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced RA, The RA model was established using Freund's complete adjuvant, ,  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) was induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant (Freund's Adjuvant; 1 mg/0.1 ml paraffin oil), injected subcutaneously on days 0, 30 and 40, The Rattus norvegicus were made arthritic using a subcutaneous injection with 0.1 ml complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the Structure of thick cushion of skin on foot of the left hind paw.[SEP]Relations: Rheumatoid Arthritis has relations: drug_effect with Fluvoxamine, drug_effect with Fluvoxamine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Pregabalin, drug_effect with Pregabalin, drug_effect with Sibutramine, drug_effect with Sibutramine, drug_effect with Paroxetine, drug_effect with Paroxetine. Definitions: Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Freund's Adjuvant defined as following: An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.. Structure of thick cushion of skin on foot defined as following: A thick, spongy layer of tissue located under the metacarpal and metatarsal joints of the foot.. arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is cytokeratin a tumor marker?", "id": "converted_4266", "sentence1": "Is cytokeratin a Specimen Source Codes - tumor marker?", "sentence2": "cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) in patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rat Larynx (LSCC) and its correlation with tumorigenesis and progression,  cytokeratin fragment 19 (AUC=0.6882, p<0.0001) proved best in detecting relapse., The immunohistochemistry staining for cancer antigen 19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, cytokeratin 20, and MKI67 gene showed comparable intensities in both groups., evels of inflammatory and Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor markers, including Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, CA-125 Antigen, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), CA153, and cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA21-1), [SEP]Relations: Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with porokeratosis (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with porokeratosis (disease), drug_effect with Sorafenib, drug_effect with Sorafenib, drug_effect with Maraviroc, drug_effect with Maraviroc, disease_phenotype_positive with xeroderma pigmentosum, disease_phenotype_positive with xeroderma pigmentosum. cellular response to Carcinoembryonic Antigen has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to glycoprotein, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to glycoprotein. Definitions: CA-125 Antigen defined as following: A Carbohydrate antigen that occurs in tumors of the ovary as well as in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. While it is Specimen Source Codes - tumor-associated, it is not Specimen Source Codes - tumor-specific and may have a protective function against particles and infectious agents at mucosal surfaces.. Carcinoembryonic Antigen defined as following: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.. MKI67 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.. cytokeratin 20 defined as following: A type I keratin expressed predominately in gastrointestinal epithelia, MERKEL CELLS, and the TASTE BUDS of the oral mucosa.. cytokeratin defined as following: This gene is involved in skin development..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there randomised controlled trials on sevoflurane?", "id": "converted_697", "sentence1": "Are there randomised controlled trials on sevoflurane?", "sentence2": "After Ethics Review Board approval, 44 ASA I-III patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgery were randomised after surgery to either hypercapnic hyperpnoea or control groups., Hypercapnic hyperpnoea in spontaneously breathing patients halves the time of recovery from sevoflurane-induced anaesthesia in the operating room., A total of 200 women undergoing first trimester abortion (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I) participated in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane or propofol for short-term sedation., The results showed the incidence of dreaming was significantly different between anaesthesia groups with 60% (60/100) of the sevoflurane group and 33% (33/100) of the propofol group (P=0.000), Anaesthesia administered had no effect on patient satisfaction. The results suggest that the incidence of dreaming was not affected by recovery time. Patient satisfaction was not influenced by choice of sedative and/or by the occurrence of dreaming during sevoflurane or propofol short-term sedation., Prior reports suggest that dreaming during anaesthesia is dependent on recovery time. Dreaming during sedation may impact patient satisfaction, Sevoflurane vs. propofol in patients with Coronary Artery Disease undergoing mitral surgery: a randomised study., We therefore performed a randomised controlled trial (sevoflurane vs. propofol) to compare cardiac troponin release in patients with Coronary Artery Disease undergoing mitral surgery., myocardial injury in remifentanil-based anaesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: an equipotent dose of sevoflurane versus propofol, This randomised controlled trial compared the effect of equipotent anaesthetic doses of sevoflurane (S group) versus propofol (P group), during remifentanil-based anaesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, on myocardial injury. Either sevoflurane or propofol was titrated to maintain bispectral index values between 40 and 50., This randomised, multicentre, parallel-group trial included 98 adult patients. Patients received intravenous propofol for induction followed by sevoflurane maintenance anaesthesia., Patients were randomly allocated to receive sugammadex 2.0 mg kg(-1) or neostigmine 50 microg, We compared the haemodynamics, emergence and recovery characteristics of total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol/remifentanil with sevoflurane/remifentanil anaesthesia, under bispectral index guidance, in 103 patients undergoing surgical procedures lasting > 3.5 h, A randomised controlled trial of paediatric conscious sedation for dental treatment using intravenous midazolam combined with inhaled nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide/sevoflurane, Intravenous midazolam, especially in combination with inhaled nitrous oxide or sevoflurane and nitrous oxide, are effective techniques, with the combination of midazolam and sevoflurane the one most likely to result in successful treatment., We randomly assigned 1063 adult and 322 paediatric elective patients to one of four (adult) or two (paediatric) anaesthesia groups, In both studies, there was no difference in postdischarge outcomes at Day 7. Sevoflurane/sevoflurane was more costly with higher Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting rates in both studies. In adults, the cost per extra episode of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting avoided was pound 296 (propofol/propofol vs. propofol/ sevoflurane) and pound 333 (propofol/sevoflurane vs. propofol/isoflurane)., Comparison of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide mixture with nitrous oxide alone for inhalation conscious sedation in children having dental treatment: a randomised controlled trial., We studied 411 children aged 3-10 years who were referred for dental treatment. They were randomly allocated to have inhalation conscious sedation with either sevoflurane/nitrous oxide mixture or nitrous oxide alone[SEP]Relations: Sevoflurane has relations: drug_drug with Enflurane, drug_drug with Enflurane, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Ancrod, drug_drug with Ancrod, drug_drug with Selegiline, drug_drug with Selegiline, drug_drug with Cannabidiol, drug_drug with Cannabidiol. Definitions: sevoflurane defined as following: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may act by interfering with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. Sevoflurane may also interact directly with lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, this agent may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors hyperpolarizing cell membranes. This results in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure as well as an increased respiratory rate.. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting defined as following: Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.. nitrous oxide defined as following: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. midazolam defined as following: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. neostigmine defined as following: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. Coronary Artery Disease defined as following: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do nematodes contain a CTCF gene?", "id": "converted_3791", "sentence1": "Do nematodes contain a CTGF protein, human gene?", "sentence2": "Our findings show that CTGF protein, human and possibly chromatin insulation are present in basal nematodes. We suggest that the insulator protein CTGF protein, human has been secondarily lost in derived nematodes like Caenorhabditis elegans., The most highly enriched motif (LM1) corresponds to the X-box motif known from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Phylum Nematoda. ,  show that three ZF Proteins from three basal nematodes cluster together with known CTGF protein, human Proteins whereas no ZNF3 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans and other derived nematodes does so.AQP1 gene, SULTS: While orthologs for other insulator Proteins were absent in all 35 analysed Phylum Nematoda species, we find orthologs of CTGF protein, human in a subset of nematodes. A, of CTGF protein, human from several nematodes is paralleled by a loss of two of its interactors, the polycomb repressive complex subunit SuZ12 and the multifunctional transcription factor TYY1. In contrast to earlier st, LUSION: Our findings show that CTGF protein, human and possibly chromatin insulation are present in basal nematodes. We , uggest that the insulator protein CTGF protein, human has been secondarily lost in derived nematodes like Caenorhabditis elegans. We , ESULTS: While orthologs for other insulator Proteins were absent in all 35 analysed Phylum Nematoda species, we find orthologs of CTGF protein, human in a subset of nematodes. ,  suggest that the insulator protein CTGF protein, human has been secondarily lost in derived nematodes like Caenorhabditis elegans. W, e show that three ZF Proteins from three basal nematodes cluster together with known CTGF protein, human Proteins whereas no ZNF3 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans and other derived nematodes does so.AQP1 gene, o investigate the pattern of CTGF protein, human occurrence in nematodes, we performed phylogenetic analysis with the ZF protein sets of completely sequenced nematodes. , r findings show that CTGF protein, human and possibly chromatin insulation are present in basal nematodes. W,  propose a switch in the regulation of gene expression during Phylum Nematoda evolution, from the common Vertebrates and insect type involving distantly acting regulatory elements and chromatin insulation to a so far poorly characterised mode present in more derived nematodes. H, We therefore searched in nematodes for orthologs of Proteins that are involved in chromatin insulation.R, The unique secondary loss of CTGF protein, human from several nematodes is paralleled by a loss of two of its interactors, the polycomb repressive complex subunit SuZ12 and the multifunctional transcription factor TYY1.[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Loracarbef, drug_drug with Loracarbef, drug_drug with Nefazodone, drug_drug with Nefazodone, drug_drug with Cefditoren, drug_drug with Cefditoren, drug_drug with Cefdinir, drug_drug with Cefdinir, drug_drug with Cefsulodin, drug_drug with Cefsulodin. Definitions: Phylum Nematoda defined as following: class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures; many species are parasites.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. CTGF protein, human defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the human CCN2 gene. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. Caenorhabditis elegans defined as following: A species of Phylum Nematoda that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. AQP1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transmembrane transport of water.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. CTGF protein, human gene defined as following: This gene is involved in epigenetic control of gene expression..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there currently applications of deep learning in genomics?", "id": "converted_1165", "sentence1": "Are there currently applications of deep learning in genomics?", "sentence2": "Deep learning of the tissue-regulated splicing code., Using a deep neural network, we developed a model inferred from Mus sp. RNA-Seq data that can predict splicing patterns in individual Body tissue and differences in splicing patterns across Body tissue. Our architecture uses hidden variables that jointly represent features in genomic sequences and tissue types when making predictions. A graphics processing unit was used to greatly reduce the training time of our models with millions of parameters., We show that the deep architecture surpasses the performance of the previous Bayesian method for predicting AS patterns. With the proper optimization procedure and selection of hyperparameters, we demonstrate that deep architectures can be beneficial, even with a moderately sparse dataset. An analysis of what the model has learned in terms of the genomic features is presented., Machine Learning applications in genetics and genomics[SEP]Relations: learning has relations: bioprocess_protein with APP, bioprocess_protein with APP, bioprocess_protein with ARC, bioprocess_protein with ARC, bioprocess_bioprocess with associative learning, bioprocess_bioprocess with associative learning, bioprocess_bioprocess with learning or memory, bioprocess_bioprocess with learning or memory, bioprocess_protein with JUN, bioprocess_protein with JUN. Definitions: Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Machine Learning defined as following: A type of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE that enable COMPUTERS to independently initiate and execute LEARNING when exposed to new data..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Adamts18 deficiency associated with cancer?", "id": "converted_4244", "sentence1": "Is ADAMTS18 gene deficiency associated with cancer?", "sentence2": "ADAMTS18 gene deficiency promotes colon carcinogenesis by enhancing β-catenin and p38MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling in the mouse model of AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum., ADAMTS18 is a novel tumor suppressor and is critical to the pathology of Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we generated an ADAMTS18 gene-deficient mouse strain as an in vivo model to investigate the role of ADAMTS18 in the pathogenesis of Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum. In AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, the deficiency of ADAMTS18 gene in CASP14 gene resulted in enhanced tumorigenesis and Colitis that could be attributed in part to enhanced nuclear translocation of β-catenin and elevated expression of its downstream target genes, Cyclin D1 and c-myc Genes Genes. Moreover, increased p38MAPK and ERK1/2 activities were detected in Malignant tumor of colon cells from ADAMTS18 gene-deficient CASP14 gene. Further studies revealed that ADAMTS18 deficiency reduced Intestines E-Cadherin levels in CASP14 gene, which ultimately led to Intestines barrier dysfunction. These data indicate that ADAMTS18 gene deficiency enhances tumorigenesis and Intestinal inflammation through elevated Wnt/β-catenin and p38MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling and promotes Malignant tumor of colon in this mouse model.[SEP]Relations: ADAMTS18 has relations: disease_protein with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_protein with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_protein with colorectal carcinoma, disease_protein with colorectal carcinoma, disease_protein with colorectal neoplasm, disease_protein with colorectal neoplasm, protein_protein with B3GLCT, protein_protein with B3GLCT, protein_protein with IGKC, protein_protein with IGKC. Definitions: Malignant tumor of colon defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. Intestinal inflammation defined as following: A reaction characterizeds by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, pain, swelling localized to the in the Intestines tract. [PMID:9897960]. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.. cancer defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any role of TBR1 in autism?", "id": "converted_2232", "sentence1": "Is there any role of TBR1 in Autistic Disorder?", "sentence2": "TBR1 regulates Autistic Disorder risk Genes in the developing neocortex, Exome sequencing studies have identified multiple Genes harboring de novo loss-of-function (LoF) Variant in individuals with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (Atrial Septal Defects), including TBR1, a master regulator of cortical development. We performed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing for TBR1 during Mus sp. cortical neurogenesis and show that TBR1-bound regions are enriched adjacent to Atrial Septal Defects Genes. Atrial Septal Defects Genes were also enriched among Genes that are differentially expressed in Tbr1 knockouts, which together with the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing data, suggests direct transcriptional regulation. Of the nine Atrial Septal Defects Genes examined, seven were misexpressed in the cortices of Tbr1 knockout CASP14 gene, including six with increased expression in the deep cortical layers. Atrial Septal Defects Genes with adjacent cortical TBR1 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing peaks also showed unusually low levels of LoF Gene Mutation in a reference human population and among Icelanders. We then leveraged TBR1 binding to identify an appealing subset of candidate Atrial Septal Defects Genes. Our findings highlight a TBR1-regulated network of Atrial Septal Defects Genes in the developing neocortex that are relatively intolerant to LoF Gene Mutation, indicating that these Genes may play critical roles in normal cortical development., T-Box Brain Protein 1--A Potential Master Regulator in Autism Spectrum Disorders., T-Box Brain Protein 1 (TBR1), a causative gene in Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs), encodes a brain-specific T-box transcription factor. It is therefore possible that TBR1 controls the expression of other Autistic Disorder risk factors. The downstream Genes of TBR1 have been identified using microarray and promoter analyses. In this study, we annotated individual Genes downstream of TBR1 and investigated any associations with ASDs through extensive literature searches. Of 124 TBR1 target Genes, 23 were reported to be associated with ASDs., Among these 24 Genes, four TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AUTS2 gene, NFIA protein, human, Nr4a2, and SOX5 gene were found, suggesting that TBR1 controls a transcriptional cascade relevant to Autistic Disorder pathogenesis. A further five of the 24 Genes (CD44 Antigens, CDH8 gene, CNTN6 gene, GPC6 gene, and NTNG2 gene) encode membrane proteins that regulate cell adhesion and axonal outgrowth. These Genes likely contribute to the role of TBR1 in regulation of neuronal migration and axonal extension. Besides, decreases in GRIN2B gene expression and increases in glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human expression imply that neuronal activity may be aberrant in Tbr1 deficient CASP14 gene. These analyses provide direction for future experiments to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of Autistic Disorder., The activity-regulated gene expression of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR is required for neural plasticity and function in response to neuronal stimulation. T-brain-1 (TBR1), a critical neuron-specific transcription factor for forebrain development, has been recognized as a high-confidence risk gene for Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders. , Disruptive Gene Mutation in the TBR1 gene have been repeatedly identified in patients with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs). , Next-generation sequencing recently revealed that recurrent disruptive Gene Mutation in a few Genes may account for 1% of sporadic Autistic Disorder cases. Coupling these novel genetic data to empirical assays of protein function can illuminate crucial molecular networks. Here we demonstrate the power of the approach, performing the first functional analyses of TBR1 Variant identified in sporadic Autistic Disorder., T-brain-1 (TBR1) is a brain-specific T-box transcription factor. In 1995, Tbr1 was first identified from a subtractive hybridization that compared Mus sp. embryonic and adult telencephalons. Previous studies of Tbr1 (-∕-) CASP14 gene have indicated critical roles for TBR1 in the development of the Cerebral cortex, Amygdaloid structure, and Structure of Structure of olfactory bulb. Neuronal migration and axonal projection are two important developmental features controlled by TBR1. Recently, recurrent de novo disruptive Gene Mutation in the TBR1 gene have been found in patients with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs). Human genetic studies have identified TBR1 as a high-confidence risk factor for ASDs., TBR1 regulates Autistic Disorder risk Genes in the developing neocortex., De novo TBR1 Gene Mutation in sporadic Autistic Disorder disrupt protein functions., In Homo sapiens, PAX6 gene gene, EOMES gene gene, and TBR1 have been linked to Intellectual Disability and Autistic Disorder., It is therefore possible that TBR1 controls the expression of other Autistic Disorder risk factors., Neuronal excitation upregulates Tbr1, a high-confidence risk gene of Autistic Disorder, mediating GRIN2B gene expression in the adult brain., T-Box Brain Protein 1 (TBR1), a causative gene in Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs), encodes a brain-specific T-box transcription factor., Recently, recurrent de novo disruptive Gene Mutation in the TBR1 gene have been found in patients with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs)., Here we demonstrate the power of the approach, performing the first functional analyses of TBR1 Variant identified in sporadic Autistic Disorder., Among these 24 Genes, four TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AUTS2 gene, NFIA protein, human, Nr4a2, and SOX5 gene were found, suggesting that TBR1 controls a transcriptional cascade relevant to Autistic Disorder pathogenesis., Disruptive Gene Mutation in the TBR1 gene have been repeatedly identified in patients with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs)., T-Box Brain Protein 1 (TBR1), a causative gene in Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs), encodes a brain-specific T-box transcription factor, Among these 24 Genes, four TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AUTS2 gene, NFIA protein, human, Nr4a2, and SOX5 gene were found, suggesting that TBR1 controls a transcriptional cascade relevant to Autistic Disorder pathogenesis, Disruptive Gene Mutation in the TBR1 gene have been repeatedly identified in patients with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs), Among these 24 Genes, four TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AUTS2 gene, NFIA protein, human, Nr4a2, and SOX5 gene were found, suggesting that TBR1 controls a transcriptional cascade relevant to Autistic Disorder pathogenesis., It is therefore possible that TBR1 controls the expression of other Autistic Disorder risk factors., TBR1 regulates Autistic Disorder risk Genes in the developing neocortex., De novo TBR1 Gene Mutation in sporadic Autistic Disorder disrupt protein functions., Our findings highlight a TBR1-regulated network of Atrial Septal Defects Genes in the developing neocortex that are relatively intolerant to LoF Gene Mutation, indicating that these Genes may play critical roles in normal cortical development.[SEP]Relations: Autistic Disorder spectrum disorder has relations: disease_protein with TBR1, disease_protein with TBR1, disease_protein with TBL1XR1, disease_protein with TBL1XR1, disease_protein with TBL1X, disease_protein with TBL1X, disease_protein with FMR1, disease_protein with FMR1, disease_protein with GABBR1, disease_protein with GABBR1. Definitions: GPC6 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in protein binding.. TBR1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both brain development and transcriptional regulation.. EOMES gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both transcriptional activation and embryonic development.. PAX6 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation.. T-Box Brain Protein 1 defined as following: T-box brain protein 1 (682 aa, ~74 kDa) is encoded by the human TBR1 gene. This protein is involved in both transcriptional regulation and brain development.. Structure of olfactory bulb defined as following: Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The Structure of olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory Structure of olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.. glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human defined as following: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (594 aa, ~67 kDa) is encoded by the human GAD1 gene. This protein is involved in the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid.. Cerebral cortex defined as following: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulci. It reaches its highest development in Homo sapiens and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.. GRIN2B gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both neurotransmitter binding and ion transport.. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Autistic Disorder defined as following: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V). Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders defined as following: A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes Autistic Disorder, Asperger syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.. CD44 Antigens defined as following: Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary THYMOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. Their interaction with HYALURONIC ACID mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial VENULES.. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing defined as following: A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Amygdaloid structure defined as following: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The Amygdaloid structure is part of the limbic system.. NFIA protein, human defined as following: Nuclear factor 1 A-type (509 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human NFIA gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of both gene replication and transcription.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Atrial Septal Defects defined as following: Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.. TBR1 defined as following: This gene is involved in both brain development and transcriptional regulation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Could BRCA gene test used for breast and ovarian cancer risk?", "id": "converted_1754", "sentence1": "Could BRCA gene test used for breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk?", "sentence2": "Participation of Korean families at high risk for hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm in BRCA1/2 genetic testing., The prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations in Korean Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm patients irrespective of the family history was significantly higher than previously reported. Possible founder mutations in Korean Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm patients were identified., Germline Gene Mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Korean Ovarian Cancer Patients: Finding Founder Gene Mutation., The assessment of BRCA1 and BRCA2 coding sequences to identify pathogenic mutations associated with inherited breast/Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm syndrome has provided a method to identify high-risk individuals, allowing them to seek preventative treatments and strategies. , Maximising survival: the main concern of women with hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm who undergo genetic testing for BRCA1/2.,  Little is known about how women with hereditary breast and/or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm who test positive for a BRCA gene manage the impact of a positive test result on their everyday lives and in the longer term. This study defined the experience and needs of women with hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm and a positive BRCA test over time., The strongest evidence was for rs1466785 in the NEIL2 gene gene (endonuclease VIII-like 2) gene (HR: 1.09, 95% CI (1.03-1.16), p = 2.7 × 10(-3)) for association with breast Primary malignant neoplasm risk in BRCA2 Mutation Abnormality carriers, and rs2304277 in the OGG1 protein, human protein, human (8-guanine DNA glycosylase) gene, with Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk in BRCA1 Mutation Abnormality carriers (HR: 1.12 95%CI: 1.03-1.21, p = 4.8 × 10(-3))., Female BRCA (breast Primary malignant neoplasm gene)-1 and BRCA-2 mutations are significantly associated with risk of developing breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary, in turn, associated with female Sterility, Reproductive. , Large BRCA1 and BRCA2 genomic rearrangements in Polish high-risk breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm families., BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major Genes associated with familial breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility., Until 2006, she supervised a diagnostic unit for BRCA gene testing at the Interdisciplinary Center for Hereditary Breast Cancer (Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany). , Inherited BRCA gene mutations convey a high risk for breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, but current guidelines limit BRCA Mutation Abnormality testing to women with early-onset Primary malignant neoplasm and relatives of Mutation Abnormality-positive cases. , Women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene Mutation Abnormality face a risk of developing breast or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm at an earlier age than women without such a Mutation Abnormality., In 2006, participants were recruited from Web sites for women with breast Primary malignant neoplasm or BRCA gene mutations. , About 20 % of hereditary breast Malignant Neoplasms are caused by mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes. Since BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may be spread throughout the gene, genetic testing is usually performed by direct sequencing of entire coding regions., Suggestion of an association between BRCA2 c.7806-2A>G and risk of breast Primary malignant neoplasm in males has emerged. , The presence of deleterious mutations in breast Primary malignant neoplasm (BRCA)-1 or BRCA-2 gene has a decisive influence on the development of various types of Neoplasms, such as breast, Ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal Malignant Neoplasms. , OBJECTIVE: Female BRCA (breast Primary malignant neoplasm gene)-1 and BRCA-2 mutations are significantly associated with risk of developing breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary, in turn, associated with female Sterility, Reproductive., BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes are responsible for 5-10% of breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm cases., She was daughter of a woman, a carrier of BRCA 1 gene Mutation Abnormality, with early onset of breast Primary malignant neoplasm and positive family history.CONCLUSIONS: BRCA 1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are of particular importance in the increasing risk of Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm and early onset of breast Primary malignant neoplasm as well as some other malignancies., BACKGROUND: Women who are diagnosed with a deleterious Mutation Abnormality in either breast Primary malignant neoplasm (BRCA) gene have a high risk of developing breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary at young ages., We identified AJ individuals with breast and/or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm undergoing hereditary breast/Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk assessment since 2006 without evidence of a deleterious Mutation Abnormality on BRCA gene sequencing who were screened for major gene rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2., Germline BRCA gene mutations are reportedly associated with hereditary breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary., [Detection and occurrence of BRCA 1 gene Mutation Abnormality in patients with Breast Carcinoma and Pelvis>Ovary]., We investigated the relationship between BRCA mutations and the distribution of familial Malignant Neoplasms other than breast or Pelvis>Ovary in high-risk breast Primary malignant neoplasm patients.PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER WHO HAD AT LEAST ONE OF THE FOLLOWING RISK FACTORS WERE ENROLLED: reported family history of breast or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm; 40 years of age or younger age at diagnosis; bilateral breast Primary malignant neoplasm; or male gender, Gene Mutation in breast Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility Genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are associated with increased risks for breast, Ovarian, and other types of Primary malignant neoplasm.To review new evidence on the benefits and harms of risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA-related Primary malignant neoplasm in women.MEDLINE and PsycINFO between 2004 and 30 July 2013, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 2004 through the second quarter of 2013, Health Technology Assessment during the fourth quarter of 2012, Scopus, and reference lists.English-language studies about accuracy of risk assessment and benefits and harms of genetic counseling, genetic testing, and interventions to reduce Primary malignant neoplasm incidence and mortality., The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of primary breast Primary malignant neoplasm (Primary Biliary Cholangitis) and contralateral breast Primary malignant neoplasm (Nuclear cap binding complex location) in patients who had BRCA1/BRCA2-associated epithelial Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm (OC).From the database of the Rotterdam Family Cancer Clinic, patients who had BRCA-associated OC without a history of unilateral breast Primary malignant neoplasm (BC Original Formula Original Formula) (at risk of Primary Biliary Cholangitis; n = 79) or with a history of unilateral BC Original Formula Original Formula (at risk of Nuclear cap binding complex location; n = 37) were selected, Statistically significant earlier ages at diagnosis also were observed within subgroups of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, maternal inheritance, paternal inheritance, breast Primary malignant neoplasm only, and breast Primary malignant neoplasm-identified and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm-identified families.Breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary in BRCA Mutation Abnormality carriers appeared to be diagnosed at an earlier age in later generations, The USPSTF also reviewed interventions aimed at reducing the risk for BRCA-related Primary malignant neoplasm in women with potentially harmful BRCA mutations, including intensive Primary malignant neoplasm screening, medications, and risk-reducing surgery.This recommendation applies to asymptomatic women who have not been diagnosed with BRCA-related Primary malignant neoplasm.The USPSTF recommends that primary care providers screen women who have family members with breast, Ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal Primary malignant neoplasm with 1 of several screening tools designed to identify a family history that may be associated with an increased risk for potentially harmful mutations in breast Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility Genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2), If a woman bearing a Mutation Abnormality develops Primary malignant neoplasm in one breast, her risk of developing Primary malignant neoplasm in the other breast depends on the particular gene that is mutated and on her age at the onset of disease.About half of all monogenically determined Carcinoma of the breast and Pelvis>Ovary are due to a Mutation Abnormality in one or the other of the highly penetrant BRCA Genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), A value of RESTING HEART RATE greater than 1 indicated elevated breast Primary malignant neoplasm risk; a value of RESTING HEART RATE less than 1 indicated elevated Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk.Gene Mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2.Breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risks.Among BRCA1 Mutation Abnormality carriers, 9052 women (46%) were diagnosed with breast Primary malignant neoplasm, 2317 (12%) with Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, 1041 (5%) with breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, and 7171 (37%) without Primary malignant neoplasm, This study defined the experience and needs of women with hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm and a positive BRCA test over time.METHODS: A grounded theory approach was taken using qualitative interviews (n = 49) and reflective diaries. , Little is known about how women with hereditary breast and/or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm who test positive for a BRCA gene manage the impact of a positive test result on their everyday lives and in the longer term., This study defined the experience and needs of women with hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm and a positive BRCA test over time.A grounded theory approach was taken using qualitative interviews (n = 49) and reflective diaries., Women with a harmful Mutation Abnormality in the Malignant neoplasm of breast (BRCA) gene are at significantly increased risk of developing hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm (HBOC) during their lifetime, compared to those without., Genetic testing for BRCA Genes, associated with hereditary breast-Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk, is an accepted Primary malignant neoplasm control strategy., Younger patients, those with a family history of breast or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, and those diagnosed more recently were more likely to be BRCA tested., Gene Mutation in BRCA Genes elevate risk for breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm., Observational studies of prophylactic surgeries report reduced risks for breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm in Mutation Abnormality carriers.No data describe the range of risk associated with BRCA mutations, genetic heterogeneity, and moderating factors; studies conducted in highly selected populations contain biases; and information on adverse effects is incomplete.A primary care approach to screening for inherited breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility has not been evaluated, and evidence is lacking to determine benefits and harms for the general population., We identified AJ individuals with breast and/or Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm undergoing hereditary breast/Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risk assessment since 2006 without evidence of a deleterious Mutation Abnormality on BRCA gene sequencing who were screened for major gene rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2. For each proband, the pre-test probability of identifying a deleterious BRCA Mutation Abnormality was estimated using the Myriad II model. We identified 108 affected individuals who underwent large rearrangement testing (80 breast Primary malignant neoplasm, 19 Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, nine both breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm)., Truncated proteins are easily discriminated from full size.RESULTS: Three BRCA 1 gene alterations were identified in the investigated group of women suffering from Ovarian or breast Primary malignant neoplasm. One asymptomatic person--carrier of BRCA 1 gene Mutation Abnormality--was identified in this study. She was daughter of a woman, a carrier of BRCA 1 gene Mutation Abnormality, with early onset of breast Primary malignant neoplasm and positive family history.CONCLUSIONS: BRCA 1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are of particular importance in the increasing risk of Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm and early onset of breast Primary malignant neoplasm as well as some other malignancies., Germline BRCA gene mutations are reportedly associated with hereditary breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary. Identification of BRCA mutations greatly improves the preventive strategies and management of breast Primary malignant neoplasm., Statistically significant earlier ages at diagnosis also were observed within subgroups of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, maternal inheritance, paternal inheritance, breast Primary malignant neoplasm only, and breast Primary malignant neoplasm-identified and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm-identified families.CONCLUSIONS: Breast and Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary in BRCA Mutation Abnormality carriers appeared to be diagnosed at an earlier age in later generations., Truncated proteins are easily discriminated from full size.RESULTS: Three BRCA 1 gene alterations were identified in the investigated group of women suffering from Ovarian or breast Primary malignant neoplasm., However, some single risk factors without family histories (early-onset breast Primary malignant neoplasm, male breast Primary malignant neoplasm, or multiple organ Malignant Neoplasms) may limit the utility of BRCA gene testing in the Korean population., BRCA Gene Mutation Increase Fertility in Families at Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer Risk., Because Sterility, Reproductive is associated with breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm risks, we hypothesized that the mutations in the BRCA gene may be associated with low response to fertility treatments., Moreover, in families of breast Primary malignant neoplasm patients without BRCA mutations, breast Primary malignant neoplasm risk depends on the patient's age at diagnosis., Among the 554 women who underwent genetic testing for BRCA Mutation Abnormality, 78 were found to have a deleterious Mutation Abnormality in the BRCA1 gene, and 54 had a Mutation Abnormality in the BRCA2 gene., Frequent recurrent mutations in the breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility (BRCA) Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Hispanics, including a large rearrangement Mexican founder Mutation Abnormality (BRCA1 exon 9-12 Gene Deletion Abnormality [ex9-12del]), suggest that an ancestry-informed BRCA-testing strategy could reduce disparities and promote Primary malignant neoplasm prevention by enabling economic screening for hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm in Mexico., Individuals who carry a BRCA gene Mutation Abnormality have increased lifetime risks of developing hereditary breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm syndrome-related Malignant Neoplasms., BRCA gene mutations have been well described to carry an increased risk of both breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm., Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm among 8,005 women from a breast Primary malignant neoplasm family history clinic: no increased risk of invasive Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm in families testing negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2., Women who were BRCA carriers, women who had a history of breast Primary malignant neoplasm, Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma, or Biopsy of breast, or had a family history of Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm were more likely to have undergone surgery for Primary malignant neoplasm risk reduction., Genetic testing for breast Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility became a reality after two Primary malignant neoplasm predisposition Genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were identified., Germ-Line Mutation in BRCA Genes are associated with breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility., We used person-years at risk to assess Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm rates in the study population, subdivided by genetic status (BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCA negative, BRCA untested) compared with the general population.[SEP]Relations: carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with BRCA1, disease_protein with BRCA1. Breast carcinoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_phenotype_positive with Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary breast Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary breast Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with breast-Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, familial, susceptibility to, disease_phenotype_positive with breast-Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm, familial, susceptibility to, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary breast carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary breast carcinoma. Definitions: Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Malignant neoplasm of Pelvis>Ovary defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Pelvis>Ovary. Most primary malignant Ovarian Neoplasms are either Carcinoma (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant Neoplasms to the Pelvis>Ovary include Carcinoma, lymphomas, and melanomas.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. BRCA2 gene defined as following: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Gene Mutation in this gene predispose humans to breast and Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6). Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are Carcinoma arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast Neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. DNA glycosylase defined as following: A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant Neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant Neoplasms are Carcinoma, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Primary Biliary Cholangitis defined as following: An autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts. It affects predominantly females and it may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Patients have antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies in the peripheral blood.. BRCA1 gene defined as following: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Gene Mutation of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.. OGG1 protein, human defined as following: N-glycosylase/DNA lyase (345 aa, ~39 kDa) is encoded by the human OGG1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in nucleotide excision repair.. Breast Carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma arising from the breast, most commonly the terminal ductal-lobular unit. It is the most common malignant tumor in females. Risk factors include country of birth, family history, menstrual and reproductive history, fibrocystic disease and epithelial hyperplasia, exogenous estrogens, contraceptive agents, and ionizing radiation. The vast majority of breast Carcinoma are adenocarcinomas (ductal or lobular). Breast carcinoma spreads by direct invasion, by the lymphatic route, and by the blood vessel route. The most common site of lymph node involvement is the axilla.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant Neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign Neoplasms.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Biopsy of breast defined as following: Removal of tissue from the breast for microscopic examination.. bilateral breast Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: Carcinoma that affects both breasts in a simultaneous or non-simultaneous manner.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including Primary malignant neoplasm.. peritoneal Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the peritoneum. Representative examples include carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma.. Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma defined as following: A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) Breast Carcinoma characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.. gene Mutation Abnormality defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the TAF1 gene.. Germ-Line Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Gene Mutation in these cells (i.e., \"generative\" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.. Sterility, Reproductive defined as following: Complete inability to conceive or induce conception.. Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for \"Primary malignant neoplasm.\". BRCA Genes defined as following: newly discovered protooncogene; Mutation Abnormality is responsible for about half of the inherited cases of breast Primary malignant neoplasm; implicated in esophageal, head, and neck Primary malignant neoplasm.. Nuclear cap binding complex location defined as following: A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export. [PMID:16043498]. breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Ovarian Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Pelvis>Ovary. Most primary malignant Ovarian Neoplasms are either Carcinoma (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant Neoplasms to the Pelvis>Ovary include Carcinoma, lymphomas, and melanomas..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are optogenetics tools used in the study and treatment of epilepsy?", "id": "converted_1294", "sentence1": "Are optogenetics tools used in the study and treatment of epilepsy?", "sentence2": "The emerging revolutionary technique of optogenetics enables manipulation of the activity of specific neuronal populations in vivo with exquisite spatiotemporal resolution using light. We used optogenetic approaches to test the role of hippocampal excitatory Neurons in the lithium-pilocarpine model of acute elicited Seizures in awake behaving Rattus norvegicus., This chapter focuses on the development of optogenetics and on-demand technologies for the study of epilepsy and the control of Seizures., We then turn to the use of optogenetics, including on-demand optogenetics in the study of Epilepsy, which highlights the powerful potential of optogenetics for epilepsy research., Optogenetics techniques provide powerful tools for bidirectional control of neuronal activity and investigating alterations occurring in excitability disorders, such as epilepsy.,  Therefore, one could optogenetically activate specific or a mixed population of Interneurons and dissect their selective or concerted inhibitory action on principal cells. We chose to explore a conceptually novel strategy involving simultaneous activation of mixed populations of Interneurons by optogenetics and study their impact on ongoing epileptiform activity in Mus sp. acute hippocampal slices., Our data suggest that global optogenetic activation of mixed interneuron populations is a more effective approach for development of novel therapeutic strategies for epilepsy, but the initial action potential generation in principal Neurons needs to be taken in consideration., Recently, a number of experiments have explored the treatments for epilepsy with optogenetic control of Neurons. Here, we discuss the possibility that an optogenetic approach could be used to control the release of gliotransmitters and improve astrocyte function such as glutamate and K(+) uptake, and thereby offer a potential strategy to investigate and treat astrocyte-related epilepsy., Optogenetics and designer receptor technologies provide unprecedented and much needed specificity, allowing for spatial, temporal and \"U\" lymphocyte type-selective modulation of neuronal circuits. Using such tools, it is now possible to begin to address some of the fundamental unanswered questions in epilepsy, to dissect epileptic neuronal circuits and to develop new intervention strategies. , We then turn to the use of optogenetics, including on-demand optogenetics in the study of Epilepsy, which highlights the powerful potential of optogenetics for epilepsy research., Moreover, optogenetics may be considered for developing potential treatment strategies for brain diseases, particularly for excitability disorders such as epilepsy., This chapter focuses on the development of optogenetics and on-demand technologies for the study of epilepsy and the control of Seizures., How might novel technologies such as optogenetics lead to better treatments in epilepsy?, WONOEP appraisal: optogenetic tools to suppress Seizures and explore the mechanisms of epileptogenesis., Finally, optogenetic tools allow rapid and reversible suppression of epileptic electroencephalography (EEG) activity upon photoactivation., Our data suggest that epileptiform activity in the Hippocampus Hippocampus hippocampus caused by impaired inhibition may be controlled by optogenetic silencing of principal Neurons and potentially can be developed as an alternative treatment for epilepsy., Seizure suppression by high frequency optogenetic stimulation using in vitro and in vivo animal models of epilepsy., Optogenetics techniques provide powerful tools for bidirectional control of neuronal activity and investigating alterations occurring in excitability disorders, such as epilepsy. , We first discuss the benefits and caveats to using optogenetic approaches and recent advances in optogenetics related tools. We then turn to the use of optogenetics, including on-demand optogenetics in the study of Epilepsy, which highlights the powerful potential of optogenetics for epilepsy research.[SEP]Relations: epilepsy has relations: contraindication with Edetic acid, contraindication with Edetic acid, contraindication with Olanzapine, contraindication with Olanzapine, contraindication with Ergometrine, contraindication with Ergometrine, contraindication with Atomoxetine, contraindication with Atomoxetine, contraindication with Physostigmine, contraindication with Physostigmine. Definitions: Interneurons defined as following: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to Neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection Neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Optogenetics defined as following: The combination of genetic and optical methods in controlling specific events with temporal precision in targeted cells of a functioning intact biological system.. epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is acupotomy used to treat muscle stiffness?", "id": "converted_4061", "sentence1": "Is acupotomy used to treat muscle stiffness?", "sentence2": "All the included studies reviewed Musculoskeletal Diseases and reported a significantly higher total effective and cure rates in the acupotomy group for frozen shoulder, cervical spondylosis, third lumbar vertebrae transverse process syndrome, trigger finger, Osteoarthritis, Knee, and Spinal stenosis of lumbar region, compared to the other active control groups, Acupotomy showed promising results for some Musculoskeletal Diseases; however, additional high-quality evidence is required to make clinical recommendations regarding this procedure., Acupotomy has been widely used to treat Entrapment Neuropathies, To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of acupotomy in treatment of Osteoarthritis, Knee , Effect and safety of acupotomy in treatment of Osteoarthritis, Knee, Acupotomy Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis., We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used acupotomy therapy as the major intervention in adults with knee OA,, Acupotomy, which involves the addition of a scalpel function to the conventional acupuncture treatment, has recently been applied as a conservative treatment method for Prolapsed lumbar disc (Lactic acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5), LTS: The systematic review will provide high-quality evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of acupotomy for KOA by Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, stiffness, and dysfunction of knee joint, and quality of life, as well as adverse events.CONC, Acupotomy has been widely used to treat KOA., Acupotomy, a biomechanical therapy guided by traditional Chinese medicine theory, alleviates cartilage degradation and is widely used in the clinic to treat KOA by correcting abnormal mechanics., BACKGROUND: Acupotomy has been widely used to treat Entrapment Neuropathies., Acupotomy has been widely used to treat calcaneodynia., The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the acupotomy treatment in patients with calcaneodynia., otomy combined with rehabilitation was associated with significantly higher TER (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01-1.52, I = 77%) and gross motor function measure score (MD 12.62, 95% CI 11.75-13.49, I = 54%), and significantly lower muscle tone of Gastrocnemius muscle structure measured by the Ashworth scale or the modified Ashworth scale (MD -0.97, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.88, I = 0%) compared with rehabilitation alone. No , Both acupotomy and acupuncture have been widely used clinically to treat Cheyne-Stokes Respiration in China with satisfied efficacy., GN AND METHODS: Total 75 patients were participated in acupotomy therapy and ultrasonic drug penetration to treat joint osteoarthritis. The, Acupotomy Alleviates Energy Crisis at Rat Myofascial Trigger Points, its in the acupotomy and ethacrynic acid groups underwent Bilateral acupotomylysis intervention; those in the acupotomy-ethacrynic acid group underwent acupotomylysis and ethacrynic acid interventions. On the, LTS: The systematic review will provide high-quality evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of acupotomy for KOA by Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, stiffness, and dysfunction of knee joint, and quality of life, as well as adverse events.CON, Acupotomy for Osteoarthritis, Knee: A systematic review protocol.,  The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupotomy for the treatment of patients with KOA, SION: The systematic review will provide evidence to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupotomy therapy for KOA patients.PROSP, e systematic review will provide high-quality evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of acupotomy for KOA by Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, stiffness, and dysfunction of knee joint, and quality of life, as well as adverse events.CON, The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupotomy for the treatment of patients with KOA.M,  systematic review will provide evidence to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupotomy therapy for KOA patients.PROS, To observe the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive acupotomy-injection technique with targeted three-point in the treatment of frozen shoulder.M, [Percutaneous dynamic release in stress position by acupotomy in treating severe scapulohumeral periarthritis]., To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupotomy stress position percutaneous dynamic release for severe Periarthritis of shoulder.M, l sequelae. Acupotomy, a modernized acupuncture form combining the effects of microsurgery and conventional acupuncture, may show specific benefits in the treatment of cyclophosphamide/prednisone, especially with respect to, Background: Acupotomy, which involves the addition of a scalpel function to the conventional acupuncture treatment, has recently been applied as a conservative treatment method for lumbar disc herni, he methodological quality was medium-to-high in AMSTAR. All the included studies reviewed Musculoskeletal Diseases and reported a significantly higher total effective and cure rates in the acupotomy group for frozen shoulder, cervical spondylosis, third lumbar vertebrae transverse process syndrome, trigger finger, Osteoarthritis, Knee, and Spinal stenosis of lumbar region, compared to the other active control groups.CONCLUSION: Acupotomy showed promising results for some Musculoskeletal Diseases; however, additional high-quality evidence is[SEP]Relations: Cyclophosphamide has relations: drug_effect with Soft tissue sarcoma, drug_effect with Soft tissue sarcoma, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_drug with Indisulam, drug_drug with Indisulam, drug_effect with Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drug_effect with Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab. Definitions: Musculoskeletal Diseases defined as following: Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.. Gastrocnemius muscle structure defined as following: A large muscle in the back of the lower leg. Its action involves the plantar flexion of the foot.. Osteoarthritis, Knee defined as following: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019). ethacrynic acid defined as following: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. Lactic acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 defined as following: A member of the LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES isozyme family, Lactate Dehydrogenase 5 is localized to liver and skeletal muscle cells where its expression increases in liver disease and striated muscle trauma respectively.. Cheyne-Stokes Respiration defined as following: An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.. Spinal stenosis of lumbar region defined as following: Spinal stenosis in the lumbar region.. Bilateral defined as following: Affecting both sides of the body or a matched pair of organs.. Entrapment Neuropathies defined as following: Any nerve disorder caused by the entrapment and compression of a nerve.. muscle stiffness defined as following: A feeling of tension or tightness in one or more muscles..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 a phosphaturic hormone?", "id": "converted_1000", "sentence1": "Is Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 a phosphaturic hormone?", "sentence2": "PTH wt Allele wt Allele can induce skeletal synthesis of another potent phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23 gene gene), ,  Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 23 (FGF23 gene gene) is a phosphaturic hormone that has recently been identified as a CKD-related factor affecting Congenital Rubella Syndrome. ,  circulating phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 levels,  Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF) 23 is one of the most recently discovered FGFs. This phosphaturic hormone produced in XXX bone is a risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases and thus mortality., fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23 gene gene), a phosphaturic hormone and regulator of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25VitD3). , fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23 gene gene), a bone-derived phosphaturic hormone.,  the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23 gene gene) and soluble KL wt Allele with all-cause mortality., In particular, diseases caused by changes in the expression and proteolytic control of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23 gene gene) have come to the forefront in terms of directing new models explaining mineral metabolism, serum levels of a phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23), [SEP]Relations: fibroblast growth factor receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with FGF16, molfunc_protein with FGF16, molfunc_protein with FGF17, molfunc_protein with FGF17, molfunc_protein with FGF19, molfunc_protein with FGF19, molfunc_protein with FGF23 gene, molfunc_protein with FGF23 gene, molfunc_protein with FGF22, molfunc_protein with FGF22. Definitions: FGF23 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in phosphate homeostasis.. Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1. Because of the mitogenic and angiogenetic effects of FGF-1 on fibroblasts and endothelial cells, therapeutic FGF-1 has a potential role in wound healing; because FGF-1 has been shown to induce neurogenesis, therapeutic FGF-1 may have a role in nerve regeneration. (NCI04). fibroblast growth factor 23 defined as following: A specific fibrobroblast growth factor that is primarily synthesized by OSTEOCYTES and OSTEOBLASTS. It is involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis and renal phosphate excretion.. PTH wt Allele defined as following: Human PTH wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 11p15.3-p15.1 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes parathyroid hormone protein, plays a role in calcium homeostasis. Mutation or aberrant expression of this gene can result in hypoparathyroidism.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Congenital Rubella Syndrome defined as following: Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed). KL wt Allele defined as following: Human KL wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 13q12 and is approximately 50 kb in length. This allele, which encodes klotho protein, plays a role in both signal transduction and the modulation of aging..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are cutaneous porphyrias inherited with a recessive pattern?", "id": "converted_2088", "sentence1": "Are cutaneous porphyrias inherited with a recessive pattern?", "sentence2": "Five of the porphyrias are low-penetrance autosomal dominant conditions in which clinical expression results from additional factors that act by increasing demand for Heme or by causing an additional decrease in enzyme activity or by a combination of these effects, Molecular mechanisms of dominant expression in Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism., Variegate Porphyria (Arginine Vasopressin-Neurophysin II Preproprotein) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that is caused by inheritance of a partial deficiency of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4). It is characterized by Photosensitivity of skin and/or various neurological manifestations. , The acute porphyrias constitute a group of Metabolic Diseases engaging ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS in the Heme synthetic chain and generally following dominant inheritance patterns.[SEP]Relations: variegate Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism has relations: disease_disease with inherited Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism, disease_disease with inherited Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Behavioral abnormality, disease_phenotype_positive with Behavioral abnormality, disease_phenotype_positive with Cutaneous photosensitivity, disease_phenotype_positive with Cutaneous photosensitivity. inborn disorder of porphyrin metabolism has relations: disease_disease with inherited Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism, disease_disease with inherited Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism. Definitions: Metabolic Diseases defined as following: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed). Variegate Porphyria defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism-heme metabolism. It is manifested with acute attacks including abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, seizures, anxiety, and confusion. Patients may experience skin sensitivity to sunlight.. Heme defined as following: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. Photosensitivity of skin defined as following: Increased sensitivity of the skin to light exposure.. Arginine Vasopressin-Neurophysin II Preproprotein defined as following: Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin (164 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human AVP gene. This protein is involved in neuropeptide hormone activity.. Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism defined as following: A group of genetic or acquired Metabolic Diseases characterized by defects in the ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS that are involved in the heme synthesis..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is serotonin transported by platelets?", "id": "converted_4560", "sentence1": "Is serotonin transported by Blood Platelets?", "sentence2": " activated Blood Platelets, which carry peripheral serotonin,, Platelet serotonin response was measured by serotonin augmented platelet aggregation and platelet serotonin receptor density. , Selective External Radiation Therapy was studied in the 1970s and 1980s using membrane vesicles isolated from blood Blood Platelets., platelet-dense granules contain neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Molecular players controlling granule formation and secretion are, Platelets transport and store virtually all plasma serotonin in dense granules[SEP]Relations: Serotonin has relations: drug_drug with Sarpogrelate, drug_drug with Sarpogrelate, drug_drug with Ketamine, drug_drug with Ketamine, drug_drug with Pargyline, drug_drug with Pargyline, drug_drug with Saredutant, drug_drug with Saredutant, drug_drug with Piperidolate, drug_drug with Piperidolate. Definitions: Blood Platelets defined as following: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.. gamma-aminobutyric acid defined as following: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. serotonin defined as following: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood Blood Platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is collagen the most abundant human protein?", "id": "converted_2881", "sentence1": "Is collagen the most abundant human Protein Info?", "sentence2": "As the most abundant Protein Info in the body, collagen is essential to maintain the normal structure and strength of connective tissue, such as XXX bone, Skin Specimen Source Code, Cartilage, and blood vessels., collagen is the most abundant Protein Info family in Mammals., collagen is a fibrillar Protein Info that conforms the conjunctive and Connective Tissue in the Human body structure, essentially Skin Specimen Source Code, joints, and XXX bone. This Molecule is one of the most abundant in many of the living organisms due to its connective role in biological structures.[SEP]Relations: connective tissue has relations: anatomy_protein_present with COL3A1, anatomy_protein_present with COL3A1, anatomy_protein_present with COL1A1, anatomy_protein_present with COL1A1, anatomy_protein_present with GNS, anatomy_protein_present with GNS, anatomy_protein_present with GLMN, anatomy_protein_present with GLMN, anatomy_protein_present with BEST2, anatomy_protein_present with BEST2. Definitions: collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total Protein Info in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of XXX bone (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Human body structure defined as following: Anatomical structure which is the aggregate material substance of an individual member of a species.. Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. Cartilage defined as following: A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.. Protein Info family defined as following: Collection of proteins that are evolutionarily related. This is reflected in the structural and functional similarities as well as in the extent of sequence conservation or residue identity. (from SCOP). collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total Protein Info in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of XXX bone (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do SETD1A mutations predispose to schizophrenia?", "id": "converted_4418", "sentence1": "Do SETD1A gene mutations predispose to SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder)?", "sentence2": "Recapitulation and Reversal of Schizophrenia-Related Phenotypes in Setd1a-Deficient CASP14 gene., SETD1A gene gene, a lysine-methyltransferase, is a key SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) susceptibility gene. CASP14 gene carrying a heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the Orthologous Gene exhibit alterations in axonal branching and cortical synaptic dynamics accompanied by working memory deficits. We show that Setd1a binds both Promoter and enhancers with a striking overlap between Setd1a and MYEF2 gene on enhancers. Setd1a targets are highly expressed in pyramidal neurons and display a complex pattern of transcriptional up- and downregulations shaped by presumed opposing functions of Setd1a on Promoter and MYEF2 gene-bound enhancers. Notably, evolutionarily conserved Setd1a targets are associated with neuropsychiatric genetic risk burden. Reinstating Setd1a expression in adulthood rescues Cognition Disorders. Finally, we identify KDM1A wt Allele as a major counteracting demethylase for Setd1a and show that its pharmacological antagonism results in a full rescue of the behavioral and morphological deficits in Setd1a-deficient mice. Our findings advance understanding of how SETD1A gene gene mutations predispose to SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) (SCZ) and point to novel therapeutic interventions.[SEP]Relations: SETD1A gene has relations: disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder), disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder), disease_protein with epilepsy, disease_protein with epilepsy, protein_protein with SETD1B, protein_protein with SETD1B, protein_protein with BOD1L1, protein_protein with BOD1L1, protein_protein with E2F1, protein_protein with E2F1. Definitions: Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. KDM1A wt Allele defined as following: Human KDM1A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1p36.12 and is approximately 64 kb in length. This allele, which encodes lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A protein, plays a role in the modulation both of histone methylation and transcription.. Orthologous Gene defined as following: A gene from one species which corresponds to a gene in another species that is related via a common ancestral species (a homologous gene), but which has evolved to become different from the gene of the other species.. Cognition Disorders defined as following: Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can DNA intercalators function as topoisomerase inhibitors?", "id": "converted_227", "sentence1": "Can DNA intercalators function as Topoisomerase II inhibitors?", "sentence2": "The aporphine Alkaloids (+)-dicentrine and (+)-bulbocapnine are non-planar Molecule lacking features normally associated with DNA binding by intercalation or minor groove binding. Surprisingly, dicentrine showed significant activity as a Topoisomerase II II (EC 5.99.1.3) PPP1R1A gene and also was active in a DNA unwinding assay., The DNA unwinding suggests DNA intercalation, which could explain the inhibition of Topoisomerase II II., We found that several agents, including Adriamycin (a Intercalating Agents and PPP1R1A gene of Topoisomerase II II), Amsacrine, a Intercalating Agents and Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene, is efficacious as an antileukemogenic agent., quinacrine was less effective. (ii) inhibitors intercalating and binding to the 'cleavable' DNA-Topoisomerase II complex (m-AMSA, mitoxantrone, doxorubicin and daunorubicin) strongly suppressed reparative DNA incision. , DNA intercalation and inhibition of Topoisomerase II II., Among its many properties, amiloride is a Intercalating Agents and Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene., To determine whether the ability of amiloride to intercalate into DNA and to inhibit DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity was dependent on the ability to assume a cyclized conformation, we studied the structure-activity relationship for 12 amiloride Analog, Empirical assays consisting of biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological approaches, as well as computational molecular modeling approaches, were used to determine conformational properties for these Molecule, and to determine whether they intercalated into DNA and inhibited Topoisomerase II II. , Results indicated that only those Analog capable of cyclization could intercalate into DNA and inhibit Topoisomerase II II. Thus, the ability of amiloride and the 12 Analog studied to intercalate into DNA and to inhibit Topoisomerase II II appears dependent on the ability to exist in a planar, hydrogen-bonded, tricyclic conformation., Abnormal expression of the nuclear-associated Enzyme [APC] DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity (Topoisomerase II II) has been implicated in the in vitro phenotype of radiation hypersensitive ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) Cells and in modifying sensitivity of Eukaryotic Cells to Topoisomerase II II-PPP1R1A gene drugs [e.g., the Intercalating Agents amsacrine (mAMSA)]. , All three tested anthraquinones, Emodin, aloe-Emodin, and danthron, showed capabilities to inhibit the non-covalent binding of bisbenzimide Hoechst 33342 to isolated DNA and in Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y Cells comparable to the Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene and intercalator m-amsacrine., These studies suggest that cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol 288 inhibits Topoisomerase II II activity by preventing the initial non-covalent binding of Topoisomerase II II to DNA. Since cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol 288 is a potent Intercalating Agents, catalytic inhibition is achieved by prohibiting access of the Enzyme [APC] to DNA binding sites. , AQ4N (1,4-bis[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl] amino]-5,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9, 10-dione bis-N-oxide dihydrochloride) is a Prodrugs which is selectively activated within hypoxic tissues to AQ4, a Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene and Intercalating Agents., Amonafide is a Intercalating Agents and Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene in clinical development for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.,  We found that three compounds had similar Primary malignant neoplasm cell-selective growth inhibition to amonafide, while retaining similar subcellular localization, DNA intercalation and Topoisomerase II II inhibition activities., Amonafide is a novel Topoisomerase II II (Topo II) PPP1R1A gene and Intercalating Agents that induces apoptotic signaling by blocking the binding of Topo II to DNA., At higher concentrations, inhibition of TOP1 protein, human catalytic activity and DNA intercalation is observed., Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new oligopyrrole carboxamides linked with tricyclic DNA-intercalators as potential DNA ligands or Topoisomerase II inhibitors., It was found that 1) morpholinodoxorubicin, cyanomorpholinyldoxorubicin, and dactinomycin (but not doxorubicin) stimulated DNA DNA Topoisomerases, Type I-induced cleavage at specific DNA sites; 2) only doxorubicin and dactinomycin stimulated DNA cleavage by DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity; 3) at higher Pharmacologic Substance concentrations, DNA intercalators suppressed Enzyme [APC]-mediated DNA cleavage induced by DNA DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, as well as Topoisomerase II II; 4) only cyanomorpholinyldoxorubicin produced DNA-DNA cross-links; no DNA unwinding could be observed; and 5) DNA intercalation (unwinding) potency of morpholinodoxorubicin was about 2-fold less than that of doxorubicin., The data indicate that some DNA intercalators are not only inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity but act also on DNA DNA Topoisomerases, Type I., The screen of CST7 gene for uncharacterized drugs indicated the signature of Epoxy anthraquinone derivative (ENDPLATE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE DEFICIENCY (disorder)) matched the profiles of multiple known DNA targeted agents (DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/II inhibitors, DNA intercalators, and DNA alkylation agents) as predicted by its structure., Cytotoxicity of several classes of Antitumor DNA intercalators is thought to result from disturbance of DNA metabolism following trapping of the nuclear Enzyme [APC] DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity as a covalent complex on DNA., Most DNA intercalators and epipodophyllotoxins inhibit Mammals Topoisomerase II II by trapping the Enzyme [APC] within DNA cleavage complexes that can be detected in Cells as protein-associated DNA Genomic Orientation breaks., Many compounds capable of inhibiting DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity are DNA intercalators., Numerous DNA Topoisomerases, Type I poisons including DNA minor groove binders such as Hoechst 33258 and DNA intercalators such as benzophenanthridine Alkaloids and indolocarbazole derivatives have been discovered and developed., The stabilization of cleavage intermediates by intercalators may have a common mechanism for DNA DNA Topoisomerases, Type I and DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity., Because structurally related Antitumor Alkaloids such as Camptothecin and fagaronine are known to function as intercalative Topoisomerase II poisons, it is hypothesized that cytotoxic Stauranthus Alkaloids may also serve as intercalative Topoisomerase II inhibitors., Taken together, our results suggest that much of the activity and specificity of m-AMSA as a Topoisomerase II II poison is embodied in the headgroup, while DNA intercalation is used primarily to increase the affinity of m-AMSA for the Topoisomerase II II-DNA cleavage complex., The cross-sensitivity patterns of the Mutant were examined for covalently (Anthramycin) and non-covalently (stallimycin A) binding minor groove ligands, and DNA intercalating [Adriamycin, mitoxantrone and 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide (mAMSA)] and non-intercalating (VP16-213) Topoisomerase II II poisons., Quinoline Alkaloids as intercalative Topoisomerase II inhibitors., DNA intercalation and inhibition of Topoisomerase II II. Structure-activity relationships for a series of amiloride Analog., These include: (i) the production of improved Topoisomerase II inhibitors (by consideration of Pharmacologic Substance/protein as well as Pharmacologic Substance/DNA interactions); (ii) the development of reductively-activated chromophores as hypoxia-selective agents; and (iii) the use of DNA-intercalators of known DNA binding orientation as 'carriers' for the delivery of other reactive functionality specifically (sequence-, regio- and site-specifically) to DNA., Indolo[2,3-b]quinolines are a family of DNA intercalators and inhibitors of Topoisomerase II II, synthetic Analog of neocryptolepine, an Plant Plant alkaloid traditionally used in African folk medicine., Their ability to function as bis-intercalators was assessed by a novel and convenient Topoisomerase II fluorescent assay., Structure-activity relationship of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes as DNA intercalators, DNA photocleavage reagents, and DNA Topoisomerase II and RNA polymerase inhibitors., In addition, Fragment of (qualifier value) of about 900 kbp were detected in the Cells treated with a Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methane-sulfon-m-anisidine, and Fragment of (qualifier value) in the broad size range between 700 and 245 kbp in the Cells treated with radical producers, bleomycin and Zinostatin. , The data indicate that some DNA intercalators are not only inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity but act also on DNA DNA Topoisomerases, Type I. , Long-term inhibition of DNA synthesis and the persistence of trapped Topoisomerase II II complexes in determining the Toxic effect of the Antitumor DNA intercalators mAMSA and mitoxantrone., Effects of the DNA intercalators 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and elliptinium on Topoisomerase II II mediated DNA Genomic Orientation cleavage and Genomic Orientation passage., Most DNA intercalators and epipodophyllotoxins inhibit Mammals Topoisomerase II II by trapping the Enzyme [APC] within DNA cleavage complexes that can be detected in Cells as protein-associated DNA Genomic Orientation breaks. , Here, molecular interactions of the potent Antitumor Pharmacologic Substance amsacrine (m-AMSA), an PPP1R1A gene of Topoisomerase II II, within living K562 Primary malignant neoplasm Cells have been studied using surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectroscopy. , It has been shown previously that DNA intercalators can inhibit the action of amsacrine and several other Topoisomerase II II poisons, presumably as a result of interference with the DNA binding sites for the Enzyme [APC]. , The gadd153 promoter was strongly activated by a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents including UV-mimetic agents, DNA-cross-linking and Alkylating Agents, DNA intercalators, and Topoisomerase II inhibitors. , Our study indicates that Epoxy anthraquinone derivative may be a novel DNA Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene that can be potentially used for treatment of Neuroblastoma or other Primary malignant neoplasm patients., Organic intercalators can inhibit Nucleic Acids synthesis in vivo, and they are now common anticancer drugs in clinical therapy. , Because structurally related Antitumor Alkaloids such as Camptothecin and fagaronine are known to function as intercalative Topoisomerase II poisons, it is hypothesized that cytotoxic Stauranthus Alkaloids may also serve as intercalative Topoisomerase II inhibitors., Specifically, we measured the ability of these compounds to 1) alter the thermal denaturation profile of DNA, 2) modify the hydrodynamic behavior of DNA, 3) inhibit the catalytic activity of purified DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity in vitro, 4) promote the Topoisomerase II II-dependent cleavage of DNA, and 5) inhibit functions associated with DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity in intact Cells. Results indicated that only those Analog capable of cyclization could intercalate into DNA and inhibit Topoisomerase II II., A function for topoisomerases I and II in DNA excision repair can be postulated from the organization of the Mammals chromosome, involving nucleosomal structures and matrix-attached DNA loops. To analyse this function we determined UV-induced DNA incision in confluent human fibroblasts in the presence of 16 inhibitors of topoisomerases I and II which belonged to at least five different Pharmacologic Substance categories, based on their mechanism of action., In experiments to determine the mechanism of inhibition of DNA synthesis by amiloride, we observed that amiloride inhibited both the catalytic activity of purified DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity in vitro and DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity-dependent cell functions in vivo. Many compounds capable of inhibiting DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity are DNA intercalators., The pyridoacridines&apos; ability to inhibit TOPO II-mediated decatenation of DNA, Kinetoplast correlated with their cytotoxic potencies and their ability to intercalate into calf thymus DNA. These results suggest that disruption of the function of TOPO II, subsequent to intercalation, is a probable mechanism by which pyridoacridines inhibit the proliferation of HCT Cells., Evidence for DNA intercalation by AD41 is provided by the observation that the Pharmacologic Substance introduces positive supercoils into covalently closed plasmid DNA. Based on these data, a hypothesis is proposed that would provide a general mechanism whereby intercalating agents and epipodophyllotoxins alter Topoisomerase II function and presumably exert their Antitumor effects., Therefore, to more fully analyze structure-function relationships and the role of DNA binding in the action of m-AMSA, we analyzed a series of derivatives for the ability to enhance DNA cleavage mediated by human Topoisomerase II IIα and Topoisomerase II IIβ and to intercalate DNA. Results indicate that the 3&apos;-methoxy (m-AMSA) positively affects Pharmacologic Substance function, potentially by restricting the rotation of the headgroup in a favorable orientation.[SEP]Relations: response to Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Topoisomerase II PPP1R1A gene, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to chemical, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to chemical. DNA Topoisomerase II activity has relations: molfunc_protein with TOP3A, molfunc_protein with TOP3A, molfunc_protein with TOP3B, molfunc_protein with TOP3B. Definitions: DNA Topoisomerases, Type I defined as following: DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken Genomic Orientation through the break, and rejoining of the broken Genomic Orientation. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. dactinomycin defined as following: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015). TOP1 protein, human defined as following: DNA Topoisomerase II 1 (765 aa, ~91 kDa) is encoded by the human TOP1 gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of DNA topology.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Emodin defined as following: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in Toxic effect studies.. Topoisomerase II inhibitors defined as following: Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of Topoisomerase II II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of Topoisomerase II II.. quinacrine defined as following: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an PPP1R1A gene of phospholipase A2.. amsacrine defined as following: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. DNA Topoisomerase II type II activity defined as following: OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the ATP-independent breakage of DNA, followed by passage and rejoining. It also catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA, and the decatenation and unknotting of DNA in vivo. [EC:5.99.1.-, PMID:11274059]. daunorubicin defined as following: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. Anthramycin defined as following: A broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. It has low Toxic effect, some activity against Trichomonas and Endamoeba, and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. It binds irreversibly to DNA.. Camptothecin defined as following: An Plant alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear Enzyme [APC] DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic Analog of Camptothecin have demonstrated Antitumor activity.. amiloride defined as following: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal Cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). Topoisomerase II defined as following: DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. amonafide defined as following: An imide derivative of naphthalic acid. Amonafide intercalates into DNA and inhibits Topoisomerase II II, resulting in protein-associated Genomic Orientation breaks and impaired DNA and RNA synthesis.. Alkaloids defined as following: Organic nitrogenous bases. Many Alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). bleomycin defined as following: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. doxorubicin defined as following: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.. Eukaryotic Cells defined as following: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.. elliptinium defined as following: A derivative of the Plant alkaloid ellipticine isolated from species of the plant family Apocynaceae, including Bleekeria vitensis, a plant with anti-Primary malignant neoplasm properties. As a Topoisomerase II II PPP1R1A gene and intercalating agent, elliptinium stabilizes the cleavable complex of Topoisomerase II II and induces DNA breakages, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis.. Zinostatin defined as following: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.. Intercalating Agents defined as following: Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.. Prodrugs defined as following: A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active Pharmacologic Substance for which it is a Prodrugs.. danthron defined as following: A reddish, synthetic anthraquinone derivative. Danthron has been widely used as a laxative, but is no longer used to treat constipation and is currently used as an antioxidant in synthetic lubricants, in the synthesis of experimental Antitumor agents, as a fungicide and as an intermediate for making dyes. This substance is a suspected mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05). Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. Neuroblastoma defined as following: A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest Cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round Cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51). stallimycin defined as following: An oligopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces distallicus. Distamycin preferentially binds to adenine-thymine (A-T) rich sequences in the minor groove of DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA transcription. In addition to Antitumor effects, stallimycin also possesses antiviral and antiprotozoal activities and is used as a chromosome dye. (NCI04). mitoxantrone defined as following: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. Analog defined as following: A synthetic chemical which structurally or functionally resembles a naturally occurring compound.. morpholinodoxorubicin defined as following: A semisynthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. As an antineoplastic agent, morpholinodoxorubicin is more potent than doxorubicin. Similar to doxorubicin, morpholinodoxorubicin intercalates into DNA and causes single- and double-Genomic Orientation breaks in DNA via inhibition of DNA Topoisomerases, Type I and II. Unlike doxorubicin, this agent is metabolized in vivo to a DNA-alkylating derivative that forms DNA interstrand cross-links, thereby potentiating its doxorubicin-like cytotoxicity. (NCI04). ENDPLATE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE DEFICIENCY (disorder) defined as following: Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by mutation(s) in the COLQ gene, encoding acetylcholinesterase collagenic tail peptide. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.. Alkylating Agents defined as following: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active Molecule and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Fragment of (qualifier value) defined as following: A physical quality in which the entity or structure is broken into pieces.. Genomic Orientation defined as following: The orientation of a genomic element on the double stranded molecule.. Nucleic Acids defined as following: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. DNA, Kinetoplast defined as following: DNA of kinetoplasts which are specialized MITOCHONDRIA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency an X-linked inheritance?", "id": "converted_1758", "sentence1": "Has G6PD gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency an X-linked inheritance?", "sentence2": "Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is the commonest red cell Enzymopathy in Homo sapiens and has an X-linked inheritance. , This genetic defect shows sex linked inheritance and a marked heterogeneity., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common Enzymopathy in the world. , Study of the deficiency pattern amongst family members of the Enzyme [APC] deficient subjects confirmed the X-linked inheritance of G-6-PD deficiency., This was caused by Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase-Deficiency, which could be demonstrated by a red-cell-Enzyme [APC] analysis. The investigation of the patient's whole family showed the typical recessive X-linked inheritance of this Enzyme [APC]-defect. Frequency and clinical manifestations of this defect are discussed., After having described in detail the pathophysiology, symptomatology, X-chromosomal inheritance and some laboratory methods in detecting G-6-PD-deficiency by demonstrating a case of Favism (Schulz et al. 1977), the authors now discuss the particularities of the Enzyme [APC] deficiency in the newborn. , Severe red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency has been found in an 'aboriginal' Finnish family. 2 male and 9 female carriers of the Variant G-6-PD were studied. The genetic pattern is consistent with X- linked recessive and the defect is associated with Pharmacologic Substance (primaquine) induced Hemolysis (lab result)., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is the commonest red cell Enzymopathy in Homo sapiens and has an X-linked inheritance., X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in House CASP14 gene., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is a common X-linked Enzyme [APC] defect., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase., UNLABELLED: Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder in which haemolytic Anemia is the major symptom., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is the most frequent Enzyme [APC] deficiency., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is transmitted as an X-linked recessive disorder, and thus female infants are expected to be only rarely affected., Erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) of a mutant Mus sp. strain with X-linked Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase-deficiency was purified and compared with the Wildtype Finding Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase by biochemical and physiological characteristics., A Mus sp. with X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency has been recovered in offspring of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea-treated male CASP14 gene., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is the commonest red cell Enzymopathy in Homo sapiens and has an X-linked inheritance, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive hemolytic anemia caused by a Mutation Abnormality in the Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene on Xq28, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive genetic defect that can cause Hemolytic crisis, Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked genetic defect, affecting around 400 million people worldwide and is characterized by considerable biochemical and molecular heterogeneity, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) is an X-linked genetic disorder with a relatively high frequency in Malaria Vaccines-endemic regions, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) is the most common Enzyme [APC] pathology in Homo sapiens; it is X-linked inherited and causes neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic Anemia and Pharmacologic Substance-induced acute haemolytic Anemia, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an Genetic Diseases, X-Linked that predisposes Red blood cells, blood product to oxidative damage, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is one of the most common human genetic abnormalities, and it has a significant prevalence in the male population (X chromosome linked), Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency, a common X-linked Enzymopathy can lead to severe Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic, acute bilirubin encephalopathy and Kernicterus in the United States, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase), an x-linked inherited Enzymopathy, is a barrier to Malaria Vaccines control because primaquine cannot be readily applied for radical cure in individuals with the condition, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency has an x-linked pattern of inheritance in which hemizygous males are deficient, while females may or may not be deficient depending on the number of affected alleles., Phenotype frequencies and family data verified the X-linked inheritance of the Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase polymorphism., BACKGROUND: Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) is a metabolic Enzyme [APC] involved in the Pentoses phosphate pathway, its especially important in red blood cell metabolism. Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase., BACKGROUND: Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) is a metabolic Enzyme [APC] involved in the Pentoses phosphate pathway, its especially important in red blood cell metabolism. Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase. About 400 million people worldwide have a deficiency of this Enzyme [APC]., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is a common X-linked Enzyme [APC] defect. We report a new Variant, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Durham713G, that is associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is one of the most common human genetic abnormalities, and it has a significant prevalence in the male population (X chromosome linked)., The human X-linked gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) is highly Polymorphism; more than 300 Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase variants have been identified., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked incompletely dominant Enzyme [APC] deficiency that results from Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene mutations., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive genetic defect that can cause Hemolytic crisis., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive hemolytic anemia caused by a Mutation Abnormality in the Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene on Xq28., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase., X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) and autosomal 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD gene) Genetic Polymorphism in Papio., X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in House CASP14 gene., Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase gene (Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder in which haemolytic Anemia is the major symptom.[SEP]Relations: Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase has relations: molfunc_protein with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, molfunc_protein with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, disease_protein with Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency, disease_protein with Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency, disease_protein with galactosemia, disease_protein with galactosemia, disease_protein with Malaria Vaccines, disease_protein with Malaria Vaccines. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-like has relations: disease_disease with Mendelian disease, disease_disease with Mendelian disease. Definitions: Pentoses defined as following: Monosaccharide sugar molecules that contain a five carbon backbone.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Papio defined as following: A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.. Hemolysis (lab result) defined as following: Disruption of the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane causing release of hemoglobin.. primaquine defined as following: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum Malaria Vaccines by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of Malaria Vaccines. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic defined as following: A benign, autosomally recessive inherited Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic characterized by the presence of a dark pigment in the centrilobular region of the liver cells. There is a functional defect in biliary excretion of bilirubin, cholephilic dyes, and porphyrins. Affected persons may be asymptomatic or have vague constitutional or gastrointestinal symptoms. The liver may be slightly enlarged, and oral and intravenous cholangiography fails to visualize the biliary tract.. Favism defined as following: Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.. Kernicterus defined as following: A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613). Wildtype Finding defined as following: A finding indicating that no genetic variations have been detected across the entire sequence of one or more genes.. Malaria Vaccines defined as following: Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause Malaria Vaccines in Homo sapiens, or from P. berghei which causes Malaria Vaccines in rodents.. Polymorphism defined as following: The quality or state of being able to assume different forms.. X- linked recessive defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for recessive traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. In the context of medical genetics, X-linked recessive disorders manifest in males (who have one copy of the X chromosome and are thus hemizygotes), but generally not in female heterozygotes who have one mutant and one normal allele. [HPO:curators]. Red blood cells, blood product defined as following: Red blood cells remaining after separating plasma from human blood, or collected by apheresis.. House mice defined as following: The common Mus sp. species, House mice.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. G6PD gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism.. Hyperbilirubinemia defined as following: A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of HEME, is normally excreted in the BILE or further catabolized before excretion in the urine.. X-linked inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. [HPO:curators]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Xq28 defined as following: A chromosome band present on Xq. Genetic Diseases, X-Linked defined as following: Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in Homo sapiens (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.. Anemia defined as following: A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Have the rotavirus vaccines changed the predominant rotavirus genotypes?", "id": "converted_3804", "sentence1": "Have the Rotavirus sp. Vaccines changed the predominant Rotavirus sp. genotypes?", "sentence2": "This study describes the distribution and diversity of Rotavirus sp. genotypes before and after Rotavirus sp. vaccine introduction into the Australian DUOXA1 gene., G1P[8] was the dominant Genotype determination nationally in the prevaccine era (1995-2006). Following vaccine introduction (2007-2015), greater Genotype determination diversity was observed with fluctuating Genotype determination dominance. Genotype distribution varied based on the vaccine implemented, with G12P[8] dominant in states using RotaTeq, and equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4] dominant in states and territories using Rotarix., The increased diversity and differences in Genotype determination dominance observed in states using RotaTeq (G12P[8]), and in states and territories using Rotarix (equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4]), suggest that these Vaccines exert different immunological pressures that influence the diversity of Rotavirus sp. strains circulating in Australia.[SEP]Relations: Rotavirus vaccine has relations: drug_drug with Flunisolide, drug_drug with Flunisolide, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Flucytosine, drug_drug with Flucytosine, drug_drug with Fluocortin, drug_drug with Fluocortin, drug_drug with Corticotropin, drug_drug with Corticotropin. Definitions: Rotavirus sp. defined as following: <p>Rotavirus sp. vaccine, tetravalent, live, oral</p>. Genotype determination defined as following: The determination of the DNA sequence of an individual.. Vaccines defined as following: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Down's syndrome occurs when an individual has an extra copy or part of a copy of chromosome 21, yes or no?", "id": "converted_2501", "sentence1": "Down's syndrome occurs when an individual has an extra copy or part of a copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, yes or no?", "sentence2": "Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) is the most common survivable disorder due to aneuploidy., Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is caused by increased dose of Genes present on Homo sapiens Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 (HSA21), Down syndrome, or Trisomy 21, is the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormality in live-born children. , Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21,, Submicroscopic duplication of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 and trisomy 21 phenotype (Down syndrome)., Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome is a Congenital chromosomal disease resulting from the presence of all or part of an extra Chromosome 21., Down syndrome is a genetic disorder, occurring when an individual has all or part of an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., Down Syndrome (DS) occurs due to an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., Down syndrome, which arises in individuals carrying an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2., Aneuploidy refers to the presence of an extra copy of a specific chromosome, or trisomy, as seen in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21), or the absence of a single chromosome, or monosomy, as seen in Turner Syndrome (a single X chromosome in females: 45, X)., Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 (Ts21) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of all or part of Homo sapiens Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 (Hsa21) and is the most frequent survivable congenital chromosomal abnormality., Down syndrome (DS) is a major cause of mental retardation and Heart Diseases. Although it is usually caused by the presence of an extra Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, a subset of the diagnostic features may be caused by the presence of only band 21q22., Down syndrome is usually caused by complete trisomy 21., Down syndrome, the most frequent genetic disorder, is characterized by an extra copy of all or part of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., Down syndrome (DS), caused by an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, affects 1 in 750 live births and is characterized by No No cognitive impairment and a constellation of Congenital Abnormality., Down syndrome (DS) results from one extra copy of Homo sapiens Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 and leads to several alterations including intellectual disabilities and locomotor defects., Down's syndrome results from the production of three copies of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 within a \"U\" lymphocyte. , Down Syndrome (DS) occurs due to an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., Trisomy 21 (Ts21) is the most common live-born Homo sapiens aneuploidy; it results in a constellation of features known as Down's syndrome (DS)., Down syndrome comprises Multiple congenital anomalies and is due to trisomy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., n 1959, J. Lejeune, M. Gautier, and R. Turpin demonstrated that the children with Down syndrome had an extra copy of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21., To develop a reliable and specific method for rapid prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)., Trisomy 21 Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause for congenital malformations and Intellectual Disability, Down syndrome, characterized by an extra Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 is the most common genetic cause for congenital malformations and Learning Disabilities. [SEP]Relations: Down syndrome has relations: disease_protein with S100B, disease_protein with S100B, disease_phenotype_positive with Sporadic, disease_phenotype_positive with Sporadic, disease_protein with RAD21, disease_protein with RAD21, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the lymphatic system, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormality of the lymphatic system, disease_protein with NRAS, disease_protein with NRAS. Definitions: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. Learning Disabilities defined as following: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Down Syndrome defined as following: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra CHROMOSOME 21 or an effective TRISOMY for Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21. Clinical manifestations include HYPOTONIA, short stature, BRACHYCEPHALY, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213). Congenital chromosomal disease defined as following: Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429). Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Turner Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.. Multiple congenital anomalies defined as following: Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Down's syndrome defined as following: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra CHROMOSOME 21 or an effective TRISOMY for Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21. Clinical manifestations include HYPOTONIA, short stature, BRACHYCEPHALY, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Rac1 involved in cancer cell invasion?", "id": "converted_1546", "sentence1": "Is RAC1 gene involved in cancer \"U\" lymphocyte invasion?", "sentence2": "In the Matrigel invasion assay, knockdown of CCR1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens and inhibition of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Drug Accumulation Index signaling pathways significantly decreased the number of invading Cells., These results demonstrated for the first time that the interaction of CCR1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens with Recombinant RANTES caused by increased expression of CCR1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens promotes invasion of PC3PR Cells by increasing secretion of MMPs 2 and 9 and by activating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Drug Accumulation Index signaling., These data suggest that Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate-Dependent Drug Accumulation Index Exchanger 1 Protein has an influence on physiological migratory processes, such as invasion of Tumor Cells, malignant, both through effects upon classical RAC1 gene-driven motility and a novel association with ranatachykinin A signalling complexes., Activated SLC52A2 gene induced RHOA Protein Info, Homo sapiens and RAC1 gene phosphorylation, and subsequent overexpression of Myosin ATPase IIA and filamin B which are stress fiber components that were identified by PLATELET MEMBRANE FLUIDITY analysis of peptide mass data obtained by MALDI-TOF/MS measurement. , These results demonstrate that SLC52A2 gene activation induces \"U\" lymphocyte morphological change associated with \"U\" lymphocyte motility via Greek letter rho family activation and cytoskeletal Protein Info overexpression, and has a critical role in Malignant neoplasm of stomach \"U\" lymphocyte invasion and metastasis., RAC1 gene was found to be required for PARVA gene-induced Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. degradation whereas inhibition of Myosin ATPase contractility promoted degradation in the phosphomutant-expressing Quint Cells, indicating that a balance of Greek letter rho GTPase signaling and regulation of cellular tension are important for the process., Taken together, this study demonstrates a new role for PARVA gene phosphorylation in Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. degradation and \"U\" lymphocyte invasion via regulation of Greek letter rho GTPase signaling., ARL2BP gene inhibits Malignant neoplasm of pancreas \"U\" lymphocyte invasion by RAC1 gene inactivation through direct binding to active RAC1 gene, We report that Binder of Arl Two (ARL2BP gene) plays a role in inhibiting \"U\" lymphocyte invasion by regulating the activity of the Greek letter rho small guanosine triphosphatase Protein Info RAC1 gene in pancreatic Tumor Cells, malignant., ARL2BP gene interacts with active forms of RAC1 gene, and the ARL2BP gene-RAC1 gene complex localizes at the leading edges of migrating Tumor Cells, malignant. Suppression of ARL2BP gene increases active RAC1 gene, thereby increasing \"U\" lymphocyte invasion. Treatment of pancreatic Tumor Cells, malignant in which ARL2BP gene is stably knocked down with a RAC1 gene inhibitor decreases invasiveness. Thus, ARL2BP gene-dependent inhibition of \"U\" lymphocyte invasion is likely associated with decreased active RAC1 gene., The RAC1 gene inhibitor inhibits the lamellipodia formation that is stimulated by suppression of ARL2BP gene., Our results imply that ARL2BP gene regulates Actins-cytoskeleton rearrangements at membrane ruffles through modulation of the activity of RAC1 gene, which, in turn, inhibits Malignant neoplasm of pancreas \"U\" lymphocyte invasion., It has been reported as an important inducer of cancer \"U\" lymphocyte migration and invasion, with underlying Molecular mechanisms involving the signalling mediated by its juxtamembrane domain, the secretion of Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. metalloproteases to the extracellular media, and the cleavage of a P-Cadherin soluble form with pro-invasive activity. Intracellularly, this Protein Info interferes with the endogenous cadherin/catenin complex, inducing p120-catenin delocalization to the Cytoplasm, and the consequent activation of RAC1 gene/CDC42 Protein Info, Homo sapiens and associated alterations in the Microfilaments., Targeted down-regulation of RHOC gene led to sustained activation of RAC1 gene GTPase and morphological, Molecular and phenotypic changes reminiscent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition., We also find that RAC1 gene GTPase mediates tight binding of Malignant neoplasm of prostate Cells to bone marrow Endothelial Cells and promotes retraction of Endothelial Cells required for Tumor Cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant diapedesis., Finally, RAC1 gene leads to β1 Integrins activation, suggesting a mechanism that RAC1 gene can mediate tight binding with Endothelial Cells., Together, our data suggest that RAC1 gene GTPase is key mediator of Malignant neoplasm of prostate \"U\" lymphocyte-bone marrow endothelial \"U\" lymphocyte interactions., Furthermore, expression of dominant-negative RAC1 gene (T17N) could largely block EGF-induced PI3K/Akt-PKN1 wt Allele activation and \"U\" lymphocyte migration., Our study demonstrated that EGF-induced \"U\" lymphocyte migration involves a cascade of signalling events, including activation of RAC1 gene, generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt and PKN1 wt Allele., Small GTPase Proteins, including RHOA Protein Info, Homo sapiens, Greek letter rho-Related GTP-Binding Protein Greek letter rho-Related GTP-Binding Protein RhoB, Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens, RHOC gene, RAC1 gene, and cdc42, are important Molecule for linking \"U\" lymphocyte shape and \"U\" lymphocyte-cycle progression because of their role in both cytoskeletal arrangements and mitogenic signaling., The suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 expression by CTXG led to an inhibition of SW620 Cells invasion and migration by inactivating RAC1 gene and CDC42 Protein Info, Homo sapiens but not RHOA Protein Info, Homo sapiens GTPase., In conclusion, our data demonstrate that CTXG exerted anti-invasion action in SW620 Cells by targeting Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 though regulating the activities of RAC1 gene, CDC42 Protein Info, Homo sapiens and their downstream transcriptional factor Transcription Factor Transcription Factor AP-1., ctivation of HRAS wt Allele and RAC1 gene correlates with epidermal growth factor-induced invasion in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma Cells, We have previously shown that HRAS wt Allele, but not NRAS gene, induces an invasive phenotype mediated by small GTPase RAC1 gene in MCF10A Homo sapiens breast epithelial Cells., Moreover, siRNA-knockdown of RAC1 gene significantly inhibited the EGF-induced invasiveness in these Cells., Our data demonstrate that the activation of HRAS wt Allele and the downstream molecule RAC1 gene correlates with EGF-induced Malignant neoplasm of breast \"U\" lymphocyte invasion, providing important information on the regulation of malignant progression in mammary carcinoma Cells., At 50% growth-inhibiting concentration, icariin significantly suppressed tumor Cells migration and invasion, which were traceable to down-regulation of RAC1 gene and VASP protein, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens. , These results indicate that icariin exerts negative effects on Tumor Cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant invasion and migration via the RAC1 gene-dependent VASP protein, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens pathway and may be a potential anti-cancer drug., rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta modulates the invasiveness and metastatic ability of Tumor Cells, malignant through regulation of RAC1 gene activity., We also showed that GBM Cells secrete Semaphorin-3A endogenously, and RNA interference-mediated downregulation of Semaphorin-3A inhibits migration and alters \"U\" lymphocyte morphology that is dependent on RAC1 gene activity., LMO1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens and DOCK1 Protein Info, a bipartite RAC1 gene guanine nucleotide exchange factor, promote Homo sapiens glioma \"U\" lymphocyte invasion, Here, we report for the first time that engulfment and \"U\" lymphocyte motility 1 (ELMO1 gene gene) and dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1 Protein Info), a bipartite RAC1 gene guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors), are evidently linked to the invasive phenotype of glioma Cells., Inhibition of endogenous ELMO1 gene gene and DOCK1 Protein Info expression significantly impeded glioma \"U\" lymphocyte invasion in vitro and in brain tissue surgical material surgical material slices with a concomitant reduction in RAC1 gene activation., Members of the Drug Accumulation Index family of small Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases are known to act as regulators of Actins cytoskeletal structures and strongly influence the cellular processes of Integrins-mediated adhesion and migration. Even though hyperactivated Drug Accumulation Index Proteins have been shown to influence metastatic processes, these Proteins have never been directly linked to metastatic progression. , We show that increased activation of Drug Accumulation Index Proteins directly correlates with increasing metastatic potential in a panel of \"U\" lymphocyte variants derived from a single metastatic Malignant neoplasm of breast \"U\" lymphocyte line (MDA-MB-435)., Expression of a dominant active RAC1 gene or a dominant active Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 resulted in a more invasive and motile phenotype., Moreover, expression of either dominant negative RAC1 gene or dominant negative Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 into the most metastatic \"U\" lymphocyte variant resulted in decreased invasive and motile properties., This study correlates endogenous Drug Accumulation Index activity with high metastatic potential and implicates Drug Accumulation Index in the regulation of \"U\" lymphocyte migration and invasion in metastatic breast Tumor Cells, malignant. Taken together, these results suggest a role for both the RAC1 gene and Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases in Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of breast progression.[SEP]Relations: Cytoplasm has relations: cellcomp_protein with RAC1, cellcomp_protein with RAC1, cellcomp_protein with RAB1C, cellcomp_protein with RAB1C, cellcomp_protein with RARS1, cellcomp_protein with RARS1, cellcomp_protein with RAD51C, cellcomp_protein with RAD51C. ELMO1 gene has relations: protein_protein with RAC1, protein_protein with RAC1. Definitions: LMO1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: Rhombotin-1 (156 aa, ~18 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens LMO1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens gene. This Protein Info is involved in transcriptional regulation.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Greek letter rho-Related GTP-Binding Protein RhoB, Homo sapiens defined as following: Greek letter rho-related GTP-binding Protein Info Greek letter rho-Related GTP-Binding Protein RhoB, Homo sapiens (196 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens RHOB gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the modulation of Protein Info trafficking and the inhibition of tumorigenesis.. Recombinant RANTES defined as following: A member of the IL-8 superfamily of cytokines and released from platelets and activated T-Cells, RANTES is a selective chemoattractant for eosinophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes. RANTES is one of the ligands for chemokine receptor CCR5. RANTES expression in peripheral lymphocytes increases exponentially following mitogenic or antigenic stimulation. RANTES is one of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8-positive T-Cells.. RHOA Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: Transforming Protein Info RHOA Protein Info, Homo sapiens (193 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens RHOA gene. This Protein Info is involved in the regulation of signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and Actins stress fibers.. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate-Dependent Drug Accumulation Index Exchanger 1 Protein defined as following: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Drug Accumulation Index exchanger 1 Protein Info (1659 aa, ~186 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens PREX1 gene. This Protein Info is involved in the propagation of intracellular signaling through guanine nucleotide exchange activity.. HRAS wt Allele defined as following: Human HRAS wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p15.5 and is approximately 3 kb in length. This allele, which encodes GTPase HRas Protein Info, is involved in cellular mitogenesis. Mutations of HRAS are implicated in Costello syndrome, bladder cancer and oral squamous \"U\" lymphocyte carcinoma.. Microfilaments defined as following: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a \"U\" lymphocyte) composed of Actins and associated Proteins. Includes Microfilaments-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]. Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors defined as following: Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.. Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases defined as following: Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.. ELMO1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in phagocytosis and signal transduction.. Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 3 defined as following: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (192 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens RAC3 gene. This Protein Info is involved in the formation of lamellipodia and membrane ruffles.. rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta defined as following: A rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor subtype that is highly expressed in hematopoietic Cells and in LYMPHOCYTES. The expression of this subtype is associated with the regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION; TUMORIGENESIS; and APOPTOSIS.. PKN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PKN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.12 and is approximately 39 kb in length. This allele, which encodes serine/threonine-Protein Info kinase N1 Protein Info, plays a role in the phosphorylation of intermediate filaments and histone H3.. Endothelial Cells defined as following: Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Drug Accumulation Index defined as following: An index reflecting the extent of drug accumulation in the body. It is usually expressed as the ratio of the area under a plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) during a dosage interval at steady state compared to the AUC of a dosage interval after the first dose. It is affected by rate of dose administration, bioavailability, and clearance.. Tumor Cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Drug Accumulation Index Proteins defined as following: A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.. DOCK1 Protein Info defined as following: Dedicator of cytokinesis Protein Info 1 (1865 aa, ~215 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens DOCK1 gene. This Protein Info is involved in phagocytosis, apoptosis and signaling.. MDA-MB-435 defined as following: A \"U\" lymphocyte line established at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in 1976 from the pleural effusion of a 31 year old female patient with history of Malignant neoplasm of breast. Gene expression analysis of the MDA-MB-435 \"U\" lymphocyte line has revealed that the pattern of gene expression resembles that of melanoma \"U\" lymphocyte lines. Further investigation has revealed that breast-specific genes were not expressed and melanocytic-specific genes were expressed in this \"U\" lymphocyte line.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a \"U\" lymphocyte that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). CCR1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (355 aa, ~41 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CCR1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens gene. This Protein Info plays a role in chemokine-mediated signaling.. Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 defined as following: A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. Tumor Cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. RHOC gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in signal transduction. It is involved in several cellular functions including cytoskeletal remodeling and \"U\" lymphocyte differentiation.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. CDC42 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Cell division control Protein Info 42 homolog (191 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CDC42 gene. This Protein Info is involved in \"U\" lymphocyte cycle regulation, Actins polymerization and GTP hydrolysis.. NRAS gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in signal transduction and \"U\" lymphocyte cycle regulation.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via Protein Info kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated Protein Info kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).. Semaphorin-3A defined as following: The prototypical and most well-studied member of the semaphorin family. Semaphorin-3A is an axon-repulsive guidance cue for migrating neurons in the developing nervous system. It has so far been found only in vertebrates, and binds to NEUROPILIN-1/plexin complex receptors on growth cones. Like other class 3 semaphorins, it is a secreted Protein Info.. cytoskeletal Protein Info defined as following: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the Cytoplasm of eukaryotic Cells. They form a flexible framework for the \"U\" lymphocyte, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the \"U\" lymphocyte possible.. RAC1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both \"U\" lymphocyte motility and signal transduction.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. VASP protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (380 aa, ~40 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens VASP protein, Homo sapiens gene. This Protein Info is involved in both \"U\" lymphocyte motility and \"U\" lymphocyte adhesion.. Malignant neoplasm of pancreas defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma.. Transcription Factor AP-1 defined as following: A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These Proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the Transcription Factor AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). Transcription Factor AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. Integrins defined as following: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other Cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors (RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in \"U\" lymphocyte-Matrix Pharmaceutical Inc. and \"U\" lymphocyte-\"U\" lymphocyte adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.. Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of Molecule.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Myosin ATPase defined as following: A diverse superfamily of Proteins that function as translocating Proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of Myosin ATPase heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the Actins binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Malignant neoplasm of stomach defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the stomach.. Actins defined as following: Filamentous Proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-Actins) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-Actins. In conjunction with MYOSINS, Actins is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Should cerebrolysin be used for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?", "id": "converted_4177", "sentence1": "Should cerebrolysin be used for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?", "sentence2": "No significant difference was detected in the proportion of patients with favorable six-month GOSE in either study group (odds ratio (OR): 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-5.17). Secondary functional outcome measures for favorable six-month recovery i.e. a mRS of 0 to 3 (OR: 3.45; 95% CI 0.79-15.01) were comparable for both groups. Similarly, there was no difference in cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate/vincristine protocol neurocognitive performance (p-value: 0.75) and in the incidence of Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma (OR: 0.85 95% CI: 0.28-2.59).CONCLUSIONS: Use of cerebrolysin in addition to standard-of-care management of aneurysmal Yakut language is safe, well tolerated and feasible. However, the neutral results of this trial suggest that it does not improve the six-month global functional performance of patients., CONCLUSION: cerebrolysin injection during the acute period of Yakut language appeared to reduce the mortality rate, especially in poor-grade patients. This study suggests the potential of cerebrolysin for treating aneurysmal Yakut language. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.[SEP]Relations: infiltrating urothelial carcinoma has relations: disease_disease with urothelial neoplasm, disease_disease with urothelial neoplasm, disease_disease with malignant urinary system neoplasm, disease_disease with malignant urinary system neoplasm, disease_disease with invasive carcinoma, disease_disease with invasive carcinoma, disease_disease with renal pelvis/ureter carcinoma, disease_disease with renal pelvis/ureter carcinoma, disease_disease with infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma, disease_disease with infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma. Definitions: Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma defined as following: A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Has single guide RNA been used on human cells?", "id": "converted_999", "sentence1": "Has single guide RNA been used on Human cells?", "sentence2": "We used a library containing 73,000 sgRNAs to generate knockout collections and performed screens in two human cell lines., Here we engineer this system to enable RNA-guided genome regulation in Human cells by tethering transcriptional activation domains either directly to a nuclease-null CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 or to an aptamer-modified single guide RNA (sgRNA)., The type II CRISPR/Cas system from Streptococcus pyogenes and its simplified derivative, the Cas9/single guide RNA (sgRNA) system, have emerged as potent new tools for targeted gene knockout in Bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila <Drosophila <fruit fly, genus>, genus>, Zebrafish and Human cells., Here we engineer this system to enable RNA-guided genome regulation in Human cells by tethering transcriptional activation domains either directly to a nuclease-null CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 or to an aptamer-modified single guide RNA (sgRNA). , Using synthetic single RNA guides, Cas9 can be reprogrammed to create specific double-stranded DNA breaks in the Genome of a variety of Organism, ranging from Human cells to Bacteria, and thus constitutes a powerful tool for genetic engineering. , Here we engineer this system to enable RNA-guided genome regulation in Human cells by tethering transcriptional activation domains either directly to a nuclease-null CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 or to an aptamer-modified single guide RNA (sgRNA).[SEP]Relations: ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process has relations: bioprocess_protein with RNF5, bioprocess_protein with RNF5, bioprocess_protein with RNF185, bioprocess_protein with RNF185, bioprocess_protein with DERL1, bioprocess_protein with DERL1, bioprocess_protein with UFD1, bioprocess_protein with UFD1, bioprocess_protein with SDF2L1, bioprocess_protein with SDF2L1. Definitions: Drosophila <fruit fly, genus> defined as following: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These Organism are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 defined as following: An RNA-guided endodeoxyribonuclease that associates with CRISPR SEQUENCES in STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES and other Bacteria where it participates in an adaptive immune function to cleave foreign DNA complimentary to small GUIDE RNA (sgRNAs). Structurally, Cas9 consists of an ALPHA-HELIX module and a nuclease module connected by a single helix. The nuclease module contains two enzymatic domains: RuvC, which cleaves non-target DNA strand, and an HNH nuclease domain, which cleaves the target strand. Specificity for the DNA target depends on the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, a 2-6 nucleotide DNA sequence immediately following the sequence targeted by Cas9.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are chromomethylases present in animal genomes?", "id": "converted_646", "sentence1": "Are chromomethylases present in Animal allergens genomes?", "sentence2": "Many Plant allergen, Animal allergens, and Genome, Fungal contain cytosine DNA methylation in asymmetric Sequence - ParameterizedDataType contexts (CpHpH, H = A, T, Maxillary right primary canine)., However, at the SUPERMAN locus, asymmetric methylation was only completely abolished in drm1 drm2 chromomethylase 3 (cmt3) triple mutant Plants., Although neither the drm1 drm2 double mutants nor the cmt3 single mutants show morphological defects, drm1 drm2 cmt3 triple mutant Plants show pleiotropic effects on Plant allergen development., Arabidopsis sp. sp. cmt3 chromomethylase mutations block non-CG methylation and silencing of an endogenous gene., The lack of CMT brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate homologs in Animal allergens genomes could account for the observation that in contrast to Plants, Animal allergens allergen extracts maintain primarily CG methylation., Dual binding of chromomethylase domains to H3K9me2-containing nucleosomes directs DNA methylation in Plants., A role for CHROMOMETHYLASE3 in mediating transposon and euchromatin silencing during egg cell reprogramming in Arabidopsis sp. sp.., During embryogenesis there is a major switch from dependence upon maternally-deposited products to reliance on products of the zygotic genome., Expression analysis of eight putative tomato DNA Methyltransferase encoding Genes showed that one chromomethylase (CMT brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate) and two rearranged Methyltransferase (DRMs) are preferentially expressed in the Pericarp during fruit growth and could be involved in the locus-specific increase of methylation observed at this developmental phase in the Pericarp., Natural variation for Alleles under epigenetic control by the maize chromomethylase zmet2., Arabidopsis sp. sp. has two types of Methyltransferase with demonstrated maintenance activity: GZMM wt Allele, which maintains CpG methylation and is homologous to mammalian DNMT1 wt Allele wt Allele, and CHROMOMETHYLASE 3 (Dejerine-Sottas Disease (disorder)), which maintains CpNpG (N = A, T, Maxillary right primary canine, or G) methylation and is unique to the Plant allergen kingdom., Maize chromomethylase Zea methyltransferase2 is required for CpNpG methylation., A cytosine DNA methyltransferase containing a chromodomain, Zea methyltransferase2 (Zmet2), was cloned from maize. The Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of ZMET2 is similar to that of the Arabidopsis sp. sp. chromomethylases Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type I and Dejerine-Sottas Disease (disorder), with Maxillary right primary canine-terminal motifs characteristic of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA Methyltransferase., We have detected a chromodomain embedded within the Catalytic Domain of a predicted Arabidopsis sp. sp. DNA methyltransferase that is diverged from other eukaryotic enzymes. The 791 Residue \"chromomethylase\" (Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type I) is encoded by a floral RNA Transcript that is spliced from 20 Exons and is present at only approximately 1/10(-7) of total RNA, Messenger.[SEP]Relations: Animal protein allergy has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Allergy, phenotype_phenotype with Allergy. Choline magnesium trisalicylate has relations: drug_drug with Amediplase, drug_drug with Amediplase, drug_drug with Chromic nitrate, drug_drug with Chromic nitrate, drug_drug with Cephaloglycin, drug_drug with Cephaloglycin, drug_drug with Chromous sulfate, drug_drug with Chromous sulfate. Definitions: GZMM wt Allele defined as following: Human GZMM wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.3 and is approximately 6 kb in length. This allele, which encodes granzyme M protein, plays a role in the cleavage of peptide substrates.. Dejerine-Sottas Disease (disorder) defined as following: A demyelinating peripheral neuropathy characterized by delayed motor development.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Genome, Fungal defined as following: The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.. CMT brand of Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate defined as following: brand name of choline magnesium trisalicylate. Residue defined as following: A single unit within a polymer; a recognizable molecular fragment embedded in a larger molecule.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Methyltransferase defined as following: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.. Plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a RNA Transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.. Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type I defined as following: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type I) is a group of autosomal dominant demyelinating peripheral neuropathies characterized by distal weakness and atrophy, sensory loss, foot deformities, and slow nerve conduction velocity.. DNMT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human DNMT1 wt Allele wt allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.2 and is approximately 62 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1, is involved in epigenetic modification of chromatin DNA and control of gene expression.. cytosine defined as following: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.. Maxillary right primary canine defined as following: <p>Deciduous maxillary right canine tooth; Universal designation Maxillary right primary canine; ISO designation 53</p>. Catalytic Domain defined as following: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is abdominal pain a common symptom in autism?", "id": "converted_1562", "sentence1": "Is Abdominal Pain a common symptom in Autistic Disorder?", "sentence2": "Participants included 132 children with Atrial Septal Defects and 81 with special educational needs (MORF4 gene) but no Atrial Septal Defects, aged 10-14 years plus 82 typically developing (diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine) children, The Atrial Septal Defects group had significantly increased past vomiting and diarrhoea compared with the diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine group and more Abdominal Pain than the MORF4 gene group, Many children with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs) suffer from Gastrointestinal problem such as diarrhoea, constipation and Abdominal Pain, Children with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (Atrial Septal Defects) experience high rates of Anxiety Disorders, sensory processing problems, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems, The results indicate that Anxiety Disorders, sensory over-responsivity and GI problems are possibly interrelated phenomenon for children with Atrial Septal Defects, and may have common underlying mechanisms., Decreased small intestinal mucosa lactase level not associated with Intestinal inflammation or injury is common in autistic children and may contribute to abdominal discomfort, Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and observed aberrant behavior., Autistic behavior is often accompanied by numerous disturbing symptoms on the part of gastrointestinal system, such as Abdominal Pain, constipation or Diarrhea., Information on children's stool patterns and gut symptoms collected by questionnaire at 4 weeks and at 6, 18, 30 and 42 months of age were available for 12,984 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC))), Comparison of the Atrial Septal Defects and control group during the first 3.5 years of life showed no major differences in stool colour or consistency, or in frequency of diarrhoea, constipation, Blood in stool or Abdominal Pain., Constipation is a frequent finding in children with No gastrointestinal symptom and Autistic Disorder, particularly in the Rectum and sigmoid colon, often with acquired megarectum. The absence of any correlation between the clinical history and the degree of fecal impaction in autistic children confirms the importance of an abdominal radiograph in the assessment of their degree of constipation., In a sample of 137 children, age 24-96 months, classified as having Autistic Disorder or Atrial Septal Defects by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic, 24 percent had a history of at least one chronic gastrointestinal symptom. The most common symptom was Diarrhea, which occurred in 17 percent.[SEP]Relations: Abdominal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abdominal symptom, phenotype_phenotype with Abdominal symptom, phenotype_phenotype with Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Episodic Abdominal Pain, phenotype_phenotype with Episodic Abdominal Pain, disease_phenotype_positive with plague, disease_phenotype_positive with plague, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital Diarrhea, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital Diarrhea. Definitions: Constipation defined as following: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.. Autistic Disorder defined as following: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V). Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders defined as following: A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes Autistic Disorder, Asperger syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.. Abdominal Pain defined as following: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.. Decreased small intestinal mucosa lactase level defined as following: Lactase is produced in the small intestine in humans, Lactase is a member of the beta-galactosidase family of enzymes, and hydrolyzes D-lactose to form D-galactose and D-glucose, which can be absorbed by the small intestine. There are many ways of assessing lactase activity. In one test, an endoscopic biopsy from the postbulbar duodenum is incubated with lactose on a test plate, and a color reaction develops within 20 min as a result of hydrolyzed lactose (a positive result) in patients with normolactasia, whereas no reaction (a negative result) develops in patients with severe hypolactasia. Other, less direct, tests include the hydrogen breath test, and blood tests following lactose challenges. []. diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine defined as following: <p><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/tetanus.html\">Tetanus</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diphtheria.html\">diphtheria</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/whoopingcough.html\">pertussis</a> (whooping cough) are serious bacterial infections. Tetanus causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to \"locking\" of the jaw. Diphtheria usually affects the nose and throat. Whooping cough causes uncontrollable coughing. Vaccines can protect you from these diseases. In the U.S., there are four combination vaccines:</p> <ul> <li>DTaP prevents all three diseases. It is for children younger than seven years old.</li> <li>Tdap also prevents all three. It is for older children and adults.</li> <li>DT prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for children younger than seven who cannot tolerate the pertussis vaccine.</li> <li>Td prevents diphtheria and tetanus. It is for older children and adults. It is usually given as a booster dose every 10 years. You may also get it earlier if you get a severe and dirty wound or burn.</li> </ul> <p>Some people should not get these vaccines, including those who have had severe reactions to the shots before. Check with your doctor first if you have seizures, a neurologic problem, or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/guillainbarresyndrome.html\">Guillain-Barre syndrome</a>. Also let your doctor know if you don't feel well the day of the shot; you may need to postpone it.</p> <p class=\"\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</p>. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. Intestinal inflammation defined as following: A reaction characterizeds by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, swelling localized to the in the intestinal tract. [PMID:9897960]. Rectum and sigmoid colon defined as following: A portion of the large intestine that includes the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.. Autistic behavior defined as following: Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior. [HPO:probinson, PMID:28879490]. Atrial Septal Defects defined as following: Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.. Blood in stool defined as following: A finding indicating the presence of blood in stool. It is the result of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and it may be easily seen in stool or may be identified microscopically..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is MK-1602 a CGRP antagonist?", "id": "converted_3875", "sentence1": "Is MK-1602 a CGRP antagonist?", "sentence2": "The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ubrogepant (MK-1602), a Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists (CGRP-RA), for the acute treatment of Migraine Disorders., This trial supports ubrogepant's efficacy and provides further evidence that CGRP-RAs are viable options for the acute treatment of Migraine Disorders.[SEP]Relations: calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with CRCP, molfunc_protein with CRCP, molfunc_protein with CALCRL, molfunc_protein with CALCRL, molfunc_protein with RAMP1, molfunc_protein with RAMP1, molfunc_protein with CALCR, molfunc_protein with CALCR. Migraine Disorders disorder has relations: disease_protein with TGFBR2, disease_protein with TGFBR2. Definitions: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists defined as following: Pharmacologic agents that block NOCICEPTIVE PAIN signaling from CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTORS. They may be useful for the treatment of pain associated with MIGRAINE DISORDERS and OSTEOARTHRITIS.. Migraine Disorders defined as following: A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.. CGRP defined as following: A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are messenger RNA molecules epigenetically methylated?", "id": "converted_420", "sentence1": "Are messenger RNA molecules epigenetically methylated?", "sentence2": "The most abundant RNA, Messenger post-transcriptional ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification is N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A), which has broad roles in RNA biology., N(6)-methyladenosine (METTL3 gene) is the most abundant modified base in eukaryotic RNA, Messenger and has been linked to diverse effects on RNA, Messenger fate.,  Recently, methylation patterns have also been revealed in RNA, Messenger. Surprisingly, the two most commonly studied methylation states in RNA, Messenger (METTL3 gene and m5C) are found to be enriched in 3'-UTRs (untranslated regions), the target site for the majority of MicroRNAs., MeT-DB: a database of transcriptome methylation in mammalian cells, Methyltranscriptome is an exciting new area that studies the mechanisms and functions of methylation in RNA Transcript. The MethylTranscriptome DataBase (MeT-DB, http://compgenomics.utsa.edu/methylation/) is the first comprehensive resource for N-methyladenosine (m(6)A) in mammalian transcriptome., Mammalian messenger RNA (RNA, Messenger) and RNA, Long Untranslated (lncRNA) contain tens of thousands of posttranscriptional chemical modifications. Among these, the N(6)-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification is the most abundant and can be removed by specific mammalian enzymes., Recent discoveries of reversible N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) methylation on messenger RNA (RNA, Messenger) and mapping of m(6)A methylomes in Mammals and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed potential regulatory functions of this RNA ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification., There are several identified methylation modifications in eukaryotic messenger RNA (RNA, Messenger), such as N(7)-methylguanosine (m(7)G) at the cap, N(6)-methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine (m(6)Am), 2'-O-methylation (Nm) within the cap and the internal positions, and internal N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) and 5-Methylcytosine (m(5)C).[SEP]Relations: RNA ResponseLevel - modification has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with RNA methylation, bioprocess_bioprocess with RNA methylation. METTL3 has relations: bioprocess_protein with RNA methylation, bioprocess_protein with RNA methylation, bioprocess_protein with RNA, Messenger methylation, bioprocess_protein with RNA, Messenger methylation. Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis has relations: pathway_protein with SEH1L, pathway_protein with SEH1L, pathway_protein with RANBP2, pathway_protein with RANBP2. Definitions: Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. 5-Methylcytosine defined as following: A methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene RNA Transcript by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 MicroRNAs discovered, and are from a class of MicroRNAs involved in developmental timing.. METTL3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in methlyation of RNA, Messenger.. RNA ResponseLevel - modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:1555811337]. RNA, Long Untranslated defined as following: A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.. ResponseLevel - modification defined as following: <p>Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion</p>. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary RNA Transcript in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is stop codon bypass possible?", "id": "converted_523", "sentence1": "Is Codon, Terminator bypass possible?", "sentence2": "In 1999, proof-of-concept for treating these disorders was obtained in a mouse model of Muscular Dystrophy, when administration of aminoglycosides restored protein translation by inducing the ribosome to bypass a Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography., Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside can bypass nonsense mutations and are the prototypic agents for translational bypass therapy (Tonation Breathing Technique)., Expression of retroviral replication enzymes (Pol) requires a controlled translational recoding event to bypass the Codon, Terminator at the end of gag. This recoding event occurs either by direct suppression of termination via the Insert (object) of an Amino Acid [EPC] at the Codon, Terminator (readthrough) or by alteration of the mRNA reading frame (Frameshift Mutation function)., Recent studies on translation termination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have not only enabled the identification of the key components of the termination machinery, but have also revealed several regulatory mechanisms that might enable the controlled synthesis of C-terminally extended Polypeptides via Stop brand of fluoride-codon readthrough. , The effects of all possible single-base mutations in the codons flanking the Stop brand of fluoride indicated that 3' contexts of the form CAR-YYA confer leakiness and that the 3' context permits read through of UAA and Opal Stop Codon as well as UAG., As a first step to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which ribosomes bypass leaky Stop brand of fluoride codons in vivo, we have devised a system in which readthrough is coupled to the transient expression of Beta-glucuronidase (GUSB wt Allele) in tobacco protoplasts. [SEP]Relations: Beta-glucuronidase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with HPSE, molfunc_protein with HPSE, molfunc_protein with KL, molfunc_protein with KL, molfunc_protein with GUSB, molfunc_protein with GUSB, molfunc_protein with GUSBP3, molfunc_protein with GUSBP3. Muscular dystrophy has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy, disease_phenotype_positive with fatal infantile hypertonic myofibrillar myopathy. Definitions: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography defined as following: The evaluation of the liver and biliary tree using a contrast agent injected directly into the liver.. Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside defined as following: Any antibiotic containing amino-modified sugars originally isolated from various Streptomyces and Micromonospora species. Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind to the 16S RNA of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting translation and protein synthesis. Aminoglycoside use is associated with ototoxicity, neurotxicity and nephrotoxicity.. Polypeptides defined as following: <p>**Description:**A polypeptide resulting from the translation of a gene.</p>. Codon, Terminator defined as following: Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the Codon, Terminator and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.. Insert (object) defined as following: Something inserted or to be inserted.. GUSB wt Allele defined as following: Human GUSB wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 7q11.21 and is approximately 22 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Beta-glucuronidase protein, plays a role in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans. Mutation of the gene is associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VII.. Muscular Dystrophy defined as following: A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.. Frameshift Mutation function defined as following: A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.. Tonation Breathing Technique defined as following: A method for pain relief that uses a breathing technique that focuses on creating sounds..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can mutations in Calmodulin cause ventricular fibrillation?", "id": "converted_742", "sentence1": "Can mutations in Calmodulin cause Ventricular Fibrillation by ECG Finding?", "sentence2": "We characterized a family presenting with a history of Ventricular Fibrillation by ECG Finding (Ventricular Fibrillation, Paroxysmal Familial, 1) and Sudden death without ECG or echocardiographic abnormalities at rest. Two siblings died suddenly at the ages of 9 and 10 years, and another two were resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with documented Ventricular Fibrillation, Paroxysmal Familial, 1 at age 10 and 16, respectively. Exome sequencing identified a missense Mutation Abnormality affecting a highly conserved residue (p.Phe90Leu) in the Calmodulin 1 gene encoding calmodulin. This Mutation Abnormality was also carried by one of the sibs who died suddenly, for whom DNA was available. The Mutation Abnormality was present in the mother and in an sibling, both asymptomatic but displaying a marginally prolonged QT-interval during exercise. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a Mutation Abnormality in Calmodulin 1 underlying IVF manifesting in childhood and adolescence. The causality of the Mutation Abnormality is supported by previous studies demonstrating that Phe90 mediates the direct interaction of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate protocol with target peptides, Here we show that calmodulin (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate protocol), a ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, binds to the carboxy-terminal 'IQ' domain of the Homo sapiens cardiac Na channel (hH1) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This binding interaction significantly enhances slow inactivation-a channel-gating process linked to life-threatening idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Gene Mutation targeted to the IQ domain disrupted cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate protocol binding and Removed Ca2+/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate protocol-dependent slow inactivation, whereas the gating effects of Ca2+/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/methotrexate protocol were restored by Protoplasm application of a Peptides modelled after the IQ domain. [SEP]Relations: Ventricular Fibrillation by ECG Finding (disease) has relations: disease_protein with INS, disease_protein with INS, disease_protein with PLAU, disease_protein with PLAU, disease_protein with EPO, disease_protein with EPO, disease_protein with SCN10A, disease_protein with SCN10A, disease_disease with cardiac rhythm disease, disease_disease with cardiac rhythm disease. Definitions: Removed defined as following: Taken out of, separated from, or Removed.. Calmodulin 1 defined as following: Calmodulin (149 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Calmodulin 1, CALM2 and CALM3 genes. This protein plays a role in the regulation of a number of enzymes, ion channels and signaling pathways.. Calmodulin 1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the cell cycle and in the regulation of cell growth.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Ventricular Fibrillation by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of a rapid grossly irregular ventricular rhythm with marked variability in QRS cycle length, morphology, and amplitude. The rate is typically greater than 300 bpm. (CDISC). Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by Peptides bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Sudden death defined as following: The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.. mutations defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Calmodulin defined as following: This gene is involved in the cell cycle and in the regulation of cell growth..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is butterfly rash a symptom of Systemic lupus erythematosus?", "id": "converted_1965", "sentence1": "Is butterfly rash a symptom of Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic?", "sentence2": "Diagnosing Systematic Light Exposure can be challenging because of the myriad of clinical features and substantial variability between patients. Cutaneous involvement is present in about 60% of cases and typically manifests as a Zygomatic bone or butterfly rash., The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure) is 28 per 100,000. , We report a 12 years old female patient with an overlap syndrome involving Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis (Autoimmune hepatitis) and systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure). The patient presented with jaundice, Hepatosplenomegaly, malaise, Polyarthralgia, Arthritis and butterfly rash on the face., Some of the clinical characteristics of Systematic Light Exposure patients observed were Nephritis (53.7%), Fever symptoms (finding) (53.26%), neuropsychological disorder (36.18%), Zygomatic bone/butterfly rash (27.6%), Lung diseases (22.6%), Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code (21.6%), cardiac involvement (21.1%) and Oral Ulcer (19.09%). , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic and Infections of musculoskeletal system: a retrospective study in Saudis., The prevalence of the following manifestations was significantly higher for pediatric than for adult-onset disease including: lupus Nephritis (43% pediatric vs 26.4% for adult-onset), Hematological Disease (57% vs 36.4%), Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code (20% vs 9%), butterfly rash (61% vs 35.5%) and mucosal ulceration (11.4% vs 4%). , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (Systematic Light Exposure) is a multifactorial Autoimmune Diseases with highest prevalence among women of childbearing age. , We described a unique case of a 25-year-old Arab young woman who was diagnosed with Systematic Light Exposure, depending on clinical, laboratory investigations and after she had fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Systematic Light Exposure and had presented the following findings: constitutional findings (Fatigue, Fever symptoms (finding), and Arthralgia); dermatologic finding (Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code and butterfly rash); Kidney Failure, Chronic (Proteinuria up to 400 mg in 24 hours); Hematologic and antinuclear antibodies (positivity for antinuclear factor (Atrial Natriuretic Factor), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, direct Coombs, Antibodies, Antinuclear and Antibodies, Anti-DNA, low C4 and C3 innervation innervation, Anterior Cranial Cruciate Ligament by immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M). , Grade 1 and 2-3 inflammatory process occurred in 53 (63%) and 31 (37%) patients respectively. Symptom complexes \"systemic inflammation\", \"butterfly rash\", \"wrist petechiae\", \"enanthema of the oral mucous membrane\", and other Lesion were regarded as the markers of Systematic Light Exposure activity. , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (Systematic Light Exposure) remains a challenging medical problem. , Rembrandt's Maria Bockenolle has a butterfly rash and digital deformities: overlapping syndrome of Rheumatoid Arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus., A butterfly rash on the patient's face suggested a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure)., A butterfly rash on the patients face suggested a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure), The diagnosis of Systematic Light Exposure could be excluded and the butterfly rash attributed to a laminar hemorrhage, an Skin Bruise due to the Immune thrombocytopenic purpura., We describe a case of KD who developed a typical butterfly rash, reminiscent of Systematic Light Exposure. , The diagnosis of Systematic Light Exposure was made 22 years ago based on Raynaud's phenomenon, butterfly rash, Alopecia, Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code and positive antinuclear antibody. , Symptom complexes \"systemic inflammation\", \"butterfly rash\", \"wrist petechiae\", \"enanthema of the oral mucous membrane\", and other Lesion were regarded as the markers of Systematic Light Exposure activity., Rembrandt's Maria Bockenolle has a butterfly rash and digital deformities: overlapping syndrome of Rheumatoid Arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus., To investigate, various unspecific, but otherwise typical clinical symptoms of Skin Specimen Source Code and Mucous Membrane that arise in Systematic Light Exposure patients other than those defined as Systematic Light Exposure criteria such as butterfly rash, Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, Oral Ulcer, and increased Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code.[SEP]Relations: bullous systemic lupus erythematosus has relations: disease_disease with lupus erythematosus, disease_disease with lupus erythematosus, disease_disease with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease), disease_disease with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease). Arthritis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephritis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. discoid lupus erythematosus has relations: disease_disease with noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid, disease_disease with noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid. Definitions: Autoimmune hepatitis defined as following: Hepatitis caused by autoantibodies. Drugs, Infections of musculoskeletal system, and toxins may trigger the production of the autoantibodies against the liver parenchyma.. Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus defined as following: A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the Skin Specimen Source Code Lesion mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid Skin Specimen Source Code plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and Skin Specimen Source Code atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.. Lung diseases defined as following: Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.. Hematologic defined as following: Pertaining to or related to the blood and blood-forming organs.. immunoglobulin G defined as following: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of immunoglobulin G, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.. Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic defined as following: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the Skin Specimen Source Code, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.. Antibodies, Antinuclear defined as following: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. Arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.. Nephritis defined as following: Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.. Kidney Failure, Chronic defined as following: The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.. Alopecia defined as following: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.. Proteinuria defined as following: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.. Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis defined as following: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.. Lesion defined as following: A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part.. Arthralgia defined as following: Pain in the joint.. Hepatosplenomegaly defined as following: An abnormal enlargement of both the liver and spleen.. Atrial Natriuretic Factor defined as following: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.. Immunoglobulin M defined as following: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). Immunoglobulin M can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally was called a macroglobulin.. Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code defined as following: Increased sensitivity of the Skin Specimen Source Code to light exposure.. Skin Bruise defined as following: Extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous space.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Mucous Membrane defined as following: An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.. lupus Nephritis defined as following: Glomerulonephritis associated with Autoimmune Diseases SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus Nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. Hematological Disease defined as following: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.. Systematic Light Exposure defined as following: A type of light therapy that uses exposure to bright white light (BWL) from a proprietary LED light source for treatment of cancer-related Fatigue.. Zygomatic bone defined as following: Either of a pair of bones that form the prominent part of the CHEEK and contribute to the ORBIT on each side of the SKULL.. Oral Ulcer defined as following: A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura defined as following: Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.. Antibodies, Anti-DNA defined as following: An antinuclear autoantibody directed against nuclear DNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does atemoya juice inhibit tye CYP3A4 enzyme?", "id": "converted_4352", "sentence1": "Does atemoya juice inhibit tye CYP3A4 enzyme?", "sentence2": "Atemoya juice significantly inhibited CYP1A2 activity in Homo sapiens liver microsomes, but not the activities of Cytochrome p450 Cytochrome p450 CYP2C9 enzyme enzyme and cytochrome P450 3A.[SEP]Relations: cytochrome P450 4A1-heme linkage has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with protein-heme linkage, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein-heme linkage. deficiency of coenzyme q cytochrome c reductase has relations: disease_disease with inborn errors of metabolism, disease_disease with inborn errors of metabolism. Definitions: Cytochrome p450 CYP2C9 enzyme defined as following: A cytochrome P-450 subtype that has specificity for acidic XENOBIOTICS. It oxidizes a broad range of important clinical drugs that fall under the categories of NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; ANTCOAGULANTS; and DIURETICS.. cytochrome P450 3A defined as following: A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Do histone variant mH2A (macro-H2A) levels decrease upon differentiation?", "id": "converted_1978", "sentence1": "Do histone variant mH2A (macro-H2A) levels decrease upon differentiation?", "sentence2": "Through manipulation of macroH2A Protein Isoforms, we further demonstrate that macroH2A2 is the predominant barrier to reprogramming., In particular, we find macroH2A Protein Isoforms to be highly enriched at target Genes of the K27me3 demethylase, KDM6A wt Allele, which are reactivated early in iPS reprogramming,  Therefore, we propose that macroH2A Protein Isoforms provide a redundant silencing layer or terminal differentiation 'lock' at critical pluripotency Genes that presents as an epigenetic barrier when differentiated Cells are challenged to reprogram., Histone Variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming, Resistance to reprogramming is associated with incorporation of the histone variant macroH2A, which is retained on the Xi of differentiated Cells, but absent from the Xi of EpiSCs., We highlight the role of macroH2A in the establishment and maintenance of differentiated states and we discuss its still poorly recognized function in transcriptional activation., Histone Variant macroH2A marks embryonic differentiation in vivo and acts as an epigenetic barrier to induced pluripotency., MacroH2A.1 was found to be present at low levels upon the establishment of pluripotency in the inner cell mass and Epiblast, but it was highly enriched in the trophectoderm and differentiated Diploid Cell later in mouse development., Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that macroH2A.1 is incorporated in the chromatin location location of Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of pluripotency Genes in Diploid Cell such as mouse embryonic Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts and adult neural stem Cells, but not in Embryonic Stem Cells., In addition, overexpression of macroH2A Protein Isoforms prevented efficient reprogramming of Epiblast stem Cells to naïve pluripotency. , Macro histone variants are critical for the differentiation of human pluripotent Cells, Here we show that the knockdown of macro histone variants impaired the in vitro and in vivo differentiation of human pluripotent Cells, likely through defects in the silencing of pluripotency-related Genes, Furthermore, male and female mH2A-deficient ESCs proliferate normally under pluripotency culture conditions, and respond to several standard differentiation procedures efficiently.[SEP]Relations: regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding. cognitive impairment - coarse facies - heart defects - obesity - pulmonary involvement - short stature - skeletal dysplasia syndrome has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased response to growth hormone stimuation test, disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased response to growth hormone stimuation test. RNA localization to chromatin location has relations: bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU, bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU. Bite Cells has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary stomatocytosis, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary stomatocytosis. Definitions: Histone Variant defined as following: A family of proteins that can substitute for the core canonical histones (H3, H4, H2A, H2B) in nucleosomes. Unlike canonical core histones, variant histones may be expressed during the entire cell cycle and the Genes encoding histone variants usually are found outside histone gene clusters, contain introns and their transcribed mRNAs have a polyadenine tail.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of Genes.. KDM6A wt Allele defined as following: Human KDM6A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xp11.2 and is approximately 238 kb in length. This allele, which encodes lysine-specific demethylase 6A protein, plays a role in the regulation of histone methylation. Loss of function mutations occur in multiple tumor types.. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Epiblast defined as following: The outer germ layer of a BLASTOCYST or BLASTULA, precursor of ectoderm and mesoderm.. neural stem Cells defined as following: Self-renewing Cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem Cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. mH2A defined as following: A histone protein that is comprised of a histone H2A domain, which allows interaction with the nucleosome, and a macro domain, which may bind to ADP-ribose. This protein can substitute for histone H2A in the nucleosomal complex and plays a role in transcriptional repression and X chromosome inactivation..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there any link between CTF4 and CTF18 during sister chromatid cohesion?", "id": "converted_188", "sentence1": "Is there any link between WDHD1 gene and CTF18 during sister chromatid cohesion?", "sentence2": "Our results suggest that ATAD5 wt Allele, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene may coordinate the relative movement of the replication fork with respect to the cohesins ring, These data defined two cohesion pathways, one containing CSM3, TOF1, WDHD1 gene, and CHL1, and the second containing MRC1 gene gene, CTF18, CHTF8 gene, and DSCC1 gene, Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 with, replication forks. The ring-shaped cohesins complex is loaded onto Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 before S phase in an adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis-dependent reaction. Cohesion establishment during DNA replication follows without further cohesins recruitment and without need for cohesins to re-engage an adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis motif that is critical for its initial DNA binding. This provides evidence for cohesion establishment in the context of replication forks and imposes constraints on the mechanism involved, Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by the alternative RF-CCtf18/Dcc1/Ctf8, the helicase DDX11 gene and the polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 is essential for chromatid disjunction during meiosis II, In budding yeast, a specialized replication factor C called RF-C(CHTF18 gene/Dcc1/Ctf8) and the DNA-polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 are required to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in Cells arrested for long periods in mitosis, We also show that, in contrast to mitosis, RF-C(CHTF18 gene/Dcc1/Cft8), Ctf4 and DDX11 gene are essential for chromosome segregation during meiosis and for the viability of meiotic products., Ctf8p is a component of CHTF18 gene-RFC, an alternative replication factor C-like complex required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae. We performed synthetic Genetic array (SGA) analysis with a ctf8 deletion strain as a primary screen to identify other nonessential Genes required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion. We then assessed proficiency of cohesion at three chromosomal loci in strains containing Gene Gene Gene Deletion Abnormality Abnormality of the Genes identified in the ctf8 SGA screen. Gene Gene Deletion Abnormality Abnormality of seven Genes (CHL1, CSM3, BIM1, KAR3, TOF1, WDHD1 gene, and VIK1) resulted in defective sister chromatid cohesion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae CTF18 and WDHD1 gene are required for sister chromatid cohesion, WDHD1 gene and CTF18 are required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation. Both exhibit Genetic and physical ties to replication fork constituents. We find that absence of either WDHD1 gene or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of Cells that depends on the Spindle assembly checkpoint. The physical and Genetic interactions between WDHD1 gene, CTF18, and core components of replication fork complexes observed in this study and others suggest that both gene products act in association with the replication fork to facilitate sister chromatid cohesion., The requirement for WDHD1 gene and CTF18 in robust cohesion identifies novel roles for replication accessory Proteins in this process, Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 with, replication forks., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae CTF18 and WDHD1 gene are required for sister chromatid cohesion., We find that absence of either WDHD1 gene or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of Cells that depends on the Spindle assembly checkpoint., In budding yeast, a specialized replication factor C called RF-C(CHTF18 gene/Dcc1/Ctf8) and the DNA-polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 are required to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in Cells arrested for long periods in mitosis., The physical and Genetic interactions between WDHD1 gene, CTF18, and core components of replication fork complexes observed in this study and others suggest that both gene products act in association with the replication fork to facilitate sister chromatid cohesion., Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by the alternative RF-CCtf18/Dcc1/Ctf8, the helicase DDX11 gene and the polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 is essential for chromatid disjunction during meiosis II., Genetic analyses revealed that RMI1 gene promoted sister chromatid cohesion in a process that was distinct from both the cohesion establishment pathway involving Ctf4, Csm3, and DDX11 gene and the pathway involving the acetylation of SMC3 wt Allele., The physical and Genetic interactions between WDHD1 gene, CTF18, and core components of replication fork complexes observed in this study and others suggest that both gene products act in association with the replication fork to facilitate sister chromatid cohesion., Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 with, replication forks., We find that absence of either WDHD1 gene or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of Cells that depends on the Spindle assembly checkpoint., In budding yeast, a specialized replication factor C called RF-C(CHTF18 gene/Dcc1/Ctf8) and the DNA-polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 are required to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in Cells arrested for long periods in mitosis., Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 with, replication forks, The physical and Genetic interactions between WDHD1 gene, CTF18, and core components of replication fork complexes observed in this study and others suggest that both gene products act in association with the replication fork to facilitate sister chromatid cohesion, We find that absence of either WDHD1 gene or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of Cells that depends on the Spindle assembly checkpoint, In addition to Eco1, several other factors contribute to cohesion establishment, including Ctf4, CHTF18 gene, Tof1, Csm3, DDX11 gene and Mrc1, but little is known about their roles[SEP]Relations: DDX11 has relations: bioprocess_protein with establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. CHTF18 gene RFC-like complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with CHTF8, cellcomp_protein with CHTF8, cellcomp_protein with CHTF18, cellcomp_protein with CHTF18. Definitions: MRC1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in endocytosis of glycoproteins by macrophages.. SMC3 wt Allele defined as following: Human SMC3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q25 and is approximately 37 kb in length. This allele, which encodes structural maintenance of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 protein 3, is involved in the regulation of chromosome migration during mitosis.. ATAD5 wt Allele defined as following: Human ATAD5 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q11.2 and is approximately 64 kb in length. This allele, which encodes ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5, plays a role in the cellular response to DNA damage.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through Genes in sperm and egg Cells.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. adenosine triphosphate defined as following: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.. Gene Gene Deletion Abnormality defined as following: A Genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Spindle defined as following: The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 apart. [ISBN:0198547684]. CHTF18 gene-RFC defined as following: A heptameric complex related to replication factor C, which loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA and plays a vital role in chromosome cohesion. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Ctf18p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, Rfc5p, Dcc1p, and Ctf8p. [PMID:14614842]. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are ultraconserved elements depleted among copy number variants (CNVs)?", "id": "converted_1655", "sentence1": "Are ultraconserved elements depleted among copy number variants (CNVs)?", "sentence2": "We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison. Here, we report that nonexonic UCEs are also depleted among 10 of 11 recent genomewide data sets of human CNVs, including 3 obtained with strategies permitting greater precision in determining the extents of CNVs, Interestingly, human UCEs have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs), We propose that these elements may be interpreted as hallmarks for dose-sensitive Genes, particularly for those Genes whose gain or loss may be directly implied in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Therefore, their presence in genomic imbalances of unknown effect might be suggestive of a clinically relevant condition, Mammalian ultraconserved elements are strongly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are strongly depleted from segmental duplications and copy number variations (CNVs) in the human genome, suggesting that Gene Deletion Abnormality or duplication of a NAGPA gene can be deleterious to the Mammalian Cell., Interestingly, human UCEs have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs)., We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison., We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison, Interestingly, human UCEs have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs), Here, we show that UCEs are significantly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants, The depletion of UCEs among copy number variation as well as the significant under-representation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) within UCEs have also revealed their evolutional and functional importance indicating their potential impact on disease, such as Primary malignant neoplasm[SEP]Relations: Abnormality of the dentition has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 6pter-p24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 6pter-p24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 3q29 microduplication syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 3q29 microduplication syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome. mammalian vulva has relations: anatomy_protein_absent with RNU4-78P, anatomy_protein_absent with RNU4-78P. Definitions: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. Neurodevelopmental Disorders defined as following: A childhood disorder that has a neurological basis and manifests as a developmental disability.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Mammalian Cell defined as following: A cell originating from or isolated from an animal of class Mammalia.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is liraglutide effective for weight reduction?", "id": "converted_3863", "sentence1": "Is liraglutide effective for Weight Loss?", "sentence2": "liraglutide has been approved at higher dose for BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20. , This meta-analysis finds a significant reduction in body weight with orlistat (N = 10,435; ∆ -3.07 Kg, 95% NDUFB6 gene, -3.76 to -2.37), phentermine plus topiramate (N = 2985; ∆ -9.77 Kg; 95% NDUFB6 gene, -11.73 to -7.81), lorcaserin (N = 16,856; ∆ -3.08 Kg; 95% NDUFB6 gene, -3.49 to -2.66), naltrexone plus bupropion (N = 3239; ∆ -4.39 Kg; 95% NDUFB6 gene, -5.05 to -3.72) and liraglutide (N = 4978; ∆ -5.25 Kg; 95% NDUFB6 gene, -6.17 to -4.32), compared to placebo (all p < 0.00001)., CONCLUSION: In patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent, liraglutide might prove be an adjunct to Therapeutic Insulin, improving glycemic control, inducing body Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity) and decreasing exogenous Therapeutic Insulin requirements and severe Hypoglycemia., Data from most recent meta-analyses showed that the overall placebo-subtracted Weight Loss (%) with the use of anti-BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20 drugs for at least 12 months ranges from 2.9% to 6.8%; phentermine / topiramate (-6.8%) liraglutide (-5.4%), naltrexone/bupropion (-4.0%), lorcaserin (-3.1%), and orlistat (-2.9%). , RESULTS: Currently, the FDA has approved several Molecule for the treatment of BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, both in monotherapy and in combination. Pharmacological monotherapies focus mainly on a single Protein Info target and include orlistat, lorcaserin and liraglutide while the combination Molecule propose a multitarget approach and include phentermine / topiramate and naltrexone/bupropion. , Phentermine-topiramate and liraglutide have been associated with the highest probability of at least 5% Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity). , Currently, high-dose liraglutide has been used for weight control in non-diabetic patients. , CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose liraglutide still has high efficacy in Weight Loss in Taiwanese people, especially for those of younger age., BACKGROUND: liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptides-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) analogue, has been shown to possess pleiotropic effects including body Weight Loss., INTRODUCTION: For people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), evidence from both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world studies has demonstrated that treatment intensification with liraglutide offers effective glycemic control, Weight Loss, and a lower risk of Hypoglycemia compared to treatment intensification with Therapeutic Insulin or additional OADs., wise regression analysis demonstrated that baseline BMI and previous Therapeutic Insulin dose were positively associated with body Weight Loss and baseline HbA1c was positively associated with reduction of HbA1c at 2 years after liraglutide introduction.CONC,  control (placebo, sitagliptin, glimepiride, dulaglutide, Therapeutic Insulin glargine, and Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure), liraglutide in combination with metformin resulted in significant reductions in HbA1c, bodyweight, FPG, and PPG, and similar reductions in Androgen Binding Protein, and Diastolic blood pressure measurement. Moreover, liraglutide comb, liraglutide (LIRA) treatment is associated with the dose-dependent reduction of weight. Hig, liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptides (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) receptor agonist, has showed favorable effects in the glycaemic control and Weight Loss in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent, 3 (T2DM). The me, Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-producing Neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body Weight Loss in Rattus norvegicus was independent of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and Structure of Structure of paraventricular nucleus., liraglutide is associated with body Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity), and reductions in systolic blood pressure have been observed throughout the clinical trials., CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among Overweight and obese participants with type 2 diabetes, use of subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) daily, compared with placebo, resulted in Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity) over 56 weeks., CONCLUSION: liraglutide (monotherapy or added to metformin) significantly reduced fat mass and fat percentage vs. glimepiride in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent., CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents with BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, the use of liraglutide (3.0 mg) plus lifestyle therapy led to a significantly greater reduction in the BMI standard-deviation score than placebo plus lifestyle therapy., Five weeks of treatment with the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 analogue liraglutide improves glycaemic control and lowers body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes., In the latter case, body weight was reduced in comparison to metformin plus glimepiride.[SEP]Relations: liraglutide has relations: drug_drug with Dulaglutide, drug_drug with Dulaglutide, drug_drug with Gliclazide, drug_drug with Gliclazide, drug_drug with Manidipine, drug_drug with Manidipine, drug_drug with Glymidine, drug_drug with Glymidine, contraindication with Hypoglycemia, contraindication with Hypoglycemia. Definitions: orlistat defined as following: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20.. metformin defined as following: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-Therapeutic Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving Therapeutic Insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). glimepiride defined as following: A long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity.. dulaglutide defined as following: A Glucagon-Like Peptides-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) receptor agonist that is 90% homologous to native human Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (7-37) and is composed of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV-protected Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 analog covalently linked to a human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-Fc heavy chain, with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon administration, dulaglutide binds to and activates Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 receptors, thereby increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in pancreatic beta cells. This increases glucose-dependent Therapeutic Insulin release. Dulaglutide also reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas and slows gastric emptying. Altogether this lowers the postprandial glucose level. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in response to a meal to normalize blood glucose levels.. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 defined as following: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in Glucagon-Like Peptide 1(7-37) or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. naltrexone defined as following: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by Therapeutic Insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.. phentermine defined as following: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20.. Hypoglycemia defined as following: A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical Hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe Hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.. Overweight defined as following: A condition in which body mass index falls between 25 and 29.9.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. sitagliptin defined as following: An orally available, competitive, beta-amino acid-derived inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4) with hypoglycemic activity. Sitagliptin may cause an increased risk in the development of pancreatitis.. Glucagon-Like Peptides defined as following: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include Glucagon-Like Peptides 1, Glucagon-Like Peptides 2, and the various truncated forms.. Weight Loss defined as following: Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.. liraglutide defined as following: A long-acting, fatty acylated Glucagon-Like Peptides-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis.. Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of Therapeutic Insulin by the pancreas.. Measured weight loss (observable entity) defined as following: The measured decrease in body weight over a specified period of time.. bupropion defined as following: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Therapeutic Insulin glargine defined as following: A recombinant human Therapeutic Insulin analog with long-acting, blood glucose-lowering activity. Insulin glargine, like regular types of human Therapeutic Insulin, regulates glucose metabolism by binding to Therapeutic Insulin receptors on muscle and fat cells, thereby facilitating the cellular uptake of glucose. This lowers blood glucose levels. At the same time, Therapeutic Insulin glargine inhibits the liver's conversion of stored glycogen into glucose, which also contributes to lower blood glucose levels. Insulin glargine also inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, inhibits proteolysis, and enhances Protein Info synthesis. (NCI05). Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure defined as following: A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3). Structure of paraventricular nucleus defined as following: Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.. topiramate defined as following: A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate antagonizes kainate/AMPA subtype of the glutamate receptors, which are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in Neurons of the central nervous system. This antagonistic action results in stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing propagation of synaptic impulses, thereby impedes seizure occurrences. In addition, this agent augments gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) activity and thereby attenuating GABAnergic inhibitory transmission.. Androgen Binding Protein defined as following: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding Protein Info has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.. liraglutide defined as following: A long-acting, fatty acylated Glucagon-Like Peptides-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has the gorilla genome been determined?", "id": "converted_2071", "sentence1": "Has the Gorilla <Western Gorilla> genome been determined?", "sentence2": "Starting with Homo sapiens, Pan Genus, Gorilla <Western Gorilla>, and orangutan Genome, our software generated an exhaustive data set of 292 ALs (∼1 kb each) in ∼3 h. , We generated a high-quality assembly of the Gorilla <Western Gorilla> genome using single-molecule, real-time sequence technology and a string graph de novo assembly algorithm, Here we present the assembly and analysis of a genome sequence for the western lowland Gorilla <Western Gorilla>, and compare the whole Genome of all extant great ape genera., DNA sequencing reveals that the Genome of the Homo sapiens, Gorilla <Western Gorilla> and Pan Genus share more than 98% Homologous Gene.[SEP]Definitions: Gorilla <Western Gorilla> defined as following: This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.. Homologous Gene defined as following: A gene from one species which corresponds to a gene in another species and that is related via a common ancestral species. These genes retain a similar sequence and function.. Pan Genus defined as following: The common Pan Genus, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are the human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers?", "id": "converted_2483", "sentence1": "Are the Homo sapiens bombesin receptors, GRPR protein, human and Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by Chest>Lung-Malignant Neoplasms?", "sentence2": "Members of the Gastrin releasing peptide gene (Gastrin releasing peptide) family and its analogs bombesin (BBN) have been implicated in the biology of several Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms including Pelvis>Prostate, Breast, Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon and Chest>Lung., All 3 bombesin receptor subtypes (GRPR protein, human protein, Homo sapiens, Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human, and bombesin receptor subtype 3) were present on Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and intestinal carcinoids by immunohistochemistry, There is increased interest in the Bn-receptor family because they are frequently over/ectopically expressed by Neoplasms and thus useful as targets for imaging or receptor-targeted-cytotoxicity. , ML-18 is a non-peptide bombesin receptor subtype-3 antagonist which inhibits Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung growth., Gastrin releasing peptide gene 2 (Gastrin releasing peptide), a member of the bombesin family of peptides, has been shown to have mitogenic activity in small cell Chest>Lung carcinoma (Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung), and to be produced by Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung in an autocrine fashion.[SEP]Relations: small cell Chest>Lung carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with GRM8, disease_protein with GRM8, disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with NPPA, disease_protein with NPPA, disease_protein with NDRG1, disease_protein with NDRG1, disease_protein with EGFR, disease_protein with EGFR. Definitions: Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human defined as following: Neuromedin-B receptor (390 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Neuromedin-B Receptor, Human gene. This protein is involved in both peptide hormone binding and G protein-coupled receptor signaling.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Small cell carcinoma of Chest>Lung defined as following: A form of highly malignant Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).. Gastrin releasing peptide defined as following: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.. GRPR protein, human defined as following: GRP gene 2 receptor (384 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens GRPR protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the mediation of gastrin-dependent signaling.. GRP gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the regulation of several gastrointestinal and central nervous system functions..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the enzyme ERAP2 associated with the disease birdshot chorioretinopathy?", "id": "converted_2887", "sentence1": "Is the Enzyme [APC] ERAP2 gene associated with the Disease birdshot chorioretinopathy?", "sentence2": "Allele-specific Alterations in the Peptidome Underlie the Joint Association of HLA-A*29:02 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2 gene gene) with Birdshot Chorioretinopathy., Birdshot Chorioretinopathy is also associated with ERAP1 gene (ERAP2 gene gene), an Enzyme [APC] involved in processing HLA class I ligands, thus implicating the A*29:02 peptidome in this Disease. , A genome-wide association study identifies a functional ERAP2 gene gene haplotype associated with birdshot chorioretinopathy.[SEP]Relations: birdshot chorioretinopathy has relations: disease_protein with HLA-A, disease_protein with HLA-A, disease_phenotype_positive with Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with Epiretinal membrane, disease_phenotype_positive with Epiretinal membrane, disease_phenotype_positive with Arcuate scotoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Arcuate scotoma. ERAP2 gene has relations: disease_protein with ileocolitis, disease_protein with ileocolitis. Definitions: Birdshot Chorioretinopathy defined as following: A form of chorioretinitis characterized by multiple small, cream-colored LESIONS, symmetrically scattered mainly around the OPTIC DISK. These lesions are the most distinctive sign and often appear at the level of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM but, on occasion, suggest an even deeper infiltration and may ultimately lead to visual loss. An association with HLA-A29 antigen (see HLA-A ANTIGENS) has been observed in nearly all patients.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can cffDNA be used for non-invasive testing?", "id": "converted_1427", "sentence1": "Can cffDNA be used for non-invasive testing?", "sentence2": "Non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free Prenatal care DNA in maternal circulation, The identification of cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal circulation has made non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) possible., In recent years, technical advances in the molecular analysis of Prenatal care DNA (e.g., digital PCR and massively parallel sequencing (MPS)) has enabled the successful implementation of noninvasive testing into clinical practice, such as Prenatal care sex assessment, RhD genotyping, and Prenatal care chromosomal aneuploidy detection.With the ability to decipher the entire Prenatal care genome from maternal plasma DNA, we foresee that an increased number of non-invasive prenatal tests will be available for detecting many single-gene disorders in the near future. This review briefly summarizes the technical aspects of the NIPT and application of NIPT in clinical practice., First identified in 1997, cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) has just recently been used to detect Prenatal care aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21, showing its potential to revolutionize prenatal genetic testing as a non-invasive screening tool, To determine how adults in the United States view non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA testing) in order to help estimate uptake, Non-invasive prenatal testing of cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma can predict the Prenatal care RhD type in D negative pregnant women, The identification of cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal circulation has made non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) possible, The effectiveness and clinical utility of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for Prenatal care sex determination using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) was assessed by undertaking a prospective national audit of UK testing, The recent release of new, non-invasive prenatal tests for Prenatal care aneuploidy using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) has been hailed as a revolution in prenatal testing and has triggered significant commercial interest in the field, Non-invasive prenatal aneuploidy testing that utilizes cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) circulating in maternal blood is one example of an innovative technology that promises significant benefits for its intended end users; however, it is currently uncertain whether it will achieve widespread clinical implementation, Analysis of cell free Prenatal care (cff) DNA in maternal plasma is used routinely for non invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of Prenatal care sex determination, Prenatal care rhesus D status and some single gene disorders, Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma is an alternative to invasive prenatal diagnosis (Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile), which carries a 1% risk of miscarriage. , The recent release of new, non-invasive prenatal tests for Prenatal care aneuploidy using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) has been hailed as a revolution in prenatal testing and has triggered significant commercial interest in the field. , The effectiveness and clinical utility of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for Prenatal care sex determination using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) was assessed by undertaking a prospective national audit of UK testing. , NIFTY (Non-invasive Fetal Trisomy Test) is a non-invasive prenatal test which is used for diagnosing Prenatal care trisomy. The test is based on the analysis of cell free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) present in the plasma and serum of a pregnant woman., Using non-invasive method of cffDNAs in the shortest time possible, as well as avoiding invasive tests for early determination of Prenatal care gender, provides the opportunity of deciding and employing early treatment for fetuses at risk of genetic diseases., The identification of cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal circulation has made non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) possible., To determine how adults in the United States view non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA testing) in order to help estimate uptake., Nowadays, new advances in the use of cell free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma of pregnant women has provided the possibility of applying cffDNA in prenatal diagnosis as a non-invasive method., Non-invasive prenatal testing of cell-free Prenatal care DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma can predict the Prenatal care RhD type in D negative pregnant women., Prevention of contamination following our anti-contamination criteria is a good practice for certain non-invasive sex determination, using cffDNA.[SEP]Relations: infantile dystonia-parkinsonism has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Ocular flutter, disease_phenotype_positive with Ocular flutter, disease_phenotype_positive with Absent speech, disease_phenotype_positive with Absent speech, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Rigidity, disease_phenotype_positive with Rigidity, disease_phenotype_positive with Incoordination, disease_phenotype_positive with Incoordination. Definitions: Prenatal care defined as following: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile defined as following: An autosomal recessive condition caused by mutation(s) in the SLC6A3 gene, encoding sodium-dependent dopamine transporter. It is characterized by Parkinsonian features and has an onset in early infancy..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a vaccine for rotavirus?", "id": "converted_3321", "sentence1": "Is there a vaccine for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine?", "sentence2": "Safety and Immunogenicity of Pentavalent Vaccine [APC] product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType containing only Rotavirus antigen (medicinal product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType) [APC] (RV5), This study compares the safety and immunogenicity of pentavalent rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine (RV5), Effectiveness of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine pentavalent vaccine,  rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine pentavalent vaccine (RotaTeq®) as a sole vaccine, We describe rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage and missed opportunities for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination., CONCLUSIONS\n\nAddressing missed opportunities for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination is essential to achieving the 80% rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage target outlined by Healthy People 2020., Complete rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage could be improved to 81% if all missed opportunities within the ACIP-recommended schedule were addressed., RESULTS\n\nThe national coverage for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine achieved a year after the introduction was 89% for one dose and 82% for two doses, respectively., CONCLUSIONS\n\nNorway achieved a high national coverage and excellent adherence with the strict age limits for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine administration during the first year of introduction, indicating robustness of the national immunisation programme., Upper age limit recommendations for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine administration contributed to suboptimal vaccination coverage., Catching-up with pentavalent vaccine: Exploring reasons behind lower rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage in El Salvador., US Vaccine [APC] product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType containing only Rotavirus antigen (medicinal product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType) [APC] Efficacy Group., We describe rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage and missed opportunities for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination., Rotavirus vaccines: a story of success., Clinical and immunological studies of Rotavirus Vaccines., Impact of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine on rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Diarrhea in countries of East and Southern Africa., Rotavirus diarrheal episodes were identified by ELISA., The decrease in rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine positivity was inversely related to increase in rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine coverage showing impact of Rotavirus Vaccines., We described trends in rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine positivity among tested stool samples before and after rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine introduction., The RIT1 wt Allele 4237 Bovine Pericardial Cardiac Valves rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine has served as a useful model for rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination, but the vaccine will not be further developed or tested., Only the RRV vaccine induced a low level of protection against rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine diarrhea mainly of serotype G1 specificity., It is recommended that new rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine candidates be developed at cheaper price to speed up the introduction of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine immunization in the developing world in general., Review of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine trials in Finland., Risk of Intussusception after monovalent rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination., Rotavirus vaccines are underused compared with other routine vaccines., With Rotavirus Vaccines now available globally , it will be useful to assemble the available evidence on the epidemiology and burden of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis in India , in order to weigh the urgency of introducing a vaccine to help control rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine disease, Is there evidence that Rotavirus Vaccines are effective in preventing acute Gastroenteritis complications such as Dehydration and hospitalization, With the introduction of new Rotavirus Vaccines in sight , rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis may be regarded as the single most frequent vaccine-preventable disease among children in the EU, With the recent introduction of the two Rotavirus Vaccines , RotaTeq and Rotarix , in many countries , it appears that the total number of hospitalizations due to rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine infections is being reduced , at least in developed countries that implemented a universal immunization program, Change in rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine epidemiology in northeast Florida after the introduction of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, With the recent postlicensure identification of an increased risk of Intussusception with rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine , the 14 Latin American countries currently using rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine must now weigh the health benefits versus risks to assess whether to continue vaccination, Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines on rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine disease, With safe and efficacious Rotavirus Vaccines now on the verge of widespread adoption , researchers can be vital advocates for their uptake into routine immunization programs, Rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 (Rotarix™): a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the prevention of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis in developed countries., In addition, various naturalistic studies have demonstrated 'real-world' effectiveness after the introduction of widespread rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination programmes in the community setting., The monovalent rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine RIX4414 (Rotarix™) is administered as a two-dose oral series in infants and has demonstrated protective efficacy against RVGE in clinical trials conducted in developed countries., Numerous cost-effectiveness analyses have been conducted in developed countries in which a universal rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination programme using RIX4414 was compared with no universal rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination programme., It is also difficult to draw conclusions regarding the cost effectiveness of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine RIX4414 relative to that of the pentavalent rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, which is administered as a three-dose oral series., Although indirect comparisons in cost-effectiveness analyses indicate that RIX4414 provided more favourable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios when each vaccine was compared with no universal rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccination programme, results were generally sensitive to vaccine costs., A rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine for prophylaxis of infants against rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis., A live attenuated monovalent rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine (Rotarix) containing Homo sapiens rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine strain RIX4414 of G1P1A P[8] specificity is being developed to meet the global need., Rotarix significantly reduced rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis episodes and rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine-related hospitalizations in vaccinated infants compared with placebo recipients (P < 0.05)., We describe the Intussusception epidemiology prior to rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, temporal association of Intussusception cases to administration of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, and estimate the additional number of Intussusception cases that may be associated with rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine., Epidemiology of Intussusception before and after rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine introduction in Fiji., In 2012, Fiji introduced rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine (Rotarix, tau-protein kinase activity) into the national immunisation schedule., Four trials of RIT1 wt Allele 4237 Bovine Pericardial Cardiac Valves rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, one trial of group A RRV-1 rhesus rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, and one trial of rhesus-Homo sapiens reassortant Rotavirus Vaccines D x RRV and MRPL58 gene x RRV were carried out between 1983-1989., Problems associated with the use of any oral rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine include Acids lability of the vaccine virus, which requires buffering, and a slight but significant interference of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine [APC] with the uptake of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine., In the near future, oral heterologous Rotavirus Vaccines may be available for prevention of severe rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis., There was no apparent difference between Bovine Pericardial Cardiac Valves and rhesus-based Rotavirus Vaccines in the protective efficacy against severe rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis., Efficacy studies of this vaccine in 6-12 month-old children gave results characteristic of the performance of oral Rotavirus Vaccines in general: 58% protective efficacy against any rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis and 82% against \"clinically significant\" Gastroenteritis., Live oral rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine strain RIT1 wt Allele 4237, derived from group A Bovine Pericardial Cardiac Valves rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine NCDV, was given to Homo sapiens volunteers in Tampere, Finland in 1982., Targeted efforts to evaluate indirect effects of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine in low income countries are required to understand the total impact of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine on the global burden of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine disease., Widespread introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines has led to major reductions in the burden of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis worldwide., While rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine indirect effects have been demonstrated in high and middle income countries, there are very little data from low income countries where force of Communicable Diseases, population structures and vaccine schedules differ., Measuring indirect effects of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine in low income countries., Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system., Rotavirus vaccine was licensed on August 31, 1998, and subsequently recommended for routine use among infants., To describe the cases of Intussusception among rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine recipients reported to the Vaccine [APC] [APC] Adverse Event Reporting System from October 1998 through December 1999., Infants vaccinated with rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine in the United States., There were 98 confirmed cases of Intussusception after vaccination with rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine reported to the Vaccine [APC] [APC] Adverse Event Reporting System; 60 of these developed Intussusception within 1 week after vaccination., Using a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, we observed at least a fourfold increase over the expected number of Intussusception cases occurring within 1 week of receipt of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine., Other studies were initiated to further define the relationship between rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine and Intussusception., In light of these and other data, the rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine manufacturer voluntarily removed its product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType from the market, and the recommendation for routine use of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine among US infants has been withdrawn., To review the biology, immunology, and virology of rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine infections and describe the efforts towards the construction of vaccines using Homo sapiens and animal rotaviruses., In August 1998 the Food and Drug Administration in the United States approved the licensure of a rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine.[SEP]Relations: Rotavirus vaccine has relations: drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Mitomycin, drug_drug with Mitomycin, drug_drug with Mitomycin, drug_drug with Mitomycin, drug_drug with Flunisolide, drug_drug with Flunisolide. Definitions: Rotavirus Vaccines defined as following: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent Communicable Diseases with ROTAVIRUS.. rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine defined as following: <p>rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine vaccine, tetravalent, live, oral</p>. Acids defined as following: Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Dehydration defined as following: The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or Homo sapiens host.. Gastroenteritis defined as following: INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of Gastroenteritis are many including genetic, Communicable Diseases, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine Gastroenteritis defined as following: Enteritis attributed to the rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine.. rotavirus, live, tetravalent vaccine disease defined as following: Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include Homo sapiens infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.. Oral Poliovirus Vaccine defined as following: A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed). Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. Intussusception defined as following: A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.. product - ParticipationType defined as following: <p>Participant material that is brought forth (produced) in the act (e.g., specimen in a specimen collection, access or drainage in a placement service, medication package in a dispense service). It does not matter whether the material produced had existence prior to the service, or whether it is created in the service (e.g., in supply services the product - ParticipationType is taken from a stock).</p>. RIT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human RIT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q22 and is approximately 14 kb in length. This allele, which encodes GTP-binding protein Rit1, is involved in signaling pathway regulation. Mutation of the gene is associated with Noonan syndrome type 8.. tau-protein kinase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein. [EC:2.7.11.26, MetaCyc:TAU-PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does Enzastaurin improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_2433", "sentence1": "Does Enzastaurin improve survival of Glioblastoma Multiforme patients?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: fourteen randomized clinical trials were identified (7 with bevacizumab, 2 Cilengitide, 1 enzastaurin, 1 dasatinib, 1 vandetanib, 1 temsirolimus, 1 cediranib) including 4330 patients. Antiangiogenic drugs showed no improvement in overall survival with a pooled HR of 1.00, a trend for an inferior outcome, in terms of overall survival, was observed in the group of patients receiving antiangiogenic Pharmacologic Substance alone compared to cytotoxic Pharmacologic Substance alone (HR=1.24, p=0.056). , Enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl.HCl) in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well-tolerated, with response and progression-free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy., So far, inhibition of angiogenesis by compounds such as bevacizumab, cediranib, enzastaurin or Cilengitide as well as alternative dosing schedules of temozolomide did not prolong survival, neither at primary diagnosis nor at recurrent Disease., Despite promising phase II clinical trial results and patient benefit in terms of clinical improvement and longer progression-free survival, an overall survival benefit has not been demonstrated in four randomized phase III trials of bevacizumab or Cilengitide in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme or cediranib or enzastaurin in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., EXPERT OPINION: Enzastaurin and cediranib failed in randomized Phase III trials in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme, aflibercept in Phase II. , Enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic toxicity profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., Grade 3 to 4 Hematologic Toxic effect were significantly higher with lomustine (46 events) than with enzastaurin (one event; P < or = .001).<br><b>CONCLUSION</b>: Enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic toxicity profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme.<br>, Enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic toxicity profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., Enzastaurin has anti-glioma activity in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma, but does not appear to have enough single-agent activity to be useful as monotherapy., Enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl.HCl) in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well-tolerated, with response and progression-free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy., CONCLUSION Enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic toxicity profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., Glioblastoma are highly vascularized Neoplasms and various antiangiogenic drugs have been investigated in clinical trials showing unclear results we performed a systematic review and a meta analysis to clarify and evaluate their effectiveness in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients we searched relevant published and unpublished randomized clinical trials analyzing antiangiogenic drugs versus chemotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients from january 2006 to january 2016 in medline web of science asco esmo and sno databases fourteen randomized clinical trials were identified 7 with bevacizumab 2 Cilengitide 1 enzastaurin 1 dasatinib 1 vandetanib 1 temsirolimus 1 cediranib including 4330 patients antiangiogenic drugs showed no improvement in overall survival with a pooled hr of 1 00 a trend for an inferior outcome in terms of overall survival was observed in the group of patients receiving antiangiogenic Pharmacologic Substance alone compared to cytotoxic Pharmacologic Substance alone hr 1 24 p 0 056 bevacizumab did not improve overall survival twelve trials 4113 patients were analyzed for progression free survival among antiangiogenic drugs only bevacizumab demonstrated an improvement of progression free survival hr 0 63 p 0 001 both alone hr 0 60 p 0 003 or in combination to chemotherapy hr 0 63 p 0 001 both as first line treatment hr 0 70 p 0 001 or in recurrent Disease hr 0 52 p 0 001 antiangiogenic drugs did not improve overall survival in Glioblastoma Multiforme patients either as first or second line treatment and either as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy among antiangiogenic drugs only bevacizumab improved progression free survival regardless of treatment line both as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy., Glioblastoma Multiforme is characterized by high expression levels of proangiogenic cytokines and microvascular proliferation highlighting the potential value of treatments targeting angiogenesis antiangiogenic treatment likely achieves a beneficial impact through multiple mechanisms of action ultimately however alternative proangiogenic signal transduction pathways are activated leading to the development of resistance even in Neoplasms that initially respond the identification of biomarkers or imaging parameters to predict response and to herald resistance is of high priority despite promising phase ii clinical trial results and patient benefit in terms of clinical improvement and longer progression free survival an overall survival benefit has not been demonstrated in four randomized phase iii trials of bevacizumab or Cilengitide in newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme or cediranib or enzastaurin in recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme however future studies are warranted predictive markers may allow appropriate patient enrichment combination with chemotherapy may ultimately prove successful in improving overall survival and novel agents targeting multiple proangiogenic pathways may prove effective., this phase iii open label study compared the efficacy and safety of enzastaurin versus lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme who grade 4 patients were randomly assigned 2 1 to receive 6 week cycles of enzastaurin 500 mg d 1 125 mg loading dose day 1 or lomustine 100 to 130 mg m 2 day 1 assuming a 45 improvement in progression free survival pfs 397 patients were required to provide 80 power to achieve statistical significance at a one sided level of 025 enrollment was terminated at 266 patients enzastaurin n 174 lomustine n 92 after a planned interim analysis for futility patient characteristics were balanced between arms median pfs 1 5 v 1 6 months hazard ratio hr 1 28 95 ci 0 97 to 1 70 overall survival 6 6 v 7 1 months hr 1 20 95 ci 0 88 to 1 65 and 6 month pfs rate p 13 did not differ significantly between enzastaurin and lomustine respectively stable Disease occurred in 38 5 and 35 9 of patients and objective response occurred in 2 9 and 4 3 of patients respectively time to deterioration of physical and functional well being and symptoms did not differ between arms hr 1 12 p 54 four patients discontinued enzastaurin because of Pharmacologic Substance related serious adverse events aes eleven patients treated with enzastaurin died on study four because of aes one was Pharmacologic Substance related all four deaths that occurred in patients receiving lomustine were Disease related grade 3 to 4 Hematologic Toxic effect were significantly higher with lomustine 46 events than with enzastaurin one event p or 001 enzastaurin was well tolerated and had a better Hematologic toxicity profile but did not have superior efficacy compared with lomustine in patients with recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme., this study s primary objective was evaluation of the progression free survival rate at 6 months pfs 6 in patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme without o 6 methylguanine dna methyltransferase mgmt promoter hypermethylation postsurgically treated with enzastaurin before and concomitantly with radiation therapy followed by enzastaurin maintenance therapy pfs 6 of at least 55 was set to be relevant compared with the data of the eortc 26981 22981 ncic ce 3 trial adult patients with a life expectancy of at least 12 weeks who were newly diagnosed with a histologically proven supratentorial Glioblastoma Multiforme without mgmt promoter hypermethylation were eligible patients were treated with enzastaurin prior to concomitantly with and after standard partial brain radiotherapy here we report on a multicenter open label uncontrolled phase ii study of patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme without mgmt promoter hypermethylation treated with enzastaurin and radiation therapy within 4 study periods pfs 6 was 53 6 95 confidence interval ci 39 8 65 6 the median overall survival was 15 0 months 95 ci 11 9 17 9 for all patients 3 9 months 95 ci 0 8 9 0 for patients with biopsy 15 4 months 95 ci 10 1 17 9 for patients with partial resection and 18 9 months 95 ci 13 9 28 5 for patients with complete resection the safety profile in this study was as expected from previous trials and the therapy was well tolerated pfs 6 missed the primary planned outcome of 55 the secondary exploratory analysis according to resection status of the different subgroups of patients with biopsies partial resection and complete resection demonstrates the strong prognostic influence of resection on overall survival., we evaluated the efficacy of combination enzastaurin ly317615 and bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas and explored serologic correlates we enrolled 81 patients with Glioblastoma gbm n 40 and anaplastic gliomas ag n 41 patients received enzastaurin as a loading dose of 1125 mg followed by 500 or 875 mg daily for patients on non Enzyme [APC] inducing or Enzyme [APC] inducing antiepileptics respectively patients received bevacizumab 10 mg kg intravenously biweekly clinical evaluations were repeated every 4 weeks magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at baseline and every 8 weeks from treatment onset phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase gsk 3 levels from Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) pbmcs were checked with each mri median overall survival was 7 5 and 12 4 months for Glioblastoma and anaplastic glioma cohorts with median progression free survivals of 2 0 and 4 4 months respectively of gbm patients 3 40 7 5 were not evaluable while 8 37 22 had partial or complete response and 20 37 54 had stable Disease for 2 months of the 39 evaluable ag patients 18 46 had an objective response and 16 41 had stable Disease for 2 months the most common grade 3 Toxic effect were Lymphocyte count decreased 15 Hypophosphatemia 8 8 and thrombotic events 7 5 two 2 5 gbm patients died suddenly another Cessation of life 1 3 occurred from intractable Seizures phosphorylated gsk 3 levels from pbmcs did not correlate with treatment response a minimally important improvement in health related quality of life was self reported in 7 9 24 29 2 37 5 early response based on levin criteria was significantly associated with significantly longer progression free survival for Glioblastoma enzastaurin ly317615 in combination with bevacizumab for recurrent malignant gliomas is well tolerated with response and progression free survival similar to bevacizumab monotherapy.[SEP]Relations: Enzastaurin has relations: drug_protein with CHEK2, drug_protein with CHEK2, drug_protein with AURKB, drug_protein with AURKB, drug_protein with AURKA, drug_protein with AURKA, drug_protein with CHEK1, drug_protein with CHEK1, drug_protein with AKT1, drug_protein with AKT1. Definitions: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) defined as following: A peripheral blood cell with a single nucleus. This category includes lymphocytes and monocytes.. Hematologic defined as following: Pertaining to or related to the blood and blood-forming organs.. Lymphocyte count decreased defined as following: An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.. lomustine defined as following: An alkylating agent of value against both Hematologic malignancies and solid Neoplasms.. temsirolimus defined as following: An ester analog of rapamycin. Temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some Neoplasms.. Cilengitide defined as following: A cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Cilengitide binds to and inhibits the activities of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. (NCI04). Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a Disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. vandetanib defined as following: An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis.. Hypophosphatemia defined as following: A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.. Glioblastoma defined as following: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or Seizures.. temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). dasatinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable synthetic small molecule-inhibitor of SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases. Dasatinib binds to and inhibits the growth-promoting activities of these kinases. Apparently because of its less stringent binding affinity for the BCR-ABL kinase, dasatinib has been shown to overcome the resistance to imatinib of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells harboring BCR-ABL kinase domain point mutations. SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways; tumorigenic forms can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by way of virally-encoded kinase genes.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\".", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Can oleuropein aglycone interfere with amyloid aggregation?", "id": "converted_3151", "sentence1": "Can oleuropein Aglycone interfere with Serum amyloid A protein aggregation?", "sentence2": "oleuropein, a Substance with phenol structure secoiroid glycoside, is the main polyphenols in the olive oil. It has been reported that the Aglycone form of oleuropein (Olea (plant)) interferes in vitro and in vivo with Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein aggregation of a number of proteins/peptides involved in Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein, particularly neurodegenerative, diseases avoiding the growth of toxic oligomers and displaying protection against Cognitive deterioration.[SEP]Relations: Abnormality of immune serum protein physiology has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormal cytokine signaling, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormal cytokine signaling. Motor deterioration has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with PRKAR1B-related neurodegenerative dementia with intermediate filaments, disease_phenotype_positive with PRKAR1B-related neurodegenerative dementia with intermediate filaments, disease_phenotype_positive with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, disease_phenotype_positive with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, disease_phenotype_positive with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, disease_phenotype_positive with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, disease_phenotype_positive with spinocerebellar ataxia, disease_phenotype_positive with spinocerebellar ataxia. Definitions: polyphenols defined as following: A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group.. Olea (plant) defined as following: A plant genus of the family Oleaceae. The olive fruit is the source of OLIVE OIL.. Serum amyloid A protein defined as following: A family of apolipoproteins that are associated with high-density lipoprotein particles in the serum. These proteins may play a role in both the acute-phase of inflammation and in cholesterol transport..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can Levoxyl (levothyroxine sodium) cause insomnia?", "id": "converted_87", "sentence1": "Can Levoxyl (levothyroxine sodium) cause insomnia?", "sentence2": "METHODS: Seventy-one patients diagnosed with Acquired hypothyroidism were randomly allocated into two study groups: the first group received usual dose of levothyroxine and the second group received combination of levothyroxine and liothyronine for at least 4 months. The main outcomes were psychosocial problems (Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-28), bodyweight, heart rate, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels. RESULTS: In both groups serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels remained unchanged compared with baseline. Psychosocial scores, body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, and lipid profile in the two groups remained constant. The only exception was a small but significant reduction in anxiety/insomnia in combined treatment group as compared with monotherapy. [SEP]Relations: Levothyroxine has relations: drug_effect with Alopecia, drug_effect with Alopecia, drug_drug with Omeprazole, drug_drug with Omeprazole, drug_effect with Coma, drug_effect with Coma, drug_effect with Dyspnea, drug_effect with Dyspnea, drug_effect with Arrhythmia, drug_effect with Arrhythmia. Definitions: levothyroxine defined as following: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. liothyronine defined as following: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. Acquired hypothyroidism defined as following: Hypothyroidism, the cause of which is not present at birth.. insomnia defined as following: A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.. levothyroxine sodium defined as following: The sodium salt of levothyroxine, a synthetic levoisomer of thyroxine (T4) that is similar to the endogenous hormone produced by the thyroid gland. In peripheral tissues, levothyroxine is deiodinated by 5'-deiodinase to form triiodothyronine (T3). T3 enters the cell and binds to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors; the activated hormone-receptor complex in turn triggers gene expression and produces proteins required in the regulation of cellular respiration; thermogenesis; cellular growth and differentiation; and the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. T3 also exhibits cardiostimulatory effects..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Could Arimidex (anastrozole) cause hot flashes?", "id": "converted_634", "sentence1": "Could Arimidex (anastrozole) cause hot flashes?", "sentence2": "More than a third of Malignant neoplasm of breast patients undergoing aromatase inhibitor (Aortic Valve Insufficiency) treatment report joint pain., In the first 6 weeks, emergence of joint pain was associated with increase in general pain, Fatigue, disturbed sleep, hot flashes, Vaginal dryness, and decreased sexual activity., Antiestrogen therapy can cause vasomotor symptoms similar to those occurring during menopause, including hot flashes., The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of acupuncture for treatment of hot flashes in Korean patients with Malignant neoplasm of breast receiving Antiestrogen Therapy., 10 patients with Malignant neoplasm of breast who were undergoing Antiestrogen Therapy with tamoxifen or anastrozole and who were suffering from hot flashes., During treatment, severity of hot flashes was reduced by 70%-95% in all patients., anastrozole has been widely used in Japan as an adjuvant treatment for postmenopausal, hormone-responsive Malignant neoplasm of breast patients., The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of bone fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) during anastrozole treatment in Japanese patients., Musculoskeletal disorders were the most common (26.1 %), and hot flashes were the second most common adverse event (7.9 %)., To compare the effect of therapy with anastrozole versus a combination of fulvestrant and anastrozole in women in first relapse of endocrine-responsive Malignant neoplasm of breast., fulvestrant loading dose (LD) regimen followed by monthly injection plus 1 mg of anastrozole daily or to 1 mg of anastrozole daily alone., Incidences of prespecified adverse events (AEs) were similar. Hot flashes were more common in the experimental arm: 63 patients (24.6%) versus 35 patients (13.8%) in the standard arm (P = .0023)., The third-generation agents (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) have been shown to be more effective and safer than the selective Estrogen Receptors modulators tamoxifen and raloxifen., Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome are well tolerated and cause a lower incidence of gynecological symptoms (Vaginal Hemorrhage, discharge, and Endometrial Neoplasms), venous thromboembolic events, and hot flashes compared with tamoxifen., Disturbance in mood, Somnolence, Anxiety Disorders, Fatigue, hot flashes, and Memory impairment have been reported among patients receiving anastrozole as adjuvant therapy., Twenty-five PM-BC patients received, in Sequence - ParameterizedDataType, leuprolide, taxane-anthracycline induction chemotherapy, radiation therapy, a platinum-based intensification high-dose CT, followed by leuprolide and anastrazole for five years., Grade 4 Hematologic toxicity was observed in all patients, no patient showed a decrease of cardiac ejection fraction and hot flashes and Arthralgia were of moderate intensity., Of the patients treated with anastrozole, 3 (37.5%) reported toxicity, with 1 report each of decreased libido, leg swelling, and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (12.5%). Toxicity was reported in 2 patients taking letrozole (40%), with both reporting Peripheral edema, and 1 reporting hot flashes., Patients were treated with goserelin 3.6 mg subcutaneous monthly and began anastrozole 1-mg daily 21 days after the first injection of goserelin., The most common adverse events were Fatigue (50%), Arthralgia (53%), and hot flashes (59%)., These studies were designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome in the following clinical settings: 1) as initial adjuvant therapy (the Arimidex, tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination trial, Breast International Group Trial 1-98),, Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome were tolerated well, and patients who received them experienced fewer thrombolic events and less Malignant neoplasm of endometrium, hot flashes, night sweats, and Vaginal Hemorrhage compared with patients who receive tamoxifen., It has been suggested that the association of Aortic Valve Insufficiency and Recombinant Gonadorelin analogues and Aortic Valve Insufficiency could block the two routes of oestrogen production in males, and therefore this approach could increase efficacy. However, it could also enhance the rate of adverse events (hot flashes, Erectile dysfunction, etc.)., We reviewed therapeutic effects and harmful side effects in 33 patients with advanced or recurrent Malignant neoplasm of breast who underwent treatment with Anastrozole 1 mg/day in our department., The most frequent harmful side effects were rise in total cholesterol, general Fatigue, hot flashes and arthralgia (9.1%)., We analyzed the changes in frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms in patients receiving tamoxifen or Aromatase Inhibitors and identified factors influencing these symptoms., Both first-line tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors induced an increase in the occurrence and severity of hot flashes (p<0.0001 and p=0.014, respectively)., To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex), we conducted a phase II trial in 53 women with asymptomatic recurrent/persistent müllerian cancer., Toxicity was modest (grade I) and infrequent, with the most common Toxic effect being Fatigue and hot flashes., The first analysis of the XCL1 wt Allele (Arimidex, tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial (median follow-up, 33 months) demonstrated that in adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal patients with early-stage Malignant neoplasm of breast, anastrozole was superior to tamoxifen in terms of disease-free survival (DFS), time to recurrence (TTR protein, human protein, human), and incidence of contralateral Malignant neoplasm of breast (CLBC)., in that Malignant neoplasm of endometrium (P = 0.007), Vaginal Hemorrhage and discharge (P < 0.001 for both), Cerebrovascular events (P < 0.001), venous thromboembolic events (P < 0.001), and hot flashes (P < 0.001) all occurred less frequently in the anastrozole group, whereas Musculoskeletal Diseases and Fracture (P < 0.001 for both) continued to occur less frequently in the tamoxifen group., reduced Nausea:Presence or Threshold:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal, hot flashes, and abdominal discomfort caused almost twice as many patients to prefer to continue with letrozole therapy than with anastrozole[SEP]Relations: Anastrozole has relations: drug_effect with Anaphylactic shock, drug_effect with Anaphylactic shock, drug_effect with Fever, drug_effect with Fever, drug_effect with Arthritis, drug_effect with Arthritis, drug_drug with Deferasirox, drug_drug with Deferasirox, drug_drug with Piroxicam, drug_drug with Piroxicam. Definitions: Peripheral edema defined as following: Swelling due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in the upper or lower extremities.. Hematologic defined as following: Pertaining to or related to the blood and blood-forming organs.. TTR protein, human defined as following: Transthyretin (147 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human TTR protein, human gene. This protein is involved in both the binding and transport of retinol and thyroxine.. anastrozole defined as following: A nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of ESTROGEN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-positive Malignant neoplasm of breast in postmenopausal women.. Estrogen Receptors defined as following: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in Malignant neoplasm of breast patients has become clinically important.. Arthralgia defined as following: Pain in the joint.. Endometrial Neoplasms defined as following: Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.. Aortic Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. tamoxifen defined as following: One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.. fulvestrant defined as following: An estradiol derivative and Estrogen Receptors antagonist that is used for the treatment of Estrogen Receptors-positive, locally advanced or metastatic Malignant neoplasm of breast.. XCL1 wt Allele defined as following: Human XCL1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q23 and is approximately 5 kb in length. This allele, which encodes lymphotactin protein, is involved in lymphocyte trafficking and inflammatory processes.. leuprolide defined as following: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. Antiestrogen Therapy defined as following: Drug treatment to block the action of the female hormone estrogen.. goserelin defined as following: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic Malignant neoplasm of breast.. Erectile dysfunction defined as following: The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.. Vaginal Hemorrhage defined as following: Vaginal bleeding unrelated to normal menstruation.. Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome defined as following: A disorder of sexual development transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN) gene. Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Disturbance in mood defined as following: A change in disposition or state of mind.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Vaginal dryness defined as following: An uncomfortable feeling of itching and burning in the vaginal opening resulting from inadequate vaginal lubrication. It is commonly seen during and after menopause, childbirth, or stressful conditions. It results in painful intercourse.. exemestane defined as following: An irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor, with antiestrogen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, exemestane binds irreversibly to and inhibits the enzyme aromatase, thereby blocking the peripheral aromatization of androgens, including androstenedione and testosterone, to estrogens. This lowers estrogen levels in the blood circulation.. Musculoskeletal Diseases defined as following: Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.. Malignant neoplasm of endometrium defined as following: Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the endometrium (mucous membrane that lines the endometrial cavity).. Somnolence defined as following: Compelling urge to sleep.. Aromatase Inhibitors defined as following: Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.. letrozole defined as following: A triazole and benzonitrile derivative that is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, similar to ANASTROZOLE. It is used in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced Malignant neoplasm of breast in postmenopausal women.. Memory impairment defined as following: Deterioration in memory function.. Fracture defined as following: A traumatic injury to the bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.. Recombinant Gonadorelin defined as following: A synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) identical to or similar to the endogenous hormone. Synthesized in and secreted by the hypothalamus, gonadorelin binds to transmembrane LHRH receptors on pituitary gonadotrophic cells, thereby stimulating synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins. Continuous administration of gonadorelin desensitizes the gonadotrophic cells, a negative feedback effect. This agent can be used in treatment of hypothalamic amenorrhea and evaluation of hypothalamic/pituitary function.. Cerebrovascular defined as following: Relating to the brain and the blood vessels that supply it..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can PRL3-zumab inhibit PRL3+ cancer cells in vitro and in vivo?", "id": "converted_3584", "sentence1": "Can PTP4A3 wt Allele-zumab inhibit PTP4A3 wt Allele+ Tumor cells, malignant in vitro and in vivo?", "sentence2": "Here we show that PTP4A3 wt Allele-zumab specifically inhibits PTP4A3 wt Allele+ Tumor cells, malignant in vivo, but not in vitro.[SEP]Relations: malignant giant cell tumor has relations: disease_disease with cancer, disease_disease with cancer, disease_disease with giant cell tumor of soft tissue, disease_disease with giant cell tumor of soft tissue, disease_disease with giant cell tumor, disease_disease with giant cell tumor, disease_disease with malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, disease_disease with malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, disease_disease with malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone, disease_disease with malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone. Definitions: PTP4A3 wt Allele defined as following: Human PTP4A3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q24.3 and is approximately 40 kb in length. This allele, which encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3 protein, is involved in protein phosphatase activity, progression of the cell cycle and promotion of cell proliferation and cell motility. Aberrant expression of the gene is associated with tumor metastasis.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are there enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)?", "id": "converted_1340", "sentence1": "Are there enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)?", "sentence2": "active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription,  eRNAs may then facilitate enhancer-Promoter interaction or activate Promoter-driven transcription, Enhancer RNAs: a class of long noncoding RNAs synthesized at enhancers, Enhancer RNAs and regulated transcriptional programs, enhancers have been found to be broadly transcribed, resulting in the production of enhancer-derived RNAs, or eRNAs, The emerging roles of eRNAs in transcriptional regulatory networks, we found certain enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) regulate chromatin location location accessibility of the transcriptional machinery at loci encoding master regulators of myogenesis (i.e., MyoD/MyoG), thus suggesting their significance and site-specific impact in cellular programming, Enhancer RNAs: the new Molecule of transcription,  the discovery that distal regulatory elements known as enhancers are transcribed and such enhancer-derived transcripts (eRNAs) serve a critical function in transcriptional activation has added a new dimension to transcriptional regulation, eRNAs reach the Chest>Heart of transcription, Recent studies have disclosed the function of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), which are long non-coding RNAs transcribed from gene enhancer regions, in transcriptional regulation., Since the discovery that many transcriptional enhancers are transcribed into long noncoding RNAs termed \"enhancer RNAs\" (eRNAs), their putative role in enhancer function has been debated., Recent studies have revealed that active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)., Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) expressed from active enhancers, whose function and action mechanism are yet to be firmly established., In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)., In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). , A subset of enhancers are occupied by RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) and transcribed to produce long non-coding RNAs termed eRNAs. , Very recent evidence has indicted that some eRNAs play a role in initiating or activating transcription, possibly by helping recruit and/or stabilize binding of the general transcription machinery to the proximal Promoter of their target Genes. , In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). However, it has remained unclear whether these eRNAs are functional or merely a reflection of enhancer activation. , Notably, RNAPII at enhancers transcribes bi-directionally a novel class of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) within enhancer domains defined by the presence of Histone H3 monomethylated at lysine 4. The level of eRNA expression at neuronal enhancers positively correlates with the level of messenger RNA synthesis at nearby Genes, suggesting that eRNA synthesis occurs specifically at enhancers that are actively engaged in promoting mRNA synthesis., A function of 1-Chloro-3-bromopropene-1 at enhancers may be to recruit RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII), as we also observed activity-regulated RNAPII binding to thousands of enhancers. Notably, RNAPII at enhancers transcribes bi-directionally a novel class of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) within enhancer domains defined by the presence of Histone H3 monomethylated at lysine 4.,  Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) expressed from active enhancers, whose function and action mechanism are yet to be firmly established. Here we show that eRNAs facilitate the transition of paused RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) into productive elongation by acting as a decoy for the negative elongation factor (NELF) complex upon induction of immediate early Genes (IEGs) in Neurons., Recent studies have disclosed the function of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), which are long non-coding RNAs transcribed from gene enhancer regions, in transcriptional regulation., Recent studies have revealed that active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription., Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) expressed from active enhancers,, In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). However, it has remained unclear whether these eRNAs are functional or merely a reflection of enhancer activation.,  Recent studies have revealed that active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription.[SEP]Relations: mRNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_protein with EREG, bioprocess_protein with EREG, bioprocess_protein with HIPK3, bioprocess_protein with HIPK3, bioprocess_bioprocess with mRNA transcription by RNA Polymerase II, bioprocess_bioprocess with mRNA transcription by RNA Polymerase II, bioprocess_protein with HSF1, bioprocess_protein with HSF1. RNA localization to chromatin location has relations: bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU, bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU. Definitions: RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Histone H3 defined as following: Histone H3 is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin location. Repeating nucleosome units contain two Molecule each of Histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin location compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. mRNA transcription defined as following: The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. [GOC:jl]. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does PU.1 (SPI1) affect NF-kB binding?", "id": "converted_390", "sentence1": "Does SPI1 wt Allele (SPI1) affect NF-kappa B binding?", "sentence2": "Recent data demonstrate that developmental TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR like the macrophage fate-determining Pu.1 set the stage for the activity of ubiquitous TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR activated by inflammatory stimuli, like NF-kappa B, AP-1, and Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs)., Within 1217 bp of upstream sequence, 3 Site for NF-kappa B, 10 Site for NF-IL6, 15 Site for Transcription Factor AP-1, 6 Site for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, 2 Site for CHOP/CEBP alpha and 1 site for SP1 and SPI1 wt Allele were identified., As little as 82 bp of upstream sequence gave relatively strong luciferase activity, a Geographic Locations containing both a SPI1 wt Allele and NF-kappa B site., Potential Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, Transcription Factor AP-1, TFAP2A protein, human, AP3, NF-kappa B and QRSL1 gene recognition sequences, are located within 523 bp upstream of the p35 gene; however, no TATA Box was identified. The p40 subunit gene consists of eight Exons. A TATA Box is located 30 bp upstream from the transcription start site, and Transcription Factor AP-1, AP3, QRSL1 gene, and Pu.1 recognition sequences are located within 690 bp upstream of the IL9 wt Allele., Several putative binding sequences for ubiquitous (Spleen acupuncture point SP1, AP-1, TFAP2A wt Allele, and NF-kappa B) and leukocyte-specific (SPI1 wt Allele) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR have been identified in the proximal Geographic Locations of the CD11c promoter which may participate in the regulation of the expression of Integrin alphaXbeta2., SPI1 wt Allele is regulated by NF-kappaB through a novel Ligand Binding Domain in a 17 kb upstream enhancer element.[SEP]Relations: transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with SPI1, molfunc_protein with SPI1, molfunc_protein with SP1, molfunc_protein with SP1, molfunc_protein with TFDP1, molfunc_protein with TFDP1, molfunc_protein with NAB1, molfunc_protein with NAB1, molfunc_protein with ZFPM1, molfunc_protein with ZFPM1. Definitions: SPI1 wt Allele defined as following: The human SPI1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p11.2 and is approximately 24 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor SPI1 wt Allele protein, is involved in the activation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.. Interferon Regulatory Factors defined as following: A family of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that share an N-terminal HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF and bind INTERFERON-inducible promoters to control GENE expression. IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence.. TFAP2A protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor TFAP2A wt Allele-alpha (437 aa, ~48 kDa) is encoded by the human TFAP2A gene. This protein plays a role in both transcriptional regulation and lens vesicle morphogenesis.. Integrin alphaXbeta2 defined as following: A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by MONOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; NK CELLS; and some LYMPHOCYTES. The alpha subunit is the CD11C ANTIGEN, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 ANTIGEN.. IL9 wt Allele defined as following: Human IL9 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q31.1 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes interleukin-9 protein, is involved in hematopoiesis, proliferation stimulation, and apoptotic prevention.. Ligand Binding Domain defined as following: A Binding Site Domain is a Geographic Locations of protein that physically interacts stereospecifically, and usually at high affinity, with a specific ligand, substrate, or a specific domain of some complex target biomolecule, such as a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid. Typically, but not necessarily, the interaction results in protein conformational alteration and functional modification.. NF-kappa B defined as following: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.. Transcription Factor AP-1 defined as following: A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. TFAP2A wt Allele defined as following: Human TFAP2A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6p24 and is approximately 24 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor TFAP2A wt Allele alpha protein, plays a role in the modulation of inducible transcription.. TATA Box defined as following: A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.. Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional defined as following: Nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Site defined as following: A position in relation to its surroundings.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any protein that undergoes both mono-ubiquitination and poly-ubiquitination?", "id": "converted_1599", "sentence1": "Is there any Protein Info that undergoes both mono-ubiquitination and poly-ubiquitination?", "sentence2": "The yeast G Protein Info alpha subunit CGA gene represents a rare example of a Protein Info that undergoes both mono- and poly-ubiquitination. , Expression of GTF2H3 gene promotes PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human Phosphohydrolase, human poly-ubiquitination, leading to PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human Phosphohydrolase, human Protein Info degradation, whereas GTF2H3 gene knockdown results in PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human Phosphohydrolase, human mono-ubiquitination., These fingers possess E3 activities of mono-ubiquitination and poly-ubiquitination, respectively, with ubiquitin activity activity-conjugating enzyme (E2)-binding capabilities. , Instead of promoting poly-ubiquitination and degradation, we show that E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase SMURF2 actually induces multiple mono-ubiquitination of SMAD3 Protein Info, human in vivo., mono-ubiquitination of MHC2TA Protein Info, human dramatically increases its transactivity whereas poly-ubiquitination leads to MHC2TA Protein Info, human degradation., This leads to a model in which Lys134 of LDB2 wt Allele can be either mono-ubiquitinated, leading to stabilization, or poly-ubiquitinated, leading to degradation by the proteasome pathway. ,  mono-ubiquitination of MHC2TA Protein Info, human increases its transactivity, whereas poly-ubiquitination of MHC2TA Protein Info, human leads to its degradation, PSEN1 wt Allele ubiquitination after PI3K inhibition is represented by the multiple mono-ubiquitination, instead of poly-ubiquitination, Our observations support a novel functional relationship between PARK2 Protein Info, human and Hsc/Heat-Shock Proteins 70 and support the notion that PARK2 Protein Info, human is a multi-purpose E3 ubiquitin activity activity ligase capable of modifying Proteins either via attachment of alternatively linked poly-ubiquitin activity activity chains or through multiple mono-ubiquitination to achieve alternate biological outcomes, our results indicate that Heat-Shock Proteins 70 facilitates CHIP-mediated poly-ubiquitination of GARS1 wt Allele whereas it attenuates CHIP-meditated mono-ubiquitination of GARS1 wt Allele., Whereas poly-ubiquitination targets Protein Info substrates for proteasomal degradation, mono-ubiquitination is known to regulate Protein Info trafficking in the endosomal system and to target cargo Proteins for lysosomal degradation., Our results suggest that oxidative stress induces not only poly-ubiquitination but also mono-ubiquitination of Lactic acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5, which may be involved in its lysosomal degradation during unloading., wild type SMAD4 Protein Info, human is a relatively stable Protein Info that undergoes mono- or oligo-ubiquitination, a ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification not linked to Protein Info degradation, These data suggest that oligo-ubiquitination positively regulates SMAD4 Protein Info, human function, whereas poly-ubiquitination primarily occurs in unstable Primary malignant neoplasm Mutant and leads to Protein Info degradation., We found that TRIM21 gene was strongly conjugated by a single molecule of ubiquitin activity activity in Cells. Although the biological relevance of this mono-ubiquitination was not defined, the function of TRIM21 gene might be modified by the mono-ubiquitination. We also found that TRIM21 gene was conjugated with poly-ubiquitin activity activity chain in Cells (poly-ubiquitination)[SEP]Relations: E3 ubiquitin activity ligases ubiquitinate target Proteins has relations: pathway_protein with WAC, pathway_protein with WAC, pathway_protein with UBA52, pathway_protein with UBA52, pathway_protein with PAF1, pathway_protein with PAF1, pathway_protein with PEX2, pathway_protein with PEX2, pathway_protein with H2BC6, pathway_protein with H2BC6. Definitions: TRIM21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the modulation of Protein Info ubiquitination.. Lactic acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 defined as following: A member of the LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES isozyme family, Lactate Dehydrogenase 5 is localized to liver and skeletal muscle Cells where its expression increases in liver disease and striated muscle trauma respectively.. CGA gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in Protein Info hormone signaling.. MHC2TA Protein Info, human defined as following: MHC class II transactivator (1130 aa, ~123 kDa) is encoded by the human MHC2TA Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the expression of HLA class II genes.. SMAD3 Protein Info, human defined as following: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (425 aa, ~48 kDa) is encoded by the human SMAD3 gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the modulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-mediated signaling and gene expression.. PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human defined as following: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity Protein Info phosphatase PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human (403 aa, ~47 kDa) is encoded by the human PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in signaling and as both a dual-specificity phosphoprotein phosphatase and a lipid phosphatase.. PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human Protein Info defined as following: A lipid phosphatase that contains a C2 DOMAIN and acts on phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate to regulate various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. It modulates CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL MIGRATION; and APOPTOSIS. Mutations in PTEN Phosphohydrolase, human are associated with COWDEN DISEASE and PROTEUS SYNDROME as well as NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase SMURF2 defined as following: E3 ubiquitin activity-Protein Info ligase SMURF2 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human SMURF2 gene. This Protein Info is involved in the modulation of SMAD/TGF-beta receptor complex degradation.. SMAD4 Protein Info, human defined as following: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (552 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the human SMAD4 gene. This Protein Info is involved in cytokine signaling and transcription factor activity.. LDB2 wt Allele defined as following: Human LDB2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4p16 and is approximately 397 kb in length. This allele, which encodes LIM domain-binding Protein Info 2, plays a role in the modulation of gene transcription.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Heat-Shock Proteins 70 defined as following: A family of structurally related Proteins that are involved in both Protein Info folding and cellular stress responses. The members of this family are approximately 70 kDa.. PARK2 protein, human defined as following: E3 ubiquitin activity-Protein Info ligase PARK2 protein, human (465 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human PRKN gene. This Protein Info may play a role in the ubiquitination of Proteins targeted for proteasomal degradation.. GTF2H3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both transcription and repair of DNA.. GARS1 wt Allele defined as following: Human GARS1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 7p14.3 and is approximately 39 kb in length. This allele, which encodes glycine-tRNA ligase Protein Info, is involved in the synthesis of glycyl-tRNA. Mutation of the gene is associated with type 2D Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy, type Va.. ResponseLevel - modification defined as following: <p>Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion</p>. PSEN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PSEN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 14q24.3 and is approximately 87 kb in length. This allele, which encodes presenilin-1 Protein Info, is involved in the modulation of proteolytic processing. Mutation of the gene is associated with early-onset Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can siRNA affect response to afatinib treatment?", "id": "converted_1523", "sentence1": "Can siRNA affect response to afatinib treatment?", "sentence2": "On the other hand, miR-146a enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation by drugs targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, including both TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) and a monoclonal antibody CAL CAL (cetuximab), These effects were independent of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Abnormality status (Wildtype Finding, sensitizing Mutation Abnormality or resistance Mutation Abnormality), but were less potent compared to the effects of siRNA targeting of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Among the anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor agents tested, the strongest biological effect was observed when afatinib was combined with T790M-specific-siRNAs, The combination of a potent, irreversible kinase inhibitor such as afatinib, with T790M-specific-siRNAs should be further investigated as a new strategy in the treatment of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung containing the resistant T790M Mutation Abnormality., The strongest biological effect was observed when afatinib was combined with an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-specific siRNA, The addition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor siRNA to either TKIs or cetuximab additively enhanced growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in all five Cultured Cell Line, independent of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Abnormality status (wild-type or sensitizing Mutation Abnormality or resistant Mutation Abnormality)., The combination of a potent, irreversible kinase inhibitor such as afatinib, with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-specific siRNAs should be further investigated as a new strategy in the treatment of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung and other Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor dependent Malignant Neoplasms, including those with downstream resistance mutations.[SEP]Relations: Afatinib has relations: drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Sirolimus, drug_drug with Cannabidiol, drug_drug with Cannabidiol, drug_drug with Lapatinib, drug_drug with Lapatinib, drug_drug with Binimetinib, drug_drug with Binimetinib, drug_drug with Dovitinib, drug_drug with Dovitinib. Definitions: Wildtype Finding defined as following: A finding indicating that no genetic variations have been detected across the entire sequence of one or more genes.. afatinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable anilino-quinazoline derivative and inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB; Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) family, with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, afatinib selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptors 1 (ErbB1; Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), 2 (ErbB2; HER2), and 4 (ErbB4; HER4), and certain Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mutants, including those caused by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor exon 19 deletion mutations or exon 21 (L858R) mutations. This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis in tumor cells overexpressing these RTKs. Additionally, afatinib inhibits the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor T790M gatekeeper Mutation Abnormality which is resistant to treatment with first-generation Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor inhibitors. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, HER2 and HER4 are RTKs that belong to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor superfamily; they play major roles in both tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization and are overexpressed in many cancer cell types.. erlotinib defined as following: A quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic properties. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) tyrosine kinase, thereby reversibly inhibiting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor phosphorylation and blocking the signal transduction events and tumorigenic effects associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor activation.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. cetuximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody CAL that functions as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT through its binding to the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. gefitinib defined as following: A selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) that is used for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. monoclonal antibody CAL defined as following: A humanized monoclonal antibody CAL directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other Malignant Neoplasms, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can cognitive behavioral therapy improve fatigue in cancer patients?", "id": "converted_1333", "sentence1": "Can cognitive behavioral therapy improve Fatigue in cancer patients?", "sentence2": "Physical activity, educational interventions, and cognitive-behavioral therapy have the most supportive data and can be recommended to patients with confidence. , For women undergoing radiotherapy (3 RCTs), hypnosis combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy improved distress and Fatigue., Patients in the CBT group reported a significantly larger decrease in Fatigue scores than patients in the waiting list group., However, relative to VCBT-I, PCBT-I was associated with significantly greater improvements of Insomnia homeopathic medication severity, early morning awakenings, Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression, Fatigue, and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. , Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia may also improve mood, Fatigue, and overall quality of life, and can be successfully delivered through a variety of treatment modalities, making it possible to reach a broader range of patients who may not have access to more traditional programs. , No group differences in improvement were noted relative to QOL, Fatigue, or mood. , In case of persistent Fatigue, personalized cognitive behavioral therapy can be considered., ONCLUSION: The results support CBTH as an evidence-based intervention to control Fatigue in patients undergoing radiotherapy for Malignant neoplasm of breast. , Severe Fatigue after cancer treatment can be treated effectively with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but it is unclear whether CBT has an effect on cognitive functioning., CONCLUSION: CBT for post-cancer Fatigue has already been shown to be an effective therapy. , Frequently reported side effects include cancer-related Fatigue, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, and psychological distress. Exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions have counteracted such adverse effects in other cancer populations. , There is evidence from methodologically rigorous controlled trials that exercise, psycho-educational interventions, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for Insomnia homeopathic medication are effective in the treatment of corticotropin-releasing hormone, and a wide range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions has shown initial promise in single-arm pilot studies with small, heterogeneous samples. , CONCLUSIONS: Physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy and physical training alone had significant and beneficial effects on Fatigue compared with no intervention. Physical training was equally effective as or more effective than physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing cancer-related Fatigue, suggesting that cognitive-behavioral therapy did not have additional beneficial effects beyond the benefits of physical training., RESULTS: Imagery/hypnosis and CBT/CST interventions have produced improvement in all the three cancer-related symptoms individually: Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, Fatigue, and Sleep Disorders., RESULTS: Multilevel modeling indicated that for weekly FACIT Fatigue data, there was a significant effect of the CBTH intervention on the rate of change in Fatigue (p < .05), such that on average, CBTH participants' Fatigue did not increase over the course of treatment, whereas control group participants' Fatigue increased linearly., ONCLUSION: The results suggest that CBTH is an effective means for controlling and potentially preventing Fatigue in Malignant neoplasm of breast radiotherapy patients., Results were consistent with the view that CBTH was effective in managing Fatigue and skin discomfort, and increasing relaxation., RESULTS: Participants in the Internet group showed significant improvements at post-assessment compared with those in the control group in overall Insomnia homeopathic medication severity (F(1,26) = 22.8; p<0.001), sleep efficiency (F(1,24) = 11.45; P = 0.002), sleep onset latency (F(1,24) = 5.18; P = 0.03), soundness of sleep (F(1,24) = 9.34; P = 0.005), restored feeling upon awakening (F(1,24) = 11.95; P = 0.002), and general Fatigue (F(1,26) = 13.88; P = 0.001). , Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) has alleviated Fatigue and improved QOL of cancer patients; however, little is known about the effects of nurse-led CBT on Malignant neoplasm of breast patients undergoing radiotherapy., Physical training was equally effective as or more effective than physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing cancer-related Fatigue, suggesting that cognitive-behavioral therapy did not have additional beneficial effects beyond the benefits of physical training., Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) has alleviated Fatigue and improved QOL of cancer patients; however, little is known about the effects of nurse-led CBT on Malignant neoplasm of breast patients undergoing radiotherapy., Physical training was equally effective as or more effective than physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing cancer-related Fatigue, suggesting that cognitive-behavioral therapy did not have additional beneficial effects beyond the benefits of physical training., The positive effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents with chronic Fatigue syndrome are sustained after cognitive behavioral therapy[SEP]Relations: Fatigue has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Cognitive Fatigue, phenotype_phenotype with Cognitive Fatigue, drug_effect with Nevirapine, drug_effect with Nevirapine, drug_effect with Parathyroid hormone, drug_effect with Parathyroid hormone, drug_effect with Mitomycin, drug_effect with Mitomycin, drug_effect with Betahistine, drug_effect with Betahistine. Definitions: Peripheral Nervous System Diseases defined as following: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia defined as following: A structured program that helps the patient identify and replace thoughts and behaviors that cause or worsen sleep problems with habits that promote sound sleep. Techniques include stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, sleep environment improvement, relaxation training, remaining passively awake, and biofeedback.. Sleep Disorders defined as following: Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by Insomnia homeopathic medication or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187). corticotropin-releasing hormone defined as following: A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. chronic Fatigue syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent Fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9). cancer defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any role of Dlx1 and Dlx2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons?", "id": "converted_2487", "sentence1": "Is there any role of Homeobox Protein DLX-1 and Dlx2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons?", "sentence2": "The postnatal functions of the Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 transcription factors in cortical interneurons (CINs) are unknown. Here, using conditional Homeobox Protein DLX-1, Dlx2, and Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 knockouts (CKOs), we defined their roles in specific CINs. The CKOs had dendritic, synaptic, and survival defects, affecting even PV+ CINs. We provide evidence that DLX2 gene gene directly drives glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human, GAD2 gene, and SLC32A1 gene expression, and show that Mutant had reduced mIPSC amplitude. In addition, the Mutant formed fewer GABAergic synapses on excitatory neurons and had reduced mIPSC frequency. Furthermore, Homeobox Protein DLX-1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input. We provide evidence that some of these phenotypes were due to reduced expression of GRIN2B gene gene (a subunit of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors), a high confidence Autism gene. Thus, Homeobox Protein DLX-1&2 coordinate key components of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival., Furthermore, Homeobox Protein DLX-1/2 CKO had hypoplastic dendrites, fewer excitatory synapses, and reduced excitatory input.[SEP]Relations: GAD2 has relations: pathway_protein with MECP2 regulates transcription of genes involved in GABA signaling, pathway_protein with MECP2 regulates transcription of genes involved in GABA signaling, protein_protein with CPLX4, protein_protein with CPLX4, protein_protein with RHEX, protein_protein with RHEX, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. SLC32A1 has relations: anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anatomy_protein_present with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Definitions: GRIN2B gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both neurotransmitter binding and ion transport.. glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa), human defined as following: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (594 aa, ~67 kDa) is encoded by the human GAD1 gene. This protein is involved in the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid.. Homeobox Protein DLX-1 defined as following: Homeobox protein DLX-1 (255 aa, ~27 kDa) is encoded by the human DLX1 gene. This protein may be involved in the development of the brain, skull and face.. GAD2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid.. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors defined as following: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia defined as following: Squamous or glandular intraepithelial neoplasia that affects the cervical mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of stromal invasion. According to the degree of cellular atypia and the associated architectural changes, it is classified as low or high grade.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can non ubiquitinated Tomm20 promote mitophagy?", "id": "converted_2618", "sentence1": "Can non ubiquitinated Tomm20 promote mitophagy?", "sentence2": " A total of 338 new targets were identified and from these we validated NEK3 gene (Gsk3β), which can phosphorylate α-synuclein, and Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (Tomm20), a mitochondrial Translocase that, when ubiquitinated, promotes mitophagy, as SCFFbxo7substrates both in vitro and in vivo Ubiquitin chain restriction analyses revealed that FBXO7 gene modified Gsk3β using K63 linkages. [SEP]Relations: NEK3 has relations: anatomy_protein_present with substantia nigra, anatomy_protein_present with substantia nigra, anatomy_protein_present with esophagus, anatomy_protein_present with esophagus, protein_protein with YWHAZ, protein_protein with YWHAZ, protein_protein with MIS18BP1, protein_protein with MIS18BP1, bioprocess_protein with mitotic cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with mitotic cell cycle. Definitions: NEK3 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in neuronal morphogenesis.. Translocase defined as following: A class of enzymes that catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across or within membranes..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is the process of DNA loop-extrusion independent of ATP?", "id": "converted_4038", "sentence1": "Is the process of Chromatin Loop-extrusion independent of ATP?", "sentence2": "The DNA-organizing mechanism of condensin complexes complexes depends on the energy of ATP Hydrolysis but how this activity specifically promotes proper compaction and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis remains poorly understood., We suggest that loading and translocation are mediated by conformational changes in cohesins's hinge driven by cycles of ATP Hydrolysis., Using ultra-deep Hi-C, we show that loop domains form by a process that requires cohesins ATPases., Strikingly, without ATP, we observe the emergence of hundreds of CTGF protein, human-independent loops that link regulatory DNA. , Each aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen emerges from multiple loops dynamically formed through extrusion, contrary to typical illustrations of single static loops. , However, the model requires a motor to generate the loops, and although cohesins is a strong candidate for the extruding factor, a suitable Motor protein (or a motor activity in cohesins itself) has yet to be found. Here we explore a new hypothesis: that there is no motor, and thermal motion within the nucleus drives extrusion., We observed that a single condensin complexes complexes complex is able to extrude tens of kilobase pairs of DNA at a force-dependent speed of up to 1500 base pairs per second, using the energy of adenosine triphosphate Hydrolysis, Our model explains what can be the driving force of chromatin loop extrusion and how it can be ensured that loops grow quickly and in a good direction. In addition, the supercoiling-driven loop extrusion mechanism is consistent with earlier explanations proposing why Tietz syndrome flanked by convergent CTGF protein, human Binding Sites form more stable chromatin loops than Tietz syndrome flanked by divergent CTGF protein, human Binding Sites., Oligomerization and ATP stimulate condensin complexes complexes-mediated DNA compaction., Strikingly, without ATP, we observe the emergence of hundreds of CTGF protein, human-independent loops that link regulatory DNA., DNA compaction by cohesins requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Hydrolysis and is force sensitive., The identification and quantification of further initiation steps--ATP binding and extrusion of an initial Chromatin Loop--allowed us to deduce a complete kinetic reinitiation scheme., In support of this model, single-molecule imaging experiments indicate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae condensin complexes complexes complexes can extrude DNA loops in an ATP-Hydrolysis-dependent manner in vitro., These structures depend on cohesins, a ring-shaped DNA-entrapping adenosine triphosphatase (Adenosine Triphosphatases) complex that has been proposed to form loops by extrusion., Loop formation and maintenance depend on cohesins's Adenosine Triphosphatases activity and on NIPBL-MAU2, but not on topological entrapment of DNA by cohesins.[SEP]Relations: Adenosine phosphate has relations: drug_protein with PRKAG2, drug_protein with PRKAG2, drug_protein with PRKAG2, drug_protein with PRKAG2, drug_protein with PRKAG3, drug_protein with PRKAG3, drug_protein with PRKAG3, drug_protein with PRKAG3, drug_protein with PRKAG1, drug_protein with PRKAG1. Definitions: Adenosine Triphosphatases defined as following: A group of enzymes which catalyze the Hydrolysis of ATP. The Hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.. CTGF protein, human defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the human CCN2 gene. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. adenosine triphosphate defined as following: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.. Hydrolysis defined as following: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.. Chromatin Loop defined as following: A higher order chromatin structure above the level of the chromatin fiber. The organization of chromatin into loops permits the partitioning of chromatin into topologically independent domains, and is thought to facilitate its compartmentation into functionally independent regions.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. Tietz syndrome defined as following: Tietz syndrome is a genetic hypopigmentation and deafness syndrome characterized by congenital profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and generalized albino-like hypopigmentation of skin, eyes and hair.. ATP defined as following: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is ACI-35 a passive vaccine?", "id": "converted_2327", "sentence1": "Is ACI-35 a passive vaccine?", "sentence2": "Two active vaccines targeting either nonphosphorylated (AAD-vac1) and phosphorylated tau (ACI-35) have entered Phase I testing.[SEP]", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is KAT2A involved in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?", "id": "converted_3377", "sentence1": "Is KAT2A involved in RUNX1 gene (Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute)?", "sentence2": "RUNX1 gene (Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis, for which mainstream treatments have not changed for decades. To identify additional therapeutic targets in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute, we optimize a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening platform and use it to identify Genetic vulnerabilities in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute cells. We identify 492 Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute-specific cell-essential Genes, including several established therapeutic targets such as Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase H3 Lysine-79 Specific, Human, BCL2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, and many other Genes including clinically actionable candidates. We validate selected Genes using Genetic and pharmacological inhibition, and chose KAT2A as a candidate for downstream study. KAT2A inhibition demonstrated anti-Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute activity by inducing myeloid differentiation and apoptosis, and suppressed the growth of primary Homo sapiens AMLs of diverse Genotype while sparing normal hemopoietic stem-progenitor cells. Our results propose that KAT2A inhibition should be investigated as a therapeutic strategy in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute and provide a large number of Genetic vulnerabilities of this leukemia that can be pursued in downstream studies., Our results propose that KAT2A inhibition should be investigated as a therapeutic strategy in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute and provide a large number of Genetic vulnerabilities of this leukemia that can be pursued in downstream studies., KAT2A inhibition demonstrated anti-Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute activity by inducing myeloid differentiation and apoptosis, and suppressed the growth of primary Homo sapiens AMLs of diverse Genotype while sparing normal hemopoietic stem-progenitor cells., Our results propose that KAT2A inhibition should be investigated as a therapeutic strategy in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute and provide a large number of Genetic vulnerabilities of this leukemia that can be pursued in downstream studies., KAT2A inhibition demonstrated anti-Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute activity by inducing myeloid differentiation and apoptosis, and suppressed the growth of primary Homo sapiens AMLs of diverse Genotype while sparing normal hemopoietic stem-progenitor cells.[SEP]Relations: acute promyelocytic leukemia has relations: disease_protein with GLI2, disease_protein with GLI2, disease_protein with PML, disease_protein with PML, disease_protein with IDH2, disease_protein with IDH2, disease_protein with ITGB2, disease_protein with ITGB2, disease_protein with AKT1, disease_protein with AKT1. Definitions: leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). BCL2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (239 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens BCL2 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in cellular survival.. Genotype defined as following: The Genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase H3 Lysine-79 Specific, Human defined as following: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific (1379 aa, ~185 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase H3 Lysine-79 Specific, Human gene. This soluble, nuclear protein may play a role in activating or repressing transcription by RNA polymerase II.. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. RUNX1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and cytogenetic aberrations are associated with several leukemias.. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 defined as following: A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through Genes in sperm and egg cells.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is it safe to use Abatacept during pregnancy?", "id": "converted_961", "sentence1": "Is it safe to use Abatacept during pregnancy?", "sentence2": "These patients were exposed to rituximab (Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody) or abatacept (Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 CTLA4Ig) during the first trimester of their pregnancies. No significant adverse effects or complications were observed during the pregnancies, and all three patients delivered healthy newborns. , Despite these favorable outcomes, the use of these two biological agents must follow international recommendations. Their use is not currently allowed during pregnancy except in cases where the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the Fetus in fetu, PREGNANCY:                          azathioprine, chloroquine, cyclosporine, prednisolone, sulfasalazine, ASSAY FOR TACROLIMUS and cyclophosphamide (only after the second trimester) may be administered during pregnancy. Biologics should be avoided unless there is a treatment need in cases of uncontrolled disease activity., As such, it is recommended that abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab be withheld prior to pregnancy; however, tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and anakinra may be continued until conception. , Case reports on abatacept, tocilizumab or anakinra in pregnancy are not conclusive., The very limited experience with abatacept, tocilizumab or anakinra in pregnancy allows no statement as to their compatibility with pregnancy. At present use of biological agents throughout pregnancy cannot be recommended., Drugs recommended to be stopped before pregnancy include methotrexate and leflunomide, plus the biologics: anti-TNF agents, rituximab and abatacept., Whereas methotrexate, leflunomide, abatacept and rituximab must be withdrawn before a planned pregnancy, Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Bisphosphonate drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization can be continued until conception., Pregnancy experience with abatacept and rituximab is still too limited to prove their safety for the developing Fetus in fetu. They must be withdrawn before a planned pregnancy., Prophylactic withdrawal of drugs before pregnancy is mandatory for abatacept, rituximab, LEF and fluorouracil/methotrexate/mitoxantrone protocol. [SEP]Relations: Abatacept has relations: drug_drug with Belatacept, drug_drug with Belatacept, drug_drug with Tranilast, drug_drug with Tranilast, drug_drug with Benzphetamine, drug_drug with Benzphetamine, drug_drug with Decitabine, drug_drug with Decitabine, drug_drug with Asenapine, drug_drug with Asenapine. Definitions: anakinra defined as following: A synthetic form of native human IL-1Ra that has an additional methionine residue at its amino terminus.. Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody defined as following: Any monoclonal antibody that targets CD20.. Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors defined as following: Compounds or agents that bind to and inhibit the synthesis or activity of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-alpha. Such agents are used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases and other inflammatory diseases.. chloroquine defined as following: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. leflunomide defined as following: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. cyclosporine defined as following: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).. fluorouracil/methotrexate/mitoxantrone protocol defined as following: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of fluorouracil, methotrexate, and mitoxantrone that may be used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.. cyclophosphamide defined as following: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.. Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 defined as following: Tumor suppressor candidate 2 (110 aa, ~12 kDa) is encoded by the human TUSC2 gene. This protein is involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression.. azathioprine defined as following: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). prednisolone defined as following: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. sulfasalazine defined as following: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). Abatacept defined as following: A soluble Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does ghrelin play a role in ischemic stroke?", "id": "converted_1669", "sentence1": "Does ghrelin play a role in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident?", "sentence2": "Recent evidence suggests that ghrelin may also be neuroprotective after injury in animal models of Cerebral Infarction., Overall, these experiments point to a neurodegenerative but antiapoptotic effect of endogenous ghrelin in this model of global ischemia, highlighting that further research is essential before we can apply ghrelin treatments to neurodegenerative insults in the clinic.,  The serum ghrelin level was higher in the MCAO group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). , Our results showed that higher level of serum ghrelin decreased Gastrointestinal Motility and damage to the intestinal mucosa existed in Rattus norvegicus with MCAO., leptin, Adiponectin and ghrelin, new potential mediators of ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., RESULTS: Significantly higher levels of leptin and lower levels of Adiponectin and ghrelin were confirmed in the Cerebrovascular accident group., Lenomorelin levels correlated mildly with triglyceride levels, and were dominant in men with cardioembolic Cerebrovascular accident., CONCLUSIONS: Adipokines and ghrelin play an important role in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, but their function in Cerebrovascular accident subtypes seems to be different and sex influenced., Lenomorelin suppresses Inflammation and Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I in focal Cerebral Infarction via the vagus nerve., Compared with vehicle treatment, human ghrelin treatment in vagus nerve-intact Rattus norvegicus after MCAO showed marked reduction in neurological deficit by 57% and infarct size by 25%. , Human ghrelin treatment in vagus nerve-intact Rattus norvegicus significantly decreased the above measurements. Human ghrelin treatment also improved 7-day survival and significantly decreased neurological deficit over the entire 7 days after MCAO in vagus nerve-intact Rattus norvegicus compared with vehicle. , Human ghrelin is thus a neuroprotective agent that inhibits Inflammation, NOS1 wt Allele activity, and apoptosis in focal Cerebral Infarction through a vagal pathway., Lenomorelin is known to promote neuronal defense and survival against ischemic injury by inhibiting apoptotic processes. , Our data indicate that ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl, as well as ghrelin, protect cortical Neurons against ischemic injury through the inhibition of F2RL3 protein, human expression and apoptotic molecules in mitochondrial pathway., In conclusion, it is considered that ghrelin as well as S-100B can be a useful marker for the prediction of stoke after CPB. , Adipokines and ghrelin play an important role in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, but their function in Cerebrovascular accident subtypes seems to be different and sex influenced., In this review we discuss pre-clinical evidence suggesting ghrelin may be a useful therapeutic in protecting the Head>Brain against injury after ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., Both ghrelin and ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl protected cortical Neurons from ischemic injury., Our data indicate that ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl, as well as ghrelin, protect cortical Neurons against ischemic injury through the inhibition of F2RL3 protein, human expression and apoptotic molecules in mitochondrial pathway., Adipokines and ghrelin play an important role in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, but their function in Cerebrovascular accident subtypes seems to be different and sex influenced., In this review we discuss pre-clinical evidence suggesting ghrelin may be a useful therapeutic in protecting the Head>Brain against injury after ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, Human ghrelin is thus a neuroprotective agent that inhibits Inflammation, NOS1 wt Allele activity, and apoptosis in focal Cerebral Infarction through a vagal pathway, Both ghrelin and ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl protected cortical Neurons from ischemic injury, Overall, these experiments point to a neurodegenerative but antiapoptotic effect of endogenous ghrelin in this model of global ischemia, highlighting that further research is essential before we can apply ghrelin treatments to neurodegenerative insults in the clinic, In the present study, we investigated the role of PAWR protein, human (F2RL3 protein, human), a proapoptotic gene the expression of which is increased after ischemic injury, in ghrelin-mediated neuroprotection during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), Adipokines and ghrelin play an important role in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, but their function in Cerebrovascular accident subtypes seems to be different and sex influenced[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Cefazolin, drug_drug with Cefazolin, drug_drug with Cefazolin, drug_drug with Cefazolin, drug_drug with Nomegestrol, drug_drug with Nomegestrol, drug_drug with Nomegestrol, drug_drug with Nomegestrol, drug_drug with Zimelidine, drug_drug with Zimelidine. Definitions: leptin defined as following: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.. Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I defined as following: A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.. NOS1 wt Allele defined as following: Human NOS1 wild-type allele is located within 12q24.2-q24.31 and is approximately 151 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nitric-oxide synthase, Head>Brain protein, is involved in nitric oxide biosynthesis from L-arginine and molecular oxygen. Certain allelic variants of the NOS1 gene are associated with susceptibility to either infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis or Parkinson's disease.. F2RL3 protein, human defined as following: Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (385 aa, ~41 kDa) is encoded by the human F2RL3 gene. This protein plays a role in both the mediation of receptor signaling and the promotion of platelet activation.. Cerebral Infarction defined as following: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).. Adiponectin defined as following: A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma Adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Gastrointestinal Motility defined as following: The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). PAWR protein, human defined as following: PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator protein (340 aa, ~37 kDa) is encoded by the human PAWR gene. This protein plays a role in both the positive regulation of apoptosis and transcriptional repression.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Adipokines defined as following: Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions.. ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of Head>Brain tissue..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does Estrogen lead to forkhead FoxA1 activation?", "id": "converted_3587", "sentence1": "Does Estrogen lead to forkhead FOXA1 gene protein, human activation?", "sentence2": "We showed that CTGF protein, human acts upstream of the \"pioneer\" factor FOXA1 gene gene in determining the genomic response to Estrogen [EPC]. , Almost all Endoplasmic Reticulum-chromatin location location interactions and gene expression changes depended on the presence of FOXA1 gene gene and FOXA1 gene gene influenced genome-wide chromatin location location accessibility, FOXA1 gene gene is a key determinant of Estrogen Receptors function and endocrine response., As such, FOXA1 gene gene is a major determinant of Estrogen [EPC]-Endoplasmic Reticulum activity and endocrine response in Malignant neoplasm of breast cells., Location analysis of Estrogen Receptor alpha target promoters reveals that FOXA1 gene gene defines a Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of the Estrogen [EPC] response., Furthermore, knockdown of FOXA1 gene gene protein, human expression blocks the association of Endoplasmic Reticulum with chromatin location location and Estrogen [EPC]-induced gene expression demonstrating the necessity of FOXA1 gene gene protein, human in mediating an Estrogen [EPC] response in Malignant neoplasm of breast cells., FOXA1 gene gene protein, human determines Estrogen Receptors action in Malignant neoplasm of breast progression, Given previous findings from Cultured Cell Line, FOXA1 gene gene protein, human appears to play a critical role in this reprogramming of Endoplasmic Reticulum binding., FOXA1 gene gene expression can independently predict chemosensitivity of Endoplasmic Reticulum-positive Malignant neoplasm of breast patients.,  FOXA1 gene gene expression could be a prognostic marker in Endoplasmic Reticulum-positive Malignant neoplasm of breast., The pioneer transcription factor FOXA1 gene gene protein, human plays an important role in Estrogen [EPC] signaling by opening closed chromatin location location and promoting recruitment of the Estrogen Receptors to its target regions in DNA,  The phosphomimetic FOXA1 gene gene protein, human promoted the activation of Estrogen [EPC] signaling, whereas the nonphosphorylatable FOXA1 gene gene protein, human suppressed its activation.[SEP]Relations: Estrogen Receptors activity has relations: molfunc_protein with GPER1, molfunc_protein with GPER1, molfunc_protein with GPER1, molfunc_protein with GPER1, molfunc_protein with ESR1, molfunc_protein with ESR1, molfunc_protein with ESR1, molfunc_protein with ESR1, molfunc_protein with ESR2, molfunc_protein with ESR2. Definitions: Estrogen Receptor alpha defined as following: One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.. CTGF protein, human defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the human CCN2 gene. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. FOXA1 gene protein, human defined as following: This gene plays a role in the modulation of gene expression.. Estrogen Receptors defined as following: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of Estrogen [EPC] receptors in Malignant neoplasm of breast patients has become clinically important.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Endoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. FOXA1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the modulation of gene expression.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Estrogen defined as following: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does a comet assay measure radiation induced mutations?", "id": "converted_4221", "sentence1": "Does a comet assay measure radiation induced mutations?", "sentence2": "Evaluation of primary DNA-damage is one way to identify potential genotoxic agents and for this purpose the Comet assay has, for the last decades, been used to monitor DNA single strand and double strand breaks in individual Cells, DNA strand-break frequency was examined by means of the comet assay i, . The comet assay (as this method was subsequently named) was able to measure, for the first time, the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic Cells in Mus sp. and Homo sapiens Neoplasms. It was used to determine that the rate of rejoining of DNA breaks was relatively homogenous within an irradiated population of Cells, The comet assay is frequently used to measure DNA damage in individual Cells. , Thus a complete repair of DNA damage induced by gamma-irradiation and measurable by the Comet assay was observed, whereas the yield of somatic mutations increased in relation to the radiation dose., xanthi) mutagenicity assay is the ability to analyze and compare on the same Plants under identical treatment conditions both the induced acute DNA damage in Diploid Cell as measured by the Comet assay and the yield of induced Concept Generality - Leaf somatic mutations., The present study reveals that gamma radiation induces single strand breaks in DNA as measured by alkaline comet assay in bivalves and comet assay serves as a sensitive and rapid method to detect genotoxicity of gamma radiation., The present study is aimed (a) to know the genotoxic effect of gamma radiation on aquatic fauna employing two species of selected bivalves, (b) to evaluate the possible use of 'Comet assay' for detecting genetic damage in haemocytes of bivalves as a biomarker for environmental biomonitoring and also (c) to compare the relative sensitivity of two species of bivalves viz., The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, more commonly known as the comet assay, due to the \"comet-like\" appearance of the Cells, was originally developed as a technique to measure the presence of DNA single-strand breaks., BACKGROUND: The neutral comet assay was devised to measure double-stranded DNA breaks, but it has also been used to measure apoptosis based on its characteristic DNA fragmentation patterns., 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gy) of gamma radiation and their genotoxic effects on the haemocytes were studied using the comet assay., PURPOSE: The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Comet assay, being a quick, simple, sensitive, reliable and fairly inexpensive method for measuring DNA strand breaks, has been used to assess DNA damage caused by gamma radiation in developmental stages of maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky., This paper attempts a correlation between the induction and repair of DNA damage measured in the comet assay and the clinical observed reaction in order to evaluate the suitability of the comet assay for prediction of radiation sensitivity., gle cell gel electrophoresis (e.g., Comet Assay) and immunofluoresence microscopy to detect the presence of Phosphorylated Histone H2AX foci, we find that Cr[VI] induces DNA double-strand breaks similar to ionizing radiation (IR). We also demo, ir of DNA damage induced by gamma-irradiation and measurable by the Comet assay was observed, whereas the yield of somatic mutations increased in relation to the radiation dose. Data on the kinetic, eased yield of somatic mutations was highly correlated (r = 0.996) with the increased DNA damage measured by the Comet assay immediately after irradiation. With inc, rther assess potential co-mutagenic effects of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol, we exposed A549 Homo sapiens lung Cells to doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol in combination with various Mutagens and measured the induction and removal of DNA damage by the comet assay and the production of chromosomal mutation by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN assay). The , DNA effects were analysed in Specimen Source Codes - Leukocytes using the alkaline Comet assay, Gene Mutation and Chromosome Aberrations were measured in Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes using the flow cytometric Pig-a gene mutation assay and the micronucleus test (applying both microscopic and flow cytometric evaluation), respectively., A wide variety of Mutagens have been shown to cause DNA alterations detectable with the comet assay, but it is not yet clear whether a relationship exists between the DNA effects and the induction of mutations., The transgenerational changes in mutation rates were attributed to the presence of a persistent subset of endogenous DNA lesions (double- and single-strand breaks), measured by the phosphorylated form of H2AX protein, Homo sapiens (Phosphorylated Histone H2AX) and alkaline Comet assays., The single-cell electrophoresis (comet) assay is an established method for measuring radiation-induced strand breaks in DNA., The COMET assay is recognized as a rapid and sensitive method in quantifying radiation induced DNA damage., The relationship between cellular radiosensitivity and radiation-induced DNA damage measured by the comet assay., Reliable Comet assay measurements for detecting DNA damage induced by ionising radiation and Chemicals., Radiation sensitivity of Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes from healthy individuals and Primary malignant neoplasm patients as measured by the comet assay., The comet assay is a potential tool for use in neutron therapy, as well as a method for the rapid screening of samples from individuals accidentally exposed to radiation., Induction and repair of DNA damage as measured by the Comet assay and the yield of somatic mutations in gamma-irradiated tobacco seedlings., The increased yield of somatic mutations was highly correlated (r = 0.996) with the increased DNA damage measured by the Comet assay immediately after irradiation., The alkaline version of single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay is widely used for evaluating DNA damage at the individual cell level., Induction (2 and 5 Gy) of gamma-ray-induced DNA damage and its repair (during 60 min after irradiation) was measured with the alkaline and neutral comet assay., The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE or Comet) assay appears to be a promising tool for measuring DNA damage at the individual cell level in both in vitro and in vivo studies., Considering our previous studies showing significant increases in the frequency of cytogenetic damage (when measured as Micronucleus - abnormality) in patients treated with relatively low doses of 131I, the results obtained in the present work by using the Comet assay could indicate that 1 week after the exposure most of the radioiodine-induced DNA lesions, that can be detected with this assay, have already been repaired., Hence, we are using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to detect Mus sp. mutants that display a genetic susceptibility to ionizing radiation., We have established the analysis parameters in the comet assay which are currently used to detect radiation-sensitive Mus sp. mutants and to control the variance within the Mus sp. population in the ENU screen., Comet assay as a tool to screen for Mus sp. models with inherited radiation sensitivity.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Azithromycin, drug_drug with Azithromycin, drug_drug with Triptolide, drug_drug with Triptolide, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Arsenic trioxide, drug_drug with Arsenic trioxide, drug_drug with Trastuzumab emtansine, drug_drug with Trastuzumab emtansine. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Chromosome Aberrations defined as following: Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.. H2AX protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Histone H2AX (143 aa, ~15 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens H2AX gene. This protein plays a role in nucleosome formation and V(D)J recombination.. Mutagens defined as following: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.. Micronucleus - abnormality defined as following: A toxicology screening result where proliferating Cells that are exposed to a genotoxic chemical produce some daughter Cells containing cytoplasmic bodies that are comprised of chromosomes or chromosome fragments, which were not sorted properly during mitosis or meiosis, and are bounded by a nuclear membrane.. Concept Generality - Leaf defined as following: <p>Include only the concept itself in the domain or value set. Do not include descendents of the concept.</p>. Phosphorylated Histone H2AX defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of variant H2AX protein, Homo sapiens where the serine residue at position 139 and/or the tyrosine residue at 142 is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of serine-139 may be a marker for DNA damage. While phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of tyrosine-142 appears to affect the recruitment of pro-apoptotic factors or DNA repair proteins, respectively.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Chemicals defined as following: A substance with a defined atomic or molecular structure that results from, or takes part in, reactions involving changes in its structure, composition, or properties.. Plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within Cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. mutations defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can the yeast protein Abf1 act as insulator?", "id": "converted_2370", "sentence1": "Can the yeast protein Abf1 act as insulator?", "sentence2": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rap1p and Abf1p proteins are endowed with a potent insulating capacity, Insulating domains in Rap1p coincide with previously described transcription activation domains, whereas four adjacent subdomains spanning the whole of the Abf1p C terminus (440-731) were found to display autonomous insulating capacity, That both Rap1p and Abf1p silencing domains either contain or largely overlap with an insulating domain suggests that insulation conveys some undefined chromosome organization capacity that also contributes a function in silencing. [SEP]", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the Philadelphia chromosome a fusion between parts of chromosomes 1 and 9?", "id": "converted_3193", "sentence1": "Is the Philadelphia Chromosome a fusion between parts of chromosomes 1 and 9?", "sentence2": " The Philadelphia Chromosome, t(9;22)(q34;q11), is present in 95% of Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic patients, resulting in constitutive tyrosine kinase activity; however, ~5% of Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic patients possess a Philadelphia variant. , Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic) is Chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by Philadelphia Chromosome which is a balanced translocation between Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 and 22 in 90% of cases., Philadelphia Chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia is a stem cell disease with the presence of Philadelphia Chromosome generated through reciprocal translocation of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 and 22. [SEP]Relations: Philadelphia-positive myelogenous leukemia has relations: disease_disease with myeloid leukemia, disease_disease with myeloid leukemia. atypical chronic myeloid leukemia has relations: disease_protein with SETBP1, disease_protein with SETBP1, disease_protein with ETNK1, disease_protein with ETNK1, disease_protein with CSF3R, disease_protein with CSF3R. Myeloproliferative disorder has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive, disease_phenotype_positive with chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive. Definitions: Philadelphia Chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia defined as following: Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.. Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic defined as following: chronic leukemia in which myeloid progenitor cells predominate; the hallmark of Myeloid Leukemia, Chronic, the Philadelphia Chromosome, is a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 which activates the proto- oncogene c-abl.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.. Chronic myeloproliferative disorder defined as following: A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008). Philadelphia Chromosome defined as following: An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).. chromosomes 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Philadelphia defined as following: City located in Pennsylvania..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Can gas vesicles be detected by ultrasound?", "id": "converted_2571", "sentence1": "Can gas vesicles be detected by ultrasound?", "sentence2": "Gas vesicles-genetically encoded protein nanostructures isolated from buoyant photosynthetic microbes-have recently been identified as nanoscale reporters for ultrasound., Here, we demonstrate that genetic engineering of gas vesicles results in nanostructures with new mechanical, acoustic, Surface, and functional properties to enable harmonic, multiplexed, and multimodal ultrasound imaging as well as cell-specific molecular targeting. [SEP]Relations: cell Surface has relations: cellcomp_protein with VASN, cellcomp_protein with VASN, cellcomp_protein with CTSZ, cellcomp_protein with CTSZ, cellcomp_protein with VWDE, cellcomp_protein with VWDE, cellcomp_protein with VEGFA, cellcomp_protein with VEGFA, cellcomp_protein with EPCAM, cellcomp_protein with EPCAM. Definitions: Surface defined as following: The extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the histidine-rich Ca-binding protein (HRC) interact with triadin?", "id": "converted_895", "sentence1": "Does the histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info (HRC) interact with TRDN gene?", "sentence2": "The HRC effects on Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location may be regulated by the cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-sensitivity of its interaction with TRDN gene., In rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract skeletal and Myocardium, HRC binds to Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) membranes via TRDN gene, a junctional SNCG wt Allele Protein Info. , HRC may play a key role in the regulation of SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol cycling through its direct interactions with Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2 and TRDN gene, mediating a fine cross talk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol uptake and release in the Chest>Heart., Histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) is located in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) that binds to both TRDN gene (TRN-GTT2-7 gene-GTT2-7 gene) and SERCA affecting cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) cycling in the SNCG wt Allele., HRC is a SNCG wt Allele luminal cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info known to associate with both TRDN gene and the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-ATPase, and may thus mediate the crosstalk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) uptake and release., The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info (HRC) is a high capacity cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) binding Protein Info in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele). Because HRC appears to interact directly with TRDN gene, HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release during excitation-contraction coupling., In the present study, we have performed co-immunoprecipitation experiments and show that HRC binds directly to TRDN gene, which is an integral membrane Protein Info of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum., A direct binding of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) to TRDN gene, the main Integral Membrane Proteins of the junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle, seems well supported., The present study documents the binding interaction of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) Integral Membrane Proteins TRDN gene with peripheral histidine-rich, cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info (HCP)., In addition, the intra-luminal histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) has been shown to interact with both SERCA2a and TRDN gene., Notably, there is physical and direct interaction between these Protein Info players, mediating a fine-cross talk between SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-uptake, storage and release., The histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-binding Protein Info (HRCBP) is expressed in the junctional SNCG wt Allele, the site of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release from the SNCG wt Allele. HRCBP is expressed exclusively in Muscle Tissue and binds CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS with low affinity and high capacity. In addition, HRCBP interacts with TRDN gene, a Protein Info associated with the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel and thought to be involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release. Its CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding properties, localization to the SNCG wt Allele, and interaction with TRDN gene suggest that HRCBP is involved in CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS handling by the SNCG wt Allele., Using a fusion Protein Info binding assay, we further identified the histidine-rich acidic repeats of HRC as responsible for the binding of HRC to TRDN gene. , The HRC binding domain of TRDN gene was also localized by fusion Protein Info binding assay to the lumenal region containing the KEKE motif that was previously shown to be involved in the binding of TRDN gene to CASQ2 gene. Notably, the interaction of HRC and TRDN gene is cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-sensitive. Our data suggest that HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum by interaction with TRDN gene., Further support for colocalization of HRC with TRDN gene Cytoplasmic Domain is provided here by experiments of mild tryptic digestion of tightly sealed TC vesicles., We demonstrate that HRC can be isolated as a complex with TRDN gene, following equilibrium sucrose-density centrifugation in the presence of mM cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)., Here, we characterized the COOH-terminal portion of rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract HRC, expressed and purified as a fusion Protein Info (HRC(569-852)), with respect to cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding properties, and to the interaction with TRDN gene on blots, as a function of the concentration of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)., Our results identify the polyglutamic stretch near the COOH terminus, as the cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding site responsible, both for the acceleration in mobility of HRC on SDS-PAGE in the presence of millimolar concentrations of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+), and for the enhancement by high cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) of the interaction between HRC and TRDN gene cytoplasmic segment., In addition to providing further evidence that HCP coenriches with Ryanodine Receptor 1, Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A, TRDN gene and CASQ2 gene (CS) in sucrose-density-purified TC vesicles, using specific polyclonal antibody, we show it to be expressed as a single Protein Info species, both in fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers, and to identically localize to the I-band., Colocalization of HCP and TRDN gene at junctional triads is supported by the overlapping staining pattern using Monoclonal Antibodies to TRDN gene. We show a specific binding interaction between digoxigenin-HCP and TRDN gene, using ligand blot techniques., Suggesting that TRDN gene dually interacts with HCP and with CS, at distinct sites, we have found that TRDN gene-CS interaction in overlays does not require the presence of Ca2+., These differential effects form the basis for the hypothesis that HCP anchors to the junctional membrane domain of the SNCG wt Allele, through binding to TRDN gene short Cytoplasmic Domain at the NH2 terminus., Although the function of this interaction, as such, is not well understood, it seems of potential biological interest within the more general context of the structural-functional role of TRDN gene at the triadic junction in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle., BACKGROUND: Histidine-rich CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS binding Protein Info (HRC) is located in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) that binds to both TRDN gene (TRN-GTT2-7 gene-GTT2-7 gene) and SERCA affecting cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) cycling in the SNCG wt Allele. Chronic overexpression of HRC that may disrupt Protoplasm cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) homeostasis is implicated in pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy., Interaction of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) and TRDN gene in the Units Of Measure - Units Of Measure - lumen of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum., The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel., The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, Because HRC appears to interact directly with TRDN gene, HRC may play a role in the regulation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+) release during excitation-contraction coupling, A direct binding of HRC (histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-binding Protein Info) to TRDN gene, the main Integral Membrane Proteins of the junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle, seems well supported, The histidine-rich cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding Protein Info (HRC) is an SNCG wt Allele component that binds to TRDN gene and may affect cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release through the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel[SEP]Relations: Protein Info binding has relations: molfunc_protein with HRC, molfunc_protein with HRC, molfunc_protein with HRK, molfunc_protein with HRK, molfunc_protein with HRAS, molfunc_protein with HRAS, molfunc_protein with HRG, molfunc_protein with HRG, molfunc_protein with CA3, molfunc_protein with CA3. Definitions: CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS defined as following: A dietary supplement containing the mineral CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location comprises a family of ryanodine receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. Cytoplasmic Domain defined as following: The part of a Integral Membrane Proteins which projects into the cytoplasm.. SNCG wt Allele defined as following: Human SNCG wild-type allele is located within10q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes gamma-synuclein Protein Info, plays a role in the modulation of axonal architecture and neurofilament integrity. This gene is highly expessed in advanced breast carcinomas, suggesting a correlation between SNCG overexpression and breast tumor development.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A defined as following: A 12-KDa tacrolimus binding Protein Info that is found associated with and may modulate the function of CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channels. It is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase which is inhibited by both tacrolimus (commonly called FK506) and SIROLIMUS.. Integral Membrane Proteins defined as following: A Protein Info that is an integral membrane Protein Info with a transmembrane region.. Units Of Measure - lumen defined as following: A SI derived unit of luminous flux. It is the amount of light that falls on a unit area at unit distance from a source of one candela.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS ions.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. fusion Protein Info defined as following: Tumor suppressor candidate 2 (110 aa, ~12 kDa) is encoded by the human TUSC2 gene. This Protein Info is involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol(2+)-ATPase defined as following: Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.. Cardiac Hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. integral membrane Protein Info defined as following: The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and Protein Info complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the use of bDMARDs during pregnancy impact neonatal development?", "id": "converted_3834", "sentence1": "Does the use of bDMARDs during pregnancy impact neonatal development?", "sentence2": "Exposure to bDMARDs during pregnancy does not seem to interfere with post-natal development up to infancy., Long-term follow-up data about newborns exposed to bDMARDs during pregnancy are however scarce. [SEP]", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there increased recombination rate in human regulatory domains?", "id": "converted_2279", "sentence1": "Is there increased recombination rate in Homo sapiens regulatory domains?", "sentence2": "Evidence of reduced recombination rate in Homo sapiens regulatory domains., We study the relationship between recombination rate and Genes regulatory domains, defined by a Genes and its linked control elements. We define these links using expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs), methylation Quantitative Trait Loci (meQTLs), chromatin conformation from publicly available datasets (Hi-C and ChIA-PET), and correlated activity links that we infer across cell types. Each link type shows a \"recombination rate valley\" of significantly reduced recombination rate compared to matched control regions. This recombination rate valley is most pronounced for Genes regulatory domains of early embryonic development genes, Genes, Housekeeping, and constitutive regulatory elements, which are known to show increased evolutionary constraint across species. Recombination rate valleys show increased DNA methylation, reduced doublestranded break initiation, and increased repair efficiency, specifically in the lineage leading to the Germ Line. Moreover, by using only the overlap of functional links and DNA methylation in Germ Cells, we are able to predict the recombination rate with high accuracy.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the existence of a recombination rate valley at regulatory domains and provide a potential molecular mechanism to interpret the interplay between Genetic and epigenetic variations.[SEP]Relations: Geneticin has relations: drug_drug with Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated, drug_drug with Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated, drug_drug with Antithrombin III Homo sapiens, drug_drug with Antithrombin III Homo sapiens, drug_drug with Botulinum Toxin Type B, drug_drug with Botulinum Toxin Type B, drug_drug with Certolizumab pegol, drug_drug with Certolizumab pegol, drug_drug with Tubocurarine, drug_drug with Tubocurarine. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Germ Cells defined as following: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Quantitative Trait Loci defined as following: Genetic loci associated with a quantitative trait.. Genes, Housekeeping defined as following: Constitutively and evenly expressed genes involved in routine cellular metabolisms.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does fibronectin constitute a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?", "id": "converted_1723", "sentence1": "Does Fibronectins constitute a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?", "sentence2": "FN1 gene is a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, There was a significant increase in Fibronectins levels in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients compared to age-matched controls. FN1 gene levels in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, BETHLEM MYOPATHY 2, or Myasthenia Gravis were comparable to control levels. Progressive elevation in Fibronectins levels was observed in longitudinal samples from 22 Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients followed up for a period of 6 months up to 4 years, This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients, FN1 gene is a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy., Progressive elevation in Fibronectins levels was observed in longitudinal samples from 22 Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients followed up for a period of 6 months up to 4 years.CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients., There was a significant increase in Fibronectins levels in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients compared to age-matched controls., Progressive elevation in Fibronectins levels was observed in longitudinal samples from 22 Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients followed up for a period of 6 months up to 4 years., This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients., Progressive elevation in Fibronectins levels was observed in longitudinal samples from 22 Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients followed up for a period of 6 months up to 4 years. This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients., This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients. © 2014 The Authors PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., There was a significant increase in Fibronectins levels in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients compared to age-matched controls. FN1 gene levels in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, BETHLEM MYOPATHY 2, or Myasthenia Gravis were comparable to control levels., FN1 gene levels in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, BETHLEM MYOPATHY 2, or Myasthenia Gravis were comparable to control levels. Progressive elevation in Fibronectins levels was observed in longitudinal samples from 22 Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients followed up for a period of 6 months up to 4 years., FN1 gene is a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy., This study suggests that serum Fibronectins levels may constitute a promising biomarker to monitor disease progression in Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne patients.[SEP]Relations: Duchenne muscular dystrophy has relations: contraindication with Isoflurane, contraindication with Isoflurane, contraindication with Enflurane, contraindication with Enflurane, disease_phenotype_positive with Elevated serum creatine kinase, disease_phenotype_positive with Elevated serum creatine kinase, disease_protein with TGFB1, disease_protein with TGFB1, contraindication with Desflurane, contraindication with Desflurane. Definitions: FN1 gene defined as following: FN1 gene (2386 aa, ~263 kDa) is encoded by the human FN1 gene. This protein is involved in cell adhesion- and migration-dependent processes including embryogenesis, wound healing, blood coagulation, host defense, and metastasis.. Myasthenia Gravis defined as following: A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.. Fibronectins defined as following: This gene is involved in several important cellular events such as cellular adhesion and migration processes.. Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne defined as following: An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415). Duchenne muscular dystrophy defined as following: An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are there methods for generating highly multiplexed ChIP-seq libraries?", "id": "converted_2004", "sentence1": "Are there methods for generating highly multiplexed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries?", "sentence2": "A method for generating highly multiplexed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries., The barcoding of next generation sequencing libraries has become an essential part of the experimental design. Barcoding not only allows the sequencing of more than one sample per lane, but also reduces technical bias. However, current barcoding strategies impose significant limitations and/or technical barriers in their implementation for ChIP-sequencing.FINDINGS: Converting Y-shaped sequencing adapters to DNA, Double-Stranded prior to Sepharose gel size selection reduces adapter dimer contamination and quantitating the number of cycles required for amplification of the library with qPCR prior to library amplification eliminates library over-amplification.CONCLUSIONS: We describe an efficient and cost effective method for making barcoded Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries for sequencing on the Illumina platform., A method for generating highly multiplexed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries, A method for generating highly multiplexed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries., We describe an efficient and cost effective method for making barcoded Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing libraries for sequencing on the Illumina platform..[SEP]Relations: heterochromatin organization involved in chromatin silencing has relations: bioprocess_protein with SMCHD1, bioprocess_protein with SMCHD1, bioprocess_bioprocess with heterochromatin organization, bioprocess_bioprocess with heterochromatin organization, bioprocess_bioprocess with heterochromatin maintenance, bioprocess_bioprocess with heterochromatin maintenance. double-stranded DNA binding has relations: molfunc_protein with CENPX, molfunc_protein with CENPX, molfunc_protein with APTX, molfunc_protein with APTX. Definitions: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing defined as following: A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can LB-100 sensitize ovarian carcinoma to cisplatin?", "id": "converted_3595", "sentence1": "Can LB-100 sensitize Malignant neoplasm of ovary to cisplatin?", "sentence2": "The protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor LB100 sensitizes Malignant neoplasm of ovary Cells to cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity., LB100 sensitized Malignant neoplasm of ovary lines to cisplatin-mediated cell death. , Our results suggest that LB100 sensitizes ovarian cancer Cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the DDR pathway and cell-cycle checkpoint abrogation.[SEP]Relations: Cisplatin has relations: drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Pancreatitis, drug_effect with Pancreatitis, drug_drug with SC-236, drug_drug with SC-236, drug_effect with Papilledema, drug_effect with Papilledema, drug_drug with SRP 299, drug_drug with SRP 299. Definitions: cisplatin defined as following: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.. Malignant neoplasm of ovary defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can mitochondria transfer from cell to cell?", "id": "converted_3240", "sentence1": "Can Mitochondria transfer from cell to cell?", "sentence2": "Interest in the recently discovered phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer between mammalian cells has gained momentum since it was first described in cell culture systems more than a decade ago., We show evidence that Mitochondria transfer from Jurkat Cells to cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity, which is mediated by cell adhesion, This process of Mitochondria transfer is mediated by tunneling nanotubes, which are protrusions that extend from the Cellular Membrane .[SEP]Relations: mitochondrion has relations: cellcomp_protein with TH, cellcomp_protein with TH, cellcomp_protein with CS, cellcomp_protein with CS, cellcomp_protein with NNT, cellcomp_protein with NNT, cellcomp_protein with HIBADH, cellcomp_protein with HIBADH, cellcomp_protein with CAT, cellcomp_protein with CAT. Definitions: Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Cellular Membrane defined as following: Any of the lipid bilayer membranes within a cell.. Jurkat Cells defined as following: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.. cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity defined as following: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:jl, PMID:22206667].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the Dictyostelium discoideum proteome known?", "id": "converted_271", "sentence1": "Is the Dictyostelium discoideum proteome known?", "sentence2": "The Negative Proteome Database (neodymium pyrocatechin disulfonate) is populated with pair-wise protein Sequence - ParameterizedDataType comparisons between each of the following proteomes: Homo sapiens, House mice, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae, Dictyostelium discoideum, Chlamydomonus reinhardti, Escherichia coli K12, Arabidopsis thaliana <plant> <plant> and Methanoscarcina acetivorans., The Dictyostelium discoideum proteome--the SWISS-2DPAGE database of the multicellular aggregate (slug)., Consequently, this genomic Sequence - ParameterizedDataType information can now be exploited to realize D. discoideum proteomics projects. , The Dictyostelium discoideum Genome - anatomical entity has been sequenced, assembled and annotated to a high degree of reliability. The parts-list of Proteins and RNA encoded by the six Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 can now be accessed and analyzed. , The 34 Mb Genome - anatomical entity of Dictyostelium discoideum is carried on 6 Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 and has been fully sequenced by an international consortium. The Sequence - ParameterizedDataType was assembled on the classical and physical maps that had been built up over the years and refined by HAPPY mapping. Annotation of the Sequence - ParameterizedDataType predicted about 12,000 Genes for Proteins of at least 50 Antifibrinolytic Antifibrinolytic amino acids in length., In this study, a quantitative comparative proteomics approach has been used to analyze the Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial proteome variations during vegetative growth, starvation and the early stages of development. , The secreted proteome profile of developing Dictyostelium discoideum cells., The present repertoire validates our purification method and paves the way for a future proteomics approach to study the dynamics of macropinocytosis., Proteomic analysis of a developmentally regulated Secretory Vesicles.[SEP]Relations: Secretory Vesicles has relations: cellcomp_protein with DYNLT1, cellcomp_protein with DYNLT1, cellcomp_protein with BICD1, cellcomp_protein with BICD1, cellcomp_protein with RAB3D, cellcomp_protein with RAB3D. anatomical entity has relations: anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart, anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart. escherichia coli infection has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections. Definitions: Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). House mice defined as following: The common mouse species, House mice.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1.. Caenorhabditis elegans defined as following: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.. Escherichia coli K12 defined as following: A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the K serogroup of ESCHERICHIA COLI. It lives as a harmless inhabitant of the human LARGE INTESTINE and is widely used in medical and GENETIC RESEARCH.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Secretory Vesicles defined as following: Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does radiotherapy for Hodgkin disease increases risk for lung cancer?", "id": "converted_3703", "sentence1": "Does radiotherapy for Hodgkin disease increases risk for Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung?", "sentence2": "Risks of Chest>Lung, Breast, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers increase with higher radiation dose. , CONCLUSIONS: RT treatment, especially with doses higher than 42 Gy, and Location characteristic ID - Smoking increase the risk of SN after Hodgkin Disease. In this series, LC patients with early stages had a shorter elapsed time from Hodgkin Disease diagnosis and longer OS, therefore the role of LC screening in Hodgkin Disease survivors should be prospectively evaluated and Location characteristic ID - Smoking cessation counseling ought to be a key aspect during follow-up., BACKGROUND: Long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin Disease) survivors have an increased risk of late cardiac morbidity and secondary Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung after chemotherapy and mediastinal radiotherapy. , PURPOSE: Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin Disease) survivors have an increased risk of Cardiovascular Diseases (CD), Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung, and Malignant neoplasm of Breast., Lung cancer (LC) represents the most common Solid Neoplasm in survivors of Hodgkin's disease (HD), and the assessment of the mutational status of oncogenic driver mutations in LC is now standard. , PURPOSE: Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin Disease) survivors face an increased risk of treatment-related Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung. , Increased risk of second Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin survivors: a meta-analysis., BACKGROUND: Patients treated for Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin (Hodgkin Disease) have a higher risk of developing second Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung (CCL21 gene) compared with the general population. , The pooled relative risk (RR) of CCL21 gene was 4.62 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 3.18-6.70], I (2) = 98 %), with a median absolute excess rate of 10.4 per 10,000 person-years. , CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis provided a detailed estimate of the risk of CCL21 gene among Hodgkin Disease survivors. , CONCLUSIONS\n\nThe excess risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in Hodgkin's disease patients treated with radiotherapy is related to the radiation dose received by the affected area of the Chest>Lung., BACKGROUND\n\nLung cancer is a frequent cause of death in patients cured of Hodgkin's disease, but the contributions of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and Location characteristic ID - Smoking are not well described., CONCLUSIONS\n\nPast treatments with Alkylating Agents and radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease were associated with an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in a dose-dependent and additive fashion., BACKGROUND\n\nSeveral studies have shown that survivors of Hodgkin's disease have increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung, but the factors responsible for this excess risk are not well known., PURPOSE\n\nThis study was undertaken to investigate the effects of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and Location characteristic ID - Smoking on the risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung following treatment of Hodgkin's disease., Increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung, Non-Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin of bone, and leukemia following Hodgkin's disease., It is recognized that survivors of Hodgkin's disease are at a substantially increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung., The risk of Chest>Lung and Malignant neoplasm of Breast is significantly increased after therapy for Hodgkin 's disease ( HD) , but there are few data that describe the molecular profiles of these Neoplasms . , Hodgkin lymphoma ( Hodgkin Disease ) survivors have an increased risk of Cardiovascular Diseases ( CD) , Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung , and Malignant neoplasm of Breast . , BACKGROUND\nLung cancer is a frequent cause of death in patients cured of Hodgkin's disease, but the contributions of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and Location characteristic ID - Smoking are not well described., CONCLUSIONS\nPast treatments with Alkylating Agents and radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease were associated with an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in a dose-dependent and additive fashion., Lung cancer in Hodgkin's disease: association with previous radiotherapy., Twenty-eight (94%) of 30 patients developing metachronous Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung received supradiaphragmatic irradiation as primary therapy for HD., The risk ratio for the development of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung among HD patients was 5.6 times that expected in the general population., Seven cases of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung were observed in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) since 1970., BACKGROUND\nSeveral studies have shown that survivors of Hodgkin's disease have increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung, but the factors responsible for this excess risk are not well known., The excess risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in Hodgkin's disease patients treated with radiotherapy is related to the radiation dose received by the affected area of the Chest>Lung., Lung cancer is a frequent cause of death in patients cured of Hodgkin's disease, but the contributions of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and Location characteristic ID - Smoking are not well described., Past treatments with Alkylating Agents and radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease were associated with an increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung in a dose-dependent and additive fashion., Several studies have shown that survivors of Hodgkin's disease have increased risk of Primary malignant neoplasm of Chest>Lung, but the factors responsible for this excess risk are not well known.[SEP]Relations: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has relations: drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Raltegravir, drug_effect with Raltegravir. Definitions: Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Alkylating Agents defined as following: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Malignant neoplasm of Breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the Breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant Breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin defined as following: Any of a group of malignant Neoplasms of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these Neoplasms is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. CCL21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of leukocyte migration.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Solid Neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. Chest>Lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, Breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered solid Neoplasms.. Hodgkin disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does cortical spreading depression appear in ischemic penumbra following ischemic stroke?", "id": "converted_508", "sentence1": "Does Adrenal Cortex spreading Cancer patients and suicide and depression appear in ischemic penumbra following ischemic stroke?", "sentence2": "During the subacute phase, the irreversible damage expands into the penumbra: multiple electrical and biological signals are triggered by periinfarct, spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression-like depolarizations leading to Hypoxia, CTCAE and stepwise increase in Lactic acid measurement., Experimental and clinical studies indicate that waves of Adrenal Cortex spreading depolarization (DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL) appearing in the ischemic penumbra contribute to secondary lesion growth., Analysis of Structure of middle cerebral artery occlusions (MCAOs) revealed a first DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL wave starting off during ischemic decline at the emerging core region, propagating concentrically over large portions of left Adrenal Cortex Diseases., Subsequent recurrent waves of DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL did not propagate concentrically but preferentially circled around the ischemic core., In the vicinity of the core region, CSDs were coupled to waves of predominantly vasoconstrictive Core-Binding Factor(LSF) responses, resulting in further decline of Core-Binding Factor in the entire inner penumbra and in expansion of the ischemic core., We conclude that CSDs and corresponding Core-Binding Factor responses follow a defined spatiotemporal order, and contribute to early evolution of ischemic territories., Astrocytes in the metabolically compromised ischemic penumbra-like area showed a long lasting swelling response to spontaneous spreading depolarizations despite rapid dendritic recovery in a photothrombotic occlusion model of focal stroke., Spontaneous spreading depolarizations (Symptom Distress Scale) occur in the penumbra surrounding ischemic core., These Symptom Distress Scale, often referred to as peri-infarct depolarizations, cause vasoconstriction and recruitment of the penumbra into the ischemic core in the critical first hours after focal ischemic stroke; however, the real-time spatiotemporal dynamics of SLC17A5 gene-induced injury to synaptic circuitry in the penumbra remain unknown., We propose that metabolic stress resulting from recurring Symptom Distress Scale facilitates acute injury at the level of Dendrites and Dendritic Spines in metabolically compromised Tissue Specimen Code, expediting penumbral recruitment into the ischemic core., Although the mechanism remains unknown, Symptom Distress Scale show delayed electrophysiological recovery within the ischemic penumbra., Spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression-like peri-infarct depolarizations not only characterize but also worsen penumbra conditions in Adrenal Cortex border zones of experimental focal ischemia., We conclude that in focal ischemia, transient peri-infarct depolarizations emerge not only in Adrenal Cortex but also in striatal gray matter, thereby demonstrating the existence of subcortical zones of ischemic penumbra., Spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (SLC17A5 gene) has been demonstrated following focal ischemia, and the additional workload imposed by SLC17A5 gene on a Tissue Specimen Code already compromised by a marked reduction in blood flow may contribute to the evolution of irreversible damage in the ischemic penumbra., While the changes in the glucose-related metabolites persisted during recovery even in anterior portions of the Adrenal Cortex Diseases in both groups in the aftermath of the SLC17A5 gene, the magnitude of the changes was greater in the penumbra than in the normal Adrenal Cortex Diseases., SLC17A5 gene appears to impose an equivalent increase in energy demands in control and ischemic brain, but the ability of the penumbra to recover from the insult is compromised., Thus, increasing the energy imbalance in the penumbra after multiple Symptom Distress Scale may hasten the deterioration of the energy status of the Tissue Specimen Code and eventually contribute to Terminal (end postition) depolarization and cell Cessation of life, particularly in the penumbra., It is suggested that the limited survival of the penumbra is due to periinfarct depolarizations, which result in repeated episodes of Tissue Specimen Code Hypoxia, CTCAE, because the increased metabolic workload is not coupled to an adequate increase of collateral blood supply., Transient decreases of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of Water - Specimen Source Codes as measured by fast diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the ischemic border zone are thought to reflect cellular swelling associated with spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression., Severely delayed recovery time after spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression is thought to represent the ischemic penumbra., One current but controversial hypothesis is that this penumbra Tissue Specimen Code often eventually dies because of the metabolic stress imposed by multiple Adrenal Cortex spreading Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression (DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL) waves, that is, by ischemic depolarizations., After simulated infarction, the model displays the linear relation between final infarct size and the number of DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL waves traversing the penumbra that has been reported experimentally, although damage with each individual wave progresses nonlinearly with time., These findings support the hypothesis that DIARRHEA 8, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL waves play an important causal role in the Cessation of life of ischemic penumbra Tissue Specimen Code., MCAO also triggers periodic periinfarction depolarizing waves (PIDs) in the ischemic penumbra, the Geographic state of salvage., Here, the effects of SLC17A5 gene at reduced flow conditions as encountered in the ischemic penumbra are examined., The experiments illustrate how peri-infarct depolarizations may detrimentally affect the penumbra., In the second series of experiments, periinfarct depolarizations (PIDs) were recorded with an Extracellular Dyskeratosis Congenita electrode at two locations in the ischemic penumbra for the initial 3 h following MCAO., In vivo two-photon microscopy of green fluorescent protein-expressing neurons in this penumbra-like area at risk revealed that Symptom Distress Scale were temporally correlated with rapid (<6 s) dendritic beading.[SEP]Relations: adrenal Adrenal Cortex Diseases has relations: anatomy_protein_present with PCCA, anatomy_protein_present with PCCA, anatomy_protein_present with CWC25, anatomy_protein_present with CWC25, anatomy_protein_present with ISCA2, anatomy_protein_present with ISCA2, anatomy_protein_present with CFB, anatomy_protein_present with CFB. adrenal Adrenal Cortex Diseases disease has relations: disease_disease with adrenocortical insufficiency, disease_disease with adrenocortical insufficiency. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Extracellular defined as following: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]. Lactic acid measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of lactic acid present in a sample.. Dendrites defined as following: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.. Geographic state defined as following: A constituent administrative district of a nation.. Symptom Distress Scale defined as following: A patient reported questionnaire composed of rating scales developed to measure the degree of distress experienced by the patient for specific symptoms.. Core-Binding Factor defined as following: Core-Binding Factor is an alpha/beta heterodimeric transcription factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of several genes important in hematopoiesis. The CBFalpha subunit binds directly to the enhancer core DNA sequence on target genes, whereas the beta subunit does not bind the DNA directly but increases the affinity and stabilizes the binding of the alpha subunit to the DNA.. Dendritic Spines defined as following: A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. [GOC:nln]. Astrocytes defined as following: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from \"star\" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with \"end feet\" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the Extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and \"reactive astrocytes\" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.. Terminal (end postition) defined as following: Being or situated at an end; occurring at or forming an end.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. Adrenal Cortex Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.. Structure of middle cerebral artery defined as following: The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.. Adrenal Cortex defined as following: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal Adrenal Cortex Diseases function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.. Dyskeratosis Congenita defined as following: A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.. ischemic stroke defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain Tissue Specimen Code..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does inactivation of CYLD help in colorectal cancer?", "id": "converted_3880", "sentence1": "Does inactivation of CYLD help in Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum?", "sentence2": "Inactivation of CYLD in Intestines Epithelial Cells exacerbates colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis - a short report., CYLD is a tumor suppressor that has been linked to the development of various Homo sapiens malignancies, including Malignant tumor of colon. The tumor-suppressing function of CYLD is associated with its deubiquitinating activity, which maps to the carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. In the present study we evaluated the role of Intestines epithelial CYLD in Colitis-Associated Neoplasms using a conditional mouse CYLD inactivation model.METHODS: In order to evaluate the role of CYLD in Intestines epithelial carcinogenesis, CASP14 gene (Independent Ethics Committee-CYLD protein, Homo sapiens (Δ9) CASP14 gene) that carry a Mutation Abnormality that eliminates the deubiquitinating Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of CYLD in Intestines Epithelial Cells (Independent Ethics Committee) were generated by crossing Villin-Cre Mice, Transgenic to previously generated CASP14 gene carrying a loxP-flanked CYLD protein, Homo sapiens exon 9 (CYLD protein, Homo sapiens (flx9) CASP14 gene).RESULTS: We found that Independent Ethics Committee-CYLD protein, Homo sapiens (Δ9) CASP14 gene did not present spontaneous Intestines abnormalities up to one year of age. However, upon challenge with a combination of genotoxic (Stickler syndrome, type 1) and pro-inflammatory (DOSAGE-SENSITIVE SEX REVERSAL) agents we found that the number of Adenoma in the Independent Ethics Committee-CYLD protein, Homo sapiens (Δ9) CASP14 gene was dramatically increased compared to the control CASP14 gene. Inactivation of CYLD in Intestines Epithelial Cells did not affect the classical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10 (MAPK8 wt Allele) activation pathways under physiological conditions, suggesting that these pathways do not predispose CYLD-deficient Intestines epithelia to Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum development before the onset of genotoxic and/or pro-inflammatory stress.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore a critical tumor-suppressing role for functional Intestines epithelial CYLD in colitis-associated carcinogenesis. CYLD expression and its associated pathways in Intestinal Neoplasms may be exploited for future prognostic and therapeutic purposes., Inactivation of CYLD in Intestines Epithelial Cells exacerbates colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis - a short report[SEP]Relations: malignant colon neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_disease with Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum, disease_protein with RECK, disease_protein with RECK, contraindication with Indomethacin, contraindication with Indomethacin, disease_protein with EGFR, disease_protein with EGFR. intestine has relations: anatomy_protein_present with CYLD, anatomy_protein_present with CYLD. Definitions: Epithelial Cells defined as following: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional Epithelial Cells.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10 defined as following: A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is found predominantly within NEURONS of the BRAIN, suggesting a role in stress-induced neuronal APOPTOSIS. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kDa and 52 kDa exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.. Intestinal Neoplasms defined as following: Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.. CYLD protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD (956 aa, ~107 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CYLD gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of protein deubiquitination and the regulation of the cell cycle.. Independent Ethics Committee defined as following: A separate body such as an institutional, regional, national or supranational committee, made up of medical/scientific professionals and non-scientific members, whose responsibility it is to ensure the protection of the rights, safety, and well-being of Homo sapiens subjects involved in a clinical trial. It tries to provide public assurance of that protection by reviewing and approving the trial protocol, the suitability of the investigator(s), facilities, methods, and materials to be used in documenting informed consent of the trial subjects. (ICH). Colitis-Associated Neoplasms defined as following: Colonic neoplasms associated with chronic inflammation conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS and CROHN DISEASE.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. MAPK8 wt Allele defined as following: Human MAPK8 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q11.22 and is approximately 133 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 protein, plays a role in the induction of programmed cell death mediated by both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ultraviolet radiation.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Malignant tumor of colon defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.. Adenoma defined as following: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.. Stickler syndrome, type 1 defined as following: Stickler syndrome inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the COL2A1 gene, encoding collagen alpha-1(II) chain.. Mice, Transgenic defined as following: Laboratory CASP14 gene that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. CYLD defined as following: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD (956 aa, ~107 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CYLD gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of protein deubiquitination and the regulation of the cell cycle..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Do plant genomes contain CpG islands?", "id": "converted_1613", "sentence1": "Do Plant allergen genomes contain CpG islands?", "sentence2": "This study represents the first systematic genome-scale analysis of DNA curvature, CpG islands and tandem repeats at the DNA sequence level in Plant allergen genomes, and finds that not all of the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in Plants follow the same rules common to other eukaryote organisms, suggesting that some of these genomic properties might be considered as specific to Plants, In Plant allergen genomes, there exist discrete regions rich in CpG dinucleotides, namely CpG clusters. In rice, most of these CpG clusters are associated with Genes. Rice Genes are grouped into one of the five classes according to the Positioning Attribute of an associated CpG Clusters. Among them, class 1 Genes, which harbor a CpG Clusters at the 5'-terminus, share similarities with human Genes having CpG islands, Segmental distribution of Genes harboring a CpG island-like region on rice Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Highly-expressed Arabidopsis Genes had overall a more marked GC-skew in the Toxic Shock Syndrome compared to Genes with low expression levels. We therefore propose that the GC-skew around the Toxic Shock Syndrome in some Plants and fungal sp. is related to transcription. It might be caused by Gene Mutation during transcription initiation or the frequent use of transcription factor-biding sites having a Genomic Orientation preference. In addition, GC-skew is a good candidate index for Toxic Shock Syndrome prediction in Plant allergen genomes, where there is a lack of correlation among CpG islands and Genes, Preliminary analysis shows that promoter location based on the detection of potential CpG/CpNpG islands in the Arabidopsis genome is not straightforward. Nevertheless, because the landscape of CpG/CpNpG islands differs considerably between Promoter and Introns on the one side and Exons (whether Coding or not) on the other, more sophisticated approaches can probably be developed for the successful detection of \"putative\" CpG and CpNpG islands in Plants, This study represents the first systematic genome-scale analysis of DNA curvature, CpG islands and tandem repeats at the DNA sequence level in Plant allergen genomes, and finds that not all of the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in Plants follow the same rules common to other eukaryote organisms, suggesting that some of these genomic properties might be considered as specific to Plants., These Plant allergen CpG-rich clusters satisfied the criteria used for identifying human CpG islands, which suggests that these CpG clusters may be regarded as Plant allergen CpG islands., CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first systematic genome-scale analysis of DNA curvature, CpG islands and tandem repeats at the DNA sequence level in Plant allergen genomes, and finds that not all of the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in Plants follow the same rules common to other eukaryote organisms, suggesting that some of these genomic properties might be considered as specific to Plants., In Plant allergen genomes, there exist discrete regions rich in CpG dinucleotides, namely CpG clusters., These Plant allergen CpG-rich clusters satisfied the criteria used for identifying human CpG islands, which suggests that these CpG clusters may be regarded as Plant allergen CpG islands., Unmethylated CpG islands associated with Genes in higher Plant allergen DNA., This study represents the first systematic genome-scale analysis of DNA curvature, CpG islands and tandem repeats at the DNA sequence level in Plant allergen genomes, and finds that not all of the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in Plants follow the same rules common to other eukaryote organisms, suggesting that some of these genomic properties might be considered as specific to Plants., These Plant allergen CpG-rich clusters satisfied the criteria used for identifying human CpG islands, which suggests that these CpG clusters may be regarded as Plant allergen CpG islands, We screened Plant allergen genome DNA Sequence, primarily from rice and Arabidopsis thaliana <plant> <Plant allergen>, for CpG islands, and identified DNA segments rich in CpG dinucleotides within these DNA Sequence[SEP]Relations: Plantar pits has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with monosomy 9q22.3, disease_phenotype_positive with monosomy 9q22.3, disease_phenotype_positive with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Darier disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Darier disease, disease_phenotype_positive with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription. Definitions: Toxic Shock Syndrome defined as following: A rare acute life-threatening systemic bacterial noncontagious illness caused by any of several related staphylococcal exotoxins. It is characterized by high fever, hypotension, rash, multi-organ dysfunction, and cutaneous desquamation during the early convalescent period. The toxins affect the host immune system, causing an exuberant and pathological host inflammatory response. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, elevated prothrombin time, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and pyuria.. Genomic Orientation defined as following: The orientation of a genomic element on the double stranded molecule.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Coding defined as following: The activity of implementing rules that are used to map the elements of one set onto the elements of another set, usually on a one-to-one basis.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the Genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the Exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate Genes.. Plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE.. Plant allergen DNA defined as following: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of Plants.. Plant allergen genomes defined as following: The genetic complement of a Plant allergen (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid DNA Sequence that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the DNA Sequence comprising a gene, including all DNA Sequence transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the histone chaperone ASF1 interact with histones H1/H2?", "id": "converted_2215", "sentence1": "Does the Histone antigen chaperone ASF1 interact with Histones H1/H2?", "sentence2": "The C terminus of the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 cross-links to Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae and promotes interaction with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene., The central Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene chaperone Asf1 comprises a highly conserved globular core and a divergent C-terminal tail. , The Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene chaperone Asf1 is involved in Chromatin Modeling (or disassembly), Histone antigen exchange, regulation of transcription, and chromatin location location silencing in several Organism. , An ASF1-EGFP fusion protein localizes to the \"U\" lymphocyte Nucleus. By tandem-affinity purification/mass spectrometry as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis, we identified Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene as ASF1 interaction partners. ,  This inhibition requires Asf1 binding to influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene and Rtt109 KAT activity, but not tail acetylation of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene or K56 acetylation of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype. , Asf1 is a conserved Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene chaperone that can assemble and disassemble nucleosomes and promote Histone antigen acetylation. , Here we characterize further interactions between budding Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae) Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele using assays of intragenic transcription, influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene posttranslational ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification, Open Reading Frames cross-linking of Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele, and cooccurrence of Asf1 and SETD2 wt Allele in protein complexes. , Consistent with this possibility, we show that Asf1 stimulates SETD2 wt Allele occupancy of the Open Reading Frames of a highly transcribed gene by a mechanism that depends on Asf1 binding to influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene. , Drosophila Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene can also be produced as a soluble (H3H4)(2) heterotetrameric complex if they are co-expressed with the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1., Structure and function of the Histone antigen chaperone CIA/ASF1 complexed with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene., Newly synthesized Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene first bind Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 and are then transferred to other chaperones for nucleosome assembly, The C terminus of the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 cross-links to Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae and promotes interaction with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene, Histone chaperone Asf1 is required for Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype lysine 56 acetylation, a ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification associated with S phase in mitosis and meiosis, Antisilencing function 1 (ASF1) is a major Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene chaperone that deposits Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene onto DNA, Rtt109, a recently discovered Histone antigen acetyltransferase (Histone antigen acetyltransferase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae, functions with the Histone antigen chaperone Asf1 to acetylate lysine K56 on Histone antigen influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype (H3K56), a ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification associated with newly synthesized Histones, In this issue of \"U\" lymphocyte, English et al. present the first crystal structure of a Histone antigen chaperone (Asf1) bound to Histones (the influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene heterodimer), By tandem-affinity purification/mass spectrometry as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis, we identified Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene as ASF1 interaction partners., Anti-silencing function 1 (Asf1) is a highly conserved chaperone of Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene that assembles or disassembles chromatin location location during transcription, replication, and repair., Analysis of a panel of Asf1 mutations that modulate the ability of Asf1 to bind to Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype/FGFR1 gene demonstrates that the Histone antigen binding activity of Asf1 is required for the acetylation of Lys-9 and Lys-56 on newly synthesized influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype., Thus Rad53 competes with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype-FGFR1 gene and cochaperones HirA/CAF-I for binding to Asf1., Structure and function of the Histone antigen chaperone CIA/ASF1 complexed with Histones influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene., Currently, the best-characterized chaperone-Histone antigen interaction is that between the ubiquitous chaperone Asf1 and a dimer of influenza A virus influenza A virus H3 subtype subtype and FGFR1 gene.[SEP]Relations: Histone antigen influenza A virus H3 subtype acetylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with TAF12, bioprocess_protein with TAF12, bioprocess_protein with TAF10, bioprocess_protein with TAF10, bioprocess_protein with IRF4, bioprocess_protein with IRF4. Definitions: Chromatin Modeling defined as following: The assembly of DNA, Histone antigen proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin location structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the Cell Nucleus. [PMID:20404130]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Organism normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Histones defined as following: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated Histone antigen I, Histone antigen II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.. histone acetyltransferase defined as following: Class of enzymes that catalyze the acetylation of specific lysine residues of Histones, proteins that organize eukaryotic DNA into chromatin location. Among the proteins that exhibit Histone antigen acetyltransferase activity are various transcription factor coactivators. E.C. 2.3.1.48.. FGFR1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation.. SETD2 wt Allele defined as following: Human SETD2 is located in the vicinity of 3p21.31 and is approximately 108 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Histone antigen-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2 protein, may play a role in transcriptional activation and epigenetic ResponseLevel - modification of chromatin location.. Histone antigen influenza A virus H3 subtype defined as following: Histone influenza A virus H3 subtype is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin location. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of Histones H2A, H2B, influenza A virus H3 subtype, and FGFR1 gene that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin location compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. nucleosome assembly defined as following: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin location composed of Histones and DNA. [GOC:mah]. ResponseLevel - modification defined as following: <p>Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion</p>. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). dimer defined as following: compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound; a polymer formed from two molecules of a monomer.. Open Reading Frames defined as following: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR)..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is recommended the use of perioperative treatment with thyroid hormone therapy in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting?", "id": "converted_790", "sentence1": "Is recommended the use of perioperative treatment with thyroid hormone therapy in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting?", "sentence2": "Short duration postoperative iv T(3) therapy increases cardiac index and does not alter mortality., We conclude that although widespread interest has been shown on the use of Thyroid Hormones in the perioperative period, and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid hormone metabolism widely studied, there is no substantial evidence to justify routine use of Thyroid Hormones in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting., There is no clear evidence at this point to support thyroid hormone replacement in the latter patients, and it may be potentially harmful. Rather, we hold that T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation treatment of various surgical and other patients with nonthyroidal illness should be deferred until proof of its therapeutic efficacy is demonstrated., Perioperative administration of liothyronine increased cardiac output slightly and decreased systemic vascular resistance, but it had no effect on operative outcome. Routine use after coronary surgery is thus not recommended., Although mild effects on myocardial performance may exist, we cannot recommend at this time the routine use of intravenous T(3) as an inotropic agent in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery., Raising serum liothyronine concentrations in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery increases cardiac output and lowers systemic vascular resistance, but does not change outcome or alter the need for standard postoperative therapy., Thus, there seems to be no sound justification for a routine use of T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation in patients undergoing open-heart procedures.[SEP]Relations: Liothyronine has relations: contraindication with coronary artery disease, contraindication with coronary artery disease, contraindication with pituitary hormone defiency from vascular origin, contraindication with pituitary hormone defiency from vascular origin, contraindication with thyroid crisis (disease), contraindication with thyroid crisis (disease), contraindication with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic form, contraindication with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic form. response to thyroid hormone has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone. Definitions: liothyronine defined as following: A T3 thoracic segmental innervation thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 thoracic segmental innervation is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3 thoracic segmental innervation.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is sacituzumab govitecan effective for breast cancer?", "id": "converted_4469", "sentence1": "Is sacituzumab govitecan effective for breast cancer?", "sentence2": "sacituzumab Govitecan (also known by the brand name Trodelvy®) is a new and available treatment for metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma, or mTNBC for short. , sacituzumab govitecan (sacituzumab govitecan-hziy; Trodelvy™) is a TACSTD2 protein, Homo sapiens-directed immunoglobulin complex location conjugated to a topoisomerase I PPP1R1A gene (SN 38) that is being developed by Immunomedics for the treatment of solid tumours, including breast cancer., Results from a phase I/II trial suggest that an Antibody-Drug Conjugates, sacituzumab govitecan, is active against refractory, metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma. A, INTRODUCTION: sacituzumab govitecan-hziy, approved in 2020 for treatment of metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma, provides a new option for a population with a historically poor prognosis with standard , sacituzumab govitecan (SG), the first Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) approved for Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma, incorporates the anti-TROP2 immunoglobulin complex location hRS7 conjugated to a topoisomerase-1 (TOP1 protein, human protein, Homo sapiens) PPP1R1A gene payload. We so, sacituzumab govitecan was initially approved in April 2020 under accelerated approval for the treatment of patients with metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma who received at least two prior therapies for metastatic disease, The ASCENT trial reports impressive results with a median overall survival (OS) increased from 6.7 months to 12.1 months with sacituzumab govitecan over single-agent chemotherapy, in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients in second and subsequent line of therapy. We , A phase II study indicates that sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), a TACSTD2 protein, Homo sapiens-specific immunoglobulin complex location linked to the irinotecan metabolite SN 38, prolongs the progression-free survival of patients with advanced Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma. I, agents, sacituzumab govitecan, has been recently granted an accelerated approval for therapy of metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma. In this artic, l 2020, sacituzumab govitecan received accelerated approval in the USA for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma (mTNBC) who have received at least two prior therapies for metastatic disease. Sacituzu, sacituzumab Govitecan for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Clinical Overview and Management of Potential Toxic effect., ood and Drug Administration) recently approved the use of a Trop2-targeting ADC (Antibody-Drug Conjugates), sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132), for metastatic, Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma with at least two prior therapies. Here, we review, sive disease. sacituzumab govitecan represents an important advance in the treatment of mTNBC because of its efficacy an, sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a novel Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) that has shown promising efficacy in mTNBC, The activity of sacituzumab govitecan likely extends beyond TNBC with promising early efficacy data in many other epithelial Malignant Neoplasms, including hormone receptor-positive breast cancer., In a basket design phase I/II study, sacituzumab govitecan demonstrated promising single-agent therapeutic activity in multiple cancer cohorts, leading to accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of sacituzumab govitecan-hziy (Trodelvy) for the treatment of patients with metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma who had received at least two prior therapies in the metastatic setting., Efficacy and Safety of Anti-TACSTD2 protein, Homo sapiens Antibody Drug Conjugate sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132) in Heavily Pretreated Patients With Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer., Expert opinion: sacituzumab govitecan has promising anti-cancer activity in patients with metastatic TNBC previously treated with at least two prior lines of systemic therapy based on a single arm Phase I/II clinical trial., sacituzumab govitecan has shown promise in Malignant Neoplasms outside of TNBC, such as urothelial and Chest>Lung and is being evaluated in HR-positive Malignant neoplasm of breast.,  prognosis. sacituzumab govitecan is an Antibody-Drug Conjugates composed of an immunoglobulin complex location targeting the Homo sapiens trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TACSTD2 protein, Homo sapiens), which is expressed in the majority of Malignant neoplasm of breast, coupled to SN 38 (topoisomerase I PPP1R1A gene) through a proprietary hydrolyzable linker.METHODS: In this randomized, phase 3 trial, we evaluated sacituzumab govitecan as compared with single-agent chemotherapy of the physician's choice (eribulin, vinorelbine, capecitabine, or gemcitabine) in patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic triple-ne, Expert opinion sacituzumab govitecan has promising survival benefits in patients with previously treated mTNBC based on data from the ASCENT trial., Conclusion sacituzumab govitecan was well tolerated and induced early and durable responses in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic TNBC., sacituzumab Govitecan in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer., sacituzumab Govitecan (also known by the brand name Trodelvy®) is a new and available treatment for metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma, or mTNBC for short.[SEP]Relations: sacituzumab govitecan has relations: drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Cetuximab, drug_drug with Cetuximab, drug_drug with Sonepcizumab, drug_drug with Sonepcizumab, drug_drug with Caplacizumab, drug_drug with Caplacizumab, drug_drug with Necitumumab, drug_drug with Necitumumab. Definitions: TACSTD2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (323 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens TACSTD2 gene. This protein is involved in calcium-dependent signaling.. gemcitabine defined as following: A broad-spectrum antimetabolite and deoxycytidine analogue with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and is incorporated into DNA. This locks DNA polymerase thereby resulting in \"masked termination\" during DNA replication. On the other hand, dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis. The reduction in the intracellular concentration of dCTP potentiates the incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA.. irinotecan defined as following: A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. Irinotecan, a prodrug, is converted to a biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN 38) by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. One thousand-fold more potent than its parent compound irinotecan, SN 38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Because ongoing DNA synthesis is necessary for irinotecan to exert its cytotoxic effects, it is classified as an S-phase-specific agent.. capecitabine defined as following: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. vinorelbine defined as following: A vinca alkaloid related to VINBLASTINE that is used as a first-line treatment for NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER, or for advanced or metastatic BREAST CANCER refractory to treatment with ANTHRACYCLINES.. immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781765196]. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma defined as following: An invasive breast carcinoma which is negative for expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Homo sapiens epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).. eribulin defined as following: An analogue of halichondrin B, a substance derived from a marine sponge (Lissodendoryx sp.) with antineoplastic activity. Eribulin binds to the vinca domain of tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and the assembly of microtubules, resulting in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and, potentially, tumor regression.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. TOP1 protein, human defined as following: DNA topoisomerase 1 (765 aa, ~91 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens TOP1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of DNA topology.. topoisomerase I PPP1R1A gene defined as following: Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I.. breast cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are artificial blood cells available?", "id": "converted_3188", "sentence1": "Are artificial blood cells available?", "sentence2": "The critical point for the break through for artificial blood products did not come yet but could be ahead-, We suggest a novel method that uses artificial blood cells (hemoglobin vesicles, Hb-Vs) as photosensitizers in dye laser treatment (at 595-nm wavelength) for Port-Wine Stain (i.e., Capillary malformation (disorder) presenting as red birthmarks) based on the results of Animal allergens experiments. [SEP]Relations: Capillary malformation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with nevus anemicus (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with nevus anemicus (disease), phenotype_phenotype with Angioma serpentinum, phenotype_phenotype with Angioma serpentinum, disease_phenotype_positive with macrocephaly-intellectual disability-neurodevelopmental disorder-small thorax syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with macrocephaly-intellectual disability-neurodevelopmental disorder-small thorax syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with pulmonary venoocclusive disease, disease_phenotype_positive with pulmonary venoocclusive disease, disease_phenotype_positive with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation, disease_phenotype_positive with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Definitions: Port-Wine Stain defined as following: A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483). Capillary malformation (disorder) defined as following: A capillary malformation is a flat, sharply defined vascular stain of the skin. It may cover a large surface area or it may be scattered and appear as little islands of color. In a capillary maformation, the predominant vessels are small, slow-flow vessels (i.e., arterioles and postcapillary venules). [PMID:22483320, PMID:25864701].", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there a mouse model for Fanconi anemia?", "id": "converted_1543", "sentence1": "Is there a Mus sp. model for Fanconi anemia?", "sentence2": "cyclophosphamide promotes engraftment of gene-modified cells in a Mus sp. model of Fanconi anemia without causing cytogenetic abnormalities, We compared Controlling (action) preconditioning with fludarabine (ZMYND10 wt Allele) or cytarabine (AraC) or no conditioning as a control in FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) ( -/- ) mutant CASP14 gene receiving gene-modified bone marrow cells, We conclude that Controlling (action) is an effective and superior preparative regimen with respect to engraftment of lentivirus-transduced cells and functional correction in FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) ( -/- ) CASP14 gene, To study whether there is a causal relationship between doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol pathway defects and Neoplasms development, we have generated a Mus sp. model with a targeted disruption of the doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol core complex gene FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F, FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F-deficient Mus sp. embryonic Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts displayed a phenotype typical for doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol cells: they showed an aberrant response to DNA cross-linking agents as manifested by G(2) arrest, chromosomal aberrations, reduced survival, and an inability to monoubiquitinate FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2, FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F homozygous CASP14 gene were viable, born following a normal Mendelian distribution, and showed no growth retardation or developmental abnormalities. The Gonadal structure of FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F mutant CASP14 gene functioned abnormally, showing compromised follicle development and Spermatogenesis as has been observed in other doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Mus sp. models and in doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol patients, In a cohort of FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F-deficient CASP14 gene, we observed decreased overall survival and increased Neoplasms incidence, To provide further experimental access to the doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-M complementation group we have generated Fancm-deficient CASP14 gene by deleting exon 2, FANCM gene gene deficiency caused Hypogonadism in CASP14 gene and Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to cross-linking agents in Mus sp. embryonic Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts (MEFs), thus phenocopying other doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Mus sp. models, Fancm(Delta2/Delta2) CASP14 gene also showed unique features atypical for doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol CASP14 gene, including underrepresentation of female Fancm(Delta2/Delta2) CASP14 gene and decreased overall and tumor-free survival, Fancm-deficient CASP14 gene reveal unique features of Fanconi anemia complementation group M, FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F-deficient CASP14 gene are prone to develop ovarian neoplasm, In vivo proliferation advantage of genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells in a Mus sp. model of Fanconi anemia doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-D1, Using an doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Mus sp. model with a marked hematopoietic phenotype, the doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-D1 (Brca2(Delta27/Delta27)) CASP14 gene, we demonstrate that the lentivirus-mediated gene therapy of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Hematopoietic stem cells results in the progressive expansion of genetically corrected clones in mild-conditioned doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-D1 recipients, Consistent with these data, hematopoietic progenitors from doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol recipients progressively became Mitomycins C resistant and their chromosomal instability was reverted, Hematopoietic dysfunction in a Mus sp. model for Fanconi anemia group D1, We have investigated the hematopoietic phenotype of CASP14 gene with a hypomorphic Mutation Abnormality in the Brca2/Fancd1 gene (Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) Mutation Abnormality), Conventional Defecation competition experiments showed a marked repopulation defect in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) hematopoietic stem cells (Hematopoietic stem cells), compared to wild-type Hematopoietic stem cells, Moreover, we have observed for the first time in a DNA repair disease model a very significant proliferation defect in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) Hematopoietic stem cells maintained in their natural physiological environment, The hematopoietic phenotype associated with the Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) Mutation Abnormality suggests that this doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-D1 Mus sp. model will constitute an important tool for the development of new therapies for doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol, including gene therapy, In vitro phenotypic correction of hematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anemia group A knockout CASP14 gene, In this study we characterized the hematopoietic phenotype of a Fanca knockout Mus sp. model and corrected the main phenotypic characteristics of the bone marrow (Defecation) progenitors using Retroviral Vector, The hematopoiesis of these animal allergen extracts was characterized by a modest though significant thrombocytopenia, consistent with reduced numbers of Defecation Megakaryocytes progenitors, As observed in other doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol models, the hematopoietic progenitors from Fanca(-/-) CASP14 gene were highly sensitive to Mitomycins C (Mitomycins), Aiming to correct the phenotype of Fanca(-/-) progenitors, purified Lin(-)Sca-1(+) cells were transduced with Retroviral Vector encoding the enhanced Green Fluorescent Proteins (EGFP) gene and human FANCA Genes. Lin(-)Sca-1(+) cells from Fanca(-/-) CASP14 gene were transduced with an efficiency similar to that of samples from wild-type CASP14 gene. More significantly, transductions with FANCA vectors corrected both the Mitomycins Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity as well as the impaired ex vivo expansion ability that characterized the Defecation progenitors of Fanca(-/-) CASP14 gene,  The Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 wt Allele knockout Mus sp. therefore establishes a disease model for Fanconi anemia and genetically links a regulator of nuclease incision complexes to the Fanconi anemia DNA crosslink repair pathway., Hematopoietic dysfunction in a Mus sp. model for Fanconi anemia group D1., Bone marrow hypocellularity in the Fanconi anemia group C Mus sp. model after DNA damage., In vivo proliferation advantage of genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells in a Mus sp. model of Fanconi anemia doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol-D1., Assessment of the flexed-tail Mus sp. as a possible model for Fanconi anemia: analysis of Mitomycins C-induced micronuclei., The Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 wt Allele knockout Mus sp. therefore establishes a disease model for Fanconi anemia and genetically links a regulator of nuclease incision complexes to the Fanconi anemia DNA crosslink repair pathway., cyclophosphamide promotes engraftment of gene-modified cells in a Mus sp. model of Fanconi anemia without causing cytogenetic abnormalities., Mouse models of Fanconi anemia., Five of these Genes have been deleted or mutated in the Mus sp., as well as a sixth key Genes, Regulator, to create Mus sp. models of Fanconi anemia., This review summarizes the phenotype of each of the Fanconi anemia Mus sp. models and highlights how Genetic and interventional studies using the strains have yielded novel insight into therapeutic strategies for Fanconi anemia and into how the Fanconi anemia pathway protects against genomic instability., To study doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol complementation group A using the Mus sp. as a model system, we cloned and characterized the Mus sp. homolog of the human FANCA cDNA., Here we describe the phenotype of the Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 wt Allele knockout Mus sp., the Mus sp. ortholog of Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4, which recapitulates many key features of the human Genetic illness Fanconi anemia., Five of these Genes have been deleted or mutated in the Mus sp., as well as a sixth key Genes, Regulator, to create Mus sp. models of Fanconi anemia, In contrast to observations made in other Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) Mus sp. models, low numbers of hematopoietic colony-forming cells (Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome) were noted in Brca2(Delta27/Delta27) CASP14 gene, either young or adult, Fanconi anemia group A and C double-mutant CASP14 gene: functional evidence for a multi-protein Fanconi anemia complex., In addition, Mus sp. models are also useful for testing treatments for doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol., Development and characterization of immortalized fibroblastoid cell lines from an doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol(C) Mus sp. model., These Mus sp. models display the characteristic doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol feature of cellular Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents[SEP]Relations: Fanconi anemia complementation group has relations: disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_disease with Fanconi anemia, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal facial shape, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal facial shape, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal facial shape, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal facial shape. Definitions: cyclophosphamide defined as following: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.. Hematopoietic stem cells defined as following: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. cytarabine defined as following: A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472). ZMYND10 wt Allele defined as following: Human ZMYND10 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 3p21.3 and is approximately 6 kb in length. This allele, which encodes zinc finger MYND domain-containing protein 10, is involved in motile ciliary function. Mutations in this gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia-22.. FANCM gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and ubiquitination.. Defecation defined as following: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the RECTUM.. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome defined as following: A rare Genetic syndrome most often caused by BRAF gene mutations. It is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance (high forehead, short nose, and widely spaced eyes), sparse and brittle hair, skin disorders, heart malformations, mental retardation and developmental delay.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCA gene. FANCA gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through Genes in sperm and egg cells.. Emotional hypersensitivity defined as following: Heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli, including emotions of others. [PMID:23250816]. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 gene. This gene is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, both by homologous recombination and single-strand annealing.. Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 wt Allele defined as following: Human Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 16p13.3 and is approximately 30 kb in length. This allele, which encodes structure-specific endonuclease subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 protein, plays a role in both the regulation of endonuclease activity and the recognition of damaged DNA. Mutation of the gene is associated with Fanconi anemia complementation group P.. Mitomycins defined as following: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. Spermatogenesis defined as following: The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.. Green Fluorescent Proteins defined as following: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Proteins that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.. ovarian neoplasm defined as following: Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.. Mitomycins defined as following: A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.. Bone marrow hypocellularity defined as following: A reduced number of hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow relative to marrow fat. [DDD:wouwehand, HPO:probinson]. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Megakaryocytes defined as following: Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.. Hypogonadism defined as following: Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism).. Gonadal structure defined as following: The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCF gene. This gene encodes a polypeptide with homology to the prokaryotic RNA-binding protein ROM.. Retroviral Vector defined as following: Any one of the recombinant retroviruses (RNA viruses) designed for gene transfer applications to deliver Genetic material of interest into cells. These Retroviral Vector are replication defective and have decreased immunogenicity. They are able to efficiently infect dividing cells, and the exogenous Genetic material is integrated into the genome of the target cell. Thereby, the expression of the exogenous gene is stable instead of transient as in the case of adenoviral vectors.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 defined as following: Structure-specific endonuclease subunit Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 (1834 aa, ~200 kDa) is encoded by the human Structure-Specific Endonuclease Subunit SLX4 gene. This protein is involved in the both the recognition of DNA damage and the promotion of endonuclease activity.. Genes, Regulator defined as following: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other Genes; specifically, Genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.. Fanconi anemia defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCA gene. FANCA gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the FIP virus thought to be a mutated strain for the Feline enteric Coronavirus?", "id": "converted_3359", "sentence1": "Is the Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis virus thought to be a mutated strain for the Feline enteric Coronavirus?", "sentence2": "Feline infectious peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis) results from Gene Mutation in the Viral Genome during a common Body Surface Area Formula for Cats enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline) infection., It is caused by Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis virus (FIPV), a virulent Mutant strain of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (Coronavirus, Feline)., Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was presumed to arise from Gene Mutation in the 3c of a ubiquitous and largely nonpathogenic Body Surface Area Formula for Cats enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline)., Feline enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline) causes inapparent or mild enteritis in cats, but a highly fatal Disease, called Body Surface Area Formula for Cats infectious peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis), can arise through Mutation Abnormality of Coronavirus, Feline to Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis virus (FIPV)., Feline infectious peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis) is a lethal systemic Disease caused by Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis virus (FIPV), a virulent Mutant of apathogenic Body Surface Area Formula for Cats enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline)., Feline infectious peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis) is an almost invariably fatal Body Surface Area Formula for Cats Coronavirus Infections (FCoV)-induced Disease thought to arise from a combination of viral Gene Mutation and an overexuberant immune response., BACKGROUND\n\nFeline Infectious Peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis) is a lethal systemic Disease, caused by the Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis Virus (FIPV); a virulent Mutant of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (Coronavirus, Feline)., BACKGROUND Feline Infectious Peritonitis (Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis) is a lethal systemic Disease, caused by the Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis Virus (FIPV); a virulent Mutant of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (Coronavirus, Feline)., This Coronavirus Infections is a virulent Mutant of the harmless, ubiquitous Body Surface Area Formula for Cats enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline)., Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was presumed to arise from Gene Mutation in the 3c of a ubiquitous and largely nonpathogenic Body Surface Area Formula for Cats enteric Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus, Feline)., Whilst intact in all FECVs, the 3c gene was mutated in the majority (71.4 %) of FIPVs, but not in all, implying that Mutation Abnormality in 3c is not the (single) cause of Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis.[SEP]Relations: Body Surface Area Formula for Cats infectious peritonitis has relations: disease_disease with Orthocoronavirinae infectious Disease, disease_disease with Orthocoronavirinae infectious Disease, disease_disease with Orthocoronavirinae infectious Disease, disease_disease with Orthocoronavirinae infectious Disease, disease_disease with cat Disease, disease_disease with cat Disease, disease_disease with cat Disease, disease_disease with cat Disease. Rotavirus infection has relations: disease_disease with Reoviridae infectious Disease, disease_disease with Reoviridae infectious Disease. Definitions: Feline infectious peritonitis defined as following: Common Coronavirus Infections infection of cats caused by the Body Surface Area Formula for Cats infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The Disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in Feline infectious peritonitis and pleuritis pathogenesis.. Body Surface Area Formula for Cats defined as following: The formula to calculate body surface area in cats. It is mathematically defined as: BSA (m^2) = (10.1 x Weight(g)^2/3)/1000. Viral Genome defined as following: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (Gene Mutation).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Coronavirus Infections defined as following: Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Coronavirus, Feline defined as following: A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. Cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop Disease. Feline Coronavirus Infections and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. Since they only differ in their Disease potential (with FIPV causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Ameloblastoma (AB) a common benign tumor occurring in the brain?", "id": "converted_4667", "sentence1": "Is Ameloblastoma (AB) a common benign Specimen Source Codes - tumor occurring in the brain?", "sentence2": "Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor which undergoes malignant transformation to ameloblastic carcinoma. , Ameloblastomas are Benign Neoplasm that most commonly affecting the Head>Mandible. , Ameloblastoma is a Neoplasms arising in the craniofacial skeleton., Ameloblastoma is an invasive odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, and for reconstruction, i, Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive, benign epithelial Odontogenic Tumors currently classified to include conventional, unicystic, and extraosseous/peripheral subtypes. , Ameloblastoma (AM) is a slow growing and aggressive benign Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with an odontogenic epithelial origin arising from the Head>Mandible or Maxilla., The ameloblastoma is a benign but aggressive Neoplasms of odontogenic origin., Ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the jaw., Ameloblastoma is the most common epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor., Ameloblastoma or Adamantinoma of Long Bones is the rarest of the three forms of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the odontogenic type., Ameloblastoma is a benign locally invasive odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor., Ameloblastoma is the second most common benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and though it is of a benign nature, it is locally invasive, has a high recurrence rate and could potentially become malignant., BACKGROUND: The ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic epithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, which belong to benign neoplasms that present a painless course, and usually occur in the oromaxillo-facial region., Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of epithelial origin, and though it is of a benign nature, it frequently infiltrates the Specimen Type - Bone, has a high rate of recurrence and could potentially become malignant., OBJECTIVES: Ameloblastoma is a benign, slow-growing, locally invasive epithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of odontogenic origin, with unlimited growth capacity and a strong tendency to recur., Ameloblastoma, a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, often demonstrates metastasis despite benign histological features and this Variant is termed as Malignant Ameloblastoma (METAM). , Ameloblastic carcinoma (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) is defined as a rare primary epithelial odontogenic malignant Neoplasms and the malignant counterpart of benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of ameloblastoma (AB) by the WHO classification. cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol, BACKGROUND: The ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic epithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, which belong to benign neoplasms that present a painless course, and usually occur in the oromaxillo-fac, Peripheral ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with the same histological characteristics as the centrally located ameloblastoma, but appearing in the gingiva and mucosa of the tooth-bearing area of the jaws., BACKGROUND Ameloblastoma (AB) is a common odontogenic epithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, with locally invasive behavior and high recurrence., Ameloblastoma(AB) is an aggressive and slow-growing Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with high recurrence rate, which arises from Odontogenic Epithelium., Ameloblastoma (AB) is the most common benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor occurring in the jawbone., or growth. Ameloblastoma (AB) is a relatively common odontogenic epithelial Neoplasms that manifests local infiltrative intraosse, Ameloblastic carcinoma (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) is defined as a rare primary epithelial odontogenic malignant Neoplasms and the malignant counterpart of benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of ameloblastoma (AB) by the WHO classification., Ameloblastoma is a benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor that typically arises in the Head>Mandible or Maxilla or, rarely, in the immediate adjacent soft tissue, nic epithelial components with a mature Fibrous stroma. It is the second most common Odontogenic Tumors following odontome. Acanthomatous ameloblast, OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive benign Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, commonly occurring in the Head>Mandible, BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW: Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor predominantly occurring in patients who are in their 20s and 30s, BACKGROUND: The ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic epithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, which belong to benign neoplasms that present a painless course, and usually occur in the oromaxillo-facial region, BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a Neoplasms classified as a benign epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the jaws, grow slowly and are locally invasive, BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a frequent odontogenic benign Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor characterized by local invasiveness, high risk of recurrence and occasional metastasis and malignant transformation, BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with locally Aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate, BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, exhibiting local invasiveness and high rate of recurrence, BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with a metastasis rate estimated at 2% of cases, mainly involving the Chest>Lung (80%) and lymph nodes (20%).METHODS: We hereby present the case of a 26 year old patient with a history of locally recurrent mandibular ameloblastoma who developed a temporal intracranial ameloblastoma Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor requiring a collaborative neurosurgical and maxillo-facial radical surgical approach.CONCLUSION: Although ameloblastomas are histologically benign, the temporal topography questions the dissemination pathophysiology of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor (metastasis or local extension through temporal muscle fibers), mainly relevant , Ameloblastoma is a histologically benign Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor derived from odontogenic apparatus., BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a Odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, benign that may exhibit aggressive biological behaviour with local recurrence and metastasis following initial surgica, Ameloblastomas are histologically Benign Neoplasm derived from the odontogenic apparatus., Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor generally present in the Jaw., Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor derived from Odontogenic Epithelium., Ameloblastoma is the most common clinically significant epithelial odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, and is considered a benign but locally aggressive Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the craniofacial region., Ameloblastoma (AB), which is the most common odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, may originate from the dental lamina remnants.[SEP]Relations: ameloblastoma has relations: disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with benign epithelial Neoplasms, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone ameloblastoma, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone ameloblastoma, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone ameloblastoma, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone ameloblastoma. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Ameloblastic carcinoma defined as following: A rare, cytologically malignant ameloblastoma that may metastasize.. Adamantinoma of Long Bones defined as following: A low grade malignant Neoplasms arising from the long bones. The tibia is the most frequently affected Specimen Type - Bone site. Patients present with swelling which may or may not be associated with pain. Morphologically, it is characterized by a biphasic pattern consisting of an epithelial and an osteofibrous component. The vast majority of cases recur if they are not treated with radical surgery. In a minority of cases the Specimen Source Codes - tumor may metastasize to other anatomic sites including lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain, and skeleton.. Ameloblastoma defined as following: An immature epithelial Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing Specimen Source Codes - tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.. Odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - tumor, benign defined as following: A benign, slow growing Neoplasms arising from tooth-forming tissues. It occurs in the maxillofacial skeleton or the gingiva. Representative examples include adenomatoid odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - tumor, calcifying cystic odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - tumor, and squamous odontogenic Specimen Source Codes - tumor.. Benign Neoplasm defined as following: A Neoplasms which is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, Specimen Source Codes - tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and do not metastasize to other anatomic sites.. Jaw defined as following: Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.. Maxilla defined as following: One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary Specimen Type - Bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.. Odontogenic Tumors defined as following: Neoplasms produced from tooth-forming tissues.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. soft tissue defined as following: A general term comprising tissue that is not hardened or calcified; including muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, ligaments and fascia.. Aggressive behavior defined as following: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.. Malignant Ameloblastoma defined as following: A rare, well differentiated, cytologically benign ameloblastoma which paradoxically metastasizes.. benign Specimen Source Codes - tumor defined as following: A Neoplasms which is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, Specimen Source Codes - tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and do not metastasize to other anatomic sites..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is TNF-α an activator of pancreatic stellate cells?", "id": "converted_3239", "sentence1": "Is TNF-α an activator of Pancreatic Stellate Cells?", "sentence2": "TNF-α is the prime factor responsible for the activation of Pancreatic Stellate Cells, Activated PSCs expressed interleukin-33 receptor binding in the Cell Nucleus, and the expression was increased by IL-1β, TNF-α, becaplermin, and IFN-γ, but not TGF-β1. [SEP]Relations: pancreatic stellate cell proliferation has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with fibroblast proliferation, bioprocess_bioprocess with fibroblast proliferation. Becaplermin has relations: drug_protein with PDGFRA, drug_protein with PDGFRA, drug_protein with A2M, drug_protein with A2M, drug_protein with PDGFRB, drug_protein with PDGFRB. Definitions: becaplermin defined as following: The recombinant analog of endogenous beta (B) chain of the cytokine platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Synthesized primarily by megakaryocytes, endogenous PDGF consists of two related peptide chains, PDGF-A and PDGF-B. PDGF functions as a local autocrine and paracrine growth factor in many cellular processes. Recombinant PDGF, alone and in combination with other agents, may be useful in promoting bone formation and soft tissue repair. (NCI04). interleukin-33 receptor binding defined as following: Binding to an interleukin-33 receptor. [GOC:hjd]. Pancreatic Stellate Cells defined as following: Star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells located in the periacinar, perivascular, and periductal regions of the EXOCRINE PANCREAS. They play a key role in the pathobiology of FIBROSIS; PANCREATITIS; and PANCREATIC CANCER.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is celecoxib effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "id": "converted_3413", "sentence1": "Is celecoxib effective for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "sentence2": "In conclusion, the celecoxib-creatine combination was selected as preferable to the minocycline-creatine combination for further evaluation. , ESULTS: celecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, Motor unit number estimates, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, or affect survival. , INTERPRETATION: At the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and it was safe. , INTERPRETATION\n\nAt the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and it was safe., RESULTS\n\ncelecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, Motor unit number estimates, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, or affect survival., RESULTS\ncelecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, Motor unit number estimates, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, or affect survival., INTERPRETATION: At the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and it was safe., RESULTS: celecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, Motor unit number estimates, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, or affect survival., At the dosage studied, celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and it was safe., celecoxib did not slow the decline in muscle strength, vital capacity, Motor unit number estimates, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, or affect survival.[SEP]Relations: celecoxib has relations: drug_effect with Arthropathy, drug_effect with Arthropathy, drug_effect with Coronary artery atherosclerosis, drug_effect with Coronary artery atherosclerosis, drug_drug with Corticotropin, drug_drug with Corticotropin, drug_effect with Cholelithiasis, drug_effect with Cholelithiasis, drug_effect with Epistaxis, drug_effect with Epistaxis. Definitions: celecoxib defined as following: A pyrazole derivative and selective CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR that is used to treat symptoms associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS and JUVENILE ARTHRITIS, as well as the management of ACUTE PAIN.. Motor unit defined as following: Cell cluster which has as its direct parts motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell.. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis defined as following: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94). celecoxib defined as following: A pyrazole derivative and selective CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR that is used to treat symptoms associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS and JUVENILE ARTHRITIS, as well as the management of ACUTE PAIN.. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis defined as following: An inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, caused by mutation(s) in the SOD1 gene, encoding superoxide dismutase..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does BNN27 promote memory loss?", "id": "converted_3335", "sentence1": "Does BNN27 promote memory loss?", "sentence2": "The novel dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) derivative BNN27 counteracts delay-dependent and scopolamine-induced recognition memory deficits in rats., BNN27 is a novel 17C spiroepoxy-prasterone derivative, which devoid of steroidogenic activity. The neuroprotective effects of BNN27 have been recently reported. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of BNN27 on recognition memory in rats. For this purpose, the novel object task (NR4A2 gene), a procedure assessing non-spatial recognition memory and the novel location task (SLC22A7 gene), a procedure evaluating spatial recognition memory were used. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of BNN27 (3 and 10mg/kg) antagonized delay-dependent deficits in the NR4A2 gene in the normal Rattus norvegicus, suggesting that this prasterone derivative affected acquisition, storage and retrieval of information. In addition, BNN27 (3 and 10mg/kg, i.p.) counteracted the scopolamine [0.2mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)]-induced non-spatial and spatial recognition memory deficits. These findings suggest that BNN27 may modulate different aspects of recognition memory, potentially interacting with the cholinergic system, relevant to cognition.[SEP]Relations: SLC22A7 has relations: drug_protein with Rifampicin, drug_protein with Rifampicin, drug_protein with Ganciclovir, drug_protein with Ganciclovir, molfunc_protein with protein binding, molfunc_protein with protein binding, drug_protein with Dinoprostone, drug_protein with Dinoprostone, protein_protein with RAPGEF4, protein_protein with RAPGEF4. Definitions: Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. scopolamine defined as following: A tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), specifically Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, with anticholinergic, antiemetic and antivertigo properties. Structurally similar to acetylcholine, scopolamine antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors located on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves as well as on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. The agent is used to cause mydriasis, cycloplegia, to control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, and prevent vomiting.. prasterone defined as following: A synthetic form of dehydroepiandrosterone with potential chemopreventive activity. Produced endogenously, dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) is an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to androgens and estrogens. Although the mechanisms of action of exogenously administered prasterone have not been fully illuminated, they may result in both direct and indirect physiologic effects. Direct effects include GABA-a receptor complex and NMDA receptor modulation, and enhanced pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion and antiglucocorticoid activities. (NCI04). memory loss defined as following: Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7).", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Has rituximab been considered as a treatment for chronic fatigues syndrome? (November 2017)", "id": "converted_2661", "sentence1": "Has rituximab been considered as a treatment for chronic fatigues syndrome? (November 2017)", "sentence2": " The use of Rintatolimod and rituximab as well as counselling, behavioural and rehabilitation therapy programs may be of benefit for CFS/ME, but the evidence of their effectiveness is still limited. [SEP]Relations: Rituximab has relations: drug_drug with Rilotumumab, drug_drug with Rilotumumab, drug_drug with Fremanezumab, drug_drug with Fremanezumab, drug_drug with Seribantumab, drug_drug with Seribantumab, drug_drug with Parsatuzumab, drug_drug with Parsatuzumab, drug_drug with Alemtuzumab, drug_drug with Alemtuzumab. Definitions: Rintatolimod defined as following: A synthetic derivative of inosinic acid with antiretroviral and immunomodulatory properties. Atvogen acts through a number of pathways to stimulate intracellular antiviral activity of the immune system: it stimulates interferon production; activates the oligoadenylate synthase-RNase L pathway; stimulates natural killer cell activity; and acts as a non-mitogenic stimulator of the immune system. This agent also inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. (NCI04). rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is METTL1 overexpression associated with better patient survival?", "id": "converted_4546", "sentence1": "Is METTL1 gene overexpression associated with better patient survival?", "sentence2": " Here we find METTL1 gene gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in Malignant Neoplasms and is associated with poor patient survival. METTL1 gene gene depletion causes decreased abundance of m7G-modified tRNAs and altered cell cycle and inhibits oncogenicity. Conversely, METTL1 gene gene overexpression induces oncogenic cell transformation and Primary malignant neoplasm. [SEP]Relations: METTL1 gene has relations: protein_protein with MAX, protein_protein with MAX, anatomy_protein_present with heart, anatomy_protein_present with heart, anatomy_protein_present with colon, anatomy_protein_present with colon, anatomy_protein_present with lung, anatomy_protein_present with lung, anatomy_protein_present with brain, anatomy_protein_present with brain. Definitions: Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is eculizumab used for treatment of myasthenia gravis?", "id": "converted_3090", "sentence1": "Is eculizumab used for treatment of myasthenia gravis?", "sentence2": "eculizumab treatment improved symptoms compared with placebo in a phase II study in patients with refractory gMG. D, eculizumab (Soliris) has been approved in several countries for refractory forms of generalized seropositive severe myasthenia gravis. , The humanized monoclonal antibody eculizumab (Soliris®) is a complement inhibitor indicated for use in anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive adults with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in the USA, refractory gMG in the EU, or gMG with symptoms that are difficult to control with high-dose IVIg therapy or PLEX in Japan. , Although several questions remain, such as duration of treatment, cost effectiveness and long-term efficacy and tolerability, current evidence indicates that eculizumab is a valuable emerging therapy for patients with refractory gMG., The 2 exceptions are Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and complement inhibition with eculizumab, which was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for myasthenia gravis., INTRODUCTION\nA phase 2 study of eculizumab for treating myasthenia gravis (Myasthenia Gravis) used the quantitative myasthenia gravis score (QMG) and myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile (Myasthenia Gravis-ADL) to evaluate baseline disease severity and treatment response., QMG and Myasthenia Gravis-ADL correlations: Study of eculizumab treatment of myasthenia gravis., rituximab seems to be particularly effective in MuSK myasthenia gravis, and eculizumab arises as an option in refractory AChR myasthenia gravis., Results from a phase 2 study suggested that eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, produced clinically meaningful improvements in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis., Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study., The humanized monoclonal antibody eculizumab (Soliris®) is a complement inhibitor indicated for use in anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive adults with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in the USA, refractory gMG in the EU, or gMG with symptoms that are difficult to control with high-dose IVIg therapy or PLEX in Japan., eculizumab (Soliris) has been approved in several countries for refractory forms of generalized seropositive severe myasthenia gravis., eculizumab: A Review in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of eculizumab in patients with refractory generalized myasthenia gravis., eculizumab: A Review in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis.) , <b>INTRODUCTION</b>: A phase 2 study of eculizumab for treating myasthenia gravis (Myasthenia Gravis) used the quantitative myasthenia gravis score (QMG) and myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile (Myasthenia Gravis-ADL) to evaluate baseline disease severity and treatment response., Correlations were then analyzed between these assessments.<br><b>METHODS</b>: Patients were given eculizumab or placebo during the first 16-week treatment period of the crossover study, with treatment assignments reversed for the second treatment period following a 5-week washout., A phase 2 study of eculizumab for treating myasthenia gravis (Myasthenia Gravis) used the quantitative myasthenia gravis score (QMG) and myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile (Myasthenia Gravis-ADL) to evaluate baseline disease severity and treatment response., The 2 exceptions are Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and complement inhibition with eculizumab, which was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for myasthenia gravis.[SEP]Relations: eculizumab has relations: drug_drug with Trastuzumab, drug_drug with Trastuzumab, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Briakinumab, drug_drug with Inebilizumab, drug_drug with Inebilizumab, drug_drug with Parsatuzumab, drug_drug with Parsatuzumab. myasthenia gravis has relations: contraindication with Sulfisoxazole, contraindication with Sulfisoxazole. Definitions: eculizumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against terminal complement protein C5. eculizumab binds to terminal complement protein C5, thereby blocking C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and blocking the complement-mediated destruction of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red blood cells. (NCI05). Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors defined as following: Any substance that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (Ach) in the synaptic cleft. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase results in an increase in the level and duration of action of acetylcholine.. Myasthenia Gravis defined as following: A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. eculizumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against terminal complement protein C5. eculizumab binds to terminal complement protein C5, thereby blocking C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and blocking the complement-mediated destruction of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red blood cells. (NCI05). myasthenia gravis defined as following: A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is ofatumumab effective for multiple sclerosis?", "id": "converted_4065", "sentence1": "Is ofatumumab effective for Multiple Sclerosis?", "sentence2": "Anti-MS4A1 wt Allele Agents for Multiple Sclerosis: Spotlight on Ocrelizumab and Ofatumumab., Ofatumumab, a fully Homo sapiens anti-MS4A1 wt Allele monoclonal antibody, that binds a distinct epitope, has been further investigated in phase 3 trials for relapsing forms of MS. , Conclusion: Ofatumumab offers beneficial outcomes for Root Mean Square by reducing relapse and Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom progression risk., Currently, new therapies are emerging that promise more convenience and an improved safety profile (ofatumumab) or remyelinating potential with clinical improvement (opicinumab)., The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-MS4A1 wt Allele agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully Homo sapiens ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit., AREAS COVERED: In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerance of anti-MS4A1 wt Allele therapies for MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab., Another MS4A1 wt Allele directed Monoclonal Antibody [EPC], ofatumumab, is in phase 3. , Ofatumumab offers beneficial outcomes for Root Mean Square by reducing relapse and Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom progression risk., CONCLUSION: Imaging showed that all subcutaneous ofatumumab doses demonstrated efficacy (most robust: cumulative doses ≥30 mg/12 wk), with a safety profile consistent with existing ofatumumab data., CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with Multiple Sclerosis, ofatumumab was associated with lower annualized relapse rates than teriflunomide. [SEP]Relations: Ofatumumab has relations: drug_drug with Denosumab, drug_drug with Denosumab, drug_drug with Crotedumab, drug_drug with Crotedumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Fasinumab, drug_drug with Fasinumab. Definitions: ocrelizumab defined as following: A Fc-modified, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell MS4A1 wt Allele cell surface antigen, with immunosuppressive activity. Ocrelizumab binds to MS4A1 wt Allele on the surfaces of B-cells, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B-cells overexpressing MS4A1 wt Allele. The MS4A1 wt Allele antigen, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel, is found on over 90% of B-cells, B-cell lymphomas, and other lymphoid tumor cells of B-cell origin; it plays an important role in B-cell functioning.. ofatumumab defined as following: A fully Homo sapiens, high-affinity IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the B cell MS4A1 wt Allele cell surface antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Ofatumumab binds specifically to MS4A1 wt Allele on the surfaces of B cells, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B cells overexpressing MS4A1 wt Allele. The MS4A1 wt Allele antigen, found on over 90% of B cells, B cell lymphomas, and other B cells of lymphoid tumors of B cell origin, is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel; it is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development.. MS4A1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MS4A1 wild-type allele is located within 11q12 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes B-lymphocyte antigen MS4A1 wt Allele protein, plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the MS4A1 wt Allele ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). Root Mean Square defined as following: A statistical measure of the magnitude of a set of variable values. The root mean square is the square root of the mean value for the squares of the original values..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do only changes in coding regions of MEF2C cause developmental disorders?", "id": "converted_4540", "sentence1": "Do only changes in coding regions of MEF2C gene cause developmental disorders?", "sentence2": "Non-coding region Variant upstream of MEF2C gene Genes cause severe Developmental Disabilities through three distinct loss-of-function mechanisms., Clinical genetic testing of protein-coding regions identifies a likely causative variant in only around half of Developmental Disabilities (DD) cases. The contribution of regulatory variation in non-coding regions to rare Disease, including DD, remains very poorly understood. We screened 9,858 probands from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study for de novo Gene Mutation in the 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) of genes within which Variant have previously been shown to cause DD through a dominant haploinsufficient mechanism. We identified four single-nucleotide Variant and two copy-number Variant upstream of MEF2C gene Genes in a total of ten individual probands. We developed multiple bespoke and orthogonal experimental approaches to demonstrate that these Variant cause DD through three distinct loss-of-function mechanisms, disrupting transcription, translation, and/or protein function. These non-coding region Variant represent 23% of likely diagnoses identified in MEF2C gene Genes in the DDD cohort, but these would all be missed in standard clinical genetics approaches. Nonetheless, these Variant are readily detectable in exome sequence data, with 30.7% of 5' UTR bases across all genes well covered in the DDD dataset. Our analyses show that non-coding Variant upstream of genes within which coding Variant are known to cause DD are an important cause of severe Disease and demonstrate that analyzing 5' UTRs can increase diagnostic yield. We also show how non-coding Variant can help inform both the Disease-causing mechanism underlying protein-coding Variant and dosage tolerance of the Genes.[SEP]Relations: developmental disability has relations: disease_protein with MECP2, disease_protein with MECP2. MEF2C gene has relations: disease_protein with intellectual disability, disease_protein with intellectual disability, disease_protein with autism spectrum disorder, disease_protein with autism spectrum disorder, disease_protein with autism (Disease), disease_protein with autism (Disease), disease_protein with autism susceptibility 1, disease_protein with autism susceptibility 1. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. MEF2C gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in muscular and vascular development.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Developmental Disabilities defined as following: Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed).", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Do orphan and gene related CpG islands follow power-law-like distributions?", "id": "converted_231", "sentence1": "Do orphan and Genes related CpG islands follow power-law-like distributions?", "sentence2": "Orphan and Genes related CpG Islands follow power-law-like distributions in several genomes: evidence of function-related and taxonomy-related modes of distribution., Here, an investigation of their distributional characteristics in a variety of genomes is undertaken for both whole CGI populations as well as for CGI subsets that lie away from known genes (Genes-unrelated or \"orphan\" CGIs). In both cases power-law-like linearity in double logarithmic scale is found.,  Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow. The power-law-like patterns in the genomic distributions of CGIs described herein are found to be compatible with several other features of the composition, abundance or functional role of CGIs reported in the current literature across several genomes, on the basis of the proposed evolutionary model., Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow., The power-law-like patterns in the genomic distributions of CGIs described herein are found to be compatible with several other features of the composition, abundance or functional role of CGIs reported in the current literature across several genomes, on the basis of the proposed evolutionary model., Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow. , Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow. The power-law-like patterns in the genomic distributions of CGIs described herein are found to be compatible with several other features of the composition, abundance or functional role of CGIs reported in the current literature across several genomes, on the basis of the proposed evolutionary model., Initially, they were assigned the role of transcriptional regulation of protein-coding genes, especially the house-keeping ones, while more recently there is found evidence that they are involved in several other functions as well, which might include regulation of the expression of RNA genes, DNA replication etc. Here, an investigation of their distributional characteristics in a variety of genomes is undertaken for both whole CGI populations as well as for CGI subsets that lie away from known genes (Genes-unrelated or \"orphan\" CGIs). In both cases power-law-like linearity in double logarithmic scale is found. , Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow., The power-law-like patterns in the genomic distributions of CGIs described herein are found to be compatible with several other features of the composition, abundance or functional role of CGIs reported in the current literature across several genomes, on the basis of the proposed evolutionary model., Our results on power-law-like linearity found in orphan CGI populations suggest that the observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow.[SEP]Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can MVA85A confer immunity against smallpox?", "id": "converted_3339", "sentence1": "Can MVA85A confer immunity against smallpox?", "sentence2": "We assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine, modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A), in adults infected with HIV-1., Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine MVA85A in healthy adults infected with HIV-1: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.[SEP]", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Can life style changes reduce oxidative stress", "id": "converted_253", "sentence1": "Can life style changes reduce oxidative stress", "sentence2": "The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome group had an unfavorable lipid profile and signs of oxidative stress induced damage to Lipids and Proteins. These results might be indicative of early proatherogenic processes in this group of patients who are otherwise at low risk for Arteriosclerosis. Antioxidant treatment and life style changes are indicated for women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, as well as closer observation in order to assess the degree of Arteriosclerosis., Once detected, these patients may be offered more aggressive treatment strategies such as early pharmacotherapy in addition to life style changes targeted to maintaining Pericytes integrity., Our results suggested that life style changes which related to migration might reduce DNA damage in Hasake nationalities., Low levels of Antioxidants and increased oxidative stress with insulin resistance in Metabolic Syndrome X suggests that besides therapeutic life style changes (TLC) as suggested in ATP III guidelines inclusion of antioxidant vitamins, Fruit and vegetable could be beneficial to ward off the consequences of Metabolic Syndrome X.[SEP]Relations: Chronic fatigue has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, myopathic form, disease_phenotype_positive with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, myopathic form, disease_phenotype_positive with immunodeficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with immunodeficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Sheehan syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Sheehan syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Muckle-Wells syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Muckle-Wells syndrome. Definitions: Lipids defined as following: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9). Pericytes defined as following: Unique slender cells with multiple processes extending along the capillary vessel axis and encircling the vascular wall, also called mural cells. Pericytes are imbedded in the BASEMENT MEMBRANE shared with the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessel. Pericytes are important in maintaining vessel integrity, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling.. Metabolic Syndrome X defined as following: A combination of medical conditions that when present, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. It includes the following medical conditions: increased blood pressure, central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance.. Fruit defined as following: The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.. Antioxidants defined as following: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard oxidation reactions. They counteract the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between presenteeism and depression?", "id": "converted_1526", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Presenteeism and depression?", "sentence2": "Presenteeism was positively associated with severity of depression (Health and Work Performance Questionnaire, P < 0.0001; WPAI, P < 0.0001)., Statistically significant correlations (0.32-0.53) were found between Presenteeism and increasing disability, Fatigue, depression, Anxiety Disorders, and reduced quality of life. , Presenteeism was associated with increasing Fatigue, depression, Anxiety Disorders, and reduced quality of life., Factors with less contribution to Presenteeism included physical limitations, depression or Anxiety Disorders, inadequate job training, and problems with supervisors and coworkers. , BACKGROUND: Subthreshold depression is highly prevalent in the general population and causes great loss to society especially in the form of reduced productivity while at work (Presenteeism)., Two major causes of worker Presenteeism (reduced on-the-job productivity as a result of health problems) are Musculoskeletal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and mental health issues, particularly depression. ,  Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and depression were significantly associated with Presenteeism. Pr, Survey adjusted multivariable logistic regression assessed classification of 12-month, depression-related Presenteeism on the basis of socio-demographic, financial, work and health factors. , RESULTS: The LPT from absenteeism and Presenteeism (reduced performance while present at work) was significantly higher among the Major Depressive Disorder group., BACKGROUND: Cancer patients and suicide and depression is reported to be a major cause of Illness (finding)-related sub-optimal work performance (Presenteeism). , BACKGROUND: It is amply documented that Mood Disorders adversely affect job satisfaction, workforce productivity, and absenteeism/Presenteeism. , The difference in productivity loss due to impaired Presenteeism was significantly different between the two groups, but the productivity loss due to absenteeism was not. , Disease activity (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.11-9.48) and depression (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.22-8.48) were associated with absenteeism, while depression (OR 5.69, 95% CI 1.77-18.27, disease activity (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.76-8.98), Anxiety Disorders (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31), self-efficacy (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58-0.86), and increasing age (OR 1.04 per year, 95% CI 1.00-1.08) were associated with Presenteeism. , Cancer patients and suicide and depression, in particular, appears to be associated with employment, absenteeism, and Presenteeism, and should therefore be prioritized in clinical practice., Cancer patients and suicide and depression frequently causes unemployment, absenteeism, and Presenteeism, which results in significantly reduced productivity., Presenteeism and absenteeism were significantly worse for the depression group at each time point (p < or = .001). In cross-sectional models, Presenteeism was associated with more severe depression symptoms, poorer general physical health, psychologically demanding work, the interaction ofpsychologically demanding work with depression, and less job control (r2 range = .33-.54)., Chronic conditions such as depression/Anxiety Disorders, BODY MASS INDEX QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS 20, Arthritis, and back/neck pain are especially important causes of productivity loss. Comorbidities have significant non-additive effects on both absenteeism and Presenteeism., RESULTS: At baseline, all Presenteeism measures were sensitive to differences between those with (N=69) and without (N=363) depression/Anxiety Disorders., Cancer patients and suicide and depression and Anxiety Disorders were more consistently associated with \"Presenteeism\" (that is, lost productivity while at work) than with absenteeism, whether this was measured by cutback days or by direct questionnaires., RESULTS: Substantial research exists about Anxiety Disorders and depression costs, such as performance and productivity, absenteeism, Presenteeism, disability, A A physical disability exacerbation, mental health treatment, increased medical care costs, exacerbating of physical Illness (finding), and studies of mental health care limitations and cost-offset., The author discusses the etiology and potential solutions for managing this new component in the productivity equation and in addressing depression, the major contributor to Presenteeism., For employees who are currently Depressed mood, recent research evidence has demonstrated that pharmacotherapy can have a dramatic and positive effect on lost productivity, absenteeism, and Presenteeism., Among participants who were still employed, those with depression had significantly more job turnover, Presenteeism, and absenteeism. , Only depression affected both absenteeism-Presenteeism and critical incidents. , CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorder in the workplace persist over time and have a major effect on work performance, most notably on \"Presenteeism,\" or reduced effectiveness in the workplace. , The negative effects of depression include those on patients' occupational functioning, including absenteeism, Presenteeism, and reduced opportunities for educational and work success. , The remitted group demonstrated a significant improvement in productivity (particularly Presenteeism) when compared with the new visit group (Z = -3.29, p = 0.001)., Cancer patients and suicide and depression in workers leads to significant absenteeism, \"Presenteeism\" (diminished capacity due to Illness (finding) while still present at work), and significantly increased medical expenses in addition to the costs of psychiatric care. , Significant predictors of Presenteeism and activity impairment at follow-up (controlled for gender, age, spondyloarthritis subgroups and Presenteeism at baseline) were Presenteeism at baseline, poor quality of life, worse disease activity, decreased physical function, lower self-efficacy pain and symptom, higher scores of Anxiety Disorders, depression, Location characteristic ID - Smoking and low education level, and for activity impairment also female sex. , \" Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:-:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and depression were significantly associated with Presenteeism., Only depression affected both absenteeism-Presenteeism and critical incidents., Factors with less contribution to Presenteeism included physical limitations, depression or Anxiety Disorders, inadequate job training, and problems with supervisors and coworkers.[SEP]Relations: Anxiety Disorders disorder has relations: disease_disease with postpartum depression, disease_disease with postpartum depression, disease_disease with neurotic depression, disease_disease with neurotic depression, disease_disease with unipolar depression, disease_disease with unipolar depression. major depressive disorder has relations: disease_disease with endogenous depression, disease_disease with endogenous depression, disease_disease with endogenous depression, disease_disease with endogenous depression. Definitions: Arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.. Major Depressive Disorder defined as following: Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) Depressed mood mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: Depressed mood mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5). Musculoskeletal Pain:-:Point in time:^Patient:- defined as following: Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.. Depressive disorder defined as following: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.. Depressed mood defined as following: An emotional state characterized by feelings of sadness, emptiness, and/or tearfulness.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. Presenteeism defined as following: Reporting for work despite feeling ill.. Mood Disorders defined as following: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can exosomes be detected in urine?", "id": "converted_488", "sentence1": "Can Exosomes be detected in Specimen Source Codes - Urine?", "sentence2": "Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted into the Extracellular environment upon internal vesicle fusion with the Plasma membrane. The Molecular content of Exosomes is a fingerprint of the releasing cell type and of its status. For this reason, and because they are released in easily accessible body fluids such as blood and Specimen Source Codes - Urine, they represent a precious biomedical tool. , Exosomes are Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) that are released from the Both kidneys into Specimen Source Codes - Urine., Quantification of Homo sapiens urinary Exosomes by nanoparticle tracking analysis., Urinary Extracellular Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) (uEVs) are released by Cells throughout the Nephron brand of racepinephrine hydrochloride and contain biomolecules from their Cells of origin., Urinary Exosomes have been proposed as potential diagnostic tools., Urinary Exosomes as a source of Both kidneys dysfunction biomarker in renal transplantation, . Here we sought to optimize the methodologies for the isolation and quantification of urinary exosomal microRNA as a prelude to biomarker discovery studies. , Exosomes are small (30-150 nm) Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) containing unique RNA and Protein Info cargo, secreted by all cell types in culture. They are also found in abundance in body fluids including blood, Specimen Source Codes - Saliva, and Specimen Source Codes - Urine. , Urinary exosome-like Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) (ELVs) are a heterogenous mixture (diameter 40-200 nm) containing Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) shed from all segments of the Nephron brand of racepinephrine hydrochloride including glomerular podocytes, Exosomes are Cytoplasm containing Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) released by many Cells that can be found in several biological fluids including Specimen Source Codes - Urine., Proteomic analysis of urinary Exosomes in cardiovascular and associated Both kidneys diseases by two-dimensional electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS[SEP]Relations: Cytoplasm has relations: cellcomp_protein with EXOSC10, cellcomp_protein with EXOSC10, cellcomp_protein with PSME1, cellcomp_protein with PSME1. Both kidneys disease has relations: contraindication with Entacapone, contraindication with Entacapone, contraindication with Cisapride, contraindication with Cisapride. Plasma membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with EXO1, cellcomp_protein with EXO1. Definitions: Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) defined as following: An abnormal fluid-filled cleft (e.g. as in the epidermis) or membrane-bound space.. Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Plasma membrane defined as following: The lipid- and Protein Info-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the Cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cells.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). Exosomes defined as following: A type of Extracellular vesicle, containing RNA and proteins, that is secreted into the Extracellular space by EXOCYTOSIS when MULTIVESICULAR BODIES fuse with the PLASMA MEMBRANE.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Both kidneys dysfunction defined as following: An abnormal functionality of the Both kidneys. [HPO:probinson]. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Extracellular defined as following: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For Cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the Plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]. Both kidneys diseases defined as following: Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does addition of valproic acid improve survival of patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma?", "id": "converted_4409", "sentence1": "Does addition of valproic acid improve survival of patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma?", "sentence2": "Median event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma were 7.8 (95% NDUFB6 gene 5.6-8.2) and 10.3 (7.4-13.4) months, and estimated one-year EFS was 12% (2%-31%). Median EFS and OS for HGG were 9.1 (6.4-11) and 12.1 (10-22.1) months, and estimated one-year EFS was 24% (7%-45%). , CONCLUSION: Addition of valproic acid and bevacizumab to radiation was well tolerated but did not appear to improve EFS or OS in children with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma or HGG., Event-free survival and overall survival of patients not treated with valproic acid were 6.5 and 7.8 months. Accelerated failure time model (a parametric multivariate regression test for time-to-failure data) showed a statistically significant superiority of the median event-free survival of treated patients (6.5 vs. 9.5 months in treated patients; HR 0.54-95 % NDUFB6 gene 0.33-0.87; p < 0.05) and also of overall survival (7.8 vs. 13.4 months in treated patients; HR 0.60-95 % NDUFB6 gene 0.37-0.98; p = 0.05).[SEP]Relations: diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma has relations: disease_disease with childhood brain stem glioma, disease_disease with childhood brain stem glioma. Valproic acid has relations: contraindication with inherited porphyria, contraindication with inherited porphyria, contraindication with hyperargininemia, contraindication with hyperargininemia, contraindication with porphyrin metabolism disease, contraindication with porphyrin metabolism disease, contraindication with pancreatitis, contraindication with pancreatitis. Definitions: valproic acid defined as following: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma defined as following: A glioma that grows diffusely in the pons. It usually affects children and has a poor prognosis.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. valproic acid defined as following: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is Solanezumab effective for Alzheimer's Disease?", "id": "converted_2423", "sentence1": "Is solanezumab effective for ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1?", "sentence2": "An analysis of publicly available data from the Phase II studies for bapineuzumab and solanezumab indicates that neither compound produced compelling evidence of drug-like behavior that would justify their progression into pivotal trials. , Notably, a recent study of solanezumab, an Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein β monoclonal antibody, raises hope for the further therapeutic potential of immunotherapy, not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also for other Neurodegenerative Disorders, including Parkinson Disease. , For example, Eli Lilly announced a major change to its closely watched clinical trial for the Alzheimer's drug solanezumab which failed to reach statistical significance. , Areas covered: This contradiction prompted us to review all study phases of immunoglobulins, intravenous (IVIG), bapineuzumab, solanezumab, Avagacestat and latrepirdine to shed more light on these recent failures. ,  Results from phase III clinical trials in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol) patients with two Monoclonal Antibodies bapineuzumab and solanezumab and intravenous immunoglobulin have been disappointing. Subsequent analysis of pooled data from both phase III trials with solanezumab showed a reduction in Mental deterioration in patients with mild cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol., Secondary analyses of EXPEDITION studies suggested a smaller functional effect of solanezumab relative to cognition. An increasing effect of solanezumab over 18 months was shown for cognition and function., RESULTS: In the mild cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol population, less cognitive and functional decline was observed with solanezumab (n = 659) versus placebo (n = 663), measured by ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 Assessment Scale Cognitive subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination, and ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living functional scale Instrumental ADLs. , The promising results obtained with aducanumab and solanezumab against Alzheimer's disease (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol) strengthen the vaccine approach to prevent cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, despite of the many clinical setbacks. , CONCLUSIONS: solanezumab, a Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized that binds Serum Serum amyloid A protein A protein, failed to improve cognition or functional ability. , Results from phase III clinical trials in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol) patients with two Monoclonal Antibodies bapineuzumab and solanezumab and intravenous immunoglobulin have been disappointing.[SEP]Relations: solanezumab has relations: drug_drug with Adalimumab, drug_drug with Adalimumab, drug_drug with Eldelumab, drug_drug with Eldelumab, drug_drug with Idarucizumab, drug_drug with Idarucizumab, drug_drug with Alemtuzumab, drug_drug with Alemtuzumab, drug_drug with Refanezumab, drug_drug with Refanezumab. Definitions: Neurodegenerative Disorders defined as following: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. Serum amyloid A protein defined as following: A family of apolipoproteins that are associated with high-density lipoprotein particles in the serum. These proteins may play a role in both the acute-phase of inflammation and in cholesterol transport.. bapineuzumab defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (IgG1) raised against Serum amyloid A protein beta peptides with Alzheimer disease treatment application. bapineuzumab recognizes and binds the N-terminal amino acids 1-5 of the Serum amyloid A protein beta peptide, and may be used in a passive immunotherapy treatment.. solanezumab defined as following: A Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (IgG1) raised against Serum amyloid A protein beta peptides with Alzheimer disease treatment application. solanezumab recognizes and binds the middle amino acid residues 16-24 of the Serum amyloid A protein beta peptide and may be used in a passive immunotherapy treatment.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: Alzheimer's disease caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding Serum amyloid A protein-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Mental deterioration defined as following: Loss of previously present mental abilities, generally in adults. [HPO:probinson]. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). immunoglobulins, intravenous defined as following: Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.. Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized defined as following: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Are organisms in the genus Morexella associated with sepsis?", "id": "converted_2424", "sentence1": "Are organisms in the genus Morexella associated with Sepsis (Invertebrate)?", "sentence2": "Out of 130 culture proven cases of neonatal Sepsis (Invertebrate), gram negative Bacteria were found in 71 (54.6%) cases and gram positive Bacteria in 59 (45.4%) cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Bacteria found in 35 (26.9%) cases followed by Escherichia coli in 30 (23.1%) cases. Acinetobacter species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebseila, Streptococcus, Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae subsp. cloacae and Morexella species were found in 17 (13.1%), 17 (13.1%), 13 (10%), 7 (5.4%), 6 (4.6%), and 5 (3.8%) cases respectively. [SEP]Relations: Bacteremia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with shigellosis, disease_phenotype_positive with shigellosis, disease_phenotype_positive with melioidosis, disease_phenotype_positive with melioidosis, disease_phenotype_positive with listeriosis, disease_phenotype_positive with listeriosis. escherichia coli infection has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infectious disease. Definitions: Escherichia coli defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped Bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.. Streptococcus defined as following: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid Bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. organisms defined as following: A living entity..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is colistin an antibiotic?", "id": "converted_4036", "sentence1": "Is colistin an antibiotic?", "sentence2": "all Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical tested, apart from colistin, , Among the selected Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical, there were 12 Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical (tosufloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, clinafloxacin, pazufloxacin, gatifloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, fleroxacin, flumequine, ciprofloxacin), 15 beta-Lactams or cephalosporin Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical (Cefmenoxime, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, cefotiam, cefdinir, cefoperazone, cefpiramide, cefamandole, cefixime, ceftibuten, cefmetazole, cephalosporin C, aztreonam, piperacillintazobactam, mezlocillin), 3 Tetracycline Antibiotics (meclocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline), 2 membrane-acting agents (colistin and clofoctol),,  CASP14 gene received an antibiotic cocktail (kanamycin A A, gentamicin, colistin, metronidazole, and vancomycin) for 96 h.[SEP]Relations: Colistin has relations: drug_drug with Ampicillin, drug_drug with Ampicillin, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Gentamicin, drug_drug with Gentamicin, drug_drug with Propicillin, drug_drug with Propicillin, drug_drug with Sultamicillin, drug_drug with Sultamicillin. Definitions: cefotaxime defined as following: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. ciprofloxacin defined as following: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. vancomycin defined as following: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. beta-Lactams defined as following: Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.. gentamicin defined as following: A complex of closely related aminoglycoside bases (e.g., Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA)), obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species.. Tetracycline Antibiotics defined as following: Any of a group of broad spectrum naphthacene Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical isolated from various species of Streptomyces or produced semisynthetically. In bacteria, Tetracycline Antibiotics block binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. (NCI05). enrofloxacin defined as following: A Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. Cefmenoxime defined as following: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. doxycycline defined as following: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.. colistin defined as following: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. kanamycin A defined as following: The major component of the kanamycin A complex, an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, with antibacterial activity.. lomefloxacin defined as following: A synthetic broad-spectrum Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic with antibacterial activity. Lomefloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase involved in the induction or relaxation of supercoiling during DNA replication. This inhibition leads to a decrease in DNA synthesis during bacterial replication, resulting in cell growth inhibition and eventually cell lysis.. cefotiam defined as following: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. fleroxacin defined as following: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. gatifloxacin defined as following: A Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. cefixime defined as following: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. sparfloxacin defined as following: A Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. Sparfloxacin was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to a high incidence of phototoxicity.. ceftibuten defined as following: A semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-stable, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Ceftibuten binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.. cefdinir defined as following: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. norfloxacin defined as following: A synthetic Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. metronidazole defined as following: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. cefoperazone defined as following: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. ceftizoxime defined as following: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.. levofloxacin defined as following: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. clofoctol defined as following: A bacteriostatic antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Clofoctol is used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.. cefmetazole defined as following: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefpiramide defined as following: A third-generation, semi-synthetic, beta-Lactams cephalosporin antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Cefpiramide binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), transpeptidases that are responsible for crosslinking of peptidoglycan. By preventing crosslinking of peptidoglycan, cell wall integrity is lost and cell wall synthesis is halted.. aztreonam defined as following: A monocyclic beta-Lactams antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. cefamandole defined as following: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. mezlocillin defined as following: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. antibiotic defined as following: Substances naturally produced by microorganisms or their derivatives that selectively target microorganisms not humans. Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by targeting components of the microbial cell absent from human cells, including bacterial cell walls, cell membrane, and 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits. These substances are used in the treatment of bacterial and other microbial infections..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are EDNRB mutations involved in the development of Hirschsprung disease?", "id": "converted_1285", "sentence1": "Are EDNRB protein, human mutations involved in the development of Hirschsprung Disease?", "sentence2": "QTL analysis identifies a modifier Gene Locus of aganglionosis in the Rattus norvegicus model of Hirschsprung Disease carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations, As reported previously, when the same null Mutation Abnormality of the EDNRB protein, human gene, Ednrb(sl), was introgressed into the F344 strain, almost 60% of F344-Ednrb(sl/sl) pups did not show any symptoms of aganglionosis, appearing healthy and normally fertile., Genetic background strongly modifies the severity of symptoms of Hirschsprung Disease, but not hearing impairment in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations, In this study, we found that the null Mutation Abnormality of the EDNRB protein, human gene, thought indispensable for enteric Neurons development, is insufficient to result in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 Disease when bred onto a different genetic background in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations., New roles of EDNRB protein, human protein, human and EDN3 gene gene in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung Disease., The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the EDN3 gene gene and EDNRB protein, human protein, human Genes in a series of patients with Hirschsprung Disease from Spain and determinate their mutational spectrum., A De Novo novel Mutation Abnormality of the EDNRB protein, human protein, human gene in a Taiwanese boy with Hirschsprung Disease, Although mutations in eight different Genes (EDNRB protein, human protein, human, EDN3 gene gene, ECE1 gene gene, SOX10 Transcription Factor Transcription Factor, ret unit of radiation dose, Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, CX3CL1 gene, SLC9A3R2 gene) have been identified in affected individuals, it is now clear that ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human are the primary Genes implicated in the etiology of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1., Gene Mutation in Genes of the ret unit of radiation dose High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human and endothelin receptor B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) signaling pathways have been shown to be associated in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 patients. , Interactions between Sox10 and EdnrB modulate penetrance and severity of aganglionosis in the Sox10Dom mouse model of Hirschsprung Disease, Molecular genetic analyses have revealed that interactions between mutations in the Genes encoding the ret unit of radiation dose High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human and the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) are central to the genesis of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, Genome-wide association study and mouse model identify interaction between ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human pathways in Hirschsprung Disease, Thus, genetic interaction between mutations in ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human is an underlying mechanism for this complex disorder., EDNRB protein, human protein, human/EDN3 gene gene and Hirschsprung Disease type II., Analysis of the ret unit of radiation dose, Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, EDN3 gene gene, and EDNRB protein, human protein, human Genes in patients with intestinal neuronal dysplasia and Hirschsprung Disease, wo susceptibility Genes have been recently identified in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, namely the ret unit of radiation dose proto-oncogene and the Receptor, Endothelin B, Type 2 (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) gene., We conclude that Ednrb loss only in Neural Crest Cells is sufficient to produce the Hirschsprungs Disease phenotype observed with genomic Ednrb mutations, EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations were detected in 2 of the 13 short-segment Hodgkin Disease, The mutations of EDNRB protein, human protein, human gene and EDN-3 gene are found in the short-segment Hodgkin Disease of sporadic Hirschsprung's Disease in Chinese population, which suggests that the EDNRB protein, human protein, human gene and EDN-3 gene play important roles in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin Disease, Functional characterization of three mutations of the Receptor, Endothelin B, Type 2 gene in patients with Hirschsprung's Disease, Hirschsprung's Disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1) is one the most common congenital intestinal Disease. It leads to aganglionic megacolon in the early childhood. Several susceptibility Genes have been identified : ret unit of radiation dose protooncogene and its ligand, Neuroglia derived neutrophic factor (Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor), Sox 10, Endothelin-3 (EDN3 gene gene) and its receptor B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human). EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations are found in 5% of familial or sporadic HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, Enteric aganglionosis in Hirschsprung Disease has been linked to Genes coding for Endothelin-3 (EDN3 gene gene) and the Receptor, Endothelin B, Type 2 (EDNRB protein, human protein, human), To date, three Genes have been identified as susceptibility Genes for Hirschsprung's Disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), the ret unit of radiation dose proto-oncogene, the endothelin-B receptor gene (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) and the Endothelin-3 gene (EDN3 gene gene), Our data indicate that ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations have a role in the aetiology of some sporadically occurring HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, Gene Mutation of the endothelin-B receptor and Endothelin-3 Genes in Hirschsprung's Disease, The endothelin-B receptor gene (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) and the Endothelin-3 gene (EDN3 gene gene) have recently been recognized as susceptibility Genes for Hirschsprung's Disease (Hodgkin Disease), These observations confirm that impaired function of the endothelin-B receptor or Endothelin-3 is involved in the aetiology of some human Hodgkin Disease cases. EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations appear to be associated with short-segment Hodgkin Disease, in contrast to ret unit of radiation dose mutations, which are found mainly in Long-segment aganglionosis, In addition to mutations in the ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human Genes, embryonic environmental factors and/or other genetic factors appear to be involved in the development of Hirschsprung Disease., Heterozygous endothelin receptor B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) mutations in isolated Hirschsprung Disease., QTL analysis identifies a modifier Gene Locus of aganglionosis in the Rattus norvegicus model of Hirschsprung Disease carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations., Homozygous mutations in the endothelin-B receptor gene (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) on 13q22 have been identified in Homo sapiens and CASP14 gene with Hirschsprung Disease type 3 (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 2)., A De Novo novel Mutation Abnormality of the EDNRB protein, human protein, human gene in a Taiwanese boy with Hirschsprung Disease., Hitherto however, homozygosity for EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations accounted for the HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1-Waardenburg syndrome (Werner Syndrome) association., These data might suggest that EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations could be dosage sensitive: heterozygosity would predispose to isolated HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with incomplete penetrance, while homozygosity would result in more complex neurocristopathies associating HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 and Werner Syndrome features., Highly recurrent ret unit of radiation dose mutations and novel mutations in Genes of the High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human and endothelin receptor B pathways in Chinese patients with sporadic Hirschsprung Disease., Gene Mutation in Genes encoding the ret unit of radiation dose High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human and endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) are involved in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 pathogenesis; however, also important in ENS development are Molecule that mediate events that are more restricted than those of ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human, act later in development and which might not be HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1-associated., Several missense mutations of the endothelin-B receptor (EDNRB protein, human protein, human) associated with Hirschsprung Disease have recently been identified., These findings indicate that these missense mutations result in loss of function of EDNRB protein, human protein, human, and may provide the molecular pathological basis of Hirschsprung Disease in some individuals., Manifestation of the Disease has been linked to mutations in Genes that encode the crucial signals for the development of the enteric nervous system-the ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human signalling pathways., In addition to mutations in the ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, human protein, human Genes, embryonic environmental factors and/or other genetic factors appear to be involved in the development of Hirschsprung Disease, In this study, we investigated whether germline mutations of endothelin receptor B (EDNRB protein, human protein, human), a gene involved in Hirschsprung Disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), could also predispose for Melanocytic neoplasm (Millimole per Liter), However, the similarity between the distal Aganglionosis, Colonic in Hirschsprung Disease and that due to EDN3 gene gene or EDNRB protein, human protein, human mutations led to the hypothesis that levels of expression of these Genes might be affected in the absence of Mutation Abnormality, thus causing the Hirschsprung Disease phenotype, Our data strongly suggest that EDNRB protein, human protein, human is involved in predisposition for two different multigenic disorders, HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 and Melanocytic neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: EDNRB protein, human has relations: disease_protein with Hirschsprung Disease, disease_protein with Hirschsprung Disease, disease_protein with hirschsprung Disease, susceptibility to, disease_protein with hirschsprung Disease, susceptibility to. Hirschsprung Disease has relations: disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, human. Definitions: EDNRB protein, human defined as following: Endothelin receptor type B (442 aa, ~50 kDa) is encoded by the human EDNRB protein, human gene. This protein is involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.. High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human defined as following: High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (796 aa, ~87 kDa) is encoded by the human NTRK1 gene. This protein is involved in tyrosine phosphorylation, axonogenesis and receptor-mediated signaling.. hearing impairment defined as following: Partial or complete loss of the ability to detect or understand sounds resulting from damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear structures. Causes include exposure to loud noise, ear infections, injuries to the ear, genetic, and congenital disorders.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant Disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. EDN3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in vasoconstriction.. EDNRB gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell signaling.. Endothelin-3 defined as following: A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63). Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445). ret unit of radiation dose High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, human defined as following: Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor RECEPTORS. Gene Mutation in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.. CX3CL1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both inflammatory processes and cellular adhesion.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. ret unit of radiation dose defined as following: a unit of radiation dose. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor defined as following: The founding member of the Neuroglia line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.. Hirschsprung's Disease defined as following: Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.. Neuroglia defined as following: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocytes.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each Neurons consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. ret unit of radiation dose proto-oncogene defined as following: This gene plays an essential role in neural crest development, cellular growth and differentiation. Gene Mutation in the gene are associated with a variety of neoplasias and carcinomas.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Aganglionosis, Colonic defined as following: The severe form of Hirschsprung Disease, this is characterized by a complete lack of nerve cells in the large intestine, and often a partial lack in the small intestine. The bowel is not stimulated without innervation and obstruction ensues. Surgical intervention is necessary.. Neural Crest Cells defined as following: Neuroectodermal cells of the neural crest. They differentiate into various cell types during EMBRYOGENESIS including craniofacial MESENCHYME; ENDOCRINE CELLS; MELANOCYTES and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. Werner Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal recessive disorder that causes premature aging in adults, characterized by sclerodermal skin changes, cataracts, subcutaneous calcification, muscular atrophy, a tendency to diabetes mellitus, aged appearance of the face, baldness, and a high incidence of neoplastic Disease.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. mutations defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Has tocilizumab been assessed against Covid-19?", "id": "converted_3744", "sentence1": "Has tocilizumab been assessed against Covid-19?", "sentence2": "Preliminary clinical results have indicated that antagonism of the Interleukin 6 Receptor (interleukin-6 receptor activity), including with the FDA-approved humanized monoclonal antibody tocilizumab, can improve the outcomes of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 while maintaining a good safety profile.[SEP]Relations: interleukin-6 receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with IL6ST, molfunc_protein with IL6ST, molfunc_protein with IL6R, molfunc_protein with IL6R. interleukin-6 receptor complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with IL6ST, cellcomp_protein with IL6ST, cellcomp_protein with IL6R, cellcomp_protein with IL6R, cellcomp_protein with IL6, cellcomp_protein with IL6. Definitions: Interleukin 6 Receptor defined as following: Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-6. They are present on T-LYMPHOCYTES, mitogen-activated B-LYMPHOCYTES, and peripheral MONOCYTES. The receptors are heterodimers of the INTERLEUKIN-6 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.. interleukin-6 receptor activity defined as following: Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:jl, GOC:signaling]. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (interleukin-6 receptor activity) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of interleukin-6 receptor activity (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is JTV519 (K201) a potential drug for the prevention of arrhythmias?", "id": "converted_985", "sentence1": "Is JTV519 (K201) a potential Pharmacologic Substance for the prevention of arrhythmias?", "sentence2": "We compared the suppressive effect of K201 (JTV519), a multiple-channel blocker and cardiac ryanodine receptor-calcium release channel (Ryanodine Receptor 2) stabilizer, with that of diltiazem, a Ca(2+ )channel blocker, in 2 studies of isoproterenol-induced (n = 30) and ischemic-reperfusion-induced VAs (n = 38) in Rattus norvegicus. , After administration of isoproterenol under Ca(2+) loading, fatal VA frequently occurred in the vehicle (9 of 10 animal allergen extracts, 90%) and diltiazem (8 of 10, 80%) groups, and K201 significantly suppressed the incidences of Cardiac Arrhythmia and mortality (2 of 10, 20%). In the reperfusion study, the incidence and the time until occurrence of reperfusion-induced VA and mortality were significantly suppressed in the K201 (2 of 15 animal allergen extracts, 13%) and diltiazem (1 of 9 animal allergen extracts, 11%) groups compared to the vehicle group (8 of 14 animal allergen extracts, 57%). , K201 markedly suppressed both the isoproterenol-induced and the reperfusion-induced VAs, whereas diltiazem did not suppress the isoproterenol-induced VA., JTV519 (K201) is a newly developed 1,4-benzothiazepine Pharmacologic Substance with antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective properties. It appears to be very effective in not only preventing but also in reversing the characteristic myocardial changes and preventing lethal arrhythmias., The novel antiarrhythmic Pharmacologic Substance K201 (4-[3-{1-(4-benzyl)piperidinyl}propionyl]-7-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzothiazepine monohydrochloride) is currently in development for treatment of Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding. K201 not only controls intracellular calcium release by the Ryanodine Receptors, but also possesses a ventricular action that might predispose to torsade de pointes arrhythmias. , The ryanodine receptor complex location is currently used as a therapeutic target in Malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia where dantrolene is effective and to relieve ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia, with the use of JTV519 and flecainide., Finally, KN-3 and JTV519, two compounds that stabilize Ryanodine Receptor 2 in the closed state, prevent the induction of triggered activity and suppress the inducibility of sustained AF. , JTV519 greatly reduced the frequency of ouabain-induced arrhythmogenic events., Stabilization of Ryanodine Receptor 2 by JTV519 effectively reduces these triggered arrhythmias., These findings may reveal the anti-arrhythmic potential of K201., The preferential ryanodine receptor stabilizer (K201) possesses antiarrhythmic effects through calcium regulation. , The Pharmacologic Substance K201 (JTV519) increases inotropy and suppresses arrhythmias in failing hearts, but the effects of K201 on normal hearts is unknown. , K201 fails to prevent amsonic acid in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) Muscle Cells and Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) CASP14 gene, In vivo administration of K201 failed to prevent induction of Polymorphism Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding (Tachycardia, Ventricular) in Ryanodine Receptor 2(R4496C+/-) CASP14 gene., The 1,4-benzothiazepine JTV519, which increases the binding affinity of calstabin-2 for Ryanodine Receptor 2, inhibited the diastolic SR Ca2+ leak, monophasic action potential alternan and triggered arrhythmias., In arrhythmias, the calstabin2 stabiliser JTV519 did not prevent arrhythmias in calstabin2-/- CASP14 gene, but reduced the arrhythmias in calstabin2+/- CASP14 gene, illustrating the antiarrhythmic potential of stabilising calstablin2. , In three models of arrhythmias, the calstabin2 stabiliser JTV519 did not prevent arrhythmias in calstabin2(-/-) CASP14 gene, but reduced the arrhythmias in calstabin2(+/-) CASP14 gene, illustrating the antiarrhythmic potential of stabilising calstabin2. , A derivative of 1,4-benzothiazepine (JTV519) increased the affinity of calstabin2 for Ryanodine Receptor 2, which stabilized the closed state of Ryanodine Receptor 2 and prevented the Ca2+ leak that triggers arrhythmias. , JTV519 had significant protective effects on Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding in the Body Surface Area Formula for Dogs sterile Pericarditis model, mainly by increasing effective refractory period, suggesting that it may have potential as a novel antiarrhythmic agent for Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding., JTV519 significantly decreased the mean number of sustained Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding episodes (from 4.2 +/- 2.9 to 0 +/- 0, P < 0.01). , We conclude that JTV519 can exert antiarrhythmic effects against AF by inhibiting repolarizing K(+) currents. The Pharmacologic Substance may be useful for the treatment of AF in patients with Coronary Arteriosclerosis.[SEP]Relations: Arrhythmia has relations: drug_effect with Oseltamivir, drug_effect with Oseltamivir, drug_effect with Venlafaxine, drug_effect with Venlafaxine, drug_effect with Levonorgestrel, drug_effect with Levonorgestrel, drug_effect with Ranitidine, drug_effect with Ranitidine. Dantrolene has relations: drug_drug with JNJ-26489112, drug_drug with JNJ-26489112. Definitions: flecainide defined as following: A potent anti-Cardiac Arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. dantrolene defined as following: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. ryanodine receptor complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated calcium-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. ryanodine receptor complex location comprises a family of Ryanodine Receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Malignant hyperpyrexia due to anesthesia defined as following: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Tachycardia, Ventricular defined as following: An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or Polymorphism, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).. isoproterenol defined as following: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. Muscle Cells defined as following: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as Muscle Cells, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.. Polymorphism defined as following: The quality or state of being able to assume different forms.. Pericarditis defined as following: Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or Pharmacologic Substance-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.. ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. diltiazem defined as following: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular organ with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC). Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Atrial Fibrillation by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia characterized by the replacement of consistent P waves by rapid oscillations or fibrillatory waves that vary in size, shape and timing and are accompanied by an irregularly irregular ventricular response. (CDISC). Body Surface Area Formula for Dogs defined as following: The formula to calculate body surface area in dogs. It is mathematically defined as: BSA (m^2) = (10.0 x Weight(g)^2/3)/1000. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. arrhythmias defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is RANKL secreted from the cells?", "id": "converted_4", "sentence1": "Is TNFSF11 protein, human wt Allele secreted from the Cells?", "sentence2": "Tumor necrosis factor receptor 11b (Panoramic Radiography) is a soluble secreted factor that acts as a TNFRSF10C gene for receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele) , Tumor necrosis factor receptor 11b (Panoramic Radiography) is a secreted glycoprotein and a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily. It usually functions in Specimen Type - Bone remodeling, by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis through interaction with a receptor activator of the NFI Transcription Factors (TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele)., e TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele/Panoramic Radiography ratio secreted by Osteoblasts increased and TNFRSF11A wt Allele expression by osteoclasts increased, leading to increased osteoclastogenesis, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 11b (Panoramic Radiography) is an essential secreted protein in Specimen Type - Bone turnover due to its role as a TNFRSF10C gene for the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB ligand (TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele) in the osteoclasts, thus inhibiting their differentiation, We identify a TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human RNA Transcript variant that extends the originally identified RNA Transcript encoding secreted TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele., Activated human T Cells express alternative mRNA transcripts encoding a secreted form of TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele., Panoramic Radiography, on the other hand, is secreted by osteoblast as a TNFRSF10C gene for TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele, prevents TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele from binding to TNFRSF11A wt Allele and thus prevents Specimen Type - Bone resorption, Substance with receptor activator mechanism of action (substance) of NFI Transcription Factors ligand (TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele) and osteoprotegerin (Panoramic Radiography) are Recombinant Cytokines predominantly secreted by Osteoblasts and play a central role in differentiation and functional activation of osteoclasts, Although B. abortus-activated T Cells actively secreted the pro-osteoclastogenic Recombinant Cytokines TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele and Interleukin-17, osteoclastogenesis depended on Interleukin-17, because Osteoclasts generation induced by Brucella-activated T Cells was completely abrogated when these Cells were cultured with BMMs from Interleukin-17 receptor knockout mice. ,  osteoclastogenesis and Specimen Type - Bone destruction in Autoimmune arthritis. We isolated human fibroblasts from Rheumatoid Arthritis, Pyrophosphate arthritis (phenylpropanolamine) and Degenerative polyarthritis (OSTEOARTHRITIS SUSCEPTIBILITY 1) patients and analyzed their TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele/Panoramic Radiography expression profile and the capacity of their secreted factors to induce osteoclastogenesis., Tumor necrosis factor receptor 11b (Panoramic Radiography) and receptor activator of NFI Transcription Factors ligand (TNFSF11 protein, human protein, human wt Allele) are Recombinant Cytokines predominantly secreted by Osteoblasts and play critical roles in the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. [SEP]Relations: SUMOylation of transcription factors has relations: pathway_protein with FOXL2, pathway_protein with FOXL2, pathway_protein with CDKN2A, pathway_protein with CDKN2A. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Allylestrenol, drug_drug with Allylestrenol, drug_drug with Allylestrenol, drug_drug with Allylestrenol. Phenylpropanolamine has relations: contraindication with sickle cell anemia, contraindication with sickle cell anemia. Definitions: Osteoblasts defined as following: Bone-forming Cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form Specimen Type - Bone.. Osteoclasts defined as following: A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an Osteoclasts and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.. TNFSF11 protein, human wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFSF11 protein, human wild-type allele is located within 13q14 and is approximately 45 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 protein, plays a role in Osteoclasts differentiation and activation. This allele also is involved in apoptotic signal transduction and regulation.. TNFRSF10C gene defined as following: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C (259 aa, ~27 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF10C gene. This protein is involved in both binding to tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 and the inhibition of apoptosis.. Interleukin-17 defined as following: A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.. Panoramic Radiography defined as following: Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 11b defined as following: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble TNFRSF10C gene of TNFRSF11A wt Allele LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between TNFRSF11A wt Allele LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.. phenylpropanolamine defined as following: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Interleukin-17 receptor defined as following: Cell surface receptors for INTERLEUKIN-17. Several subtypes of receptors have been found, each with its own in specificity for interleukin-17 subtype.. TNFSF11 protein, human defined as following: Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (317 aa, ~35 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFSF11 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in Osteoclasts differentiation and activation and the regulation of the interactions between T-Cells and dendritic Cells.. TNFRSF11A wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFRSF11A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 18q22.1 and is approximately 61 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily member 11A protein, plays a role in the regulation and maintenance of Specimen Type - Bone density.. Degenerative polyarthritis defined as following: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.. NFI Transcription Factors defined as following: A family of proteins that contain 1 DWA/MH1 domain and bind 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' DNA palindromes in viral and cellular promoters as homodimeric factors capable of activating transcription and replication.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor defined as following: Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of Cells..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does bleomycin cause lung toxicity?", "id": "converted_4311", "sentence1": "Does bleomycin cause Chest>Lung Toxic effect?", "sentence2": "bleomycin-induced Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis, bleomycin (BLM)-induced Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- , Pulmonary Toxic effect is a devastating complication of bleomycin chemotherapy. , Bleomycin containing regimen is routinely employed in the treatment of Hodgkin Disease. Pulmonary Toxic effect due to this Pharmacologic Substance is the most feared side effect in these regimens where the mortality rate is approximately 2%-3%. , Bleomycin might cause Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis at higher cumulative doses as toxic effect directly to the Lung or most likely in addition by the formation of vascular microthrombi., The comparative Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect induced by bleomycin and talisomycin (former trivial name: tallysomycin A) was evaluated by measuring Chest>Lung hydroxyproline content., Clinicians should always remember that bleomycin Toxic effect may lead to fatal complications in patients with comorbid conditions., CONTEXT: The application of bleomycin is limited due to its side effects including Chest>Lung Toxic effect., Bleomycin is an antineoplastic agent that causes a dose-related Chest>Lung Fibrosis that limits its therapeutic effectiveness., Acute Lung Toxicity After Intralesional Bleomycin Sclerotherapy., We report a case of a severe acute Chest>Lung Toxic effect after a low dose of a second bleomycin intralesional injection in a 5-year-old girl., Renal damage, following cisplatin administration, with subsequent accumulation of bleomycin was the likely cause of the high Chest>Lung Toxic effect., Whenever possible, bleomycin should precede cisplatin infusion to minimize the risk of Chest>Lung Toxic effect., The most severe form of BLM-induced Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect is Chest>Lung Fibrosis., Results from this study suggest that an excess production of Superoxides anions by Macrophages, Alveolar may be the underlying cause of bleomycin Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect., Bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect is well established and can manifest as bleomycin-induced pneumonitis, but Mediastinal Emphysema and Pneumothorax are very rare complications., High doses of bleomycin administered to patients with Lymphoma and other Neoplasms lead to significant Chest>Lung Toxic effect in general, and to apoptosis of Epithelial Cells, in particular. , sis of bleomycin-induced Chest>Lung Toxic effect is based on the combination of clinical and radiological features, and requires to rule out differential diagnoses including Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. \"Bleo, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine sulfate, and dacarbazine (bleomycin/dacarbazine/doxorubicin/vinblastine protocol) is associated with severe Toxic effect in older patients, particularly from bleomycin-induced Chest>Lung Toxic effect (Balanced ligamentous tension technique (procedure)). Ther, s studies have proposed that the Chest>Lung Toxic effect caused by bleomycin is related to the C-terminal regions of these drugs, which have been shown to closely interact with DNA in metal-bleomycin-DNA complexes. Some o, OBJECTIVES: Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP regimen regimen) is the most common and successful chemotherapy regimen for germ-cell tumor (GCT) patients, accompanied by a bleomycin-induced dose-dependent Chest>Lung Toxic effect in certain pat, e been no respiratory problems attributable to bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect in this study compared with four (3 associated with patient deaths) seen in 91 previously treated patients. The relat, Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced Chest>Lung damage., Previous studies have proposed that the Chest>Lung Toxic effect caused by bleomycin is related to the C-terminal regions of these drugs, which have been shown to closely interact with DNA in metal-bleomycin-DNA complexes., g V30 cutoff value of 32% was estimated.CONCLUSION: Bleomycin and RT may cause Lung Injury , Postmortem Chest>Lung studies were performed in all six patients and revealed findings compatible with bleomycin-induced Chest>Lung Toxic effect., However, the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin cause a number of adverse responses, in particular in the Chest>Lung and the Skin Specimen Source Code., Bleomycin, a widely used anti-Primary malignant neoplasm Pharmacologic Substance, may give rise to Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis, a serious side effect which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality., Bleomycin is a Primary malignant neoplasm therapeutic known to cause Lung Injury which progresses to Fibrosis., and repair. Bleomycin Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect is mediated, at least in part, by the generation of active oxy, This report suggests that bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect may be reversible if treated aggressively., Although all bleomycin-treated animal allergen extracts had some evidence of Chest>Lung Toxic effect, histologic examination of the Lung revealed markedly reduced bleomycin Toxic effect in the rats exposed to Hypoxia, CTCAE., Low temperature inhibits bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect in the Rattus norvegicus., Results at day 22, 3 wk after bleomycin treatment, showed that airway delivery of Liposomes before and after intratracheal administration of bleomycin significantly reduced bleomycin-induced Chest>Lung Toxic effect as evidenced by less body weight loss, chronic Chest>Lung inflammation, and Fibrosis as well as improved Chest>Lung compliance compared with controls., Protective effect of Hypoxia, CTCAE on bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect in the Rattus norvegicus., acetylcysteine (doxorubicin/lomustine/mechlorethamine protocol) has recently been shown to have antioxidant properties, and since bleomycin produces Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- damage via free oxygen radical Toxic effect, the possible protective effect of doxorubicin/lomustine/mechlorethamine protocol on bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect was investigated., All rats treated with bleomycin only had typical changes of bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect whereas the animal allergen extracts treated with bleomycin and doxorubicin/lomustine/mechlorethamine protocol had minimal pathology., atic compliance on day 15 was severely decreased with bleomycin alone and showed a further significant decrease when Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor was added (controls, 3.85 +/- 0.14 mL/kPa; bleomycin, 1.44 +/- 0.06 mL/kPa; and bleomycin + Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 0.65 +/- 0.09 mL/kPa; control vs. bleomycin, p <.0001; and bleomycin vs. bleomycin + Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, p =.0003). Lung m, Bleomycin sometimes causes fatal Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect, including bleomycin-induced pneumonitis., Bleomycin is an antineoplastic agent causing fatal Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect., Pulmonary Toxic effect is an important adverse effect of bleomycin treatment., Pulmonary Toxic effect is the most significant complication of bleomycin administration., It is possible, however, that the low incidence of clinically significant and fatal Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect, as experienced in this group of patients, may be related to the infusion of bleomycin., Bleomycin-mediated Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect: evidence for a p53-mediated response., Occurrence of bleomycin Chest>Lung Toxic effect requires an immediate and often permanent discontinuation., All three developed bleomycin induced Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect in the form of Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis during treatment of the disease., One of the fatal side effect of bleomycin is Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect., Pulmonary Toxicity of Bleomycin - A Case Series from a Tertiary Care Center in Southern India., Bleomycin is potentially capable of inducing a diffuse interstitial Fibrosis of the Chest>Lung, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been elucidated., Intratracheal instillation of bleomycin 1.5 mg resulted in a severe pneumonitis with influx of Inflammatory cell into the Alveolus as assessed by alveolar lavage, Edema of the alveolar walls, and up to an eight fold increase in the total Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- extravascular albumin space, maximal at 72 hours., Development of Acute Lung Injury after the combination of intravenous bleomycin and exposure to Hyperoxia in rats., Bleomycin is a highly effective antitumor agent, but Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect, characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction and associated Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- edema, limits clinical use of the Pharmacologic Substance., In this study we investigated bleomycin-induced Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Toxic effect in patients with germ-cell tumour by means of technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid aerosol scintigraphy.[SEP]Relations: Bleomycin has relations: drug_effect with Respiratory distress, drug_effect with Respiratory distress, drug_effect with Cough, drug_effect with Cough, drug_effect with Pulmonary infiltrates, drug_effect with Pulmonary infiltrates, drug_effect with Pulmonary Fibrosis, drug_effect with Pulmonary Fibrosis, drug_effect with Pneumonia, drug_effect with Pneumonia. Definitions: etoposide defined as following: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.. Epithelial Cells defined as following: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional Epithelial Cells.. Alveolus defined as following: Any of the terminal sacs in the Lung through which gas exchange takes place with the Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- capillary blood.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Macrophages, Alveolar defined as following: Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the Alveolus of the Lung. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.. dacarbazine defined as following: An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564). BEP regimen defined as following: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin used for the treatment of ovarian and testicular germ cell Neoplasms (GCTs).. Lymphoma defined as following: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.. cisplatin defined as following: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.. Mediastinal Emphysema defined as following: Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.. bleomycin defined as following: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid Neoplasms.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis defined as following: A process in which normal Chest>Lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. bleomycin/dacarbazine/doxorubicin/vinblastine protocol defined as following: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine, used alone or in combination with radiation therapy, for the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.. vinblastine sulfate defined as following: The sulfate salt of vinblastine, a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) with antineoplastic properties. Vinblastine disrupts microtubule formation and function during mitosis and interferes with glutamic acid metabolism. (NCI04). acetylcysteine defined as following: The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.. doxorubicin defined as following: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.. Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.. Pulmonary Toxic effect defined as following: Toxicity that impairs or damages the Chest>Lung(s). This condition is often caused by the administration of a pharmaceutical agent that causes damage to the Lung.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. hydroxyproline defined as following: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. Balanced ligamentous tension technique (procedure) defined as following: 1. According to Sutherland's model, all the joints in the body are balanced ligamentous articular mechanisms. The ligaments provide proprioceptive information that guides the muscle response for positioning the joint and the ligaments themselves guide the motion of the articular components. (Foundations) 2. First described in \"Osteopathic Technique of William G. Sutherland\", that was published in the 1949 Year Book of Academy of Applied Osteopathy.. Pneumothorax defined as following: An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia defined as following: Pneumonia resulting from infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii, frequently seen in the immunologically compromised, such as persons with AIDS, or steroid-treated individuals, the elderly, or premature or debilitated babies during their first three months. Patients may be only slightly febrile (or even afebrile), but are likely to be extremely weak, dyspneic, and cyanotic. This is a major cause of morbidity among patients with AIDS.. Acute Lung Injury defined as following: A condition of Chest>Lung damage that is characterized by bilateral Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).. Superoxides defined as following: Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.. Lung Injury defined as following: Damage to any compartment of the Chest>Lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.. Hyperoxia defined as following: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor defined as following: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.. Liposomes defined as following: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, Pharmacologic Substance delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Lung defined as following: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.. Edema defined as following: Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is BCL11B involved in schizophrenia?", "id": "converted_3687", "sentence1": "Is B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B involved in SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (disorder)?", "sentence2": "Interacting partners B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B and GATAD2A gene gene are also SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (disorder) risk Genes indicating that other Genes interacting with or are regulated by DNA Binding Protein DNA Binding Protein SATB2 are making a contribution to SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (disorder) and cognition . , Interacting partners B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B and GATAD2A gene gene are also SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (disorder) risk Genes indicating that other Genes interacting with or are regulated by DNA Binding Protein DNA Binding Protein SATB2 are making a contribution to SCHIZOPHRENIA 1 (disorder) and cognition.[SEP]Relations: GATAD2A gene has relations: protein_protein with RBBP7, protein_protein with RBBP7, protein_protein with RBBP4, protein_protein with RBBP4. schizophreniform disorder has relations: disease_protein with CPLX2, disease_protein with CPLX2, disease_protein with TCF7L2, disease_protein with TCF7L2, disease_protein with CPLX1, disease_protein with CPLX1. Definitions: B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B defined as following: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B (894 aa, ~96 kDa) is encoded by the human B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11B gene. This protein may play a role in the modulation of p53-mediated signaling, tumor suppression and T cell development.. DNA Binding Protein SATB2 defined as following: DNA-binding protein DNA Binding Protein SATB2 (733 aa, ~83 kDa) is encoded by the human DNA Binding Protein SATB2 gene. This protein is involved in both DNA binding and transcriptional regulation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the CADM2 gene associated with differences in information processing speed?", "id": "converted_3368", "sentence1": "Is the CADM2 gene gene associated with differences in information processing speed?", "sentence2": "GWAS for executive function and processing speed suggests involvement of the CADM2 gene gene gene., A significant association was observed in the discovery cohorts for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17518584 (discovery P-value=3.12 × 10(-8)) and in the joint discovery and replication meta-analysis (P-value=3.28 × 10(-9) after adjustment for age, gender and education) in an Introns of the Cell Adhesion Molecule Gene (CADM2 gene gene) for performance on the LDST/DSST. Rs17518584 is located about 170 kb upstream of the transcription start site of the major RNA Transcript for the CADM2 gene gene gene, but is within an Introns of a Variant RNA Transcript that includes an alternative first Exons. The Variant is associated with expression of CADM2 gene gene in the Cingulate Cortex (P-value=4 × 10(-4)). The Protein Info encoded by CADM2 gene gene is involved in glutamate signaling (P-value=7.22 × 10(-15)), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport (P-value=1.36 × 10(-11)) and neuron cell-cell adhesion (P-value=1.48 × 10(-13)). Our findings suggest that genetic variation in the CADM2 gene gene gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed., Our findings suggest that genetic variation in the CADM2 gene gene gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed., The CADM2 gene gene gene is associated with processing speed performance - evidence among elderly with type 2 diabetes., Our findings suggest that genetic variation in the CADM2 gene gene gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed.[SEP]Relations: Cingulate Cortex has relations: anatomy_protein_present with CADM3, anatomy_protein_present with CADM3, anatomy_protein_present with CADM1, anatomy_protein_present with CADM1, anatomy_protein_present with CADPS2, anatomy_protein_present with CADPS2, anatomy_protein_present with ECM2, anatomy_protein_present with ECM2, anatomy_protein_present with PIM2, anatomy_protein_present with PIM2. Definitions: Cingulate Cortex defined as following: Part of the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. CADM2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell adhesion.. gamma-aminobutyric acid defined as following: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene RNA Transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a RNA Transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Cell Adhesion Molecule Gene defined as following: Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes encode diverse extracellular (e.g., laminin) and cell surface (e.g., NCAM) glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, recognition, activation, tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenesis, and cellular migration. (NCI). Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. CADM2 gene gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell adhesion..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the drug Exubera currently (March 2020) available?", "id": "converted_3373", "sentence1": "Is the drug Exubera currently (March 2020) available?", "sentence2": "Despite discontinuation of the first inhalable Therapeutic Insulin, Exubera®, due to suboptimal market acceptance, development of orally inhaled Therapeutic Insulin delivery systems has been galvanized by the recent approval of Afrezza® and several others awaiting approval.[SEP]Definitions: Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Can mitochondria be inherited by both parents in humans?", "id": "converted_3007", "sentence1": "Can Mitochondria be inherited by both parents in humans?", "sentence2": "Biparental Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA location in Homo sapiens., Although there has been considerable debate about whether paternal mitochondrial DNA (DNA, Mitochondrial) transmission may coexist with maternal transmission of DNA, Mitochondrial, it is generally believed that Mitochondria and DNA, Mitochondrial are exclusively maternally inherited in humans. Here, we identified three unrelated multigeneration families with a high level of DNA, Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy (ranging from 24 to 76%) in a total of 17 individuals. Heteroplasmy of DNA, Mitochondrial was independently examined by high-depth whole DNA, Mitochondrial sequencing analysis in our research laboratory and in two Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and College of American Pathologists-accredited laboratories using multiple approaches. A comprehensive exploration of DNA, Mitochondrial segregation in these families shows biparental DNA, Mitochondrial transmission with an autosomal dominantlike inheritance mode. Our results suggest that, although the central dogma of maternal inheritance of DNA, Mitochondrial remains valid, there are some exceptional cases where paternal DNA, Mitochondrial could be passed to the offspring. [SEP]Relations: mitochondrion has relations: cellcomp_protein with YRDC, cellcomp_protein with YRDC, cellcomp_protein with SNCA, cellcomp_protein with SNCA, cellcomp_protein with GHR, cellcomp_protein with GHR, cellcomp_protein with YWHAH, cellcomp_protein with YWHAH, cellcomp_protein with DNA2, cellcomp_protein with DNA2. Definitions: Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). DNA, Mitochondrial defined as following: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.. Heteroplasmy defined as following: The occurrence of more than one organellar GENOME in the organelle population of a cell, tissue, or individual organism. It is due to the accumulation of different mutations that occur within the population of individual organelles of a cell.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. humans defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is PRDM9 essential for meiosis?", "id": "converted_3364", "sentence1": "Is PRDM9 essential for meiosis?", "sentence2": "Our findings do not identify the nature of the underlying DNA Sequence, but argue against the proposed role of Prdm9 as an essential TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR in Mus sp. meiosis, PRDM9 gene polymorphism may not be associated with defective spermatogenesis in the Chinese Han population, PRDM9 is essential for the progression through early meiotic prophase, including double strand break repair, homologous chromosome pairing, and sex body formation during spermatogenesis. , PRDM9 (PRDM9 gene) is a meiosis-specific protein that trimethylates H3K4 and controls the activation of recombination hot spots. It is an essential Enzyme [APC] in the progression of early meiotic prophase., In many Eukaryota, Site of meiotic recombination, also called hotspots, are regions of accessible chromatin location location, but in many Vertebrates, their location follows a distinct pattern and is specified by PRDM9 gene (PRDM9). ,  We found that although the post-SET zinc finger and the KRAB domains are not essential for the methyltransferase activity of PRDM9 in cell culture, the KRAB domain mutant mice show only residual PRDM9 methyltransferase activity and undergo meiotic arrest. In aggregate, our data indicate that domains typically involved in regulation of gene expression do not serve that role in PRDM9, but are likely involved in setting the proper chromatin location location environment for initiation and completion of homologous recombination., PRDM9 Methyltransferase Activity Is Essential for Meiotic DNA Double-Strand Break Formation at Its Binding Sites.[SEP]Relations: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR binding has relations: molfunc_protein with PRKDC, molfunc_protein with PRKDC, molfunc_protein with KDM1A, molfunc_protein with KDM1A, molfunc_protein with KDM1B, molfunc_protein with KDM1B, molfunc_protein with PSMD10, molfunc_protein with PSMD10. siRNA binding has relations: molfunc_protein with TLR9, molfunc_protein with TLR9. Definitions: Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. Site defined as following: A position in relation to its surroundings.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can whole genome sequencing be used for diagnosis of mitochondrial disease?", "id": "converted_4708", "sentence1": "Can whole genome sequencing be used for diagnosis of mitochondrial disease?", "sentence2": "Whole genome sequencing is a useful diagnostic test in patients with suspected Mitochondrial Diseases, yielding a diagnosis in a further 31% after exclusion of common causes. Most diagnoses were non-Mitochondrial Diseases and included developmental disorders with Intellectual Disability, epileptic encephalopathies, other Metabolic Diseases, Cardiomyopathies, and leukodystrophies. These would have been missed if a targeted approach was taken, and some have specific treatments.[SEP]Relations: mitochondrial disease has relations: disease_disease with inborn mitochondrial metabolism disorder, disease_disease with inborn mitochondrial metabolism disorder, disease_disease with disease of membrane bound organelle, disease_disease with disease of membrane bound organelle. metabolic disease has relations: disease_disease with DNA repair disease, disease_disease with DNA repair disease. Intellectual disability has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with HSD10 mitochondrial disease, disease_phenotype_positive with HSD10 mitochondrial disease. Definitions: Mitochondrial Diseases defined as following: Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.. Cardiomyopathies defined as following: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Metabolic Diseases defined as following: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed). mitochondrial disease defined as following: Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Hirschsprung disease one of the characteristics of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome?", "id": "converted_747", "sentence1": "Is Hirschsprung disease one of the characteristics of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome?", "sentence2": "Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous Gene Mutation or Gene Deletion of the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2 gene gene) gene. The syndrome is characterized by typical Facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, Epilepsy and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease, Abnormality of the genital system, congenital heart disease, Congenital absence of the corpus callosum, and Eye Specimen Source Code defects, Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a rare genetic condition where variable and multiple congenital anomalies including Hirschsprung Disease, Intellectual Disability, and prominent Facial features are present, Individuals with Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome; OMIM#235730) have characteristic Facial features, a variety of congenital anomalies such as Hirschsprung disease, and intellectual disabilities caused by Mutation Abnormality or Gene Deletion Abnormality of ZEB2 gene gene gene, Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by typical Facial features, Hirschsprung disease and multiple congenital abnormalities, Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a severe Intellectual Disability (ID)-distinctive Facial gestalt-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, commonly associating Microcephaly (physical finding), Epilepsy, corpus callosum Congenital absence, Conotruncal defect, urogenital malformations and Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1),  The prevalence of Mowat-Wilson syndrome is currently unknown, but it seems that Mowat-Wilson syndrome is underdiagnosed, particularly in patients without Hirschsprung disease., Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a mental retardation-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a typical facies, developmental delay, Epilepsy, and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease, urogenital anomalies, congenital heart disease, and Congenital absence of the corpus callosum., \"Mowat-Wilson\" syndrome with and without Hirschsprung disease is a distinct, recognizable multiple congenital anomalies-mental retardation syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the zinc finger homeo box 1B gene., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a recently delineated mental retardation; a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterised by a typical Facial gestalt, Hirschsprung disease or severe constipation, Urogenital Abnormalities, Congenital Heart Defects, Congenital absence of corpus callosum and Eye Specimen Source Code defects., We report a girl who had Hirschsprung disease in association with distinct Facial appearance, Microcephaly (physical finding), Congenital absence of the corpus callosum and mental retardation (Mowat-Wilson syndrome)., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is characterized by severe mental retardation with Seizures, specific Facial dysmorphism, Hirschsprung disease, anomalies of the corpus callosum, and genitourinary and cardiac malformations., BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Patients with zinc finger homeo box 1B (ZEB2 gene gene wt Allele) Gene Mutation or Gene Deletion develop multiple congenital anomalies including Hirschsprung disease, known as Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome)., Severe clinical course of Hirschsprung disease in a Mowat-Wilson syndrome patient., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a distinct Facial phenotype (high forehead, Frontal bossing, large Eyebrow structure, medially flaring and sparse in the middle part, Orbital separation excessive, deep set but large Eye, large and uplifted Ear lobe, with a central depression, saddle nose with prominent rounded nasal tip, prominent Columella Columella columella, open mouth, with M-shaped upper lip, frequent smiling, and a prominent but narrow and triangular pointed chin), moderate-to-severe intellectual deficiency, Epilepsy and variable Congenital Abnormality including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), genitourinary anomalies (in particular Penile Penile hypospadias in males), Congenital Heart Defects, Congenital absence of the corpus callosum and Eye Specimen Source Code anomalies., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a distinct Facial phenotype, Hirschsprung disease, Microcephaly (physical finding) and mental retardation., Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by typical Facial features, Hirschsprung disease and multiple congenital abnormalities., Supernumerary intestinal muscle coat in a patient with Hirschsprung disease/Mowat-Wilson syndrome., We present the 1st case report of an additional enteric smooth muscle layer in a patient with Mowat-Wilson syndrome and Hirschsprung disease., Mowat-Wilson\" syndrome with and without Hirschsprung disease is a distinct, recognizable multiple congenital anomalies-mental retardation syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the zinc finger homeo box 1B gene., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant Intellectual Disability syndrome characterised by unique Facial features and congenital anomalies such as Hirschsprung disease, Congenital Heart Defects, corpus callosum Congenital absence and Abnormality of the urinary system., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a mental retardation syndrome associated with distinctive Facial features, Microcephaly (physical finding), Epilepsy, and a variable spectrum of congenital anomalies, including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), Congenital absence of the corpus callosum, genitourinary abnormalities, and congenital heart disease., Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a mental retardation-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a typical facies, developmental delay, Epilepsy, and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease, urogenital anomalies, congenital heart disease, and Congenital absence of the corpus callosum, Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a distinct Facial appearance, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, Microcephaly (physical finding), Congenital absence of the corpus callosum, Hirschsprung disease, congenital heart disease, and Abnormality of the genital system, We present the 1st case report of an additional enteric smooth muscle layer in a patient with Mowat-Wilson syndrome and Hirschsprung disease, Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant Intellectual Disability syndrome characterised by unique Facial features and congenital anomalies such as Hirschsprung disease, Congenital Heart Defects, corpus callosum Congenital absence and Abnormality of the urinary system, Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is characterized by severe mental retardation with Seizures, specific Facial dysmorphism, Hirschsprung disease, anomalies of the corpus callosum, and genitourinary and cardiac malformations, zfhz1b is the causative gene for Mowat-Wilson syndrome, in which patients demonstrate developmental delay and Hirschsprung disease, as well as other anomalies., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a mental retardation syndrome associated with distinctive Facial features, Microcephaly (physical finding), Epilepsy, and a variable spectrum of congenital anomalies, including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), Congenital absence of the corpus callosum, genitourinary abnormalities, and congenital heart disease, Outcomes of Hirschsprung Disease associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a distinct Facial phenotype, Hirschsprung disease, Microcephaly (physical finding) and mental retardation[SEP]Relations: Mowat-Wilson syndrome has relations: disease_disease with monogenic Epilepsy, disease_disease with monogenic Epilepsy, disease_protein with RELN, disease_protein with RELN, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal Eye Specimen Source Code morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal Eye Specimen Source Code morphology, disease_disease with syndromic intestinal malformation, disease_disease with syndromic intestinal malformation, disease_protein with NRG1, disease_protein with NRG1. Definitions: Urogenital Abnormalities defined as following: Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.. Congenital Heart Defects defined as following: Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.. Frontal bossing defined as following: A skeletal deformity characterized by an unusually prominent forehead. Causes include acromegaly, Hurler syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome, and thalassemia major.. ZEB2 gene wt Allele defined as following: Human ZEB2 gene wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q22 and is approximately 132 kb in length. This allele, which encodes zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 protein, is involved in regulation of transcription. Mutations in this gene are associated with Mowat-Wilson syndrome.. Penile hypospadias defined as following: Location of the urethral opening on the inferior aspect of the penis. [HPO:curators]. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal Epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). ZEB2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in regulation of transcription.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597]. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Conotruncal defect defined as following: A congenital malformation of the outflow tract of the heart. Conotruncal defects are thought to result from a disturbance of the outflow tract of the embryonic heart, and comprise truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, transposition of the great arteries, and double outlet right ventricle. [HPO:probinson]. Ear lobe defined as following: The soft fleshy portion of the lower external ear composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues.. Hirschsprung Disease defined as following: Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. Muckle-Wells Syndrome defined as following: An autoinflammatory disease caused by Gene Mutation in the NLRP3 gene which encodes cryopyrin. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria and fever which develop in infancy. It may lead to sensorineural hearing loss and/or amyloidosis.. Facial defined as following: Of, or related to, or in the direction of the face.. Mowat-Wilson syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the ZEB2 gene gene. It is characterized by mental retardation, and a distinctive Facial appearance (wide set Eye, uplifted earlobes, broad nasal bridge, prominent chin, and a smiling expression). The majority of patients have Hirschsprung disease (colonic enlargement and constipation due to intestinal blockage).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Abnormality of the genital system defined as following: An abnormality of the genital system. [HPO:probinson]. Orbital separation excessive defined as following: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Abnormality of the urinary system defined as following: An abnormality of the urinary system. [HPO:probinson]. Eyebrow structure defined as following: Curved rows of HAIR located on the upper edges of the Eye Specimen Source Code sockets..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is nimodipine recommended for prevention of vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients?", "id": "converted_1242", "sentence1": "Is nimodipine recommended for prevention of Vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients?", "sentence2": "This article discusses some of these unresolved issues, including the use of medications such as nimodipine, antifibrinolytics, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, and Magnesium supplements, alimentary tract and metabolism; coiling or clipping for Aneurysm securement; and the prevention and treatment of potential complications., The results of this study were as follows: nimodipine demonstrated benefit following aneurysmal Yakut language; other calcium channel blockers, including nicardipine, do not provide unequivocal benefit; triple-H therapy, fasudil, transluminal balloon angioplasty, thrombolytics, Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists, Magnesium supplements, alimentary tract and metabolism, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, and miscellaneous therapies such as Free Radical Scavengers and antifibrinolytics require additional study., The present results suggest that fasudil is equally or more effective than nimodipine for the prevention of Cerebral Vasospasm and subsequent ischemic injury in patients undergoing surgery for Yakut language., Three studies (2 meta-analyses and 1 randomized controlled trial) demonstrated that nimodipine use confers benefits (reduced morbidity and mortality) for patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Aneurysmal., nimodipine is the only preventative treatment that can be recommended., nimodipine (Nimotop), HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor (Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors) and enoxaparin (Lovenox) were the only drugs with level-1 evidence available for the treatment of Vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as defined by the US Preventative Services Task Force., The calcium antagonist nimodipine has been shown to reduce the incidence of ischemic complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (Yakut language)., There was no significant difference in the incidence of DINDs (28 vs 30% in the peroral and intravenous groups, respectively) or middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities (> 120 cm/second, 50 vs 45%, respectively)., Clinical outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale was the same in both groups, and there was no difference in the number of patients with new Infarction on MR imaging., The results suggest that there is no clinically relevant difference in efficacy between peroral and intravenous administration of nimodipine in preventing DINDs or Cerebral Vasospasm following Yakut language., the risk of delayed Cerebral Infarction is reduced with nimodipine and avoiding Hypovolemia, A recommendations (standard) for the prophylaxis and treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm with oral nimodipine in good grade patients., Of the 75 patients initially considered for active treatment, 83% underwent surgery within 48 hours of Rupture, all received nimodipine, 16% received tissue plasminogen activator to lyse subarachnoid or intraventricular clots, 40% underwent hypertensive treatment, and 7% underwent transluminal balloon angioplasty for Vasospasm., All patients with aneurysmal Yakut language should be treated with the calcium antagonist nimodipine, and in certain circumstances patients should receive anticonvulsants., The following review gives an account of pathophysiological mechanisms; the importance of treatment with calcium antagonists, hypervolaemic haemodilution, and induced arterial hypertension is discussed in light of the current literature., Seven placebo-controlled clinical studies have shown that nimodipine improves the outcome of patients with severe Trauma, Nervous System due to Cerebral Vasospasm., In a series of 100 individuals with a ruptured supratentorial Aneurysm, who were subjected to Aneurysm operation in the acute stage and who subsequently received intravenous treatment with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine, the occurrence of DID with ALX3 gene was reduced to 5%., There are many possible successful treatment options for preventing Vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurologic deficits, and poor neurologic outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; however, further multicenter RCTs need to be performed to determine if there is a significant benefit from their use. nimodipine is the only treatment that provided a significant benefit across multiple studies., Absence of symptomatic Vasospasm, occurrence of low density areas associated with Vasospasm on CT, and occurrence of adverse events were similar between the two groups. The clinical outcomes were more favorable in the fasudil group than in the nimodipine group (p = 0.040). The proportion of patients with good clinical outcome was 74.5% (41/55) in the fasudil group and 61.7% (37/60) in the nimodipine group., Cerebral Vasospasm is the classic cause of delayed Progressive neurologic deterioration leading to Cerebral Infarction and infarction, and thus, poor outcome and occasionally death, after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (Yakut language). Advances in diagnosis and treatment, principally nimodipine, intensive care management, hemodynamic manipulations, and inside the blood vessel neuroradiology procedures, have improved the prospects for these patients, but outcomes remain disappointing., Cerebral Vasospasm is the classic cause of delayed Progressive neurologic deterioration after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, leading to Cerebral Infarction and infarction, and thus to poor outcome and occasionally death. Advances in diagnosis and treatment-principally the use of nimodipine, intensive care management, hemodynamic manipulations and inside the blood vessel neuroradiology procedures-have improved the prospects for these patients, but outcomes remain disappointing., Cerebral Vasospasm and delayed Cerebral Infarction remain common complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (Yakut language), and yet therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm are limited. Despite a large number of clinical trials, only calcium antagonists have strong evidence supporting their effectiveness., The only proven therapy for Vasospasm is nimodipine., nimodipine is indicated after Yakut language and tirilazad is not effective., fasudil hydrochloride and nimodipine both showed inhibitory effects on Cerebral Vasospasm. The incidence of symptomatic Vasospasm was five of 33 patients in the fasudil group and nine of 32 patients in the nimodipine group. Good recovery evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale was achieved by 23 of 33 patients in the fasudil group and 19 of 34 patients in the nimodipine group. Both drugs significantly improved consciousness levels and Neurologic Deficits such as Aphasia. However, fasudil hydrochloride improved motor disturbance more than nimodipine.[SEP]Relations: nimodipine has relations: drug_effect with Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, drug_effect with Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, drug_drug with Nitroprusside, drug_drug with Nitroprusside, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_drug with Nitroaspirin, drug_drug with Nitroaspirin, drug_drug with Chlorpropamide, drug_drug with Chlorpropamide. Definitions: Lovenox defined as following: brand name of enoxaparin. hydrochloride defined as following: A salt that is comprised of a hydrogen and chloride ion that can be linked to a base form of a drug making it water-soluble. (NCI). Hypovolemia defined as following: An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).. nimodipine defined as following: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nicardipine defined as following: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. enoxaparin defined as following: Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists defined as following: Compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTORS.. Aneurysm defined as following: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later Rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors defined as following: Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis.. Vasospasm defined as following: spasm of the blood vessels resulting in decrease in their caliber.. Cerebral Infarction defined as following: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).. Trauma, Nervous System defined as following: Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.. Aphasia defined as following: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of Aphasia.. Neurologic Deficits defined as following: Loss of movement function.. Rupture defined as following: Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.. Free Radical Scavengers defined as following: Substances that eliminate free radicals. Among other effects, they protect PANCREATIC ISLETS against damage by CYTOKINES and prevent myocardial and pulmonary REPERFUSION INJURY.. nimodipine defined as following: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Does the concentration of protein HIF-1α increase after the administration of the cytoprotective prodrug\"amifostine\" (ethyol) ?", "id": "converted_1574", "sentence1": "Does the concentration of protein HIF-1α increase after the administration of the cytoprotective prodrug\"amifostine\" (ethyol) ?", "sentence2": "We demonstrated that the treatment of several Homo sapiens cancer Cultured Cell Line with therapeutical doses of WR 1065 led to a strong induction of different Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A mRNA isoforms independently of HIF1A protein, Homo sapiens, e investigated the involvement of hypoxia-regulated proteins (Hypoxia, CTCAE, CTCAE inducible factors HIF1alpha, HIF2alpha and carbonic anhydrase CA9 wt Allele wt Allele) in MMP8 wt Allele resistance to accelerated and hypofractionated radiotherapy, In accord with previously reported studies, high levels of the hypoxia regulated proteins HIF1alpha and CA9 wt Allele wt Allele in MMP8 wt Allele predict resistance to Platinum metallicum, Platinum metallicum, platinum, Homeopathic preparation, Homeopathic preparation based radio-chemotherapy. Whether HIF2alpha expressing Neoplasms are more sensitive to larger radiotherapy fractions, compared to standard radiotherapy fractionation, is an issue that deserves further investigation., HIF1alpha and HIF2alpha were expressed in the nuclei and Cytoplasm of Tumor cells, malignant, while CA9 wt Allele wt Allele had a membrane reactivity. A high expression of HIF1alpha, HIF2alpha and CA9 wt Allele wt Allele was noted in 21/39 (53.8%), 20/39 (51.3%) and 23/39 (58.9%) cases, respectively. Complete response was obtained in 85.2% of patients and HIF1alpha was marginally related with persistent disease after RT (p = 0.05). HIF1alpha was significantly associated with poor local relapse free survival (LRFS) (p = 0.006) and overall survival (p = 0.008), whilst HIF2alpha was no,  The Glucose measurement and oxygen levels in the peripheral blood of patients receiving 1000 mg amifostine were determined at various time-points in order to investigate the metabolic changes induced by amifostine. MDA468 breast tumor Cultured Cell Line were incubated with a high amifostine concentration (10 m M) to overcome the natural resistance of Tumor cells, malignant to influx of the non-hydrolyzed WR-2721, and the HIF1 alpha protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis, Since it is doubtful whether dephosphorylation of amifostine to the active metabolite WR 1065 occurs within tumoral tissues (an acidic environment that lacks vascular alkaline phosphatase activity), Protoplasm hypoxia and upregulation of HIF1 alpha represents an additional, normal tissue-specific, amifostine cytoprotective pathway., . Incubation of Cultured Cell Line with amifostine resulted in HIF1 alpha induction[SEP]Relations: Cytoplasm has relations: cellcomp_protein with HIF1A, cellcomp_protein with HIF1A, cellcomp_protein with HIF1AN, cellcomp_protein with HIF1AN, cellcomp_protein with UPF1, cellcomp_protein with UPF1, cellcomp_protein with ETF1, cellcomp_protein with ETF1, cellcomp_protein with MYO1F, cellcomp_protein with MYO1F. Definitions: Glucose measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of Glucose measurement present in a sample.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. amifostine defined as following: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, Cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. HIF1A protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Hypoxia, CTCAE-inducible factor 1-alpha (826 aa, ~93 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens HIF1A gene. This protein plays a role in transcriptional regulation in response to hypoxia.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). MMP8 wt Allele defined as following: Human MMP8 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11q22.3 and is approximately 12 kb in length. This allele, which encodes neutrophil collagenase protein, is involved in the regulation of matrix remodeling via the degradation of fibrillar collagens (types I, II and III).. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A defined as following: The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as \"tumor angiogenesis factor\" and \"vascular permeability factor\". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. CA9 wt Allele defined as following: Human CA9 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p13.3 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes carbonic anhydrase 9 protein, plays a role in Protoplasm pH balance.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. protein defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the protein occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can secondary glioblastoma be caused by brain irradiation?", "id": "converted_3812", "sentence1": "Can secondary glioblastoma be caused by brain irradiation?", "sentence2": "Prolonged survival in secondary glioblastoma following local injection of targeted alpha therapy with , [Radiation induced glioblastoma: a case report]., We report a surgical case of a 54-year-old woman with a radiation induced glioblastoma., Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme multiforme following Cranial Irradiation and chemotherapy for Acute lymphocytic leukemia., The occurrence of glioblastoma multiforme following radiation and chemotherapy in Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is rare., Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme multiforme following Cranial Irradiation and chemotherapy for Acute lymphocytic leukemia. R, exact cause for the development of glioblastoma multiforme following therapy for ALL is not clear. A gen, ndary malignant and Benign neoplasm of brain, unspecified such as Astrocytoma, Benign Meningioma and glioblastoma have been described in long-term survivors of conventional myeloablative alloBMT. Here w, The authors consider irradiation-induced Glioblastoma Multiforme secondary to primarily verified medulloblastomas in patients who had previously undergone craniospinal irradiation as a component of combined treatment after tumor resection., The authors analyzed patterns of occurrence of irradiation-induced Glioblastoma Multiforme depending on the molecular genetic group and clinical characteristics of patients after primary surgery., Secondary Brain Neoplasms rarely arise after Cranial Irradiation; among them, Meningioma and Glioblastoma Multiforme are the most common and secondary oligodendroglial tumors the most rare., Secondary glioblastoma multiforme (sGBM) can occur after a long latency period following radiation treatment of various diseases including Brain Neoplasms, leukemia, and more benign disorders like Tinea Capitis., Irradiation, however, acts as an oncogenic factor as a delayed effect and it is rare that glioblastoma multiforme develops during the remission period of ALL., A cerebellar glioblastoma was discovered in a 28 year old woman, 5 years after a focal 50 grays brain irradiation for Benign Meningioma of the Cerebellar declive., Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme multiforme following Cranial Irradiation and chemotherapy for Acute lymphocytic leukemia. Report of 3 cases., Secondary tumors including Glioblastoma Multiforme are under special attention since their occurrence is associated with a fatal outcome., We describe a case of radiation-induced glioblastoma after radiotherapy for Germinoma., [A Case of Radiation-induced Glioblastoma Multiforme Multiforme 29 Years after Treatments for Germinoma]., Paradoxically, radiation is also a risk factor for Glomerular Basement Membrane development, raising the possibility that radiotherapy of Brain Neoplasms could promote tumor recurrence or trigger secondary Glioma., An SNRPN protein, human may have a benign course, as in Benign Meningioma, or be a dilemma for the patient, as in glioblastoma., During a median of 2 years of follow-up review after the diagnosis of a secondary tumour, 3 patients died related to the secondary tumours (2 Malignant neoplasm of soft tissue, 1 glioblastoma), one died of a recurrent primary glioma, while the remaining 7 have been alive for from 10 months to 12 years after being treated for the secondary tumours (median: 3 years). , In particular, children treated with X-irradiation for Pre B-cell Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia show a significantly elevated risk of developing Glioma and Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive (Ewings sarcoma-Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive (Ewings sarcoma-Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive (PNET))), often within 10 years after therapy. TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade Glioma and secondary Glioblastoma Multiforme derived therefrom., Pathologic diagnoses were one glioblastoma, two cases of anaplastic Astrocytoma, one Medulloblastoma, one low-grade glioma, one high-grade glial tumor, and one atypical Benign Meningioma., A 22 year-old-man with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had received prophylactic Cranial Irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. Eighteen years later a cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme was diagnosed. , She developed glioblastoma 5.7 years after the initial GK surgery.[SEP]Relations: adult glioblastoma has relations: disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease), disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease), disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease), disease_disease with glioblastoma (disease). Glioma has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Brainstem glioma, phenotype_phenotype with Brainstem glioma, disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma, disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma, disease_phenotype_positive with glioblastoma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with glioblastoma (disease). Definitions: Acute lymphocytic leukemia defined as following: Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.. SNRPN protein, human defined as following: Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein N (240 aa, ~25 kDa) is a nucleotide metabolism protein that is encoded by the human SNRPN gene and plays a role in mRNA splicing.. Medulloblastoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1). Benign Meningioma defined as following: A grade I, slowly growing Benign Meningioma. Only a minority of tumors recur following complete resection.. Benign neoplasm of brain, unspecified defined as following: A primary, slow growing, noninvasive neoplasm of the brain. In children, astrocytomas of the cerebellum represent relatively common benign brain neoplasms. In adults Meningioma, neurilemomas and pituitary tumors comprise the majority of benign tumors.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined as following: A type of ALL characterized by elevated levels of B-cell lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the blood. [NCIT:C8644]. Meningioma defined as following: A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7). Germinoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3). Malignant neoplasm of soft tissue defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Astrocytoma defined as following: Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082). Glioblastoma defined as following: A malignant form of Astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.. Brain Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, Brain Neoplasms may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.. Tinea Capitis defined as following: Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.. anaplastic Astrocytoma defined as following: A central nervous system tumor with morphological features of anaplastic Astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. Ewings sarcoma-Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive (PNET) defined as following: A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.. Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive defined as following: A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059). Cranial Irradiation defined as following: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are stretch enhancers transcribed more than super-enhancers?", "id": "converted_3503", "sentence1": "Are stretch enhancers transcribed more than super-enhancers?", "sentence2": "Super-enhancers are transcriptionally more active and cell type-specific than stretch enhancers., We found that stretch enhancers are more abundant, more distal to transcription start sites, cover twice as much the Genome - anatomical entity, and are significantly less conserved than super-enhancers. In contrast, super-enhancers are significantly more enriched for active chromatin marks and cohesin complex, and more transcriptionally active than stretch enhancers. Importantly, a vast majority of super-enhancers (85%) overlap with only a small subset of stretch enhancers (13%), which are enriched for cell type-specific biological functions, and control cell identity genes. These results suggest that super-enhancers are transcriptionally more active and cell type-specific than stretch enhancers, and importantly, most of the stretch enhancers that are distinct from super-enhancers do not show an association with cell identity genes, are less active, and more likely to be poised enhancers., These results suggest that super-enhancers are transcriptionally more active and cell type-specific than stretch enhancers, and importantly, most of the stretch enhancers that are distinct from super-enhancers do not show an association with cell identity genes, are less active, and more likely to be poised enhancers.[SEP]Relations: cohesin complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with STAG2, cellcomp_protein with STAG2, cellcomp_protein with RAD21, cellcomp_protein with RAD21, cellcomp_protein with STAG1, cellcomp_protein with STAG1, cellcomp_protein with SMC1A, cellcomp_protein with SMC1A, cellcomp_protein with SMC1B, cellcomp_protein with SMC1B. Definitions: cohesin complex defined as following: A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3). [GOC:jl, GOC:sp, GOC:vw, PMID:9887095]. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is transcription of eRNA bidirectional?", "id": "converted_2667", "sentence1": "Is transcription of eRNA bidirectional?", "sentence2": "In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs are transcribed on enhancers, and are thus referred to as Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNAs)., Kallikrein (KLK3), which codes for kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human (Prostate-Specific Antigen), is a well-known AR-regulated gene and its upstream enhancers produce bidirectional Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNAs), termed KLK3e., The distal Enhancer of transcription of the gonadotropin hormone α-subunit gene, Chorionic Gonadotropin, alpha (PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A), is responsible for PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A cell-specific expression in gonadotropes and thyrotropes, and we show here that it encodes two bidirectional nonpolyadenylated RNA whose levels are increased somewhat by exposure to Gonadoliberin-2, human but are not necessarily linked to PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A transcriptional activity. , A richer picture has taken shape, integrating transcription of coding genes, Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNAs), and various other noncoding transcriptional events. In this review we give an overview of recent studies detailing the mechanisms of RNA Polymerase II (RNA Pol II)-based transcriptional initiation and discuss the ways in which transcriptional direction is established as well as its functional implications., XR-seq maps capture transcription-coupled repair at Site of divergent gene Promoter and bidirectional Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNA) production at enhancers, XR-seq maps capture transcription-coupled repair at Site of divergent gene Promoter and bidirectional Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNA) production at enhancers., The distal Enhancer of transcription of the gonadotropin hormone α-subunit gene, Chorionic Gonadotropin, alpha (PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A), is responsible for PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A cell-specific expression in gonadotropes and thyrotropes, and we show here that it encodes two bidirectional nonpolyadenylated RNA whose levels are increased somewhat by exposure to Gonadoliberin-2, human but are not necessarily linked to PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A transcriptional activity., Using this approach, we have defined a class of primary transcripts (eRNAs) that are transcribed uni- or bidirectionally from estrogen receptor binding Site (ERBSs) with an average transcription unit length of ∼3-5 kb., XR-seq maps capture transcription-coupled repair at Site of divergent gene Promoter and bidirectional Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNA) production at enhancers., We identify 76 Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNAs), 40 canonical lncRNAs, 65 antisense lncRNAs and 35 regions of bidirectional transcription (RBT) that are differentially expressed in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide B B (Van der Woude syndrome)., XR-seq maps capture transcription-coupled repair at Site of divergent gene Promoter and bidirectional Enhancer of transcription RNA (eRNA) production at enhancers., Instead, communication between Promoter and enhancers can be bidirectional with Promoter required to activate Enhancer of transcription transcription., A new paradigm has emerged in recent years characterizing transcription initiation as a bidirectional process encompassing a larger proportion of the Genome - anatomical entity than previously thought.[SEP]Relations: regulation of antisense RNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription. promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript, bioprocess_bioprocess with promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript. Definitions: Gonadoliberin-2, human defined as following: Gonadoliberin-2 (10 aa, ~1 kDa) is encoded by the human GNRH2 gene. This protein is involved in the stimulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Site defined as following: A position in relation to its surroundings.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. kallikrein-related peptidase 3, human defined as following: Prostate-specific antigen (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human KLK3 gene. This protein plays a role in both proteolysis and seminal fluid liquefaction.. Prostate-Specific Antigen defined as following: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.. Kallikrein defined as following: Serine proteases that are found in many different tissues and fluids in the body. The kallikrein protease family is comprised of potent vasodilators and hypotensives agents, thus they play important roles in inflammation and blood pressure. These enzymes normally reside in the body as inactive prekallikreins, which are activated by Hageman factor.. Enhancer of transcription defined as following: A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding sequences. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural gene. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the gene, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the gene when bound.. RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. Van der Woude syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the IRF6 gene. It is characterized by a cleft palate and/or pits on the lower lip. Other signs and symptoms include absent teeth, palate and tongue deformities..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Musclin a secretory peptide?", "id": "converted_2085", "sentence1": "Is OSTN gene a secretory peptide?", "sentence2": "OSTN gene is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor,, OSTN gene has been described as a muscle-derived secretory peptide, responsive to Therapeutic Insulin in vivo, and inducing Therapeutic Insulin resistance in vitro., OSTN gene is a type of muscle-secreted cytokine and its increased gene expression induces Therapeutic Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. , OSTN gene is a novel skeletal muscle-derived factor found in the signal sequence trap of Mus sp. skeletal muscle cDNAs., OSTN gene is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor found in the signal sequence trap of Mus sp. skeletal muscle cDNAs. , OSTN gene is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor that was isolated by our group. [SEP]Definitions: Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is telomestatin, a novel statin drug used to treat high cholesterol?", "id": "converted_4647", "sentence1": "Is telomestatin, a novel statin drug used to treat high cholesterol?", "sentence2": "telomestatin is a natural product isolated from Streptomyces anulatus 3533-SV4 and has been shown to be a very potent Telomerase Inhibitor., telomestatin, a potent Telomerase Inhibitor that interacts quite specifically with the Homo sapiens telomeric intramolecular g-quadruplex., Activity of a novel G-quadruplex-interactive Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin (SOT-095), ,  G-quadruplex-interactive Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin (SOT-095),,  We found that treatment with telomestatin reproducibly inhibited Telomerase activity in the BCR-ABL-positive leukemic cell lines, A novel Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin, isolated from Streptomyces anulatus is the most potent Telomerase Inhibitor so far., Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin, a specific mechanism to interact with telomere structure, telomestatin specifically inhibited Telomerase without affecting reverse transcriptases and polymerases., In addition, telomestatin induced telomere shortening, but its ratio was extremely faster than that observed in physiological telomere shortening., A novel Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin, isolated from Streptomyces anulatus is the most potent Telomerase Inhibitor so far. , ructure has been yet resolved for the complex with telomestatin, one of the most promising G-quadruplex-targeting anticancer drug candidates. Here, telomestatin, a strong Telomerase Inhibitor with G-quadruplex stabilizing activity, is a potential therapeutic agent for treating Malignant Neoplasms., Thus, telomestatin provide the novel therapeutic molecular target for cancer chemotherapy., Telomerase inhibition with a novel G-quadruplex-interactive agent, telomestatin: in vitro and in vivo studies in Acute leukemia., Activity of a novel G-quadruplex-interactive Telomerase Inhibitor, telomestatin (SOT-095), against Homo sapiens leukemia cells: involvement of ATM-dependent DNA damage response pathways.[SEP]Relations: Telomerase Inhibitor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with POT1, molfunc_protein with POT1, molfunc_protein with TEN1, molfunc_protein with TEN1, molfunc_protein with PINX1, molfunc_protein with PINX1, molfunc_protein with PIF1, molfunc_protein with PIF1. Telomere Extension By Telomerase has relations: pathway_protein with TERT, pathway_protein with TERT. Definitions: Telomerase defined as following: An essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic CHROMOSOMES.. Acute leukemia defined as following: A clonal (malignant) hematopoietic disorder with an acute onset, affecting the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. The malignant cells show minimal differentiation and are called blasts, either myeloid blasts (myeloblasts) or lymphoid blasts (lymphoblasts).. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. telomere defined as following: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.. Telomerase Inhibitor defined as following: Any substance that inhibits Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that adds telomeric sequences to the 3-ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase is quiescent in most normal cells but active in most tumors..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there an association between Muenke Syndrome and FGFR3 gene mutation?", "id": "converted_1874", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Muenke Syndrome and FGFR3 gene Mutation Abnormality?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: Forty-four with a positive FGFR3 Mutation Abnormality, median age 9 years, range 7 months to 52 years were enrolled. In addition, 10 unaffected siblings served as controls (5 males, 5 females; median age, 13 years; range, 3-18 years)., Muenke is a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3 protein, human)-associated syndrome, which was first described in late 1990 s. , The syndrome is defined molecularly by a unique Point Mutation c.749C>G in exon 7 of the FGFR3 gene which results to an Amino Acid Substitution p.Pro250Arg of the protein product. , Muenke syndrome caused by Point Mutation (C749G) in the FGFR3 gene affects 1 in 30,000 newborns and accounts for 25% to 30% of Genetic causes of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2., Phenotypic variability in two families of Muenke syndrome with FGFR3 Mutation Abnormality., PURPOSE: There are a number of Craniosynostosis with hearing impairment-including Muenke, Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Beare-Stevenson, Crouzon with Acanthosis nigricans absent, and Jackson-Weiss syndromes-that result from mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors) Genes. , Muenke syndrome is an autosomal dominant CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndrome resulting from a defining Point Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor3 (FGFR3) gene., Talocalcaneal coalition in Muenke syndrome: report of a patient, review of the literature in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors-related craniosynostoses, and consideration of mechanism., To better understand the pathophysiology of the Muenke syndrome, we present collective findings from several recent studies that have characterized a genetically equivalent Mus sp. model for Muenke syndrome (FgfR3 (P244R)) and compare them with human phenotypes., We show in this study that knock-in CASP14 gene harboring the Mutation Abnormality responsible for the Muenke syndrome (FgfR3(P244R)) display postnatal shortening of the Base of skull structure along with synchondrosis growth plate dysfunction characterized by loss of resting, proliferating and hypertrophic Chondrocyte zones and decreased Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism expression., Muenke syndrome is caused by a single defining Point Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3) gene., The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 gene is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered mutations in Craniosynostosis., Epilepsy in Muenke syndrome: FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2., Muenke syndrome (FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2): expansion of the phenotype and review of the literature., The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 gene is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered mutations in Craniosynostosis., PURPOSE: The Muenke syndrome Mutation Abnormality (FGFR3 (ARID1B wt Allele)), which was discovered 15 years ago, represents the single most common CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 Mutation Abnormality., The heterozygous Pro250Arg substitution Mutation Abnormality in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3), which increases ligand-dependent signalling, is the most common Genetic cause of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 in Homo sapiens and defines Muenke syndrome., ARID1B Gene Mutation in the FGFR3 gene also known as Muenke syndrome is associated with Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, sensorineural deafness, craniofacial, and digital abnormalities., Muenke syndrome caused by the FGFR3 Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality is associated with CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, and various bony anomalies., Muenke syndrome is an Autosomal Dominant Disorder characterized by coronal suture CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 gene., Muenke syndrome, defined by heterozygosity for a Pro250Arg substitution in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3), is the most common Genetic cause of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 in Homo sapiens., In addition, sensorineural hearing impairment is detected in all FgfR3 (P244R) mutant CASP14 gene as in the majority of Muenke syndrome patients., Genetic testing identifies a pathogenic Mutation Abnormality or chromosomal abnormality in ∼ 21% of cases, but it is likely that further causative mutations remain to be discovered.To identify a shared signature of genetically determined CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 by comparing the expression patterns in three monogenic syndromes with a control group of patients with non-syndromic sagittal synostosis.Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts from 10 individuals each with Apert syndrome (FGFR2 substitution S252W), Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 substitution ARID1B wt Allele), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (various mutations in TWIST1 protein, human protein, human) and non-syndromic sagittal synostosis (no Mutation Abnormality detected) were cultured, The Craniosynostosis: Apert syndrome, Cutis Gyrata Syndrome of Beare And Stevenson, Craniofacial dysostosis type 1, JACKSON-WEISS SYNDROME, Muenke syndrome, Pfeiffer Syndrome and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome can be caused by Mutation Abnormality in either FGFR1 protein, human protein, human, FGFR2, or FGFR3, Identical proline-->arginine gain-of-function mutations in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors) 1 (Pro252Arg), FGFR2 (Pro253Arg) and FGFR3 (Pro250Arg), result in type I Pfeiffer, Apert and Muenke Craniosynostosis, respectively, The Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 gene is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered mutations in Craniosynostosis, Mutation analysis of FGFR3 protein, human revealed a missense Mutation Abnormality in exon 6, c.749 C>G, with a resultant Amino acid change:Finding:Point in time:Whole blood/Tissue, unspecified:Nominal:Molecular Genetics from proline to arginine at codon 250 (ARID1B wt Allele), in keeping with Muenke syndrome (Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:555-564), In an attempt to delineate functional features separating SCS from Muenkes syndrome, we screened patients presenting with coronal suture synostosis for mutations in the TWIST 1 gene, and for the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in FGFR3, Since the Gly380Arg Achondroplasia Mutation Abnormality was recognized, similar observations regarding the conserved nature of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors mutations and resulting phenotype have been made regarding other Skeletal phenotypes, including hypochondroplasia, THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder), and Muenke Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, Gene Mutation in the gene that encodes Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR3) are associated with Achondroplasia (MTSS1 gene 100800), Hypochondroplasia (disorder) (disorder) (MTSS1 gene 146000), Muenke Syndrome (MTSS1 gene 602849), Thanatophoric Dysplasia (MTSS1 gene 187600, MTSS1 gene 187601) and Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome (MTSS1 gene 149730).Here we report a clinical and molecular study in a large cohort of 125 Portuguese patients with these Skeletal disorders. , The Muenke syndrome (MS) is characterized by unicoronal or bicoronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, midfacial hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, and a variety of minor abnormalities associated with a Mutation Abnormality in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3) gene. , ARID1B Gene Mutation in the FGFR3 gene also known as Muenke syndrome is associated with Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, sensorineural deafness, craniofacial, and digital abnormalities. , METHODS: Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts from 10 individuals each with Apert syndrome (FGFR2 substitution S252W), Muenke syndrome (FGFR3 substitution ARID1B wt Allele), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (various mutations in TWIST1 protein, human protein, human) and non-syndromic sagittal synostosis (no Mutation Abnormality detected) were cultured. , Muenke syndrome is an Autosomal Dominant Disorder characterized by coronal suture CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, hearing impairment, developmental delay, carpal and tarsal fusions, and the presence of the Pro250Arg Mutation Abnormality in the FGFR3 gene. , Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the Amino Acid Substitution Pro250Arg, in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 type 3 gene (FGFR3). , In spite of a variable phenotype, Muenke syndrome has been related to a unique Mutation Abnormality on the FGFR3 gene, Pro 250 to ABL2 gene, which is characteristic of this Disease. , Skeletal analysis of the Fgfr3(P244R) Mus sp., a Genetic model for the Muenke CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 syndrome., Muenke syndrome is caused by a single defining Point Mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3 (FGFR3) gene., Epilepsy in Muenke syndrome: FGFR3-related CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2., Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the Amino Acid Substitution Pro250Arg, in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 type 3 gene (FGFR3)., The Muenke syndrome Mutation Abnormality (FGFR3 (ARID1B wt Allele)), which was discovered 15 years ago, represents the single most common CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 Mutation Abnormality.[SEP]Relations: Muenke syndrome has relations: disease_protein with FGFR3, disease_protein with FGFR3. FGFR3 has relations: disease_protein with Muenke syndrome, disease_protein with Muenke syndrome, disease_protein with apert syndrome, disease_protein with apert syndrome, disease_protein with LADD syndrome, disease_protein with LADD syndrome. apert syndrome has relations: disease_protein with FGFR3, disease_protein with FGFR3. Definitions: Muenke Syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations in the FGFR3 gene. It is characterized by premature fusion of cranial bones, resulting in head shape abnormalities, flattened cheekbones, and wide-set eyes.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 defined as following: A Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 with specificity for FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; and NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES. Several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN C2-SET DOMAINS and is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 defined as following: A Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 which contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN I-SET DOMAINS and is expressed as two isoforms. One receptor isoform is expressed in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform is expressed mainly by EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).. hearing impairment defined as following: Partial or complete loss of the ability to detect or understand sounds resulting from damage to the outer, middle, or inner ear structures. Causes include exposure to loud noise, ear infections, injuries to the ear, Genetic, and congenital disorders.. sensorineural hearing impairment defined as following: Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.. proline defined as following: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. ARID1B Gene Mutation defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the ARID1B gene.. FGFR3 protein, human defined as following: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (806 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human FGFR3 gene. This protein is involved in fibroblast growth factor signaling and Skeletal development.. Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 defined as following: Premature closure of the coronal suture of skull. [HPO:probinson]. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through Genes in sperm and egg cells.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Hypochondroplasia (disorder) defined as following: An Autosomal Dominant Disorder that is often caused by a defect in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 3, and characterized by short stature, micromelia, and a comparatively large head. The features are milder than those seen in Achondroplasia.. THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder) defined as following: Thanatophoric dysplasia characterized by a normally shaped skull and curved femurs. It is the most common type of THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA, TYPE I (disorder).. Achondroplasia defined as following: An Autosomal Dominant Disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MTSS1 gene#100800, April 20, 2001). Cutis Gyrata Syndrome of Beare And Stevenson defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. It is characterized by the premature fusion of the bones of the skull (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2) and a skin abnormality called cutis gyrata. The CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 results in a cloverleaf-shaped skull, wide-set eyes, ear abnormalities, underdeveloped upper jaw, and developmental delays. Cutis gyrata is characterized by a wrinkled skin appearance, especially on the face, near the ears, and on the palms and soles.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors defined as following: Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.. craniofacial defined as following: refers to the bones of the skull and face.. Apert syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant inherited type of acrocephalosyndactyly caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging eyes, low-set ears, fusion of the second, third, and forth fingers, and fusion of the toes.. TWIST1 protein, human defined as following: Twist-related protein 1 (202 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human TWIST1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the negative regulation of both transcription and myogenesis.. arginine defined as following: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Point Mutation defined as following: A Mutation Abnormality caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. ABL2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in signal transduction.. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Chondrocyte defined as following: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Pfeiffer Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant inherited type of acrocephalosyndactyly caused by mutations in the FGFR1 protein, human or FGFR2 Genes. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging and wide-set eyes, broad thumbs, big toes, and partial syndactyly in the hands and toes.. Craniosynostosis defined as following: Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.. ARID1B wt Allele defined as following: Human ARID1B wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6q25.1 and is approximately 433 kb in length. This allele, which encodes AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B, is involved in both cell type-specific transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling.. Amino Acid Substitution defined as following: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.. CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 defined as following: A form of syndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with characteristics of highly variable CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with frontal bossing, turribrachycephaly and cloverleaf skull anomaly. Hypoplasia of the supraorbital ridges, cleft palate, extra teeth and limb anomalies has also been described. Associated problems include headache, poor vision, and seizures. Intelligence is normal.. FGFR1 protein, human defined as following: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (822 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human FGFR1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cellular migration.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. FGFR3 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in bone development and maintenance and mutations in the gene are associated with CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 and several types of Skeletal dysplasia.. JACKSON-WEISS SYNDROME defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. It is characterized by the premature fusion of the bones of the skull (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2) and foot abnormalities. The CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 results in a malformed skull, widely spaced eyes, and a bulging forehead. The foot abnormalities consist of short and wide first toes, which bend away from the other toes. In addition, syndactyly in some toes may be present. The hands are almost always normal.. Base of skull structure defined as following: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.. Autosomal Dominant Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder that manifests when one copy of a mutated gene is present.. FGFR3 gene Mutation Abnormality defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the FGFR3 gene..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are circRNAs associated with diseases and traits?", "id": "converted_345", "sentence1": "Are circRNAs associated with diseases and traits?", "sentence2": "Circ2Traits: a comprehensive database for circular RNA potentially associated with Disease and traits., Circular RNA play a crucial role in fine tuning the level of miRNA mediated regulation of gene expression by sequestering the MicroRNAs. Their interaction with Disease associated MicroRNAs indicates that RNA, Circular are important for Disease regulation., Firstly, the interactions of circRNAs with Disease associated MicroRNAs were identified, following which the likelihood of a circRNA being associated with a Disease was calculated, Emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs might play important roles in Atherosclerosis risk, nervous system disorder, Prion Diseases and Primary malignant neoplasm; exhibit aberrant expression in colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm (Cytogenetic Complete Response) and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA); and serve as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of some diseases, In this paper we studied the potential association of RNA, Circular (circRNA) with human diseases in two different ways. Firstly, the interactions of circRNAs with Disease associated MicroRNAs were identified, following which the likelihood of a circRNA being associated with a Disease was calculated., Firstly, the interactions of circRNAs with Disease associated MicroRNAs were identified, following which the likelihood of a circRNA being associated with a Disease was calculated. For the MicroRNAs associated with individual diseases, we constructed a network of predicted interactions between the MicroRNAs and protein coding, long non-coding and circular RNA genes.[SEP]Relations: prion Disease has relations: disease_disease with kuru, disease_disease with kuru, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_protein with PRNP. nervous system disorder has relations: disease_disease with neuroendocrine Disease, disease_disease with neuroendocrine Disease. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma has relations: disease_protein with KRAS, disease_protein with KRAS, disease_protein with ADA, disease_protein with ADA. Definitions: RNA, Circular defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNA, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNA (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 MicroRNAs discovered, and are from a class of MicroRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma defined as following: An infiltrating adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial cells of the pancreas. It affects males more often than females and the patients are usually over 50 years of age. Microscopically it is characterized by the presence of glandular (ductal) differentiation and desmoplastic stroma formation. Signs and symptoms include pain, loss of weight, and jaundice. It grows rapidly and is usually detected after it has metastasized to other anatomic sites. The prognosis is usually poor.. Cytogenetic Complete Response defined as following: The disappearance of all signs of Primary malignant neoplasm, including the absence of a detectable Disease-related genetic abnormality, as determined by techniques such as karyotyping or FISH, in response to treatment.. ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA defined as following: A rare clinical entity including as main characteristics anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia, and pulmonary hypoplasia or aplasia. Only five cases have been reported so far, two of who were siblings. In the three nonfamilial cases, unilateral pulmonary agenesis and microphthalmia were associated with diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary vessel agenesis. It has been suggested that two different entities can be distinguished: on one hand, the association of anophthalmia-pulmonary hypoplasia with/without anomalies of the face, heart, spleen and uterus, which may be due to a putative autosomal recessive gene with pleiotropic effects; on the other hand, a sporadic association including pulmonary hypoplasia, anophthalmia, unilateral diaphragmatic defect and agenesis of the pulmonary trunk, which may represent the expression of a developmental field defect. There is evidence that syndromic microphthalmia- is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the STRA6 gene on chromosome 15q24.. Prion Diseases defined as following: A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In humans, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83). nervous system disorder defined as following: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.. Atherosclerosis defined as following: Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. circRNAs defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can the apoptosis regulator BAX trigger the release of cytochrome c?", "id": "converted_1287", "sentence1": "Can the apoptosis regulator BAX trigger the release of CYCS gene?", "sentence2": "shogaol reduced the Mitochondrial Membranes potential (Matrix Metalloproteinases) and released CYCS gene from Mitochondria to Cytoplasmic matrix via BAX protein, human activation. , Moreover, overexpression of ERβ prevented BAX protein, human activation, CYCS gene release, caspase-3 activation, and PARP1 wt Allele cleavage during apoptosis., In this study, we demonstrated that EV71 infection altered BAX protein, human conformation and triggered its redistribution from the Cytoplasmic matrix to Mitochondria in RD cells. Subsequently, CYCS gene was released from Mitochondria to Cytoplasmic matrix., associated with translocation of BAX protein, human from the Cytoplasmic matrix to the Mitochondrial Membranes, CYCS gene release, and caspase activation. , Once activated, BAK1 wt Allele and BAX form proteolipid pores in the OMM leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization), and the release of inner membrane space proteins, such as CYCS gene, which promotes caspase activation. ,  Our results showed that BGLAP wt Allele induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis by triggering a series of events in HeLa Cells including BAX protein, human translocation, CYCS gene release, caspase-3 activation, chromosome fragmentation followed by caspase-8 activation, Twice a day cleavage and eventually cell death. , BAX protein, human plays a key role in intrinsic apoptotic signaling in Neurons by allowing the release of mitochondrial CYCS gene. [SEP]Relations: mitochondrion has relations: cellcomp_protein with BAX, cellcomp_protein with BAX, cellcomp_protein with GPX4, cellcomp_protein with GPX4. CYCS gene metabolic process has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cytochrome metabolic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with cytochrome metabolic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with CYCS gene biosynthetic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with CYCS gene biosynthetic process. HELLS has relations: bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Definitions: Cytoplasmic matrix defined as following: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.. Matrix Metalloproteinases defined as following: A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components.. CYCS gene defined as following: This gene is involved in electron transport.. PARP1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PARP1 wild-type allele is located within 1q41-q42 and is approximately 47 kb in length. This allele, which encodes poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 protein, plays a critical role in DNA repair.. Twice a day defined as following: Two times per day, at unspecified times.. Mitochondrial Membranes defined as following: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]. BAX protein, human defined as following: Apoptosis regulator BAX (192 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human BAX gene. This protein plays a role in both apoptosis and protein-protein interactions.. caspase-3 defined as following: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). BAK1 wt Allele defined as following: Human BAK1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6p21.3 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer protein, is involved in cell death promotion and counteracts the protection from apoptosis provided by BCL2.. mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization defined as following: The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the Cytoplasmic matrix as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:pg, PMID:21041309]. HeLa Cells defined as following: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for, among other things, VIRUS CULTIVATION and PRECLINICAL DRUG EVALUATION assays.. BGLAP wt Allele defined as following: Human BGLAP wild-type allele is located within 1q25-q31 and is approximately 1 kb in length. This allele, which encodes osteocalcin protein, plays a role in the regulation of bone formation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Adar3 involved in learning and memory?", "id": "converted_2959", "sentence1": "Is Adar3 involved in learning and memory?", "sentence2": "Adar3 Is Involved in Learning and Memory in CASP14 gene.,  The newest member of the A-I editing family of ADAR proteins, the vertebrate-specific ADARB2 gene, is highly expressed in the Head>Brain, but its functional significance is unknown. In vitro studies have suggested that ADARB2 gene acts as a negative regulator of A-I RNA editing but the scope and underlying mechanisms are also unknown. Meta-analysis of published data indicates that mouse Adar3 expression is highest in the hippocampus, thalamus, Amygdaloid structure, and olfactory region. Consistent with this, we show that mice lacking exon 3 of Adar3 (which encodes two Double-Stranded RNA Binding Motif) have increased levels of Anxiety Disorders and deficits in hippocampus-dependent short- and long-term memory formation. RNA sequencing revealed a dysregulation of genes involved in synaptic function in the hippocampi of Adar3-deficient mice. We also show that ADARB2 gene transiently translocates from the Cytoplasm to the Cell Nucleus upon KCl-mediated activation in SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicate that ADARB2 gene contributes to cognitive processes in Mammals., Adar3 Is Involved in Learning and Memory in CASP14 gene.-deficient mice. [SEP]Relations: ADARB2 has relations: anatomy_protein_present with Head>Brain, anatomy_protein_present with Head>Brain, anatomy_protein_present with midbrain, anatomy_protein_present with midbrain, anatomy_protein_present with blood, anatomy_protein_present with blood, anatomy_protein_present with cerebellar cortex, anatomy_protein_present with cerebellar cortex, anatomy_protein_present with liver, anatomy_protein_present with liver. Definitions: Amygdaloid structure defined as following: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The Amygdaloid structure is part of the limbic system.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). Double-Stranded RNA Binding Motif defined as following: An RNA-binding motif characterized by an alpha-beta-beta-beta-alpha fold that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It occurs in many eukaryotic proteins as well as in bacterial and viral proteins.. Anxiety Disorders defined as following: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Rheumatoid Arthritis related to myopathy?", "id": "converted_1228", "sentence1": "Is Rheumatoid Arthritis related to Myopathy?", "sentence2": "Prevalence of risk factors for statin-induced Myopathy in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, we describe a patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Respiratory Failure associated with proximal Myopathy secondary to hydroxychloroquine, Occurrence of chloroquine-induced Myopathy after Low-Dose Treatment treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis for seven years, a 75 year old female with Rheumatoid Arthritis treated with daily doses of 250 mg of chloroquine for four years. The patient visited because of several months history of predominantly proximal progressive Quadriparesis with Absent reflex, Myopathy and Neuropathy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) have clinical or subclinical evidence of Peripheral Nervous System Diseases or Myopathy, The study reveals an increased prevalence of neurogenic but not myogenic changes in patients with RA compared with controls[SEP]Relations: Rheumatoid arthritis has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Arthritis, phenotype_phenotype with Arthritis, disease_phenotype_positive with Rheumatoid Arthritis, disease_phenotype_positive with Rheumatoid Arthritis, drug_effect with Acamprosate, drug_effect with Acamprosate, disease_phenotype_positive with dystonia, disease_phenotype_positive with dystonia, phenotype_phenotype with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, phenotype_phenotype with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Definitions: Peripheral Nervous System Diseases defined as following: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. chloroquine defined as following: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. Myopathy defined as following: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.. Low-Dose Treatment defined as following: A reduced quantity of a therapeutic agent prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals.. Quadriparesis defined as following: Weakness of all four limbs. [HPO:probinson]. hydroxychloroquine defined as following: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). Absent reflex defined as following: A finding indicating the complete absence of neurological reflexes.. Respiratory Failure defined as following: The significant impairment of gas exchange within the lungs resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, to the extent that organ tissue perfusion is severely compromised. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure. Treatment requires intubation and mechanical ventilation until the time the lungs recover sufficient function.. Neuropathy defined as following: A disorder affecting the cranial nerves or the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Do bacteria release extracellular vesicles?", "id": "converted_4178", "sentence1": "Do Bacteria release extracellular vesicles?", "sentence2": "Bacterial extracellular vesicles (NCI Enterprise Vocabulary Services) are bilayered Membrane Lipids structures, bearing integral proteins and able to carry diverse cargo outside the \"U\" lymphocyte to distant sites., Knowledge of the structure, molecular cargo and function of bacterial extracellular vesicle (BEVs) is primarily obtained from Bacteria cultured in laboratory conditions. , Bacteria derived-extracellular vesicles[SEP]Relations: membrane lipid metabolic process has relations: bioprocess_protein with AGMO, bioprocess_protein with AGMO, bioprocess_bioprocess with sphingolipid metabolic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with sphingolipid metabolic process, bioprocess_protein with B4GALT4, bioprocess_protein with B4GALT4, bioprocess_bioprocess with glycolipid metabolic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with glycolipid metabolic process. Bacteremia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with staphylococcal pneumonia, disease_phenotype_positive with staphylococcal pneumonia. Definitions: NCI Enterprise Vocabulary Services defined as following: The NCI EVS is set of services and resources that address NCI's needs for controlled vocabulary. The EVS Project is a collaborative effort of the Center for Bioinformatics and the NCI Office of Communications. The NCI Thesaurus, which is a biomedical thesaurus created specifically to meet the needs of the NCI, is produced by the NCI EVS project. The NCI Thesaurus is provided under an open content license. The EVS Project also produces the NCI Metathesaurus, which is based on NLM's Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus supplemented with additional cancer-centric vocabulary. In addition the EVS Project provides NCI with licenses for MedDRA, SNOMED, ICD-O-3, and other proprietary vocabularies.. bacterial extracellular vesicle defined as following: Small membrane vesicle (< 1 um) that buds off a prokaryotic \"U\" lymphocyte plasma membrane, able to carry proteins, phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acids, viruses, and more. Important in intercellular communication and pathogenesis; can exist within host cells. [GOC:aa, PMID:25704309]. Membrane Lipids defined as following: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid \"U\" lymphocyte walls, multiply by \"U\" lymphocyte division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. extracellular vesicles defined as following: Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. [GO_REF:0000064, GOC:pm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24769233].", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Are DNA helicases involved in progeroid syndromes?", "id": "converted_1030", "sentence1": "Are DNA Helicases involved in progeroid syndromes?", "sentence2": "Among these syndromes, relevant advances have recently been made in Werner syndrome, one of several progeroid syndromes characterized by defective DNA Helicases,, Progeroid syndromes (Chromosome 11p11.2 Deletion Syndrome) constitute a group of disorders characterized by clinical features mimicking physiological aging at an early age., However, all the characterized Chromosome 11p11.2 Deletion Syndrome enter in the field of rare monogenic disorders and several causative genes have been identified. These can be separated in subcategories corresponding to (i) genes encoding DNA repair factors, in particular, DNA Helicases, and (ii) genes affecting the structure or post-translational maturation of Lamin Type A, a major nuclear component., None of the known progerias represents true precocious ageing. Some of them, including Werner (WS), Bloom (BS), and Rothmund-Thomson syndromes (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome) as well as combined xeroderma pigmentosa-Cockayne syndrome (XP-CS) are characterised by features resembling precocious ageing and the increased risk of malignant disease. Such phenotypes result from the Gene Mutation of the genes encoding Proteins involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity, in most cases DNA Helicases., Single-Genes Gene Mutation can produce Homo sapiens progeroid syndromes--phenotypes that mimic usual or \"normative\" aging., The prototypic example of the former is the Werner syndrome, a condition caused by Gene Mutation of the RecQ family of DNA Helicases., Progeria and progeroid syndromes are characterized by the earlier onset of complex senescent phenotypes. Werner Syndrome was originally identified as a Genes responsible for Werner syndrome (WS; \"Progeria of Adults\"). The Werner Syndrome Genes product has RecQ-type helicase domains in the central region of the Protein Info.[SEP]Relations: progeria has relations: disease_disease with progeroid syndrome, disease_disease with progeroid syndrome, disease_disease with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, disease_disease with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Werner syndrome has relations: disease_disease with progeroid syndrome, disease_disease with progeroid syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Progeroid facial appearance, disease_phenotype_positive with Progeroid facial appearance. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome has relations: disease_disease with progeroid syndrome, disease_disease with progeroid syndrome. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Lamin Type A defined as following: A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Werner Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal recessive disorder that causes premature aging in adults, characterized by sclerodermal skin changes, cataracts, subcutaneous calcification, muscular atrophy, a tendency to diabetes mellitus, aged appearance of the face, baldness, and a high incidence of neoplastic disease.. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome defined as following: An autosomal recessive inherited syndrome usually caused by Gene Mutation in the RECQL4 Genes. It is characterized by poikilodermatous skin changes, sparse hair, cataracts, small stature, skeletal abnormalities, and an increased predisposition to cancer, particularly osteosarcoma.. Chromosome 11p11.2 Deletion Syndrome defined as following: A very rare genetic syndrome caused by deletions on the proximal short arm of chromosome 11. It is characterized by the presence of multiple exostoses and enlarged parietal foramina.. DNA Helicases defined as following: Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition, DNA Helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Progeria defined as following: An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A Genes, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding Genes via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is tocilizumab a csDMARD?", "id": "converted_3792", "sentence1": "Is tocilizumab a csDMARD?", "sentence2": "The task force agreed on 5 overarching principles and 12 recommendations concerning use of conventional Synthesis (cs) DMARDs (methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, sulfasalazine); Glucocorticoid inhalants for obstructive airway disease (Ceramide Glucosyltransferase, human); biological (b) DMARDs (tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab), abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, sarilumab and biosimilar (bs) DMARDs) and targeted Synthesis (ts) DMARDs (the JAK1 protein, human (JAK1 protein, human) inhibitors tofacitinib, baricitinib, Filgotinib, upadacitinib). [SEP]Relations: Tocilizumab has relations: drug_drug with Concizumab, drug_drug with Concizumab, drug_drug with Cetuximab, drug_drug with Cetuximab, drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Vedolizumab, drug_drug with Vedolizumab, drug_drug with Depatuxizumab, drug_drug with Depatuxizumab. Definitions: methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. Ceramide Glucosyltransferase, human defined as following: Ceramide glucosyltransferase (394 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human UGCG gene. This protein is involved in the glycosylation of N-acylsphingosine.. leflunomide defined as following: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. sarilumab defined as following: A recombinant, human immunoglobulin (IgG) monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon intravenous administration of sarilumab, this agent targets and binds to both soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (mIL-6R). This inhibits the binding of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which results in the blockade of the IL-6/IL-6R-mediated signal transduction pathway. This may inhibit IL-6/IL-6R-mediated inflammation.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. infliximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.. JAK1 protein, human defined as following: A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the JAK1 protein, human/STAT pathway. The name JAK1 protein, human refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains.. Filgotinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase JAK1 protein, human 1 (JAK1), with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, Filgotinib specifically targets, binds to, and inhibits the phosphorylation of JAK1, which interferes with JAK1 protein, human/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)-dependent signaling. As JAK1 mediates signaling of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, JAK1 inhibition prevents cytokine signaling and activity in many inflammatory and immune-mediated processes and leads to a decrease in inflammation and activation of certain immune cells. JAK1 plays a key role in the signaling and activity of many cytokines and growth factors and is often dysregulated in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as some malignancies.. JAK1 protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 (1154 aa, ~133 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK1 gene. This protein plays a role in both tyrosine phosphorylation and interferon-mediated signaling.. adalimumab defined as following: A recombinant, human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), with immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, adalimumab binds to TNF-alpha, thereby preventing its binding to the p55 and p75 TNF cell surface receptors and inhibiting TNF-mediated immune responses. TNF-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in various autoimmune diseases.. Synthesis defined as following: The process of producing a chemical compound, usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds.. baricitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, baricitinib binds to JAK1/2, which inhibits JAK1/2 activation and leads to the inhibition of the JAK1 protein, human-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and may prevent an inflammatory response. In addition, baricitinib may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation of JAK1/2-expressing tumor cells. JAK1 protein, human kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in cytokine signaling, inflammation, immune function and hematopoiesis; they are also upregulated and/or mutated in various tumor cell types.. tofacitinib defined as following: An orally available inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAK1 protein, human), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to JAK1 protein, human and prevents the activation of the JAK1 protein, human-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. JAK1 protein, human kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation.. etanercept defined as following: A recombinant version of soluble human TNF receptor fused to an IgG FC fragment that binds specifically to TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR and inhibits its binding with endogenous TNF receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of TNF and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. golimumab defined as following: A human monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) with immunosuppressive activity. Golimumab binds to TNF-a, thereby preventing TNF-a-mediated immune responses. TNF-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. sulfasalazine defined as following: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907).", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Does oculocutaneous albinism show an autosomal recessive inheritance?", "id": "converted_1955", "sentence1": "Does oculocutaneous albinism show an Autosome recessive inheritance?", "sentence2": "MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder characterized by ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT in Eye, Hair Specimen and Skin Specimen Source Code, accompanied with Unspecified visual loss. , MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosome recessive hereditary pigmentation disorder affecting Homo sapiens and several other animal species. , MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 2 (TYR gene type 2) is a human Autosome-recessive ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT disorder associated with pathological mutations of the TYR gene type 2 gene., MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type1 (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 1) is characterized by the absence of Melanins pigmentation. The Mutation Abnormality on MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene makes MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 1 as an Autosome recessive genetic disorder. , Our patients were diagnosed as affected with MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type1a. Analysis of pedigree pattern showed an Autosome recessive inheritance. , MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder of Melanins biosynthesis that results in congenital ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT of ocular and cutaneous tissues., MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene is an Autosome recessive genetic disorder., Melanin biosynthesis is reduced in oculocutaneous albinism, an Autosomal Recessive Disorder., The pedigrees were consistent with an Autosome recessive inheritance pattern.CONCLUSION: This unique type of oculocutaneous albinism has heterogeneous clinical features., BACKGROUND: MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosome recessive hereditary pigmentation disorder affecting Homo sapiens and several other animal species., The Q402 allele has been associated with Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular when it is in trans with a tyrosinase gene Mutation Abnormality associated with oculocutaneous albinism type 1., Analysis using the POINTER program showed that this type of oculocutaneous albinism was inherited in an Autosome recessive pattern, with an estimated gene frequency of 0.025 +/- 0.007 in this population., We have identified 12 families with oculocutaneous albinism type 1 that exhibit segregation of the c.1205G>A Variant with a known pathologic Mutation Abnormality on the homologous chromosome, and demonstrate no genetic association between Autosome recessive oculocutaneous albinism and the Q402 Variant., BACKGROUND: Type 2 (tyrosinase-positive) oculocutaneous albinism is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder that has recently been mapped to chromosome segment 15q11-q13., The child with Albinism, Ocular was heterozygous for two different mutations in the Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 wt Allele.CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities of the Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 wt Allele are associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes, including type II oculocutaneous albinism, albinism associated with the Prader-Willi Syndrome, and at least some cases of Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular., Gene Mutation in the MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE, 11q14-21, MIM 606933) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 1, MIM 203100), a developmental disorder having an Autosome recessive mode of inheritance, The pedigrees were consistent with an Autosome recessive inheritance pattern.This unique type of oculocutaneous albinism has heterogeneous clinical features, MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder, MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder of abnormal Melanins formation, which results in ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT of Skin Specimen Source Code, Hair Specimen and Eye, The Mutation Abnormality of the tyrosinase (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE) gene results in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 1), an Autosome recessive genetic disorder, We found oculo-cutaneous albinism in two brothers and granular dystrophy in three brothers, the mother and a son.Hereditary corneal dystrophy is an Autosome dominant disorder inherited independently of oculocutaneous albinism, which is inherited as an Autosome recessive condition, MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) type 4 is a newly identified human Autosome recessive hypopigmentary disorder that disrupts pigmentation in the Skin Specimen Source Code, Hair Specimen and Eye, Analysis using the POINTER program showed that this type of oculocutaneous albinism was inherited in an Autosome recessive pattern, with an estimated gene frequency of 0.025 +/- 0.007 in this population. , DISCUSSION: Hereditary corneal dystrophy is an Autosome dominant disorder inherited independently of oculocutaneous albinism, which is inherited as an Autosome recessive condition. , BACKGROUND: MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type II (TYR gene type 2) is an Autosome recessively inherited disorder, characterized by white Hair Specimen and Skin Specimen Source Code, and loss of Pigment in the Eye. , Is Autosome recessive deafness associated with oculocutaneous albinism a \"coincidence syndrome\"?, MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene, immunodeficiency, hematological disorders, and minor anomalies: a new Autosome recessive syndrome?, Gene Mutation in the MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE, 11q14-21, MIM 606933) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene type 1, MIM 203100), a developmental disorder having an Autosome recessive mode of inheritance., MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder characterized by ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT in Eye, Hair Specimen and Skin Specimen Source Code, accompanied with Unspecified visual loss., MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is an Autosome recessive hereditary pigmentation disorder affecting Homo sapiens and several other animal species.[SEP]Relations: Autosome recessive disease has relations: disease_disease with Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular, disease_disease with Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular. Autosomal recessive inheritance has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with oculoosteocutaneous syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with oculoosteocutaneous syndrome. Autosome dominant oculocutaneous albinism has relations: disease_disease with Autosome dominant disease, disease_disease with Autosome dominant disease. Autosome dominant disease has relations: disease_disease with Autosome dominant oculocutaneous albinism, disease_disease with Autosome dominant oculocutaneous albinism. Albinism, Ocular (disease) has relations: disease_disease with Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular, disease_disease with Autosome recessive Albinism, Ocular. Definitions: Autosomal Recessive Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder manifested only when two copies of a mutated gene are present.. TYR gene type 1 defined as following: A group of tyrosine related oculocutaneous albinism (TYR gene type 1) that includes OCA1A, OCA1B, type 1 minimal Pigment oculocutaneous albinism (TYR gene type 1-MP) and type 1 temperature sensitive oculocutaneous albinism (TYR gene type 1-TS). The phenotypic spectrum seen in TYR gene type 1 is variable. Pigmentation present in the Skin Specimen Source Code, Hair Specimen and Eye can range from little or none to pigmentation only to the peripheries. Findings of nystagmus, photophobia and reduced visual acuity are often present. The disease is caused by a Mutation Abnormality in the MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE gene located on chromosome 11q14.3 encoding tyrosinase. Gene Mutation in OCA1A and OCA1B lead to a total or partial loss of the catalytic activity of tyrosinase while those in TYR gene type 1-MP and TYR gene type 1-TS lead to minimal activity or temperature sensitive tyrosinase proteins. The different forms of TYR gene type 1 are all transmitted Autosome recessively.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Hereditary corneal dystrophy defined as following: Bilateral hereditary disorders of the cornea, usually Autosome dominant, which may be present at birth but more frequently develop during adolescence and progress slowly throughout life. Central macular dystrophy is transmitted as an Autosome recessive defect.. MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE defined as following: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.. Melanins defined as following: Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in Skin Specimen Source Code (SKIN PIGMENTATION), Hair Specimen, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. TYR gene defined as following: A form of oculocutaneous albinism (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) characterized by rufous or brown albinism and occurring mainly in the African population.. TYR gene type 2 defined as following: A type of TYR gene with varying degrees of Skin Specimen Source Code and Hair Specimen ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT, numerous ocular changes and misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm. Cutaneous ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT is often visible at birth and signs of nystagmus and strabismus present in the first year of life. Visual changes are not progressive. Caused by mutations in the membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) gene, SLC45A2, encoding a transporter protein which is thought to mediate Melanins synthesis. Inheritance is Autosome recessive.. Albinism, Ocular defined as following: Albinism affecting the eye in which Pigment of the Hair Specimen and Skin Specimen Source Code is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an Autosome recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.. Pigment defined as following: something that gives color. Type 2 defined as following: Fungating. Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 defined as following: A form of oculocutaneous albinism characterized by variable ALBINOIDISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT of the Skin Specimen Source Code and Hair Specimen, numerous characteristic ocular changes and misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm.. Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transport and Melanins synthesis.. Prader-Willi Syndrome defined as following: An Autosome dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229). Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Autosome recessive inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele). [HPO:probinson]. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. OCA2 wt Allele defined as following: Human Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 wild-type allele is located within 15q12-q13.1 and is approximately 344 kb in length. This allele, which encodes P protein, is involved in eye and Skin Specimen Source Code color. Gene Mutation in this gene are associated with type 2 oculocutaneous albinism.. Unspecified visual loss defined as following: A condition in which the ability to see is impaired.. Autosome dominant disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder that manifests when one copy of a mutated gene is present.. oculocutaneous albinism defined as following: A form of oculocutaneous albinism (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) characterized by rufous or brown albinism and occurring mainly in the African population..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is thyroid hormone therapy indicated in patients with heart failure?", "id": "converted_1542", "sentence1": "Is thyroid hormone therapy indicated in patients with Congestive heart failure?", "sentence2": "Patients with Chronic Congestive Congestive heart failure and subclinical hypothyroidism significantly improved their physical performance when normal Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- levels were reached., Early and sustained physiological restoration of circulating L-T3 levels after MI halves Infarction Scar Tissue size and prevents the progression towards Congestive Congestive heart failure. This beneficial effect is likely due to enhanced capillary formation and mitochondrial protection., These data indicate that T(3) replacement to Euthyroid (finding) levels improves systolic function and tends to improve diastolic function, potentially through changes in myocardial gene expression., In these patients, the administration of synthetic triiodothyronine (T(3)) was well tolerated and induced significant improvement in cardiac function without increased heart rate and metabolic demand., In Dyskeratosis Congenita patients, short-term synthetic L-T(3) replacement therapy significantly improved neuroendocrine profile and ventricular performance., liothyronine was well tolerated without episodes of Ischemia Procedure or clinical arrhythmia. There was no significant change in heart rate or metabolic rate and there was minimal increase in core temperature. Cardiac output increased with a reduction in systemic vascular resistance in patients receiving the largest dose, consistent with a Peripheral vasodilatory effect.[SEP]Relations: Congestive Congestive heart failure has relations: drug_effect with Testosterone, drug_effect with Testosterone, drug_effect with Insulin human, drug_effect with Insulin human, drug_effect with Levothyroxine, drug_effect with Levothyroxine. Liothyronine has relations: contraindication with heart disease, contraindication with heart disease, contraindication with thyroid crisis (disease), contraindication with thyroid crisis (disease). Definitions: liothyronine defined as following: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from Peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. Ischemia Procedure defined as following: A surgical procedure during which the blood supply to an organ or tissue is interrupted and then later reestablished.. Peripheral defined as following: On or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area.. Congestive heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an Infarction, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Dyskeratosis Congenita defined as following: A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.. Scar Tissue defined as following: Formation of new tissue formed in the healing of a wound..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is there a dependence between chromatin organization and dorsoventral gene expression in Drosophila?", "id": "converted_4428", "sentence1": "Is there a dependence between chromatin organization and dorsoventral gene expression in Drosophila <basidiomycetes>?", "sentence2": "Independence of chromatin conformation and gene regulation during Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> dorsoventral patterning., Here, using the dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila <basidiomycetes> <basidiomycetes> melanogaster embryo as a model system, we provide evidence for the independence of chromatin organization and dorsoventral gene expression. We define tissue-specific enhancers and link them to expression patterns using single-cell RNA-seq. Surprisingly, despite tissue-specific chromatin states and gene expression, chromatin organization is largely maintained across Body tissue. Our results indicate that tissue-specific chromatin conformation is not necessary for tissue-specific gene expression but rather acts as a scaffold facilitating gene expression when enhancers become active.[SEP]Relations: bone tissue has relations: anatomy_anatomy with endochondral bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with endochondral bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with trabecular bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with trabecular bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with intramembranous bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with intramembranous bone tissue, anatomy_anatomy with lamellar bone, anatomy_anatomy with lamellar bone, anatomy_anatomy with osteoid, anatomy_anatomy with osteoid. Definitions: Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Drosophila <basidiomycetes> defined as following: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology..", "label": "no"}
{"original_question": "Is low T3 syndrome related with high BNP in cardiac patients?", "id": "converted_649", "sentence1": "Is low T3 thoracic segmental innervation syndrome related with high BNP in cardiac patients?", "sentence2": "BNP and cubic foot are independently associated with exercise capacity in severely compromised Hydrops Fetalis patients., fter adjustment for known confounders, N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human was significantly associated with cubic foot and low-T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation syndrome. cubic foot (HR 0.58, 95%CI 0.34-0.98) and low-T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation syndrome (HR 3.0, 95%CI 1.4-6.3) were predictive for mortality after adjustment for N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human levels and other Cardiovascular system prognostic variables., cubic foot and low-T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation syndrome are significantly related to N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human in patients with Cardiovascular Diseases, but are predictors of mortality independently of N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human and other known Cardiovascular system risk parameters., Higher NT-pro BNP concentrations were related to lower total T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation concentrations (r = -0.294, p = 0.011) and to higher reverse T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation concentrations (r = 0.353, p = 0.002)[SEP]Relations: Cardiovascular Diseases has relations: contraindication with Dipotassium phosphate, contraindication with Dipotassium phosphate, contraindication with Polyethylene glycol 300, contraindication with Polyethylene glycol 300, contraindication with Zinc sulfate, contraindication with Zinc sulfate, contraindication with Succinylcholine, contraindication with Succinylcholine. hydrops fetalis has relations: disease_protein with FOXP3, disease_protein with FOXP3. Definitions: Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. cubic foot defined as following: A traditional unit of volume equal to 1728 cubic inches, or 1/27 cubic yard, or 0.028 316 85 cubic meter (28.316 85 liters). The cubic foot holds about 7.4805 US gallons.. N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human defined as following: N-terminal fragment brain natriuretic protein (76 aa, ~9 kDa) is encoded by the human NPPB gene. This protein is a marker for cardiac failure.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. Hydrops Fetalis defined as following: Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.. BNP defined as following: A recombinant version of the cardiac neurohormone, human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP) produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide binds to natriuretic peptide receptors on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, through which it triggers guanylate cyclase dependent signal transduction resulting in increase of intracellular concentrations of cGMP. This leads to smooth muscle cell relaxation causing arterial and venous dilatation..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Tuberous Sclerosis a genetic disease?", "id": "converted_1594", "sentence1": "Is Tuberous Sclerosis a genetic Disease?", "sentence2": "TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a multisystem genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, The Disease is caused by mutational inactivation of the Tumor Suppressor Genes Tuberous Sclerosis 1 (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)) or TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder)., FRAP1 protein, human inhibitors have antiepileptogenic and antiseizure effects in animal models of the genetic Disease, Tuberous Sclerosis., Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an Autosome-dominant genetic Disease, Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic Disease, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic Disease, In all these lesions, Mutation related to the Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC) have been demonstrated., Although Epilepsy affects most patients with Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC), little is known about the natural history of Epilepsy in this genetic Disease., The tuberous sclerosis gene 2 product tuberin is an important regulator of the Mammals target of rapamycin (FRAP1 protein, human)., TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a relatively rare Autosome dominant disorder, Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic Disease with Autosomal dominant inheritance,, Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms are related to the Mutation of Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC), an Autosome dominant genetic Disease due to losses of TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) (9q34) or TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) (16p13.3) Genes which seem to have a role in the regulation of the Rheb/FRAP1 protein, human/p70S6K pathway., TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease caused by Mutation Abnormality in either TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) or TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder)., TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location (TSC) is a genetic Disease caused by Gene Mutation in either TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) or TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) tumor suppressor Genes., Mutation in either the TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) or TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) Tumor Suppressor Genes is responsible for the inherited genetic Disease of Tuberous Sclerosis., Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a frequent Autosome-dominant condition (affecting 1 in 6000 individuals) caused by various Gene Mutation in either the Tuberous Sclerosis 1 protein (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)) or the tuberin gene (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder))., Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic Disease, Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a genetic Disease with prominent cutaneous and Head>Brain involvement , TSC was recognized to be a genetic Disease with Autosomal dominant inheritance, On average TSC families are very small; in most cases there are fewer than two informative meioses. The size distribution of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 linked families was similar to that of non-linked families., The effects of missense changes and small in-frame deletions and Clinical act of insertion on protein function are not easy to predict, and the identification of such Variant in individuals at risk of a genetic Disease can complicate genetic counselling. One option is to perform functional tests to assess whether the Variant affect protein function. We have used this strategy to characterize Variant identified in the TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) and TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) Genes in individuals with, or suspected of having, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)., Tuberous sclerosis is a dominant hereditary Disease, Many of these advances originated from studies of the genetic Disease Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC)[SEP]Relations: tuberous sclerosis has relations: disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with genetic nervous system disorder, disease_disease with inherited neurodegenerative disorder, disease_disease with inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Definitions: Tuberous Sclerosis defined as following: Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) and TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) that encode tuberous sclerosis complex 1 protein and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the Disease.. Autosomal dominant inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an Autosome dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele. [HPO:curators]. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal Head>Brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the Head>Brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal Epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder)-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) complex location defined as following: A protein complex consisting of at least tumerin and tuberous sclerosis complex 1 protein; its formation may regulate tuberous sclerosis complex 1 protein homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway. [PMID:10585443, PMID:17121544, PMID:9580671]. FRAP1 protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase FRAP1 protein, human (2549 aa, ~289 kDa) is encoded by the human MTOR gene. This protein is involved in protein phosphorylation, signaling and cell growth.. 9q34 defined as following: A chromosome band present on 9q. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms defined as following: A family of mesenchymal tumors composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. These cells do not have a normal anatomic homolog. (From Fletcher CDM, et. al., World Health Organization Classification of Tumors: Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone, 2002).. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 9q34 (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) gene).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Clinical act of insertion defined as following: The act of putting one thing into another.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. tuberous sclerosis complex 1 protein defined as following: An intracellular signaling and tumor suppressor protein that forms a complex with TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX 2 PROTEIN (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder)) and other signaling factors to negatively regulate MTORC1 signaling and affect cell growth and proliferation. Structurally, it interacts with TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) through its N-terminal, which also contains GSK-3BETA phosphorylation sites and a RHO-KINASE activation domain. It also contains a C-terminal coiled-coil domain and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) domain. Mutations in the TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) gene are associated with TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS.. Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.. Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor Genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 16p13.3 (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) gene).. Autosome dominant disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder that manifests when one copy of a mutated gene is present.. hereditary Disease defined as following: Genetic diseases are diseases in which inherited Genes predispose to increased risk. The genetic disorders associated with cancer often result from an alteration or Mutation Abnormality in a single gene. The diseases range from rare dominant cancer family syndrome to familial tendencies in which low-penetrance Genes may interact with other Genes or environmental factors to induce cancer. Research may involve clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory studies of persons, families, and populations at high risk of these disorders.. Tuberous Sclerosis defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 9q34 (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1 (disorder) gene)..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there any association between the human gut microbiome and depression?", "id": "converted_2784", "sentence1": "Is there any association between the human gut microbiome and Cancer patients and suicide and depression?", "sentence2": "Moreover, recent findings are suggestive of the possibility that dysregulation of the enteric microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) and associated bacterial translocation across the Structure of Structure of intestinal epithelium may be involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression.[SEP]Relations: regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance has relations: bioprocess_protein with NEUROD1, bioprocess_protein with NEUROD1, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of biological quality, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of biological quality, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of digestive system process, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of digestive system process, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance. antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway. Definitions: human defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is Mediator present at super enhancers?", "id": "converted_4586", "sentence1": "Is Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride present at super enhancers?", "sentence2": "BRD4 protein, human protein, human and Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride were found to co-occupy thousands of enhancers associated with active Genes., Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity Genes, Master transcription factors Oct4, SOX2 protein, human, and NANOG gene bind enhancer elements and recruit Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride to activate much of the gene expression program of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome)., These domains, which we call super-enhancers, consist of clusters of enhancers that are densely occupied by the master regulators and Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride, BRD4 protein, human protein, human maintains transcription of core stem cell Genes such as POU5F1 gene and PRDM14 gene gene by occupying their super-enhancers (SEs), large clusters of regulatory elements, and recruiting to them Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride and CDK9 protein, human protein, human, the Catalytic Domain of the positive transcription elongation factor b (Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B), to allow Pol-II-dependent productive elongation., The term 'super-enhancer' has been used to describe groups of putative enhancers in close genomic proximity with unusually high levels of Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride binding, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq)., Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride kinase inhibition further activates super-enhancer-associated Genes in Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute., Furthermore, the binding of SIM2 gene gene marks a particular sub-category of enhancers known as super-enhancers. These regions are characterized by typical DNA modifications and Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride co-occupancy (Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 1 and Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Subunit 12). , Many Genes determining cell identity are regulated by clusters of Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride-bound enhancer elements collectively referred to as super-enhancers. , A number of studies have recently demonstrated that super-enhancers, which are large cluster of enhancers typically marked by a high level of acetylation of Histone H3 Lysine 28 and mediator bindings, are frequently associated with Genes that control and define cell identity during normal development. , Super-enhancers are characterized by high levels of Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride brand of benfluorex hydrochloride binding and are major contributors to the expression of their associated Genes. [SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor, drug_drug with Platelet Activating Factor. Definitions: POU5F1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in early mammalian development.. NANOG gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the underlying pluripotency of inner cell mass and embryonic stem cells.. SOX2 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor SOX-2 protein (317 aa, ~34 kDa) is encoded by the human SOX2 gene. This protein is involved in neural cell progenitor differentiation and neurogenesis.. Histone H3 Lysine 28 defined as following: The lysine residue found at amino acid position 28 in the histone H3 protein. Methylation of this residue may be a marker for transcriptionally repressed Genes.. Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride defined as following: An agent that acts as a link between parties, objects, or actions.. Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 1 defined as following: A form of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia manifesting as normal or mild short stature, pain in the hips and/or knees, progressive deformity of extremities and early onset osteoarthrosis. Specific features include a more pronounced involvement of hip joints and gait abnormality and a shorter adult height. The disease follows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.. CDK9 protein, human defined as following: Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (372 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the human CDK9 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the positive regulation of transcriptional elongation.. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. BRD4 protein, human defined as following: Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (1362 aa, ~152 kDa) is encoded by the human BRD4 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the mitotic process.. Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B defined as following: A transcriptional elongation factor complex that is comprised of a heterodimer of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9 and one of several CYCLINS including TYPE T CYCLINS and cyclin K. It functions by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA POLYMERASE II.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Mediator of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Subunit 12 defined as following: Mediator brand of benfluorex hydrochloride of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 12 (2177 aa, ~243 kDa) is encoded by the human Mediator of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Subunit 12 gene. This protein plays a role in the initiation of transcription.. Catalytic Domain defined as following: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is paxillin affected by RANKL?", "id": "converted_4681", "sentence1": "Is PXN protein, human affected by TNFSF11 wt Allele?", "sentence2": "Western blotting assays presented upregulated expressions of TNF receptor-activating factor 6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) and integrin β3 induced by Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases and TNFSF11 wt Allele compared to TNFSF11 wt Allele alone. Enhanced integrin-related signaling was also demonstrated by elevated phosphorylations of Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 and PXN protein, human compared to control. Moreover, the pit resorption assays showed that Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases augmented bone resorptive function of Osteoclasts induced by TNFSF11 wt Allele. , PXN protein, human levels induced by TNFSF11 wt Allele in Mus bone marrow cells., TNFSF11 wt Allele promotes PXN protein, human serine and tyrosine phosphorylation,[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Paclitaxel, drug_drug with Paclitaxel, drug_drug with Pirlindole, drug_drug with Pirlindole, drug_drug with Hexestrol, drug_drug with Hexestrol, drug_drug with Naftopidil, drug_drug with Naftopidil, drug_drug with Allylestrenol, drug_drug with Allylestrenol. Definitions: Osteoclasts defined as following: A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.. TNFSF11 wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFSF11 wild-type allele is located within 13q14 and is approximately 45 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 protein, plays a role in osteoclast differentiation and activation. This allele also is involved in apoptotic signal transduction and regulation.. PXN protein, human defined as following: This gene plays a role in cytoskeleton remodeling.. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 defined as following: A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of NF-KAPPA B signalling and activation of JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.. Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases defined as following: Cysteine endoproteinases, from periodontal pathogen PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS, acting as virulence factors associated with PERIODONTITIS. They are produced as pre-proproteins which mature into ARGININE and LYSINE specific endopeptidases.. Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 defined as following: A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase with PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 regulatory activity that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.. Mus defined as following: Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is there a relationship between thyroid hormone altered metabolism and coronary artery disease?", "id": "converted_1739", "sentence1": "Is there a relationship between thyroid hormone altered metabolism and Coronary Arteriosclerosis?", "sentence2": "The results showed that higher levels of Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- within the reference range were independently associated with the presence of cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol only among subjects less than or equal to 65 years old, suggesting age might influence the relationship., cubic foot levels within the normal range were inversely correlated with the presence and severity of cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol. Moreover, lower cubic foot concentrations were correlated with the Gensini score and independently predicted the presence and severity of cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol., High Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- within the reference range was associated with increased risk of coronary death in women (P(trend) 0·005), but not in men. The risk of coronary death was also increased among women with subclinical hypothyroidism or subclinical hyperthyroidism, compared to women with Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- of 0·50-1·4 mU/l. ,  Prevalence of CHD was more common in Hypothyroidism and moderate Supracervical hysterectomy patients., The angiographic results were as follows: significant Coronary Artery Disease (SH 28.1% vs. non-SH 43.8%; p=0.087); three-vessel disease (9.4% vs. 9.9%; p=0.919); two-vessel disease (12.5% vs. 13.4%; p=0.892); single-vessel disease (6.3% vs. 29.5%; p=0.051); minimal lesions (9.4% vs. 10.9%; p=0.794); and no Coronary Artery Disease (62.4% vs, 45.3%; p=0.064)., Lower fT3 levels were predictive of both single-vessel (p = 0.012) and multivessel (p = 0.009) cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol. Through a multivariate logistic regression analysis, fT3 was still linked to the presence of cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-0.68, p < 0.001)., Our study showed that FT(4) levels were associated with the presence and the severity of cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol. Also, this study suggests that elevated serum FT(4) levels even within normal range could be a risk factor for cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol. , The present meta-analysis indicates that sub-clinical hypothyroidism is associated with both, a significant risk of CHD at baseline and at follow-up., The incidence of multi-vessel disease was higher in patients with high Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- level (p=0.026). Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- level showed a significant correlation with age (r=0.109, p=0.044) and Gensini's score (r=0.117, p=0.045). The multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 2.39, p=0.001), Diabetes Mellitus (OR 3.74, p=0.001), creatine/creatine/creatinine (OR 2.06, p=0.008), and Location characteristic ID - Smoking (OR 1.85, p=0.045) were independent predictors for significant Coronary Arteriosclerosis, but Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- level did not predict Coronary Stenosis., These data in patients referred for coronary angiography suggest that variation of thyroid function within the statistical normal range may influence the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis.[SEP]Relations: Coronary Arteriosclerosis has relations: disease_disease with arterial disorder, disease_disease with arterial disorder, disease_disease with heart disease, disease_disease with heart disease, disease_disease with coronary heart disease, susceptibility to, disease_disease with coronary heart disease, susceptibility to, disease_disease with congenital coronary artery anomaly, disease_disease with congenital coronary artery anomaly, disease_disease with intermediate coronary syndrome, disease_disease with intermediate coronary syndrome. Definitions: cubic foot defined as following: A traditional unit of volume equal to 1728 cubic inches, or 1/27 cubic yard, or 0.028 316 85 cubic meter (28.316 85 liters). The cubic foot holds about 7.4805 US gallons.. Coronary Stenosis defined as following: Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Coronary Artery Disease defined as following: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.. Supracervical hysterectomy defined as following: A hysterectomy that removes the uterus and leaves the cervix in place.. thyroid hormone defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis?", "id": "converted_1716", "sentence1": "Is the PTPN22 gene gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis?", "sentence2": "Combined longitudinal analysis of the 2 cohorts suggests further association of several loci with Larsen score (KIF5A gene gene, PTPN22 gene gene, LAF4 Protein Info, human, TAGAP gene gene) and therefore a significant accumulation of Rheumatoid Arthritis severity markers among Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility markers (p = 0.016), A non-intronic marker at TNFAIP3 gene gene, GIN1/C5orf30, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, ANKRD55/IL6ST, BLK gene gene and PTPN22 gene gene showed association with Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility, irrespective of the serological status, the latter three markers remaining significantly associated with anti-Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern negative Rheumatoid Arthritis, after correction for multiple testing, A C-to-T Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human PTPN22 gene gene cDNA and converting an arginine (R620) to tryptophan (W620) confers the highest risk of rheumatoid arthritis among non-Human leukocyte antigen complex genetic variations that are known to be associated with this Disease, TPN22 is a tyrosine phosphatase and functions as a damper of transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair signals. A C-to-T Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human PTPN22 gene gene cDNA and converting an arginine (R620) to tryptophan (W620) confers the highest risk of rheumatoid arthritis among non-Human leukocyte antigen complex genetic variations that are known to be associated with this Disease, In addition, how the overall activity of PTPN22 gene gene is regulated and how the R-to-W conversion contributes to rheumatoid arthritis is still poorly understood, Our data depict a model that can reconcile the conflicting observations on the functional impact of the C1858T SNP and also suggest that PTPN22 gene gene.6 is a novel biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis., the level of PTPN22 gene gene.6 in peripheral blood correlates with Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis, Lack of association of common Variant in PTPN22 gene gene with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Han Chinese was confirmed, This study identifies MMEL1 gene gene and CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele as Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility Genes, provides suggestive evidence of association for a further six loci in the Han Chinese population and confirms lack of PTPN22 gene gene association in Asian populations, PTPN22 gene gene R620W genotype-phenotype correlation analysis and gene-environment interaction study in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the ESPOIR cohort,  PTPN22 gene gene 620W risk allele was associated with Wegener Autoantigen production [odds ratio (OR) = 2.21, 95% CI 1.4, 3.4, P < 0.0001], Hormonal treatment exposition and Location characteristic ID - Smoking were found to act with a protective effect against Wegener Autoantigen production (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.3, 0.7, P = 0.001) and early bone erosion (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.4-0.8, P = 0.003), respectively, and independently of HLADR and PTPN22 gene gene status,  Rheumatoid Arthritis patients (n=333) and controls (n=490) from the Cree/Ojibway NAN population in Central Canada were Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 typed and tested for 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have previously been associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, including PTPN22 gene gene, TRAF1-C5 innervation Locus innervation Locus, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, FCRL3 gene gene, Recombinant Secondary Lymphoid-Tissue Chemokine, MMEL1 gene gene-TNFRSF14, CDK6 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, Protein Kinase C-theta, KIF5A gene gene-PIP4K2C, IL2RB Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, TNFAIP3 gene gene, IL10-1082G/A and REL Protein Protein, 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have previously been associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, including PTPN22 gene gene, TRAF1-C5 innervation Locus innervation Locus, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, FCRL3 gene gene, Recombinant Secondary Lymphoid-Tissue Chemokine, MMEL1 gene gene-TNFRSF14, CDK6 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, Protein Kinase C-theta, KIF5A gene gene-PIP4K2C, IL2RB Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, TNFAIP3 gene gene, IL10-1082G/A and REL Protein Protein, Several other Genes, including PTPN22 gene gene and PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, show modest association with Rheumatoid Arthritis, he Human leukocyte antigen complex Gene Locus, particularly Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1, is its strongest genetic risk determinant across ethnicities. Several other Genes, including PTPN22 gene gene and PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, show modest association with Rheumatoid Arthritis. , Other Variant in potentially pathogenic Genes located in non-MHC regions have been implicated by recently performed genome wide analysis studies. These Genes include PTPN22 gene gene, TRAF1-C5 innervation Locus innervation Locus, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, Several Alleles in the epitope-recognition part of the Human leukocyte antigen complex molecule that show the highest association with Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility, also share a common string of amminoacid residues (the so-called shared-epitope hypothesis). Other Variant in potentially pathogenic Genes located in non-MHC regions have been implicated by recently performed genome wide analysis studies. These Genes include PTPN22 gene gene, TRAF1-C5 innervation Locus innervation Locus, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human. , Among these Genes, PTPN22 gene gene plays an outstanding role. CD40 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, PRM1 gene gene, and TNFAIP3 gene gene also seem to be of relevance., n particular, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided supportive evidence that Rheumatoid Arthritis is a Disease with a strong genetic background. Interestingly, a series of candidate Genes have been identified outside of the classical major histocompatibility (MHC) Gene Locus, which had long been regarded as the major contributor to the pathogenesis of this Disease. Among these Genes, PTPN22 gene gene plays an outstanding role., Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 and the R620W single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22 gene gene were genotyped, In addition, evidence of a significant interaction between the shared epitope and the risk allele of PTPN22 gene gene was observed only in these patients, Although SNPs in PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human had similar allele frequency among three groups [maximal difference 11%; (P >0.05)], the other three loci revealed statistically significant allele frequency differences (maximal difference 39% (P <0.00001), 13% (P <0.00001), and 8% (P <0.00001) in SLC22A4 gene gene, PDCD1 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, and PTPN22 gene gene, respectively), Several multiple, large-scale, genetic studies on autoimmune-Disease-associated SNPs have been reported recently: Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 2 (PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) in rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis); solute carrier family 22 members 4 and 5 (SLC22A4 gene gene and 5) in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn's Disease (CD); programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) in systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), type 1 diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent), and Rheumatoid Arthritis; and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22 gene gene) in Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic,  Recently a number of convincing candidate Genes have begun to emerge and an update has been provided for three of these: PTPN22 gene gene, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and Migration Inhibitory Factor., Recently a number of convincing candidate Genes have begun to emerge and an update has been provided for three of these: PTPN22 gene gene, challenges in identifying Genetic Polymorphism that influence the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis are the same as those faced in most complex diseases, Association studies support a role for several Genes, including Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, SLC22A4 gene gene, RUNX1 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, and PTPN22 gene gene, Although Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 is the main Rheumatoid Arthritis gene, it accounts for only part of the familial risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 Alleles are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a given individual. Several genome scans conducted in populations from France, Japan, North America and UK have confirmed the role of the Human leukocyte antigen complex region and suggested several other susceptibility loci. Association studies support a role for several Genes, including Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, SLC22A4 gene gene, RUNX1 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, and PTPN22 gene gene., Analyses of families with multiple autoimmune disorders have revealed a functional polymorphism, 620W, in the Protoplasm tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN22 gene gene as a Predisposing Factors for type 1 diabetes, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Hashimoto Disease, and the presence of the PTPN22 gene gene Protein Info appears to herald the development of Autoantibodies in these disorders, Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in >4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22 gene gene, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele, and PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human., We found strong evidence of an association of PTPN22 gene gene with the development of anti-citrulline antibody-positive Rheumatoid Arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 1.49; P=.00002), using previously untested Genus Eira samples.,  Exploration of our data set with clinically relevant subsets of Rheumatoid Arthritis reveals that PTPN22 gene gene is associated with an earlier age at Disease onset (P=.004) and that PTPN22 gene gene has a stronger effect in males than in females (P=.03),  Given the strong statistical power to replicate a true-positive association in this study, our results provide support for PTPN22 gene gene, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele, and PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human as Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility Genes and demonstrate novel associations with clinically relevant subsets of Rheumatoid Arthritis, In logistic regression analysis, Wegener Autoantigen predicted Rheumatoid Arthritis-development independent of PTPN22 gene gene, while the PTPN22 gene gene polymorphism had no independent effect., In this Dutch cohort of UA-patients, the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T allele does not markedly improve individual decision-making to predict Rheumatoid Arthritis-development, Risk of progression from undifferentiated arthritis to rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T-allele in anti-citrullinated peptide antibody positive patients, progression from undifferentiated arthritis to rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T-allele, Anti-citrullinated peptide Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic (Wegener Autoantigen) and the C1858T missense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PTPN22 gene gene gene are both associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis), Associations between human leukocyte antigen, PTPN22 gene gene, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele genotypes and rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes of autoantibody status, age at diagnosis and Superficial ulcer in a large cohort study, Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 shared epitope (Human leukocyte antigen complex-FUT2 gene), PTPN22 gene gene and CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele Alleles are associated with cyclic citrullinated peptide (Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern) and rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis), Auto-Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic, Human leukocyte antigen complex and PTPN22 gene gene: susceptibility markers for rheumatoid arthritis, The combination of the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T variant and anti-Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic gave a high specificity for the Disease, and was significantly associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (P = 8.86 x 10(-5), OR 10.05, 95% CI 1.88-53.73), The combination of the T variant of the 1858 polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene gene gene in combination with the presence of anti-Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic, preferentially in a FUT2 gene-positive individual, is associated with the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis, No association of the PTPN22 gene gene gene with mortality was detected, Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of the Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 (including the shared epitope [FUT2 gene]) and PTPN22 gene gene Genes with the risk of death from all causes and from cardiovascular Disease (Cerebrovascular Disorders) and to assess the interactions between FUT2 gene, Location characteristic ID - Smoking, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern) status, adjusted by age at symptom onset and sex, The Disease association of the common 1858C>T Arg620Trp (rs2476601) nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase; nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22 gene gene) on Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 1p13 has been confirmed in type 1 diabetes and also in other Autoimmune Diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and Graves' Disease, To evaluate the predictive values for Disease progression of various Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic against citrullinated peptide proteins (Wegener Autoantigen) and their relation to PTPN22 gene gene 1858C/T polymorphism and Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 Alleles in early rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis), PTPN22 gene gene, PADI-4, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 have been associated with risk for rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis), A significant multiplicative interaction between PTPN22 gene gene and Location characteristic ID - Smoking for more than 10 pack-years was observed (P = 0.04), No gene-gene interaction was observed between PTPN22 gene gene and Human leukocyte antigen complex-FUT2 gene, After adjusting for Location characteristic ID - Smoking and reproductive factors, PTPN22 gene gene was associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis risk among Caucasian women in these cohorts. We found both additive and multiplicative interactions between PTPN22 gene gene and heavy cigarette Location characteristic ID - Smoking., After adjusting for Location characteristic ID - Smoking and reproductive factors, PTPN22 gene gene was associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis risk among Caucasian women in these cohorts, Weak evidence for an effect at the PTPN22 gene gene Gene Locus was also observed, Association of the PTPN22 gene gene gene (-1123G > C) polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese patients, These data suggest, the CC genotype and C allele of the -1123G > C in the PTPN22 gene gene gene are associated with an increased risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis in Chinese population, Therefore, the CC genotype and C allele of the -1123G > C in the PTPN22 gene gene gene may be used as a genetic marker for the predisposition of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Chines, A longer duration of breastfeeding increased the risk of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis, especially among individuals seropositive for Wegener Autoantigen or IgM-Radio fluoroscopy or carrying the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T variant, In a multiple logistic regression analysis, increasing time of breastfeeding (OR 9.5, 95% CI 2.14-42.43 for ≥ 17 months), seropositivity for acetyl 4-aminosalicylic acid (OR 19.5, 95% CI 4.47-84.81), and carriage of the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T variant (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.36-7.54) remained significant predictors of Rheumatoid Arthritis, After quality control, 3209 patients and 3692 controls were included in the study. Eight markers (ie, rs1160542 (LAF4 Protein Info, human), rs1678542 (KIF5A gene gene), rs2476601 (PTPN22 gene gene), rs3087243 (CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele), rs4810485 (CD40 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human), rs5029937 (6q23), rs10760130 (TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation) and rs7574865 (STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human)) were significantly associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis by meta-analysis, Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on Rheumatoid Arthritis identified known and novel susceptibility Genes like Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1, PTPN22 gene gene, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation, OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene, CD40 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, Recombinant Secondary Lymphoid-Tissue Chemokine, MMEL1 gene gene-TNFRSF14, CDK6 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, Protein Kinase C-theta, IL2RB Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, and KIF5A gene gene-PIP4K2C, In the total Rheumatoid Arthritis inception cohort, the Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 shared epitope (per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, trend P < 0.0001), PTPN22 gene gene (per-allele OR = 1.5, trend P < 0.0001), OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene Gene Locus (per-allele OR = 1.2, trend P = 0.009) and TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation Gene Locus (per-allele OR = 1.1, trend P = 0.04) were associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, This study investigated five confirmed rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis) susceptibility Genes/loci (Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1, PTPN22 gene gene, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene and TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation) for association with susceptibility and severity in an inception cohort, Progress has been made in determining the relative contributions and the interaction of the shared epitope, PTPN22 gene gene and Location characteristic ID - Smoking in conferring the risk of anticitrullinated Protein Info Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic-positive and negative Rheumatoid Arthritis, Homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the PTPN22 gene gene 1858T allele had a decreased probability of remission, Our analyses have confirmed previous findings for Genes PTPN22 gene gene and C5 innervation innervation, Fifty-five percent of the FDRs had > or =1 copy of the shared epitope, 20% had > or =1 copy of the PTPN22 gene gene polymorphism, and approximately 16% were positive for Rheumatoid Factor Measurement (Radio fluoroscopy; including isotypes) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, As an effect several new Genes have been recognized as an Human leukocyte antigen complex-independent genetic risk factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis. PTPN22 gene gene gene polymorphism, C5 innervation innervation/TRAF1 Genes region polymorphism and TNFAIP3 gene gene-OLIG3 Genes region polymorphism(s) are among newly identified and already confirmed genetic risk factors, whereas STAT 4, CTLA4 wt Allele wt Allele, PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and IRF5 Genes polymorphisms are listed among probable Rheumatoid Arthritis development genetic risk factors, After initial completion of the Human Genome Project on the 16th February 2001, significant progress has been made in identifying other than Human leukocyte antigen complex genome regions linked to the increased Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility. As an effect several new Genes have been recognized as an Human leukocyte antigen complex-independent genetic risk factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis. PTPN22 gene gene gene polymorphism, C5 innervation innervation/TRAF1 Genes region polymorphism and TNFAIP3 gene gene-OLIG3 Genes region polymorphism(s) are among newly identified and already confirmed genetic risk factors, Patients were analysed for anti-MCV and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern), and were genotyped for human leukocyte antigen (Human leukocyte antigen complex)-DRB1 \"shared epitope\" (FUT2 gene) and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22 gene gene) 1858T, As well as the major susceptibility gene Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1, recent genome-wide and candidate-gene studies reported additional evidence for association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers in the PTPN22 gene gene, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene and TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation loci with Rheumatoid Arthritis., However, we were able to replicate the association signals between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 Alleles, STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human (rs7574865), PTPN22 gene gene (rs2476601) and OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene (rs10499194 and rs6920220), Additionally, SNPs rs7574865STAT4 (P = 9.2*10-6; OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.35 - 2.18) and rs2476601PTPN22 (P = 9.5*10-4; OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.23 - 2.26) were associated with susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis, whereas after permutation testing OLIG3/TNFAIP3 gene gene SNPs rs10499194 and rs6920220 missed our criteria for significance (Pcorr = 0.114 and Pcorr = 0.180, respectively, In our Slovak population, Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 Alleles as well as SNPs in STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and PTPN22 gene gene Genes showed a strong association with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Recent advances have led to novel identification of Genetic Polymorphism that are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Currently, 5 loci (Human leukocyte antigen complex, PTPN22 gene gene, TRAF1/C5 innervation innervation, TNFAIP3 gene gene, and STAT4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) have been consistently reported, whereas others have been observed less systematically, Genetic markers such as shared epitope Alleles and PTPN22 gene gene 1858T variant increase the relative risk for Disease development, Particularly, acetyl 4-aminosalicylic acid in combination with human leukocyte antigen-shared epitope Alleles and PTPN22 gene gene 1858T carriage increased the relative risks of developing Rheumatoid Arthritis compared with not having these factors, However, inconsistent results of the contributions of non-Human leukocyte antigen complex susceptibility Genes have been described, with the exception of a few Genes repeatedly associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis-susceptibility, such as PTPN22 gene gene gene in populations of European ancestry and PADI4 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human gene in populations of Asian ancestry, revealing the presence of genetic heterogeneity in Rheumatoid Arthritis., Functional polymorphisms of PTPN22 gene gene and FcgR Genes in Tunisian patients with rheumatoid arthritis, We found strong evidence of an association of PTPN22 gene gene 620W allele and Rheumatoid Arthritis, In conclusion, we have confirmed that PTPN22 gene gene 620W allele is associated with Tunisian Rheumatoid Arthritis but does not constitute a factor influencing clinical manifestations., The C1858T allele of the PTPN22 gene gene gene has been reported to confer risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Similarly, the presence or absence of the Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 shared epitope or the Rheumatoid Arthritis-associated PTPN22 gene gene allele had no influence on this association, Although some genetic risk factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis are well-established, most notably Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 and PTPN22 gene gene, these markers do not fully account for the observed heritability, Lastly, in combination with the other two known genetic risk factors, Human leukocyte antigen complex-DRB1 and PTPN22 gene gene, the Variant reported here generate more than a 45-fold Rheumatoid Arthritis-risk differential, Contribution of PTPN22 gene gene 1858T, TNFRII 196R and Human leukocyte antigen complex-shared epitope Alleles with Rheumatoid Factor Measurement and anti-citrullinated Protein Info Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic to very early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis, PTPN22 gene gene 1858T, TNFRII 196R and Human leukocyte antigen complex-FUT2 gene Alleles do not improve the predictive value of Radio fluoroscopy and Wegener Autoantigen for Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosis in our cohort, and do not contribute to an earlier diagnosis in undifferentiated patients initially negative for Radio fluoroscopy and Wegener Autoantigen[SEP]Relations: PTPN22 gene has relations: disease_protein with rheumatoid arthritis, disease_protein with rheumatoid arthritis, disease_protein with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, disease_protein with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, disease_protein with type 1 diabetes mellitus, disease_protein with type 1 diabetes mellitus, disease_protein with IDDM 1, disease_protein with IDDM 1. MMEL1 gene has relations: disease_protein with rheumatoid arthritis, disease_protein with rheumatoid arthritis. Definitions: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 classification.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Autoantibodies defined as following: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.. PADI4 Protein Info, human defined as following: Protein-arginine deiminase type-4 (663 aa, ~74 kDa) is encoded by the human PADI4 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the deimination of arginine residues in histones.. CTLA4 wt Allele defined as following: Human CTLA4 wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 2q33 and is approximately 6 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Protein Info 4, is involved in signal transduction and T-cell regulation. Variant Alleles generated from mutations in the gene, have been associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Graves Disease, Hashimoto Disease, celiac Disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, and other Autoimmune Diseases.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. RUNX1 Protein Info, human defined as following: Runt-related transcription factor 1 (453 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human RUNX1 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the promotion of gene transcription and hematopoiesis.. CDK6 Protein Info, human defined as following: Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (326 aa, ~37 kDa) is encoded by the human CDK6 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in both Protein Info phosphorylation and cell cycle progression.. Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II defined as following: A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in IMMUNE SYSTEM cells. It has specificity for membrane-bound form of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and mediates Protoplasm-signaling through TNF RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTORS.. Protein Kinase C-theta defined as following: A calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol-dependent, Protein Info kinase C subtype that contains an N-terminal C2 DOMAIN and two diacylglycerol-binding ZINC FINGERS. It is expressed primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES and localizes to IMMUNOLOGICAL SYNAPSES where it regulates downstream signaling for the activation, proliferation, and survival of mature T-cells. It plays a critical role in allergic, autoimmune, and alloimmune responses of TH2 CELLS and TH17 CELLS.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Recombinant Secondary Lymphoid-Tissue Chemokine defined as following: A therapeutic recombinant analogue of a member of the endogenous CC chemokines with potential antineoplastic activity. Expressed by various lymphoid tissues, endogenous 6Ckine is chemotactic for B and T lymphocytes and dendritic cells.. PTPN22 gene defined as following: Tyrosine-Protein Info phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (807 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human PTPN22 gene gene. This Protein Info is involved in both Protein Info dephosphorylation and modulation of T-cell receptor signaling.. PDCD1 Protein Info, human defined as following: Programmed cell death Protein Info 1 (288 aa, ~32 kDa) is encoded by the human PDCD1 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the regulation of apoptosis.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic Disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. Wegener Autoantigen defined as following: Myeloblastin (256 aa, ~28 kDa) is encoded by the human PRTN3 gene. This Protein Info is involved in the proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same Gene Locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the Variant in production of the same gene product.. REL Protein defined as following: Proto-oncogene c-Rel (619 aa, ~69 kDa) is encoded by the human REL Protein gene. This Protein Info plays a role in both transcriptional regulation and signal transduction.. Common Compensatory Fascial Pattern defined as following: The specific finding of alternating fascial motion preference at transitional regions of the body described by Zink and Neider.. STAT4 Protein Info, human defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (748 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT4 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in transcriptional activation and signal transduction.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. TNFAIP3 gene defined as following: This gene may play a role in the regulation of apoptosis.. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 defined as following: An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.. IL2RB Protein Info, human defined as following: Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (551 aa, ~61 kDa) is encoded by the human IL2RB Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in signal transduction-mediated by and receptor mediated endocytosis of interleukin-2.. Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 2 defined as following: A widely expressed isoenzyme of peptidylarginine deiminase, a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Protein Info-bound ARGININE residues to CITRULLINE residues in a CALCIUM ion-dependent manner.. Rheumatoid Factor Measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of Rheumatoid Factor Measurement antibody present in a sample.. PADI4 Protein Info, human gene defined as following: This gene is involved in arginine modification.. Migration Inhibitory Factor defined as following: Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.. TRAF1-C5 innervation Locus defined as following: An intergenic gene Gene Locus on the short arm of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 9 located between the TRAF1 and C5 innervation Genes. Polymorphism in this region may be associated with increased susceptibility for rheumatoid arthritis.. arginine defined as following: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. CD40 Protein Info, human defined as following: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (277 aa, ~31 kDa) is encoded by the human CD40 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion.. Anti-citrullinated peptide Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic defined as following: Autoantibodies to citrullinated-peptides and proteins.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Hashimoto Disease defined as following: An autoimmune disorder caused by the production of Autoantibodies against thyroid tissue. There is progressive destruction of the thyroid follicles leading to hypothyroidism.. transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair defined as following: The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway. [PMID:10197977, PMID:11900249]. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. LAF4 Protein Info, human defined as following: AF4/FMR2 family member 3 (1226 aa, ~133 kDa) is encoded by the human LAF4 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the regulation of both development and transcription.. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase defined as following: An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. Hormonal defined as following: Relating to hormones.. BLK gene defined as following: This gene is involved in signal transduction in B lymphocytes.. candidate Genes defined as following: A gene proposed to have a primary role in a Disease, based upon its known function in other organisms or model systems or based upon its physical proximity to markers linked to a genetic Disease.. Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas.. tryptophan defined as following: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic defined as following: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The Disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Cerebrovascular Disorders defined as following: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.. cardiovascular Disease defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Graves' Disease defined as following: Hyperthyroidism associated with diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (goiter), resulting from production of Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic that are directed against the thyrotropin receptor complex of the follicular epithelial cells. As a result, the thyroid gland enlarges and secretes increased amounts of thyroid hormones.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic Disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is hemoglobin antimicrobial?", "id": "converted_4370", "sentence1": "Is Hemoglobin A1 (substance) antimicrobial?", "sentence2": "the α137-141 Peptides, a natural antimicrobial Peptides, can be obtained after hydrolysis of Hemoglobin A1 (substance), the main constituent of blood red part, Beyond its physiological activity, Hemoglobin are able to inhibit the growth of several microorganisms., A novel adenosine monophosphate, T. granosa Hemoglobin A1 (substance)-derived Peptides (TGH1), was identified and its antimicrobial effect[SEP]Relations: HbC Hemoglobin A1 (substance) has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormal Hemoglobin A1 (substance), phenotype_phenotype with Abnormal Hemoglobin A1 (substance). Adenosine phosphate has relations: drug_protein with PRKAB2, drug_protein with PRKAB2, drug_protein with ADK, drug_protein with ADK, contraindication with bronchiectasis, contraindication with bronchiectasis, drug_protein with PRKAB1, drug_protein with PRKAB1. Definitions: Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by Peptides bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Hemoglobin A1 (substance) defined as following: An extract of Goa powder; a complex mixture of reduction products of chrysophanic acid, emodin, and emodin monomethyl ether; used locally in ringworm, psoriasis, and eczema.. Hemoglobin defined as following: The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the Hemoglobin A1 (substance) quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.. adenosine monophosphate defined as following: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Can bioprinting use human cells?", "id": "converted_846", "sentence1": "Can bioprinting use Homo sapiens cells?", "sentence2": "In this study, Homo sapiens adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were printed in a free-scalable 3 Days grid pattern by means of LaBP.,  Additionally, we provide the proof that even pre-differentiated hASCs could be utilized for the generation of 3 Days Tissue Specimen Code grafts. , To explore the three dimensional(3 Days)bioprinting technology, using Homo sapiens dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mixture as bioink and to lay initial foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration., In this study, 3-D printable formulations of hybrid hydrogels are developed, based on methacrylated hyaluronic acid (Me-HA) and methacrylated gelatin (Me-Gel), and used to bioprint heart valve conduits containing encapsulated Homo sapiens aortic valvular interstitial cells (HAVIC)., Bioprinting can be used to precisely position cells and cell-laden materials to generate controlled Tissue Specimen Code architecture., Bioprinting can be defined as the use of computer-aided transfer processes for patterning and assembling living and non-living materials with a prescribed 2D or 3 Days organization in order to produce bio-engineered structures serving in regenerative medicine, pharmacokinetic and basic cell biology studies., 3 Days bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several Body Tissue Specimen Code, including multilayered skin, Specimen Type - Bone, Biological blood vessel prosthesis, tracheal splints, Heart Tissue Specimen Code and cartilaginous structures., [Three dimensional bioprinting technology of Homo sapiens dental pulp cells mixtures]., To explore the three dimensional(3 Days)bioprinting technology, using Homo sapiens dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mixture as bioink and to lay initial  foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration, Here we report the development of clinically relevant sized Tissue Specimen Code Analog by 3-D bioprinting, delivering Homo sapiens nasal inferior turbinate Tissue Specimen Code-derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell encapsulated in silk fibroin-gelatin (SF-G) bioink, Sodium alginate hydrogel, stabilized with gelatin, is a suitable, biologically inert matrix that can be used for encapsulating and 3 Days bioprinting of Specimen Type - Bone-related SaOS-2 cells. , Bioactive nanoparticles stimulate Bone Tissue, Human formation in bioprinted three-dimensional scaffold and Homo sapiens mesenchymal stem cells., OBJECTIVE: To explore the three dimensional(3 Days)bioprinting technology, using Homo sapiens dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mixture as bioink and to lay initial  foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration. , Cellular behavior in micropatterned hydrogels by bioprinting system depended on the cell types and cellular interaction., Engineering a morphogenetically active hydrogel for bioprinting of bioartificial Tissue Specimen Code derived from Homo sapiens osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells., At the same time, the principal feasibility of bioprinting vascularized Homo sapiens organs as well as in vivo bioprinting has been demonstrated., The bioprinting of complex 3 Days Homo sapiens Body Tissue Specimen Code and constructs in vitro and especially in vivo are exciting, but long-term, applications., Bioprinting can be defined as the use of computer-aided transfer processes for patterning and assembling living and non-living materials with a prescribed 2D or 3 Days organization in order to produce bio-engineered structures serving in regenerative medicine, pharmacokinetic and basic cell biology studies., In this study, the 3 Days bioprinting of hDPCs mixtures was  realized, thus laying initial foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration., To explore the three dimensional(3 Days)bioprinting technology, using Homo sapiens dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mixture as bioink and to lay initial  foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration., Furthermore, it is not known how Homo sapiens valve cells respond to these printed environments. In this study, 3-D printable formulations of hybrid hydrogels are developed, based on methacrylated hyaluronic acid (Me-HA) and methacrylated gelatin (Me-Gel), and used to bioprint heart valve conduits containing encapsulated Homo sapiens aortic valvular interstitial cells (HAVIC)., To explore the three dimensional(3 Days)bioprinting technology, using Homo sapiens dental pulp cells (hDPCs) mixture as bioink and to lay initial  foundations for the application of the 3 Days bioprinting technology in tooth regeneration., [Three dimensional bioprinting technology of Homo sapiens dental pulp cells mixtures]., The bioprinting of complex 3 Days Homo sapiens Body Tissue Specimen Code and constructs in vitro and especially in vivo are exciting, but long-term, applications., Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and Homo sapiens valve interstitial cells., Furthermore, it is not known how Homo sapiens valve cells respond to these printed environments., Engineering a morphogenetically active hydrogel for bioprinting of bioartificial Tissue Specimen Code derived from Homo sapiens osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells.[SEP]Relations: mesenchymal cell proliferation has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with cell population proliferation, bioprocess_bioprocess with cell population proliferation, bioprocess_protein with HAND2, bioprocess_protein with HAND2, bioprocess_protein with MSX1, bioprocess_protein with MSX1, bioprocess_protein with FGF7, bioprocess_protein with FGF7, bioprocess_protein with FGF4, bioprocess_protein with FGF4. Definitions: Bone Tissue, Human defined as following: The mineralized osseous Tissue Specimen Code that gives rigidity to the bones and forms its honeycomb-like three-dimensional internal structure.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Body Tissue Specimen Code defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Biological blood vessel prosthesis defined as following: Blood vessel prostheses manufactured from processed biological Tissue Specimen Code.. Analog defined as following: A synthetic chemical which structurally or functionally resembles a naturally occurring compound..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Is taxilin a cancer marker?", "id": "converted_4631", "sentence1": "Is taxilin a cancer marker?", "sentence2": "Αlpha-Taxilin (α-Taxilin) has been found as one of the novel, significantly up regulated protein in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Expression of α-taxilin has been implicated in the development of Homo sapiens Glioblastoma Multiforme, Liver carcinoma and Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma. , α-Taxilin, a binding partner of the syntaxin family, is a candidate Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor marker. , Expression of α-taxilin in Liver carcinoma correlates with growth activity and malignant potential of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor.[SEP]Relations: Clear cell Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Blau syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Blau syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma (disease). liver carcinoma in situ has relations: disease_disease with in situ carcinoma, disease_disease with in situ carcinoma, disease_disease with bile duct carcinoma in situ, disease_disease with bile duct carcinoma in situ, disease_disease with carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract, disease_disease with carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract. Definitions: Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic Specimen Source Codes - tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The Specimen Source Codes - tumor may metastasize to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Liver carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated Specimen Source Codes - tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. taxilin defined as following: Alpha-taxilin (546 aa, ~62 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens TXLNA gene. This protein is involved in vesicular trafficking..", "label": "yes"}
{"original_question": "Should dacomitinib be used for treatment of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_2903", "sentence1": "Should dacomitinib be used for treatment of glioblastoma patients?", "sentence2": "Expert opinion: Despite the poor global results of dacomitinib in recurrent GB shown in a phase II trial, some patients had a significant benefit. , Conclusions: dacomitinib has a limited single-agent activity in recurrent GB with EGFR amplification., Expert opinion: Despite the poor global results of dacomitinib in recurrent GB shown in a phase II trial, some patients had a significant benefit., Expert opinion: Despite the poor global results of dacomitinib in recurrent GB shown in a phase II trial, some patients had a significant benefit.[SEP]Relations: dacomitinib has relations: drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Glasdegib, drug_drug with Glasdegib, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with Fostamatinib, drug_drug with Fostamatinib, drug_drug with Gliquidone, drug_drug with Gliquidone. Definitions: dacomitinib defined as following: A highly selective, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the HER family of tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. dacomitinib specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits human Her-1, Her-2, and Her-4, resulting in the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of tumor cells that overexpress these receptors.. dacomitinib defined as following: A highly selective, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the HER family of tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. dacomitinib specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits human Her-1, Her-2, and Her-4, resulting in the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of tumor cells that overexpress these receptors.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "no"}