Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Adrenergic Agents defined as following: Drugs that act on Adrenergic Agents receptors or affect the life cycle of Adrenergic Agents transmitters. Included here are Adrenergic Agents agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of Adrenergic Agents transmitters.. Sudden Cardiac Arrest defined as following: Sudden suspension of cardiac activity that is usually due to ARRHYTHMIA, in contrast to Chest>Heart attack (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION) which occurs due to blockage. The sudden suspension of cardiac activity generally requires RESUSCITATION.. TAF1 Gene Mutation defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the TAF1 gene.. Cardiac channelopathy defined as following: A disorder that affects the myocardial ion channels, altering the electrical properties of the Chest>Heart and changing the ECG and/or predisposing the subject to pro-arrhythmic events.. Channelopathies defined as following: A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.. Tachycardia, Ventricular defined as following: An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or Polymorphism, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).. Channel Object defined as following: An independent acquisition scheme, i.e., a route or conduit through which flows data consisting of one particular measurement using one particular parameter.. Congenital long QT syndrome defined as following: A rare group of genetic, cardiac rhythm diseases characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval at basal electrocardiography (ECG) and by a high risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.. Ventricular Tachycardia defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular organ with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians?", "id": "converted_1430", "sentence1": "Is the UGT1A1*28 Allele polymorphism associated with irinotecan response in Caucasians?", "sentence2": "These Variant are associated with greater risk of serious Toxic effect., Homozygous carriers of UGT1A1*28 Allele Allele as well as those with additional UGT1A1 wt Allele Variant can suffer from severe irinotecan Toxic effect[SEP]Relations: Irinotecan has relations: drug_protein with UGT1A1, drug_protein with UGT1A1, drug_protein with UGT1A9, drug_protein with UGT1A9, drug_protein with CYP3A7, drug_protein with CYP3A7, drug_protein with CYP3A4, drug_protein with CYP3A4, drug_protein with TOP1MT, drug_protein with TOP1MT. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. UGT1A1 wt Allele defined as following: Human UGT1A1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 protein, plays a role in the transformation of small lipophilic molecules into water-soluble metabolites. Certain allelic Variant of the UGT1A1 gene cause Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, type II, Gilbert syndrome or transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.. irinotecan defined as following: A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. Irinotecan, a prodrug, is converted to a biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. One thousand-fold more potent than its parent compound irinotecan, SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Because ongoing DNA synthesis is necessary for irinotecan to exert its cytotoxic effects, it is classified as an S-phase-specific agent.. UGT1A1*28 Allele defined as following: Human UGT1A1*28 Allele allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 protein, plays a role in the transformation of small lipophilic molecules into water-soluble metabolites. UGT1A1*28 Allele allele has a polymorphism in the promoter region that is associated with decreased transferase activity and decreases in both tolerance and effectiveness of cancer therapeutics and antiviral drugs.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is NADPH oxidase 5 expressed in rodents?", "id": "converted_1778", "sentence1": "Is NADPH oxidase 5 expressed in Rodent?", "sentence2": "Because the Nox5 gene is absent in Rodent, we generated Mice, Transgenic expressing human Nox5 in a podocyte-specific manner (Nox5(pod+)). , The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in Homo sapiens but not Rodent. , The data document that the NOX5 gene was expressed in Cells of Lagomorpha unlike Rodent, making the rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract an interesting model to study NOX5 functions., Nox5 was lost in Rodent, and NOX3 gene, which functions in the inner ear in gravity perception, emerged the most recently, corresponding to full-time adaptation of Vertebrates to land. , NOX expression patterns in animal allergen extracts are complex and ancestral NOXes, NOX5-like isoforms and DUOXes are generally found. But there are exceptions; for example Rodent lack NOX5 and Caenorhabditis elegans expresses only DUOXes., The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in Homo sapiens but not Rodent., The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in Homo sapiens but not Rodent, NADPH Oxidase are the major sources of Reactive Oxygen Species in cardiovascular, Neural, and Epithelial cell of renal tubule. The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in Homo sapiens but not Rodent., But there are exceptions; for example Rodent lack NOX5 and Caenorhabditis elegans expresses only DUOXes., Because the Nox5 gene is absent in Rodent, we generated Mice, Transgenic expressing human Nox5 in a podocyte-specific manner (Nox5(pod+))., The data document that the NOX5 gene was expressed in Cells of Lagomorpha unlike Rodent, making the rabbit allergenic extract allergenic extract an interesting model to study NOX5 functions., The most recently identified member of the Nox family, Nox5, has for the most part been overlooked in Kidney Diseases, partly owing to its absence from the rodent genome.[SEP]Relations: NADPH oxidase complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with NOX4, cellcomp_protein with NOX4, cellcomp_protein with NOX3, cellcomp_protein with NOX3, cellcomp_protein with NOXA1, cellcomp_protein with NOXA1, cellcomp_protein with NOX1, cellcomp_protein with NOX1, cellcomp_protein with CYBA, cellcomp_protein with CYBA. Definitions: NADPH Oxidase defined as following: A family of membrane-associated flavoprotein NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the univalent reduction of OXYGEN to create SUPEROXIDES. Structurally, they are characterized by six N-terminal transmembrane ALPHA-HELICES, a FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (FAD)-binding region, and a C-terminal NADPH-binding region. They are expressed primarily by EPITHELIAL CELLS in gut, kidney, colon, and smooth muscle tissues, as well as GRANULOCYTES and function to transfer electrons across membranes to molecular oxygen. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by some NADPH Oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.. Rodent defined as following: A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Epithelial cell of renal tubule defined as following: any of the Cells comprising the kidney, functioning in filtering the blood.. Kidney Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.. Lagomorpha defined as following: An order of small mammals comprising two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (RABBITS and HARES). Head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. Hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. Rabbits are born furless and with both eyes and ears closed. HARES are born fully haired with eyes and ears open. All are vegetarians. (From Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p539-41). Neural defined as following: Of or relating to neurons or the nervous system.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Caenorhabditis elegans defined as following: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.. Mice, Transgenic defined as following: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does replication timing affect the rate of somatic mutations?", "id": "converted_888", "sentence1": "Does replication timing affect the rate of somatic Gene Mutation?", "sentence2": "Here we observe that Mutation Abnormality rate, as reflected in recent evolutionary divergence and human nucleotide diversity, is markedly increased in later-replicating regions of the human Genome - anatomical entity, ll classes of substitutions are affected, suggesting a generalized mechanism involving replication time-dependent DNA damage, We show that Mutation Abnormality rate varies 6-fold across a single chromosome, that this variation is correlated with replication timing, and we propose a model to explain this variation that relies on the temporal separation of two processes for replicating past damaged DNA: error-free DNA damage tolerance and translesion synthesis., Recent studies revealed a long suspected replication-timing effect on Mutation Abnormality rate, but the mechanisms that regulate the increase in Mutation Abnormality rate as the Genome - anatomical entity is replicated remain unclear. , DNA repair systems, in general, are less efficient in late replicating heterochromatic regions compared to early replicating euchromatic regions of the Genome - anatomical entity., The mutational profile of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome - anatomical entity is shaped by replication, the Mutation Abnormality rate increases with the replication timing by more than 30% between the earliest and the latest replicating regions., Thus, we show that the leading replicating strands present an excess of C over G and of A over T in the Genome - anatomical entity of S. cerevisiae (reciprocally an excess of G + T over C + A in lagging strands), Late-replicating domains have higher divergence and diversity in Drosophila melanogaster, Recent evidence also suggests that late replication is associated with high mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae., Limited evidence from one Arm of chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster suggests the opposite pattern, with regions overlapping early-firing origins showing increased levels of diversity and divergence, The Mutation Abnormality rate for DNA mismatch repair null strains was approximately 1 Mutation Abnormality per Genome - anatomical entity per generation, 225-fold greater than the wild-type rate. The Gene Mutation were distributed randomly throughout the Genome - anatomical entity, independent of replication timing., Many single-nucleotide substitutions in Primary malignant neoplasm genomes arise because of errors in DNA replication, which is spatio-temporally stratified., Here we propose that DNA replication patterns help shape the mutational landscapes of normal and Primary malignant neoplasm genomes, Using data on five fully sequenced Primary malignant neoplasm types and two personal genomes, we determined that the frequency of intergenic single-nucleotide substitution is significantly higher in late DNA replication timing regions, even after controlling for a number of genomic features, we found that genomic regions in close spatial proximity to late-replicating domains display similar Mutation Abnormality spectra as the late-replicating regions themselves, In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in Primary malignant neoplasm Cells and in Cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of >3 hours that affects the entire chromosome(2,3). Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome(4)., A conservative estimate is that at least 1-2% of new deleterious Gene Mutation affect some aspect of DNA replication, repair, or chromosome segregation. Since deleterious Gene Mutation can have an effect even as heterozygotes, this Mutation Abnormality accumulation can create an inherited background of late-acting Gene Mutation that themselves enhance Mutation Abnormality rate., Drake calculates that lytic RNA Viruses display spontaneous Mutation Abnormality rates of approximately one per Genome - anatomical entity while most have Mutation Abnormality rates that are approximately 0.1 per Genome - anatomical entity (Drake 1993). This constancy of germline Mutation Abnormality rates among microbial species need not necessarily mean constancy of the somatic Mutation Abnormality rates., A recent flurry of reports correlates replication timing (RT) with Mutation Abnormality rates during both evolution and Primary malignant neoplasm., DNA replication timing, Genome - anatomical entity stability and Primary malignant neoplasm: late and/or delayed DNA replication timing is associated with increased genomic instability., Since deleterious Gene Mutation can have an effect even as heterozygotes, this Mutation Abnormality accumulation can create an inherited background of late-acting Gene Mutation that themselves enhance Mutation Abnormality rate., In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome.[SEP]Relations: adaptation to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway. partial monosomy of the short arm of chromosome X has relations: disease_disease with atypical Norrie disease due to monosomy Xp11.3, disease_disease with atypical Norrie disease due to monosomy Xp11.3. Lacrimation abnormality has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with limbal stem cell deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with limbal stem cell deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with Waardenburg syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Waardenburg syndrome. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Primary malignant neoplasm Cells defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Arm of chromosome defined as following: Under the microscope chromosomes appear as thin, thread-like structures. They all have a short arm and long arm separated by a primary constriction called the centromere. The short arm is designated as p and the long arm as q.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including Primary malignant neoplasm.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. RNA Viruses defined as following: Viruses whose genetic material is RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is SATB1 expressed in thymocytes?", "id": "converted_3649", "sentence1": "Is DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 expressed in thymocyte?", "sentence2": "A thymocyte factor DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 suppresses transcription of stably integrated matrix-attachment region-linked reporter Genes., DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 is a Homeodomain Proteins and is predominantly expressed in thymocyte. , DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 is a cell-type specific nuclear protein that recruits chromatin-remodeling factors and regulates numerous Genes during thymocyte differentiation., This was shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization on wild-type and Satb1-null thymocyte using in vivo DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1-bound sequences as Probes. , By contrast, in Satb1-null thymocyte, this site is marked by methylation at H3 Lys9., Regulation of DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 during thymocyte development by transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair signaling., In this study we show that special AT-rich binding protein 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1), a T lineage-enriched chromatin organizer and regulator, is induced in response to transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair signaling during early thymocyte development, DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 expression profile coincides with T lineage commitment and upregulation of DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 correlates with positive selection of thymocyte. , We also demonstrate that GATA3 gene gene, the key transcriptional regulator of αβ T cells positively regulates DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 expression in thymocyte suggesting an important role for DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 during T-Lymphocyte development., High level expression of the Xlr nuclear protein in immature thymocyte and colocalization with the matrix-associated region-binding DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 protein., A role for DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1, a nuclear matrix association region-binding protein, in the development of CD8SP thymocyte and peripheral T lymphocytes., Because homozygous DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1-null CASP14 gene do not survive to adulthood due to non-ThymusRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Urinary Stress Incontinence defined as following: Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended Urinary Bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the Urinary Bladder neck and URETHRA without Urinary Bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.. Incontinence defined as following: Involuntary passage of stool or urine from the body.. Pelvic Diaphragm defined as following: Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any functional association during viral replication between flaviviridae viral RNA depended RNA polymerase and viral helicase?", "id": "converted_836", "sentence1": "Is there any functional association during viral replication between flaviviridae viral RNA depended RNA polymerase and viral helicase?", "sentence2": "Several labs have obtained evidence for a Protein complex that involves many of the nonstructural (NS) Proteins encoded by the Virus. NOONAN SYNDROME 3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B appear to interact structurally and functionally. In this study, we investigated the interaction between the helicase, NOONAN SYNDROME 3, and the RNA polymerase, NS5B. Pull-down experiments and surface plasmon resonance data indicate a direct interaction between NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B that is primarily mediated through the Protease Domain of NOONAN SYNDROME 3. This interaction reduces the basal Adenosine Triphosphatases activity of NOONAN SYNDROME 3. However, NS5B stimulates product formation in RNA unwinding experiments under conditions of excess Nucleic Acids substrate. When the concentrations of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B are in excess of Nucleic Acids substrate, NS5B reduces the rate of NOONAN SYNDROME 3-catalyzed unwinding. Under pre-steady-state conditions, in which NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and substrate concentrations are similar, product formation increased in the presence of NS5B. The increase was consistent with 1:1 complex formed between the two Proteins. A fluorescently labeled form of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 was used to investigate this interaction through fluorescence polarization binding assays. Results from this assay support interactions that include a 1:1 complex formed between NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and NS5B., Contradictory results have been reported regarding NOONAN SYNDROME 3 in RNA synthesis. To investigate the effect of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 on classical swine fever Virus (CSFV) NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity) activity and NOONAN SYNDROME 3-NS5B interaction, RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity reactions, GST-pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation analyses containing NS5B and either of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 protein and the different truncated NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Mutant were performed, respectively. We found that NOONAN SYNDROME 3 stimulated NS5B RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity activity in a dose-dependent manner by binding to Noonan Syndrome 5 through a NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain. Furthermore, mapping important regions of the NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain was carried out by Deletion Mutagenesis, associated with RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity reactions, GST-pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. Results showed that stimulation of CSFV NS5B RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity activity was obtained by NOONAN SYNDROME 3 binding to NS5B through a 31-amino acid fragment at the N-terminal end of NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain, which mediated a specific NOONAN SYNDROME 3-NS5B interaction., The protocols detailed in this unit are used to purify three recombinant enzymes that are widely used in HCV research: the HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3 Protease Domain, the helicase Superkingdom (taxonomic category) as an NOONAN SYNDROME 3+NS4A complex, and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The active enzymes are purified to homogeneity by two-column chromatography to support a screening program for HCV inhibitors., Among potential targets are viral entry factors, including scavenger receptor type B1 (SCARB1 wt Allele) and CD81 antigen antigen, as well as Antibodies, Neutralizing against the viral glycoproteins. Popular targets related to translation and replication are the NOONAN SYNDROME 3/4A protease (inhibited by telaprevir and boceprevir) and the NS5B polymerase, as well as the NS2/3 autoprotease, the NOONAN SYNDROME 3 helicase, and nonenzymatic targets such as NS4B and NS5A Proteins. , The NOONAN SYNDROME 3 helicase Superkingdom (taxonomic category) competes with NOONAN SYNDROME 3 full-length for Noonan Syndrome 5 RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity binding, with a K(d.) of 2.5μM. Since NOONAN SYNDROME 3 and Noonan Syndrome 5 are required for DENV replication, this fascile assay could be used to screen for non-nucleoside, allosteric inhibitors that disrupt the interaction between the two Proteins.[SEP]Relations: RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with ERVK-11, molfunc_protein with ERVK-11, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with ERVK-10, molfunc_protein with ERVK-10, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7, molfunc_protein with ERVK-6, molfunc_protein with ERVK-6. Definitions: Noonan Syndrome 5 defined as following: Noonan syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the RAF1 gene, encoding RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase.. SCARB1 wt Allele defined as following: Human SCARB1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q24.31 and is approximately 106 kb in length. This allele, which encodes scavenger receptor class B member 1 protein, plays a role in both binding and import of lipids and lipoproteins.. boceprevir defined as following: An orally bioavailable, synthetic tripeptide inhibitor of the nonstructural protein 3 and 4A complex (NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A), with potential activity against hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 1. Upon administration, boceprevir reversibly binds to the active center of the HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A and prevents NOONAN SYNDROME 3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral Proteins and the formation of a viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotrype 1-infected host cells. NOONAN SYNDROME 3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NOONAN SYNDROME 3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA Virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.. telaprevir defined as following: An orally available peptidomimetic small molecule with activity against hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Telaprivir is a selective protease inhibitor that targets the viral HCV NOONAN SYNDROME 3-4A serine protease and disrupts processing of viral Proteins and formation of a viral replication complex.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. NOONAN SYNDROME 3 defined as following: Noonan syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the KRAS gene, encoding GTPase KRas.. Adenosine Triphosphatases defined as following: A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. CD81 antigen defined as following: A tetraspanin protein that is involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.. Protease Domain defined as following: The portion of a proteolytic protein which causes hydrolysis and cleavage of other protein polypeptides.. Deletion Mutagenesis defined as following: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the loss of DNA sequences within a gene. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro.. Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. Antibodies, Neutralizing defined as following: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a Virus.. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); uses an RNA template, i.e. the catalysis of RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. [EC:2.7.7.48, GOC:mah, GOC:pf]. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Nucleic Acids defined as following: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.. viral RNA defined as following: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients?", "id": "converted_764", "sentence1": "Is Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients?", "sentence2": "Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, IGF-I injections significantly increased Flexed Sidebent Rotated values in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients but not in controls, In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in Connective Tissue appeared normal in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections, In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in Connective Tissue appeared normal in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections, IGF-I injections significantly increased Flexed Sidebent Rotated values in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B patients but not in controls (delta values: Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B 0[SEP]Relations: insulin-like growth factor I binding has relations: molfunc_protein with IGF1R, molfunc_protein with IGF1R, molfunc_protein with IGFBP4, molfunc_protein with IGFBP4, molfunc_protein with IGFBP3, molfunc_protein with IGFBP3, molfunc_protein with IGFBP1, molfunc_protein with IGFBP1, molfunc_protein with IGFBP5, molfunc_protein with IGFBP5. Definitions: Insulin-Like Growth Factor I defined as following: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.. Flexed Sidebent Rotated defined as following: A descriptor of spinal somatic dysfunction used to denote a combination flexed (F), sidebent (S), and rotated (R) vertebral position.. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Type 2B defined as following: Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome due to mutations in CASPASE 8 gene.. Connective Tissue defined as following: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.. IGF-I defined as following: Human IGF1 wild-type allele is located within 12q22-q23 and is approximately 85 kb in length. This allele, which encodes insulin-like growth factor I protein, is involved in the mediation of peptides that exert growth-promoting effects involved in mammalian growth and development.. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome defined as following: A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can pazopanib be used for treatment von Hippel-Lindau disease?", "id": "converted_3048", "sentence1": "Can pazopanib be used for treatment Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome?", "sentence2": "Variable response of Clinical Nurse Specialists hemangioblastomas to pazopanib in a single patient with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome: Case report., Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (disposition) (TKIs) such as pazopanib is now first line therapy, but their effect on VHL-associated Clinical Nurse Specialists Hemoglobin, Sickle remains unknown. We report the use of pazopanib in a patient with VHL disease for treatment of Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma who also harbored multiple Clinical Nurse Specialists Hemoglobin, Sickle. , pazopanib in patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 trial., INTERPRETATION: pazopanib was associated with encouraging preliminary activity in Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, with a side-effect profile consistent with that seen in previous trials. pazopanib could be considered as a treatment choice for patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome and growing Lesion, or to reduce the size of unresectable Lesion in these patients. , Recurrent multiple Clinical Nurse Specialists hemangioblastomas with VHL disease treated with pazopanib: a case report and literature review., Here, we report a 37-year-old woman's case with recurrent and rapidly progressive VHL-associated hemangioblastomas, causing severe Disability:Type:Pt:^Patient:Nom. She was treated 24 months with pazopanib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and PDGF-β pathways. , pazopanib therapy for Cerebellar hemangioblastoma in Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome: case report., Here we provide the first report demonstrating clinical and radiological anti-tumor response using pazopanib, a small molecule multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in a patient with treatment-refractory VHL-associated Clinical Nurse Specialists hemangioblastoma. , pazopanib could be considered as a treatment choice for patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome and growing Lesion, or to reduce the size of unresectable Lesion in these patients., METHODS\nIn this non-randomised, single-centre, open-label, phase 2 trial, adult patients with clinical manifestations of Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome were recruited from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA) and were treated with pazopanib (800 mg orally daily) for 24 weeks, with an option to continue treatment if desired by the patient and treating physician., We aimed to assess the activity and safety of pazopanib in patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome., INTERPRETATION\npazopanib was associated with encouraging preliminary activity in Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, with a side-effect profile consistent with that seen in previous trials., FINDINGS\nBetween Jan 18, 2012, and Aug 10, 2016, we screened 37 patients with genetically confirmed or clinical features consistent with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, of whom 31 eligible patients were treated with pazopanib., pazopanib therapy for Cerebellar hemangioblastoma in Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome: case report.von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a genetically acquired multisystem tumor syndrome of the Viscera and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Clinical Nurse Specialists). , Recurrent multiple Clinical Nurse Specialists hemangioblastomas with VHL disease treated with pazopanib: a case report and literature review.Hemangioblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm, accounting for less than 2% of all primitive Brain Neoplasms. , We aimed to assess the activity and safety of pazopanib in patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome.Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. oncoprotein p21 defined as following: A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. oncoprotein p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.. Genes, Regulator defined as following: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are long non coding RNAs as conserved in sequence as protein coding genes?", "id": "converted_63", "sentence1": "Are long non coding RNAs as conserved in sequence as protein coding genes?", "sentence2": "Most lncRNAs are under lower sequence constraints than protein-coding genes and lack conserved secondary structures, making it hard to predict them computationally., hey are under stronger selective pressure than neutrally evolving sequences-particularly in their Promoter Regions, Genetic, which display levels of selection comparable to protein-coding genes., bout one-third seem to have arisen within the primate lineage.[SEP]Relations: GLI proteins bind promoters of Hh responsive genes to promote transcription has relations: pathway_protein with GLI2, pathway_protein with GLI2, pathway_protein with GLI1, pathway_protein with GLI1, pathway_protein with GLI3, pathway_protein with GLI3. Definitions: Promoter Regions, Genetic defined as following: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there any link between conserved noncoding elements and alternative splicing in vertebrates?", "id": "converted_1187", "sentence1": "Is there any link between conserved noncoding elements and alternative splicing in Vertebrates?", "sentence2": "Some of the most highly conserved sequences occur in Genes encoding RNA-Binding Proteins, particularly the RNA splicing-associated SR Genes. Differences in sequence conservation between Plants and animal allergen extracts are likely to reflect differences in the biology of the Organism, with Plants being much more able to tolerate genomic deletions and whole-genome duplication events due, in part, to their far greater fecundity compared with Vertebrates.[SEP]Relations: vertebra has relations: anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra, anatomy_anatomy with non-transverse process-bearing vertebra. protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with SPRYD7, molfunc_protein with SPRYD7, molfunc_protein with SPG7, molfunc_protein with SPG7, molfunc_protein with SPIC, molfunc_protein with SPIC, molfunc_protein with SP7, molfunc_protein with SP7. Definitions: Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of Organism.. Plants defined as following: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae. Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. It is a non-taxonomical term most often referring to LAND PLANTS. In broad sense it includes RHODOPHYTA and GLAUCOPHYTA along with VIRIDIPLANTAE.. RNA-Binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are microRNA (miR) regulated through DNA methylation of their promoters?", "id": "converted_1369", "sentence1": "Are MicroRNAs (miR) regulated through DNA methylation of their promoters?", "sentence2": "We found that TCF7L1 gene down-regulation in the context of constitutively active Wnt signaling does not result from Promoter DNA methylation but is likely to be caused by a plethora of mechanisms at both the RNA and protein level as shown by the observed decrease in activating histone marks (histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 and H3-acetylation) and the upregulation of MIR211 wt Allele, a novel Wnt-regulated MicroRNAs that targets TCF7L1 gene and attenuates early neural differentiation in Mus sp. ESCs, ene silencing of MIR22 gene gene in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia involves histone modification independent of Promoter DNA methylation, Whereas a CpG Islands was identified within the Promoter element of MIR22 gene gene, no Promoter DNA methylation was detected in these Cells, xtensive Promoter DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation is associated with aberrant MicroRNAs expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Integration of DNA methylation and miRNA Promoter data led to the identification of 128 recurrent miRNA targets for aberrant Promoter DNA methylation, Together, our findings characterize the role of epigenetic changes in the regulation of miRNA transcription and create a repository of disease-specific Promoter regions that may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Nadia - zebrafish methylation of MicroRNAs Genes in Multiple Myeloma, Recently, epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-suppressor miRNA Genes by Promoter DNA methylation has been implicated in Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms, including Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter), ethylation of tumor suppressor microRNAs, Dysregulation of miRNA expression involved in Primary malignant neoplasm can be triggered by multiple mechanisms including aberrant DNA methylation of the miRNA gene Promoter, Of note, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor miRNAs has been implicated in various Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms, Moreover, miRNA silencing mediated by aberrant Promoter DNA methylation can potentially be reversed by hypomethylating agents, and hence may pose a new therapeutic target in Primary malignant neoplasm, In this review, the authors will focus on the aberrant methylation of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Pre B-cell Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Here, we review those miRNAs implicated in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol that are regulated by Promoter DNA methylation and/or chromatin modifications and, which frequently direct the expression of constituents of the epigenetic machinery, concluding with the delineation of a complex epigenetic-miRNA regulatory network and its alterations in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, Furthermore, we also discuss epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-suppressor miRNA Genes by Promoter DNA methylation and the interaction of DNA methylation with miRNAs involved in the regulation of Hematopoietic stem Cells activation and liver fibrosi, Instead, the cell type-specific silencing of these Genes is due to enhanced oncoprotein oncoprotein p21 mRNA degradation, 14-3-3sigma Promoter DNA methylation and reduced processing of the miR-34a primary transcript, Some tumor-suppressive miRNAs are known to be epigenetically silenced by Promoter DNA methylation in Primary malignant neoplasm, In the present study, we aimed to identify miRNA Genes that are silenced by DNA hypermethylation in Liver carcinoma (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol), It was found that miR-335, which is harbored within an Introns of its protein-coding host gene, MEST gene gene, was downregulated by aberrant Promoter hypermethylation via further methylation assays, including methylation-specific PCR, combined bisulfite and restriction analysis, bisulfite sequencing analysis and decitabine treatment, he levels of miR-335/MEST gene gene methylation were significantly higher in 18 (90%) out of 20 primary altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol Neoplasms, compared to their non-tumor tissue counterparts (P<0.001), In conclusion, our results indicate that expression of miR-335 is reduced by aberrant DNA methylation in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol.[SEP]Relations: Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript. histone modification has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with histone methylation, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone methylation, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone biotinylation, bioprocess_bioprocess with histone biotinylation. MEST gene has relations: bioprocess_protein with regulation of lipid storage, bioprocess_protein with regulation of lipid storage. Definitions: histone modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc]. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the Genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate Genes.. Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined as following: A type of ALL characterized by elevated levels of B-cell lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the blood. [NCIT:C8644]. Hematopoietic stem Cells defined as following: Progenitor Cells from which all blood Cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. CpG Islands defined as following: Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of Genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted Genes.. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia defined as following: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.. MIR22 gene defined as following: This gene may be involved in the regulation of target gene transcription.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded MicroRNAs gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. TCF7L1 gene defined as following: Human TCF7L1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2p11.2 and is approximately 177 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor 7-like 1 protein, is involved in Wnt pathway-dependent transcriptional regulation.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. Liver carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver Cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The Cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. decitabine defined as following: An azacitidine derivative and antineoplastic antimetabolite. It inhibits DNA methyltransferase to re-activate silent Genes, limiting METASTASIS and NEOPLASM DRUG RESISTANCE. Decitabine is used in the treatment of MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROMES, and ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.. Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. MIR211 wt Allele defined as following: Human MIR211 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 15q13.3 and is approximately 110 bp in length. This allele, which encodes MIR211 pre-miRNA, plays a role in gene regulation.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 4 is trimethylated. This modification may be a marker for areas of active gene expression.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. oncoprotein p21 defined as following: A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. oncoprotein p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic Cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Nadia - zebrafish defined as following: A wild-type zebrafish line, the stock of which was obtained from an area east of Calcutta in a district called Nadia.. promoters defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does low T3 negatively affect prognosis of patients after cardiac surgery?", "id": "converted_1567", "sentence1": "Does low T3 thoracic segmental innervation negatively affect prognosis of patients after cardiac surgery?", "sentence2": "ur findings suggest that the development of LCOS after congenital heart surgery is associated with decreased total and free T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation, and increased interleukin-8 receptor binding activity levels at 48 hours, and preoperative Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist TT-4 level is an independent predictor of LCOS., Low basal cubic foot concentration can reliably predict the occurrence of postoperative AF in CABG patients., A relevant finding was that the days of post-operative hospitalization (10+/-3 days, means+/-S.D.) was inversely correlated with the slope of the recovery of T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation concentration (P<0.001) or with the area under the plasma curves of T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation (P=0.024, time range 72-144 h) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (P=0.037, time range 72-144 h) during the post-operative period. [SEP]Relations: interleukin-8 receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with CXCR2, molfunc_protein with CXCR2, molfunc_protein with CXCR1, molfunc_protein with CXCR1. insect larval thoracic segment has relations: anatomy_anatomy with insect larval prothoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval prothoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval metathoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval metathoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval mesothoracic segment, anatomy_anatomy with insect larval mesothoracic segment. Definitions: interleukin-8 receptor binding activity defined as following: Binding to an interleukin-8 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]. cubic foot defined as following: A traditional unit of volume equal to 1728 cubic inches, or 1/27 cubic yard, or 0.028 316 85 cubic meter (28.316 85 liters). The cubic foot holds about 7.4805 US gallons.. Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist TT-4 defined as following: An orally bioavailable antagonist of the immunomodulatory checkpoint molecule adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR; ADORA2B), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, A2BR antagonist TT-4 competes with adenosine for binding to A2BR expressed on various cancer cell types and numerous immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. This inhibits A2BR activity and prevents adenosine/A2BR-mediated signaling. The inhibition of A2BR in cancer cells prevents activation of downstream oncogenic pathways, which leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis. A2BR inhibition also prevents the release of various growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (interleukin-8 receptor binding activity) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) from immune cells, which may abrogate the adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activate the immune system to exert anti-tumor immune responses against cancer cells leading to tumor cell killing. In addition, under non-cancerous inflammatory conditions, inhibition of A2BR leads to reduced activation and proliferation of various immune cells, which results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and may prevent inflammation. A2BR, a G protein-coupled signaling receptor, is expressed on the cell surfaces of numerous immune cells and is often overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell types; it plays a key role in their proliferation, progression and metastasis. Adenosine is overproduced under inflammatory conditions and plays a key role in pro-inflammatory actions. Adenosine is often overproduced by tumor cells and plays a key role in immunosuppression and tumor cell proliferation. The pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine and A2BR are cell type-specific and dependent on the extracellular microenvironment..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there microbes in human breast milk?", "id": "converted_2779", "sentence1": "Are there microbes in human Breast Milk Specimen?", "sentence2": "Contrary to long-held dogma, human Milk Specimen is not sterile. Instead, it provides infants a rich source of diverse Bacteria, particularly microbes belonging to the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus species species, and Pseudomonas genera., The origins of the Bacteria in Milk Specimen are thought to include the maternal gastrointestinal tract (via an entero-mammary pathway) and through bacterial exposure of the Breast during nursing.[SEP]Relations: Breast has relations: anatomy_protein_present with VIM, anatomy_protein_present with VIM, anatomy_protein_present with RIMKLB, anatomy_protein_present with RIMKLB, anatomy_protein_present with GCSAM, anatomy_protein_present with GCSAM, anatomy_anatomy with external soft tissue zone, anatomy_anatomy with external soft tissue zone. Peptostreptococcus infectious disease has relations: disease_disease with anaerobic Bacteria infectious disease, disease_disease with anaerobic Bacteria infectious disease. Definitions: Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. human defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does nintedanib hold promise for lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis?", "id": "converted_3480", "sentence1": "Does nintedanib hold promise for lung disease associated with Systemic Scleroderma?", "sentence2": "The patient developed progressive lung Fibrosis under several immunosuppressants and was started on nintedanib, with clinical and functional stabilization. Nintedanib is a tyrosine-kinase PPP1R1A gene that blocks several profibrotic pathways, inhibiting proliferation and migration of Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts and decreasing the synthesis of Extracellular Matrix Proteins. It is approved for idiopathic lung Fibrosis and has demonstrated good results in inhibiting migration and proliferation of Systemic Scleroderma dermal Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts, constituting a promising agent for Systemic Scleroderma-associated lung Fibrosis., BACKGROUND: Nintedanib is an PPP1R1A gene targeting Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta, Human, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase that has recently been approved for the treatment of idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis. , CONCLUSION: Nintedanib targets core features of SSc in Fra2-transgenic CASP14 gene and ameliorates histological features of Idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- arterial hypertension, destructive Disease of capillaries and Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and dermal Fibrosis. These data might have direct implications for the ongoing phase III clinical trial with nintedanib in SSc-associated interstitial lung disease., In light of the ongoing advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying interstitial lung disease in Systemic Scleroderma, this review also summarizes novel treatment approaches, presenting clinical and preclinical evidence for rituximab, tocilizumab, pirfenidone, and nintedanib, as well as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and lung transplantation., pirfenidone and nintedanib are emerging agents that exert pleiotropic effects, reflective of the multiple mechanistic pathways of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. , Design of a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of nintedanib in patients with Systemic Scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease (SENSCIS™)., The SENSCIS™ trial is a randomised, placebo-controlled Phase III trial that will evaluate the efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with SSc-Lung Diseases, Interstitial (NCT02597933)., CONCLUSIONS: This trial will assess the efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with SSc-Lung Diseases, Interstitial., Nintedanib for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease., Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase PPP1R1A gene, has been shown to have antifibrotic and antiinflammatory effects in preclinical models of Systemic Scleroderma and Lung Diseases, Interstitial., METHODS\n\nWe conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of nintedanib in patients with Lung Diseases, Interstitial associated with Systemic Scleroderma., CONCLUSIONS\n\nAmong patients with Lung Diseases, Interstitial associated with Systemic Scleroderma, the annual rate of decline in FVC was lower with nintedanib than with placebo; no clinical benefit of nintedanib was observed for other manifestations of Systemic Scleroderma., Potential of Nintedanib in Treatment of Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases., Anti-fibrotic nintedanib-a new opportunity for Systemic Scleroderma patients?, Newer agents with anti-fibrotic properties, such as pirfenidone or nintedanib, might hold promise also for the Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis seen in SARCOIDOSIS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 (finding)., This suggests that nintedanib inhibits fundamental processes in the pathogenesis of Fibrosis., This suggests that nintedanib and pirfenidone , drugs known to slow disease progression in patients with idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis , may also slow the progression of Lung Diseases, Interstitial associated with systemic autoimmune diseases, In the SENSCIS® trial , nintedanib reduced the rate of Lung Diseases, Interstitial progression in patients with Systemic Scleroderma-associated Lung Diseases, Interstitial, Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase PPP1R1A gene, has been shown to have antifibrotic and antiinflammatory effects in preclinical models of Systemic Scleroderma and Lung Diseases, Interstitial., The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of nintedanib on a cellular model of SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (Lung Diseases, Interstitial)., OBJECTIVES\nNintedanib is approved for the treatment of idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis) and was demonstrated to slow disease progression in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by reducing decline in forced vital capacity by 50%., Nintedanib: new indication for Systemic Scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease., Nintedanib (Ofev™), an oral triple kinase PPP1R1A gene targeting pro-fibrotic pathways, has been used for treatment of idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis)., These data might have direct implications for the ongoing phase III clinical trial with nintedanib in SSc-associated interstitial lung disease., Based on positive results from phase III, placebo-controlled, randomized comparative clinical trial conducted in patients with Systemic Scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-Lung Diseases, Interstitial), nintedanib received marketing approval in the United States and Japan for the treatment of SSc-Lung Diseases, Interstitial., Nintedanib is an Protoplasm PPP1R1A gene of Protein Tyrosine Kinase that has been approved for treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and has recently been shown to reduce the rate of lung function decline in patients with Lung Diseases, Interstitial associated with Systemic Scleroderma (SSc-Lung Diseases, Interstitial).[SEP]Relations: Systemic Scleroderma has relations: disease_disease with Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Systemic Scleroderma, disease_disease with Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Systemic Scleroderma, disease_disease with limited scleroderma, disease_disease with limited scleroderma, disease_protein with KIAA0319L, disease_protein with KIAA0319L, disease_disease with limited Systemic Scleroderma, disease_disease with limited Systemic Scleroderma, disease_protein with NECTIN2, disease_protein with NECTIN2. Definitions: Systemic Scleroderma defined as following: A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.. Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.. Lung Diseases, Interstitial defined as following: A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.. pirfenidone defined as following: An orally bioavailable and deuterated form of the synthetic antifibrotic agent pirfenidone, with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Upon administration, deupirfenidone inhibits a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b). This may reduce Fibrosis, inflammation and infection, and may repair the impaired lymphatic flow, decrease lymphedema and restore lymphatic function. In the lungs, deupirfenidone may abrogate impaired lung function, lymphoedema and Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 defined as following: A Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 which contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN I-SET DOMAINS and is expressed as two isoforms. One receptor isoform is expressed in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform is expressed mainly by EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).. Idiopathic Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- arterial hypertension defined as following: Increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs; the etiology is unknown.. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta, Human defined as following: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (1106 aa, ~124 kDa) is encoded by the human PDGFRB gene. This protein plays a role in tyrosine phosphorylation and ligand-dependent signal transduction.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis defined as following: A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen Fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.. nintedanib defined as following: An orally bioavailable, indolinone-derived PPP1R1A gene of multiple receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase (RTKs) and non-receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase (nRTKs), with potential antiangiogenic, antifibrotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nintedanib selectively binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta, Human (PDGFR), and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) Protein Tyrosine Kinase, which may result in the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis, the reduction in tumor vasculature, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration, and antifibrotic activity in Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis. In addition, nintedanib also binds to and inhibits members of the Src family of Protein Tyrosine Kinase, including Src, Lck and Lyn, and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3). VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR and CSF1R RTKs play key roles in tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, as well as Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Fibrosis.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Protein Tyrosine Kinase defined as following: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. tyrosine kinase PPP1R1A gene defined as following: Protein kinase inhibitors that inhibit TYROSINE PROTEIN KINASES.. Extracellular Matrix Proteins defined as following: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).. lung disease defined as following: Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Downs syndrome associated with decreased risk of leukemia?", "id": "converted_2227", "sentence1": "Is Down Syndrome associated with decreased risk of leukemia?", "sentence2": "The association of Down's syndrome and leukemia has been documented for over 50 years. Multiple studies have established the incidence of leukemia in Down's syndrome patients to be 10- to 20-fold higher than that in the general population., We present a case of congenital Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute manifesting from the very first day of birth. Diagnosis of Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute was suspected by the presence of Blast (physical force) in the peripheral blood smear and was confirmed on bone marrow by flowcytometry. Karyotyping revealed Trisomy 21., Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia) and a solitary cases of Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute (AML) in Down Syndrome. , This was thus confirmed to be a case with transient leukemia with Down Syndrome.[SEP]Relations: Down syndrome has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased fertility, disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased fertility, disease_phenotype_positive with Acute megakaryocytic leukemia, disease_phenotype_positive with Acute megakaryocytic leukemia, disease_phenotype_positive with Sporadic, disease_phenotype_positive with Sporadic, disease_phenotype_positive with Short palm, disease_phenotype_positive with Short palm, disease_phenotype_positive with Short neck, disease_phenotype_positive with Short neck. Definitions: Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia defined as following: A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid Blast (physical force) in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Down Syndrome defined as following: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra CHROMOSOME 21 or an effective TRISOMY for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include HYPOTONIA, short stature, BRACHYCEPHALY, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is tirabrutinib effective for lymphoma?", "id": "converted_4628", "sentence1": "Is tirabrutinib effective for lymphoma?", "sentence2": "In March 2020, oral tirabrutinib was approved in Japan for the treatment of recurrent or refractory primary central nervous system lymphoma. tirabrutinib is also under regulatory review in Japan for the treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and Malignant lymphoma - lymphoplasmacytic. Clinical development is underway in the USA, Europe and Japan for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, B-Cell Lymphomas, Sjogren's Syndrome, PemphigusRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Multiple polyps defined as following: A condition characterized by the presence of numerous polyps.. Nynorsk Language defined as following: One of the two written standards of the Norwegian language.. dupilumab defined as following: A recombinant human monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody directed against the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R alpha) with potential immunomodulatory activities. Upon injection, dupilumab selectively binds to the IL-4R alpha chain. This disrupts IL-4/IL-13 signaling and prevents the activation of downstream pathways that mediate type 2 inflammation and may potentially inhibit tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are present on the surface of numerous cells involved in the pathophysiology of type-2 helper T-cell (Th2) allergic responses, including B-lymphocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages, basophils, keratinocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and airway smooth muscle cells. Additionally, both IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are overexpressed in a variety of cancers and IL-4 and IL-13 and may serve as biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness. IL-4 and IL-13 are thought to be key regulatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and may play a role in the activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that mediate tumor cell survival..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries associated with congenital disease?", "id": "converted_1843", "sentence1": "Are Gene Deletion of chromosomal regulatory boundaries associated with Congenital Disorders?", "sentence2": "Deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries are associated with Congenital Disorders., Our results suggest that Enhancer of transcription adoption caused by Gene Deletion of regulatory boundaries may contribute to a substantial minority of copy-number variation phenotypes and should thus be taken into account in their medical interpretation, Deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries are associated with Congenital Disorders, Deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries are associated with Congenital Disorders.[SEP]Relations: congenital nervous system disorder has relations: disease_disease with chromosome 18q deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 18q deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 5q12 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 5q12 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 19p13.13 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 19p13.13 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 19q13.11 deletion syndrome, disease_disease with chromosome 19q13.11 deletion syndrome. Definitions: Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Congenital Disorders defined as following: existing at, and usually before, birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation; inborn metabolism disorders are generally not treed here.. Enhancer of transcription defined as following: A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding sequences. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural gene. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the gene, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the gene when bound..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "SGOT is an abbreviation for an enzyme other wise known as alanine amino transferase, yes or no?", "id": "converted_2420", "sentence1": "SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase is an abbreviation for an enzyme other wise known as D-Alanine Transaminase, yes or no?", "sentence2": "patients with aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), D-Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase),, Alanine amino transferase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), , Aspartate Transaminase (AST-SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), alanine amino-transferase (ALT-SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Mean values of Glutamate Dehydrogenase (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity), serum aspartate and alanine transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE (OCT), and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) tended to rise with increasing Hepatocyte necrosis, though values of SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, OCT, and gamma-GTP showed considerable overlap between the 32 patients with histologically proved Hepatitis and the 68 without., Serum Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Creatine Kinase (PIK3C2A gene), and butyric acid dehydrogenase (BDH1 gene) were determined in 94 patients before, 1(1/2) hours, and 24 hours after cardioversion., The study excluded by screening for AntiHCV, Hepatitis B Antigen Vaccine and patients with aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), D-Alanine Transaminase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels more than three times the normal and subject with a total Antigens, CD5 count more than 10,000/microl., Complete blood picture, differential Antigens, CD5 count, and serum levels of Estrogen [EPC] [EPC], Alanine amino transferase (SGPT - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), Aspartate amino transferase (SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), total protein and ALB gene were estimated.[SEP]Relations: glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 deficiency has relations: disease_protein with GPT2, disease_protein with GPT2, disease_disease with syndromic intellectual disability, disease_disease with syndromic intellectual disability, disease_phenotype_positive with Nasogastric tube feeding in infancy, disease_phenotype_positive with Nasogastric tube feeding in infancy, disease_phenotype_positive with Broad-based gait, disease_phenotype_positive with Broad-based gait, disease_phenotype_positive with Absent speech, disease_phenotype_positive with Absent speech. Definitions: Glutamate Dehydrogenase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.. Aspartate Transaminase defined as following: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.. SGOT - Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase defined as following: A family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and in the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Aspartate aminotransferase specifically and reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-aspartate to alpha-ketoglutarate forming oxaloacetate and L-glutamate.. ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE defined as following: A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.49]. D-Alanine Transaminase defined as following: A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.. Creatine Kinase defined as following: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.. Antigens, CD5 defined as following: Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156). Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. Alanine Transaminase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.. Hepatitis defined as following: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.. Gamma-glutamyl transferase defined as following: An enzyme, sometimes called Gamma-glutamyl transferase, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Titin the largest single protein molecule found in Nature?", "id": "converted_1478", "sentence1": "Is Titin Kinase the largest single Protein Info molecule found in Nature?", "sentence2": "Titin Kinase Kinase, the largest Protein Info in the Human body structure, is well known as a molecular spring in Muscle Cells and scaffold Protein Info aiding myofibrillar assembly., Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Protein Info in Mammals; it forms an elastic filament along the myofibril of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier and Skeletal muscle structure., Titin Kinase Kinase is recently known as the largest Protein Info which exists in the striated muscle Sarcomeres and is dynamic both in biomechanics properties and biochemical functions. , Titin Kinase Kinase, the largest Protein Info known to date, has been linked to Sarcomeres assembly and function through its elastic adaptor and signaling domains., The giant Sarcomeres Protein Info titin/connectin is the largest Protein Info known to date., Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Protein Info known to date and acts as a mechanosensor that regulates muscle Protein Info expression in a Sarcomeres strain-dependent fashion., Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Protein Info known, and is essential for organising muscle sarcomeres., It has many domains with a variety of functions, and stretches from the Z line to the M line in the muscle Sarcomeres. , Titin Kinase Kinase, is definitely the largest Protein Info in the body, with a molecular weight of 3 million Dalton and composed of 27,000 Antifibrinolytic Antifibrinolytic amino acids., Titin Kinase Kinase, the largest Protein Info identified to date (over 1 micron long, almost 3 million daltons in mass) is the third most abundant component of the Sarcomeres., Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Polypeptides yet described (relative molecular mass approximately 3 x 10(6); refs 1, 2) and an abundant Protein Info of striated muscle., Titin Kinase Kinase is at present the largest known Protein Info (M(r) 3000 kDa) and its expression is restricted to Vertebrates striated muscle., Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Protein Info known, and is essential for organising muscle sarcomeres, Titin Kinase Kinase is at present the largest known Protein Info (M(r) 3000 kDa) and its expression is restricted to Vertebrates striated muscle, Titin Kinase Kinase is the largest Polypeptides yet described (relative molecular mass approximately 3 x 10(6); refs 1, 2) and an abundant Protein Info of striated muscle, Titin Kinase Kinase is recently known as the largest Protein Info which exists in the striated muscle Sarcomeres and is dynamic both in biomechanics properties and biochemical functions, Titin Kinase Kinase, the biggest single (poly) peptide found in Homo sapiens, and throughout nature so far, was long considered as a good candidate for inherited muscle diseases[SEP]Relations: Protein C has relations: drug_drug with Ticlopidine, drug_drug with Ticlopidine, drug_drug with Tirofiban, drug_drug with Tirofiban, drug_drug with Tibolone, drug_drug with Tibolone, drug_drug with Ticagrelor, drug_drug with Ticagrelor, drug_drug with Tioguanine, drug_drug with Tioguanine. Definitions: M line defined as following: The midline of aligned thick filaments in a Sarcomeres; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]. Muscle Cells defined as following: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of Muscle Cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), Cardiac - anatomy qualifier (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) Muscle Cells called MYOBLASTS.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded Vertebrates animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Sarcomeres defined as following: The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Z line defined as following: Platelike region of a muscle Sarcomeres to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]. Human body structure defined as following: Anatomical structure which is the aggregate material substance of an individual member of a species.. Polypeptides defined as following:**Description:**A Polypeptides resulting from the translation of a gene.
. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Skeletal muscle structure defined as following: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are Chernobyl survivors at increased risk for breast cancer?", "id": "converted_3695", "sentence1": "Are Chernobyl survivors at increased risk for Malignant neoplasm of Breast?", "sentence2": "Results: A more aggressive course of Malignant neoplasm of Breast is observed in patients exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident under the age of 30 years (P < .01). , A significant excess of Multiple Myeloma incidence [standardized incidence rate (SIR) 1.61 %, 95% confidence interval (NDUFB6 gene) 1.01-2.21], THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS cancer (SIR 4.18, 95% NDUFB6 gene 3.76-4.59), female Malignant neoplasm of Breast (SIR 1.57 NDUFB6 gene 1.40-1.73), and all Malignant Neoplasms combined (SIR 1.07; 95% NDUFB6 gene 1.05-1.09) was registered. , Possible effects for further study include increased rates of THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Breast, and Malignant neoplasm of lung and Multiple Myeloma; reduction of radiation risks of leukemia to population levels; and increased morbidity and mortality of cleanup workers from cardio- and cerebrovascular pathology., Furthermore, the upward trends of increases in a variety of other Neoplasms including Malignant neoplasm of Breast, Malignant Neoplasms of central nervous system and Malignant neoplasm of kidney have been reported in the persons exposed to Chornobyl fallout., Epidemiological cohort studies found increased incidence (1990-2012 gg.) of THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS cancer in victims of Chernobyl accident (liquidators - in 4.6 times, evacuated - in 4.0 times, residents of contaminated areas - in 1.3 times) and increased incidence of Malignant neoplasm of Breast in female workers of 1986-1987., Historically, data from the Chernobyl reactor accident 27 years ago demonstrated a strong correlation with THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS cancer, but data on the radiation effects of Chernobyl on Malignant neoplasm of Breast incidence have remained inconclusive., Re-analyzing the data reveals that the incidence of Malignant neoplasm of Breast in Chernobyl-disaster-exposed women could be higher than previously thought. , For Malignant neoplasm of Breast, the rates and age of onset appear to vary significantly in regions differentially affected by the Chernobyl accident. , In contrast, millions of people were exposed to radioactive Isotopes in the fallout from the Chernobyl accident, within the first 20 years there was a large increase in THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS carcinoma incidence and a possible radiation-related increase in Malignant neoplasm of Breast, but as yet there is no general increase in malignancies. , The study demonstrated increases in Malignant neoplasm of Breast incidence in all areas following the Chernobyl accident, reflecting improvements in cancer diagnosis and registration., An increase in Malignant neoplasm of Breast incidence has been reported in areas of Belarus and Ukraine contaminated by the Chernobyl accident and has become an issue of public concern., The study demonstrated increases in Malignant neoplasm of Breast incidence in all areas following the Chernobyl accident, reflecting improvements in cancer diagnosis and registration.[SEP]Relations: malignant neoplasm of chest wall has relations: disease_disease with thoracic cancer, disease_disease with thoracic cancer, disease_disease with chest wall bone cancer, disease_disease with chest wall bone cancer. Multiple myeloma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with capillary leak syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with capillary leak syndrome, drug_effect with Lenalidomide, drug_effect with Lenalidomide. Neoplasm of the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS gland has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with familial colorectal cancer, disease_phenotype_positive with familial colorectal cancer. Definitions: leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Malignant neoplasm of Breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the Breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant Breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Malignant neoplasm of lung defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the lung.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Malignant neoplasm of kidney defined as following: Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.. THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS gland.. Isotopes defined as following: Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is istiratumab effective for pancreatic cancer?", "id": "converted_4300", "sentence1": "Is istiratumab effective for pancreatic cancer?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: Istiratumab failed to improve the efficacy of SOC chemotherapy in this patient setting. [SEP]Definitions: pancreatic cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does oncogene-induced DNA replication stress inhibit genomic instability?", "id": "converted_2662", "sentence1": "Does oncogene-induced DNA replication stress inhibit genomic instability?", "sentence2": "Oncogene-induced DNA replication stress is thought to drive genomic instability in Primary malignant neoplasm., We propose that single-stranded DNA generated in response to oncogene-induced replication stress compromises the repair of deaminated cytosines and other damaged Unit dose - Base, leading to the observed Sympathetic Nervous System mutator phenotype.[SEP]Relations: malignant ear neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with head and neck Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with head and neck Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with middle ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with middle ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with inner ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with inner ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with external ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with external ear Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_disease with ear neoplasm, disease_disease with ear neoplasm. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Sympathetic Nervous System defined as following: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are there tools for visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data?", "id": "converted_3117", "sentence1": "Are there tools for visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data?", "sentence2": "NanoPack: visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data., Here we describe NanoPack, a set of tools developed for visualization and processing of long-read sequencing data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences.Availability and implementation: The NanoPack tools are written in Python3 and released under the GNU GPL3.0 License. The source code can be found at https://github.com/wdecoster/nanopack, together with links to separate scripts and their documentation. The scripts are compatible with Linux, Mac OS and the MS Windows 10 subsystem for Linux and are available as a graphical user interface, a web service at http://nanoplot.bioinf.be and command line tools., Summary\nHere we describe NanoPack, a set of tools developed for visualization and processing of long-read sequencing data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences., NanoPack: visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data.Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online., Summary: Here we describe NanoPack, a set of tools developed for visualization and processing of long-read sequencing data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences.Supernumerary mandibular left second primary molar
. Transsexual (finding) defined as following: A person who was assigned to one gender at birth based on physical characteristics but who self-identifies psychologically and emotionally as the other.. breast Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are CD44 variants (CD44v) associated with poor prognosis of metastasis?", "id": "converted_704", "sentence1": "Are CD44 Antigens variants (CD44v) associated with poor prognosis of metastasis?", "sentence2": "CD44 Antigens Antigens variants and prognosis, The CD44 Antigens Antigens Variant (CD44v) Protein Isoforms have been noted as markers for Secondary Neoplasm and prognosis in several Adenocarcinoma., Positive CD44v3 expression was associated with more advanced pathological stage and poorer prognosis than negative CD44v3 expression, CD44v6 expression in the Malignant adenomatous neoplasm component may directly affect the behavior of Carcinoma and the prognosis of patients, D44 Variant 6 in Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid of the Pelvis>Uterus: its expression in the Malignant adenomatous neoplasm component is an independent prognostic marker, CD44v5 expression is independently positively correlated with the Aggressive behavior of thymic epithelial Neoplasms. The expression of CD44v5 may be a potential trigger of tumor invasion in Thymoma, analysis of CD44v expression provides indications of biological and clinical relevance also in low grade lymphoproliferative disorders, clinical relevance of CD44 Antigens Antigens Variant isoform expression on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, CD44 Antigens Antigens variants and its association with survival in Malignant neoplasm of pancreas, CD44 Antigens Antigens Variant 6(v6) molecule has been noted as a marker for tumor metastasis and prognosis in several Neoplasms, CD44v2 and CD44v6 may be useful markers for poor prognosis in curatively resected primary Malignant neoplasm of pancreas, CD44v8-10 may play an important role in the adhesion of Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant to the Blood Blood capillaries of distant organs in the metastatic process, and that immunohistochemical detection of CD44v8-10 may be a biologic marker of prognostic significance., combined expression of CD44v8-10 and SLX may be a biologic marker of prognostic significance, Variant Protein Isoforms (CD44v) are expressed on different malignant cells and Body tissue. Their upregulation has been implicated, in the progression and metastasis of malignomas., expression of the CD44 Antigens Antigens Variant exon 6 is associated with lymph node metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, a number of Variant forms of CD44 Antigens Antigens are frequently expressed, although these variants are infrequently expressed in normal Specimen Source Codes - Tissue lung, and that the expression of CD44v6 is particularly associated with lymph node metastasis in NSCLC, Expression of CD44v6 may suggest an increased risk for local lymph node metastasis in NSCLCs, different CD44 Antigens Antigens Protein Isoforms are found in Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of skin and are modulated during carcinogenesis, D44 Protein Isoforms correlate with cellular differentiation but not with prognosis in Homo sapiens Malignant neoplasm of breast, Correlations between prognosis and expression of CD44v have been reported for Gastric (qualifier value) and Colon Carcinoma, for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone, and recently for Breast Carcinoma, Certain splice variants (CD44v) can promote the metastatic behaviour of Tumor cells, malignant. In Homo sapiens colon and Malignant neoplasm of breast the presence of Epitopes encoded by exon v6 on primary resected tumour material indicates poor prognosis, In Homo sapiens mammary carcinomas and Colorectal Carcinoma, the expression of CD44v has also been correlated with more progressed tumor stages.[SEP]Relations: thymoma has relations: disease_protein with CD274, disease_protein with CD274. colorectal Carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with CD93, disease_protein with CD93, disease_protein with CD46, disease_protein with CD46. Carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with CDS1, disease_protein with CDS1, disease_protein with CDK4, disease_protein with CDK4. Definitions: Malignant neoplasm of pancreas defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include Carcinoma and lymphoma.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Malignant neoplasm of skin defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the skin. Primary malignant skin neoplasms most often are carcinomas (either basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas) or melanomas. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the skin include carcinomas and lymphomas.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Colon Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are Adenocarcinoma.. Epitopes defined as following: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.. Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are Adenocarcinoma.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Adenocarcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.. CD44 Antigens defined as following: Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary THYMOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. Their interaction with HYALURONIC ACID mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial VENULES.. Blood capillaries defined as following: The minute vessels that connect arterioles and venules.. Aggressive behavior defined as following: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.. Breast Carcinoma defined as following: A Carcinoma arising from the breast, most commonly the terminal ductal-lobular unit. It is the most common malignant tumor in females. Risk factors include country of birth, family history, menstrual and reproductive history, fibrocystic disease and epithelial hyperplasia, exogenous estrogens, contraceptive agents, and ionizing radiation. The vast majority of breast carcinomas are Adenocarcinoma (ductal or lobular). Breast Carcinoma spreads by direct invasion, by the lymphatic route, and by the blood vessel route. The most common site of lymph node involvement is the axilla.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid defined as following: An Malignant adenomatous neoplasm characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. It can arise from the uterine body, ovary, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina, and uterine ligament.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Gastric (qualifier value) defined as following: Relating to the stomach.. Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding Body tissue and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for \"cancer.\". Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Thymoma defined as following: A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia defined as following: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Secondary Neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site close to or distant from the primary site.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is cathepsin L active in endosomes?", "id": "converted_3408", "sentence1": "Is cathepsin L active in endosomes?", "sentence2": "Cathepsin L in the Late Endosome/Lysosome, endosomal cathepsin L, Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting investigations revealed the presence of cathepsin L in the nuclear compartment in addition to its expected endo-lysosomal localization in colorectal carcinoma cells., cleavage by the endosomal/lysosomal protease cathepsin L[SEP]Definitions: endosomes defined as following: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for gamma knife in treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?", "id": "converted_1917", "sentence1": "Is there a role for gamma knife in treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?", "sentence2": "OBJECTIVE Functional Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) procedures have been increasingly used for treating patients with Tremor, trigeminal neuralgia (Trigeminal Neuralgia), and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder., METHODS The authors constructed a linear-quadratic model of BORNHOLM EYE DISEASE in functional GKRS with a dose-protraction factor to correct for intrafraction DNA-damage repair and used standard single-fraction doses for trigeminal nerve ablation for Trigeminal Neuralgia (85 Gy), Thalamotomy for Tremor (130 Gy), and capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (180 Gy). , Gamma knife for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: can it be detrimental?, Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is also being practised to treat refractory obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)., Radio and neurosurgical procedures, including gamma knife radiation and deep brain stimulation, are reserved for severe, treatment-refractory disease that has not responded to multiple treatments, and some patients may benefit from transcranial magnetic stimulation., We close with a discussion of gamma knife capsulotomy, a modality with deep historical Plant Roots., Results following gamma knife radiosurgical anterior capsulotomies for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder., Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is also being practised to treat refractory obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)., Lesion topography and outcome after thermocapsulotomy or gamma knife capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: relevance of the right hemisphere., Neuropsychological outcome of ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study, Gamma ventral capsulotomy for treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a structural MRI pilot prospective study, Results following gamma knife radiosurgical anterior capsulotomies for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, At 28 months, the third patient is living and working independently, and her YBOCS score is 18.CONCLUSION: Within a strict protocol, gamma knife radiosurgery provided improvement of OCD behavior with no adverse effects., Gamma knife for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: can it be detrimental?[SEP]Relations: obsessive-compulsive disorder has relations: contraindication with Riboflavin, contraindication with Riboflavin, contraindication with Ibuprofen, contraindication with Ibuprofen, disease_protein with SLITRK5, disease_protein with SLITRK5, contraindication with Pheniramine, contraindication with Pheniramine, contraindication with Isometheptene, contraindication with Isometheptene. Definitions: BORNHOLM EYE DISEASE defined as following: Syndrome with characteristics of moderate to high myopia associated with astigmatism and deuteranopia. Less than 10 families have been described so far. Transmission is X-linked recessive and the locus has been mapped to Xq28.. Tremor defined as following: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action Tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting Tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.. Trigeminal Neuralgia defined as following: A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder defined as following: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.. Plant Roots defined as following: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder defined as following: This gene is involved in serotonin transport..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can vitamin B1 deficiency cause encephalopathy?", "id": "converted_478", "sentence1": "Can thiamine deficiency cause Encephalopathies?", "sentence2": "Wernicke's Encephalopathies (WE) is a severe neurological syndrome caused by Thiamine Drug Class (Thiamine Drug Class) deficiency and clinically characterized by the sudden onset of mental status changes, Ocular abnormalities, and Cerebellar Ataxia, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (or Wernicke-Korsakoff Encephalopathies) is a rarely diagnosed neurological disorder, which is caused by Thiamine Drug Class deficiency, Wernicke's Encephalopathies (WE) is a potentially reversible yet serious neurological manifestation caused by Thiamine Drug Class(Thiamine Drug Class) deficiency, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is caused by Thiamine Drug Class (Thiamine Drug Class) deficiency, Both the Thyrotoxicosis and a catabolic state due to the Hyperemesis Gravidarum were thought to have induced a Thiamine Drug Class deficiency, causing the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome., Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (or Wernicke-Korsakoff Encephalopathies) is a rarely diagnosed neurological disorder, which is caused by Thiamine Drug Class deficiency., Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is caused by Thiamine Drug Class (Thiamine Drug Class) deficiency., Wernicke's Encephalopathies is a neurological disorder caused by Thiamine Drug Class (Thiamine Drug Class) deficiency characterized by VertigoTetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) are serious bacterial infections. Tetanus causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to \"locking\" of the jaw. Diphtheria usually affects the nose and throat. Whooping cough causes uncontrollable coughing. Vaccines can protect you from these diseases. In the U.S., there are four combination vaccines:
Some people should not get these vaccines, including those who have had severe reactions to the shots before. Check with your doctor first if you have seizures, a neurologic problem, or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Also let your doctor know if you don't feel well the day of the shot; you may need to postpone it.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
. Polyneuropathy defined as following: Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of Polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.. nervous system disorder defined as following: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.. Thiamine Deficiency defined as following: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, Thiamine Drug Class deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic, since ethanol interferes with Thiamine Drug Class absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is macroautophagy a selective degradation process?", "id": "converted_1182", "sentence1": "Is macroautophagy a selective degradation process?", "sentence2": "Selective autophagy, Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a bulk degradation system for Cytoplasmic components and is ubiquitously found in Eukaryotic Cells, Here we show that selective autophagy downregulates Ty1 transposition, We propose that selective autophagy safeguards Genome - anatomical entity integrity against excessive Mutagenesis, Insertional caused during Nutrient (property) starvation by DNA Transposable Elements in Eukaryotic Cells., Moreover, it is becoming apparent that Proteins, Organelles, and pathogens can be targeted for autophagic clearance by selective mechanisms, Cell spreading required ref(2)P, the Drosophila p62 multiadaptor, implicating selective autophagy as a novel mechanism for modulating cortical dynamics, The selective macroautophagic degradation, There is growing evidence that macroautophagic cargo receptor ligand activity receptor ligand activity is not limited to bulk cytosol in response to starvation and can occur selectively for substrates, including aggregated Proteins., It remains unclear, however, whether starvation-induced and selective macroautophagy share identical adaptor molecules to capture their cargo receptor ligand activity receptor ligand activity. Here, we report that WDFY3 gene, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding Protein Info, is central to the selective elimination of aggregated Proteins., We propose that WDFY3 gene plays a key role in selective macroautophagy by bridging cargo receptor ligand activity receptor ligand activity to the molecular machinery that builds Autophagosome., Thus, Cytoplasmic NBR1 might be important to maintain basal levels of selective macroautophagy in these Neurons., we could show that Smatg8 and Smatg4 are not only required for nonselective macroautophagy, but for selective Pexophagy as well., The latter is performed by proteasome-mediated degradation, chaperone-mediated autophagy (chaperone-mediated autophagy), and selective macroautophagy,, Here we demonstrate a role for 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase and PtdIns4P 5-kinases in selective and nonselective types of autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae., Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a degradative cellular pathway that protects Eukaryotic Cells from stress, starvation, and microbial infection., Previously, we showed that macroautophagy is necessary for conidiation in the rice-blast Fungus (lab result) Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we analyzed the physiological function(s) of selective autophagy in Magnaporthe, serine 403 phosphorylation of p62/SQSTM1 regulates selective autophagic clearance of ubiquitinated Proteins., Selective macroautophagy (autophagy) of ubiquitinated Protein Info is implicated as a compensatory mechanism of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. p62/SQSTM1 is a key Molecule managing autophagic clearance of polyubiquitinated Proteins., Whole Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic organelle turnover is mediated through macroautophagy, a process by which Autophagosome deliver Mitochondria to the Lysosomes for hydrolytic degradation. While Mitochondrial Inheritance autophagy can occur as part of a nonselective upregulation of autophagy, selective degradation of damaged or unneeded Mitochondria (mitophagy) is a rapidly growing area in development, Primary malignant neoplasm, and Nerve Degeneration, particularly with regard to Parkinson Disease, BAG Family Molecular Chaperone Regulator 3, Homo sapiens was recently described as a mediator of a novel macroautophagy pathway that uses the specificity of heat shock Protein Info 70 (Heat-Shock Proteins 70) to misfolded Proteins and also involves other Protein Info partners, such as Heat Shock Protein Beta-8., two PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET) associated Genes, PINK1 gene gene and PARK2 Protein Info, Homo sapiens, were shown to mediate the degradation of damaged Mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy), Here we show that whole Mitochondria are turned over via macroautophagy., Does HD Protein Info, Homo sapiens play a role in selective macroautophagy?, In the discussion here I suggest that SLC6A4 wt Allele may have a normal function in the lysosomal mechanism of selective macroautophagy involved in its own degradation, Macroautophagy induced by ethanol seemed to be selective for damaged Mitochondria and accumulated lipid droplets, but not long-lived Proteins, which could account for its protective effects, Although macroautophagy can be nonspecific, there are many examples of selective sequestration including pexophagy, mitophagy and the Cytoplasm to Vacuole targeting (Vertical Talus) pathway., Mitochondria autophagy (mitophagy) is the process of selective degradation of Mitochondria that has an important role in Mitochondrial Inheritance quality control., One of the Genes identified, YLR356W, is required for mitophagy, but not for macroautophagy or other types of selective autophagy., A genomic screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in selective Mitochondria autophagy., Mitophagy is the process of selective Mitochondrial Inheritance degradation via autophagy, which has an important role in Mitochondrial Inheritance quality control., Analysis of this set of targeted deletion mutants demonstrated that loss of any of the 16 Genes necessary for nonselective macroautophagy renders the Fungus (lab result) unable to cause rice blast disease, due to impairment of both conidial programmed \"U\" lymphocyte death and appressorium maturation. In contrast, Genes necessary only for selective forms of autophagy, such as pexophagy and mitophagy, are dispensable for appressorium-mediated plant infection., This gene is not required for other types of selective autophagy or for nonspecific macroautophagy., However, in contrast to the core autophagy Genes such as ATG5 gene and ATG7 gene, expression of ULK1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens is not essential for induction of macroautophagy in response to Nutrient (property) deprivation or for survival of newborn mice. Together, these data suggest that the ULK1 wt Allele homologue, Ulk1, is a component of the selective autophagy machinery that leads to the elimination of Organelles in Erythroid Cells rather that an essential mechanistic component of autophagy., Growing evidence supports an active role for dysregulated macroautophagy (autophagic stress) in neuronal \"U\" lymphocyte death and Nerve Degeneration. Alterations in Mitochondrial Inheritance function and dynamics are also strongly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, whereas the core autophagy machinery is evolutionarily conserved and shared among constitutive and induced or selective autophagy, recent studies implicate distinct mechanisms regulating Mitochondrial Inheritance autophagy (mitophagy) in response to general autophagic stimuli., We discovered that activation of the UPR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae also induces a new branch of macroautophagy that selectively targets the Endoplasmic Reticulum. We term this process \"Endoplasmic Reticulum-phagy\", in analogy to pexophagy and mitophagy, the two other known forms of Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic organelle-specific marcoautophagy. Endoplasmic Reticulum-phagy involves the generation of Autophagosome that selectively include Endoplasmic Reticulum membranes and whose delimiting double membranes also derive, at least in part, from the Endoplasmic Reticulum., This suggests that in fungal sp. an organism-specific form of selective autophagy may occur, for which specialized Atg Proteins have evolved., ransfer of Y. lipolytica Cells from oleate/ethylamine to glucose/ammonium chloride medium leads to selective macroautophagy of peroxisome., Insulin-dependent signaling regulates azurophil granule-selective macroautophagy in Homo sapiens myeloblastic Cells., We show that insulin-dependent signals regulate azurophil granule-selective macroautophagy in Homo sapiens myeloid Cells., By contrast, other Organelles, including the Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus remained intact, indicating that the macroautophagy selectively targeted azurophil granules., Thus, insulin-dependent signals are responsible for the control of azurophil granule-selective macroautophagy via Akt-dependent pathways, Eukaryotic Cells have the ability to degrade Proteins and Organelles by selective and nonselective modes of micro- and macroautophagy., For example, pexophagy is a selective process for the regulated degradation of peroxisome by autophagy., We have characterized biochemically, morphologically, and genetically two distinct pathways for the selective degradation of peroxisome in Komagataella pastoris. These pathways are independently regulated and analogous to Microautophagy and macroautophagy that have been defined in mammalian Cells., If we are willing to slightly modify our definition of autophagy, with a focus on \"degradation of a \"U\" lymphocyte's own components through the lysosomal/vacuolar machinery,\" we can include a newly documented process, programmed nuclear destruction (PND)., Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that can sequester Cytoplasmic matrix material, including Organelles, nonspecifically in a process called nonselective macroautophagy, or target specific Protein Info aggregates designated for destruction in a process called selective autophagy., Selective macroautophagy uses double-membrane vesicles, termed Autophagosome, to transport Cytoplasmic pathogens, Organelles and Protein Info complexes to the Vacuole for degradation., Autophagy (macroautophagy), a highly conserved eukaryotic mechanism, is a non-selective degradation process, helping to maintain a balance between the synthesis, degradation and subsequent recycling of macromolecules to overcome various stress conditions., Whole Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic organelle turnover is mediated through macroautophagy, a process by which Autophagosome deliver Mitochondria to the Lysosomes for hydrolytic degradation., Macroautophagy is a catabolic process by which the \"U\" lymphocyte degrades Cytoplasmic components through the lysosomal machinery., Macroautophagy maintains cellular homeostasis through targeting Cytoplasmic contents and Organelles into Autophagosome for degradation., Macroautophagy is a catabolic process by which Cytoplasmic matrix components are sequestered by double membrane vesicles called Autophagosome and sorted to the lysosomes/vacuoles to be degraded., Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a cellular degradation process, which in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced in response to Nutrient (property) deprivation., Macroautophagy was thought to be an unspecific bulk degradation process., Autophagy is a highly regulated Protoplasm degradation process by which Cells remove Cytoplasmic matrix long-lived Proteins and damaged Organelles, and can be monitored by imaging the incorporation of microtubule-associated light chain 3 (Microtubule-Associated Proteins 1A/1B Light Chain 3) fused to a fluorescent Protein Info (Green Fluorescent Proteins or mCherry) into nascent Autophagosome., Beside macroautophagy, there are several forms of selective autophagy, including chaperone-mediated autophagy (chaperone-mediated autophagy), Cytoplasm to Vacuole targeting (Vertical Talus), pexophagy and mitophagy., Macroautophagy (commonly referred to as autophagy) is the process by which intact Organelles and/or large portions of the Cytoplasm are engulfed within double-membraned autophagic vacuoles for degradation., This analysis demonstrated that Atg Proteins required for non-selective macroautophagy are conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to man, stressing the importance of this process in \"U\" lymphocyte survival and viability., Part of the degradation of Protoplasm Proteins occurs in the lysosomes and is mediated by macroautophagy.[SEP]Relations: macroautophagy has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with selective autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with selective autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with selective autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with selective autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with autophagy, bioprocess_bioprocess with autophagy, bioprocess_protein with STAM, bioprocess_protein with STAM. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the chromosomes.. ULK1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: serine/threonine-Protein Info kinase ULK1 (1050 aa, ~113 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens ULK1 gene. This Protein Info is involved in Protein Info phosphorylation that mediates the autophagocytotic process.. Cytoplasmic organelle defined as following: Cell part which consists of macromolecules aggregated into discrete structures in the protoplasm. (Digital Anatomist Foundational Model). Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Green Fluorescent Proteins defined as following: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent Protein Info that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.. Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing Organelles that occur in the Cytoplasm of all Cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon Genes within the nucleus of the Cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). peroxisome defined as following: Microbodies which occur in animal and plant Cells and in certain fungal sp. and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed). DNA Transposable Elements defined as following: Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the Genome - anatomical entity. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA DNA Transposable Elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the Homo sapiens Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.. Erythroid Cells defined as following: The series of Cells in the red blood \"U\" lymphocyte lineage at various stages of differentiation.. ATG7 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both autophagy and the transport of Cytoplasmic molecules to vacuoles.. Endoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many Cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). ethanol defined as following: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.. macroautophagy defined as following: The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of Cytoplasmic constituents in Eukaryotic Cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active Cytoplasmic enzymes and Organelles during Nutrient (property) starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded Autophagosome which enclose the Cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a Lysosomes (or Vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the Lysosomes (or Vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded. [PMID:11099404, PMID:12914914, PMID:15798367, PMID:16973210, PMID:20159618, PMID:9412464]. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Mutagenesis, Insertional defined as following: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.. Lysosomes defined as following: A class of morphologically heterogeneous Cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The Protoplasm functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the Lysosomes acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the Lysosomes and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured or undergoes MEMBRANE FUSION. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed).. Cytoplasmic matrix defined as following: Intracellular fluid from the Cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble Cytoplasmic components.. chaperone-mediated autophagy defined as following: The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate Protein Info. The Proteins are then transported to the Lysosomes where they are degraded. [GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:22743996, PMID:23434281]. Vertical Talus defined as following: Congenital severe form of flatfoot involving dislocation of the NAVICULAR BONE OF FOOT on the TALUS.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as Proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, Cytoplasm, plastids, and Mitochondria of the \"U\" lymphocyte. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. HD Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: HD Protein Info, Homo sapiens (3144 aa, ~348 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens HTT gene. This Protein Info may be involved in the regulation of vesicular transport.. ATG5 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in autophagy and may play a role in apoptosis.. PARK2 Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: E3 ubiquitin-Protein Info ligase parkin (465 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens PRKN gene. This Protein Info may play a role in the ubiquitination of Proteins targeted for proteasomal degradation.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Microtubule-Associated Proteins 1A/1B Light Chain 3 defined as following: A Protein Info family whose members bind to microtubule-associated Protein Info 1A and 1B and are involved in the formation of Autophagosome.. ULK1 wt Allele defined as following: Human ULK1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q24.3 and is approximately 29 kb in length. This allele, which encodes serine/threonine-Protein Info kinase ULK1 Protein Info, plays a role in both serine/threonine Protein Info phosphorylation and the modulation of autophagy.. Eukaryotic Cells defined as following: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.. Heat-Shock Proteins 70 defined as following: A family of structurally related Proteins that are involved in both Protein Info folding and cellular stress responses. The members of this family are approximately 70 kDa.. Pexophagy defined as following: The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:12914914, PMID:16973210]. 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.. serine defined as following: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a \"U\" lymphocyte that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). SLC6A4 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLC6A4 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q11.2 and is approximately 42 kb in length. This allele, which encodes sodium-dependent serotonin transporter Protein Info, plays a role in serotonin uptake. Polymorphism in the promoter region affects gene expression and lower gene expression is associated with depression. Coding region variations are associated with genetic susceptibility to both obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcoholism.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing Neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). heat shock Protein Info 70 defined as following: A recombinant peptide that is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous 70-kD heat shock Protein Info (Heat-Shock Proteins 70). Heat-Shock Proteins 70 is a molecular chaperone that prevents physiologic stress-induced \"U\" lymphocyte death by inhibiting both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis. Because this peptide is often overexpressed in tumor Cells, autologous vaccination with Heat-Shock Proteins 70 derived from tumor Cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a tumoricidal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. (NCI04). Vacuole defined as following: Any spaces or cavities within a \"U\" lymphocyte. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. ubiquitinated Proteins defined as following: Proteins covalently modified with UBIQUITINS or UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEINS.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. BAG Family Molecular Chaperone Regulator 3, Homo sapiens defined as following: BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 (575 aa, ~62 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens BAG Family Molecular Chaperone Regulator 3, Homo sapiens gene. This Protein Info is involved in both Protein Info chaperone activity modulation and the negative regulation of apoptosis.. Autophagosome defined as following: A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the lytic Vacuole/Lysosomes for degradation as part of macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404]. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of Mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance Genome - anatomical entity, into daughter Cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between Mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. Heat Shock Protein Beta-8 defined as following: Heat shock Protein Info beta-8 (196 aa, ~22 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Heat Shock Protein Beta-8 gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the regulation of autophagy and as a Protein Info chaperone.. cargo receptor ligand activity defined as following: The activity of a gene product that interacts with a cargo receptor ligand activity receptor and initiates endocytosis. [PMID:15797858]. neuronal \"U\" lymphocyte death defined as following: The process of \"U\" lymphocyte death in a neuron. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]. Organelles defined as following: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in Eukaryotic Cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their Cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these Cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. Fungus (lab result) defined as following: Confirmatory presence of fungal microorganisms.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Microautophagy defined as following: A type of autophagy in which the Cytoplasmic entities, such as parts of CELL NUCLEI; damaged MITOCHONDRIA; and lipid droplets, are taken up by small vesicles such as VACUOLES or MULTIVESICULAR BODIES, and degraded by lysosomal digestion.. Endoplasmic Reticulum-phagy defined as following: The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into Autophagosome, delivered to the Vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:dph, PMID:22481944, PMID:24060720, PMID:26040717].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Was ALVAC-HIV effective for HIV prevention in the HVTN 702 trial?", "id": "converted_4695", "sentence1": "Was ALVAC-HIV effective for HIV prevention in the HVTN 702 trial?", "sentence2": "During the 24-month follow-up, HIV-1 Communicable Diseases was diagnosed in 138 participants in the vaccine group and in 133 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.30; P = 0.84).CONCLUSIONS: The ALVAC-gp120 regimen did not prevent HIV-1 Communicable Diseases among participants in South Africa despite previous evidence of immunogenicity. (HVTN 702 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02968849.)., The advanced-phase HIV prevention vaccine trials done in South Africa (HVTN 702) and in Thailand (RV144), which both investigated canarypox vectors and adjuvanted gp120 proteins, gave rise to different results. The South African trial did not find vaccine efficacy, whereas the Thai trial had modest, but statistically significant, success with the modified intention-to-treat analysis prespecified in the protocols of both studies. , However, with the recent failure of the HVTN 702 clinical trial, comprehensive profiling of humoral immune responses may provide insight for these disappointing results. , A canarypox-protein HIV vaccine regimen (ALVAC-HIV plus AIDSVAX B/E) showed modest efficacy in reducing Communicable Diseases in Thailand., e vaccine and placebo groups. During the 24-month follow-up, HIV-1 Communicable Diseases was diagnosed in 138 participants in the vaccine group and in 133 in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.30; P = 0.84).CONCLUSIONS: The ALVAC-gp120 regimen did not prevent HIV-1 Communicable Diseases among participants in South Africa d[SEP]Definitions: Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can botulism poisoning of a pregnant woman harm her fetus?", "id": "converted_406", "sentence1": "Can Botulism Poisoning aspects of a pregnant woman harm her Fetus in fetu?", "sentence2": "Two Botulism outbreaks were attributed to commercial ready-to-eat meat products and 3 to Food served in restaurants; several cases were attributed to non-Native home-prepared Food. Three affected pregnant women delivered healthy infants., botulinum toxin type B is not expected to be present in systemic circulation following proper Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration or intradermal injection. Moreover, botulinum toxin type A, which has a high molecular weight, does not appear to cross the placenta. From the 38 pregnancies reported in the literature, including women who had Botulism Poisoning aspects during pregnancy, exposure to botulinum toxin type A does not appear to increase the risk of adverse outcome in the Fetus in fetu., From the 38 pregnancies reported in the literature, including women who had Botulism Poisoning aspects during pregnancy, exposure to botulinum toxin type A does not appear to increase the risk of adverse outcome in the Fetus in fetu.[SEP]Relations: Poisoning aspects has relations: disease_disease with lead Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with lead Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with toxic oil syndrome, disease_disease with toxic oil syndrome, disease_disease with methanol Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with methanol Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with colchicine Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with colchicine Poisoning aspects, disease_disease with cyanide-induced parkinsonism, disease_disease with cyanide-induced parkinsonism. Definitions: botulinum toxin type A defined as following: An injectable formulation of a neurotoxin derived through the fermentation of the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum type A with neuromuscular transmission inhibitory and analgesic activities. Upon injection into the affected muscle, the heavy chain portion of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum toxin type A) binds to the cell membrane of the motor nerve and is internalized via endocytosis. Upon entry, the light chain portion of the toxin is activated and cleaves the protein SNAP-25, thereby preventing the fusion of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane and, so, the release of ACh into the neuromuscular junction; subsequent binding of ACH to motor end-plate nicotinic acid receptors and ACh-mediated muscle contraction are thus blocked. In addition to ACh, botulinum toxin type A may inhibit the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and glutamate, which may contribute to its analgesic activity.. Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration defined as following: Intramuscular injection is a route of drug administration via injection into muscle tissue. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions and emulsions or suspensions may be administered. Absorption rates, delay in availability of the drug to the systemic circulation, and duration of effect are perfusion-limited, depend on molecular size of the agent, volume, and osmolarity of the drug solution, fat content of the injection site, and patient physical activity.. Botulism defined as following: A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208). Poisoning aspects defined as following: Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal Poisoning aspects, acute or chronic, whether the Poisoning aspects is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.. Food defined as following: Substances taken in by the body to provide nourishment..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the BAGEL algorithm used for arrayed CRISPR screens?", "id": "converted_3552", "sentence1": "Is the BAGEL algorithm used for arrayed CRISPR screens?", "sentence2": "BAGEL: a computational framework for identifying essential Genes from pooled library screens., The adaptation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to pooled library gene knockout screens in mammalian cells represents a major technological leap over RNA interference, the prior state of the art. New methods for analyzing the data and evaluating results are needed.RESULTS: We offer BAGEL (Bayesian Analysis of Gene EssentiaLity), a supervised learning method for analyzing gene knockout screens. Coupled with gold-standard reference sets of essential and nonessential Genes, BAGEL offers significantly greater sensitivity than current methods, while computational optimizations reduce runtime by an order of magnitude.CONCLUSIONS: Using BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness Genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms. BAGEL shows high sensitivity and specificity even across screens performed by different labs using different libraries and Reagents., CONCLUSIONS\n\nUsing BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness Genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms., BAGEL: a computational framework for identifying essential Genes from pooled library screens, CONCLUSIONS\nUsing BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness Genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms., CONCLUSIONS: Using BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness Genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms., Conclusions Using BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness Genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms.[SEP]Definitions: Reagents defined as following: Any natural or synthetic substance used in a chemical or biological reaction in order to produce, identify, or measure another substance.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Should perampanel be used for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "id": "converted_4433", "sentence1": "Should perampanel be used for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: Six participants were enrolled. All had adverse events, mostly behavioral. Two completed the trial and the other four withdrew due to adverse events. All participants reported resolution of these events after discontinuation of the drug. The trial was halted due to the large number of adverse events.DISCUSSION: The use of perampanel in this study of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was limited by its poor tolerability, CONCLUSIONS: perampanel was associated with a significant decline in ALSFRS-R score and was linked to worsening of the bulbar subscore in the 8 mg group., DISCUSSION: The use of perampanel in this study of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was limited by its poor tolerabilit[SEP]Relations: perampanel has relations: drug_drug with Diphemanil, drug_drug with Diphemanil, drug_drug with Propranolol, drug_drug with Propranolol, drug_drug with Eplerenone, drug_drug with Eplerenone, drug_drug with Cyclopropane, drug_drug with Cyclopropane, drug_drug with Propentofylline, drug_drug with Propentofylline. Definitions: perampanel defined as following: An orally active, non-competitive, and selective alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist, with anti-epileptic activity. Although the mechanism of action through which perampanel exerts its antiepileptic effect has not been fully elucidated, this agent antagonizes the AMPA subtype of the excitatory glutamate receptor found on postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This antagonistic action prevents AMPA receptor activation by glutamate and results in the inhibition of neuronal excitation, repetitive neuronal firing, and the stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes. Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, plays an important role in various neurological disorders caused by neuronal hyperexcitation.. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis defined as following: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94). perampanel defined as following: An orally active, non-competitive, and selective alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist, with anti-epileptic activity. Although the mechanism of action through which perampanel exerts its antiepileptic effect has not been fully elucidated, this agent antagonizes the AMPA subtype of the excitatory glutamate receptor found on postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This antagonistic action prevents AMPA receptor activation by glutamate and results in the inhibition of neuronal excitation, repetitive neuronal firing, and the stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes. Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, plays an important role in various neurological disorders caused by neuronal hyperexcitation.. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis defined as following: An inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, caused by mutation(s) in the SOD1 gene, encoding superoxide dismutase..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for CADM1 in Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?", "id": "converted_4413", "sentence1": "Is there a role for CADM1 gene in Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?", "sentence2": "Together with the frequent simultaneous Gene Deletion of MLL protein, human, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and Cytophaga-like bacteria and Gene Mutation of Putative Polycomb Group Protein Putative Polycomb Group Protein ASXL1, Splicing Factor 3B Subunit 1, human and Cytophaga-like bacteria, we show that CADM1 gene gene may be important in the physiopathology of the del(11q) MDS, extending its role as tumor-suppressor gene from Solid Neoplasm to Hematopoietic Neoplasms., The CADM1 gene gene tumor suppressor gene is a major candidate gene in MDS with Gene Deletion Abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 11.[SEP]Relations: Abnormality of the dentition has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with MGAT2-CDG, disease_phenotype_positive with MGAT2-CDG, disease_phenotype_positive with STAT3-related early-onset multisystem autoimmune disease, disease_phenotype_positive with STAT3-related early-onset multisystem autoimmune disease, disease_phenotype_positive with leukocyte adhesion deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with leukocyte adhesion deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. Definitions: Hematopoietic Neoplasms defined as following: A neoplasm arising from hematopoietic cells found in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymph nodes and spleen (organs of the hematopoietic system). Hematopoietic cell neoplasms can also involve other anatomic sites (e.g. central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract), either by metastasis, direct tumor infiltration, or neoplastic transformation of extranodal lymphoid tissues. The commonest forms are the various types of leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic syndromes.. Putative Polycomb Group Protein ASXL1 defined as following: Putative Polycomb group protein Putative Polycomb Group Protein ASXL1 (1541 aa, ~165 kDa) is encoded by the human Putative Polycomb Group Protein ASXL1 gene. This protein may be involved in the modulation of both transcription and chromatin remodeling.. Splicing Factor 3B Subunit 1, human defined as following: Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (1304 aa, ~146 kDa) is encoded by the human Splicing Factor 3B Subunit 1, human gene. This protein is involved in the structure of the spliceosome.. MLL protein, human defined as following: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase MLL (3969 aa, ~432 kDa) is encoded by the human MLL gene. This protein is involved in both histone modification and transcriptional activation.. Solid Neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered Solid Neoplasm.. CADM1 gene defined as following: Cell adhesion molecule 1 (442 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human CADM1 gene gene. This protein plays a role in calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Myelodysplastic syndrome defined as following: Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are splicing speckles associated with transcription?", "id": "converted_2430", "sentence1": "Are Nuclear Speckles associated with transcription?", "sentence2": "We show here that RNA splicing speckled domains (Nuclear Speckles) fluctuate in constrained Nuclear (incident type) volumes and remodel their shapes., We present a model where recycling splicing factors return as part of small sub-speckles from distal sites of RNA processing to larger Nuclear Speckles by a directed ATP-driven mechanism through interchromatin spaces., Analysis of a HeLa cell line stably expressing EYFP-NHPX showed that the nucleolar accumulation of NHPX was preceded by its transient accumulation in Nuclear Speckles., In vivo analysis of NHPX reveals a novel nucleolar localization pathway involving a transient accumulation in Nuclear Speckles., \"Splicing speckles\" are major Nuclear (incident type) domains rich in components of the splicing machinery and polyA(+) RNA. Although speckles contain little detectable transcriptional activity, they are found preferentially associated with specific mRNA-coding genes and gene-rich R bands, and they accumulate some unspliced pre-mRNAs, RNA Polymerase II transcribes mRNAs and is required for splicing, with some reports suggesting that the inactive complex (molecular entity) are stored in splicing speckle, In normal cell growth conditions GFPeIF4A-III was mainly nucleoplasmic, but in Hypoxia, CTCAE stress conditions it moved to the Cell Nucleolus and Nuclear Speckles., Localization of eIF4A-III in the Cell Nucleolus and Nuclear Speckles is an indicator of plant stress., Using Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic raised against mouse RBM6 to immunostain mammalian cell lines we found that the endogenous Protein Info was both distributed diffusely in the Cell Nucleus and concentrated in a small number of Nuclear (incident type) foci that corresponded to Nuclear Speckles/interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs, Subnuclear targeting of the RNA-binding motif Protein Info RBM6 to Nuclear Speckles and nascent transcripts.[SEP]Relations: Nuclear (incident type) speck has relations: cellcomp_protein with SPOP, cellcomp_protein with SPOP, cellcomp_protein with SPRTN, cellcomp_protein with SPRTN, cellcomp_protein with MBD4, cellcomp_protein with MBD4, cellcomp_protein with ERBIN, cellcomp_protein with ERBIN, cellcomp_protein with ILRUN, cellcomp_protein with ILRUN. Definitions: Cell Nucleolus defined as following: Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the Cell Nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed). RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The Nuclear (incident type) membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Nuclear Speckles defined as following: A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. complex (molecular entity) defined as following: A molecular entity formed by loose association involving two or more component molecular entities. The bonding between the components is normally weaker than in a covalent bond..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is ocrelizumab effective for treatment of multiple sclerosis?", "id": "converted_1766", "sentence1": "Is ocrelizumab effective for treatment of Multiple Sclerosis?", "sentence2": " Advances made in immunomodulation are driving the progress being made in the treatment of MS. Ocrelizumab is the first treatment with positive results in the primarily progressive forms and tocilizumab, a Pharmaceutical Preparations for Rheumatoid Arthritis, stands out as a potential candidate for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica., Expert commentary: The recent encouraging results of the ocrelizumab trial in PP MS, the first to reach the primary disability endpoint, indicate B-Lymphocytes as a promising therapeutic target to prevent disease progression. , Ocrelizumab also shows efficacy in the primary progressive form of Multiple Sclerosis., Ocrelizumab for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting., Expert commentary: The topline results of two phase-III randomized clinical trials demonstrate superiority of ocrelizumab over Recombinant Interferon Beta in RRMS patients with regards to clinical and paraclinical outcome parameters. , The efficacy of three of them, rituximab, ocrelizumab and ofatumumab in MS has been confirmed by placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrating a significant reduction of the annualized relapsing rate (ARR), new gadolinium-enhancing (GdE) and T2 lesions. , Ongoing POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA trials are currently being conducted with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ibudilast, S1P modulator siponimod and anti-B-cell therapy ocrelizumab. , RECENT FINDINGS: Novel and imminently emerging DMTs for the treatment of RRMS include alemtuzumab, daclizumab, ocrelizumab, pegylated interferon-β-1a, and three times weekly glatiramer acetate. , To summarize mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of novel and imminently emerging disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) intended to be used in Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS).Novel and imminently emerging DMTs for the treatment of RRMS include alemtuzumab, daclizumab, ocrelizumab, pegylated interferon-β-1a, and three times weekly glatiramer acetate, Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial., We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of the humanised anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab in patients with Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting. , In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), B cell-depleting therapy using monoclonal anti-CD20 Abs, including rituximab (resiniferatoxin) and ocrelizumab, effectively reduces disease activity. , Ocrelizumab also shows efficacy in the primary progressive form of Multiple Sclerosis.Most of the presented cell-depleting and myeloablative therapies are highly effective treatment options but are also accompanied by significant risks., The armamentarium of approved disease-modifying therapies in MS and those in development include: (1) the first approved, moderately effective, injectable interferon-β and glatiramer acetate; (2) oral drugs (fingolimod, laquinimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate); (3) monoclonal antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, daclizumab, alemtuzumab); and (4) immunosuppressive agents (e.g. mitoxantrone)., BACKGROUND: Be2 Cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of the humanised anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab in patients with Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting.METHODS: We did a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 79 centres in 20 countries. Patients aged 18-55 years with Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) via an interactive voice response system to receive either placebo, Low-Dose Treatment (600 mg) or high-dose (2000 mg) ocrelizumab in two doses on days 1 and 15, or intramuscular Recombinant Interferon Beta-1a (30 ìg) once a week., Ocrelizumab for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting., The potential role for ocrelizumab in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: current evidence and future prospects., Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial., Ocrelizumab also shows efficacy in the primary progressive form of Multiple Sclerosis.[SEP]Relations: Ocrelizumab has relations: drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Crenezumab, drug_drug with Crenezumab, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Pexelizumab, drug_drug with Pexelizumab. Definitions: ocrelizumab defined as following: A Fc-modified, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell CD20 cell surface antigen, with immunosuppressive activity. Ocrelizumab binds to CD20 on the surfaces of B-cells, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B-cells overexpressing CD20. The CD20 antigen, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel, is found on over 90% of B-cells, B-cell lymphomas, and other lymphoid tumor cells of B-cell origin; it plays an important role in B-cell functioning.. ofatumumab defined as following: A fully human, high-affinity IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the B cell CD20 cell surface antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Ofatumumab binds specifically to CD20 on the surfaces of B-Lymphocytes, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B-Lymphocytes overexpressing CD20. The CD20 antigen, found on over 90% of B-Lymphocytes, B cell lymphomas, and other B-Lymphocytes of lymphoid tumors of B cell origin, is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel; it is exclusively expressed on B-Lymphocytes during most stages of B cell development.. Recombinant Interferon Beta defined as following: A recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous Recombinant Interferon Beta with antiviral and anti-tumor activities. Endogenous interferons beta are cytokines produced by nucleated cells (predominantly natural killer cells) upon exposure to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA or bacterial products. These agents bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes with an interferon-specific response element. The proteins so produced mediate many complex effects, including antiviral (the most important being inhibition of viral protein synthesis), antiproliferative and immune modulating effects. The recombinant therapeutic forms of Recombinant Interferon Beta are Recombinant Interferon Beta 1-a and Recombinant Interferon Beta 1-b. (NCI05). glatiramer acetate defined as following: A random polymer of L-ALANINE, L-GLUTAMIC ACID, L-LYSINE, and L-TYROSINE that structurally resembles MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN. It is used in the treatment of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. Recombinant Interferon Beta-1a defined as following: A recombinant form of the endogenous cytokine human interferon (IFN) beta-1a, with antiproliferative, antiviral and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, Recombinant Interferon Beta-1a targets and binds to specific type I IFN receptors, which eventually results in the transcription and translation of genes containing an interferon-specific response element and leads to the production of various anti-viral proteins and modulates the production of various immune-modulating proteins. This reduces the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), upregulates the expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) I proteins which allows for increased presentation of peptides derived from viral antigens, and activates CD8+ T cells as well as other immune cells. Endogenous IFN-beta-1a is produced following viral infection and it plays a key role in innate immune response against viral pathogens.. alemtuzumab defined as following: Any monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD52, regardless of the antibody type (e.g., rat, mouse, humanized).. daclizumab defined as following: An anti-TAC (INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT) humanized monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G1 disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal clone 1H4 light chain, dimer) that is used in the treatment of ACUTE RELAPSING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting defined as following: The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914). Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). ibudilast defined as following: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), mainly PDE-3, -4, -10, and -11, with anti-(neuro)inflammatory, vasorelaxant, bronchodilator, analgesic, neuroprotective and potential anti-tumor activities. Ibudilast (IBD) is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Upon administration, IBD exerts its potential anti-tumor activity against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells by inhibiting PDE-4 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which results in a decrease in MIF, its receptor CD74, and AKT expression, and attenuates the immunosuppressive properties of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and reduces T-regulatory cells (Tregs). This causes GBM cell apoptosis and inhibits GBM cell proliferation. In addition, IBD reduces, through its inhibitory effect on various PDEs, the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL- 1beta, leukotriene B4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). IBD also upregulates the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and promotes the production of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). It also blocks toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and reduces the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also prevents platelet aggregation, causes cerebral vasodilation, bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, and improves cerebral blood flow. In addition, IBD attenuates the PDE-mediated activation of glial cells and abrogates PDE-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. MIF is secreted by cancer stem cells (CSCs) and is highly expressed within GBM and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. Co-expression of MIF and CD74 in GBM is associated with poor patient survival.. fingolimod defined as following: An orally available derivate of myriocin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) modulator, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, fingolimod, as a structural analogue of sphingosine, selectively targets and binds to S1PR1 on lymphocytes and causes transient receptor activation followed by S1PR1 internalization and degradation. This results in the sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. By preventing egress of lymphocytes. fingolimod reduces both the amount of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues. This prevents a lymphocyte-mediated immune response and may reduce inflammation. S1PR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues. Fingolimod also shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and modulates their proliferation, morphology, and cytokine release via inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7).. POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA defined as following: An exceedingly rare autosomal dominant developmental anomaly reported in 1986 in nine individuals among four generations of the same family. The syndrome has clinical characteristics of four-limb postaxial polydactyly and progressive myopia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.. Low-Dose Treatment defined as following: A reduced quantity of a therapeutic agent prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals.. dimethyl fumarate defined as following: An orally bioavailable methyl ester of fumaric acid and activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2, Nfe2l2), with potential neuroprotective, immunomodulating and radiosensitizing activities. Although the exact mechanism of action through which dimethyl fumarate exerts its neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects have yet to be fully understood, upon oral administration, dimethyl fumarate is converted into its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) and MMF binds to Nrf2. Subsequently, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE). This induces the expression of a number of cytoprotective genes, including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1, HMOX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (Gclm); this also increases the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). The intraneuronal synthesis of GSH may protect neuronal cells from damage due to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate also appears to inhibit the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-mediated pathway, modulates the production of certain cytokines and induces apoptosis in certain T-cell subsets. Its radiosensitizing activity is due to this agent's ability to bind to and sequester intracellular GSH, thereby depleting intracellular GSH and preventing its anti-oxidative effects. This enhances the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation in hypoxic cancer cells. Nrf2, a leucine zipper transcription factor, plays a key role in redox homeostasis and cytoprotection against oxidative stress.. B-Lymphocytes defined as following: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.. mitoxantrone defined as following: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. resiniferatoxin defined as following: A naturally occurring capsaicin analog found in the latex of the cactus Euphorbia resinifera with analgesic activity. Resiniferatoxin (resiniferatoxin) binds to and activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel in the plasma membrane of primary afferent sensory neurons. This increases the permeability to cations, and leads to an influx of calcium and sodium ions. This results in membrane depolarization, causing an irritant effect, followed by desensitization of the sensory neurons thereby inhibiting signal conduction in afferent pain pathways and causing analgesia. TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) superfamily, is a heat- and chemo-sensitive calcium/sodium ion channel that is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of pain-sensing primary afferent neurons.. Pharmaceutical Preparations defined as following: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is atenolol metabolized by CYP2D6?", "id": "converted_4145", "sentence1": "Is atenolol metabolized by CYP2D6?", "sentence2": "The study analysed the prescribing and dispensing of CYP2D6 drugs (metoprolol, donepezil, galantamine, codeine, tamoxifen) together with CYP2D6-blocking Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (paroxetine/fluoxetine) or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors without significant CYP2D6 inhibition (citalopram/escitalopram/sertraline), and the related prescribing of CYP2D6-independent comparator drugs (atenolol, rivastigmine, propoxyphene, anastrozole).[SEP]Relations: Atenolol has relations: drug_protein with CYP2D6, drug_protein with CYP2D6, drug_drug with NN344, drug_drug with NN344, drug_protein with ADRB2, drug_protein with ADRB2, drug_drug with Isocarboxazid, drug_drug with Isocarboxazid, drug_protein with ABCB11, drug_protein with ABCB11. Definitions: propoxyphene defined as following: The d-isomer of synthetic diphenyl propionate derivative propoxyphene, with narcotic analgesic effect. This agent mimics the effects of the endogenous opiate dextropropoxyphene, by binding to mu receptors located throughout the central nervous system. The binding results in GTP to GDP exchanges on the mu-G-protein complex, by which effector adenylate cyclase is inactivated thereby decreasing intracellular cAMP. This, in turn, inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, dextropropoxyphene closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels. This results in hyperpolarization, thereby reducing neuronal excitability, which further decreases the perception of pain.. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors defined as following: Any agent that increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell. Increased level in the synaptic cleft prolongs the action of 5-HT on the postsynaptic receptor. This type of agent is typically used as an antidepressant and in the treatment of anxiety disorders and some personality disorders. They are also typically effective and used in treating some cases of insomnia.. donepezil defined as following: The hydrochloride salt of a piperidine derivative with neurocognitive-enhancing activity. Donepezil reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thereby blocking the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and, consequently, increasing its activity. This agent may improve neurocognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, reduce sedation associated with opioid treatment of cancer pain, and improve neurocognitive function in patients who have received radiation therapy for primary brain tumors or brain metastases.. galantamine defined as following: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. codeine defined as following: An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.. tamoxifen defined as following: One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.. rivastigmine defined as following: A carbamate-derived reversible CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR that is selective for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and is used for the treatment of DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE and PARKINSON DISEASE.. metoprolol defined as following: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. atenolol defined as following: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. CYP2D6 defined as following: Cytochrome P450 2D6 (497 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human CYP2D6 gene. This protein plays a role in flavoprotein metabolism..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there any role of 5hmC in T-cell development and differentiation?", "id": "converted_2267", "sentence1": "Is there any role of 5hmC in T-Lymphocyte development and differentiation?", "sentence2": "We have mapped 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at different stages of T-Lymphocyte development in the ThymusCold weather can affect your body in different ways. You can get frostbite, which is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. Your body can also lose heat faster than you can produce it. That can cause Hypothermia due to exposure, or abnormally low body temperature. It can make you sleepy, confused, and clumsy. Because it happens gradually and affects your thinking, you may not realize you need help. That makes it especially dangerous. A body temperature below 95 °F (35 °C) is a medical emergency and can lead to death if not treated promptly.
Anyone who spends much time outdoors in cold weather can get Hypothermia due to exposure. You can also get it from being cold and wet, or under cold water for too long. Babies and old people are especially at risk. Babies can get it from sleeping in a cold room.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
. fat tissue defined as following: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for TET proteins in invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cell fate?", "id": "converted_3670", "sentence1": "Is there a role for TET proteins in invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cell fate?", "sentence2": "TET proteins regulate the lineage specification and transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair-mediated expansion of Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells., We found that simultaneous Gene Deletion Abnormality of Probable Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET2 and Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET3 in Mus sp. CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes resulted in dysregulated development and proliferation of invariant natural killer T cells (Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells). Probable Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET2-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET3 double-knockout (DKO) Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells displayed pronounced skewing toward the NKT17 lineage, with increased DNA methylation and impaired expression of Genes encoding the key lineage-specifying factors TBX21 wt Allele and ZBTB7B wt Allele. Transfer of purified Probable Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET2-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET3 DKO Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells into immunocompetent recipient CASP14 gene resulted in an uncontrolled expansion that was dependent on the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein CD1D protein, human, which presents lipid antigens to Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells. Our data indicate that TET proteins regulate iNKT cell fate by ensuring their proper development and maturation and by suppressing aberrant proliferation mediated by the T-Cell Receptor (transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair)., TET proteins regulate the lineage specification and transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair-mediated expansion of Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells .[SEP]Relations: T cell receptor complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with TRAT1, cellcomp_protein with TRAT1, cellcomp_protein with SYK, cellcomp_protein with SYK, cellcomp_protein with TRGJ2, cellcomp_protein with TRGJ2, cellcomp_protein with TRGV11, cellcomp_protein with TRGV11, cellcomp_protein with TRGC1, cellcomp_protein with TRGC1. Definitions: T-Cell Receptor defined as following: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (CD3 COMPLEX). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.. transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair defined as following: The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway. [PMID:10197977, PMID:11900249]. Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET3 defined as following: Methylcytosine dioxygenase TET3 (1660 aa, ~179 kDa) is encoded by the human TET3 gene. This protein plays a role in oxidative demethylation of DNA.. Probable Methylcytosine Dioxygenase TET2 defined as following: Methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2 (2002 aa, ~224 kDa) is encoded by the human TET2 gene. This protein is involved in methylcytosine oxidation.. Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells defined as following: A natural killer T-cell subtype bearing an invariant T-cell receptor. Invariant natural killer T-cells recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented in the context of CD1D protein, human. These cells play a regulatory role during an immune response by producing cytokines.. TBX21 wt Allele defined as following: Human TBX21 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.32 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes T-box transcription factor TBX21 protein, plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of interferon-gamma. Genetic variation is associated with susceptibility to asthma with nasal polyps and aspirin intolerance.. CD1D protein, human defined as following: Antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1D protein, human (335 aa, ~38 kDa) is encoded by the human CD1D gene. This protein is involved in lipid antigen presentation.. ZBTB7B wt Allele defined as following: Human ZBTB7B wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q21.3 and is approximately 16 kb in length. This allele, which encodes zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 7B, is involved in the repression of type I collagen gene expression and the promotion of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. invariant natural killer T cells defined as following: A natural killer T-cell subtype bearing an invariant T-cell receptor. Invariant natural killer T-cells recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented in the context of CD1D protein, human. These cells play a regulatory role during an immune response by producing cytokines..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there canonical marks of active chromatin in developmentally regulated genes?", "id": "converted_1995", "sentence1": "Are there canonical marks of active chromatin location in developmentally regulated Genes?", "sentence2": "Absence of canonical marks of active chromatin location location in developmentally regulated Genes., The interplay of active and repressive Histone Code is assumed to have a key role in the regulation of gene expression. In contrast to this generally accepted view, we show that the transcription of Genes temporally regulated during Fly (organism) and worm development occurs in the absence of canonically active Histone Code. Conversely, strong chromatin location location marking is related to transcriptional and post-transcriptional stability, an association that we also observe in Mammals. Our results support a model in which chromatin location location marking is associated with the stable production of RNA, whereas unmarked chromatin location location would permit rapid gene activation and deactivation during development. In the latter case, regulation by TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR would have a comparatively more important regulatory role than chromatin location location marks., Absence of canonical marks of active chromatin location location in developmentally regulated Genes, Absence of canonical marks of active chromatin location location in developmentally regulated Genes., In contrast to this generally accepted view, we show that the transcription of Genes temporally regulated during Fly (organism) and worm development occurs in the absence of canonically active Histone Code.[SEP]Relations: RNA localization to chromatin location has relations: bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU, bioprocess_protein with HNRNPU. histone modification has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with covalent chromatin location modification, bioprocess_bioprocess with covalent chromatin location modification. transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with METTL23, molfunc_protein with METTL23, molfunc_protein with PSMD10, molfunc_protein with PSMD10, molfunc_protein with ZNF618, molfunc_protein with ZNF618. Definitions: chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Histone Code defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc]. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Could bioprinting be used in regenerative medicine against bone disease?", "id": "converted_1177", "sentence1": "Could bioprinting be used in regenerative medicine against Specimen Type - Bone disease?", "sentence2": "Before 3 Days Printing can be used routinely for the regeneration of complex Body tissue (e.g. Specimen Type - Bone, Cartilage, Muscle Tissue, Blood Vessel, Nerve in the craniomaxillofacial complex), and complex organs with intricate 3 Days microarchitecture (e.g. Abdomen>Liver, Lymphoid organ structure), several technological limitations must be addressed. , It is expected that these new findings will give an innovation boost for the development of scaffolds for Specimen Type - Bone repair and reconstruction, which began with the use of bioinert materials, followed by bioactive materials and now leading to functional regenerative tissue units. These new developments have become possible with the discovery of the morphogenic activity of bioinorganic polymers, biocalcit, bio-polyphosphate and biosilica that are formed by a biogenic, enzymatic mechanism, a driving force along with the development of novel rapid-prototyping three-dimensional (3 Days) printing methods and bioprinting (3 Days cell printing) techniques that may allow a fabrication of customized Procedure Procedure implants:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative for patients suffering in Bone Diseases in the future., These new developments have become possible with the discovery of the morphogenic activity of bioinorganic polymers, biocalcit, bio-polyphosphate and biosilica that are formed by a biogenic, enzymatic mechanism, a driving force along with the development of novel rapid-prototyping three-dimensional (3 Days) printing methods and bioprinting (3 Days cell printing) techniques that may allow a fabrication of customized Procedure Procedure implants:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative for patients suffering in Bone Diseases in the future., 3 Days bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several Body tissue, including multilayered skin, Specimen Type - Bone, Biological blood vessel prosthesis, tracheal splints, Heart tissue and cartilaginous structures., a driving force along with the development of novel rapid-prototyping three-dimensional (3 Days) printing methods and bioprinting (3 Days cell printing) techniques that may allow a fabrication of customized Procedure Procedure implants:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative for patients suffering in Bone Diseases in the future., These new developments have become possible with the discovery of the morphogenic activity of bioinorganic polymers, biocalcit, bio-polyphosphate and biosilica that are formed by a biogenic, enzymatic mechanism, a driving force along with the development of novel rapid-prototyping three-dimensional (3 Days) printing methods and bioprinting (3 Days cell printing) techniques that may allow a fabrication of customized Procedure Procedure implants:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Narrative for patients suffering in Bone Diseases in the future.[SEP]Relations: Specimen Type - Bone disease has relations: disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone remodeling disease, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone remodeling disease, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone development disease, disease_disease with Specimen Type - Bone development disease, disease_disease with connective tissue disease, disease_disease with connective tissue disease, disease_disease with disease of Specimen Type - Bone structure, disease_disease with disease of Specimen Type - Bone structure, disease_disease with skeletal system disease, disease_disease with skeletal system disease. Definitions: Blood Vessel defined as following: Any of the tubular Blood Vessel conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).. Bone Diseases defined as following: Diseases of BONES.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Nerve defined as following: Part of the peripheral nervous system composed of bundles of nerve fibers running to various organs and Body tissue of the body using chemical and electrical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one body part to another.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Biological blood vessel prosthesis defined as following: Blood vessel prostheses manufactured from processed biological tissue.. Cartilage defined as following: A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.. Specimen Type - Bone disease defined as following: Diseases of BONES..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does gepotidacin activate bacterial topoisomerase?", "id": "converted_2802", "sentence1": "Does gepotidacin activate bacterial topoisomerase?", "sentence2": "GSK2140944 is a novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor in development for the treatment of Bacterial Infections.[SEP]Relations: Recurrent Bacterial Infections has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with chromomycosis, disease_phenotype_positive with chromomycosis, disease_phenotype_positive with adenosine deaminase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with adenosine deaminase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with pancytopenia due to IKZF1 mutations, disease_phenotype_positive with pancytopenia due to IKZF1 mutations, disease_phenotype_positive with Chediak-Higashi syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Definitions: Bacterial Infections defined as following: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can mogamulizumab be used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?", "id": "converted_3027", "sentence1": "Can mogamulizumab be used for the treatment of Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous?", "sentence2": "In the large international phase III MAVORIC trial, patients with previously treated Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous who received the anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody mogamulizumab experienced significantly longer progression-free survival and higher response rates, as well as better quality of life, than those who received vorinostat, a standard therapy.[SEP]Relations: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has relations: phenotype_phenotype with T-cell lymphoma, phenotype_phenotype with T-cell lymphoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Sezary syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Sezary syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with mycosis fungoides and variants, disease_phenotype_positive with mycosis fungoides and variants. Vorinostat has relations: drug_effect with T-cell lymphoma, drug_effect with T-cell lymphoma, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab. Definitions: Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous defined as following: A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.. vorinostat defined as following: A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. Vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. Vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier.. mogamulizumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Mogamulizumab selectively binds to and blocks the activity of CCR4, which may inhibit CCR4-mediated signal transduction pathways and, so, chemokine-mediated cellular migration and proliferation of T cells, and chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, this agent may induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CCR4-positive T cells. CCR4, a G-coupled-protein receptor for C-C chemokines such MIP-1, RANTES, TARC and MCP-1, is expressed on the surfaces of some types of T cells, endothelial cells, and some types of neurons. CCR4, also known as CD194, may be overexpressed on adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) cells..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are DNA methylation maps applicable to the diagnosis of non-small-cell lung carcinomas?", "id": "converted_1345", "sentence1": "Are DNA methylation maps applicable to the diagnosis of non-small-cell lung carcinomas?", "sentence2": "Here we present a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples and paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, where we combine MethylCap and next generation sequencing (MethylCap-seq) to provide comprehensive DNA methylation maps of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and paired lung samples., Analysis of the MethylCap-seq data revealed a strong positive correlation between replicate experiments and between paired Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor/lung samples. We identified 57 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) present in all Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Neoplasms analyzed by MethylCap-seq. While hypomethylated DMRs did not correlate to any particular functional category of Genes, the hypermethylated DMRs were strongly associated with Genes encoding transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, subtelomeric regions and satellite repeats were hypomethylated in the Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples. We also identified DMRs that were specific to two of the major subtypes of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth., Collectively, we provide a resource containing genome-wide DNA methylation maps of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and their paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, and comprehensive lists of known and novel DMRs and associated Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma., Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of non-small cell lung carcinomas., Genomewide DNA methylation analysis identifies novel methylated Genes in non-small-cell lung carcinomas., To identify candidate markers for use in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma diagnosis, we used genomewide DNA methylation maps that we had previously generated by MethylCap and next-generation sequencing and listed the most significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs). The 25 DMRs with highest significance in their methylation scores were selected. The methylation status of these DMRs was investigated in 61 Neoplasms and matching control Structure of parenchyma of lung by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction., We found 12 novel DMRs that showed significant differences between Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and control Structure of parenchyma of lung. We also identified three novel DMRs for each of the two most common Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma subtypes, Adenocarcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth. We propose a panel of five DMRs, composed of novel and known markers that exhibit high specificity and sensitivity to distinguish Neoplasms from control Structure of parenchyma of lung., Here we present a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples and paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, where we combine MethylCap and next generation sequencing (MethylCap-seq) to provide comprehensive DNA methylation maps of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and paired lung samples., It is a very stable and specific ResponseLevel - ResponseLevel - modification and therefore in principle a very suitable marker for epigenetic phenotyping of Neoplasms. Here we present a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples and paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, where we combine MethylCap and next generation sequencing (MethylCap-seq) to provide comprehensive DNA methylation maps of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and paired lung samples., Here we present a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples and paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, where we combine MethylCap and next generation sequencing (MethylCap-seq) to provide comprehensive DNA methylation maps of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and paired lung samples. The MethylCap-seq data were validated by bisulfite sequencing and methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction of selected regions., Here we present a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma samples and paired Structure of parenchyma of lung, where we combine MethylCap and next generation sequencing (MethylCap-seq) to provide comprehensive DNA methylation maps of the Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and paired lung samples.[SEP]Relations: small cell lung carcinoma has relations: disease_disease with lung carcinoma, disease_disease with lung carcinoma, disease_disease with small cell carcinoma, disease_disease with small cell carcinoma, disease_disease with occult small cell lung carcinoma, disease_disease with occult small cell lung carcinoma, disease_protein with RIMS2, disease_protein with RIMS2, disease_protein with ID2, disease_protein with ID2. Definitions: Adenocarcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial Specimen Source Codes - tumor with a glandular organization.. Squamous cell carcinoma of mouth defined as following: A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the Specimen Source Codes - tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal Specimen Source Codes - tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the Specimen Source Codes - tumor and the lymph nodes status.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Structure of parenchyma of lung defined as following: Tissue consisting of an external serous coat, subserous areolar tissue and lung parenchyma. The parenchyma is made up of lobules wound together by connective tissue. A primary lobule consists of a terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts, which communicate with many alveoli, each alveolus being surrounded by a network of capillary blood vessels.. ResponseLevel - modification defined as following:Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. non-small-cell lung carcinomas defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there any clinical trials of the effect of evening primrose oil on postmenopausal symptoms ?", "id": "converted_724", "sentence1": "Are there any clinical trials of the effect of evening Primula obconica preparation oil on postmenopausal symptoms ?", "sentence2": "To analyze whether the time (morning/evening) of administration of a fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether containing 60 mg of dry soy seed extract (glycine max) with 40% of total Isoflavones, Primula obconica preparation oil and α-tocopherol modifies the effect on the Menopausal syndrome., The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of a fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether containing Isoflavones 60 mg, Primula obconica preparation oil 440 mg and Vitamin E Drug Class 10 mg. (IOVE) on menopausal complaints. This was an open, multicentre, randomised, group comparative, efficacy and safety trial., Emphasis was placed on randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, as these provide the best efficacy and safety data, Nonprescription therapies reviewed include black cohosh, Angelica sinensis root extract, evening Primula obconica preparation oil, physical activity, phytoestrogens, and Trifolium pratense whole extract, The effect of oral evening Primula obconica preparation oil on menopausal hot flashes: a randomized clinical trial., The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of evening Primula obconica preparation with placebo in improvement of menopausal hot flashes. , The application of oral evening Primula obconica preparation oil compared with placebo for controlling hot flashes may decrease more the intensity of attacks , Our search identified 58 randomised controlled trials of which 11 involved the use of clonidine, six for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, four for gabapentin, seven for black cohosh, seven for Trifolium pratense whole extract, 18 for phytoestrogens, two for ginseng, one for evening Primula obconica preparation,, Single clinical trials have found no benefit for Angelica sinensis root extract, evening Primula obconica preparation oil,, Single clinical trials have found that Angelica sinensis root extract, evening Primula obconica preparation oil,, To evaluate the efficacy of gamma-linolenic acid provided by evening Primula obconica preparation oil in treating hot flushes and sweating associated with the menopause. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study.[SEP]Relations: Evening Primula obconica preparation oil has relations: drug_drug with Primidone, drug_drug with Primidone, drug_drug with Estradiol, drug_drug with Estradiol, drug_drug with Acetaminophen, drug_drug with Acetaminophen, drug_drug with Prednisone, drug_drug with Prednisone, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine. Definitions: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors defined as following: Any agent that increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell. Increased level in the synaptic cleft prolongs the action of 5-HT on the postsynaptic receptor. This type of agent is typically used as an antidepressant and in the treatment of anxiety disorders and some personality disorders. They are also typically effective and used in treating some cases of insomnia.. gamma-linolenic acid defined as following: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gabapentin defined as following: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. Isoflavones defined as following: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.. Menopausal syndrome defined as following: A grouping of variable physical, vasomotor and psychological symptoms in climacteric females. Physical symptoms include: cessation of menses, headaches, fatigue, weight gain and vaginal dryness. Vasomotor symptoms typically include: palpitations, hot flashes and night sweats. Psychological symptoms may include: decrease in libido, emotional lability, difficulty concentrating and insomnia.. clonidine defined as following: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. Angelica sinensis root extract defined as following: An herbal extract derived from the root of the plant Angelica sinensis with possible antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilatory, estrogenic, and antitumor activities. Angelica sinensis contains volatile oils, including safrole, isosafrole, and n-butylphthalide; coumarin derivatives, including psoralens, bergapten, osthol, imperatorin, and oxypeucedanin; and ferulic acid. The coumarin derivatives in this agent may vasodilate and relax smooth muscle and may exhibit additive anticoagulant effects. Ferulic acid, a phenolic phytochemical present in plant cell walls, may neutralize free radicals such as reactive oxygen species. In addition, Angelica sinensis extract has been shown to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of glioblastoma mutltiforme brain tumor cells through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is poly (ADP- ribosylation) involved in transcriptional control?", "id": "converted_1241", "sentence1": "Is poly (ADP- ribosylation) involved in transcriptional control?", "sentence2": "Histone phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation and poly-ADP-ribosylation, as well as ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes, play equally pivotal roles in the maintenance of transcriptional fidelity, oly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1; PARP2 protein, human) is an abundant Nuclear Protein that is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, programmed cell death and transcriptional regulation., Many lines of evidence suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (TIPARP gene) is involved in transcriptional regulation of various Genes as a RBM14 protein, human or a Co-Repressor Proteins by modulating chromatin structure, These results suggest that TIPARP gene is required to maintain transcriptional regulation of a wide variety of Genes on a genome-wide scale, PARP-1 was identified as a part of the mH2A1.1 nucleosome complex and was found to be associated with the heat-shock protein 70.1 promoter, Upon heat shock, the heat-shock protein 70.1 promoter-bound PARP-1 is released to activate transcription through ADP-ribosylation of other heat-shock protein 70.1 promoter-bound proteins, Cycloheximide-induced cells were treated with two chemical inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. 3-aminobenzamide inhibited 75% of Pulmonary artery pressure gene induction and 4-hydroxyquinazolone, the highly specific inhibitor of the Enzyme [APC], blocked almost completely Pulmonary artery pressure expression, suggesting that ADP-ribosylation was indeed required for the upregulation of Pulmonary artery pressure gene expression by Cycloheximide, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase suppressed UV-induced HIV-1 gene expression but not tat-mediated expression, oly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors suppress UV-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression[SEP]Relations: TIPARP has relations: bioprocess_protein with protein mono-ADP-ribosylation, bioprocess_protein with protein mono-ADP-ribosylation, bioprocess_protein with protein ADP-ribosylation, bioprocess_protein with protein ADP-ribosylation, bioprocess_protein with protein auto-ADP-ribosylation, bioprocess_protein with protein auto-ADP-ribosylation, molfunc_protein with protein ADP-ribosylase activity, molfunc_protein with protein ADP-ribosylase activity, molfunc_protein with NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, molfunc_protein with NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Definitions: TIPARP gene defined as following: This gene is involved in ADP-ribosylation of proteins.. Cycloheximide defined as following: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. Pulmonary artery pressure defined as following: Blood pressure in the pulmonary artery.. Co-Repressor Proteins defined as following: A subclass of repressor proteins that do not directly bind DNA. Instead, co-repressors generally act via their interaction with DNA-BINDING PROTEINS such as a TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING FACTORS or NUCLEAR RECEPTORS.. RBM14 protein, human defined as following: RNA-binding protein 14 (669 aa, ~69 kDa) is encoded by the human RBM14 gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of gene expression.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. PARP2 protein, human defined as following: Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 (583 aa, ~66 kDa) is encoded by the human PARP2 gene. This protein is involved in the initiation of DNA repair..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does smoking increase risk for glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_1125", "sentence1": "Does Location characteristic ID - Smoking increase risk for glioblastoma?", "sentence2": "Glioma risk has consistently been inversely associated with allergy history but not with Location characteristic ID - Smoking history despite putative biologic plausibility., No relation was observed between Glioma risk and Location characteristic ID - Smoking (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 1.10; P = 0.37), and there were no interactions for Glioma risk of Location characteristic ID - Smoking history with any of the risk alleles. , Non-smokers with G/A and A/A genotype showed increased Glioma risk compared with G/G genotype (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.29-2.30, p = 0.0002 and adjusted OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.10-2.99, p = 0.020, respectively). This association was not found in ever- or current-smokers. , There was no significant association between Glioma and alcohol consumption, Location characteristic ID - Smoking and mobile phone use. , RESULTS: We found no associations between the GSTM3 gene gene, GSTP1 gene gene, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1, human, Cytochrome P-450 Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, GSTM1 protein, human protein, human, or GSTT1 polymorphisms and adult Brain Neoplasms risk with the possible exception of a weak association between the G-C (Val-Ala) GSTP1 gene gene 105/114 cdE cdE haplotype finding finding and Glioma [odds ratio (OR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.54, 0.99], nor was there an interaction between the effects of the GSTM3 gene gene or GSTP1 gene gene polymorphisms and cigarette Location characteristic ID - Smoking., We did not find any evidence for an association with life-style characteristics such as cigarette Location characteristic ID - Smoking, alcohol consumption, use of drugs of any kind, or dietary intake of cured or smoked meat or Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization., No relation was observed between Glioma risk and Location characteristic ID - Smoking (odds ratio = 0, Glioma risk has consistently been inversely associated with allergy history but not with Location characteristic ID - Smoking history despite putative biologic plausibility, Compared with nonsmokers, duration of cigarette Location characteristic ID - Smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day and pack-years of Location characteristic ID - Smoking were associated with increased Glioma risk, although the increases in risk were relatively modest, Among ever smokers, women who reported having quit Location characteristic ID - Smoking had a 51% increase in risk of Glioma compared with never smokers (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.97-2.34), while current smokers did not appear to have an increase in risk[SEP]Relations: Glioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with glioblastoma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with glioblastoma (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma, disease_phenotype_positive with retinoblastoma, disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis, disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis, disease_phenotype_positive with Glioma susceptibility, disease_phenotype_positive with Glioma susceptibility, drug_effect with Aminolevulinic acid, drug_effect with Aminolevulinic acid. Definitions: Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 defined as following: A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization. This enzyme, encoded by Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.. Brain Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization defined as following: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.. GSTM1 protein, human defined as following: Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (218 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human GSTM1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the metabolism of small molecules and xenobiotics.. GSTM3 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both glutathione metabolism and cellular detoxification.. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1, human defined as following: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (274 aa, ~31 kDa) is encoded by the human NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1, human gene. This protein is involved in hydroquinone synthesis.. GSTP1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in phase II metabolism of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is autism one of the characteristics of Moebius syndrome?", "id": "converted_732", "sentence1": "Is Autistic Disorder one of the characteristics of Mobius Syndrome 1?", "sentence2": "The diagnosis of Mobius Syndrome 1, a rare Congenital Disorders, is primarily based on congenital facial and abducent nerve palsy. Involvement of other Cranial Nerves is also common. Occasionally the V, X, Xi, and XII Cranial Nerves are involved, resulting in a difficulty to chew, swallow, and Cough (guaifenesin), which often leads to respiratory complications. Intellectual Disability and Autistic Disorder have been reported in some cases, Moebius sequence is a rare Congenital Disorders usually defined as a combination of facial weakness with impairment of ocular abduction. A strong association of Moebius sequence with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been suggested in earlier studies with heterogenous age groups, Certain genetic syndromes are providing us with extremely valuable information about the role played by genetics in Autistic Disorder. This is the case of the following syndromes: Angelman Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, 15q11-q13 duplication, Fragile X Syndrome, fragile X premutation, deletion of chromosome 2q, 47, 47, XYY syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, Apert syndrome, Gene Mutation in the ARX gene, Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Williams Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, NOONAN SYNDROME 3, Down Syndrome, Shprintzen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY 1, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder), Tabes Dorsalis, Timothy syndrome, 10p terminal deletion, COWDEN SYNDROME 5, 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, Myhre syndrome, SOTOS SYNDROME 1, VPS13B gene, Goldenhar Syndrome, Familial aplasia of the vermis, Lujan Fryns syndrome, Mobius Syndrome 1, Hypopigmentation disorder of Ito, Neurofibromatosis 2 type 1, CHARGE Syndrome and HEADD syndrome., Seventeen children and young adults with Mobius Syndrome 1 were examined with a view to finding symptoms of Autistic Disorder. Some 40% of the group showed all or many of the symptoms typical of autistic disorder, Fifty-nine cases with infantile Autistic Disorder/autistic disorder were subclassified according to associated medical condition (fragile-X, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder), Neurofibromatosis 2, hypo-melanosis of Ito, Mobius Syndrome 1, Rett Syndrome, and a 'new' syndrome associated with a Extra unidentified structurally abnormal chromosome (disorder))., Autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with Moebius sequence., Moebius sequence and Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders--less frequently associated than formerly thought., A strong association of Moebius sequence with Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been suggested in earlier studies with heterogenous age groups., Autistic behaviour in Mobius Syndrome 1., The high frequency of Autistic symptoms in Mobius Syndrome 1 might be a marked overrepresentation and could be suggestive of a common underlying neurobiological deficit at the brainstem level., Autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with Moebius sequence., Moebius sequence and Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders--less frequently associated than formerly thought., Autistic behaviour in Mobius Syndrome 1.[SEP]Relations: Mobius syndrome has relations: disease_disease with Moebius axonal neuropathy hypogonadism, disease_disease with Moebius axonal neuropathy hypogonadism. Autistic Disorder spectrum disorder has relations: disease_protein with MBD4, disease_protein with MBD4, disease_disease with Asperger syndrome, disease_disease with Asperger syndrome, disease_protein with ADA, disease_protein with ADA, disease_protein with MBD3, disease_protein with MBD3. Definitions: Smith-Magenis syndrome defined as following: A genetic syndrome caused by an interstitial deletion in chromosome 17p11.2. It is characterized by mild to moderate mental retardation, distinctive facial features (flat head, square face, and deep set-eyes), sleep disturbances, attention deficit disorders, and temper tantrums.. Autistic Disorder defined as following: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V). Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.. Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome defined as following: An X-linked inherited form of Cornelia Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the SMC1A gene mapped to chromosome Xp11.22. Patients have a milder form of the syndrome compared to patients with the NIPBL gene mutation.. Autistic Disorder spectrum disorders defined as following: A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes Autistic Disorder, Asperger syndrome, and Rett Syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). NOONAN SYNDROME 3 defined as following: NOONAN SYNDROME 3 caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the KRAS gene, encoding GTPase KRas.. Cranial Nerves defined as following: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.. MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY 1 defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by Gene Mutation in the DMPK gene. It is characterized by myotonia, muscular dystrophy, hypogonadism, heart conduction defects and cataracts.. Tabes Dorsalis defined as following: Parenchymatous NEUROSYPHILIS marked by slowly progressive degeneration of the posterior columns, posterior roots, and ganglia of the spinal cord. The condition tends to present 15 to 20 years after the initial infection and is characterized by lightening-like pains in the lower extremities, URINARY INCONTINENCE; ATAXIA; severely impaired position and vibratory sense, abnormal gait (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), OPTIC ATROPHY; Argyll-Robertson pupils, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, and trophic joint degeneration (Charcot's Joint; see ARTHROPATHY, NEUROGENIC). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p726). Lujan Fryns syndrome defined as following: A syndrome marked by marfanoid habitus (tall stature with long and slim limbs, little subcutaneous fat, arachnodactyly, joint hyperextensibility, narrow face, small chin, large testes, and hypotonia) associated with mental retardation.. Hypopigmentation disorder defined as following: A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as Hypopigmentation disorder. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.. Shprintzen syndrome defined as following: Typical facies with a prominent nose and retruded mandible, cleft palate, cardiovascular defects, learning disability, retarded mental development, and short stature. Elements of this syndrome are frequently present in the Robin syndrome.. Goldenhar Syndrome defined as following: Mandibulofacial dysostosis with congenital eyelid dermoids.. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 16p13.3 (TSC2 gene).. Angelman Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence \"happy\"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence \"puppet\"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35). Neurofibromatosis 2 defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to Gene Mutation of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.. Down Syndrome defined as following: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra CHROMOSOME 21 or an effective TRISOMY for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include HYPOTONIA, short stature, BRACHYCEPHALY, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, single transverse palmar crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213). 47, XYY syndrome defined as following: A condition caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome resulting in 47,XYY karyotype in an individual with male phenotype. The condition is characterized by tall stature, increased risk of learning disabilities, and delayed development of speech and language. Testicular function and size are normal.. CHARGE Syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant syndrome usually caused by Gene Mutation in the CHD7 gene. The term CHARGE is an acronym for the following unusual congenital abnormalities that are associated with this syndrome: coloboma of the eye, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth and developmental retardation, genital, and ear abnormalities.. Familial aplasia of the vermis defined as following: A rare genetic syndrome characterized by the hypoplasia or absence of the cerebellar vermis. Signs and symptoms include rapid breathing (hyperpnea), sleep apnea, abnormal eye movements, mental retardation, and ataxia.. Williams Syndrome defined as following: A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.. Rett Syndrome defined as following: An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199). Apert syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant inherited type of acrocephalosyndactyly caused by Gene Mutation in the FGFR2 gene. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging eyes, low-set ears, fusion of the second, third, and forth fingers, and fusion of the toes.. ARX gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and the development of the brain.. Congenital Disorders defined as following: existing at, and usually before, birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation; inborn metabolism disorders are generally not treed here.. Prader-Willi Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229). Fragile X Syndrome defined as following: A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226). Mobius Syndrome 1 defined as following: A syndrome of congenital facial paralysis, frequently associated with abducens palsy and other congenital abnormalities including lingual palsy, clubfeet, brachial disorders, cognitive deficits, and pectoral muscle defects. Pathologic findings are variable and include brain stem nuclear aplasia, facial nerve aplasia, and facial muscle aplasia, consistent with a multifactorial etiology. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1020). Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Curare function by stimulating the acetylcholine receptor?", "id": "converted_4161", "sentence1": "Does Curare function by stimulating the Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody?", "sentence2": "Usual clinical concentrations of Curare cause competitive inhibition of Muscle Tissue nicotinic acetylcholine receptors while higher concentrations may induce open channel blockade., nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (nAChR)-blocking agents [e.g., Curare or alpha-Bungarotoxins (alpha-BTX), The short neurotoxins to which Erabutoxins belong act by blocking the nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody, Both EFS- and carbachol-evoked contractions of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter were blocked by Curare at a lower concentration than by Atropinum, Atropinum, atropine or Hexamethonium, suggesting that the Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody is nicotinic., We applied ACh alone; the nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (nAChR) Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) Curare, either alone or in the presence of ACh; and the muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (mAChR) Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) Atropinum, Atropinum, atropine, either alone or in the presence of ACh., The EFS-induced contraction of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter was completely blocked by Tetrodotoxin and Curare, and abolished in Ca2+ -free Ringer solution., Curare binding and the Curare-induced subconductance state of the Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody channel., We have further investigated this particular Mutation Abnormality by examining the interaction of the competitive Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) d-tubocurarine (Curare) with the receptor., tubocurarine (Curare) is a well-characterized competitive Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), and it is usually assumed that Curare and agonists share a common Ligand Binding Domain., Curare action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has a number of facets, of which the best known is competitive antagonism., The mode of action of Curare, a well-known competitive Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) of acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptor, was examined with the single channel recording technique. , ently, however, it has been shown that Curare can also block the channels opened by ACh at the RanaParticipant material that is brought forth (produced) in the act (e.g., specimen in a specimen collection, access or drainage in a placement service, medication package in a dispense service). It does not matter whether the material produced had existence prior to the service, or whether it is created in the service (e.g., in supply services the product - ParticipationType is taken from a stock).
. Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Extracellular Matrix defined as following: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which Cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.. Mammary gland defined as following: Glandular tissue in the BREAST of human that is under the influence of hormones such as ESTROGENS; PROGESTINS; and PROLACTIN. In WOMEN, after PARTURITION, the Mammary gland glands secrete milk (MILK, HUMAN) for the nourishment of the young.. Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome defined as following: A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a normal QRS complex. In this syndrome, the atrial impulse conducts via the JAMES FIBERS which connect the atrium to BUNDLE OF HIS bypassing the upper ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. HEART VENTRICLES are depolarized normally through the His-Purkinje system.. hepatocellular Carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver Cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The Cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. SCRIB defined as following: This gene is involved in the establishment of cell polarity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do Parkinson's disease patients experience stridor?", "id": "converted_1173", "sentence1": "Do Parkinson's Disease patients experience Stridor?", "sentence2": "The authors describe a patient experiencing Stridor and Deglutition Disorders with confirmed pulmonary restriction and aspiration following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator adjustment, with a resolution of symptoms and signs when the stimulator was switched off., Stridor was not noted during sleep at night. Endoscopic examination of the Larynx revealed insufficient abduction of the bilateral vocal cords, although the glottis was not so small as to cause Stridor during inspiration. , The Stridor was specific to Multiple System Atrophy. , Patients with Multiple System Atrophy can present other clinical features, such as inspiratory Stridor and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RNA Recognition Motif). We report a patient with pathologically confirmed Multiple System Atrophy who presented with a longstanding history of Stridor, RNA Recognition Motif and autonomic disturbances but did not develop overt Parkinsonian Disorders or cerebellar signs. This case illustrates that Multiple System Atrophy may present clinically without its cardinal motor symptoms, and that Stridor and RNA Recognition Motif may be clues to recognise the Disease in a patient with Pure Autonomic Failure., Patients with Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET did not display sleep hypoventilation, Stridor and abnormal central sleep apnea. , DEVELOPMENT: Autonomic disorders such as seborrhoeic dermatitis and disorders involving sweating, Fatigue, Measured Measured weight loss (observable entity) (observable entity) or respiratory problems (Dyspnea, inspiratory Stridor) are highly prevalent and very disabling symptoms. In addition, they may be the main problem in a particular phase of Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET (Fatigue, Stridor) and condition the quality of life of patients with Parkinson. , . Her dyspneic attacks consisting of inspiratory Stridor and Cyanosis occurred mainly during the wearing-off time and continued for less than 30 min, The most commonly reported Sleep Disorders were sleep fragmentation (52.5%), vocalisation (60%), REM sleep behaviour disorder (47.5%), and nocturnal Stridor (19%). Except for sleep fragmentation, the incidence of these disorders was significantly higher than in Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET, Six days after admission, Dyspnea and inspiratory Stridor were noted, and the respiratory distress worsened. , A patient is described with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease and severe laryngeal Stridor., The laryngeal Stridor responded to levodopa therapy, and we are not aware that this has been reported previously., The subsequent clinical course of the former eight patients has been typical of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, whilst the ninth patient has developed postural hypotension, Urinary Incontinence and respiratory Stridor typical of multiple system atrophy. , Although each of five autonomic domains was affected in variable numbers of Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile patients, cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol in Multiple System Atrophy generally involved more autonomic domains than in Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile, and to a more severe degree, in particular with regard to inspiratory Stridor., However, the presence of severe cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, of cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol preceding Parkinsonian Disorders, or of inspiratory Stridor, are all individually suggestive of Multiple System Atrophy., Apart from Dysautonomia, the principal discriminant clinical features that distinguished Sindhi language from Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET were the early appearance of the following symptoms and signs: (a) severe and atypical progressive Parkinsonian Disorders characterized by bilateral bradykinesia and Muscle Rigidity, slowness of gait, postural instability, and falls, and poor or absent response to adequate levodopa treatment; (b) increased tendon reflexes associated or not with frank pyramidal signs, severe dysarthria, and less consistently, Deglutition Disorders, Stridor, Antecollis, and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus, which, when present, are highly suggestive of the Disease., OBJECTIVES: (1) To present a rare case of Stridor secondary to prolonged laryngospasm in a patient with Parkinson's Disease, and (2) to review the literature on Stridor in Parkinson's Disease. METHODS: We report a 73-year-old Parkinson's Disease patient who developed acute Stridor due to prolonged laryngospasm triggered by overspill of excessive secretions. , RESULT: Only 12 previously reported cases of Stridor in Parkinson's Disease patients were identified. , This case emphasises the importance of recognising different causes of Stridor in Parkinson's Disease patients, as this affects management., RESULT: Only 12 previously reported cases of Stridor in Parkinson Disease patients were identified., This case emphasises the importance of recognising different causes of Stridor in Parkinson Disease patients, as this affects management., OBJECTIVES: (1) To present a rare case of Stridor secondary to prolonged laryngospasm in a patient with Parkinson Disease, and (2) to review the literature on Stridor in Parkinson Disease., METHODS: We report a 73-year-old Parkinson Disease patient who developed acute Stridor due to prolonged laryngospasm triggered by overspill of excessive secretions., (1) To present a rare case of Stridor secondary to prolonged laryngospasm in a patient with Parkinson's Disease, and (2) to review the literature on Stridor in Parkinson's Disease.[SEP]Relations: Stridor has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with infantile dystonia-Parkinsonian Disorders, disease_phenotype_positive with infantile dystonia-Parkinsonian Disorders, disease_phenotype_positive with multiple system atrophy, parkinsonian type, disease_phenotype_positive with multiple system atrophy, parkinsonian type. Parkinson Disease has relations: disease_disease with parkinsonian disorder, disease_disease with parkinsonian disorder, contraindication with Streptomycin, contraindication with Streptomycin. parkinsonian disorder has relations: disease_disease with Parkinson Disease, disease_disease with Parkinson Disease. Definitions: Sindhi language defined as following: An Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Sindhi people of the Pakistani province of Sindh.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. Sleep Disorders defined as following: Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187). RNA Recognition Motif defined as following: An approximately 80 amino acid RNA binding motif that consists of four anti-parallel surface beta sheets and two alpha helices arranged in a beta-alpha-beta-beta-alpha-beta configuration. One of the surface beta sheets interacts with two or three specific RNA bases. Interactions between additional sequences and the RNA, as well as within the RNA recognition motif increase the affinity and specificity of the protein-RNA interaction.. Dysautonomia defined as following: An acute or chronic disorder, affecting the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. It can be primary, the result of central nervous system degeneration, or secondary due to diabetes or alcoholism. Patients with the chronic form of this disorder usually have a progressive clinical course and a poor prognosis.. Muscle Rigidity defined as following: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish Muscle Rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73). Stridor defined as following: A symptom resulting from laryngeal obstruction. It is characterized by a high pitched breathing sound.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic Disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), Muscle Rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of Parkinsonian Disorders. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). Multiple System Atrophy defined as following: A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same Disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92). glottis defined as following: The vocal apparatus of the Larynx, situated in the middle section of the Larynx. Glottis consists of the VOCAL FOLDS and an opening (rima glottidis) between the folds.. Urinary Incontinence defined as following: Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.. Pure Autonomic Failure defined as following: A degenerative Disease of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM that is characterized by idiopathic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION and a greatly reduced level of CATECHOLAMINES. No other neurological deficits are present.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Cyanosis defined as following: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.. inspiratory Stridor defined as following: Inspiratory Stridor is a high pitched sound upon inspiration that is generally related to laryngeal abnormalities. [HPO:curators]. laryngeal Stridor defined as following: A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.. Parkinsonian Disorders defined as following: A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary Parkinsonian Disorders (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary Parkinsonian Disorders (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.. levodopa defined as following: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Deglutition Disorders defined as following: Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal Deglutition Disorders due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal Deglutition Disorders due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.. Dyspnea defined as following: Difficult or labored breathing.. Larynx defined as following: A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.. Parkinsonism-Dystonia, Infantile defined as following: An autosomal recessive condition caused by mutation(s) in the SLC6A3 gene, encoding sodium-dependent dopamine transporter. It is characterized by Parkinsonian features and has an onset in early infancy.. Measured weight loss (observable entity) defined as following: The measured decrease in body weight over a specified period of time.. Parkinson's Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic Disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), Muscle Rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of Parkinsonian Disorders. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does metformin interfere thyroxine absorption?", "id": "converted_5", "sentence1": "Does metformin interfere thyroxine absorption?", "sentence2": "LT4 absorption is unchanged by concomitant metformin ingestion., It has been hypothesized that metformin may suppress serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations by enhancing LT4 absorption or by directly affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.[SEP]Relations: Metformin has relations: contraindication with thymus gland disease, contraindication with thymus gland disease, contraindication with injury, contraindication with injury, drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia, drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia, drug_effect with Sensory impairment, drug_effect with Sensory impairment, drug_drug with Pyridoxine, drug_drug with Pyridoxine. Definitions: metformin defined as following: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are there any HCV replication inhibitors available?", "id": "converted_1099", "sentence1": "Are there any HCV replication inhibitors available?", "sentence2": "We report here the discovery of the first small-molecule HCV infectivity inhibitor, GS-563253, also called HCV infectivity inhibitor 1 (HCV II-1). , Resistance to Mericitabine (Prodrugs of HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor PSI 6130) is rare and conferred by the NS5B S282T Mutation Abnormality., We tested the ability of NA808 to inhibit SPT's enzymatic activity in FLR3-1 replicon cells, The SPT inhibitor NA808 prevents replication of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a in cultured hepatocytes and in CASP14 gene with humanized livers., Vaniprevir (phase III clinical trials) and MK 5172 (phase II clinical trials) are two potent antiviral compounds that target NS3/4A protease, treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been significantly improved with the approval of the first two HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, telaprevir (incivek) and boceprevir (Victrelis). , Combination therapy with telaprevir and BMS-788329 (NS5A inhibitor) reduced serum HCV RNA to undetectable levels. The presence of an NS3-V36A telaprevir resistance Mutation Abnormality resulted in poor response to telaprevir monotherapy but showed significant HCV reduction when telaprevir was combined with BMS-788329. However, a BMS-788329-resistant strain emerged at low frequency. Communicable Diseases with a BMS-788329-resistant NS5A-L31V Mutation Abnormality rapidly resulted in gain of an additional NS5A-Y93A Mutation Abnormality that conferred telaprevir resistance during combination therapy, HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitors, exemplified by Daclatasvir (BMS-790052), represent a new class of DAA, ACH-806 (or GS-9132) is a novel, small-molecule inhibitor specific for hepatitis C virus (HCV). , Telaprevir and boceprevir are the first two Retroviral Retroviral protease inhibitor (Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency) DAAs to be approved for combination therapy with PEG-IFN-SA (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). , symmetrical bidentate structure of the NS5A inhibitor BMS-790052, a series of new monodentate molecules were designed, In vitro, boceprevir is more active than telaprevir against the HCV G3 NS3/4A enzyme in cell-based and biochemical assays and against G3 isolates in replicon assays, alisporivir is the most advanced host-targeting antiviral in clinical development. alisporivir blocks HCV replication by neutralizing the Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase A, human activity of the abundant host cytosolic protein, cyclophilin A, Interestingly, the NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir (BMS-790052) caused a decrease in serum HCV RNA levels by about two orders of magnitude within 6 h of administration[SEP]Relations: hepatitis C virus infection has relations: contraindication with Tipranavir, contraindication with Tipranavir, contraindication with Lopinavir, contraindication with Lopinavir, contraindication with Nevirapine, contraindication with Nevirapine, contraindication with Tenofovir, contraindication with Tenofovir, contraindication with Amprenavir, contraindication with Amprenavir. Definitions: telaprevir defined as following: An orally available peptidomimetic small molecule with activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Telaprivir is a selective Retroviral protease inhibitor that targets the viral HCV NS3-4A serine protease and disrupts processing of viral proteins and formation of a viral replication complex.. Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase A, human defined as following: Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (165 aa, ~18 kDa) is encoded by the human PPIA gene. This protein plays a role in cyclosporin-mediated immunosuppression, HIV virion assembly and protein folding.. boceprevir defined as following: An orally bioavailable, synthetic tripeptide inhibitor of the nonstructural protein 3 and 4A complex (NS3/NS4A), with potential activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. Upon administration, boceprevir reversibly binds to the active center of the HCV NS3/NS4A and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral proteins and the formation of a viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotrype 1-infected host cells. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.. Mericitabine defined as following: An orally available Prodrugs of PSI 6130 which is a selective cytidine nucleoside analogue and non-cytotoxic hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase inhibitor. After intracellular uptake, Mericitabine is phosphorylated into two active triphosphate metabolites, which disable HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (non-structural protein 5B; NS5B) upon binding. This results in the blockage of viral HCV RNA production and thus viral replication. This agent has a high barrier to resistance, however, a substitution Mutation Abnormality (S282T) on HCV NS5B impairs Mericitabine's activity significantly.. Prodrugs defined as following: A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a Prodrugs.. hepatitis C virus defined as following: Six clades of the virus exist. But all are considered one species, since serotyping is not yet possible and they do not contain any other taxonomic characteristics except geographic distribution (8th ICTV Report).. ribavirin defined as following: A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. daclatasvir defined as following: An orally available inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) replication complex, with potential activity against HCV. Although the exact mechanism of action of daclatasvir has yet to be fully determined, this agent, upon oral administration and after intracellular uptake, appears to bind to domain I of the NS5A protein. This inhibits the activity of the NS5A protein and results in the disruption of the viral RNA replication complex, blockage of viral HCV RNA production, and inhibition of viral replication. NS5A, a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein, plays a crucial role in HCV RNA replication. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.. alisporivir defined as following: A non-immunosuppressive analogue of cyclosporine A and an inhibitor of cyclophilins, with potential antiviral activity. Upon oral administration, alisporivir targets and inhibits human host cyclophilins, thereby inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in hepatocytes. alisporivir may also inhibit the replication of various coronaviruses. In addition, it may inhibit mitochondrial cyclophilin-D, which regulates mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. This may prevent cell death and tissue damage.. Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) any different than TADs?", "id": "converted_3336", "sentence1": "Are genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) any different than Tietz syndrome?", "sentence2": "Topologically associating domains are ancient features that coincide with Metazoan clusters of extreme noncoding conservation., Clusters of CNEs define the span of regulatory inputs for many important developmental regulators and have been described previously as genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs). Their function and distribution around important Genes, Regulator raises the question of how they relate to 3 Days conformation of these loci. Here, we show that clusters of CNEs strongly coincide with topological organisation, predicting the boundaries of hundreds of topologically associating domains (Tietz syndrome) in human and DrosophilaRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Expected (qualifier) defined as following: Considered likely or probable; anticipated..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does prolactinoma increase osteoporosis risk?", "id": "converted_2496", "sentence1": "Does prolactinoma increase osteoporosis risk?", "sentence2": "Prolactinoma: A Massive Effect on Bone Mineral Density in a Young Patient., Encounter due to family history of osteoporosis has been noted to be an issue in postmenopausal women with prolactinomas. This case shows a similar impact on bone health in a young male resulting in low bone mineral density for age based on Z-score. This case report highlights the possible mechanisms for the bone loss in the setting of prolactinoma and the need for assessing bone health in such patients., Hyperprolactinaemia related to prolactinoma significantly (more than functional hyperprolactiaemia) increases the risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis and bone fractures. , Prolactinoma are the most common type of functional pituitary tumor. Effective hyperprolactinemia treatment is of great importance, due to its potential deleterious effects including Sterility, Reproductive, Gonadal Disorders and osteoporosis. , Prolactinoma cause Hypogonadism, Sterility, Reproductive, osteoporosis, and tumor mass effects, and are the most common type of Neuroendocrine Tumors., We present a 22-year-old Homo sapiens with multiple osteoporotic fractures associated with prolactinoma despite the use of teriparatide for 18 months. We emphasize and highlight the importance of hyperprolactinemia and fractures caused by high prolactin levels., OBJECTIVE: Patients with prolactinoma seem to be at high risk for osteopenia. , RESULTS: Compared to the matched controls, BMD of patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma significantly decreased. , CONCLUSION: In the premenopausal women, patients with prolactinoma or Craniopharyngioma are often accompanied with osteopenia or osteoporosis, and Disease duration and Hypogonadism are the risk factors of bone loss in prolactinoma., Data on osteoporotic fractures in hyperprolactinemia are limited. An increased prevalence of radiological Spinal Fractures was recently observed in women with prolactin (PRL)-secreting adenoma, whereas it is unknown whether this observation may reflect a more general increased risk of fractures in this Disease and whether the prevalence of fractures in males is affected by gonadal status., Prolactinoma presenting as chronic anaemia with osteoporosis: a case report., Six years later, he was evaluated and diagnosed with a prolactinoma and resultant osteoporosis. Prolactinoma in old people may present insidiously with chronic anaemia and osteoporosis with or without Sexual Dysfunction., The relative risk for developing osteoporosis in women with prolactinoma was found to be 4.5, indicating that hyperprolactinemia in women is a major risk factor for osteoporosis.HIV: PrEP and PEP and PEP are medicines to prevent HIV. Each type is used in a different situation:
HIV: PrEP and PEP is for people without HIV who are at very high risk for getting it. This includes:
Gay/bisexual men who
Heterosexual men and women who
People who inject drugs and
If you have a partner who is HIV-positive and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your health care provider about HIV: PrEP and PEP. Taking it may help protect you and your baby from getting Human immunodeficiency virus II infection while you try to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding.
HIV: PrEP and PEP is very effective when you take it every day. It reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by more than 90%. In people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk of HIV by more than 70%. HIV: PrEP and PEP is much less effective if you do not take it consistently.
HIV: PrEP and PEP does not protect against other STDs, so you should still use latex condoms every time you have sex. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms.
You must have an HIV test every 3 months while taking HIV: PrEP and PEP, so you'll have regular follow-up visits with your health care provider. If you are having trouble taking HIV: PrEP and PEP every day or if you want to stop taking HIV: PrEP and PEP, talk to your health care provider.
Some people taking HIV: PrEP and PEP may have side effects, like nausea. The side effects are usually not serious and often get better over time. If you are taking HIV: PrEP and PEP, tell your health care provider if you have a side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
If you are HIV-negative and you think you may have been recently exposed to HIV, contact your health care provider immediately or go to an emergency room right away.
You may be prescribed PEP if you are HIV negative or don't know your HIV status, and in the last 72 hours you
Your health care provider or emergency room doctor will help to decide whether PEP is right for you.
PEP may also be given to a health care worker after a possible exposure to HIV at work, for example, from a needlestick injury.
PEP must be started within 72 hours (3 days) after a possible exposure to HIV. The sooner you start it, the better; every hour counts.
You need to take the PEP medicines every day for 28 days. You will have to see your health care provider at certain times during and after taking the PEP, so you can have an HIV screening test and other testing.
Some people taking PEP may have side effects, like nausea. The side effects are usually not serious and often get better over time. If you are taking PEP, tell your health care provider if you have a side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
PEP medicines may also interact with other medicines that a person is taking (called a drug interaction). So it's important to tell your health care provider about any other medicines that you take.
PEP is only for emergency situations. It is not the right choice for people who may be exposed to HIV frequently - for example, if you often have sex without a condom with a partner who is HIV-positive. In that case, you should talk to your health care provider about whether HIV: PrEP and PEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) would be right for you.
. HIV Infections defined as following: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is DNA methylation correlated with nucleosome occupancy?", "id": "converted_2330", "sentence1": "Is DNA methylation correlated with nucleosome location occupancy?", "sentence2": "Here I show that CpG Islands were associated not only with methylation-free promoters but also with nucleosome location location-free promoters., Nucleosome-free regions were observed only in promoters containing a CpG island, In contrast to the methylation-and nucleosome location location-free states of CpG-island promoters, Exons were densely methylated at CpGs and packaged into Nucleosomes., I also found that Nucleosomes, DNA methylation, and Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys36 marked the Exons of RNA Transcript with low, medium, and high gene expression levels, respectively., Human promoters containing a CpG island tend to remain nucleosome location location-free as well as methylation-free., In contrast, Exons demonstrate a high degree of methylation and nucleosome location location occupancy., Exonic DNA methylation seems to function together with exonic Nucleosomes and Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys36 for the proper splicing of RNA Transcript with different expression levels., Supporting such an association, recent reports have identified distinct histone methylation patterns, elevated nucleosome location location occupancy and enriched DNA methylation at Exons relative to Introns., DNA methylation directly silences genes with non-CpG island promoters and establishes a nucleosome location location occupied Promoter., Using a novel bioinformatics pipeline, we show a striking anti-correlation between nucleosome location location occupancy and DNA methylation at CTGF protein, Homo sapiens regions that is not present at promoters. , Three positions at the splice sites show high CpG abundance and accompany elevated nucleosome location location occupancy in a leveled GC architecture., The first group has higher nucleosome location location occupancy on Exons than Introns, whereas the second group exhibits weak nucleosome location location marking of Exons, suggesting another type of epigenetic marker distinguishes Exons from Introns when GC content is similar., DNA methylation can determine nucleosome location location positioning. , DNA methylation determines nucleosome location location occupancy in the 5'-CpG Islands of Tumor Suppressor Genes., he induction of DNA hypomethylation events by Genetic (DNMT1/DNMT3B deficient cells) or Pharmacologic Substance (a DNA demethylating agent) approaches is associated with the eviction of Nucleosomes from previously hypermethylated CpG Islands of Tumor Suppressor Genes., Using this global approach, we observe the dependency of nucleosome location location occupancy upon the DNA methylation status. Thus, our results suggest that there is a close association between hypermethylated CpG Islands and the presence of Nucleosomes, such that each of these epigenetic mechanisms can determine the recruitment of the other., Although global DNA demethylation has been observed after treatment, it is unclear to what extent demethylation induces changes in nucleosome location location occupancy, a key determinant of gene expression., Our results indicate that only a minority of demethylated promoters are associated with nucleosome location location remodeling, and these could potentially be the epigenetic drivers causing the loss of tumorigenicity., with repressed genes often being associated with local DNA hypermethylation and gain of Nucleosomes at their promoters., Transcription, histone modification, and DNA methylation alter this \"ground state\" by having distinct effects on both nucleosome location location positioning and occupancy. , In order to systematically evaluate potential diversities among CGIs and ultimately to illuminate the link between diversity of CGIs and their epigenetic variation, we analyzed the nucleotide-resolution DNA methylation maps (methylomes) of multiple cellular origins., The mostly unmethylated CpG Islands have reduced nucleosome location location occupancy and are enriched in cell type-independent binding sites for CTGF protein, Homo sapiens., In contrast, outside of CpG Islands most CpGs are methylated, and the average methylation density oscillates so that it is highest in the linker region between Nucleosomes., Aberrant acquisition of Nucleosomes at enhancer-associated NDRs is associated with hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing marks, and conversely, loss of Nucleosomes with demethylation and epigenetic activation., Prominent exceptions to the correlations between methylated CpG density and nucleosome location location occupancy include CpG Islands marked by Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 and CpG-poor heterochromatin marked by Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys9, and these modifications, along with DNA methylation, distinguish the major silencing mechanisms of the Homo sapiens epigenome., Throughout the Genome - anatomical entity, nucleosome location location occupancy was correlated with certain histone methylation or acetylation modifications., We further show that the extent of nucleosome location location depletion at promoters is directly correlated to expression level and can accommodate multiple Nucleosomes and provide Genome - anatomical entity-wide evidence that expressed non-CpG island promoters are nucleosome location location-depleted.[SEP]Relations: nucleosome location has relations: cellcomp_protein with H2AX, cellcomp_protein with H2AX, cellcomp_protein with H2AJ, cellcomp_protein with H2AJ, cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with H2AC6, cellcomp_protein with H2AC6, cellcomp_protein with H2AC4, cellcomp_protein with H2AC4. Definitions: Nucleosomes defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. histone modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein. [GOC:krc]. CTGF protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CCN2 gene. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys36 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 36 is trimethylated. This modification may be involved in defining exon boundaries; it also may be a marker for genes targeted for transcriptional repression.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the Homo sapiens or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. CpG Islands defined as following: Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG Islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 28 is trimethylated. This modification is associated with formation of heterochromatin and polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1).. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the Exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate genes.. nucleosome location defined as following: A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:elh]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When Tumor Suppressor Genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys9 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 9 is trimethylated. This modification is associated with heterochromatin formation and plays a role in embryonic stem cell lineage commitment and maintenance of lineage fidelity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Have hESC been tested for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration?", "id": "converted_545", "sentence1": "Have hESC been tested for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration?", "sentence2": "Development of Homo sapiens embryonic stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration, In this review, we describe recent approaches to develop cell-based therapies for the treatment of Age related macular degeneration. Recent research has focused on replacing the Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of Cells vital to photoreceptor cell health. We discuss the various methods used to differentiate and purify RPE from Homo sapiens embryonic stem Cells (HESC), and describe the surgical approaches being used to transplant these Cells in existing and forthcoming clinical trials., Age-related macular degeneration (Age related macular degeneration) is characterized by the loss or dysfunction of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) and is the most common cause of Unspecified visual loss among the elderly. Stem-cell-based strategies, using Homo sapiens embryonic stem Cells (hESCs) or Homo sapiens-induced pluripotent stem Cells (hiPSCs), may provide an abundant donor source for generating RPE Cells in cell replacement therapies., This study contributes to our understanding of the utility of hESC/hiPSC-derived RPE in Age related macular degeneration therapy., Two important early potential hESC applications are the use of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and STARGARDT DISEASE 1 (disorder), an untreatable form of macular dystrophy that leads to early-onset Blindness., Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) are a promising source of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) Cells: Cells that can be used for the treatment of common and incurable forms of Blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration., A potential application of Homo sapiens embryonic stem Cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem Cells (iPSCs) is the generation of retinaldehyde pigmented epithelium (RPE) to treat age-related macular degeneration (Age related macular degeneration), a common but incurable retinaldehyde disease., Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) are a promising source of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) Cells: Cells that can be used for the treatment of common and incurable forms of Blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration, A potential application of Homo sapiens embryonic stem Cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem Cells (iPSCs) is the generation of retinaldehyde pigmented epithelium (RPE) to treat age-related macular degeneration (Age related macular degeneration), a common but incurable retinaldehyde disease, Assessments of safety and efficacy are crucial before Homo sapiens ESC (hESC) therapies can move into the clinic. Two important early potential hESC applications are the use of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and STARGARDT DISEASE 1 (disorder), an untreatable form of macular dystrophy that leads to early-onset Blindness., A potential application of Homo sapiens embryonic stem Cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem Cells (iPSCs) is the generation of retinaldehyde pigmented epithelium (RPE) to treat age-related macular degeneration (Age related macular degeneration), a common but incurable retinaldehyde disease. RPE Cells derived from hESCs (hESC-RPEs) and iPSCs (iPSC-RPEs) express essential RPE markers and can rescue visual function in animal models., Two important early potential hESC applications are the use of Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium (RPE) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and STARGARDT DISEASE 1 (disorder), an untreatable form of macular dystrophy that leads to early-onset Blindness. Here we show long-term functional rescue using hESC-derived RPE in both the RCS Rattus norvegicus and Elov14 mouse, which are animal models of Retinal Degeneration and Stargardt's disease's disease, respectively.[SEP]Relations: macular degeneration, age-related, 3 has relations: disease_disease with macular degeneration, disease_disease with macular degeneration, disease_protein with FBLN5, disease_protein with FBLN5, disease_phenotype_positive with Macular degeneration, disease_phenotype_positive with Macular degeneration, disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased patellar reflex, disease_phenotype_positive with Decreased patellar reflex, disease_phenotype_positive with Choroidal neovascularization, disease_phenotype_positive with Choroidal neovascularization. Definitions: Retinal Degeneration defined as following: A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304). Stargardt's disease defined as following: An autosomal recessive and rarely autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations in the ABCA4 or ELOVL4 genes respectively. It is characterized by macular degeneration that begins in late childhood resulting in progressive loss of vision.. Structure of retinaldehyde pigment epithelium defined as following: The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial Cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial Cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor Cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinaldehyde attachment.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Human Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: A type of PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from early stage Homo sapiens embryos, up to and including the BLASTOCYST stage.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. retinaldehyde defined as following: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinaldehyde). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinaldehyde to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinaldehyde). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinaldehyde molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinaldehyde back to the cis-isomer.. retinaldehyde disease defined as following: Diseases involving the RETINA.. Blindness defined as following: The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.. Age related macular degeneration defined as following: Age-related loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to Retinal Degeneration.. Unspecified visual loss defined as following: A condition in which the ability to see is impaired..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is avanafil indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction?", "id": "converted_1913", "sentence1": "Is avanafil indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction?", "sentence2": "CONTEXT: Avanafil (AVA) is used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, but is reported for its poor aqueous solubility. , BACKGROUND: Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cardiac stimulant (PDE5A wt Allele-Is) sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and the recently approved avanafil represent the first-line choice for both on-demand and chronic treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). , A survey on the experience of 136 Italian urologists in the treatment of erectile dysfunction with PDE5A wt Allele inhibitors and recommendations for the use of Avanafil in the clinical practice., Efficacy of Avanafil 15 Minutes after Dosing in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia with No erectile dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study., PURPOSE: We examined the therapeutic effects of avanafil 15 minutes after dosing in men with mild to severe erectile dysfunction., sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and avanafil are FDA approved drugs in market as PDE5A wt Allele inhibitors for treating erectile dysfunction., CONCLUSION: Avanafil along with the other PDE5Is has shown to be a safe and effective oral treatment for ED, with avanafil's possible place in therapy for patients who want an on-demand option or as an alternative in patients who experience visual disturbances with the other agents., Avanafil (STENDRA™, SPEDRA™, Zepeeed™) is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5 PPP1R1A gene indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction., In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial in patients with erectile dysfunction, avanafil 50, 100 and 200 mg recipients had significantly greater improvements from baseline than placebo recipients in mean international index of erectile dysfunction-erectile function domain scores and in successful vaginal penetration and sexual intercourse attempts (coprimary endpoints)., Avanafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. An updated review., Selectivity of avanafil, a PDE5A wt Allele PPP1R1A gene for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: implications for clinical safety and improved tolerability., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of avanafil in subjects with erectile dysfunction., Avanafil, a potent and highly selective Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor [EPC] for erectile dysfunction., Avanafil, a highly selective phosphodiesterase type 5 PPP1R1A gene for erectile dysfunction, shows good safety profiles for retinal function and hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs., Cumulative data suggest that avanafil has a promising pharmacological profile for erectile dysfunction., These findings suggest that intracavernosal administration of avanafil might be beneficial for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with T2DM., An open-label, long-term evaluation of the safety, efficacy and tolerability of avanafil in male patients with mild to severe erectile dysfunction., The effect of intracavernosal avanafil, a newer Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor [EPC], on neonatal type 2 diabetic Rattus norvegicus with erectile dysfunction., A phase 3, placebo controlled study of the safety and efficacy of avanafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction after nerve sparing radical prostatectomy., Avanafil is a potent selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5A wt Allele) PPP1R1A gene newly developed for treating erectile dysfunction (ED)., Adverse events most commonly reported with avanafil treatment were Headache, Nasopharyngitis, flushing, and sinus congestion.Avanafil was safe and effective for treating erectile dysfunction in men with Diabetes Mellitus and was effective as early as 15 minutes and more than 6 hours after dosing, Avanafil (STENDRA™, SPEDRA™, Zepeeed™) is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5 PPP1R1A gene indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Avanafil is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a median time to maximum plasma concentration of 30 to 45 min. In a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial in patients with erectile dysfunction, avanafil 50, 100 and 200 mg recipients had significantly greater improvements from baseline than placebo recipients in mean international index of erectile dysfunction-erectile function domain scores and in successful vaginal penetration and sexual intercourse attempts (coprimary endpoints), A phase II, single-blind, randomized, crossover evaluation of the safety and efficacy of avanafil using visual sexual stimulation in patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction, To evaluate the safety, efficacy and time course of three doses of avanafil (50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg) compared with sildenafil 50 mg or placebo, given in conjunction with visual sexual stimulation (VSS) videos in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction (ED).Male patients, 35-70 years of age, with mild to moderate ED of ≥6 months duration, were included in the study, Avanafil for erectile dysfunction, To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of avanafil and evaluate relevant clinical trial data.A MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar searches (1966 to July 2013) were conducted using the key words: avanafil, erectile dysfunction, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5A wt Allele) PPP1R1A gene.Articles evaluating avanafil for erectile dysfunction (ED) published in English and using human subjects were selected, In trials in patients with erectile dysfunction in association with Diabetes Mellitus mellitus, and after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, avanafil 100 or 200 mg was significantly more efficacious than placebo for primary and most secondary endpoints, However, the potentiating effect of avanafil at 1 mg/kg was significantly weaker than that of sildenafil (p <0.05).Data suggest that avanafil has a favorable safety profile for erectile dysfunction, which is attributable to its high inhibitory selectivity for phosphodiesterase type 5 against type 6 (retina) and 1 (vessels, etc), respectively, and its short acting pharmacodynamic property.Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; Universal designation Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; ISO designation 54
. Malaria, Cerebral defined as following: A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES; SEIZURES; and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136). Malaria Vaccines defined as following: Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause Malaria Vaccines in humans, or from P. berghei which causes Malaria Vaccines in rodents.. Erythrocytes defined as following: Red blood cells. Mature Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is NEMO a zinc finger protein?", "id": "converted_2246", "sentence1": "Is NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator a Zinc Fingers Protein Info?", "sentence2": "To better understand the thermodynamics and dynamics of the Zinc Fingers of NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator (NF-κB essential modulator), an alteration in the Zinc Fingers Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator (K392R) , CYLD Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and the NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator Zinc Finger Regulate Tumor Necrosis Factor Signaling and Early Embryogenesis., our simulations of the Zinc Fingers NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator, An important regulatory Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of NF-[Formula: see text]B Essential Modulator (NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator) is a ubiquitin-binding Zinc Fingers, with a tetrahedral CYS3HIS1 zinc-coordinating Ligand Binding Domain., NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator function is mediated by two distal ubiquitin binding domains located in the regulatory C-terminal Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of the Protein Info: the coiled-coil 2-leucine zipper (CC2-LZ) Superkingdom (taxonomic category) and the Zinc Fingers (ZF) Superkingdom (taxonomic category). , We show here that the NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator C terminus, comprising the ubiquitin binding region and a Zinc Fingers,[SEP]Relations: C2H2 Zinc Fingers Superkingdom (taxonomic category) binding has relations: molfunc_protein with EHMT1, molfunc_protein with EHMT1, molfunc_protein with EHMT2, molfunc_protein with EHMT2, molfunc_protein with GATA1, molfunc_protein with GATA1, molfunc_protein with LEF1, molfunc_protein with LEF1, molfunc_protein with THAP7, molfunc_protein with THAP7. Definitions: Zinc Fingers defined as following: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic Zinc Fingers, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.. NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator defined as following: NF-kappa-B essential modulator (419 aa, ~48 kDa) is encoded by the human IKBKG gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the mediation of signal transduction through Protein Info phosphorylation.. Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. CYLD Protein Info, human defined as following: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD Protein Info, human (956 aa, ~107 kDa) is encoded by the human CYLD Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in the mediation of Protein Info deubiquitination and the regulation of the cell cycle.. Ligand Binding Domain defined as following: A Binding Site Domain is a region of Protein Info that physically interacts stereospecifically, and usually at high affinity, with a specific ligand, substrate, or a specific Superkingdom (taxonomic category) of some complex target biomolecule, such as a Protein Info, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid. Typically, but not necessarily, the interaction results in Protein Info conformational alteration and functional modification.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is sternotomy closure done using either a sternal ZipFix™ implant or conventional steel wire following cardiac surgery?", "id": "converted_2666", "sentence1": "Is sternotomy closure done using either a Sternum ZipFix™ implant or conventional steel wire following cardiac surgery?", "sentence2": "o determine the difference in Sternum Communicable Diseases and other infectious events between conventional wire and cable-tie-based closure techniques post-sternotomy in a collective of patients after cardiac surgery., Our study underlines a neutral effect of the Sternum ZipFix™ system in patients regarding Sternum Communicable Diseases. Postoperative complications are similar in both Sternum closure methods. The cable-tie-based system is fast, easy to use, reliable and safe., Wire closure still remains the preferred technique despite reasonable disadvantages. Associated complications, such as Communicable Diseases and Sternum instability, cause time- and cost-consuming therapies. We present a new tool for Sternum closure with its first clinical experience and results.METHODS: The Sternum ZipFix(TM) System is based on the cable-tie principle. , In our initial evaluation, the short-term results have shown that the Sternum ZipFix(TM) can be used safely and effectively. It is fast, easy to use and serves as a potential alternative for traditional wire closure., To determine the difference in Sternum Communicable Diseases and other infectious events between conventional wire and cable-tie-based closure techniques post-sternotomy in a collective of patients after cardiac surgery.[SEP]Relations: sternum has relations: anatomy_anatomy with endochondral element, anatomy_anatomy with endochondral element. Definitions: Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Sternum defined as following: A long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as BREASTBONE occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is COL5A2 gene associated to ischemic heart disease?", "id": "converted_1167", "sentence1": "Is COL5A2 Genes associated to Myocardial Ischemia?", "sentence2": "Analysis of a Genes co-expression network establishes robust association between Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human and Myocardial Ischemia, Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human, a Genes previously not specifically linked to MI response but responsible for the classic type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, was found to have many and strong co-expression associations within this community, Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human shows predictive potential in MI, and in principle may represent a novel candidate marker for the identification and treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease, Analysis of a Genes co-expression network establishes robust association between Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human and Myocardial Ischemia.[SEP]Relations: myocardial ischemia has relations: disease_protein with ADM2, disease_protein with ADM2, disease_protein with ADRB2, disease_protein with ADRB2, disease_protein with TMED2, disease_protein with TMED2, disease_protein with RAB5A, disease_protein with RAB5A, disease_protein with APLP2, disease_protein with APLP2. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Collagen Alpha-2(V) Chain, Human defined as following: Collagen alpha-2(V) chain (1499 aa, ~145 kDa) is encoded by the human COL5A2 Genes. This protein is involved in collagen fibril formation in connective tissues.. Myocardial Ischemia defined as following: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome defined as following: A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.. COL5A2 Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in connective tissue development and extracellular matrix formation..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is overexpression of LY6K associated with better prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients?", "id": "converted_3470", "sentence1": "Is overexpression of LY6K gene associated with better prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients?", "sentence2": "Gene expression profile analyses of non-small cell lung carcinomas (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus) revealed that lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K (LY6K gene gene) was specifically expressed in Testis and transactivated in a majority of NSCLCs and ESCCs. Immunohistochemical staining using 406 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and 265 Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus specimens confirmed that LY6K gene gene overexpression was associated with poor prognosis for patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0003), as well as Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus (P = 0.0278), and multivariate analysis confirmed its independent prognostic value for Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0035). , Immunohistochemical staining using 406 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and 265 Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus specimens confirmed that LY6K gene gene overexpression was associated with poor prognosis for patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0003), as well as Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus (P = 0.0278), and multivariate analysis confirmed its independent prognostic value for Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0035)., Immunohistochemical staining using 406 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and 265 Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus specimens confirmed that LY6K gene gene overexpression was associated with poor prognosis for patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0003), as well as Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus (P = 0.0278), and multivariate analysis confirmed its independent prognostic value for Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (P = 0.0035).[SEP]Relations: small cell lung carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with LYRM9, disease_protein with LYRM9, disease_protein with STK31, disease_protein with STK31, disease_protein with CYP2A6, disease_protein with CYP2A6, disease_protein with DMPK, disease_protein with DMPK, disease_protein with PYCARD, disease_protein with PYCARD. Definitions: LY6K gene defined as following: This gene may be involved in cell growth regulation.. Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus defined as following: A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Testis defined as following: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. non-small cell lung cancer defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are apoE mimetics being considered as a treatment against Alzheimer's disease?", "id": "converted_3130", "sentence1": "Are Apolipoprotein E mimetics being considered as a treatment against Alzheimer's disease?", "sentence2": "The apolipoprotein-E-mimetic COG112 protects Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor intracellular domain-overexpressing animals from Alzheimer's disease-like pathological features., Studies show that administration of apolipoprotein E (Apolipoprotein E) and Apolipoprotein E-derived small Peptides mimetics protect AD mouse models against these AD-like features.[SEP]Relations: Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor metabolic process has relations: bioprocess_protein with APOE, bioprocess_protein with APOE, bioprocess_protein with APH1A, bioprocess_protein with APH1A, bioprocess_protein with PSENEN, bioprocess_protein with PSENEN, bioprocess_bioprocess with Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor catabolic process, bioprocess_bioprocess with Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor catabolic process. apolipoprotein E recycling has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport. Definitions: Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by Peptides bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Apolipoprotein E defined as following: A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.. Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor defined as following: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid Peptides, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.. Alzheimer's disease defined as following: Alzheimer's disease caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do MAIT cells have a role in multiple myeloma?", "id": "converted_3501", "sentence1": "Do MAIT cells have a role in Multiple Myeloma?", "sentence2": "hus, MAIT cells are reduced in millimeter patients, which may contribute to Disease in these individuals, and moreover, MAIT cells may represent new immunotherapeutic targets for treatment of millimeter and other Malignant Neoplasms., Here we have analysed the frequency and function of MAIT cells in Multiple Myeloma (millimeter) patients. We show that Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cell frequency in blood is reduced compared to healthy adult donors, but comparable to elderly healthy control donors, Newly diagnosed millimeter patient MAIT cells had reduced gamma-interferon production and CD27 wt Allele wt Allele expression, suggesting an exhausted phenotype, although gamma-interferon-producing capacity is restored in relapsed/refractory patient samples. , We describe recent observations with regard to functional exhaustion of iNKT and MAIT cells in millimeter pathology and discuss the potential application of checkpoint inhibition as an attractive target for prolonged activation of these immunomodulatory T cells in the treatment of millimeter., Enumeration, functional responses and cytotoxic capacity of MAIT cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed Multiple Myeloma., Thus, MAIT cells are reduced in millimeter patients, which may contribute to Disease in these individuals, and moreover, MAIT cells may represent new immunotherapeutic targets for treatment of millimeter and other Malignant Neoplasms.[SEP]Relations: Multiple myeloma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with plasma cell myeloma, disease_phenotype_positive with plasma cell myeloma, drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Bortezomib, drug_effect with Muromonab, drug_effect with Muromonab, drug_effect with Lenalidomide, drug_effect with Lenalidomide, drug_effect with Zoledronic acid, drug_effect with Zoledronic acid. Definitions: CD27 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD27 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12p13 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes CD27 wt Allele antigen protein, plays a role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis.. Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. millimeter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cell defined as following: A T-cell subtype bearing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor and restricted by the major histocompatibility complex related molecule MR1. These cells occupy peripheral tissues and are noted for their reactivity against various microorganisms of either bacterial or fungal origin.. gamma-interferon defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous lymphokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) with antineoplastic, immunoregulatory, and antiviral activities. Therapeutic IFN-gamma binds to and activates the cell-surface IFN-gamma receptor, stimulating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and enhances natural killer cell attachment to tumor cells. This agent also activates caspases, thereby inducing apoptosis in malignant cells. (NCI04). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is GAGA associated with nucleosome-free regions (NFR)?", "id": "converted_137", "sentence1": "Is Gaga associated with nucleosome location-free regions (NFR)?", "sentence2": "One of the three nuclease hypersensitive sites in the Fab-7 boundary, EEF1A2 wt Allele, contains multiple consensus-binding sequences for the Gaga factor, a Protein Info known to be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of nucleosome location location-free regions of chromatin location location., The SPHEROCYTOSIS, TYPE 3 (disorder) Sequence - ParameterizedDataType contains consensus Binding Sites for the Gaga factor, a Protein Info implicated in the formation of nucleosome location location-free regions of chromatin location location, and Pleiohomeotic (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic), a Polycomb-Group Proteins that is related to the Mammals TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 gene gene., The interactions of Gaga factor and heat shock factor with their Binding Sites in chromatin location location occurred in two modes. Their interaction with Binding Sites in the nucleosome location location-free regions did not require adenosine triphosphate. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate both factors interacted also with nucleosomal Binding Sites, causing nucleosome location location rearrangements and a refinement of nucleosome location location positions, While chromatin location location remodeling upon TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR interaction has previously been interpreted to involve nucleosome location location disruption, the data suggest energy-dependent nucleosome location location sliding as main principle of chromatin location location reorganization., These (CT)n repeats are associated with a nonhistone Protein Info(s) in vivo and are bound by a purified Drosophila Protein Info, the Gaga factor, in vitro., This (CT)n element appears to contribute to formation of the wild-type chromatin location location structure of hsp26, an organized nucleosome location location array that Plant Leaves the HSEs in nucleosome location location-free, DNase I-hypersensitive (DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS, FAMILIAL) site, The SPHEROCYTOSIS, TYPE 3 (disorder) Sequence - ParameterizedDataType contains consensus Binding Sites for the Gaga factor, a Protein Info implicated in the formation of nucleosome location location-free regions of chromatin location location, and Pleiohomeotic (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic), a Polycomb-Group Proteins that is related to the Mammals TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 gene gene., One of the three nuclease hypersensitive sites in the Fab-7 boundary, EEF1A2 wt Allele, contains multiple consensus-binding sequences for the Gaga factor, a Protein Info known to be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of nucleosome location location-free regions of chromatin location location., The iab-7 polycomb response element maps to a nucleosome location location-free region of chromatin location location and requires both Gaga and pleiohomeotic for silencing activity., The SPHEROCYTOSIS, TYPE 3 (disorder) Sequence - ParameterizedDataType contains consensus Binding Sites for the Gaga factor, a Protein Info implicated in the formation of nucleosome location location-free regions of chromatin location location, and Pleiohomeotic (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic), a Polycomb-Group Proteins that is related to the Mammals TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 gene gene. [SEP]Relations: nucleosome location mobilization has relations: bioprocess_protein with POLE3, bioprocess_protein with POLE3, bioprocess_bioprocess with nucleosome location organization, bioprocess_bioprocess with nucleosome location organization, bioprocess_protein with INO80, bioprocess_protein with INO80, bioprocess_protein with ARID1A, bioprocess_protein with ARID1A, bioprocess_protein with BPTF, bioprocess_protein with BPTF. Definitions: Plant Leaves defined as following: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed). Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic defined as following: A condition chiefly characterized by thickening of the skin of the head and distal extremities, deep folds and furrows of the skin of the forehead, cheeks, and scalp, SEBORRHEA; HYPERHIDROSIS; periostosis of the long bones, digital clubbing, and spadelike enlargement of the hands and feet. It is more prevalent in the male, and is usually first evident during adolescence. Inheritance is primarily autosomal recessive, but an autosomal dominant form exists.. Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Polycomb-Group Proteins defined as following: A family of proteins that play a role in CHROMATIN REMODELING. They are best known for silencing HOX GENES and the regulation of EPIGENETIC PROCESSES.. YY1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the negative regulation of transcription.. EEF1A2 wt Allele defined as following: Human EEF1A2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 20q13.3 and is approximately 11 kb in length. This allele, which encodes elongation factor 1-alpha 2 Protein Info, is involved in the promotion of Protein Info elongation. The gene is expressed aberrantly at elevated levels in many ovarian cancers.. nucleosome location defined as following: A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:elh]. adenosine triphosphate defined as following: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, Protein Info, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. NFR defined as following: The quotient of the number of particular entities (constituents) and the number of all constituents in the system..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can we use platelet biomarkers to study Alzheimer's disease?", "id": "converted_1551", "sentence1": "Can we use platelet biomarkers to study ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1?", "sentence2": "Platelet biomarkers in ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1., Blood Platelets are the most important source of circulating forms of the Serum Amyloid A-1 Protein, Human and other important Proteins such as uridine triacetate and Hepatic Hepatic glycogen synthase kinase-3B., Alternative plasma and platelet measures are described,, The success of these studies led to the application of platelet proteomics to the study of several pathologies where Blood Platelets play a fundamental role. Those include platelet-related disorders, such as storage pool disease, gray platelet syndrome, and Quebec platelet disorder; diseases where unwanted platelet activation is highly relevant, such as Thrombosis and Cardiovascular Diseases; and other diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, increased blood npn, or ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. [SEP]Relations: blood platelet disease has relations: disease_disease with disease by cell type, disease_disease with disease by cell type, disease_disease with hematologic disease, disease_disease with hematologic disease, disease_disease with thrombocytopenia, disease_disease with thrombocytopenia, disease_disease with qualitative platelet defect, disease_disease with qualitative platelet defect, disease_disease with inherited bleeding disorder, platelet-type, disease_disease with inherited bleeding disorder, platelet-type. Definitions: Blood Platelets defined as following: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. uridine triacetate defined as following: A synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleotide, has been used in a variety of diseases including depressive disorders and inherited myopathies. (NCI04). Thrombosis defined as following: Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.. increased blood npn defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating abnormally high concentration of non-protein nitrogen in the blood.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Serum Amyloid A-1 Protein, Human defined as following: Serum amyloid A-1 protein (122 aa, ~14 kDa) is encoded by the human SAA1 gene. This protein plays a role in heparin binding and acute phase inflammatory responses.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Kummell’s disease an avascular necrosis of the vertebral body?", "id": "converted_2357", "sentence1": "Is Kummell’s disease an avascular necrosis of the vertebral body?", "sentence2": " Traumatic spondylopathy is an avascular necrosis of the vertebral body, secondary to a Compression fracture of vertebral column. This entity is characterised by the gradual development in time of a vertebral body collapse following a trivial spinal Trauma, nursing specialty, involving a worsening back pain associated with a progressive Kyphosis deformity of spine., Traumatic spondylopathy is a rare spinal disorder characterized as avascular necrosis of a vertebral body occurring in a delayed fashion after minor Trauma, nursing specialty., Traumatic spondylopathy is a spinal disorder characterized by delayed post-traumatic collapse of a vertebral body with avascular necrosis., Kummell disease, or avascular necrosis of a vertebral body, presents as vertebral Bone necrosis typically affecting a Bone structure of Bone structure of thoracic vertebra with compression deformity, intravertebral vacuum cleft, and exaggerated Kyphosis deformity of spine weeks to months after a minor Wounds and Injuries., INTRODUCTION Traumatic spondylopathy is an avascular necrosis of the vertebral body, secondary to a Compression fracture of vertebral column., Kummel disease is the eponym for avascular necrosis of the vertebral body after a Compression fracture of vertebral column., kummell s disease delayed post traumatic Bone necrosis of the vertebral body, Traumatic spondylopathy, caused by Bone necrosis of the vertebral body, is a cause of vertebral collapse., Traumatic spondylopathy is a post-traumatic vertebral body collapse, Traumatic spondylopathy is a rare, delayed posttraumatic collapse of a vertebral body that can occur several months or even years after an osteoporotic compression fracture. , Avascular necrosis of a vertebral body, a relatively uncommon entity, is caused by Primary malignant neoplasm, Communicable Diseases, radiation, systemic Steroids treatment, Trauma, nursing specialty, and the like.1 Vertebral Bone necrosis induced by Trauma, nursing specialty is called Kvmell's disease[SEP]Relations: Vertebral compression fractures has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Cushing disease due to pituitary adenoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Cushing disease due to pituitary adenoma, disease_phenotype_positive with multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy, disease_phenotype_positive with multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy, disease_phenotype_positive with Gaucher disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Gaucher disease, disease_phenotype_positive with osteogenesis imperfecta, disease_phenotype_positive with osteogenesis imperfecta, disease_phenotype_positive with geroderma osteodysplastica, disease_phenotype_positive with geroderma osteodysplastica. Definitions: Trauma, nursing specialty defined as following: Nurses in this specialty provide emergency care to patients of all ages. These nurses work to maintain vital signs and prevent complications and death. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Bone necrosis defined as following: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.. Steroids defined as following: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed). Wounds and Injuries defined as following: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.. Bone structure of thoracic vertebra defined as following: A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.. Kyphosis deformity of spine defined as following: Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any association of the chromosomal region harboring the gene ITIH3 with schizophrenia?", "id": "converted_1223", "sentence1": "Is there any association of the chromosomal region harboring the gene ITIH3 gene with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder)?", "sentence2": "The most widely shared subset of genes-common to five of six disorders-included ANK3 gene gene, AS3MT gene gene, CACNA1C gene gene, CACNB2 gene gene, CNNM2 gene gene, CSMD1 protein, human protein, human, MUCL3 gene, ITIH3 gene gene, NT5C2 gene gene, PPP1R11 gene gene, SYNE1 gene gene, TCF7L2 protein, human, TENM4 gene gene, TRIM26 gene gene, and POLR1H gene. , Genome-wide significant associations in SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) to ITIH3 gene gene/4, CACNA1C gene gene and SDCCAG8 gene gene, and extensive replication of associations reported by the Schizophrenia PGC gene gene., After combining the new SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) data with those of the PGC gene gene, Variant at three loci (ITIH3 gene gene/4, CACNA1C gene gene and SDCCAG8 gene gene) that had not previously been GWS in SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) attained that level of support., In a joint analysis with a Bipolar Disorder Type 2 sample (16,374 affected individuals and 14,044 controls), three loci reached genome-wide significance: CACNA1C gene gene (rs4765905, P = 7.0 × 10(-9)), ANK3 gene gene (rs10994359, P = 2.5 × 10(-8)) and the ITIH3 gene gene-ITIH4 region (rs2239547, P = 7.8 × 10(-9))., Finally, a combined GWAS analysis of SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) and Bipolar Disorder Type 2 yielded strong association evidence for SNPs in CACNA1C gene gene and in the region of NEK4-ITIH1-ITIH3 gene gene-ITIH4. , A recent genome-wide analysis indicated that a Genetic Polymorphism (rs2535629) of ITIH3 gene gene showed the strongest association signal with susceptibility to psychiatric disorders in Caucasian populations., We detected a novel association between suicide attempt and the ITIH3 gene gene/4-region in a combined group of patients with Behcet Syndrome, SCZ and related psychosis spectrum disorders. , These include variations in Chromosome Structures at 16p11.2, rare de novo point mutations at the SCN2A gene, and common Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) mapping near loci encoding the genes ITIH3 gene gene, AS3MT gene gene, CACNA1C gene gene and CACNB2 gene gene. These selected examples point to the challenges to current diagnostic approaches. , Stabilin-1 is located in close proximity to PBMR1 and the NEK4-ITIH1-ITIH3 gene gene-ITIH4 region, which are the top findings from GWAS meta-analyses of Mood Disorders, and a combined Behcet Syndrome and SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) data set., Our findings suggest that rs2535629 influences the susceptibility to psychiatric disorders by affecting the expression level of GLT8D1 gene gene.[SEP]Relations: Bipolar Disorder Type 2 has relations: disease_protein with ITIH3 gene, disease_protein with ITIH3 gene, disease_protein with ITIH4, disease_protein with ITIH4. SDCCAG8 gene has relations: disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder), disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder). CACNA1C gene has relations: disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder), disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder). TENM4 gene has relations: disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder), disease_protein with SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder). Definitions: Chromosome Structures defined as following: Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.. SCN2A gene defined as following: This gene is involved in neuronal excitation.. Stabilin-1 defined as following: Stabilin-1 (2570 aa, ~275 kDa) is encoded by the human Stabilin-1 gene. This protein is involved in signal transduction mediated by acetylated low density lipoprotein binding.. NT5C2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in purine metabolism.. CSMD1 protein, human defined as following: CUB and sushi domain-containing protein 1 (3565 aa, ~389 kDa) is encoded by the human CSMD1 protein, human gene. This protein may play a role in the activation of complement.. Mood Disorders defined as following: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.. TCF7L2 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor 7-like 2 (619 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human TCF7L2 gene. This protein is involved in the positive regulation of transcription, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis regulation, cell and tissue differentiation and signal transduction.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. SYNE1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in subcellular spatial organization.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Behcet Syndrome defined as following: Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. chromosomal region defined as following: Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length. [GOC:dos].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families?", "id": "converted_1604", "sentence1": "Are Pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families?", "sentence2": "housekeeping families tend to be enriched with a large number of Pseudogenes[SEP]Definitions: Pseudogenes defined as following: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does TUC.338 inhibit colorectal cancer?", "id": "converted_2259", "sentence1": "Does PCBP2-OT1 gene inhibit Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum?", "sentence2": "PCBP2-OT1 gene promotes invasion and metastasis in Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum., Until now, the role of PCBP2-OT1 gene in Colorectal Carcinoma remains undefined. This study revealed that PCBP2-OT1 gene is significantly up-regulated in Colorectal Carcinoma (Cytogenetic Complete Response) Tissue Specimen Code and Cytogenetic Complete Response cell lines, and the up-regulated PCBP2-OT1 gene is associated with lymph node metastasis., Thus, these findings suggested that PCBP2-OT1 gene acts as a novel Oncogenes by targeting the TIMP-1 gene thus promoting Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum cell migration and invasion., Thus, these findings suggested that PCBP2-OT1 gene acts as a novel Oncogenes by targeting the TIMP-1 gene thus promoting Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum cell migration and invasion., This study revealed that PCBP2-OT1 gene is significantly up-regulated in Colorectal Carcinoma (Cytogenetic Complete Response) Tissue Specimen Code and Cytogenetic Complete Response cell lines, and the up-regulated PCBP2-OT1 gene is associated with lymph node metastasis., PCBP2-OT1 gene promotes invasion and metastasis in Malignant neoplasm of colon and/or rectum.[SEP]Relations: colorectal carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with UNC13B, disease_protein with UNC13B, disease_protein with WAC, disease_protein with WAC, disease_protein with MIR1273C, disease_protein with MIR1273C, disease_protein with CXCL8, disease_protein with CXCL8, disease_protein with TFEC, disease_protein with TFEC. Definitions: Cytogenetic Complete Response defined as following: The disappearance of all signs of cancer, including the absence of a detectable disease-related genetic abnormality, as determined by techniques such as karyotyping or FISH, in response to treatment.. Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. Oncogenes defined as following: Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of \"v-\" before Oncogenes symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix \"c-\" before the gene symbol of an Oncogenes indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-Oncogenes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Turcot syndrome associated with glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_1640", "sentence1": "Is Turcot syndrome (disorder) associated with glioblastoma?", "sentence2": "Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) is an Autosomal Recessive Disorder clinically characterized by the occurrence of Primary Neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS and Adenomatous polyp of Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon during the first or second decades of life, with a spectrum of clinical features such as \"café-au-lait\" spots, axillary freckling, and hyperpigmented spots. , We present the case of a 20-year-old male with a clinical presentation of both Glioblastoma Multiforme and multiple Adenomatous polyp of Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon. , Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) (TS) is a rare Hereditary Diseases clinically characterized by the occurrence of Primary Neoplasm of the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System). Here we present the case of an 11-year-old boy with a synchronous clinical presentation of both Glioblastoma Multiforme (Glomerular Basement Membrane) and Adenocarcinoma of Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon., Based on this case study, the synchronous presentation of Glioblastoma Multiforme and adenocarcinoma of the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon might suggest a shorter survival rate for patients with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder). , A 15-year-old boy was admitted with the diagnosis of colonic Multiple polyps, and during a 2-year follow-up, he underwent operation for right parieto-occipital anaplastic Astrocytoma, left-side colonic non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Follicular) and Cerebellar Glioblastoma which were all confirmed by histology. Although cases of Turcot's syndrome (TS) (colonic Multiple polyps and primary brain tumour occurring in the same patient) have been previously described, association with Hematologic Neoplasms is rare. We hereby report such a case with TS., Type A microsatellite instability diagnostic test diagnostic test in pediatric Glioma as an indicator of Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder)., Biallelic Gene Mutation of MMR genes are associated with pediatric cancers, including glial tumors, in Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) type 1 (Timothy syndrome type 1)., Glioblastoma with giant cell and sarcomatous features in patients with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) type 1: a clinicopathological study of 3 cases., Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) (TS) is a rare genetic disorder of DNA mismatch repair predisposing to glioblastoma (Glomerular Basement Membrane) in the type 1 variant. , We report the clinicopathological and genetic features of 3 Glioma in TS type 1 patients., We conclude that 1) the giant cell variant of Glomerular Basement Membrane is overrepresented in TS; 2) gliosarcoma may also be encountered; and 3) survival is often favorable, despite histological anaplasia and exuberant proliferation., Malignant transformation of Anaplastic Astrocytoma associated with Neurocysticercosis in a patient with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder)., A 45-year-old woman with anaplastic Astrocytoma was clinically diagnosed with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder), and subsequently developed simultaneous Neurocysticercosis and malignant transformation to glioblastoma. , Familial Glioblastoma Multiforme is a rather uncommon entity, being in most cases associated to known genetic disorders (as Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder), Li-Fraumeni Syndrome 2, Neurofibromatosis 2, etc.). , Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) (MIM276300) has been described as the association of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS malignant tumors and familial colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm and has been reported to be both a dominant and recessive disorder., We report here the first identification of a homozygous Mutation Abnormality in MSH6 protein, human protein, human in a family with childhood-onset brain Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, Lymphoma, colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm, and Neurofibromatosis 2 type 1 phenotype. , Of the 21 patients, 12 have died (10 after relapse, with a median time to progression for the whole series of 14 months; one with intratumoral bleeding at 40 months after diagnosis; and one affected by Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) for duodenal Primary malignant neoplasm relapse)., [Glioblastoma multiforme as a manifestation of Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder)]., In the present case, a 60-year-old patient with Glioblastoma Multiforme and a history of hereditary malignomas is described as an example of a HNPCC-associated Turcot's syndrome., Computed tomography brain scan and computed tomography-guided biopsy revealed a left frontoparietal Glioblastoma Multiforme. This case illustrates the rare presentation of Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder)-a hereditary Polyp of large intestine syndrome-in an older adult., Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) is the association of Polyp of large intestine with primary Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS such as glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma. , Brain Neoplasms is mainly diagnosed as glioblastoma or Astrocytoma and mismatch repair genes might be involved. , Patients with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) (TS) are predisposed to Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon tumors and primary brain tumors, typically glioblastomas or medulloblastomas. The authors describe a patient with TS featuring a known germline Mutation Abnormality of exon 5 of the hPMS2 mismatch repair gene who developed two metachronous glioblastomas, both with distinct Oligodendroglia features., Because this patient had an unusual underlying condition and his Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor had a unique histological appearance for TS, it was hypothesized that this genetic defect may predispose to malignant Glioma with Oligodendroglia features. , Turcot Syndrome caused by Antigen-Presenting Cells gene develops Medulloblastoma and Turcot Syndrome caused by mismatch repair gene develops glioblastoma. , It is characterized by CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System) Neoplasms and gastrointestinal Multiple polyps., Seven months after resection of this Dukes' C2 adenocarcinoma, she presented with a second primary Central Nervous System Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor, a Glioblastoma Multiforme., The Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) has been defined as the simultaneous presence of multiple Multiple polyps of the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon and a Malignant neoplasm of brain., The case of a 47-year-old Homo sapiens submitted to a right hemicolectomy for Primary malignant neoplasm and Multiple polyps, following a series of endoscopic polypectomies and, finally, removal of left temporal glioma is here presented., Two of 13 showed microsatellite instability diagnostic test diagnostic test, one of which in a patient with Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder), the other in Gliomatosis cerebri cerebri., The Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) (TS) is a rare, probably autosomal recessive, disorder characterized by development of primary Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System) and numerous adenomatous colorectal polyps. , However, no somatic Gene Mutation in Antigen-Presenting Cells were found among 91 Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial (Medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, Astrocytoma, and Well Differentiated Oligodendroglioma), whether sporadic or associated with TS. , Such syndromes include Neurofibromatosis 2 type 2, Neurofibromatosis 2 type 1, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome 2, as well as Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder), and Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder). , This patient's case deals with the association between a glioblastoma, WHO Grade 3 Glioma (WHO Grade III) and Adenocarcinoma of Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon based on familial Multiple polyps coli. , The authors describe two patients with the association of Multiple polyps-coli and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor (Turcot's syndrome). , We report a case of Turcot's syndrome in a 20-year old Homo sapiens with multiple adenomatous polyps of the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon and Glioblastoma Multiforme. , Another unusual autopsy case of the Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) is reported in a 23-year-old woman with Multiple polyps coli, who developed primary carcinoma of the Jejunum and Jejunum and jejunum and Glioblastoma Multiforme of the left frontal lobe. , Turcot syndrome (disorder) (disorder) represents the unique and discrete occurrence of Multiple polyps coli with Glioblastoma Multiforme, Medulloblastoma, or both.[SEP]Relations: Glioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps, disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps. Medulloblastoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps, disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps. Lymphoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps, disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps. Brain neoplasm has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps, disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps. Astrocytoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps, disease_phenotype_positive with Turcot syndrome (disorder) with Multiple polyps. Definitions: Autosomal Recessive Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder manifested only when two copies of a mutated gene are present.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. Adenomatous polyp of Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon defined as following: A polypoid adenoma that arises from and protrudes into the lumen of the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon. Epithelial dysplasia is always present. According to the architectural pattern it is classified as tubular, tubulovillous, or villous.. Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Follicular defined as following: Malignant Lymphoma in which the majority of neoplastic cells within the follicles are large cleaved or noncleaved cells. The degree to which the follicular center cells retain their ability to form follicles varies with the state of B-cell transformation.. Malignant neoplasm of brain defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the brain.. Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial defined as following: Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5). WHO Grade 3 Glioma defined as following: A group of malignant Glioma that includes anaplastic Astrocytoma, anaplastic Well Differentiated Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, and anaplastic ependymoma.. Glioblastoma defined as following: A malignant form of Astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic Specimen Source Codes - tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). gliosarcoma defined as following: Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8). MSH6 protein, human defined as following: DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 (1360 aa, ~153 kDa) is encoded by the human MSH6 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the DNA damage response.. Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by Gene Mutation in a Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of Neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.. Medulloblastoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal Specimen Source Codes - tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The Specimen Source Codes - tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1). Polyp of large intestine defined as following: A polypoid lesion that arises from the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon or rectum and protrudes into the lumen. This group includes adenomatous polyps, serrated polyps, and hamartomatous polyps.. Lymphoma defined as following: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.. Neurofibromatosis 2 defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and Glioma. The disease has been linked to Gene Mutation of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.. Anaplastic Astrocytoma defined as following: A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Specimen Source Codes - tumor with morphological features of anaplastic Astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or Glioblastoma Multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). duodenal Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the duodenum. Representative examples include carcinoma, Lymphoma, and sarcoma.. Astrocytoma defined as following: Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082). Cerebellar Glioblastoma defined as following: A glioblastoma that occurs in the cerebellum.. Brain Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain Neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary Neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.. Neurocysticercosis defined as following: Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50). Primary Neoplasm defined as following: A Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of origin.. Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon tumors defined as following: Tumors or Primary malignant neoplasm of the COLON.. Adenocarcinoma of colon defined as following: An adenocarcinoma arising from the Abdomen+Pelvis>Colon. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, colonic adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.. Antigen-Presenting Cells defined as following: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.. Antigen-Presenting Cells gene defined as following: Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The Mutation Abnormality of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous Multiple polyps (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.. Turcot syndrome (disorder) defined as following: An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the PMS2, MLH1, MSH2, or Antigen-Presenting Cells genes. There are two types described, type 1, characterized by the presence of glioblastoma and often associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, and type 2, characterized by the presence of Medulloblastoma and familiar adenomatous Multiple polyps.. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome 2 defined as following: An autosomal dominant Primary malignant neoplasm predisposition syndrome caused by germline Gene Mutation of the CHEK2 gene. It is associated with breast carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, kidney carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.. microsatellite instability diagnostic test defined as following: An assessment of the variability in length of an individual's microsatellite sequences; microsatellite length instability may be due to mismatch repair protein Mutation Abnormality.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including Primary malignant neoplasm.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Multiple polyps defined as following: A condition characterized by the presence of numerous polyps.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Timothy syndrome type 1 defined as following: Timothy syndrome is a multi-system disorder with characteristics of cardiac, hand, facial and neurodevelopmental features that include QT prolongation, webbed fingers and toes, flattened nasal bridge, low-set ears, small upper jaw, thin upper lip, and characteristic features of autism or autistic spectrum disorders. Timothy syndrome is caused by Gene Mutation in the CACNA1C gene. It is inherited as autosomal dominant trait.. Well Differentiated Oligodendroglioma defined as following: A well-differentiated (WHO grade 2), diffusely infiltrating neuroglial Specimen Source Codes - tumor, typically located in the cerebral hemispheres. It is composed predominantly of cells which morphologically resemble oligodendroglia. The neoplastic cells have rounded homogeneous nuclei and, on paraffin sections, a swollen, clear cytoplasm ('honeycomb' appearance). (Adapted from WHO). Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Hereditary Diseases defined as following: Genetic diseases are diseases in which inherited genes predispose to increased risk. The genetic disorders associated with Primary malignant neoplasm often result from an alteration or Mutation Abnormality in a single gene. The diseases range from rare dominant Primary malignant neoplasm family syndrome to familial tendencies in which low-penetrance genes may interact with other genes or environmental factors to induce Primary malignant neoplasm. Research may involve clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory studies of persons, families, and populations at high risk of these disorders.. Hematologic Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.. Oligodendroglia defined as following: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant Neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign Neoplasms.. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 16p13.3 (TSC2 gene).. Gliomatosis cerebri defined as following: A diffuse glial Specimen Source Codes - tumor which infiltrates the brain extensively, involving more than two lobes. It is frequently bilateral and often extends to the infratentorial structures, even to the spinal cord. It is probably of astrocytic origin, although GFAP expression may be scant or absent. (Adapted from WHO.). glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic Specimen Source Codes - tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has ORMD-0801 been tested in patients?", "id": "converted_3710", "sentence1": "Has ORMD-0801 been tested in patients?", "sentence2": "Glucose-reducing effect of the ORMD-0801 oral Therapeutic Insulin preparation in patients with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes: a pilot study., In efforts to provide patients with a more compliable treatment method, Oramed Pharmacologic Substance tested the capacity of its oral Therapeutic Insulin capsule (ORMD-0801, 8 mg Therapeutic Insulin) in addressing this resistant clinical state.[SEP]Definitions: Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is MIS-C or Multisystem Inflammatory syndrome in children a complication of Covid-19?", "id": "converted_3962", "sentence1": "Is MIS-C or Multisystem Inflammatory syndrome in children a complication of Covid-19?", "sentence2": "Much remains unknown about the risk factors, pathogenesis, prognosis, and specific therapy for this emerging manifestation of COVID19 (document) known as Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)., Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: A Case Series, COVID19 (document) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Latin American Children, This study aims to assess COVID19 (document) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) in Latin American children,, A complication is the rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID19 (document), presenting 4-6 weeks after Communicable Diseases as high Fever symptoms (finding), organ dysfunction, and strongly elevated markers of Inflammation., We apply systems-level analyses of blood immune cells, Recombinant Cytokines, and Autoantibodies in healthy children, children with Kawasaki disease enrolled prior to COVID19 (document), children infected with SARS-CoV-2, and children presenting with MIS-C. We find that the inflammatory response in MIS-C differs from the cytokine storm of severe acute COVID19 (document), shares several features with Kawasaki disease, but also differs from this condition with respect to T-Lymphocyte Subsets, interleukin (IL)-17A, and biomarkers associated with arterial damage., OBJECTIVE: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Infections disease (COVID19 (document)) is a rare and challenging diagnosis requiring early treatment., This syndrome is now known as either \"Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally related with COVID19 (document)\" (PIMS-TS) (1), or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) (2) and is currently considered a rare post-COVID19 (document) complication which, in a minority of cases, can lead to Cessation of life., Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) is a newly recognized condition in which children with recent COVID19 (disease) present with a constellation of symptoms including Hypotension, multiorgan involvement, and elevated inflammatory markers. Thes, Background: Kawasaki-like syndrome occurring in children during the COVID19 (document) pandemic has been labelled multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) by the CDC and paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID19 (disease) (PIMS-TS) by , em inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a possible complication of COVID19 (document), has been described as a hyperinflammatory condition with multiorgan involvement similar to that in Kawasaki disease or Staphylococcal Toxic effect shock syndrome in children with evidence of COVID19 (disease). This revie, BACKGROUND: A small subset of pediatric patients develop a rare syndrome associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) Communicable Diseases called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in childr, adults. However, the newly described multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) has been associated with Cardiac - anatomy qualifier complicat, BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID19 (document) (MIS-C) has been described as a novel and often severe presentation of COVID19 (disease) i, OBJECTIVE: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Infections disease (COVID19 (document)) is a rare and challenging diagnosis requiring early tr, Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also known as pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, is a new dangerous childhood disease that is temporally associated with Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (, Recent COVID19 (document) publications describe a variety of clinical presentations including an asymptomatic state, Pneumonia, a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis like syndrome, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) but, also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome-Toxic Shock (PIMS-TS), Kawasaki Disease, and Myocarditis., We analyzed peripheral blood immune responses in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients (pediatric COVID19 (document)) and patients with MIS-C. MIS-C patients had patterns of T cell-biased lymphopenia and T cell activation similar to severely ill adults, and all patients with MIS-C had SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies at admission., Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a possible complication of COVID19 (document), has been described as a hyperinflammatory condition with multiorgan involvement similar to that in Kawasaki disease or Staphylococcal Toxic effect shock syndrome in children with evidence of COVID19 (disease)., It includes a discussion of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID19 (document), as well as other aspects of the COVID19 (document) pandemic that are affecting children and families, such as Poisoning, childhood immunizations, mental health, nonaccidental trauma, and neglect., Importance: To date, no study has characterized the mucocutaneous features seen in hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or the temporal association of these findings with the onset of systemic symptoms.Objective: To describe the mucocutaneous findings seen in children with MIS-C during the height of the Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) pandemic in New York City in 2020.Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective case series was conducted of 35 children admitted to 2 hospitals in New York City between April 1 and July 14, 2020, who met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and/or epidemiologic criteria for MIS-C.Main Outcomes and Measures: Laboratory and clinical characteristics, with emphasis on mucocutaneous findings, of children who met criteria for MIS-C., This condition, since defined as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), is assumed to be a delayed immune response to Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)), and there are frequently Cardiac - anatomy qualifier manifestations of Ventricular Dysfunction and/or coronary artery dilation.Methods: We surveyed the inpatient MIS-C management approaches of the members of the International Kawasaki Disease Registry across 38 institutions and 11 countries.Results: Among the respondents, 56% reported using immunomodulatory treatment for all MIS-C patients, regardless of presentation., DESIGN: Children ages 0-22 years with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus Infections 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Communicable Diseases presenting to urgent care clinics or being hospitalized for confirmed/suspected COVID19 (disease) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at Massachusetts General Hospital were offered enrollment in the Massachusetts General Hospital Pediatric COVID19 (document) Biorepository., We recently discovered a superantigen-like motif, similar to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (enterotoxin B, staphylococcal), near the S1/S2 cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, which might explain the multisystem-inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) observed in children and cytokine storm in severe COVID19 (document) patients., METHODS: An extensive search strategy was conducted by combining the terms multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and Coronavirus Infections Communicable Diseases or using the term multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in bibliographic electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL) and in preprint servers (BioRxiv.org and MedRxiv.org) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses guidelines to retrieve all articles published from January 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020., Here, we show that pediatric patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) possess higher SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers compared to those with severe Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)), likely reflecting a longer time since onset of Communicable Diseases in MIS-C patients., Here, we show that pediatric patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) possess higher SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers compared to those with severe Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)), likely reflecting a longer time since onset of Communicable Diseases in MIS-C patients., Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a life-threatening post-infectious complication occurring unpredictably weeks after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV2 Communicable Diseases in otherwise healthy children., Data on multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) related to Coronavirus Infections disease-19 (COVID19 (document)) is increasing in the current COVID19 (document) pandemic., Introduction Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a unique clinical complication of COVID19 (disease) observed in pediatric patients., New onset diabetes with diabetic ketoacidosis in a child with multisystem inflammatory syndrome due to COVID19 (document)., Case presentation An eight-year-old female presented with Glucose in blood specimen above reference range, Ketosis and metabolic acidosis consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) in the setting of Fever symptoms (finding), Exanthema, Respiratory distress, hemodynamic instability, reduced systolic function with dilation of the left anterior descending artery, and positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies suggestive of MIS-C., However, the newly described multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus Infections disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) has been associated with Cardiac - anatomy qualifier complications.M, Toxic shock-like syndrome and COVID19 (document): Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)., Many of these cases feature a Toxic effect shock-like syndrome or Kawasaki-like syndrome in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 positive diagnostic testing and the CDC has termed this presentation Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)., We describe a case of MIS-C in a child who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) twice and on the second visit was found to have signs of distributive shock, multi-organ injury and systemic Inflammation associated with COVID19 (document)., PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Here we summarize current knowledge about multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a presumed postinfectious inflammatory condition that has emerged as an important COVID19 (document)-associated complication, to help clinicians identify and manage cases.RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical presentation of MIS-C is do, MIS-C is a rare yet severe and highly critical complication of COVID19 (document) Communicable Diseases in pediatrics, leading to serious and life-threatening illnesses., BACKGROUND: A multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID19 (document) (MIS-C) has recently been described.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate imaging findings of MIS-C associated with COVID19 (document).SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Imaging studies and medical records of sixteen patients (0-20 years) admit, BACKGROUND: Recently, cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID19 (document) have been reporte, Recent reports have described a secondary Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after a prior COVID19 (document) Communicable Diseases that often has features of Kawasaki disease (KD)., discharged home (length of hospital stay 3-20 days). There were no mortalities.CONCLUSION: MIS-C associated with COVID19 (document) is characterized predominantly by Cardiovascular Abnormalities, though also solid visceral organ, Multisection:Find:Pt:Abdomen>Gallbladder:Doc:US, and bowel abnormalities as well as Ascites, reflecting a multisystemic inflammatory process.CLINICAL IMPACT: The constellation of imaging findings in the setting of COVID19 (document) may alert pediatr, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Temporally Related to COVID19 (document): A Case Report From Saudi Arabia., BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID19 (document) (MIS-C) has been described as a novel and often severe presentation of COVID19 (disease) , ric patients. An association between COVID19 (document) and a Kawasaki-like inflammatory syndrome has recently presented in pediatric patients.CASE REPORT: We report a unique case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children presenting with characteristic findings in a child who later developed Shock, Cardiogenic requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.CONCLUSION: Recognition of these early signs and symptoms facilitates screening and risk stratification of pediatric COVID19 (document) cas, Severe Cardiac - anatomy qualifier dysfunction in a patient with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID19 (document): Retrospective diagnosis of a puzzling presentation. A case report.[SEP]Relations: Portal Inflammation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with FADD-related immunodeficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with FADD-related immunodeficiency. Respiratory distress has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with progressive supranuclear palsy-corticobasal syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with progressive supranuclear palsy-corticobasal syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. colitis (disease) has relations: disease_protein with MIF, disease_protein with MIF. Ascites has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with fetal parvovirus syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with fetal parvovirus syndrome. Definitions: T-Lymphocyte Subsets defined as following: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.. enterotoxin B, staphylococcal defined as following: A bacterial enterotoxin with potential immunostimulatory activity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (enterotoxin B, staphylococcal), a gram positive superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus, is a potent stimulator of T-cell activation. enterotoxin B, staphylococcal binds directly to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the V beta region of the T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to an amplified T-cell response. In response to enterotoxin B, staphylococcal, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells proliferate, secrete Recombinant Cytokines and demonstrate enhanced cytotoxic activity against a broad range of antigens. Co-administration of enterotoxin B, staphylococcal with interleukin-2 (IL-2) by direct injection into tumor cells, may induce clonal T-cell expansion and potentiate apoptosis of tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.. Diabetic Ketoacidosis defined as following: A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.. cytokine defined as following: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Pneumonia defined as following: Infection of the lung often accompanied by Inflammation.. Ketosis defined as following: A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).. Coronavirus Infections defined as following: Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).. Autoantibodies defined as following: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.. Exanthema defined as following: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.. Poisoning defined as following: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.. Shock, Cardiogenic defined as following: Shock resulting from diminution of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier output in heart disease.. COVID19 (disease) defined as following: A viral disorder generally characterized by high FEVER; COUGH; DYSPNEA; CHILLS; PERSISTENT TREMOR; MUSCLE PAIN; HEADACHE; SORE THROAT; a new loss of taste and/or smell (see AGEUSIA and ANOSMIA) and other symptoms of a VIRAL PNEUMONIA. In severe cases, a myriad of coagulopathy associated symptoms often correlating with COVID19 (document) severity is seen (e.g., BLOOD COAGULATION; THROMBOSIS; ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; SEIZURES; HEART ATTACK; STROKE; multiple CEREBRAL INFARCTIONS; KIDNEY FAILURE; catastrophic ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME and/or DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION). In younger patients, rare inflammatory syndromes are sometimes associated with COVID19 (document) (e.g., atypical KAWASAKI SYNDROME; TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease; and CYTOKINE STORM SYNDROME). A Coronavirus Infections, SARS-CoV-2, in the genus BETACORONAVIRUS is the causative agent.. Cardiovascular Abnormalities defined as following: Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Hypotension defined as following: Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.. Ascites defined as following: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.. Staphylococcal Toxic effect shock syndrome defined as following: Staphylococcal Staphylococcal Toxic effect shock syndrome (staphylococcal TSS) is an acute disease mediated by the production of superantigenic toxins, characterized by high Fever symptoms (finding), skin Exanthema followed by skin peeling, Hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea and potentially leading to multisystem organ failure and caused by a <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacterial Communicable Diseases.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Respiratory distress defined as following: A pathological increase in the effort and frequency of breathing movements.. Ventricular Dysfunction defined as following: A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Myocarditis defined as following: Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden Cessation of life (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with Cardiac - anatomy qualifier dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to Toxic effect substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is pembrolizumab effective against Ewing's sarcoma?", "id": "converted_2788", "sentence1": "Is pembrolizumab effective against Ewing's sarcoma of bone?", "sentence2": "None of the 13 patients with Ewing's sarcoma of bone of bone had an objective response. , Between March 13, 2015, and Feb 18, 2016, we enrolled 86 patients, 84 of whom received pembrolizumab (42 in each disease cohort) and 80 of whom were evaluable for response (40 in each disease cohort). [SEP]Relations: Ewing sarcoma of bone has relations: disease_disease with Ewing sarcoma, disease_disease with Ewing sarcoma, disease_disease with bone sarcoma, disease_disease with bone sarcoma, disease_disease with Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, disease_disease with Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. Definitions: Ewing's sarcoma of bone defined as following: A small round cell bone tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It often affects the diaphysis or metaphyseal-diaphyseal portion of long bones. Clinical findings include pain and a mass in the involved area. Fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increased sedimentation rate are often seen. X-ray examination reveals osteolytic lesions. The prognosis depends on the stage, anatomic location, and size of the tumor..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does deletion of cohesin change gene expression?", "id": "converted_3500", "sentence1": "Does Gene Deletion Abnormality of cohesins change gene expression?", "sentence2": " The conditional Gene Deletion Abnormality of cohesins from noncycling thymocytes preserved enhancer position, Histone H3 Acetyl Lys28, H4K4me1, and enhancer transcription, but weakened interactions between enhancers., Interestingly, ∼ 50% of deregulated Genes reside in the vicinity of Enhancer Elements, Genetic, suggesting that cohesins regulates gene expression through spatial clustering of Enhancer Elements, Genetic., We propose a model for cohesins-dependent gene regulation in which spatial clustering of Enhancer Elements, Genetic acts as a unified mechanism for both enhancer-promoter \"connections\" and \"insulation.\"[SEP]Relations: Abnormality of the dentition has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 15q24 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 4q21 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 9p Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 9p Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 8q21.11 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with chromosome 8q21.11 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with 22q11.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with 22q11.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome. Definitions: Histone H3 Acetyl Lys28 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 28 is acetylated. This modification may be a marker for transcriptional enhancement.. Enhancer Elements, Genetic defined as following: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of Genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does αCGRP have amyloidogenic properties?", "id": "converted_4299", "sentence1": "Does αCGRP have amyloidogenic properties?", "sentence2": "αCGRP, another amyloidogenic member of the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide family., Therefore, in this work, we investigated the amyloidogenic profile of αCGRP, a 37-residue-long peptide hormone activity activity, utilizing both biophysical experimental techniques and Molecular Dynamics simulations. These efforts unravel a novel amyloidogenic member of the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide family and provide insights into the mechanism underlying the αCGRP polymerization.[SEP]Relations: neuropeptide hormone activity has relations: molfunc_protein with AVP, molfunc_protein with AVP, molfunc_protein with AGRP, molfunc_protein with AGRP, molfunc_protein with GRP, molfunc_protein with GRP, molfunc_protein with PRLH, molfunc_protein with PRLH, molfunc_protein with NPPA, molfunc_protein with NPPA. Definitions: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide defined as following: A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.. peptide hormone activity defined as following: OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does verubecestat activate BACE?", "id": "converted_2605", "sentence1": "Does verubecestat activate BACE?", "sentence2": "Verubecestat is a potent BACE1 protein, human protein, human enzyme inhibitor currently being investigated in Phase III trials for the treatment of mild-to-moderate and prodromal ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. [SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Caplacizumab, drug_drug with Caplacizumab, drug_drug with Mofebutazone, drug_drug with Mofebutazone, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with Cefodizime, drug_drug with Cefodizime, drug_drug with Cefbuperazone, drug_drug with Cefbuperazone. Definitions: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. BACE1 protein, human defined as following: Beta-secretase 1 (501 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human BACE1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the proteolysis of ectodomains of membrane proteins..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are Sidekick proteins members of the immunoglobulin superfamily?", "id": "converted_969", "sentence1": "Are Sidekick proteins members of the immunoglobulin superfamily?", "sentence2": "Here we show that four closely related immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) adhesion molecules--DSCAM gene (Down's syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), DscamL (refs 6-9), Sidekick-1 and Sidekick-2, Sidekick-1, a Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is up-regulated in glomerular podocytes in the collapsing glomerulopathy of AIDS-Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN).[SEP]Relations: Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 production has relations: bioprocess_protein with GOLPH3, bioprocess_protein with GOLPH3, bioprocess_protein with GCNT1, bioprocess_protein with GCNT1, bioprocess_protein with PPIA, bioprocess_protein with PPIA, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular process, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular process. AIDS-Associated Nephropathy has relations: disease_disease with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, disease_disease with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Definitions: AIDS-Associated Nephropathy defined as following: Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.. Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 defined as following: A Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 that contains extracellular immunoglobulin V and C2 domains. It mediates homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion independently of calcium, and acts as a tumor suppressor in NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC) cells. Its interaction with NATURAL KILLER CELLS is important for their cytotoxicity and its expression by MAST CELLS plays a role in their interaction with neurons; it may also function in synapse assembly, nerve growth and differentiation..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease?", "id": "converted_672", "sentence1": "Is TREM2 Protein Info, human associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1?", "sentence2": "Absence of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Genetic Polymorphism in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, These data demonstrate that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human coding Geographic Locations is highly conserved, implying a crucial role of this receptor. Further studies, including a functional analysis, are certainly required to clarify the role of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in neurodegenerative processes, Moreover, a rare TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human exon 2 Variant (p.R47H) was reported to increase the risk of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol) with an odds ratio as strong as that for APOEε4, We observed an enrichment of rare variants across TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in both cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol and Frontotemporal Presenile Presenile dementia patients compared to controls, most notably in the extracellular IgV-set Superkingdom (taxonomic category), None of the rare variants individually reached significant association, but the frequency of p.R47H was increased ~ 3-fold in both cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol and Frontotemporal Presenile Presenile dementia patients compared to controls, in line with previous reports, Our data corroborate and extend previous findings to include an increased frequency of rare heterozygous TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human variations in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol and Frontotemporal Presenile Presenile dementia, and show that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human variants may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases in general., non-synonymous genetic rare Variant, rs75932628-T (p.R47H), in the TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Genes has recently been reported to be a strong genetic risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol), These data strongly support the important role of p.R47H in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol risk, and suggest that this rare genetic Variant is not related to Frontotemporal Presenile Presenile dementia., Higher levels of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human mRNA (p = 0.002) and Protein Info (p < 0.001) were identified in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol patients, Our results indicate that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human might serve as a novel noninvasive biomarker for cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol diagnosis, studies have identified the rs75932628 (R47H) Variant in TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human as an ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 risk factor with estimated odds ratio ranging from 2.9 to 5.1, This study replicates the association between R47H and ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 risk in a large, population-based sample, and estimates the population frequency and attributable risk of this rare Variant, Moreover, mutation scanning of the five Exons of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human failed to detect the presence of novel Genetic Polymorphism, A rare missense mutation (rs75932628-T) in the Genes encoding the triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human), which was predicted to result in an R47H Substitution - ActClass, was found to confer a significant risk of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 in Iceland, We also found that carriers of rs75932628-T between the ages of 80 and 100 years without ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 had poorer cognitive function than noncarriers, Our findings strongly implicate Variant TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in the pathogenesis of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. Given the reported antiinflammatory role of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in the Head>Brain, the R47H Substitution - ActClass may lead to an increased predisposition to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 through impaired containment of inflammatory processes, rs75932628-T Variant of the Genes encoding the triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) has recently been identified as a rare risk factor for late-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol), These results confirm the association between this Variant and cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol and underline its involvement in early-onset cases, recent studies have reported the association of rs75932628-T in the TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Genes with the risk for ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol), Rs75932628-T is a rare nonsynonymous Variant (p.R47H) that confers a high risk of cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol with an effect size similar to that of the Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Alleles, Here, we report the first positive replication study in a Spanish population and confirm that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human rs75932628-T is associated with the risk for cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, works have demonstrated a rare functional Variant (R47H) in triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM) 2 Genes, encoding TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Protein Info, increase susceptibility to late-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol), with an odds ratio similar to that of the apolipoprotein E ε4 Alleles, The reduced function of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human was speculated to be the main cause in the pathogenic effects of this risk Variant, and TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human is highly expressed in white matter, as well as in the hippocampus and Neocortex, which is partly consistent with the pathological features reported in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol Head>Brain, indicating the possible involvement of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol pathogenesis, Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human could suppress inflammatory response by repression of microglia-mediated cytokine production and secretion, which may prevent Inflammation-induced bystander damage of Neurons, TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human also participates in the regulation of phagocytic pathways that are responsible for the removal of neuronal debris, Based on the potential protective actions of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol pathogenesis, targeting TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human might provide new opportunities for cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol treatment, Under the hypothesis that low-prevalence variants showing moderate-to-high effect size may be associated with risk for Seasonal Affective Disorder, two independent research groups have demonstrated that a rare Variant (rs75932628, encoding a Substitution - ActClass of arginine by histidine at residue 47 (R47H), in the TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Genes, which encodes the triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) is significantly associated with an increased susceptibility to Seasonal Affective Disorder, Recently, a novel Variant in the Genes encoding the triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human) has been identified that has refocused the spotlight back onto Inflammation as a major contributing factor in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, TREM Genes cluster, a Geographic Locations recently reported to harbor rare variants that increase cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol risk, evidence suggests that rare genetic variants within the TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Genes are associated with increased risk of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1, These data suggest that a mutational burden in TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human may serve as a risk factor for Neurodegenerative Disorders in general, and that potentially this class of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human Variant carriers with Presenile Presenile dementia should be considered as having a molecularly distinct form of Neurodegenerative Disorders, The association of TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human variants with cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol brings innate immune signaling into the light, affirming innate immunity's role as a significant factor in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol pathogenesis, The purpose of this paper is to discuss these recent developments including the potential role that TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human normally plays and how loss of function may contribute to cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol pathogenesis by enhancing oxidative stress and Inflammation within the Central Nervous System, Even though we are more at the beginning than at the end of Seasonal Affective Disorder genetics, there is some reason for optimism given the recent identification of novel risk or protective variants (such as rare TREM2 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and APP mutations) showing strong statistical associations with Seasonal Affective Disorder[SEP]Relations: TREM2 Protein Info, human has relations: disease_protein with Alzheimer disease, disease_protein with Alzheimer disease, disease_protein with Presenile dementia (disease), disease_protein with Presenile dementia (disease), disease_protein with semantic Presenile dementia, disease_protein with semantic Presenile dementia, disease_protein with frontotemporal Presenile dementia, disease_protein with frontotemporal Presenile dementia, disease_protein with dystonia, disease_protein with dystonia. Definitions: Neocortex defined as following: The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian Head>Brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. histidine defined as following: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. Seasonal Affective Disorder defined as following: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.. Apolipoprotein E defined as following: A class of Protein Info components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Myeloid Cells defined as following: The classes of BONE MARROW-derived blood cells in the monocytic series (MONOCYTES and their precursors) and granulocytic series (GRANULOCYTES and their precursors).. TREM2 Protein Info, human defined as following: Triggering receptor expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (230 aa, ~25 kDa) is encoded by the human TREM2 Protein Info, human Genes. This Protein Info plays a role in macrophage and dendritic cell immune responses.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same Genes, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same Genes product.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding Genes via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP Genes, encoding amyloid-beta A4 Protein Info. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. arginine defined as following: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. Frontotemporal Presenile dementia defined as following: The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this Presenile dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.. Superkingdom (taxonomic category) defined as following: A taxonomic category above that of Kingdom.. Neurodegenerative Disorders defined as following: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. TREM2 Protein Info, human Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in the activation of immune responses.. Presenile dementia defined as following: The presence of Presenile dementia in an individual younger than age sixty five.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the Head>Brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Substitution - ActClass defined as following:Definition: Indicates that the subject Act has undergone or should undergo Substitution - ActClass of a type indicated by Act.code.
Rationale: Used to specify \"allowed\" Substitution - ActClass when creating orders, \"actual\" susbstitution when sending events, as well as the reason for the Substitution - ActClass and who was responsible for it.
.", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is CD84 genetically associated with arthritis?", "id": "converted_167", "sentence1": "Is CD84 genetically associated with arthritis?", "sentence2": "The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is predicted to disrupt transcription factor binding site motifs in the 3' Untranslated Regions of an immune-related gene, CD84, and the Alleles associated with better response to etanercept was associated with higher CD84 gene expression in Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) (P = 1 × 10(-11) in 228 non-Rheumatoid Arthritis patients and P = 0.004 in 132 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients), Our study demonstrates that an Alleles associated with response to etanercept therapy is also associated with CD84 gene expression, and further that CD84 expression correlates with disease activity, Three members of this gene family, SLAMF6 wt Allele, LY9 protein, Homo sapiens, and CD84, exhibit Genetic Polymorphism that strongly influence susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity, notably in CASP14 gene, but also in some Homo sapiens populations[SEP]Relations: Rheumatoid arthritis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis, disease_phenotype_positive with IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary xanthinuria, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary xanthinuria, phenotype_phenotype with Arthritis, phenotype_phenotype with Arthritis, drug_effect with Interferon alfa-2b, drug_effect with Interferon alfa-2b, disease_phenotype_positive with achalasia (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with achalasia (disease). Definitions: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (cell) defined as following: A peripheral blood cell with a single nucleus. This category includes lymphocytes and monocytes.. SLAMF6 wt Allele defined as following: Human SLAMF6 wild-type Alleles is located in the vicinity of 1q23.2 and is approximately 38 kb in length. This Alleles, which encodes SLAM family member 6 protein, plays a role as a coreceptor in natural killer cell activation.. LY9 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: T-lymphocyte surface antigen Ly-9 (655 aa, ~72 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens LY9 gene. This protein is involved in the positive regulation of helper T-cell Th17 differentiation.. Alleles defined as following: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. 3' Untranslated Regions defined as following: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. etanercept defined as following: A recombinant version of soluble Homo sapiens TNF receptor fused to an IgG FC fragment that binds specifically to TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR and inhibits its binding with endogenous TNF receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of TNF and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. arthritis defined as following: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any software for automated analysis of FISH images?", "id": "converted_160", "sentence1": "Is there any software for automated analysis of FISH images?", "sentence2": "he study demonstrated the feasibility of automated FISH signal analysis that applying a cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol scheme to the automated generated 2-D projection images., A color imaging technique, multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization (M-FISH), has been developed to ease the analysis of the process. Using an M-FISH technique each chromosome class (1,2, …,22,X,Y) is stained with a unique color. However, significant variations between images are observed due to a number of factors such as uneven hybridization and spectral overlap among channels. These types of variations influence the pixel classification accuracy of image classification methods which are supervised and require a set of annotated images for training. In this paper, we present a fully unsupervised M-FISH chromosome image classification methodology. Our main contributions are 1) the assumption that the intensity of a chromosome pixel is sampled from multiple Gaussian components [Gaussian mixture model (GMM)] such that each component corresponds to one chromosome class, and 2) the initialization of the GMM model using the emission information of each chromosome class. This is feasible since prior to the M-FISH image acquirement, we already know which chromosome class is emitting to each of the five M-FISH image channels. The method has been tested on a large number of M-FISH images and an overall accuracy of 89.85% is reported. Our method is unsupervised and presents higher classification accuracy even when it is compared with common supervised based methods., hybridization (FISH) tests provide promising molecular imaging biomarkers to more accurately and reliably detect and diagnose cancers and genetic disorders. Since current manual FISH signal analysis is low-efficient and inconsistent, which limits its clinical utility, developing automated FISH image scanning systems and computer-aided detection (cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol) schemes has been attracting research interests. To acquire high-resolution FISH images in a multi-spectral scanning mode, a huge amount of image data with the stack of the multiple three-dimensional (3-D) image slices is generated from a single specimen. Automated preprocessing these scanned images to eliminate the non-useful and redundant data is important to make the automated FISH tests acceptable in clinical applications. In this study, a dual-detector fluorescence image scanning system was applied to scan four specimen slides with FISH-probed chromosome X. A cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol scheme was developed to detect analyzable interphase cells and map the multiple imaging slices recorded FISH-probed signals into the 2-D projection images. cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol scheme was then applied to each projection image to detect analyzable interphase cells using an adaptive multiple-threshold algorithm, identify FISH-probed signals using a top-hat transform, and compute the ratios between the normal and Abnormal \"U\" lymphocyte. To assess cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol performance, the FISH-probed signals were also independently visually detected by an observer. The Kappa coefficients for agreement between cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol and observer ranged from 0.69 to 1.0 in detecting/counting FISH signal spots in four testing samples., In this paper we developed a sparse representation-based classification (Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src, human) algorithm based on L1-norm minimization for classifying Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 from multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) images. The algorithm has been tested on a comprehensive M-FISH database that we established, demonstrating improved performance in classification. When compared with other pixel-wise M-FISH image classifiers such as fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithms and adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) clustering algorithms that we proposed earlier the current method gave the lowest classification error. In order to evaluate the performance of different Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src, human for M-FISH imaging analysis, three different sparse representation methods, namely, Homotopy method, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP gene gene), and Least Angle Regression (LARS), were tested and compared. Results from our statistical analysis have shown that Homotopy based method is significantly better than the other two methods. , Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to study the organization and the positioning of specific DNA Sequence within the Cell Nucleus. Analyzing the data from FISH images is a tedious process that invokes an element of subjectivity. Automated FISH image analysis offers savings in time as well as gaining the benefit of objective data analysis. While several FISH image analysis software tools have been developed, they often use a threshold-based segmentation algorithm for nucleus segmentation. As fluorescence signal intensities can vary significantly from experiment to experiment, from \"U\" lymphocyte to \"U\" lymphocyte, and within a \"U\" lymphocyte, threshold-based segmentation is inflexible and often insufficient for automatic image analysis, leading to additional manual segmentation and potential subjective bias. To overcome these problems, we developed a graphical software tool called FISH Finder to automatically analyze FISH images that vary significantly. By posing the nucleus segmentation as a classification problem, compound Bayesian classifier is employed so that contextual information is utilized, resulting in reliable classification and boundary extraction. This makes it possible to analyze FISH images efficiently and objectively without adjustment of input parameters. Additionally, FISH Finder was designed to analyze the distances between differentially stained FISH probes., The simultaneous detection of Protein Info expression and gene copy number changes in patient samples, like paraffin-embedded tissue sections, is challenging since the procedures of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) negatively influence each other which often results in suboptimal staining. Therefore, we developed a novel automated algorithm based on relocation which allows subsequent detection of Protein Info content and gene copy number changes within the same \"U\" lymphocyte. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of Colorectal Carcinoma were stained for Prominin-1, human expression. IHC images were acquired and image coordinates recorded. Slides were subsequently hybridized with fluorescently labeled DNA Probes. FISH images were taken at the previously recorded positions allowing for direct comparison of Protein Info expression and gene copy number signals within the same cells/tissue areas. Relocation, acquisition of the IHC and FISH images, and enumeration of FISH signals in the immunophenotyped tumour areas were done in an automated fashion. RESULTS: Automated FISH analysis was performed on 13 different Malignant tumor of colon samples that had been stained for Prominin-1, human; each sample was scored for MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 in Prominin-1, human positive and negative glands. From the 13 cases four (31%) showed amplification for the MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human oncogene and seven of 13 (54%) cases were amplified for ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human., The simultaneous detection of Protein Info expression and gene copy number changes in patient samples, like paraffin-embedded tissue sections, is challenging since the procedures of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) negatively influence each other which often results in suboptimal staining.Therefore, we developed a novel automated algorithm based on relocation which allows subsequent detection of Protein Info content and gene copy number changes within the same \"U\" lymphocyte. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of Colorectal Carcinoma were stained for Prominin-1, human expression. IHC images were acquired and image coordinates recorded. Slides were subsequently hybridized with fluorescently labeled DNA Probes. FISH images were taken at the previously recorded positions allowing for direct comparison of Protein Info expression and gene copy number signals within the same cells/tissue areas. Relocation, acquisition of the IHC and FISH images, and enumeration of FISH signals in the immunophenotyped tumour areas were done in an automated fashion. RESULTS: Automated FISH analysis was performed on 13 different Malignant tumor of colon samples that had been stained for Prominin-1, human; each sample was scored for MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 in Prominin-1, human positive and negative glands. From the 13 cases four (31%) showed amplification for the MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human oncogene and seven of 13 (54%) cases were amplified for ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human. There was no significant difference between Prominin-1, human positive tumour and Prominin-1, human negative tumour cells. , The simultaneous detection of Protein Info expression and gene copy number changes in patient samples, like paraffin-embedded tissue sections, is challenging since the procedures of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) negatively influence each other which often results in suboptimal staining.Therefore, we developed a novel automated algorithm based on relocation which allows subsequent detection of Protein Info content and gene copy number changes within the same \"U\" lymphocyte.Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of Colorectal Carcinoma were stained for Prominin-1, human expression. IHC images were acquired and image coordinates recorded. Slides were subsequently hybridized with fluorescently labeled DNA Probes. FISH images were taken at the previously recorded positions allowing for direct comparison of Protein Info expression and gene copy number signals within the same cells/tissue areas. Relocation, acquisition of the IHC and FISH images, and enumeration of FISH signals in the immunophenotyped tumour areas were done in an automated fashion.Results: Automated FISH analysis was performed on 13 different Malignant tumor of colon samples that had been stained for Prominin-1, human; each sample was scored for MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human, ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human and Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 in Prominin-1, human positive and negative glands. From the 13 cases four (31%) showed amplification for the MYC Protein Info, human Protein Info, human oncogene and seven of 13 (54%) cases were amplified for ZNF217 Protein Info, human Protein Info, human. There was no significant difference between Prominin-1, human positive tumour and Prominin-1, human negative tumour cells.[SEP]Relations: colorectal carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with JPH3, disease_protein with JPH3, disease_protein with QKI, disease_protein with QKI, disease_protein with EFS, disease_protein with EFS, disease_protein with NRCAM, disease_protein with NRCAM, disease_protein with AURKA, disease_protein with AURKA. Definitions: Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic \"U\" lymphocyte, a membrane-limited body which contains Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A \"U\" lymphocyte may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Prominin-1, human defined as following: Prominin-1 (865 aa, ~97 kDa) is encoded by the human PROM1 gene. This Protein Info may play a role in hematopoiesis, but an exact function has yet to be elucidated. The Protein Info has been implicated in tumor pathogenesis and formation in several cancers, including retinoblastoma, hemangioma, and glioblastoma phenotypes. Additionally, the Protein Info has been used as a marker to distinguish cells that have the potential to become cancerous from the larger normal \"U\" lymphocyte population.. Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src, human defined as following: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-Protein Info kinase Src (536 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the human Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src, human gene. This Protein Info is involved in both receptor-mediated signal transduction and tyrosine phosphorylation.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. MYC Protein Info, human defined as following: Myc proto-oncogene Protein Info (439 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human MYC Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the regulation of transcription and \"U\" lymphocyte proliferation.. ZNF217 Protein Info, human defined as following: Zinc finger Protein Info 217 (1048 aa, ~115 kDa) is encoded by the human ZNF217 Protein Info, human gene. This Protein Info plays a role in the negative regulation of transcription.. DNA Probes defined as following: Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA Probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for \"U\" lymphocyte culture techniques for diagnosing infections.. Malignant tumor of colon defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 defined as following: A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.. Abnormal cell defined as following: An abnormal human \"U\" lymphocyte type which can occur in either disease states or disease models.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. MYC Protein Info, human oncogene defined as following: A viral and cellular gene. A proto-oncogene, identified in several avian tumors, encoding a nuclear Protein Info with a leucine zipper motif..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is airplane stroke syndrome a common disease.", "id": "converted_2179", "sentence1": "Is airplane Cerebrovascular accident syndrome a common disease.", "sentence2": "Only 37 cases of Cerebrovascular accident during or soon after long-haul flights have been published to our knowledge. , Our centre admitted 5727 Cerebrovascular accident patients, of whom 42 (0.73%) had flight-related strokes., The authors report three cases of Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident in young adults that occurred during or after an airplane flight.[SEP]Relations: Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Cerebrovascular accident disorder, disease_phenotype_positive with Cerebrovascular accident disorder, disease_phenotype_positive with cerebral arteriopathy, autosomal dominant, with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,, disease_phenotype_positive with cerebral arteriopathy, autosomal dominant, with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,, disease_phenotype_positive with ZTTK syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with ZTTK syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with arterial tortuosity syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with arterial tortuosity syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection, disease_phenotype_positive with thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection. Definitions: Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can Diazepam be beneficial in the treatment of traumatic brain injury?", "id": "converted_3008", "sentence1": "Can Diazepam be beneficial in the treatment of traumatic brain injury?", "sentence2": "he present experiment examined the effects of diazepam, a positive modulator at the GABA-A Receptor, on survival and cognitive performance in traumatically brain-injured animal allergen extracts. I[SEP]Relations: Diazepam has relations: drug_effect with Memory impairment, drug_effect with Memory impairment, drug_effect with Loss of consciousness, drug_effect with Loss of consciousness, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Sensory impairment, drug_effect with Sensory impairment, drug_effect with Headache, drug_effect with Headache. Definitions: diazepam defined as following: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. GABA-A Receptor defined as following: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.. traumatic brain injury defined as following: A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. Diazepam defined as following: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has FTY720 been considered for the treatment of stroke?", "id": "converted_4229", "sentence1": "Has FTY-720 been considered for the treatment of Cerebrovascular accident?", "sentence2": "FTY-720 (fingolimod) Ameliorates Brain Injuries through Multiple Mechanisms and is a Strong Candidate for Stroke Treatment, Many researchers have recognized the positive effects of FTY-720 and launched basic and clinical experiments to test the use of this agent against Cerebrovascular accident. Although the mechanism of FTY-720 has not been fully elucidated, its efficacy against cerebral Cerebrovascular accident is becoming clear, not only in animal models, but also in ischemic Cerebrovascular accident patients through clinical trials. In this article, we review the data obtained from laboratory findings and preliminary clinical trials using FTY-720 for Cerebrovascular accident treatment.[SEP]Relations: brain injury has relations: contraindication with Dexchlorpheniramine, contraindication with Dexchlorpheniramine, contraindication with Pheniramine, contraindication with Pheniramine, contraindication with Dicyclomine, contraindication with Dicyclomine, contraindication with Difenoxin, contraindication with Difenoxin, contraindication with Chlorpheniramine, contraindication with Chlorpheniramine. Definitions: Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). fingolimod defined as following: An orally available derivate of myriocin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) modulator, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, fingolimod, as a structural analogue of sphingosine, selectively targets and binds to S1PR1 on lymphocytes and causes transient receptor activation followed by S1PR1 internalization and degradation. This results in the sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. By preventing egress of lymphocytes. fingolimod reduces both the amount of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues. This prevents a lymphocyte-mediated immune response and may reduce inflammation. S1PR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues. fingolimod also shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and modulates their proliferation, morphology, and cytokine release via inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7).. Brain Injuries defined as following: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can CMB305 be used against sarcomas?", "id": "converted_3434", "sentence1": "Can CMB305 be used against sarcomas?", "sentence2": "CMB305 induces CTAG1A wt Allele specific T-Lymphocyte responses in both Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar and Medical Research Council patients and these patients had excellent overall survival (OS) outcomes in the initial phase I study., Data suggesting this Vaccine [APC] may improve OS for Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar and MRCL patients is exciting but early, and on-going work is testing the impact of CMB305 on patient outcomes., The potential of the CMB305 Vaccine [APC] regimen to target CTAG1A wt Allele and improve outcomes for synovial sarcoma and Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma patients.[SEP]Relations: BCG Vaccine [APC] has relations: drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Sorafenib, drug_drug with Sorafenib, drug_drug with Sarecycline, drug_drug with Sarecycline. breast synovial sarcoma has relations: disease_disease with breast sarcoma, disease_disease with breast sarcoma. Definitions: T-Lymphocyte defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.. CTAG1A wt Allele defined as following: Human CTAG1A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xq28 and is approximately 2 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cancer/testis antigen 1 protein, may play a role in both spermatogeneis and development of the testes. Aberrant expression of this gene is associated with incontinentia pigmenti.. synovial sarcoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363). Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma defined as following: A liposarcoma characterized by the presence of round non-lipogenic primitive mesenchymal cells and small signet ring lipoblasts within a myxoid stoma with a branching vascular pattern. This category includes hypercellular lesions with round cell morphology, formerly known as round cell liposarcoma.. Medical Research Council defined as following: A publicly funded organization that is part of United Kingdom Research and Innovation, and is dedicated to improving human health through world-class medical research.. Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar defined as following:Supernumerary mandibular right first primary molar
. sarcomas defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Aptiganel effective for treatment of stroke?", "id": "converted_3681", "sentence1": "Is Aptiganel effective for treatment of Cerebrovascular accident?", "sentence2": "Trends for increased mortality with three N-Methylaspartate antagonists were seen - selfotel (OR 1.19 [0.81-1.74]), aptiganel (OR 1.32 [0.91-1.93]) and Gavestinel (OR 1.12 [0.95-1.32]) - but this did not achieve significance for the N-Methylaspartate antagonists considered as a class (1.09 [0.96-1.23]). Aptiganel was also associated with a trend towards worse functional outcome (OR 1.20 [0.88-1.65]) although this was not the case for either of the other two compounds., No improvement in clinical outcome of Cerebrovascular accident has been seen with competitive N-Methylaspartate antagonists (selfotel) and non-competitive N-Methylaspartate antagonists (Dextrorphan, GV 150526A, aptiganel and eliprodil)., Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (N-Methylaspartate) receptor antagonists (competitive receptor antagonists, ion channel blockers, and Glycine (Plant) antagonists)--such as selfotel, aptiganel, eliprodil, licostinel and Gavestinel--failed to show efficacy in clinical trials of Cerebrovascular accident or Traumatic Brain Injury. , There was no improvement in outcome for either aptiganel (Low-Dose Treatment or high-dose) group compared with the placebo group at 90 days (median Modified Rankin Scale score for all 3 treatment groups = 3; P =.31). At 7 days, placebo-treated patients exhibited slightly greater neurological improvement on the NIH Stroke Scale than high-dose aptiganel patients (mean improvement for placebo group, -0.8 points vs for high-dose aptiganel, 0.9 points; P =.04). The mortality rate at 120 days in patients treated with high-dose aptiganel was higher than that in patients who received placebo (26.3% vs 19.2%; P =.06)., CONCLUSIONS: Aptiganel was not efficacious in patients with acute ischemic Cerebrovascular accident at either of the tested doses, and m ay be harmful. The larger proportion of patients with favorable outcomes and lower mortality rate in the placebo group suggest that glutamate blockade with aptiganel may have detrimental effects in an undifferentiated population of Cerebrovascular accident patients., CONCLUSIONS\n\nAptiganel was not efficacious in patients with acute ischemic Cerebrovascular accident at either of the tested doses, and m ay be harmful., The larger proportion of patients with favorable outcomes and lower mortality rate in the placebo group suggest that glutamate blockade with aptiganel may have detrimental effects in an undifferentiated population of Cerebrovascular accident patients., There was no improvement in outcome for either aptiganel (Low-Dose Treatment or high-dose) group compared with the placebo group at 90 days (median Modified Rankin Scale score for all 3 treatment groups = 3; P =.31)., Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (N-Methylaspartate) receptor antagonists (competitive receptor antagonists, ion channel blockers, and Glycine (Plant) antagonists)--such as selfotel, aptiganel, eliprodil, licostinel and Gavestinel--failed to show efficacy in clinical trials of Cerebrovascular accident or Traumatic Brain Injury., CONCLUSIONS Aptiganel was not efficacious in patients with acute ischemic Cerebrovascular accident at either of the tested doses, and m ay be harmful., Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate ( N-Methylaspartate ) receptor antagonists ( competitive receptor antagonists , ion channel blockers , and Glycine (Plant) antagonists)--such as selfotel , aptiganel , eliprodil , licostinel and Gavestinel--failed to show efficacy in clinical trials of Cerebrovascular accident or Traumatic Brain Injury, No improvement in clinical outcome of Cerebrovascular accident has been seen with competitive N-Methylaspartate antagonists ( selfotel ) and non-competitive N-Methylaspartate antagonists ( Dextrorphan , GV 150526A , aptiganel and eliprodil, There was no improvement in outcome for either aptiganel (Low-Dose Treatment or high-dose) group compared with the placebo group at 90 days (median Modified Rankin Scale score for all 3 treatment groups = 3; P =.31)., CONCLUSIONS: Aptiganel was not efficacious in patients with acute ischemic Cerebrovascular accident at either of the tested doses, and m ay be harmful., The larger proportion of patients with favorable outcomes and lower mortality rate in the placebo group suggest that glutamate blockade with aptiganel may have detrimental effects in an undifferentiated population of Cerebrovascular accident patients., There was no improvement in outcome for either aptiganel (Low-Dose Treatment or high-dose) group compared with the placebo group at 90 days (median Modified Rankin Scale score for all 3 treatment groups = 3; P =.31)., Aptiganel was not efficacious in patients with acute ischemic Cerebrovascular accident at either of the tested doses, and m ay be harmful., The larger proportion of patients with favorable outcomes and lower mortality rate in the placebo group suggest that glutamate blockade with aptiganel may have detrimental effects in an undifferentiated population of Cerebrovascular accident patients.[SEP]Relations: Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident has relations: drug_effect with Paclitaxel, drug_effect with Paclitaxel, drug_effect with Ramipril, drug_effect with Ramipril, drug_effect with Aripiprazole, drug_effect with Aripiprazole, drug_effect with Sitaxentan, drug_effect with Sitaxentan, drug_effect with Pazopanib, drug_effect with Pazopanib. Definitions: N-Methylaspartate defined as following: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the N-Methylaspartate receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-Methylaspartate).. Traumatic Brain Injury defined as following: A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. Low-Dose Treatment defined as following: A reduced quantity of a therapeutic agent prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals.. Dextrorphan defined as following: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive N-Methylaspartate receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there any research that relates the function of Notch Signaling with Alzheimer Disease?", "id": "converted_1491", "sentence1": "Is there any research that relates the function of Notch Signaling with Alzheimer Disease?", "sentence2": "RALBP1 gene regulates signaling pathways by abrogating or releasing signaling molecules. Since the discovery, already >15 years ago, of its catalytic component, Presenilin-1, and even much earlier with the identification of Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor as its first substrate, γ-secretase has been commonly associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. However, starting with Notch and thereafter a continuously increasing number of novel substrates, γ-secretase is becoming linked to an equally broader range of biological processes., In the last decade, increasing evidence has pointed out an important role of this pathway beyond embryonic development, indicating that Notch also displays a critical function in the mature Head>Brain of Vertebrates and invertebrates. This pathway appears to be involved in neural progenitor regulation, neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity and learning/memory. In addition, Notch appears to be aberrantly regulated in Neurodegenerative Disorders, including ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and ischemic injury, Along with β-secretase, this Enzyme [APC] produces the amyloid β-protein of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol) from the amyloid β-protein precursor. Because of its key role in the pathogenesis of cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol, γ-secretase has been a prime target for drug discovery, and many inhibitors of this Endopeptidases have been developed. The therapeutic potential of these inhibitors is virtually negated by the fact that γ-secretase is an essential part of the Notch signaling pathway, rendering the compounds unacceptably Toxic effect upon chronic exposure, High physiological concentrations of Aβ monomer induced angiogenesis by a conserved mechanism that blocks γ-secretase processing of a Notch intermediate, NEXT, and reduces the expression of downstream Notch target genes. Our findings allude to an integration of signaling pathways that utilize γ-secretase activity, which may have significant implications for our understanding of Alzheimer's pathogenesis vis-à-vis vascular changes that set the stage for ensuing Nerve Degeneration., Aggregated forms of Aβ have a pathogenic role in ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 and, thus, reducing the Aβ levels by inhibiting γ-secretase is a possible treatment strategy for ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2. Regrettably, clinical trials have shown that inhibition of γ-secretase results in Notch-related side effects. Therefore, it is of great importance to find ways to inhibit Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor (Smartphone Application) processing without disturbing vital signaling pathways such as Notch. NCSTN gene (NCT (pharmacologic substance)) is part of the γ-secretase complex and has been proposed to be involved in substrate recognition and selection[SEP]Relations: ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2 has relations: disease_disease with genetic dementia, disease_disease with genetic dementia, disease_disease with dementia (disease), disease_disease with dementia (disease), disease_protein with GAPDHS, disease_protein with GAPDHS, disease_disease with familial ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2, disease_disease with familial ALZHEIMER DISEASE 2, disease_protein with ARC, disease_protein with ARC. Definitions: Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor defined as following: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.. RALBP1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of small GTPase activity.. Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. Smartphone Application defined as following: An application designed specifically for use on a smartphone.. NCSTN gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gamma-secretase activity.. Presenilin-1 defined as following: Integral membrane protein of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as NOTCH RECEPTORS and AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES precursors. PSEN1 mutations cause early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE type 3 that may occur as early as 30 years of age in humans.. Neurodegenerative Disorders defined as following: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Endopeptidases defined as following: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the Smartphone Application gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is verubecestat effective for Alzheimer’s Disease?", "id": "converted_3003", "sentence1": "Is verubecestat effective for Alzheimer’s Disease?", "sentence2": " The lack of efficacy of verubecestat in mild-to-moderate cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol raises important questions about the timing of intervention with BACE-1 inhibitors, and anti-amyloid therapies in general, in cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol treatment., This reaction was applied to the preparation of verubecestat, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1., Verubecestat is an PPP1R1A gene of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1 protein, human protein, human) being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. , CONCLUSIONS: Verubecestat did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and was associated with treatment-related adverse events. , Randomized Trial of Verubecestat for Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.Verubecestat did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and was associated with treatment-related adverse events. , CONCLUSIONS\nVerubecestat did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and was associated with treatment-related adverse events., Verubecestat did not reduce cognitive or functional decline in patients with mild-to-moderate ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and was associated with treatment-related adverse events.[SEP]Relations: familial Alzheimer disease has relations: disease_disease with Alzheimer disease, disease_disease with Alzheimer disease, disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_phenotype_positive with Sleep disturbance, disease_phenotype_positive with Sleep disturbance, disease_phenotype_positive with Perseveration, disease_phenotype_positive with Perseveration. Definitions: BACE1 protein, human defined as following: Beta-secretase 1 (501 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human BACE1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the proteolysis of ectodomains of membrane proteins.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the likelihood of severe COVID-19?", "id": "converted_4514", "sentence1": "Do angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) increase the likelihood of severe COVID19 (document)?", "sentence2": "These findings suggest that the use of ACE-I and BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE is not associated with adverse outcomes and may be associated with improved outcomes in COVID19 (document), which is immediately relevant to care of the many patients on these medications., There are theoretical concerns that Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) could increase the risk of severe Covid-19., ACEIs and ARBs were associated with a slight reduction in Covid-19 hospitalization risk compared with treatment with other first-line antihypertensives (OR for ACEIs 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98; OR for ARBs 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.97)., There were no meaningful differences in risk for ACEIs compared with ARBs., ACEIs and ARBs were not associated with an increased risk of Covid-19 hospitalization or with hospitalization involving ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or Cessation of life., In patients with HTN and COVID19 (document), neither ACEi nor ARBs were independently associated with mortality., Our data confirm Specialty Societal recommendations, suggesting that treatment with ACEIs or ARBs should not be discontinued because of COVID19 (document)., Random-effects meta-analysis showed ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE treatment was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality in Hypertensive (finding) COVID19 (document) patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.624, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.457-0.852, p = .003, I2 = 74.3%)., In addition, the ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE treatment was associated with a lower risk of ventilatory support (OR = 0.682, 95% CI = 0.475-1.978, p = .037, I2 = 0.0%). In conclusion, these results suggest that ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE medications should not be discontinued for Hypertensive (finding) patients in the context of COVID19 (document) pandemic., Use of ACE-I or BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE medications was not associated with increased risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, or Cessation of life. Compared to patients with charted past medical history, there was a lower risk of hospitalization for patients on ACE-I (odds ratio (OR) 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.97; P = 0.0426) and BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.17-0.90; P = 0.0270)., The second analysis showed that the use of ACEI and/or BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE did not affect in-hospital mortality (risk ratio [RR] 95% [CI]] = 0.88 [0.64-1.20], p = 0.42). The subgroup analysis by limiting studies of patients with Hypertensive Disease showed ACEI and/or BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE use was associated with a significant reduction of in-hospital mortality compared with no ACEI or BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE use (RR [CI] = 0.66 [0.49-0.89], p = 0.004). Our analysis demonstrated that ACEI and/or BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE use was associated neither with testing positive rates of COVID19 (document) nor with mortality of COVID19 (document) patients., ACEIs/ARBs are protective factors against mortality in COVID19 (document) patients with HTN, and these agents can be considered potential therapeutic options in this Disease., There has been a lot of speculation that patients with coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) who are receiving Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) may be at increased risk for adverse outcomes., Although further research on the influence of blood-pressure-lowering drugs, including those not targeting the renin-angiotensin system, is warranted, there are presently no compelling clinical data showing that ACEIs and ARBs increase the likelihood of contracting COVID19 (document) or worsen the outcome of SARS-CoV‑2 infections, There has been a lot of speculation that patients with coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19 (document)) who are receiving Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) may be at increased risk for adverse outcomes, ACEIs and ARBs do not promote a more severe outcome of COVID19 (document)., Meta-analysis showed no significant increase in the risk of COVID19 (document) infection (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.89-1.05) in patients receiving ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE therapy, and ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE therapy was associated with a decreased risk of severe COVID19 (document) (OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.59-0.96) and mortality (OR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.35-0.79)., Subgroup analyses showed among the general population, ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE therapy was associated with reduced severe COVID19 (document) infection (OR: 0.79, 95%CI: 0.60-1.05) and all-cause mortality (OR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.13-0.75), and COVID19 (document) infection (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66-1.08) were not increased., On the basis of the available evidence, ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE therapy should be continued in patients who are at risk for, or have COVID19 (document), either in general population or Hypertensive Disease patients., Some studies of hospitalized patients suggested that the risk of Cessation of life and/or severe Illness (finding) due to COVID19 (document) is not associated with the use of Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers (ARBs), Available evidence, in particular, data from human studies, does not support the hypothesis that ACEI/BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE use increases ACE2 protein, human protein, human expression and the risk of complications from COVID19 (document). We conclude that patients being treated with ACEIs and ARBs should continue their use for approved indications.[SEP]Relations: type 2 angiotensin receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with AGT, molfunc_protein with AGT. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, drug_drug with Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, drug_drug with Ardeparin, drug_drug with Ardeparin, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant). Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE defined as following: A retinal dystrophy with characteristics of central visual loss in the first 2 decades of life, associated with an absent electrooculogram (EOG) light rise and a reduced electroretinogram (ERG). To date less than 20 cases have been described in the world literature. Caused by compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in the BEST1 gene (11q12) which encodes the chloride ion channel bestrophin-1 (expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)). Mutations in BEST1 reduce or abolish the activity of the channel. It has been proposed that BESTROPHINOPATHY, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE may represent the null phenotype of bestrophin-1 in humans. Transmission is autosomal recessive.. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists defined as following: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.. Hypertensive Disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive Disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. ACE2 protein, human defined as following: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (805 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human ACE2 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in both vasodilation and protein cleavage.. Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A defined as following: A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide-|-Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II. It is also able to inactivate BRADYKININ, a potent vasodilator; and has a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety. (From https://www.uniprot.org April 15, 2020).. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers defined as following: Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is lumican a secreted protein?", "id": "converted_2709", "sentence1": "Is LUM protein, Homo sapiens a secreted protein?", "sentence2": "Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts stimulated with the Fibrocyte-secreted inflammatory signal tumor necrosis factor-α secrete the small leucine-rich Proteoglycan LUM protein, Homo sapiens, TNF-α-stimulated Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts secrete LUM protein, Homo sapiens to promote Fibrocyte differentiation., Secreted 70kDa LUM protein, Homo sapiens stimulates growth and inhibits invasion of Homo sapiens pancreatic cancer., the elevated level of LUM protein, Homo sapiens secretion to Extracellular Space leads to Actins cytoskeletal remodeling followed by an increase in migration capacity of Homo sapiens colon LS180 cells, Lumican is a secreted Proteoglycan that regulates collagen fibril assembly., This is the first time that the synthesis and secretion of LUM protein, Homo sapiens in Homo sapiens melanoma cell lines is reported. [SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Lumiracoxib, drug_drug with Lumiracoxib, drug_drug with Pentosan polysulfate, drug_drug with Pentosan polysulfate, drug_drug with Urokinase, drug_drug with Urokinase. Extracellular Space has relations: cellcomp_protein with LUM, cellcomp_protein with LUM. ECM proteoglycans has relations: pathway_protein with LUM, pathway_protein with LUM. Definitions: collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).. LUM protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Lumican (338 aa, ~38 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens LUM gene. This protein is involved in the structure of interstitial collagen matrices.. Fibrocyte defined as following: A quiescent connective tissue cell with minimal cytoplasm and little to no evidence of protein synthesis. These cells may be able to differentiate into Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Proteoglycan defined as following: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.. Extracellular Space defined as following: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the Extracellular Space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.. Actins defined as following: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-Actins) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-Actins. In conjunction with MYOSINS, Actins is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has Revlimid been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration?", "id": "converted_996", "sentence1": "Has Revlimid been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration?", "sentence2": "In the past decade, immunomodulatory drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter)-and a number of emerging agents that target the cellular pathways or Proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Millimole per Liter are currently in development. Lenalidomide (Revlimid) and pomalidomide induce apoptosis and sensitize Millimole per Liter Cells while demonstrating superior efficacy and better tolerability than thalidomide (Thalomid)., In the past decade we have seen four new agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Multiple Myeloma: the Proteasome Inhibitors [MoA] (Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency) bortezomib (Velcade), the immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide (Revlimid) and thalidomide (Thalomid), and doxorubicin liposome. , In the past decade we have seen four new agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Multiple Myeloma: the Proteasome Inhibitors [MoA] (Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency) bortezomib (Velcade), the immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide (Revlimid) and thalidomide (Thalomid), and doxorubicin liposome., Thalidomide, lenalidomide (Revlimid), and bortezomib (Velcade) are directed not only at Millimole per Liter Cells but also at the BM milieu and have moved rapidly from the bench to the bedside and United States Food and Drug Administration approval to treat Millimole per Liter., Lenalidomide (CC 5013, Revlimid; Celgene Corporation, Summit, New Jersey), a thalidomide analogue, was granted approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 29, 2006, for use in combination with dexamethasone in patients with Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter) who have received at least one prior therapy., Lenalidomide, an IMiD Pharmacologic Substance (a novel type of immunomodulating Pharmacologic Substance) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of transfusion-dependent anemia in patients with MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) and interstitial deletions of chromosome 5q [del(5q)], Lenalidomide, a second-generation immunomodulatory Pharmacologic Substance (IMiD), is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of transfusion-dependent anemia in lower-risk MDS patients with Gene Deletion Abnormality 5q chromosomal abnormality, In the past decade we have seen four new agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Multiple Myeloma: the Proteasome Inhibitors [MoA] (Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency) bortezomib (Velcade), the immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide (Revlimid) and thalidomide (Thalomid), and doxorubicin liposome., lenalidomide (CC5103 or Revlimid) are recently approved for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma., In the past decade, immunomodulatory drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma (Millimole per Liter)-and a number of emerging agents that target the cellular pathways or Proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Millimole per Liter are currently in development. Lenalidomide (Revlimid) and pomalidomide induce apoptosis and sensitize Millimole per Liter Cells while demonstrating superior efficacy and better tolerability than thalidomide (Thalomid).[SEP]Relations: Lenalidomide has relations: drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Reviparin. Pomalidomide has relations: drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Revefenacin, drug_drug with Revefenacin. Bortezomib has relations: drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Reviparin. Thalidomide has relations: drug_drug with Reviparin, drug_drug with Reviparin. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. thalidomide defined as following: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME defined as following: Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.. dexamethasone defined as following: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.. lenalidomide defined as following: A thalidomide analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenalidomide inhibits TNF-alpha production, stimulates T Cells, reduces serum levels of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent also promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant Cells.. New Jersey defined as following: State bounded on the north by New York and Pennsylvania, on the east by New York and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Delaware Bay, and on the west by Pennsylvania.. pomalidomide defined as following: An orally bioavailable derivative of thalidomide with potential immunomodulating, antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Although its exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, pomalidomide appears to inhibit TNF-alpha production, enhance the activity of T Cells and natural killer (NK) Cells and enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, pomalidomide may inhibit tumor angiogenesis, promote cell cycle arrest in susceptible tumor cell populations, and stimulate erythropoeisis.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. bortezomib defined as following: A pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible PROTEASOME INHIBITOR. It is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA and MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA.. Multiple Myeloma defined as following: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones Proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can leuprorelin acetate be used as androgen deprivation therapy?", "id": "converted_3260", "sentence1": "Can leuprorelin acetate be used as androgen deprivation therapy?", "sentence2": "We investigated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of long-term Malignant neoplasm of prostate patients who received leuprorelin acetate in Microcapsules drug delivery system (Lymphangioleiomyomatosis) for androgen-deprivation therapy (glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex location)., Long-term glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex location with Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a well-accepted, tolerated, effective, and low-burden treatment option for patients with advanced, hormone-sensitive Patient-Controlled Analgesia.[SEP]Relations: lymphangioleiomyomatosis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Cognitive impairment, disease_phenotype_positive with Cognitive impairment, disease_phenotype_positive with Ascites, disease_phenotype_positive with Ascites, disease_phenotype_positive with Restrictive ventilatory defect, disease_phenotype_positive with Restrictive ventilatory defect, disease_phenotype_positive with Macule, disease_phenotype_positive with Macule, disease_phenotype_positive with Seizure, disease_phenotype_positive with Seizure. Definitions: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis defined as following: A multifocal neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation affecting almost exclusively females of child-bearing age. It is characterized by the presence of smooth muscle and epithelioid cells and by the proliferation of lymphatic vessels. Sites of involvement include the lungs, mediastinum, and the retroperitoneum. It usually presents with chylous pleural effusion or ascites.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Microcapsules drug delivery system defined as following: microscopic spheres of organic polymer or other material, usually used for slow release drug delivery or to protect orally administered agents from destruction in digestive tract; do not confuse with BACTERIAL CAPSULE.. glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex location defined as following: A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms. [GOC:mlg]. Patient-Controlled Analgesia defined as following: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is RET the major gene involved in Hirschsprung disease?", "id": "converted_292", "sentence1": "Is ret unit of radiation dose the major gene involved in Hirschsprung disease?", "sentence2": "The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene associated to HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding Gene Mutation to the multifactorial nature of this pathology, The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding Gene Mutation to the multifactorial nature of this pathology, The rearranged during transfection gene (ret unit of radiation dose) is considered the major gene in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, ret unit of radiation dose is the major gene associated to Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1) with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding Gene Mutation to the multifactorial nature of this pathology, While all Mendelian modes of inheritance have been described in syndromic HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, isolated HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 stands as a model for genetic disorders with complex patterns of inheritance. The tyrosine kinase receptor ret unit of radiation dose is the major gene with both rare Open Reading Frames Gene Mutation and/or a frequent Variant located in an Enhancer Elements, Genetic predisposing to the disease, The rearranged during transfection (ret unit of radiation dose) Proto-Oncogenes is the major susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease, and germline Gene Mutation in ret unit of radiation dose have been reported in up to 50% of the inherited forms of Hirschsprung disease and in 15-20% of sporadic cases of Hirschsprung disease., The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene involved in the complex genetics of Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), or aganglionic megacolon, showing causative loss-of-function Gene Mutation in 15-30% of the sporadic cases., The major gene for Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1) encodes the High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, Homo sapiens ret unit of radiation dose., The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is considered to be the major susceptibility gene involved in Hirschsprung disease., Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of enteric neurons in distal segments of the gut, shows a complex pattern of inheritance, with the ret unit of radiation dose protooncogene acting as a major gene and additional susceptibility loci playing minor roles., Traditional ret unit of radiation dose germline Gene Mutation account for a small subset of Hirschsprung disease patients, but several studies have shown that there is a specific cdE cdE haplotype finding finding of ret unit of radiation dose associated with the sporadic forms of Hirschsprung disease., PURPOSE: The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is considered to be the major susceptibility gene involved in Hirschsprung disease., The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene involved in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), a complex genetic disease characterized by lack of Ganglia along variable lengths of the gut., While rare variants (RVs) in the Open Reading Frames (Triglyceride storage disease with ichthyosis) of several Genes involved in ENS development lead to disease, the association of common variants (CVs) with HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 has only been reported for ret unit of radiation dose (the major HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 gene) and NRG1 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens., The rearranged during transfection (ret unit of radiation dose) Proto-Oncogenes is the major susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease, and germline Gene Mutation in ret unit of radiation dose have been reported in up to 50% of the inherited forms of Hirschsprung disease and in 15-20% of sporadic cases of Hirschsprung disease., The major gene for Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1) encodes the High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, Homo sapiens ret unit of radiation dose. In a study of 690 European- and 192 Chinese-descent probands and their parents or controls, we demonstrate the ubiquity of a >4-fold susceptibility from a C-->T allele (rs2435357: p = 3.9 x 10(-43) in European ancestry; p = 1.1 x 10(-21) in Chinese samples) that probably arose once within the intronic ret unit of radiation dose enhancer MCS+9.7., Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of enteric neurons in distal segments of the gut, shows a complex pattern of inheritance, with the ret unit of radiation dose protooncogene acting as a major gene and additional susceptibility loci playing minor roles., BACKGROUND: The ret unit of radiation dose gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in different Homo sapiens neurocristopathies, such as specific Neuroendocrine Tumors and Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1)., The first major susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease is the ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes on 10q11.2., The developmental abnormalities apparent in these CASP14 gene, together with the observation that the major Body tissue affected in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a and Hirschsprung disease have a common origin in the embryonal neural crest, suggest that ret unit of radiation dose encodes a receptor for a developmental regulator involved in the genesis of a variety of neural crest derivatives, and in the organogenesis of the Both kidneys., ret unit of radiation dose is the major gene involved in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1., Recent advances show that the ret unit of radiation dose gene is a major Gene Locus involved in the pathogenesis of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1., Although with several Genes involved in its pathogenesis, the major HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 gene is the ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes., In this model, a major gene, ret unit of radiation dose, is involved in most if not all cases of isolated (i.e., nonsyndromic) HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, in conjunction with other autosomal susceptibility loci under a multiplicative model., The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene involved in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), a complex genetic disease characterized by lack of Ganglia along variable lengths of the gut, The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is the major gene involved in the complex genetics of Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), or aganglionic megacolon, showing causative loss-of-function Gene Mutation in 15-30% of the sporadic cases, The ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes is considered to be the major susceptibility gene involved in Hirschsprung disease, Analysis of the ret unit of radiation dose gene, the major gene involved in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 susceptibility, revealed neither linkage nor Gene Mutation, ret unit of radiation dose is the major gene involved in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, Although with several Genes involved in its pathogenesis, the major HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 gene is the ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes, While rare variants (RVs) in the Open Reading Frames (Triglyceride storage disease with ichthyosis) of several Genes involved in ENS development lead to disease, the association of common variants (CVs) with HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 has only been reported for ret unit of radiation dose (the major HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 gene) and NRG1 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, The rearranged during transfection (ret unit of radiation dose) Proto-Oncogenes is the major susceptibility gene for Hirschsprung disease, and germline Gene Mutation in ret unit of radiation dose have been reported in up to 50% of the inherited forms of Hirschsprung disease and in 15-20% of sporadic cases of Hirschsprung disease, Recent advances show that the ret unit of radiation dose gene is a major Gene Locus involved in the pathogenesis of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, In this model, a major gene, ret unit of radiation dose, is involved in most if not all cases of isolated (i.e., nonsyndromic) HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, in conjunction with other autosomal susceptibility loci under a multiplicative model, We report on mutation analysis of five Genes involved in the High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, Homo sapiens (ret unit of radiation dose) or the endothelin-signalling pathways in 28 sporadic Japanese patients with Hirschsprung disease, In addition to Gene Mutation in the ret unit of radiation dose and EDNRB protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes, embryonic environmental factors and/or other genetic factors appear to be involved in the development of Hirschsprung disease, The ret unit of radiation dose gene is the major HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 gene, although reduced penetrance of ret unit of radiation dose Gene Mutation and variable expression of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 phenotype indicates that more than one gene is required[SEP]Relations: hirschsprung disease, susceptibility to has relations: disease_protein with ret unit of radiation dose, disease_protein with ret unit of radiation dose, disease_protein with COMT, disease_protein with COMT, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, Homo sapiens, disease_protein with EDNRB protein, Homo sapiens, disease_protein with MED12, disease_protein with MED12, disease_disease with Hirschsprung disease, disease_disease with Hirschsprung disease. Definitions: Open Reading Frames defined as following: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).. Neuroendocrine Tumors defined as following: Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. High Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, Homo sapiens defined as following: High affinity nerve growth factor receptor (796 aa, ~87 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens NTRK1 gene. This protein is involved in tyrosine phosphorylation, axonogenesis and receptor-mediated signaling.. ret unit of radiation dose gene defined as following: This gene plays an essential role in neural crest development, cellular growth and differentiation. Mutations in the gene are associated with a variety of neoplasias and carcinomas.. Ganglia defined as following: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. ret unit of radiation dose defined as following: a unit of radiation dose. Enhancer Elements, Genetic defined as following: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of Genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.. EDNRB protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Endothelin receptor type B (442 aa, ~50 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens EDNRB protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Proto-Oncogenes defined as following: Normal cellular Genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.. Triglyceride storage disease with ichthyosis defined as following: Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) refers to a group of diseases characterized by a deficit in the degradation of cytoplasmic triglycerides and their accumulation in cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in most Body tissue of the body. The group is heterogeneous: currently cases of NLSD with icthyosis (NLSDI/Dorfman-Chanarin disease; see this term) and NLSD with myopathy (NLSDM/neutral lipid storage myopathy; see this term) can be distinguished.. NRG1 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Neuregulin-1 (222 aa, ~24 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens NRG1 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in binding to receptors from the EGF receptor family of protein tyrosine kinases.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Gene Locus defined as following: The position of a gene or a chromosomal marker on a chromosome; also, a stretch of DNA at a particular place on a particular chromosome. The use of Gene Locus is sometimes restricted to mean regions of DNA that are expressed.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a defined as following: A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by the presence of medullary carcinoma (CARCINOMA, MEDULLARY) of the THYROID GLAND, and usually with the co-occurrence of PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, producing CALCITONIN and ADRENALINE, respectively. Less frequently, it can occur with hyperplasia or adenoma of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. This disease is due to gain-of-function Gene Mutation of the MEN2 gene on CHROMOSOME 10 (Locus: 10q11.2), also known as the ret unit of radiation dose Proto-Oncogenes that encodes a RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. It is an autosomal dominant inherited disease.. gene defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Ozanimod effective for Ulcerative Colitis?", "id": "converted_4250", "sentence1": "Is Ozanimod effective for Ulcerative Colitis?", "sentence2": "Ozanimod as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis., CONCLUSIONS: Ozanimod was more effective than placebo as induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis., CONCLUSIONS: There was a high rate of continued study participation and long-term benefit with ozanimod Hairy Cell Leukemia 1 mg daily based on clinical, histological and biomarker measures in patients with moderately to severely active UC in the TOUCHSTONE OLE. [NCT02531126]., Ozanimod: A First-in-Class Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis., CONCLUSION: Ozanimod is another option in the growing arsenal of UC treatment., RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: Ozanimod is the first sphingosine 1-phosphate modulator to be approved for UC and is administered orally. Its efficacy profile is comparable with other UC medications., Compared with placebo, ozanimod led to clinical remission in a significantly higher proportion of patients in both the induction and maintenance phase. Additionally, for secondary end points of clinical response, endoscopic improvement, corticosteroid-free remission, and mucosal healing, ozanimod performed significantly better than placebo. , Ozanimod interferes with migrations of activated Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes to the site of Inflammation and is a promising Pharmacologic Substance for the UC treatment.Key words: Crohn Disease - mongersen - monoclonal antibodies - ozanimod - tofacitinib - ulcerative colitis., SIONS: Ozanimod was more effective than placebo as induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. (Fund, The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1, Human) Agonist ozanimod ameliorates ulcerative colitis, yet its mechanism of action is unknown. , Ozanimod (RPC1063) is a specific and potent small molecule modulator of the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors (S1PR1) and receptor 5 (S1PR5), which has shown therapeutic benefit in clinical trials of relapsing Multiple Sclerosis and ulcerative colitis. Ozan, SIONS: Ozanimod was more effective than placebo as induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. (Fun, SIONS: In this preliminary trial, ozanimod at a daily dose of 1 mg resulted in a slightly higher rate of clinical remission of ulcerative colitis than placebo. The [SEP]Relations: ulcerative colitis (disease) has relations: contraindication with Benzthiazide, contraindication with Benzthiazide, contraindication with Icosapent, contraindication with Icosapent, contraindication with Polythiazide, contraindication with Polythiazide, contraindication with Chlorothiazide, contraindication with Chlorothiazide, contraindication with Trolnitrate, contraindication with Trolnitrate. Definitions: Agonist defined as following: An agent that has affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity at that receptor.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Ulcerative Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1, Human defined as following: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (382 aa, ~43 kDa) is encoded by the human S1PR1 gene. This protein plays a role in phospholipid binding.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). ozanimod defined as following: An orally bioavailable sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors 1 (S1PR1, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1, Human) and 5 (S1PR5, S1P5) modulator, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, ozanimod selectively targets and binds to S1PR1 on lymphocytes and induces S1PR1 internalization and degradation. This results in the sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. By preventing egress of lymphocytes, ozanimod reduces both the amount of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues. This prevents a lymphocyte-mediated immune response and may reduce Inflammation. S1PR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues. Modulation of S1PR5 by ozanimod may be neuroprotective.. Crohn Disease defined as following: A chronic transmural Inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the Inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors defined as following: A subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for sphingosine-1-phosphate (e.g., FINGOLIMOD), sphinganine 1-phosphate, 4-hydroxysphinganine 1-phosphate.. Hairy Cell Leukemia defined as following: A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of \"hairy\" or \"flagellated\" cells in the blood and bone marrow..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can propofol cause green urine?", "id": "converted_4119", "sentence1": "Can propofol cause green Specimen Source Codes - Urine?", "sentence2": "Reasons for discontinuing propofol are signs of rhabdomyolysis (92.9%), green Specimen Source Codes - Urine, elevated Finding of Abdomen>Liver enzyme levels (71.4% each) and elevated Triglycerides (57.1%)., propofol-Induced Green Urine in a Patient with Refractory Status Epilepticus., We present the case of a 52-year-old man, who developed green Specimen Source Codes - Urine following propofol coma therapy for Status Epilepticus., The green discoloration of Specimen Source Codes - Urine is a rare and Benign condition, which occurs when clearance of propofol exceeds the Hepatic and extrahepatic elimination., Green Abnormal color of Specimen Source Codes - Urine following propofol infusion in a Canis familiaris., During mechanical ventilation, anaesthesia was maintained using a propofol target-controlled infusion system and, subsequently, the Canis familiaris produced bright green Specimen Source Codes - Urine in the Specimen Source Codes - Urine collection system. Although previously documented in Homo sapiens, this appears to be the first report of green Specimen Source Codes - Urine in a Canis familiaris following propofol use., Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine is also caused by medications such as propofol and Infections of musculoskeletal system such as pseudomonas., Although it is assumed that the phenolic derivatives of propofol can cause green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine, the actual origin remains unknown., An uncommon adverse effect of propofol is green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine, which has been reported not only under general anesthesia but also with sedation., Antifungal Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical, Topical were avoided when propofol was recognized as a rare and Benign potential cause of the green Specimen Source Codes - Urine., Green Urine Due to propofol: A Case Report with Review of Literature., Herein, we present a case of 62-year-old postoperative lady, noticed to be passing green coloured Specimen Source Codes - Urine believed to be due to intravenous propofol administration for induction of general anaesthesia., Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine is rare indeed and it is a Benign potential side effect of propofol; this phenomenon is related to the metabolism of propofol., Clinical significance of rare and Benign side effects: propofol and green Specimen Source Codes - Urine., Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine in a patient who received a continuous infusion of propofol: A case report., This phenomenon is due to metabolism of propofol which may lead to a phenolic green chromophore which is conjugated in the Abdomen>Liver and excreted in the Specimen Source Codes - Urine., Green Urine Discoloration due to propofol Infusion: A Case Report., An analysis of green discoloration of Specimen Source Codes - Urine caused by propofol infusion., We experienced green Specimen Source Codes - Urine from a long-term anesthetized patient who received a continuous infusion of propofol., We present a 19-year-old man who excreted green Specimen Source Codes - Urine after propofol infusion., green colour of Specimen Source Codes - Urine due to propofol occurs when clearance of propofol exceeds Hepatic elimination, and extrahepatic elimination of propofol occurs. Thi, Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine from propofol infusion is a Benign and rare side effect, Grass-green Specimen Source Codes - Urine from propofol infusion, propofol-Induced Green Urine in a Patient with Refractory Status Epilepticus, sedation. An uncommon adverse effect of propofol is green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine, which has been reported not only under general anesthesia but also with, erein, we present a case of 62-year-old postoperative lady, noticed to be passing green coloured Specimen Source Codes - Urine believed to be due to intravenous propofol administration for induction of general anaesthesia. T, en Specimen Source Codes - Urine is rare indeed and it is a Benign potential side effect of propofol; this phenomenon is related to the metabolism of propofol. W, Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine is also caused by medications such as propofol and Infections of musculoskeletal system such as pseudomonas, Green Urine Due to propofol: A Case Report with Review of Literature, LUSION: We experienced a case of a patient with green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine after general anesthesia using propofol. therapeutic autologous lymphocytes, After starting continuous infusion of propofol for postoperative sedation, his Specimen Source Codes - Urine became dark green., We believe that the green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine was caused by propofol infusion and was related to impaired enterohepatic circulation and extrahepatic glucuronidation in the Both Both kidneys., WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: propofol, a commonly used sedative, has on rare occasions, been reported to discolour Specimen Source Codes - Urine green, IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine from propofol infusion is dose dependent. It, We report on a patient who produced dark green discoloration of Specimen Source Codes - Urine from prolonged propofol infusion, administered for intractable epilepsy, Dark green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine after prolonged propofol infusion: a case report., experienced a case of a patient with green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine after general anesthesia using propofol. A, On the third day of propofol infusion his Specimen Source Codes - Urine was dark green., Green Specimen Source Codes - Urine from propofol infusion is a Benign and rare side effect., The green colour of Specimen Source Codes - Urine due to propofol occurs when clearance of propofol exceeds Hepatic elimination, and extrahepatic elimination of propofol occurs., ur change is dose dependent. We report on a patient who produced dark green discoloration of Specimen Source Codes - Urine from prolonged propofol infusion, administered for intractable epilepsy.CASE SUMMARY: The colour intensity of the patient's uri, Several Substance in literature have been associated with green Specimen Source Codes - Urine including propofol, Biliverdine, metoclopramide, methylene blue, indigo, amitriptyline, methocarbamol, indomethacin, promethazine, cimetidine and food colourings. , We discuss a case of a Benign cause of green discoloration of Specimen Source Codes - Urine caused by propofol infusion, which reversed following its discontinuation., The patient's Specimen Source Codes - Urine subsequently showed a green discoloration. Urine discoloration was completely reversible upon discontinuation of propofol., Two days after admittance, we observed a green discoloration of the Specimen Source Codes - Urine. This is a rare and Benign side effect of propofol., We describe a 58-year-old man who developed green Specimen Source Codes - Urine after operation on a pressure ulcer. The Abnormal color disappeared gradually after two days. We think that the use of methylene blue dye during the revision of the Injury Injury wounds and the use of the sedative propofol could have caused it.[SEP]Relations: propofol has relations: drug_effect with Vomiting, drug_effect with Vomiting, drug_drug with Urethane, drug_drug with Urethane, drug_effect with Urinary retention, drug_effect with Urinary retention, drug_effect with Cough, drug_effect with Cough, drug_drug with Urapidil, drug_drug with Urapidil. Definitions: indomethacin defined as following: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. Abnormal color defined as following: A change in color that deviates from the norm or outwith the bounds of what is considered normal.. propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. Triglycerides defined as following: An ester formed from GLYCEROL and three fatty acid groups.. Benign defined as following: For neoplasms, a non-infiltrating and non-metastasizing neoplastic process that is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (e.g., severe atypia, nuclear pleomorphism, tumor cell necrosis, and abnormal mitoses). For other conditions, a process that is mild in nature and not dangerous to health.. amitriptyline defined as following: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. cimetidine defined as following: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Hepatic defined as following: Pertaining to, affecting, or associated with the Abdomen>Liver.. Biliverdine defined as following: 1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of AMPHIBIANS and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum.. Status Epilepticus defined as following: A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic Status Epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial Status Epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical Status Epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30). methylene blue defined as following: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. metoclopramide defined as following: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. Injury wounds defined as following: bodily injury caused by physical means, with disruption of the normal continuity of structures.. promethazine defined as following: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. green Specimen Source Codes - Urine defined as following: An abnormal green color of Specimen Source Codes - Urine. [PMID:28413291]. Canis familiaris defined as following: The domestic Canis familiaris, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065). therapeutic autologous lymphocytes defined as following: A population of lymphocytes isolated from an individual, altered in vitro, and returned to the same individual for therapeutic purposes. (NCI04). Substance defined as following: Any matter of defined composition that has discrete existence, whose origin may be biological, mineral or chemical.. propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is gabapentin effective for chronic pelvic pain?", "id": "converted_4399", "sentence1": "Is gabapentin effective for Chronic pelvic pain of female?", "sentence2": "There were no significant between-group differences in both worst and average numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores at 13-16 weeks after randomisation. The mean worst NRS pain score was 7·1 (standard deviation [SLC17A5 gene] 2·6) in the gabapentin group and 7·4 (SLC17A5 gene 2·2) in the placebo group. Mean change from baseline was -1·4 (SLC17A5 gene 2·3) in the gabapentin group and -1·2 (SLC17A5 gene 2·1) in the placebo group (adjusted mean difference -0·20 [97·5% CI -0·81 to 0·42]; p=0·47). The mean average NRS pain score was 4·3 (SLC17A5 gene 2·3) in the gabapentin group and 4·5 (SLC17A5 gene 2·2) in the placebo group. Mean change from baseline was -1·1 (SLC17A5 gene 2·0) in the gabapentin group and -0·9 (SLC17A5 gene 1·8) in the placebo group (adjusted mean difference -0·18 [97·5% CI -0·71 to 0·35]; p=0·45)., INTERPRETATION: This study was adequately powered, but treatment with gabapentin did not result in significantly lower pain scores in women with Chronic pelvic pain of female, and was associated with higher rates of side-effects than placebo. Given the increasing reports of abuse and evidence of potential harms associated with gabapentin use, it is important that clinicians consider alternative treatment options to off-label gabapentin for the management of Chronic pelvic pain of female and no obvious pelvic pathology., Gabapentin not effective for Chronic pelvic pain of female in women., Gabapentin not effective for Chronic pelvic pain of female in women[SEP]Relations: Gabapentin has relations: drug_effect with Bone pain, drug_effect with Bone pain, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Abdominal pain, drug_effect with Abdominal pain, drug_effect with Chest pain, drug_effect with Chest pain, drug_effect with Back pain, drug_effect with Back pain. Definitions: gabapentin defined as following: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are ultraconserved elements often transcribed?", "id": "converted_49", "sentence1": "Are ultraconserved Elements often transcribed?", "sentence2": "Starting from a genome-wide expression profiling, we demonstrate for the first time a functional link between oxygen deprivation and the modulation of long noncoding RNA Transcript from ultraconserved regions, termed transcribed-ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs), Our data gives a first glimpse of a novel functional hypoxic network comprising protein-coding RNA Transcript and noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) from the T-UCRs category, Highly conserved Elements discovered in Vertebrates are present in non-syntenic loci of tunicates, act as enhancers and can be transcribed during development, The majority of these regions map onto ultraconserved Elements and we demonstrate that they can act as functional enhancers within the organism of origin, as well as in cross-transgenesis experiments, and that they are transcribed in extant species of Olfactores. We refer to the Elements as 'Olfactores conserved non-coding Elements', We used a custom microarray to assess the levels of NAGPA gene transcription during Mus sp. development and integrated these data with published microarray and next-generation sequencing datasets as well as with newly produced PCR validation experiments. We show that a large MDFAttributeType - Fraction of non-exonic UCEs is transcribed across all developmental stages examined from only one DNA strand. Although the nature of these RNA Transcript remains a mistery, our meta-analysis of RNA-Seq datasets indicates that they are unlikely to be short RNA and that some of them might encode nuclear RNA Transcript, Our data shows that the concurrent presence of enhancer and transcript function in non-exonic NAGPA gene Elements is more widespread than previously shown. Moreover through our own experiments as well as the use of next-generation sequencing datasets, we were able to show that the RNA encoded by non-exonic UCEs are likely to be long RNA transcribed from only one DNA strand, Short ultraconserved promoter regions delineate a class of preferentially expressed alternatively spliced RNA Transcript, The importance of other classes of non-coding RNA, such as long intergenic ncRNAs (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA) and transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) as altered Elements in Neoplasms, is also gaining recognition., Other ncRNAs, such as Piwi-Interacting RNA (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) and large intergenic non-coding RNA (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA) are emerging as key Elements of cellular homeostasis., The majority of these regions map onto ultraconserved Elements and we demonstrate that they can act as functional enhancers within the organism of origin, as well as in cross-transgenesis experiments, and that they are transcribed in extant species of Olfactores., Transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a subset of 481 DNA Sequence longer than 200 bp, which are absolutely conserved between orthologous regions of Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus and Mus sp. genomes, and are actively transcribed., Highly conserved Elements discovered in Vertebrates are present in non-syntenic loci of tunicates, act as enhancers and can be transcribed during development., The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator., In this report, we show that the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region is transcribed to generate an alternatively spliced form of Evf-1, the RETINAL NONATTACHMENT, NONSYNDROMIC CONGENITAL Evf-2., These studies identify a critical role for TUC338 in regulation of transformed cell growth and of transcribed ultraconserved RETINAL NONATTACHMENT, NONSYNDROMIC CONGENITAL as a unique class of Genes involved in the pathobiology of altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol., Transcribed ultraconserved region (T-UCR) RNA Transcript are a novel class of lncRNAs transcribed from ultraconserved regions (UCRs), The majority of these regions map onto ultraconserved Elements and we demonstrate that they can act as functional enhancers within the organism of origin, as well as in cross-transgenesis experiments, and that they are transcribed in extant species of Olfactores, Transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a subset of 481 DNA Sequence longer than 200 bp, which are absolutely conserved between orthologous regions of Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus and Mus sp. genomes, and are actively transcribed, Other ncRNAs, such as Piwi-Interacting RNA (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) and large intergenic non-coding RNA (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA) are emerging as key Elements of cellular homeostasis, Transcribed ultraconserved region in Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms., We show that a large MDFAttributeType - Fraction of non-exonic UCEs is transcribed across all developmental stages examined from only one DNA strand, Although PCBP2 gene gene-OT1 gene is partially located within the poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2 gene gene) gene, the transcribed RETINAL NONATTACHMENT, NONSYNDROMIC CONGENITAL encoding PCBP2 gene gene-OT1 gene is expressed independently of PCBP2 gene gene and was cloned as a 590-bp RNA gene, termed TUC338, Moreover through our own experiments as well as the use of next-generation sequencing datasets, we were able to show that the RNA encoded by non-exonic UCEs are likely to be long RNA transcribed from only one DNA strand.[SEP]Relations: rRNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_bioprocess with plastid rRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with plastid rRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with mitochondrial rRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with mitochondrial rRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with RETINAL NONATTACHMENT, NONSYNDROMIC CONGENITAL transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with RETINAL NONATTACHMENT, NONSYNDROMIC CONGENITAL transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I, bioprocess_bioprocess with nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Definitions: DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Piwi-Interacting RNA defined as following: Single-stranded RNA molecules that are expressed in animal cells and form complexes with Piwi proteins. They are involved in transcriptional gene silencing.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Elements defined as following: Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid DNA Sequence that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. MDFAttributeType - Fraction defined as following:For attributes that represent a MDFAttributeType - Fraction or proportion. The former attribute type PCT for \"percentage\" is superceded by FRC and is no longer permitted. See also QTY.
. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can miR-122 target RUNX2?", "id": "converted_3167", "sentence1": "Can miR-122 target RUNX2 gene?", "sentence2": "MIR122 gene functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis, which is achieved by directly targeting RUNX2 gene gene.[SEP]Relations: MIR122 has relations: bioprocess_protein with gene silencing by miRNA, bioprocess_protein with gene silencing by miRNA, disease_protein with liver cancer, disease_protein with liver cancer, disease_protein with drug-induced liver injury, disease_protein with drug-induced liver injury, disease_protein with acute kidney failure, disease_protein with acute kidney failure, disease_protein with hepatitis B virus infection, disease_protein with hepatitis B virus infection. Definitions: RUNX2 gene defined as following: Runt-related transcription factor 2 (521 aa, ~57 kDa) is encoded by the human RUNX2 gene gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of both bone development and transcription.. MIR122 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plays a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.. miR-122 defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plays a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is it feasible to obtain DNA read lengths that exceed 30 Kb?", "id": "converted_2140", "sentence1": "Is it feasible to obtain DNA read lengths that exceed 30 Kb?", "sentence2": "Single-molecule, real-time sequencing (NCOR2 wt Allele) developed by Pacific BioSciences produces longer reads than secondary generation sequencing technologies such as Illumina. The long read length enables PacBio sequencing to close gaps in Genome Assembly Sequence, reveal structural variations, and identify gene isoforms with higher accuracy in transcriptomic sequencing., Third-generation sequencing, with read lengths>10 kb, will improve the assembly of complex genomes, but these techniques require high-molecular-weight Genomic DNA (gDNA), and gDNA extraction protocols used for obtaining smaller Fragment of (qualifier value) for short-read sequencing are not suitable for this purpose., The emergence and development of so called third generation sequencing platforms such as PacBio has permitted exceptionally long reads (over 20 kb) to be generated.[SEP]Definitions: Genomic DNA defined as following: The DNA that is part of the normal chromosomal complement of an organism.. Fragment of (qualifier value) defined as following: A physical quality in which the entity or structure is broken into pieces.. NCOR2 wt Allele defined as following: Human NCOR2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q24 and is approximately 194 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nuclear receptor corepressor 2 protein, plays a role in both chromatin structural alteration and transcriptional regulation.. Genome Assembly Sequence defined as following: An annotated assembly of genome sequences created by the assimilation of data pieces from numerous sources.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine)..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the protein β1-integrin recycled?", "id": "converted_524", "sentence1": "Is the protein β1-integrin recycled?", "sentence2": "Pathways selectively regulating β1-integrin recycling are implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis,, integrin-positive early and recycling Endosomes , LPA-induced recycling of Integrins,, RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin , CycD1 overexpression increased Integrins recycling , inhibition of autophagy slowed down the lysosomal degradation of internalized β1 integrins and promoted its membrane recycling, recycling pathway for β1-integrin, Integrins recycling, Integrins recycling, controlling Integrins recycling to the Plasma membrane , integrin recycling pathway, Distinct recycling of active and inactive β1 integrins., Integrin functions are controlled by regulating their affinity for ligand, and by the efficient recycling of intact integrins through Endosomes., β1 integrins, resulting in their recycling to the Cell surface where they can be reused.[SEP]Relations: integrin binding has relations: molfunc_protein with IGF1, molfunc_protein with IGF1, molfunc_protein with FBN1, molfunc_protein with FBN1, molfunc_protein with S1PR2, molfunc_protein with S1PR2, molfunc_protein with S1PR3, molfunc_protein with S1PR3, molfunc_protein with FGF1, molfunc_protein with FGF1. Definitions: Integrins defined as following: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors (RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.. Plasma membrane defined as following: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.. Cell surface defined as following: The external part of the cell wall and/or Plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]. Endosomes defined as following: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the Cell surface..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are Conserved Nonexonic Elements (CNEEs) important in phylogenomics research?", "id": "converted_2364", "sentence1": "Are Conserved Nonexonic Elements (CNEEs) important in phylogenomics research?", "sentence2": "Overall, CNEEs appear to be promising as phylogenomic markers, yielding phylogenetic resolution as high as for UCEs and Introns but with fewer gaps, less ambiguity in alignments and with patterns of nucleotide substitution more consistent with the assumptions of commonly used methods of phylogenetic analysis., Conserved Nonexonic Elements: A Novel Class of Marker for Phylogenomics., Target capture for vertebrate animals is currently dominated by two approaches-anchored hybrid enrichment (Ahahnelin language) and ultraconserved elements (UCE)-and both approaches have proven useful for addressing questions in phylogenomics, phylogeography and population genomics., conserved nonexonic elements a novel class of marker for phylogenomics[SEP]Definitions: Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate genes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can the iPS cell technology be used in Fanconi anemia therapy?", "id": "converted_1581", "sentence1": "Can the iPS cell technology be used in Fanconi anemia therapy?", "sentence2": "We explain a protocol for the reproducible generation of genetically corrected iPSCs starting from the skin biopsies of Fanconi anemia patients using retroviral transduction with POU5F1 gene, SOX2 protein, human protein, human and KLF4 protein, human protein, human, Before reprogramming, the Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts and/or keratinocyte of the patients are genetically corrected with Genus: Lentivirus group expressing FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder)., Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi Anemia induced pluripotent stem cells, Here we show that, on correction of the genetic defect, Diploid Cell from Fanconi Anemia patients can be reprogrammed to pluripotency to generate patient-specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. These Cultured Cell Line appear indistinguishable from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from healthy individuals, Most importantly, we show that corrected Fanconi-anaemia-specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells can give rise to haematopoietic progenitors of the Myeloid and Erythroid lineages that are phenotypically normal, that is, disease-free[SEP]Relations: Fanconi anemia has relations: disease_protein with FANCI, disease_protein with FANCI, disease_protein with FANCE, disease_protein with FANCE, disease_disease with DNA repair disease, disease_disease with DNA repair disease, contraindication with Phenol, contraindication with Phenol. Fanconi anemia complementation group has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Squamous cell carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Squamous cell carcinoma. Definitions: FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) gene. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway.. POU5F1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in early mammalian development.. Fanconi Anemia defined as following: Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder), FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004). KLF4 protein, human defined as following: Krueppel-like factor 4 (470 aa, ~50 kDa) is encoded by the human KLF4 protein, human gene. This protein regulates transcription.. keratinocyte defined as following: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocyte forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells defined as following: Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.. Myeloid defined as following: A type of white blood cell. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. SOX2 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor SOX-2 protein (317 aa, ~34 kDa) is encoded by the human SOX2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in neural cell progenitor differentiation and neurogenesis.. Erythroid defined as following: 1) Reddish in color. 2) relating to erythrocytes or their precursors.. Genus: Lentivirus group defined as following: A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.. Human Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: A type of PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from early stage human embryos, up to and including the BLASTOCYST stage.. Fanconi anemia defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) gene. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is TENS machine effective in pain?", "id": "converted_67", "sentence1": "Is Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation machine effective in pain?", "sentence2": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is widely used in pain management but its effectiveness depends on the stimulation being targeted appropriately, hypoalgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation upon experimentally induced ischaemic pain., The results of this study have provided evidence of the hypoalgesic effects of Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation upon experimental ischaemic pain which were found to be frequency specific with the lower frequency used here (4 Hz) demonstrating the only significant effect[SEP]Relations: negative regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion has relations: bioprocess_protein with PRKN, bioprocess_protein with PRKN, bioprocess_protein with PPP1R9A, bioprocess_protein with PPP1R9A, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion. Definitions: Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation defined as following: The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does the association of PARP1 and CTCF follow a circadian rhythm?", "id": "converted_2391", "sentence1": "Does the association of PARP1 protein, human and CTGF protein, human follow a circadian rhythm?", "sentence2": "here we uncovered an inter-chromosomal network connecting active loci enriched in circadian genes to repressed Lamiinae (invertebrate)-associated domains (LADs)., Synchronization of the circadian rhythm by serum shock induces oscillations in PARP1 protein, human protein, human-CTGF protein, human interactions, which is accompanied by oscillating recruitment of circadian loci to the Lamiinae (invertebrate), followed by the acquisition of repressive H3K9me2 marks and transcriptional attenuation, PARP1 protein, human protein, human- and CTGF protein, human-regulated contacts between circadian loci and the repressive chromatin environment at the Lamiinae (invertebrate) therefore mediate circadian transcriptional plasticity., Synchronization of the circadian rhythm by serum shock induces oscillations in PARP1 protein, human protein, human-CTGF protein, human interactions, which is accompanied by oscillating recruitment of circadian loci to the Lamiinae (invertebrate), followed by the acquisition of repressive H3K9me2 marks and transcriptional attenuation. Furthermore, depletion of H3K9me2/3, inhibition of PARP1 protein, human wt Allele activity by olaparib, or downregulation of PARP1 protein, human protein, human or CTGF protein, human expression counteracts both recruitment to the envelope and circadian transcription. PARP1 protein, human protein, human- and CTGF protein, human-regulated contacts between circadian loci and the repressive chromatin environment at the Lamiinae (invertebrate) therefore mediate circadian transcriptional plasticity., transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin domains tend to segregate into separate sub nuclear compartments to maintain stable expression patterns however here we uncovered an inter chromosomal network connecting active loci enriched in circadian genes to repressed Lamiinae (invertebrate) associated domains lads the interactome is regulated by parp1 and its co factor ctcf they not only mediate 30 nm Chromatin Fiber interactions but also promote the recruitment of circadian genes to the Lamiinae (invertebrate) synchronization of the circadian rhythm by serum shock induces oscillations in parp1 ctcf interactions which is accompanied by oscillating recruitment of circadian loci to the Lamiinae (invertebrate) followed by the acquisition of repressive h3k9me2 marks and transcriptional attenuation furthermore depletion of h3k9me2 3 inhibition of parp activity by olaparib or downregulation of parp1 or ctcf expression counteracts both recruitment to the envelope and circadian transcription parp1 and ctcf regulated contacts between circadian loci and the repressive chromatin environment at the Lamiinae (invertebrate) therefore mediate circadian transcriptional plasticity., Synchronization of the circadian rhythm by serum shock induces oscillations in PARP1 protein, human protein, human-CTGF protein, human interactions, which is accompanied by oscillating recruitment of circadian loci to the Lamiinae (invertebrate), followed by the acquisition of repressive H3K9me2 marks and transcriptional attenuation.[SEP]Relations: Olaparib has relations: drug_protein with PARP1 protein, human, drug_protein with PARP1 protein, human, drug_protein with PARP3, drug_protein with PARP3, drug_protein with PARP2, drug_protein with PARP2, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Peginterferon beta-1a, drug_drug with Parnaparin, drug_drug with Parnaparin. Definitions: PARP1 protein, human defined as following: Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (1013aa, ~113 kDa) is encoded by the human PARP1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in poly ADP-ribosylation and in the regulation of various cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, tumor transformation, and recovery from DNA damage.. CTGF protein, human defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the human CCN2 gene. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. PARP1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PARP1 protein, human wild-type allele is located within 1q41-q42 and is approximately 47 kb in length. This allele, which encodes poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 protein, plays a critical role in DNA repair.. 30 nm Chromatin Fiber defined as following: A level of DNA packaging in chromatin above that of the nucleosome, the fundamental subunit of chromatin structure. The 30 nm Chromatin Fiber has a thickness of about 30 nanometers and results from the folding of a linear array of nucleosomes (thickness about 10 nm) into a more compact fiber.. olaparib defined as following: A small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1 wt Allele) with potential chemosensitizing, radiosensitizing, and antineoplastic activities. Olaparib selectively binds to and inhibits PARP1 wt Allele, inhibiting PARP1 wt Allele-mediated repair of single strand DNA breaks; PARP1 wt Allele inhibition may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and may reverse tumor cell chemoresistance and radioresistance. PARP1 wt Allele catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and can be activated by single-stranded DNA breaks..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does the majority of the mitochondrial genomes abide to the second parity rule (PR2)?", "id": "converted_391", "sentence1": "Does the majority of the Genome, Mitochondrial abide to the second parity rule (PR2)?", "sentence2": "a large number of Genome, Mitochondrial significantly deviate from the 2nd parity rule in contrast to the eubacterial ones, Mitochondria may be divided into three distinct sub-groups according to their overall deviation from the aforementioned parity rule., The behaviour of the large majority of the Genome, Mitochondrial may be attributed to their distinct mode of replication, which is fundamentally different from the one of the Eubacterium., We tested all available organellar genomes and found that a large number of Genome, Mitochondrial significantly deviate from the 2nd parity rule in contrast to the eubacterial ones, although Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from proteobacteria., The behaviour of the large majority of the Genome, Mitochondrial may be attributed to their distinct mode of replication, which is fundamentally different from the one of the Eubacterium., We tested all available organellar genomes and found that a large number of Genome, Mitochondrial significantly deviate from the 2nd parity rule in contrast to the eubacterial ones, although Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from proteobacteria., The behaviour of the large majority of the Genome, Mitochondrial may be attributed to their distinct mode of replication, which is fundamentally different from the one of the Eubacterium, We tested all available organellar genomes and found that a large number of Genome, Mitochondrial significantly deviate from the 2nd parity rule in contrast to the eubacterial ones, although Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from proteobacteria[SEP]Relations: mitochondrion has relations: cellcomp_protein with PARS2, cellcomp_protein with PARS2, cellcomp_protein with RARS2, cellcomp_protein with RARS2. mitochondrial genome maintenance has relations: bioprocess_protein with MGME1, bioprocess_protein with MGME1, bioprocess_protein with AKT3, bioprocess_protein with AKT3, bioprocess_protein with PIF1, bioprocess_protein with PIF1. Definitions: Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Eubacterium defined as following: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.. Genome, Mitochondrial defined as following: The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can Systemic Lupus Erythematosus cause seizures?", "id": "converted_3656", "sentence1": "Can Systemic Lupus Erythematosus cause Seizures?", "sentence2": "The mean ± SD age at Systematic Light Exposure diagnosis and at onset of SLC26A5 gene was 25.02 ± 13.78 and 28.31 ± 12.61 years, respectively. Seizure was the most common presenting symptom, as seen in 28 episodes, followed by acute severe headache in 17,, Epilepsy is characterized by a relevant epidemiological and clinical burden. In the extant literature, an increased risk of Seizures has been described in several inflammatory/autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure)., Seizures are one of the most serious neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematous (Systematic Light Exposure). , The aim of this study was to describe the frequency , attribution , outcome and predictors of Seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus ( Systematic Light Exposure, OBJECTIVE\nTo evaluate the frequency and risk factors of Nonepileptic Seizures in a large cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure)., Epileptic Seizures occurred at the onset of Systematic Light Exposure symptoms in 19 (31.6%) and after the onset of Systematic Light Exposure in 41 of 60 (68.3%) patients., Epileptic Seizures and Electroencephalography features in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus., CONCLUSIONS\nEpileptic Seizures were observed in 11.2% of systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure) patients., CONCLUSIONS\nSeizures tend to occur early in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus, and contribute to damage accrual., Seizures tend to occur early in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus, and contribute to damage accrual., To determine the factors associated with Seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus (Systematic Light Exposure)., Neurologic manifestations, in special Nonepileptic Seizures, are frequent in systemic lupus erythematosus.[SEP]Relations: Seizure has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease), disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, disease_phenotype_positive with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, drug_effect with Temsirolimus, drug_effect with Temsirolimus. bullous systemic lupus erythematosus has relations: disease_disease with lupus erythematosus, disease_disease with lupus erythematosus, disease_disease with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease), disease_disease with systemic lupus erythematosus (disease). Definitions: Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Electroencephalography defined as following: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.. Systematic Light Exposure defined as following: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\".", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is it possible to analyze exosomes with FACS?", "id": "converted_3169", "sentence1": "Is it possible to analyze Exosomes with Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant?", "sentence2": "whose presence was validated by a bead-exosome Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant assay., We analyzed Exosomes from Mus sp. (C57Bl/6) and Breast, Chest>Lung, and Malignant neoplasm of ovary patient samples and cultured cancer cells with different approaches, including nanoparticle tracking analysis, biolayer interferometry, Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant, and electron microscopy., we applied a technique to generate native fluorescent Exosomes characterized by Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) integrity, size, density, markers expression, and quantifiable by direct Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant analysis, we used a novel strategy for generating metabolically-labeled fluorescent Exosomes that can be counted by flow cytometry assay (Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant) and characterized.[SEP]Relations: Breast has relations: anatomy_protein_present with GCSAM, anatomy_protein_present with GCSAM, anatomy_protein_present with VIM, anatomy_protein_present with VIM, anatomy_protein_present with RIMKLB, anatomy_protein_present with RIMKLB, anatomy_protein_present with GSN-AS1, anatomy_protein_present with GSN-AS1. Morphological abnormality of the utricle has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Morphological abnormality of the semicircular canal, phenotype_phenotype with Morphological abnormality of the semicircular canal. Definitions: Exosomes defined as following: A type of extracellular vesicle, containing RNA and proteins, that is secreted into the extracellular space by EXOCYTOSIS when MULTIVESICULAR BODIES fuse with the PLASMA MEMBRANE.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Vesicle (morphologic abnormality) defined as following: An abnormal fluid-filled cleft (e.g. as in the epidermis) or membrane-bound space.. Malignant neoplasm of ovary defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.. Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant defined as following: Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (Fetus affected by placental transfer of anticonvulsant) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does IL18 signaling have a role in thymus?", "id": "converted_3855", "sentence1": "Does IL18 signaling have a role in ThymusRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. genome defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the chromosomes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does Uc.63+ promote sensitivity to treatment in prostate cancer?", "id": "converted_3327", "sentence1": "Does Uc.63+ promote sensitivity to treatment in Malignant neoplasm of prostate?", "sentence2": "Transcribed ultraconserved region Uc.63+ promotes resistance to docetaxel through regulation of androgen receptor signaling in Malignant neoplasm of prostate., The transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs that are absolutely conserved across species and are involved in carcinogenesis including Malignant neoplasm of prostate (Pachyonychia Congenita). In this study, we investigated the transcriptional levels of 26 representative T-UCRs and determined the regions that were differentially expressed in Pachyonychia Congenita. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression of T-UCR Uc.63+ was increased in Pachyonychia Congenita tissues. MTT assay and wound healing assay revealed that Uc.63+ was involved in cell growth and cell migration. miR-130b was predicted to have Binding Sites within the Uc.63+ sequence. The expression of miR-130b was significantly disturbed by the overexpression or knockdown of Uc.63+. We also showed that Uc.63+ regulated the expression of MMP2 protein, human protein, human via miR-130b regulation. Furthermore, overexpression of Uc.63+ increased the expression of AKR1B1 protein, human and its downstream molecule PSA and promoted resistance to docetaxel through AKR1B1 protein, human regulation. In patients treated with docetaxel, the expression of serum Uc.63+ in the docetaxel-resistant patients was higher than that in the docetaxel-sensitive patients (P = 0.011). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the high expression of serum Uc.63+ correlated with a worse prognosis (P = 0.020). These results substantially support the important role that Uc.63+ plays in Pachyonychia Congenita progression by interacting with miR-130b and indicate that Uc.63+ could potentially be a promising serum marker for deciding the best treatment for patients with CRPC., Transcribed ultraconserved region Uc.63+ promotes resistance to docetaxel through regulation of androgen receptor signaling in Malignant neoplasm of prostate, These results substantially support the important role that Uc.63+ plays in Pachyonychia Congenita progression by interacting with miR-130b and indicate that Uc.63+ could potentially be a promising serum marker for deciding the best treatment for patients with CRPC, Furthermore , overexpression of Uc.63+ increased the expression of AKR1B1 protein, human and its downstream molecule PSA and promoted resistance to docetaxel through AKR1B1 protein, human regulation, These results substantially support the important role that Uc.63+ plays in Pachyonychia Congenita progression by interacting with miR-130b and indicate that Uc.63+ could potentially be a promising serum marker for deciding the best treatment for patients with CRPC., Furthermore, overexpression of Uc.63+ increased the expression of AKR1B1 protein, human and its downstream molecule PSA and promoted resistance to docetaxel through AKR1B1 protein, human regulation., These results substantially support the important role that Uc.63+ plays in Pachyonychia Congenita progression by interacting with miR-130b and indicate that Uc.63+ could potentially be a promising serum marker for deciding the best treatment for patients with CRPC.[SEP]Relations: benign neoplasm of prostate has relations: disease_disease with prostate leiomyoma, disease_disease with prostate leiomyoma, disease_disease with fibroma of prostate, disease_disease with fibroma of prostate, disease_disease with prostatic adenoma, disease_disease with prostatic adenoma, disease_disease with prostate neoplasm, disease_disease with prostate neoplasm, disease_disease with benign prostate phyllodes tumor, disease_disease with benign prostate phyllodes tumor. Definitions: MMP2 protein, human defined as following: 72 kDa type IV collagenase (660 aa, ~74 kDa) is encoded by the human MMP2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in both proteolysis and angiogenesis.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. AKR1B1 protein, human defined as following: Aldose reductase (316 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the human AKR1B1 gene. This protein plays a role in glucose metabolism.. Pachyonychia Congenita defined as following: A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS.. docetaxel defined as following: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is cabergoline used for treatment of the Nelson's syndrome ?", "id": "converted_3936", "sentence1": "Is cabergoline used for treatment of the Nelson Syndrome ?", "sentence2": "Due to a rapid regrowth of the Neoplasms, the patient did not receive gamma-knife therapy and was treated with cabergoline and Somatostatin Assay analogue for some time. , Identification of D(2) receptors in corticotroph tumors led to clinical trials of cabergoline therapy in limited cases of Nelson Syndrome, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors, and recently Pituitary-dependent Pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease (CD)., In our observation cabergoline at 2 mg per week seems to be efficient after a 3 and a half years follow-up, in accordance with some recent publications. , Clinical and biochemical stabilization of Nelson Syndrome with long-term Low-Dose Treatment cabergoline treatment., We report the results of long-term (6-year) treatment of Nelson Syndrome with the long-acting dopamine Agonist, cabergoline, in a 55-year-old woman., This case demonstrates that long-term cabergoline treatment may be efficient in patients with Nelson Syndrome., Therefore, in addition to Prolactinoma, targets of dopamine Agonist therapy are somatotroph tumors, nonfunctioning Pituitary Neoplasms, corticotroph Pituitary Neoplasms, Nelson Syndrome, gonadotropinomas, and thyrotropin-secreting Pituitary Neoplasms., Nelson Syndrome: complete remission with cabergoline but not with bromocriptine or cyproheptadine treatment., The results obtained show for the first time that a long-term treatment with cabergoline also brings about a complete remission of Nelson Syndrome in the presence of a Pituitary macroadenoma., Complete remission of Nelson Syndrome after 1-year treatment with cabergoline., In this case report we demonstrated that treatment with the long-acting D2 receptor Agonist cabergoline for 1 year induced normalization of plasma ACTH levels and disappearance of the pituitary tumor in a patient with Nelson Syndrome. , This case demonstrated that cabergoline treatment is able to induce the remission of Nelson Syndrome and may be a valid therapeutic alternative in this syndrome., However, some preliminary data suggest a potential use of cabergoline in combination with ketoconazole, or alone, in selected cases of Pituitary-dependent Pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease or Nelson Syndrome., We report the results of long-term (6-year) treatment of Nelson Syndrome with the long-acting dopamine Agonist, cabergoline, in a 55-year-old woman. The, actinomas. Identification of D(2) receptors in corticotroph tumors led to clinical trials of cabergoline therapy in limited cases of Nelson Syndrome, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors, and recently Cushing's diseas, In order to investigate on the direct effect played by cabergoline treatment on the remission of Nelson Syndrome, the treatment was withdrawn., lactinomas. Identification of D(2) receptors in corticotroph tumors led to clinical trials of cabergoline therapy in limited cases of Nelson Syndrome, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors, and recently Pituitary-dependent Pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease (CD).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of cabergoline monotherapy in patients with CD.METHODS: Retrospective analysis of non-randomized clinical therapy with cabergoline in 30 patients with CD treated in academic cente[SEP]Relations: Cabergoline has relations: drug_drug with Norepinephrine, drug_drug with Norepinephrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, contraindication with gallbladder disease, contraindication with gallbladder disease, drug_effect with Headache, drug_effect with Headache, drug_effect with Vertigo, drug_effect with Vertigo. Definitions: Agonist defined as following: An agent that has affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity at that receptor.. Pituitary macroadenoma defined as following: A pituitary gland adenoma with a diameter greater than 10 mm. Clinical manifestations include headache, visual field disturbances, pituitary insufficiency, and mild hyperprolactinemia.. cabergoline defined as following: A synthetic ergoline derivative and a long-acting dopamine receptor Agonist with high affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor. Cabergoline exerts an inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion by acting on dopamine receptors present in pituitary lactotrophs. This drug also binds to dopamine D2 receptors in the corpus striatum, thereby mimicking the actions of dopamine on motor control. Cabergoline also possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective properties due to its free radical scavenging activity. Cabergoline is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. ketoconazole defined as following: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.. Pituitary Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.. Nelson Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.. Prolactinoma defined as following: A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.. Low-Dose Treatment defined as following: A reduced quantity of a therapeutic agent prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals.. bromocriptine defined as following: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 Agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.. Pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease defined as following: Cushing's syndrome due to abnormally high secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are piRNAs involved in gene silencing?", "id": "converted_1059", "sentence1": "Are piRNAs involved in gene silencing?", "sentence2": "In DrosophilaMandibular left third molar prosthesis
. PFN1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the regulation of actin polymerization.. 4p16.3 defined as following: A chromosome band present on 4p. Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II defined as following: A diverse group of congenital Head>Brain developmental disorders characterized by defects in neuronal migration in the Head>Brain during early fetal development. The neuronal migration defects result in Head>Brain abnormalities that are usually manifested with mental retardation and Epilepsy.. Angelman Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence \"happy\"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence \"puppet\"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal Gene Deletion of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35). Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. Y Chromosome defined as following: The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X chromosome has been retained.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Prader-Willi Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by Gene Deletion Abnormality of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229). Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. 5p partial trisomy defined as following: Duplication of the short arm of chromosome 5 most frequently associated with craniofacial, cardiac, renal, and limb abnormalities, and moderate to severe mental retardation. Dandy-Walker malformation (agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, hydrocephalus, and posterior fossa cyst continuous with the fourth ventricle) occurs in some cases. The phenotype is related to the amount of genetic material duplicated and the specific duplicated Anatomical segmentation.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome caused by large Gene Deletion of the telomereic end of the short arm of CHROMOSOME 4 (4p) in Wolf-Hirchhorn syndrome critial regions (WHSCRs). Several candidate Genes have been identified including WHSC1 and WHSCH2 which appear to be responsible for the core phenotype and in combination with other linked and unlinked Genes determine the severity and inclusion of rarer phenotypes. Most cases have a characteristic cranio-facial defect often referred to as \"Greek helmet face\" - a combined result of MICROCEPHALY, broad forehead, prominent glabella, HYPERTELORISM, high arched eyebrows, short philtrum and micrognathia. In addition there is mental retardation, growth delays, EPILEPSY, and frequently a wide range of midline and skeletal defects, including HYPOSPADIAS; CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; colobomata; CLUBFOOT; clinodactyly; SCOLIOSIS; and KYPHOSIS.. LISSENCEPHALY SYNDROME, NORMAN-ROBERTS TYPE defined as following: A LISSENCEPHALY SYNDROME, NORMAN-ROBERTS TYPE syndrome characterized by smoothness of the surface of the Head>Brain (LISSENCEPHALY SYNDROME, NORMAN-ROBERTS TYPE type I) with thickening of the Cerebral cortex (pachygyria), absence of gyri and sulci (agyria), microcephaly, mental retardation, low sloping forehead, and prominent nasal bridge.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome defined as following: A rare condition in which the two arms of chromosome 20 are fused resulting in a ring chromosome. It is characterized by recurrent seizures with an onset in childhood. Additional features my include microcephaly and short stature.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. chromosome Mandibular left third molar prosthesis defined as following: Proximal (short) arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17. Miller Dieker syndrome defined as following: A rare syndrome caused by Gene Deletion Abnormality of genetic material in the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17. It is characterized by an abnormally smooth Head>Brain with fewer folds and grooves. It results in intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, spasticity, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Affected individuals have distinctive facial features that include a prominent forehead, midface hypoplasia, small, upturned nose, low-set ears, small jaw, and thick upper lip.. Congenital Disorders defined as following: existing at, and usually before, birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation; inborn metabolism disorders are generally not treed here.. Miller-Dieker syndrome defined as following: A rare syndrome caused by Gene Deletion Abnormality of genetic material in the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17. It is characterized by an abnormally smooth Head>Brain with fewer folds and grooves. It results in intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, spasticity, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Affected individuals have distinctive facial features that include a prominent forehead, midface hypoplasia, small, upturned nose, low-set ears, small jaw, and thick upper lip.. chromosome 1 defined as following: A specific pair of Homo sapiens chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the ACE inhibitor indicated for lung cancer treatment?", "id": "converted_1411", "sentence1": "Is the CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide inhibitor indicated for Primary malignant neoplasm of lung treatment?", "sentence2": "The angiotensin converting enzyme (CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide) inhibitors are used widely as antihypertensive agents, and it has been suggested that they decrease the risk of some Malignant Neoplasms, although available data are conflicting. , Using cell viability and fluorescent activated cell sorting analysis tests, we demonstrated that captopril inhibited the viability of LNM35 cells by inducing apoptosis, providing insight about the mechanisms underlying its antitumorigenic activities. In view of these experimental findings, we conclude that captopril could be a promising option for the treatment of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung., In order to determine the mechanism by which captopril inhibited tumor growth, we investigated the impact of this Pharmacologic Substance on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that captopril treatment significantly reduced the number of proliferating cells (MKI67 gene) in the tumor samples but was not associated with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis (PECAM1 wt Allele)., Using this model, we demonstrated that daily IP administration of captopril (2.8 mg/mouse) for 3 weeks resulted in a remarkable reduction of tumor growth (58%, P < 0.01) and lymph node metastasis (50%, P= 0.088). , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide) inhibitors have been shown to mitigate radiation-induced lung injury in preclinical models, CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide inhibitors may decrease the incidence of radiation pneumonitis in patients receiving thoracic radiation for Primary malignant neoplasm of lung.[SEP]Relations: Captopril has relations: drug_protein with CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide, drug_protein with CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide, drug_drug with Acemetacin, drug_drug with Acemetacin, drug_drug with Acepromazine, drug_drug with Acepromazine, drug_drug with Acebutolol, drug_drug with Acebutolol, drug_drug with Aluminium acetoacetate, drug_drug with Aluminium acetoacetate. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide inhibitors defined as following: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.. PECAM1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PECAM1 wild-type allele is located within 17q23 and is approximately 64 kb in length. This allele, which encodes platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule protein, plays a role in transendothelial migration of leukocytes, angiogenesis, integrin activation, and may inhibit platelet-collagen interactions.. Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A defined as following: A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide-|-Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II. It is also able to inactivate BRADYKININ, a potent vasodilator; and has a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety. (From https://www.uniprot.org April 15, 2020).. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. captopril defined as following: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. MKI67 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.. CDE protocol-cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/etoposide inhibitor defined as following: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is rivaroxaban metabolized in kidneys?", "id": "converted_745", "sentence1": "Is rivaroxaban metabolized in kidneys?", "sentence2": "The novel oral anticoagulants (i.e., dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban) all undergo Kidney metabolism to varying degrees, and hence dosing, efficacy, and safety require special consideration in Chronic Kidney Diseases patients., The new oral anticoagulants have relatively little data in patients with severe Kidney impairment, and all have an element of Kidney excretion., Now new anticoagulant drugs(dabigatran and rivaroxaban) can become available. Therefore, we have to learn how to use those drugs. They have to carefully be used because they discharge from Both kidneys and old aged patients have potential Kidney dysfunction. , In the everyday practice it will be necessary to be very cautious in patients with impaired Kidney function, as all these drugs are eliminated by kidneys., dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban carry the highest risk due to a high degree of Kidney excretion, whereas the risk for apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban seems lower., However, all these agents undergo Kidney clearance to varying degrees, and hence dosing, efficacy, and safety require special consideration in patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases. , Rivaroxaban being excreted via Both kidneys and Abdomen>Liver, some precautions should apply in case of Hepatic Insufficiency. , Rivaroxaban elimination is mainly Kidney, but also through faecal matter and by hepatic metabolism. [SEP]Relations: Rivaroxaban has relations: contraindication with Both kidneys disease, contraindication with Both kidneys disease, drug_drug with Carboplatin, drug_drug with Carboplatin, drug_drug with Conjugated estrogens, drug_drug with Conjugated estrogens, drug_drug with Colistin, drug_drug with Colistin, drug_drug with Metaxalone, drug_drug with Metaxalone. Definitions: rivaroxaban defined as following: An orally bioavailable oxazolidinone derivative and direct inhibitor of the coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Upon oral administration, rivaroxaban selectively binds to both free factor Xa and factor Xa bound in the prothrombinase complex. This interferes with the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin and eventually prevents the formation of cross-linked fibrin clots. Rivaroxaban does not affect existing thrombin levels.. Chronic Kidney Diseases defined as following: Impairment of the Kidney function secondary to chronic Both kidneys damage persisting for three or more months.. Kidney defined as following: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.. Hepatic Insufficiency defined as following: The inability of the Abdomen>Liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions.. impaired Kidney function defined as following: Diminished Both kidneys function.. edoxaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban is administered as edoxaban tosylate. This agent has an elimination half-life of 9-11 hours and undergoes Kidney excretion.. apixaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Apixaban directly inhibits factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots.. dabigatran defined as following: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. betrixaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Betrixaban is primarily excreted unchanged in the bile and has a half life of about 19 hours..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is LRP1 interacting with Urokinase receptor?", "id": "converted_2833", "sentence1": "Is LRP1 interacting with Urokinase receptor?", "sentence2": " Interaction with a complex formed by urokinase and its inhibitor Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 induces Cell surface down regulation and recycling of the receptor via the clathrin-coated pathway, a process dependent on the association to Prolow-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1., Here we investigated whether direct interaction between Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, and RPSA wt Allele, a transmembrane receptor,, Direct binding of domain 3 (D3) of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor to RPSA wt Allele is required for clearance of urokinase-Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1-occupied Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor[SEP]Relations: Urokinase has relations: drug_protein with LRP2, drug_protein with LRP2, drug_protein with SERPINE1, drug_protein with SERPINE1, drug_protein with SERPINA5, drug_protein with SERPINA5, drug_protein with PLG, drug_protein with PLG, drug_protein with MMP12, drug_protein with MMP12. Definitions: Prolow-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 defined as following: Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (4544 aa, ~505 kDa) is encoded by the human LRP1 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of endocytosis and turnover.. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor defined as following: An extracellular receptor specific for UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. It is attached to the cell membrane via a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and plays a role in the co-localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with PLASMINOGEN.. urokinase defined as following: A proteolytic enzyme that converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN where the preferential cleavage is between ARGININE and VALINE. It was isolated originally from human URINE, but is found in most tissues of most VERTEBRATES.. Cell surface defined as following: The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 defined as following: A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.. RPSA wt Allele defined as following: Human RPSA wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 3p22.2 and is approximately 6 kb in length. This allele, which encodes 40S ribosomal protein SA, plays a role in a variety of biological processes that are mediated by interactions with Cell surface receptors.. Urokinase receptor defined as following: An extracellular receptor specific for UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. It is attached to the cell membrane via a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and plays a role in the co-localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with PLASMINOGEN..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does nifedipine inhibit L-type calcium channels?", "id": "converted_1519", "sentence1": "Does nifedipine inhibit L-type calcium channels?", "sentence2": "Nifedipine, an L-Type Calcium Channels blocker, reduced the expression of synaptogamin and Qa-SNARE Proteins and blocked the suppressive effect of vecuronium, suggesting that both agents inhibit presynaptic L-type calcium channels., Treatment with nifedipine to inhibit calcium influx via the L-type channel Cav1.2 (alpha(1C)) inhibited the TGFbeta stimulated increase in ANK1 wt Allele expression at all phases of chondrogenesis., Finally, we found that PKCepsilon-induced stellation was significantly reduced by the specific L-type channel blocker nifedipine, indicating that calcium influx through VGCC mediates the change in Astrocytes morphology induced by PKCepsilon., However, amprenavir and nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels, failed to inhibit Long-Term Potentiation when administered following the slow increase in ethanol., Both the metallic ions Cd2+ and Ni2+, known to inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels and T-type channels, respectively, and verapamil and nifedipine, typical blocker of L-type calcium channels completely prevented the hypoxic neuronal No - Identity May Be Divulged generation., Further, the L-Type Calcium Channels blocker, nifedipine, was able to inhibit the initial increase in [Ca2+]i, suggesting that at least this phase of the Trail Making Test effect was mediated by calcium channels, although nifedipine had no significant effect on the time to reach the maximal [Ca2+]i level, Treatment with omega-Conotoxin GVIA (3 microM) or nifedipine (10 microM) to inhibit Ca(2+) influx through N- or L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), respectively, also decreased the rate of Anterior-Posterior repolarization and increased Anterior-Posterior duration, Concentrations of nifedipine (10 microM) and nimodipine (3 microM) that maximally inhibit L-type calcium channels reduced the sI(AHP) by 30 and 50%, respectively, Consequently, it was demonstrated in the present study that nimodipine and nitrendipine inhibit both L- and N-type calcium channels and thus seem to be unique among the Dihydropyridines examined in their effects on calcium channels in dibutyryl cAMP-differentiated Neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG 108-15 Cells, whereas nifedipine and niguldipine appear to block mainly L-type calcium channels, However, amprenavir and nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels, failed to inhibit Long-Term Potentiation when administered following the slow increase in ethanol, Calcium-channel antagonists, omega-Conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTx GVIA; N-type), nifedipine (L-type), and omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (omega-CmTx MVIIC; P/Q type), were used to characterize the voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCCs) involved in this release, The T- and L-Type Calcium Channels blocker (CCB) mibefradil attenuates leg edema induced by the L-type CCB nifedipine in the spontaneously Hypertensive (finding) Rattus norvegicus: a novel differentiating assay., L-Type Calcium Channels antagonist nifedipine reduces neurofilament restitution following Optic Nerve Injuries., Nifedipine, an L-Type Calcium Channels blocker, restores the hypnotic response in rats made tolerant to the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine., Comparison of L-Type Calcium Channels blockade by nifedipine and/or cadmium in Cavia porcellus ventricular myocytes., Nifedipine inhibits picrotoxin-induced seizure activity: further evidence on the involvement of L-Type Calcium Channels blockers in Epilepsy.[SEP]Relations: Nifedipine has relations: drug_drug with Calcium, drug_drug with Calcium, drug_drug with Calcium chloride, drug_drug with Calcium chloride, drug_drug with Calcium cation, drug_drug with Calcium cation, drug_drug with Calcium levulinate, drug_drug with Calcium levulinate, drug_drug with Calcium acetate, drug_drug with Calcium acetate. Definitions: omega-Conotoxin GVIA defined as following: A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.. cadmium defined as following: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. Dihydropyridines defined as following: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.. L-Type Calcium Channels defined as following: Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and non-excitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal Epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). ethanol defined as following: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.. Long-Term Potentiation defined as following: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.. nifedipine defined as following: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.. dexmedetomidine defined as following: An imidazole derivate and active d-isomer of medetomidine with analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative properties. Dexmedetomidine selectively binds to presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors located in the brain, thereby inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles. This leads to an inhibition of postsynaptic activation of adrenoceptors, which inhibit sympathetic activity, thereby leading to sedation and anxiolysis. The analgesic effect of this agent is mediated by binding to alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the spinal cord.. Qa-SNARE Proteins defined as following: A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position as Qa-SNARE Proteins 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to Qa-SNARE Proteins 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES.. nitrendipine defined as following: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. verapamil defined as following: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. amprenavir defined as following: A synthetic derivative of hydroxyethylamine sulfonamide that selectively binds to and inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease.. vecuronium defined as following: A synthetic, intermediate-acting mono-quaternary steroid and non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, with muscle relaxant activity. Vecuronium competitively binds to and blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing acetylcholine (ACh) binding and resulting in skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis. Vecuronium has a shorter duration of action than pancuronium.. mibefradil defined as following: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.. Optic Nerve Injuries defined as following: Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.. Astrocytes defined as following: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) Cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial Cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from \"star\" Cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with \"end feet\" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and \"reactive astrocytes\" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.. nimodipine defined as following: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. Cavia porcellus defined as following: The domesticated Cavia porcellus, Cavia porcellus.. Neuroblastoma defined as following: A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest Cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round Cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51). ANK1 wt Allele defined as following: Human ANK1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8p11.1 and is approximately 243 kb in length. This allele, which encodes ankyrin-1 protein, plays a role in erythrocyte morphology. Mutation of the gene is associated with spherocytosis.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Trail Making Test defined as following: The subject's ability to connect 25 numbered and lettered circles in sequence in a specific length of time. A score of 12 or below is suggestive of organic brain damage..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is it possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound?", "id": "converted_1505", "sentence1": "Is it possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound?", "sentence2": "After measuring thermal effects of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of Globus Sensation pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or Structure of Structure of subthalamic nucleus. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis had no influence on lead temperature, electrical parameters of DBS device or clinical state of patients. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis measures of lead coordinates agreed with MRI measures in Anterior-Posterior and medial-lateral axis. Lead dislocation requiring reinsertion was reliably detected., Mandibulofacial Dysostosis may therefore become a first-choice modality to monitor lead location., Two pilot studies have demonstrated that the intraoperative visualization with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and the Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-assisted Insert (object) of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes into the Structure of Structure of subthalamic nucleus and the Structure of medial Globus Sensation pallidus are feasible and safe provided there is exact knowledge on the extent of electrode Mandibulofacial Dysostosis imaging artifacts. , Peroperative transcranial sonography for electrode placement into the targeted Structure of Structure of subthalamic nucleus of patients with PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE: technical note, The correct anatomic Positioning Attribute of the electrode tip could be indirectly assessed thanks to the topographic relationship of the EEF1A2 wt Allele with the hyperechogenic substantia nigra and the nucleus ruber., CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial sonography is easily feasible during stereotactic surgery. In combination with the clinical effects of electrostimulation on the symptoms of Parkinson Disease and with stereotactic x-ray images, it enables the assessment and the documentation of the correct Positioning Attribute of implanted EEF1A2 wt Allele electrodes in real time., After measuring thermal effects of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of Globus Sensation pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or Structure of Structure of subthalamic nucleus, Two pilot studies have demonstrated that the intraoperative visualization with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and the Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-assisted Insert (object) of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes into the Structure of Structure of subthalamic nucleus and the Structure of medial Globus Sensation pallidus are feasible and safe provided there is exact knowledge on the extent of electrode Mandibulofacial Dysostosis imaging artifacts[SEP]Relations: Structure of subthalamic nucleus has relations: anatomy_anatomy with nucleus of ventral thalamus, anatomy_anatomy with nucleus of ventral thalamus. medial Globus Sensation pallidus has relations: anatomy_protein_present with MTPAP, anatomy_protein_present with MTPAP, anatomy_protein_present with PCNP, anatomy_protein_present with PCNP, anatomy_protein_present with CRTAP, anatomy_protein_present with CRTAP, anatomy_protein_present with RNMT, anatomy_protein_present with RNMT. Definitions: Mandibulofacial Dysostosis defined as following: A hereditary disorder occurring in two forms: the complete form (Franceschetti's syndrome) is characterized by antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, COLOBOMA of the lower lid, MICROGNATHIA and hypoplasia of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES, and CONGENITAL MICROTIA. It is transmitted as an autosomal trait. The incomplete form (Treacher Collins syndrome) is characterized by the same anomalies in less pronounced degree. It occurs sporadically, but an autosomal dominant mode of transmission is suspected. (Dorland, 27th ed). EEF1A2 wt Allele defined as following: Human EEF1A2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 20q13.3 and is approximately 11 kb in length. This allele, which encodes elongation factor 1-alpha 2 protein, is involved in the promotion of protein elongation. The gene is expressed aberrantly at elevated levels in many ovarian cancers.. Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Insert (object) defined as following: Something inserted or to be inserted.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). Structure of subthalamic nucleus defined as following: Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.. Globus Sensation defined as following: A feeling of a lump in the throat that occurs between meals in the absence of other gastrointestinal and motility disorders (e.g., DYSPHAGIA; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for the cylindromatosis tumor suppressor (CYLD) in lung cancer?", "id": "converted_437", "sentence1": "Is there a role for the cylindromatosis tumor suppressor (CYLD protein, human) in Primary malignant neoplasm of lung?", "sentence2": "Over-expressing CYLD protein, human protein, human augments Antitumor activity of TNFSF10 wt Allele by inhibiting the NF-κB survival signaling in Primary malignant neoplasm of lung cells, increased expression of CYLD protein, human protein, human directly blocks TNFSF10 wt Allele-induced NF-κB activation, and consequently increases TNFSF10 wt Allele-induced apoptosis in Primary malignant neoplasm of lung cells. CYLD protein, human protein, human may act as a therapeutic target of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung. Targeting CYLD protein, human protein, human, in combination with TNFSF10 wt Allele, may be a new strategy to treat Primary malignant neoplasm of lung with high NF-κB activity, Truncation of the Catalytic Domain of the cylindromatosis tumor suppressor impairs lung maturation, down-regulation of Cyld expression has been associated with the development of various types of human malignancies including Primary malignant neoplasm of lung, Deletion of exon 9 would cause a carboxyl-terminal truncation of CYLD protein, human protein, human and inactivation of its deubiquitinating activity. In accordance with previous studies, Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts from Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) embryos had hyperactive nuclear factor kappaB and c-Jun kinase pathways compared with control Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts. Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) newborn CASP14 gene were smaller than wild-type littermates with a short and kinky tail and no major developmental defects. However, Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) CASP14 gene died shortly after birth from apparent Abnormal breathing. Histological examination of E18.5 Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) Lung demonstrated an immature phenotype characterized by hyperplasic mesenchyme but apparently normal Epithelial, Smooth muscle (tissue). and endothelial structures. Our study identifies an important role of CYLD protein, human protein, human in lung maturation, which may underlie the development of many cases of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung, Gene Mutation that truncate and inactivate the carboxyl-terminal deubiquitinating domain of CYLD protein, human protein, human underlie the development of skin appendage tumors in Homo sapiens, whereas down-regulation of Cyld expression has been associated with the development of various types of human malignancies including Primary malignant neoplasm of lung., Our study identifies an important role of CYLD protein, human protein, human in lung maturation, which may underlie the development of many cases of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung., Gene Mutation that truncate and inactivate the carboxyl-terminal deubiquitinating domain of CYLD protein, human protein, human underlie the development of skin appendage tumors in Homo sapiens, whereas down-regulation of Cyld expression has been associated with the development of various types of human malignancies including Primary malignant neoplasm of lung[SEP]Relations: lung has relations: anatomy_protein_present with CYLD protein, human, anatomy_protein_present with CYLD protein, human, anatomy_protein_present with PDGFRA, anatomy_protein_present with PDGFRA, anatomy_protein_present with MKRN2OS, anatomy_protein_present with MKRN2OS, anatomy_protein_present with NCOR2, anatomy_protein_present with NCOR2, anatomy_protein_present with CYSLTR2, anatomy_protein_present with CYSLTR2. Definitions: Catalytic Domain defined as following: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.. Abnormal breathing defined as following:When you're short of breath, it's hard or uncomfortable for you to take in the oxygen your body needs. You may feel as if you're not getting enough air. Sometimes you can have mild breathing problems because of a stuffy nose or intense exercise. But shortness of breath can also be a sign of a serious disease.
Many conditions can make you feel short of breath:
If you often have trouble breathing, it is important to find out the cause.
. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Smooth muscle (tissue) defined as following: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed). CYLD protein, human defined as following: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD protein, human (956 aa, ~107 kDa) is encoded by the human CYLD protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of protein deubiquitination and the regulation of the cell cycle.. TNFSF10 wt Allele defined as following: Human TNFSF10 wild-type allele is located within 3q26 and is approximately 18 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 protein, is involved in the induction and modulation of apoptosis.. Lung defined as following: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.. Epithelial defined as following: A term that refers to the cells that make up the Epithelial tissues. They are found in the skin, and in the parenchyma, surface and lumen of internal organs.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does d-tubocurarine (d-TC) induces irreversible inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) at the neuromuscular junction?", "id": "converted_550", "sentence1": "Does tubocurarine (d-TC) induces irreversible inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location (nAChR) at the neuromuscular junction?", "sentence2": "An integrated model describing the interaction of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents with reversible anticholinesterase agents is derived and compared with a naive model using experimental data obtained from four anesthetized dogs. Three consecutive but separate steady-state tubocurarine blocks (approximately 50, 70, and 90%) were induced in each of the four dogs and reversed by short edrophonium infusions., The ability of Hexamethonium (Complement Component Complement Component C6, human, human) to reverse the neuromuscular blocking action of tubocurarine (CD55 wt Allele), Volatile anesthetics enhance the Observation of Neuromuscular Block produced by nondepolarizing Muscle Tissue relaxants (NDMRs). The neuromuscular junction is a postulated site of this interaction. We tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetic enhancement of Muscle Tissue relaxation is the result of combined drug effects on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location location., Concentration-effect curves for the inhibition of acetylcholine-induced currents were established for vecuronium, tubocurarine, isoflurane, and sevoflurane. Subsequently, inhibitory effects of NDMRs were studied in the presence of the volatile anesthetics at a concentration equivalent to half the concentration producing a 50% inhibition alone. All individually tested compounds produced rapid and readily reversible concentration-dependent inhibition., The pharmacological diversity of the different Protein Isoforms of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location location arises from the diversity of the subunits that assemble to form the native receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the actions of the Muscle Tissue relaxants tubocurarine, pancuronium and vecuronium on different Protein Isoforms of Nicotinic Receptors, At all three receptor types, tubocurarine and pancuronium blocked the responses elicited by acetylcholine in a reversible manner. , As further evidence of anticholinesterase activity, methamidophos (1-100 microM) was able to reverse the blockade by tubocurarine, There was an initial partial reversal of the neuromuscular inhibition caused by tubocurarine, isoflurane and sevoflurane enhance the receptor blocking effects of nondepolarizing Muscle Tissue relaxants on Nicotinic Receptors., Because other purinergic 2X (P2X) receptor antagonists, NF023 and NF 279, do not have the reverse effects on the Observation of Neuromuscular Block of d-TC, the effect of NF 449 seems irrelevant to inhibition of P2X receptors., The association rate constant for CD55 wt Allele binding to sites on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location location appears to be very fast (k+D = 8.9 x 10(8) M-1 s-1) and comparable to that for acetylcholine (ACh)., The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism for the reversal effect of NF 449 (a suramin analogue) on the neuromuscular block induced by tubocurarine (d-TC)., Study of the reversal effect of NF 449 on Observation of Neuromuscular Block induced by tubocurarine.[SEP]Relations: Tubocurarine has relations: drug_drug with Acetylcholine, drug_drug with Acetylcholine, drug_drug with Succinylcholine, drug_drug with Succinylcholine, drug_drug with Naltrexone, drug_drug with Naltrexone, drug_drug with Acetyldigoxin, drug_drug with Acetyldigoxin. Acetylcholine has relations: drug_drug with Tubocurarine, drug_drug with Tubocurarine. Definitions: tubocurarine defined as following: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. isoflurane defined as following: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. CD55 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD55 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q32 and is approximately 40 kb in length. This allele, which encodes complement decay-accelerating factor protein, is involved in the modulation of complement activity.. acetylcholine defined as following: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.. Hexamethonium defined as following: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.. methamidophos defined as following: A synthetic organic thiophosphate compound and organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and neurotoxin that is used as a pesticide. It is characterized as a volatile colorless or off-white crystalline solid with a pungent odor, and exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.. vecuronium defined as following: A synthetic, intermediate-acting mono-quaternary steroid and non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, with Muscle Tissue relaxant activity. Vecuronium competitively binds to and blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing acetylcholine (ACh) binding and resulting in skeletal Muscle Tissue relaxation and paralysis. Vecuronium has a shorter duration of action than pancuronium.. pancuronium defined as following: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. edrophonium defined as following: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. suramin defined as following: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Nicotinic Receptors defined as following: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into Muscle Tissue-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.. sevoflurane defined as following: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may act by interfering with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. Sevoflurane may also interact directly with lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, this agent may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors hyperpolarizing cell membranes. This results in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure as well as an increased respiratory rate.. Complement Component C6, human defined as following: Complement component Complement Component C6, human (934 aa, ~105 kDa) is encoded by the human Complement Component C6, human gene. This protein is involved in complement-mediated host defense responses.. nicotinic acetylcholine receptor location defined as following: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into Muscle Tissue-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do Conserved noncoding elements act as enhancers?", "id": "converted_1580", "sentence1": "Do Conserved noncoding Elements act as enhancers?", "sentence2": "The Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome are rich in tissue-specific enhancers, Transgenic Zebrafish assay of some Homo sapiens CNE enhancers that have been lost in teleosts, Conserved noncoding Elements (CNEs) in Vertebrates Genome often act as developmental enhancers,, In all four cases where the zebra fish and Homo sapiens CNE display a similar expression pattern in zebra fish, the Homo sapiens CNE also displays a similar expression pattern in Mus sp.. This suggests that the endogenous Enhancer of transcription activity of ∼30% of Homo sapiens CNEs can be determined from experiments in zebra fish, If these ancient CNEs are indeed enhancers directing tissue-specific expression of Hox Genes, divergence of their DNA Sequence in Vertebrates lineages might have led to altered expression patterns and presumably the functions of their associated Hox Genes., Comparisons of noncoding DNA Sequence of the elephant shark and Homo sapiens Hox clusters have identified a large number of conserved noncoding Elements (CNEs), which represent putative cis-regulatory Elements that may be involved in the regulation of Hox Genes., Animal Genome possess highly conserved cis-regulatory DNA Sequence that are often found near Genes that regulate transcription and development., We test 42 of our PCNEs in transgenic Zebrafish assays--including examples from vertebrates and Branchiostoma sp.--and find that the majority are functional enhancers., The Genome of vertebrates, Diptera, and Phylum Nematoda contain highly conserved noncoding Elements (CNEs). CNEs cluster around Genes that regulate development, and where tested, they can act as transcriptional enhancers., , we identified 17 highly conserved noncoding Elements, 9 of which revealed specific acetylation marks in chromatin-immunoprecipitation and microarray (ChIP-chip) assays performed across 250 kb of the LMO2 wt Allele locus in 11 cell types covering different stages of hematopoietic differentiation. All candidate Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid were tested in Mice, Transgenic. An extended LMO2 proximal promoter fragment displayed strong endothelial activity, while the distal promoter showed weak forebrain activity. Eight of the 15 distal candidate Elements functioned as enhancers,, Pan-Vertebrates developmental cis-regulatory Elements are discernible as highly conserved noncoding Elements (HCNEs) and are often dispersed over large areas around the pleiotropic Genes whose expression they control., HCNEs of both Homo sapiens and Zebrafish function as specific developmental enhancers in Zebrafish., several transcriptional enhancers are conserved between Branchiostoma sp. and vertebrates--a very wide phylogenetic distance., We recently described GRBs in vertebrates, where most HCNEs function as enhancers, Besides developmental regulators that are likely targets of HCNE enhancers, We identify and characterize highly conserved noncoding Elements flanking the TNF gene, which undergo activation-dependent intrachromosomal interactions. These Elements, hypersensitive site (HSS)-9 and HSS+3 (9 kb upstream and 3 kb downstream of the TNF gene, respectively), contain deoxyribonuclease I activity hypersensitive sites in naive, T helper 1, and T helper 2 primary Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes. Both HSS-9 and HSS+3 inducibly associate with acetylated Histones, indicative of chromatin remodeling, bind the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes (NFAT)p in vitro and in vivo, and function as enhancers, We used the sequence signatures identified by this approach to successfully assign tissue-specific predictions to approximately 328,000 Homo sapiens-Mus sp. conserved noncoding Elements in the Homo sapiens genome. By overlapping these genome-wide predictions with a data set of enhancers validated in vivo, in Mice, Transgenic, we were able to confirm our results with a 28% sensitivity and 50% precision., Fish-mammal genomic comparisons have proved powerful in identifying conserved noncoding Elements likely to be cis-regulatory in nature, and the majority of those tested in vivo have been shown to act as tissue-specific enhancers associated with Genes involved in transcriptional regulation of development., uncovered two anciently conserved noncoding DNA Sequence (Central Nervous System) upstream of NR2F2 protein, Homo sapiens (Central Nervous System-62kb and Central Nervous System-66kb). Testing these two Elements using reporter constructs in Hepatocyte (HepG2) revealed that Central Nervous System-66kb, but not Central Nervous System-62kb, yielded robust in vitro Enhancer of transcription activity.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Nonacog beta pegol, drug_drug with Nonacog beta pegol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Resveratrol, drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor, Homo sapiens recombinant, drug_drug with Antihemophilic factor, Homo sapiens recombinant, drug_drug with Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated, drug_drug with Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), PEGylated. central nervous system has relations: anatomy_protein_present with NONO, anatomy_protein_present with NONO. Definitions: DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid DNA Sequence involved in regulating the expression of Genes.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. deoxyribonuclease I activity defined as following: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end products. [EC:3.1.21.1]. Histones defined as following: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.. Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome defined as following: A chronic neuropathic pain syndrome of the abdominal wall caused by entrapment of anterior cutaneous branches of 7 to 12th intercostal nerves along the lateral border of the anterior rectus abdominis fascia.. TNF gene defined as following: This gene is involved in apoptosis, cell growth and cell proliferation. It also plays a role in immune and inflammatory responses.. Elements defined as following: Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.. LMO2 wt Allele defined as following: Human LMO2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p13 and is approximately 34 kb in length. This allele, which encodes rhombotin-2 protein, is involved in red blood cell development through the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.. NR2F2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: COUP transcription factor 2 (414 aa, ~46 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens NR2F2 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of transcription.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid DNA Sequence that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Diptera defined as following: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called Diptera, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Mice, Transgenic defined as following: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.. pleiotropic Genes defined as following: A single gene that influences several distinct and seemly unrelated phenotypic outcomes.. Hox Genes defined as following: Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their DNA Sequence contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these Genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox Genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Enhancer of transcription defined as following: A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding DNA Sequence. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural gene. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the gene, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the gene when bound.. Phylum Nematoda defined as following: class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures; many species are parasites..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do statins cause diabetes?", "id": "converted_1835", "sentence1": "Do statins cause diabetes?", "sentence2": "3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (disposition) use has been associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and with impaired glycemic control in T2DM patients, The relationship between T2DM and statins is further complicated since these drugs can cause new onset diabetes (Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy) although there is an overall benefit in terms of preventing vascular events , It has been repeatedly reported that statins may cause new-onset diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus)., However, a small, but significant risk of new-onset diabetes has been reported in patients treated with statins., The National Lipid Association (NLA) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (disposition) Diabetes Safety Task Force concluded that the Cardiovascular system benefit of statin therapy outweighs the risk for developing diabetes, It has been repeatedly reported that statins may cause new-onset diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus), It has been repeatedly reported that statins may cause new-onset diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus). However, limited evidence exists from direct head to head comparisons of statins on whether the risk of Diabetes Mellitus differs among statins., Short-term statin exposure is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in persons with diabetes., Despite the fact that higher statin doses are more likely to lead to new-onset diabetes, for every case of diabetes caused, there are approximately three Cardiovascular system events reduced with high dose versus moderate dose statin therapy., It has been repeatedly reported that statins may cause new-onset diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Mellitus)., Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors are evidence-based drugs to prevent Cardiovascular system (CV) disease. However, their benefits have been disputed by a statin-related increased risk of new onset diabetes, Compared with pravastatin, treatment with higher potency statins, especially atorvastatin and simvastatin, might be associated with an increased risk of new onset diabetes, statins are associated with a small increase in incidence of diabetes in patients predisposed to glycemic alteration, Higher potency statin use is associated with a moderate increase in the risk of new onset diabetes compared with lower potency statins in patients treated for secondary prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, An increased risk of new onset treated diabetes was found in those treated with statins showing significant duration and dose effect, Although most of the clinical studies suggest a worsening of insulin resistance and secretion, the Cardiovascular system benefits of statin therapy outweigh the risk of developing insulin resistance, thus the data suggest the need to treat Dyslipidemias and to make patients aware of the possible risk of developing type 2 diabetes or, if they already are diabetic, of worsening their metabolic control, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (disposition) therapy can slightly increase risk of incident diabetes in subjects with Hypercholesterolemia result.[SEP]Relations: Simvastatin has relations: contraindication with diabetes mellitus (disease), contraindication with diabetes mellitus (disease), drug_effect with Arthritis, drug_effect with Arthritis, contraindication with diabetic ketoacidosis, contraindication with diabetic ketoacidosis, drug_effect with Edema, drug_effect with Edema. Atorvastatin has relations: drug_effect with Dysphagia, drug_effect with Dysphagia. Definitions: pravastatin defined as following: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors defined as following: Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis.. simvastatin defined as following: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. Hypercholesterolemia result defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy defined as following: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is caused by a mutation in the ATN1 gene, resulting in a combined degeneration of the dentatorubral and pallidoluysian systems. It can appear at any age, but it usually affects individuals between 20 and 30 years and leads to death within 10-15 years. The clinical presentation depends on the age of the affected individual; juvenile patients develop severe progressive myoclonus epilepsy and cognitive decline, whereas adult patients develop ataxia, choreoathetosis and dementia.. Dyslipidemias defined as following: A lipoprotein metabolism disorder characterized by decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins, or elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and/or triglycerides.. atorvastatin defined as following: A synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. Atorvastatin also increases the number of LDL receptors on hepatic cell surfaces to enhance uptake and catabolism of LDL and reduces LDL production and the number of LDL particles. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. (NCI04). statins defined as following: Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis.. diabetes defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can telomere length shortening be reversed by telomerase?", "id": "converted_1952", "sentence1": "Can telomere length shortening be reversed by Telomerase?", "sentence2": "Telomere length is regulated around an equilibrium set point. telomere shorten during replication and are lengthened by Telomerase. Disruption of the length equilibrium leads to Disease; thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate length at the Molecular level. , High Telomerase activity is detected in nearly all human Malignant Neoplasms but most Human Cells are devoid of Telomerase activity. There is well-documented evidence that reactivation of Telomerase occurs during cellular transformation. In Homo sapiens, Neoplasms can rely in reactivation of Telomerase or originate in a Telomerase positive stem/progenitor cell, or rely in alternative lengthening of telomeres, a Telomerase-independent telomere-length maintenance mechanism., Together, these observations may provoke a re-evaluation of telomere and Telomerase based therapies, both in Telomerase inhibition for cancer therapy and Telomerase activation for tissue regeneration and anti-ageing strategies., telomere progressively shorten throughout life. A hallmark of advanced malignancies is the ability for continuous cell divisions that almost universally correlates with the stabilization of telomere length by the reactivation of Telomerase., Telomerase-mediated telomere elongation provides cell populations with the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Telomerase is capable of recognizing and extending the shortest telomeres in Cells;, Telomerase gene therapy rescues telomere length, Aplastic bone marrow, and survival in CASP14 gene with Aplastic Anemia.[SEP]Relations: Telomere Extension By Telomerase has relations: pathway_protein with TERT, pathway_protein with TERT, pathway_protein with ACD, pathway_protein with ACD, pathway_protein with RTEL1, pathway_protein with RTEL1, pathway_protein with TERF2, pathway_protein with TERF2, pathway_protein with GAR1, pathway_protein with GAR1. Definitions: telomere defined as following: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.. Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. Telomerase defined as following: An essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic CHROMOSOMES.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic Cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Aplastic Anemia defined as following: A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Aplastic bone marrow defined as following: Depletion of stem Cells in the bone marrow that results in the lack of production of hematopoietic Cells.. telomere defined as following: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is thrombophilia related to increased risk of miscarriage?", "id": "converted_1513", "sentence1": "Is thrombophilia related to increased risk of miscarriage?", "sentence2": "Thrombophilia does hardly increase the risk of IUGR/PMPC or if so, it can be prevented by Low Molecular Weight Heparin [EPC], for illustrative purposes, a patient presenting with combined thrombophilia--both Genetic and acquired--will be discussed. This patient had suffered severe gestational complications that led to devastating obstetrical outcome, Thrombophilias have been implicated in complications related to ischemic placental disease including recurrent pregnancy loss, intrauterine fetal demise, Pre-Eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and preterm delivery, Further information about the combined risk of Antigen-Presenting Cells resistance and pregnancy is needed before guidance on the management of affected women can be formulated., Thrombotic risk during pregnancy and the puerperium is higher in asymptomatic women with than without thrombophilia, Further studies are required to assess the thrombotic risk in women with Pre-Eclampsia as well as early or late recurrent pregnancy loss., Risk of pregnancy-related Venous Thrombosis in carriers of severe inherited thrombophilia, In conclusion, homozygous carriers of Factor V Leiden and, to a lesser extent, double heterozygous carriers of Factor V Leiden and of the prothrombin mutation have an increased risk of Venous Thrombosis during pregnancy, particularly high during the postpartum period, Careful diagnosis, observation and monitoring can add significant benefit to Low Molecular Weight Heparin [EPC] therapy during pregnancy, Pregnancy in healthy women is accompanied by hypercoagulable changes that may interact with thrombophilia risk factors and threaten pregnancy., Fifty-three (13 %) women had antiphospholipid Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic (lupus anticoagulant and/or anti-beta2-glycoprotein 1 Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic) mainly associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester, thrombophilia was found to be considerably more common in women with pregnancy-associated complications in comparison with the general population, and most frequently in conjunction with Venous Thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period, When counseling white women with a history of Pre-Eclampsia, screening for thrombophilia can be useful for preconceptional counseling and pregnancy management., knowledge combined with the appropriate use of thromboprophylaxis and treatment in women who have objectively confirmed vinyltriethoxysilane continue to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes, The risk of having thrombophilia is doubled in men who have fathered pregnancies which ended in perinatal death as well as in the mothers of such pregnancies., The prevalence of thrombophilic Variant is of possible public health significance for other morbidity; but perhaps not in relation to Pre-Eclampsia, This study suggests that thrombophilia \"mediates\" in lowering of cardiovascular risk factors in women with a history of Pre-Eclampsia[SEP]Relations: thrombophilia has relations: disease_disease with inherited thrombophilia, disease_disease with inherited thrombophilia, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent thrombophlebitis, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent thrombophlebitis, disease_phenotype_positive with Preeclampsia, disease_phenotype_positive with Preeclampsia, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypercoagulability, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypercoagulability, disease_phenotype_positive with Thromboembolism, disease_phenotype_positive with Thromboembolism. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Thrombophilia defined as following: A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.. Pre-Eclampsia defined as following: A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.. Antigen-Presenting Cells defined as following: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.. Venous Thrombosis defined as following: The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.. Venous Thromboembolism defined as following: Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Factor V defined as following: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of Factor V leads to Owren's disease.. thrombophilia defined as following: A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can thiotepa be recommended for treatment of osteosarcoma?", "id": "converted_4219", "sentence1": "Can thiotepa be recommended for treatment of Osteosarcoma of bone?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSION: Adjuvant HDTp failed to significantly improve OS and PFS in resectable relapsed Osteosarcoma. Despite a trend of prolonged survival and an acceptable Toxic effect, thiotepa cannot be recommended.KEY MESSAGE: HDTp and autologous transplantation added to SPONDYLOCARPOTARSAL SYNOSTOSIS SYNDROME did not improve OS and PFS in patients with resectable relapsed Osteosarcoma. Despite a trend of prolonged survival, thiotepa cannot be recommended., Conclusion. The use of HD thiotepa and ASCT is feasible in patients with relapsed Osteosarcoma of bone. A randomized study for recurrent Osteosarcoma of bone between standard salvage chemotherapy and high dose thiotepa with Stem cells rescue is ongoing.[SEP]Relations: Thiotepa has relations: drug_effect with Lymphedema, drug_effect with Lymphedema, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_effect with Erythema, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, contraindication with kidney disease, contraindication with kidney disease, contraindication with liver disease, contraindication with liver disease. Definitions: Osteosarcoma of bone defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, growth and proliferation.. Stem cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.. thiotepa defined as following: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. SPONDYLOCARPOTARSAL SYNOSTOSIS SYNDROME defined as following: A spondylodysplasic dysplasia clinically characterized by postnatal progressive vertebral fusions frequently manifesting as block vertebrae, contributing to an shortened trunk and hence disproportionate short stature, scoliosis, lordosis, carpal and tarsal synostosis and infrequently, club feet.. Osteosarcoma defined as following: A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can radiotherapy cause radiation induced osteosarcoma?", "id": "converted_3460", "sentence1": "Can radiotherapy cause radiation induced Osteosarcoma of bone?", "sentence2": "A case of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Bone structure of cranium presenting as a cutaneous epidermotropic Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor with a short latent period., Radiation-induced sarcoma (Arikaree language) is an unusual but well documented Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor. , We report a case of a 34-year-old female who developed an Osteosarcoma of bone of the Scalp structure, over a previous craniotomy scar, 3 years after Excision of a frontal anaplastic oligodendroglioma which had been followed by a course of 6 weeks radiotherapy (58 Gy) and 6 cycles of temozolomide. , Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone after Gamma Knife surgery for Acoustic Neuroma: a case report and literature review., We present a rare case of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone following Gamma Knife® surgery (GKS) for a Acoustic Neuroma (VS). , The Osteosarcoma of bone was considered to be a radiation-induced malignancy. , Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Maxilla and Head>Mandible after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma., The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of clinicopathologic characteristics with treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of patients who developed RIOSM after undergoing radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma)., Of these patients, 47 who developed RISOM and met inclusion criteria were included in this study. , CONCLUSIONS: RISOM after radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is aggressive and often eludes early detection and timely intervention., Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Bone structure of cranium base after radiation therapy in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature., BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced osteosarcomas are a recognized complication of radiation therapy. , CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a rare case of a patient with a Bone structure of cranium base radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone treated 11 years before with ionizing radiation for an undifferentiated carcinoma of the Head+Neck>Nasopharynx. , CONCLUSIONS: Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Bone structure of cranium base after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a very rare but very aggressive complication with a poor prognosis., Radiation-Associated Low-Grade Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma of the Neck Following Treatment for Malignant neoplasm of thyroid., Low-grade extraskeletal Osteosarcoma of bone is a rare Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor that may arise de novo or following radiation therapy., While there is a report of a low-grade extraskeletal Osteosarcoma of bone arising following radiotherapy for a benign condition, to the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of a low-grade extraskeletal Osteosarcoma of bone occurring following radiotherapy for thyroid cancer, and the only case reported in the Neck+Chest>Soft tissue of the head and neck region. , Here we a report a case of radiation induced Osteosarcoma of bone which developed 11 years after a single fraction of 700 cGy., Osteosarcoma following single fraction radiation prophylaxis for Heterotopic Ossification., The radiotherapy dose for this patient is lower than classically reported for radiation induced Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue., The latency period between radiotherapy and Osteosarcoma of bone onset was 1.3 years shorter inside than outside the radiation field., Osteosarcoma after radiotherapy for Malignant neoplasm of prostate., Osteosarcoma after external beam radiation therapy for recurrent Malignant melanoma of choroid., Diagnostic criteria were fulfilled and the lesion was classified as a radiation induced Osteosarcoma of bone, Although a rare complication of ionizing radiation, radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is now more frequently recognized as radiation therapy has become common and cancer survival has increased, Here we a report a case of radiation induced Osteosarcoma of bone which developed 11 years after a single fraction of 700 cGy, Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone usually occurs after a long latency period of more than 10 years after the radiotherapy, Osteosarcoma following radiotherapy: a case report., Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma after radiotherapy for Osteosarcoma of bone in the Mandibular Condyle., Post-radiation Osteosarcoma of bone of the Bone structure of Bone structure of scapula., Radiation-induced osteosarcomas generally occur 3-30 years after exposure and are most common after radiotherapy for Cervical or Breast Carcinoma, Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is one of the rare types of radiation-induced Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue , with the risk of radiation-induced osteosarcomas being only 0.01 % -0.03 % among all patients treated with radiotherapy, Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is a well-known but rare complication of radiotherapy for brain Neoplasms with a poor prognosis, The prognosis of patients developing Osteosarcoma of bone after radiotherapy for Malignant neoplasm of prostate is similar to other radiation-induced osteosarcomas occurring in the axial skeleton , with a 50 % overall mortality within the first year after diagnosis, Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone usually occurs after a long latency period of more than 10 years after the radiotherapy, Twenty-seven years 11 months after orthovoltage radiotherapy of the right breast a 69-year-old woman developed a radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the right thoracic wall, We report a case of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone developed from Bone structure of cranium after 7 years of craniospinal radiotherapy for pineoblastoma, Although the concepts of direct and indirect effects of radiation are fully applicable to low-LET ( linear energy transfer ) radioresistant Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor cells/normal tissues such as Osteosarcoma of bone cells and Chondrocyte , it is believed that radiation-associated damage to DNA does not play a major role in the mechanism of cell death in low-LET radiosensitive tumors/normal tissues such as malignant lymphoma cells and Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes, From these clinicopathological findings, both cases were diagnosed as radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone., Here we report two cases of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone in the Nasal sinus after treatment for frontal glioma., As the prognosis of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is poorer than that of primary osteo-sarcoma, careful attention is required for consideration of the long-term survival of patients with glioma., Radiation-induced osteosarcomas appeared 16 and 12 years after radiotherapy in cases 1 and 2, respectively., Most radiation-induced osteosarcomas of the Bone structure of cranium are reported to arise in the facial bone or Nasal sinus after radiotherapy for Retinoblastoma and/or Pituitary Adenoma., Radiation-induced osteosarcomas after treatment for frontal Glioma: a report of two cases., Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Bone structure of cranium mimicking cutaneous Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor after treatment for frontal glioma., Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is one of the rare types of radiation-induced Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue, with the risk of radiation-induced osteosarcomas being only 0.01%-0.03% among all patients treated with radiotherapy., Radiation-induced Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue are recognized complications of radiation therapy and are associated with poor prognosis., There have been only four reported cases of radiation-induced osteosarcomas after radiotherapy for Glioma., Here, we report a unique case of radiation-induced osteosarcomas arising on the Bone structure of cranium and extending to the Skin Specimen Source Code, with a short latent period., BACKGROUND\nThe increasing incidence of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone of the Maxilla and Head>Mandible (RIOSM) has become a significant problem that can limit long-term survival., In this case, Osteosarcoma of bone was possibly a radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone with a short latency period of 3 years., Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone usually occurs after a long latency period of more than 10 years after the radiotherapy., A case of Osteosarcoma of bone arising in the craniofacial bone with a short latency period of 3 years after radiotherapy for maxillary squamous cell carcinoma is described., Osteosarcoma is one of the Neoplasms that may occur following exposure to radiation., As the prognosis of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is poorer than that of primary osteo-sarcoma, careful attention is required for consideration of the long-term survival of patients with glioma., This report describes the late recurrence of Malignant melanoma of choroid and subsequent radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone., Radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is one of the rare types of radiation-induced Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue, with the risk of radiation-induced osteosarcomas being only 0.01%-0.03% among all patients treated with radiotherapy., There have been only four reported cases of radiation-induced osteosarcomas after radiotherapy for Glioma., Although radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone is an uncommon but dire complication of radiotherapy, its incidence will probably increase in the future as the frequency of radiation treatment and cancer survival increase., We report a case of radiation-induced Osteosarcoma of bone developed from Bone structure of cranium after 7 years of craniospinal radiotherapy for pineoblastoma., The prognosis of patients developing Osteosarcoma of bone after radiotherapy for Malignant neoplasm of prostate is similar to other radiation-induced osteosarcomas occurring in the axial skeleton, with a 50% overall mortality within the first year after diagnosis., To our knowledge the only other case report of post-radiation Osteosarcoma of bone with a short latency period was a case of Osteosarcoma of bone in the craniofacial bone 3 years after radiotherapy for maxillary squamous cell carcinoma., Here, we report a unique case of radiation-induced osteosarcomas arising on the Bone structure of cranium and extending to the Skin Specimen Source Code, with a short latent period., Case of postradiation Osteosarcoma of bone with a short latency period of 3 years.[SEP]Relations: bone Osteosarcoma of bone has relations: disease_disease with Osteosarcoma of bone, disease_disease with Osteosarcoma of bone, contraindication with Teriparatide, contraindication with Teriparatide, disease_disease with Osteosarcoma of bone (disease), disease_disease with Osteosarcoma of bone (disease), disease_disease with bone sarcoma, disease_disease with bone sarcoma, disease_disease with telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma, disease_disease with telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma. Definitions: Malignant neoplasm of thyroid defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Osteosarcoma of bone defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, growth and proliferation.. Maxilla defined as following: One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. Cervical defined as following: Relating to a neck, or cervix, in any sense.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Heterotopic Ossification defined as following: The development of bony substance in normally soft structures.. Pituitary Adenoma defined as following: A non-metastasizing Specimen Source Codes - tumor that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The Specimen Source Codes - tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. The diagnosis can be based on imaging studies and/or radioimmunoassays. Due to its location in the sella turcica, expansion of the Specimen Source Codes - tumor mass can impinge on the optic chiasm or involve the temporal lobe, third ventricle and posterior fossa A frequently associated physical finding is bitemporal hemianopsia which may progress to further visual loss.. Malignant neoplasm of Neck+Chest>Soft tissue defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system Neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Bone structure of cranium defined as following: The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.. Malignant melanoma of choroid defined as following: A uveal melanoma that arises from the choroid. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular Specimen Source Codes - tumor. It usually affects Caucasians of northern European descent. It usually remains asymptomatic for a long period. When signs and symptoms occur, they include blurred vision, visual field loss, floaters, and ocular pain. Tumor size is the most important factor that relates to prognosis.. Mandibular Condyle defined as following: The posterior process on the ramus of the Head>Mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.. Excision defined as following: The surgical removal of a lesion, often as part of a biopsy and with healthy margins.. Acoustic Neuroma defined as following: A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673). temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. Bone structure of cranium base defined as following: The inferior region of the Bone structure of cranium consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.. Breast Carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma arising from the breast, most commonly the terminal ductal-lobular unit. It is the most common malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor in females. Risk factors include country of birth, family history, menstrual and reproductive history, fibrocystic disease and epithelial hyperplasia, exogenous estrogens, contraceptive agents, and ionizing radiation. The vast majority of breast carcinomas are adenocarcinomas (ductal or lobular). Breast carcinoma spreads by direct invasion, by the lymphatic route, and by the blood vessel route. The most common site of lymph node involvement is the axilla.. Nasal sinus defined as following: Air-filled spaces located within the bones around the NASAL CAVITY. They are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated NASAL MUCOSA. Each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ETHMOID SINUS; the FRONTAL SINUS; the MAXILLARY SINUS; and the SPHENOID SINUS.. Chondrocyte defined as following: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant Neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign Neoplasms.. pineoblastoma defined as following: A poorly differentiated malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the pineal region. It usually occurs in children and it is characterized by the presence of small immature neuroepithelial cells. It may follow an aggressive clinical course.. Retinoblastoma defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the eye in children. The Specimen Source Codes - tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104). Bone structure of scapula defined as following: Also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle.. Scalp structure defined as following: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are protamines ubiquitously expressed?", "id": "converted_3183", "sentence1": "Are protamines ubiquitously expressed?", "sentence2": "protamines are Nuclear Proteins which are specifically expressed in haploid male Germ Cells.[SEP]Relations: Protamine has relations: drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Fever, drug_effect with Fever, drug_effect with Agitation, drug_effect with Agitation, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Pain, drug_effect with Increased hemoglobin, drug_effect with Increased hemoglobin. Definitions: protamines defined as following: A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692). Nuclear Proteins defined as following: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.. Germ Cells defined as following: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.. protamines defined as following: A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Cystatin D a biomarker?", "id": "converted_2735", "sentence1": "Is CST5 gene a biomarker?", "sentence2": "CST5 gene (CST5): An ultra-early inflammatory biomarker of Traumatic Brain Injury.[SEP]Relations: brain injury has relations: contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Isopropamide, contraindication with Isopropamide, contraindication with Guaifenesin, contraindication with Guaifenesin, contraindication with Homatropine methylbromide, contraindication with Homatropine methylbromide, contraindication with Hydrocodone, contraindication with Hydrocodone. Definitions: Traumatic Brain Injury defined as following: A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. CST5 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the inhibition of cathepsins in the oral cavity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is triadin involved in cardiac function?", "id": "converted_1360", "sentence1": "Is TRDN gene involved in cardiac function?", "sentence2": "ASPH gene (JCN), a 26-kd Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) transmembrane protein, forms a quaternary protein complex with the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, CASQ2 gene, and TRDN gene in the SNCG wt Allele lumen of Specimen Source Codes - Cardiac muscle. Within this complex, CASQ2 gene, TRDN gene, and JCN appear to be critical for normal regulation of Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel-mediated calcium (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) release., Recent studies have uncovered functional roles of both JCN and TRDN gene in the mouse heart, using transgenic overexpression strategies, which exhibit varying phenotypes including mild SNCG wt Allele structural alterations, prolongation of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol transient decay, impaired relaxation, and Cardiac Hypertrophy and/or Congestive Congestive heart failure., Triadin is involved in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. , Thus the maintenance of TRDN gene expression is essential for normal SNCG wt Allele cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol cycling and contractile function., Ca2+ release from the cardiac junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) is regulated by a complex of proteins, including the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel complex location), CASQ2 gene (CSQ), ASPH gene-2 (JCN), and TRDN gene 1 (T-Cell Receptors delta-Chain)., Impaired Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SNCG wt Allele) cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol release has been suggested to contribute to the depressed cardiac function in Congestive Congestive heart failure. The release of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol from the SNCG wt Allele may be regulated by the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel, TRDN gene, ASPH gene-2, CASQ2 gene, and a histidine-rich, cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol-binding protein 2 (HRC).[SEP]Relations: Congestive Congestive heart failure has relations: drug_effect with Tretinoin, drug_effect with Tretinoin, drug_effect with Corticotropin, drug_effect with Corticotropin, drug_effect with Telavancin, drug_effect with Telavancin, drug_effect with Pentostatin, drug_effect with Pentostatin, drug_effect with Pregabalin, drug_effect with Pregabalin. Definitions: ASPH gene-2 defined as following: ASPH gene-2 (210 aa, ~24 kDa) is encoded by the human ASPH gene. This protein is involved in calcium homeostasis in striated muscle.. ASPH gene defined as following: This gene is involved in calcium ion channel regulation and amino acid hydroxylation.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.. SNCG wt Allele defined as following: Human SNCG wild-type allele is located within10q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes gamma-synuclein protein, plays a role in the modulation of axonal architecture and neurofilament integrity. This gene is highly expessed in advanced breast carcinomas, suggesting a correlation between SNCG overexpression and breast tumor development.. ryanodine receptor complex location defined as following: A voltage-gated calcium-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. ryanodine receptor complex location comprises a family of ryanodine receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]. T-Cell Receptors delta-Chain defined as following: One component of the gamma-delta T-cell receptor. Encoded by a locus on chromosome 14. Somatic recombination results in formation of the active gene.. Congestive heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Cardiac Hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has Hesperidin any role as a Neuroprotective Agent?", "id": "converted_3129", "sentence1": "Has hesperidin any role as a Neuroprotective Agent?", "sentence2": "Neuroprotective effect of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin on recognition memory impairment and the elevated oxygen stress in Rattus norvegicus model of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1, hesperidin attenuates depression-related symptoms in CASP14 gene with mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Neuroprotective Effects of hesperidin on Cerebral Vasospasm, The neuroprotective effect of hesperidin in NMDA-induced retinal injury acts by suppressing oxidative stress and excessive calpain activation., This study suggests a potential neuroprotective role of hesperidin against 3-NP-induced Huntington's disease-like manifestations., hesperidin potentiates the neuroprotective effects of diazepam and gabapentin against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in CASP14 gene: Possible behavioral, biochemical and mitochondrial alterations., hesperidin, a flavanoglycone abundantly present in Fruit, Citrus, is reported to have antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, and neuroprotective properties., PURPOSE\nhesperidin, a Cardiac Glycosides Flavonoids, is thought to act as an anti-Primary malignant neoplasm agent, since it has been found to exhibit both pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects in several Primary malignant neoplasm cell types., hesperidin is a flavonone Cardiac Glycosides, belonging to the Flavonoids family, which is widely found in Citrus species and acts as a potent antioxidant and anticancer agent., BACKGROUND\nhesperidin, a flavanone present in Fruit, Citrus, has been identified as a potent anticancer agent because of its proapoptotic and antiproliferative characteristics in some Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant., Oxidative stress and Primary malignant neoplasm; the role of hesperidin, a citrus natural bioflavonoid, as a Primary malignant neoplasm chemoprotective agent., Our data suggests that hesperidin exerts its neuroprotective effect against rotenone due to its antioxidant, maintenance of mitochondrial function, and antiapoptotic properties in a Neuroblastoma cell line., Taken together, these results demonstrate potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hesperetin, implying its potential role in protecting Neurons against various types of insults associated with many neurodegenerative diseases., The neuroprotective effect of hesperidin in NMDA-induced retinal injury acts by suppressing oxidative stress and excessive calpain activation.We found that hesperidin, a plant-derived bioflavonoid, may be a candidate agent for neuroprotective treatment in the retina, after screening 41 materials for anti-oxidative properties in a primary retinal cell culture under oxidative stress. , Neuroprotective effects of hesperidin, a plant flavanone, on rotenone-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in a cellular model for Parkinson Disease.Rotenone a widely used Pesticides that inhibits NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) has been used to investigate the pathobiology of Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET both in vitro and in vivo. , Cytoprotective effects of hesperetin and hesperidin against amyloid β-induced impairment of glucose transport through downregulation of neuronal autophagy., hesperidin potentiates the neuroprotective effects of diazepam and gabapentin against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in CASP14 gene: Possible behavioral, biochemical and mitochondrial alterations.TMPRSS11A gene possesses potent anticonvulsant activity which might be mediated through modulation of gamma-amino butyric acid/benzodiazepine receptor action., Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin.The present study evaluated antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of hesperidin, a flavanone mainly isolated from Fruit, Citrus, and its aglycone hesperetin using cell-free bioassay system and primary cultured Rattus norvegicus cortical cells. , Potential neuroprotective effects of hesperidin on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Neurotoxicity Syndromes in rats., hesperidin inhibits glutamate release and exerts neuroprotection against excitotoxicity induced by Kainic Acid in the hippocampus of rats., Emerging evidences indicate hesperidin, a citrus flavanone, attenuates neurodegenerative processes and related complications., Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents effects of hesperidin from the genus Citrus., Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin., hesperidin is a Flavonoids present in high concentration in citrus species and has numerous biological properties, principally antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents.[SEP]Relations: Hesperetin has relations: drug_drug with Meperidine, drug_drug with Meperidine, drug_drug with Famotidine, drug_drug with Famotidine, drug_drug with Nevirapine, drug_drug with Nevirapine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Acenocoumarol, drug_drug with Acenocoumarol. Definitions: diazepam defined as following: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Flavonoids defined as following: A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.. hesperidin defined as following: A flavanone Cardiac Glycosides found in CITRUS fruit peels.. Kainic Acid defined as following: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause Neurotoxicity Syndromes and has been used experimentally for that purpose.. gabapentin defined as following: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. Anti-Inflammatory Agents defined as following: Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.. Pesticides defined as following: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.. rotenone defined as following: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Traumatic Brain Injury defined as following: A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.. Neurotoxicity Syndromes defined as following: Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.. Primary malignant neoplasm cell defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Neuroblastoma defined as following: A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51). NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) defined as following: A complex of over 40 proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This protein complex catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) and plays a role in the initiation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing Neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. Tumor cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Cardiac Glycosides defined as following: Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does natalizumab improve disease course of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?", "id": "converted_3380", "sentence1": "Does natalizumab improve disease course of secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis?", "sentence2": "INTERPRETATION: Natalizumab treatment for secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component., In this review, we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of SPMS and the rationale and clinical potential for natalizumab, which is currently approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, to exert beneficial effects in reducing disease progression unrelated to relapses in SPMS. , INTERPRETATION\n\nNatalizumab treatment for secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component., Natalizumab did not achieve a statistically significant primary composite disability outcome in a trial of 887 patients with secondary progressive MS , but it did demonstrate a benefit on a prespecified component of the 9-Hole Peg Test . , INTERPRETATION\nNatalizumab treatment for secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component., In this review, we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of SPMS and the rationale and clinical potential for natalizumab, which is currently approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, to exert beneficial effects in reducing disease progression unrelated to relapses in SPMS., Natalizumab treatment for secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis did not reduce progression on the primary multicomponent disability endpoint in part 1, but it did reduce progression on its upper-limb component.[SEP]Relations: Multiple Sclerosis has relations: disease_disease with progressive Multiple Sclerosis, disease_disease with progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Natalizumab has relations: contraindication with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, contraindication with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, drug_drug with Pexelizumab, drug_drug with Pexelizumab, drug_drug with Bavituximab, drug_drug with Bavituximab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab, drug_drug with Otelixizumab. Definitions: Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). natalizumab defined as following: A humanized recombinant IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha4 subunit of the integrins alpha4beta1and alpha4beta7 with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Natalizumab binds to the alpha4-subunit of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins expressed on the surface of all leukocytes except neutrophils, inhibiting the alpha4-mediated adhesion of leukocytes to counter-receptor(s) such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); natalizumab-mediated disruption of VCAM-1 binding by these integrins may prevent the transmigration of leukocytes across the endothelium into inflamed parenchymal tissue. Integrins are cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) that are upregulated in various types of cancer and some autoimmune diseases; alpha4beta1 integrin (VLA4) has been implicated in the survival of myeloma cells, possibly by mediating their adhesion to stromal cells..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is tirilazad effective for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage?", "id": "converted_2171", "sentence1": "Is tirilazad effective for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage?", "sentence2": "There was no significant difference between the two groups at the end of follow up for the primary outcome, Cessation of life (odds ratio (OR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.06), or in poor outcome (Cessation of life, vegetative state or severe disability) (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.21). During the treatment period, fewer patients developed delayed cerebral ischaemia in the tirilazad group than in the control group (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93). Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate any significant difference in effects of tirilazad on clinical outcomes. , AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that tirilazad, in addition to nimodipine, reduces mortality or improves poor outcome in patients with aneurysmal Yakut language., This clinical trial suggest that tirilazad mesylate, at a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day, improves overall outcome in aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients., Tirilazad is ineffective.There are many possible successful treatment options for preventing Vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurologic deficits, and poor neurologic outcome following aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; however, further multicenter RCTs need to be performed to determine if there is a significant benefit from their use, Findings from previous multicenter clinical trials have suggested that tirilazad mesylate, a synthetic nonhormonal 21-aminosteroid, might be effective in preventing delayed cerebral ischemia following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Yakut language)., This clinical trial suggest that tirilazad mesylate, at a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day, improves overall outcome in aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients.[SEP]Relations: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (disease) has relations: contraindication with Tranexamic acid, contraindication with Tranexamic acid, disease_disease with acquired aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, disease_disease with acquired aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with ADORA1, disease_protein with ADORA1. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.. nimodipine defined as following: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation.. Vasospasm defined as following: spasm of the blood vessels resulting in decrease in their caliber..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there any software for automated analysis of immuno-histochemistry images?", "id": "converted_528", "sentence1": "Is there any software for automated analysis of immuno-histochemistry images?", "sentence2": "The LIM homeobox gene LHX2 wt Allele is expressed in cortical progenitors during development and also in the superficial layers of the Neocortex in maturity. However, analysis of LHX2 wt Allele function at later stages of cortical development has been hampered by severe phenotypes associated with early loss of function. , The vein graft samples were obtained on each time point after surgery. The expression of the EDRz transfected in the vein graft was detected using a fluorescent microscope. Early growth response gene-1 (EGR1 protein, human) RNA, Messenger was measured using reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization. And the protein expression of EGR1 protein, human was detected by using western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses., Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2 (TGM2 protein, human) is a multifunctional Enzyme [APC], which amongst other functions, is involved in cell differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGM2 protein, human contributes to differentiation of OPCs into OLGs and thereby stimulates remyelination. [SEP]Relations: Neocortex has relations: anatomy_protein_present with ENO2, anatomy_protein_present with ENO2, anatomy_protein_present with TMCO3, anatomy_protein_present with TMCO3, anatomy_protein_present with TMCO6, anatomy_protein_present with TMCO6. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Ifosfamide, drug_drug with Ifosfamide, drug_drug with Ifosfamide, drug_drug with Ifosfamide. Definitions: TGM2 protein, human defined as following: Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 (687 aa, ~77 kDa) is encoded by the human TGM2 gene. This protein plays a role in both the induction of apoptosis and the formation of covalent bonds between peptide-bound glutamine and various primary amines.. Neocortex defined as following: The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.. EGR1 protein, human defined as following: Early growth response protein 1 (543 aa, ~58 kDa) is encoded by the human EGR1 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of both mitogenesis and differentiation through the transcriptional regulation of specified genes.. LHX2 wt Allele defined as following: Human LHX2 wild-type allele is located within 9q33-34.1 and is approximately 22 kb in length. This allele, which encodes the LIM/homeobox protein LHX2 wt Allele, may play a role in both the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and the development of lymphoid and neural cells.. Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2 defined as following: Calcium-dependent acyltransferase that catalyzes cross-linking of proteins at a GLUTAMINE in one chain with primary amine such as in LYSINE in another chain. In addition it can also accept monoamine substrates to catalyze post-translational modifications (e.g., protein serotonylation).. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has the olive tree pollen proteome been studied?", "id": "converted_3930", "sentence1": "Has the olive tree pollen proteome been studied?", "sentence2": "Olive pollen is a major allergenic source worldwide due to its extensive cultivation. We have combined available genomics data with a comprehensive proteomics approach to get the annotated olive tree (Olea europaea L.) pollen proteome and define its complex allergenome. [SEP]", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is pesticide exposure associated with polyneuropathy?", "id": "converted_386", "sentence1": "Is pesticide exposure associated with polyneuropathy?", "sentence2": "As the syndrome occurred after the acute Cholinergic Agents syndrome but before Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced delayed polyneuropathy, the syndrome was called 'intermediate syndrome'., The characteristic features of the IMS are weakness of the Muscle Tissue of respiration (Vaginal contraceptive Vaginal contraceptive diaphragm (device) (device), intercostal Muscle Tissue and accessory Muscle Tissue including neck Muscle Tissue) and of proximal limb Muscle Tissue. Accompanying features often include weakness of Muscle Tissue innervated by some Cranial Nerves. It is now emerging that the degree and extent of Muscle Weakness may vary following the onset of the IMS. , Electrophysiological studies following OP Poisoning aspects have revealed three characteristic phenomena: (i) repetitive firing following a single stimulus; (ii) gradual reduction in twitch height or compound muscle action potential followed by an increase with repetitive stimulation (the 'decrement-increment response'); and (iii) continued reduction in twitch height or compound muscle action potential with repetitive simulation ('decrementing response'). , Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy is a sensory-motor distal axonopathy which usually occurs after exposure of certain OP Insecticides. Neuropathy due to ingestion of Osteoporosis with pseudoglioma have rarely been reported in the literature., We report a patient with serious organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy due to malathion injection. The patient was a 32-year-old female who self-injected undetermined amounts of malathion over the median nerve trace on the forearm crease in a suicide attempt which resulted in Peripheral Nervous System Diseases., Acutely, these patients present with Cholinergic Agents crisis; intermediate syndrome and delayed polyneuropathy are other sequel of this form of Poisoning aspects., There was no strong evidence of irreversible peripheral nerve damage following acute OP Poisoning aspects, however further studies are required., Particular interactions are also addressed, such as those of Pesticides acting as endocrine disruptors, the cumulative Toxic effect of organophosphates and Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated resulting in estrogenic effects and the promotion of Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced delayed polyneuropathy., The multivariate analyses showed that the population living in areas with high pesticide use had an increased risk for ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 and suicide attempts and that males living in these areas had increased risks for Polyneuropathy, affective disorders and suicide attempts. , These compounds cause four important neurotoxic effects in Homo sapiens: the Cholinergic Agents syndrome, the intermediate syndrome, Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) and chronic Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). , An 18-year-old woman and a 22-year-old man were admitted to the hospital with weakness, Paresthesia, and gait disturbances at 35 and 22 days, respectively, after ingesting dimethyl-2,2-dichloro vinyl phosphate (Dichlorvos). Neurological examination revealed weakness, vibration sense loss, bilateral dropped foot, brisk deep tendon reflexes, and bilaterally positive Babinski sign. Electroneurography demonstrated distal motor polyneuropathy with segmental demyelination associated with Axonal degeneration prominent in the distal parts of both lower All All extremities., Sensory complaints and electrodiagnostic findings consistent with polyneuropathy were found in a minority (3/7) of subjects 28 years after an acute toxic arsenic exposure., Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare Toxic effect resulting from exposure to certain organophosphorus (OP) esters. , Therefore, OPIDP may develop only after very large exposures to Insecticides, causing severe Cholinergic Agents Toxic effect., Several studies have reported the occurrence of Sensory neuropathy with exposure to Chlorpyrifos and other Organic phosphorus insecticide, NOS, at levels not associated with overt Toxic effect. , We found no evidence of Sensory neuropathy or isolated peripheral abnormalities among subjects with long-term Chlorpyrifos exposure at levels known to be associated with the manufacturing process., Persistent, mainly motor, impairment of the peripheral nervous system was found in men two years after OP Poisoning aspects, in particular in severe occupational and intentional Poisoning with neuropathic Osteoporosis with pseudoglioma. This finding is possibly due to remaining Phosphoric Acid Esters induced delayed polyneuropathy., Besides the well known acute Cholinergic Agents Toxic effect, these compounds may cause late-onset distal polyneuropathy occurring two to three weeks after the acute exposure. , Electromyography demonstrated motor weighed sensory-motor polyneuropathy with Axonal degeneration significant in the distal parts of bilateral lower All All extremities. , The two cases are presented here since Phosphoric Acid Esters Poisoning are common in our country, and since late-onset polyneuropathy is not a well known clinical presentation as acute Toxic effect., The course of Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) in Homo sapiens has not been quantitatively measured in epidemiologic studies., The persistence of deficits in motor strength in all severely poisoned patients regardless of pesticide type was unexpected, and may reflect persistent Cholinergic Agents blockade or intermediate syndrome, neuropathy, or a combination of these., The findings showed a strong association between exposure to OP concentrate and neurological symptoms, but a less consistent association with sensory thresholds. , Following accidental or suicidal exposure, these anticholinesterases lead to three well defined neurological syndromes i.e. initial life threatening acute Cholinergic Agents crisis which often requires management in intensive care unit, intermediate syndrome in which Cranial nerve palsies, proximal Muscle Weakness and respiratory Muscle Weakness are common and patients often require respiratory support and delayed Phosphoric Acid Esters induced polyneuropathy., [Late onset polyneuropathy due to exposure to organophosphates]., Less often a polyneuropathic syndrome of late onset may occur., On electromyography there was sensomotor peripheral polyneuropathy, which was primarily axonal and predominantly motor and distal. Peripheral nerve biopsy confirmed the presence of 'dying back' type axonopathy. , Agricultural workers chronically exposed to Phosphoric Acid Esters Insecticides, without adequate protection, have an increased risk of developing late onset neuropathy due to organophosphates. , Epidemiologic studies on Pesticides have found associations with long-term effects on health mainly in three fields: Primary malignant neoplasm (especially hematological Primary malignant neoplasm), neurotoxic effects (polyneuropathy, neuro-behavioral hazards, Parkinson Disease), and reproductive disorders (Sterility, Reproductive, Congenital Abnormality, adverse pregnancy outcomes, perinatal mortality). , EMG studies showed evidence of partial denervation of the anterior tibial group of Muscle Tissue and flexor digiti minimi in 2 of the 30 workers (6.7%) who underwent EMG examination., Neurological symptoms consist in cerebro-organic disfunctions, locomotory disorders reminiscent of Multiple Sclerosis or M. Parkinson, and sensory, motoric and vegetative polyneuropathy, leading, for instance, to cardiovascular regulatory disorder like sympathicotonia or, orthostatic hypotonia. , Thirty percent of patients had definite or possible exposure to Phosphoric Acid Esters Pesticides, and the peak use coincides with the peak incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome., These results suggest that previously reported cases of Phosphoric Acid Esters-induced delayed polyneuropathy may represent only the worst disease in a spectrum of impairment, a sequela of exposure that may be much more common than previously thought., It is suggested that the main cause of nervous lesions in these cases was the complex effect of Pesticides., Delayed polyneuropathy develops within 1 to 3 weeks and abates after 6 to 12 months. , Isolated case reports have circumstantially linked the use of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid) to polyneuropathy., Thus, the weight of evidence indicates that 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid is an unlikely cause of polyneuropathy., A patient is reported presenting a Cerebellar Diseases developing about 5 weeks after acute exposure to an Phosphoric Acid Esters insecticide. , Less well known, but more complex and idiosyncratic, is the potential for some agents to produce a delayed and progressive polyneuropathy--Organophosphorus Induced Delayed Neurotox-icity (OPIDN)., It is also quite probable that human Neurotoxicity Syndromes may be a potential hazard from exposure to more than the handful of organophosphorus Pesticides that have been described in the literature., In the present study the electroencephalograms of 3 of a group 10 workmen, who had been continually exposed to hexachlorcyclohexane, show pathological findings. The electromyograms of 8 of these 10 workman demonstrate a disturbance of the peripherical motoneuron. All probands, who exhibit o pathological EEG, also show a polyneuropathy., Many Organophosphorus Compounds, including the Phosphoric Acid Esters Insecticides, may cause polyneuropathy of delayed onset., Nevertheless, we describe a patient with delayed polyneuropathy after suicidal ingestion of Parathion., Following acute organophosphorus (OP) Poisoning aspects patients complain of Numbness without objective sensory abnormalities or other features of OP induced delayed polyneuropathy. [SEP]Relations: polyneuropathy has relations: disease_disease with polyneuropathy due to drug, disease_disease with polyneuropathy due to drug, disease_disease with polyneuritis, disease_disease with polyneuritis, disease_disease with Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, disease_disease with Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, disease_disease with critical illness polyneuropathy, disease_disease with critical illness polyneuropathy, disease_disease with polyradiculoneuropathy, disease_disease with polyradiculoneuropathy. Definitions: Chlorpyrifos defined as following: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. Dichlorvos defined as following: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Sensory neuropathy defined as following: Inflammation or degeneration of the sensory nerves.. Phosphoric Acid Esters defined as following: An ester of phosphoric acid, which contains phosphorus. Organic phosphates play important roles in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. malathion defined as following: A wide spectrum aliphatic Phosphoric Acid Esters insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. Neuropathy defined as following: A disorder affecting the Cranial Nerves or the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, Numbness, and Muscle Weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, Primary malignant neoplasm, and drugs.. Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated defined as following: Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid defined as following: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. Peripheral Nervous System Diseases defined as following: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.. Organic phosphorus insecticide, NOS defined as following: class of chemicals composed of an organic radical bound to a phosphorus containing radical that kill insects.. Insecticides defined as following: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Poisoning defined as following: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.. Parathion defined as following: A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. Neurotoxicity Syndromes defined as following: Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.. Pesticides defined as following: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.. Vaginal contraceptive diaphragm (device) defined as following: A medical contraceptive device of soft flexible material, usually of thin rubber, that is designed to cover the cervix uteri prior to sexual intercourse to prevent the entry of spermatozoa. To enhance efficacy, a spermicidal agent is often placed within the device. Antimicrobial agent(s) can also be used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Efficacy of vaginal Vaginal contraceptive diaphragm (device) against infections is very limited.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Numbness defined as following: A loss of the sensation of feeling in an area of the body.. Cholinergic Agents defined as following: Any drug used for its actions on Cholinergic Agents systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of Cholinergic Agents neurons. The term Cholinergic Agents agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.. Osteoporosis with pseudoglioma defined as following: An autosomal recessive condition caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous inactivating mutation(s) in the gene LRP5, encoding low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5. This condition is characterized by severe juvenile-onset osteoporosis and congenital or juvenile-onset blindness due to a vascularized retinal mass that resembles a glioma.. Muscle Weakness defined as following: A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various Muscle Tissue. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251). Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). Poisoning aspects defined as following: Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal Poisoning aspects, acute or chronic, whether the Poisoning aspects is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.. Cerebellar Diseases defined as following: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.. Paresthesia defined as following: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.. neck Muscle Tissue defined as following: The neck Muscle Tissue consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).. Organophosphorus Compounds defined as following: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.. Guillain-Barre Syndrome defined as following: An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory Muscle Tissue and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314). Polyneuropathy defined as following: Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Cranial nerve palsies defined as following: Injury to any of the Cranial Nerves or their nuclei in the brain resulting in Muscle Weakness.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cranial Nerves defined as following: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.. Sterility, Reproductive defined as following: Complete inability to conceive or induce conception.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). polyneuropathy defined as following: Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can glyburide reduce cerebral edema?", "id": "converted_2067", "sentence1": "Can glyburide reduce Cerebral Edema?", "sentence2": "Preclinical studies have shown that a continuous infusion of glyburide blocks Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal formation and improves outcome. We hypothesize that treatment with RP-1127 (Glyburide for Injection) reduces formation of brain Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in patients after large anterior circulation infarction., CONCLUSIONS: GAMES-RP was designed to provide critical information regarding glyburide for injection in patients with large hemispheric Cerebrovascular accident and will inform the design of future studies., Glyburide is associated with attenuated vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in Cerebrovascular accident patients., Glyburide is reported to prevent brain swelling in preclinical rodent models of Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident through inhibition of a non-selective channel composed of Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1 and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4. , RESULTS: We report that IV glyburide was associated with T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity ratio on brain MRI, diminished the lesional water diffusivity between days 1 and 2 (pseudo-normalization), and reduced blood Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 level.CONCLUSIONS: Several surrogate markers of vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal appear to be reduced in the setting of IV glyburide treatment in Homo sapiens Cerebrovascular accident. , Pilot study of intravenous glyburide in patients with a large Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Preclinical and retrospective clinical data indicate that glyburide, a selective inhibitor of Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4, is effective in preventing Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal and improving outcome after focal ischemia. , Preclinical data suggest that glyburide, an inhibitor of ABCC8 gene-TRPM4, is effective in preventing Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Glyburide in Treating Malignant Cerebral Edema. , Glyburide in Treating Malignant Cerebral Edema. Blocking Sulfonyl Urea One (ABCC8 gene) Receptors., The Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1-regulated NC(Ca-ATP) channel is upregulated in rodent models of Cerebrovascular accident with block of the channel by the Sulfonylurea Compounds, glibenclamide (glyburide), significantly reducing mortality, Cerebral Edema, and infarct volume., Glyburide is a safe, inexpensive, and efficacious alternative to dexamethasone for the treatment of cerebral metastasis-related vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., In this focused review, we explore preclinical data linking Sur1 channel formation to development of Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal and reference evidence suggesting that the antidiabetic Sulfonylurea Compounds drug glyburide (a Sur1 inhibitor) is an inexpensive and well-tolerated agent that can be clinically tested to reduce or prevent Primary malignant neoplasm and/or treatment-associated Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Potential of glyburide to reduce intracerebral Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in brain metastases., Glyburide Advantage in Malignant Edema and Stroke (GAMES-RP) Trial: Rationale and Design., Preclinical data suggest that glyburide, an inhibitor of ABCC8 gene-TRPM4, is effective in preventing Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Inhibition of Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1 (ABCC8 gene) by glyburide has been shown to decrease Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage., Glyburide is a safe, inexpensive, and efficacious alternative to dexamethasone for the treatment of cerebral metastasis-related vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal, RESULTS: We report that IV glyburide was associated with T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity ratio on brain MRI, diminished the lesional water diffusivity between days 1 and 2 (pseudo-normalization), and reduced blood Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 level. , Preclinical data suggest that glyburide, an inhibitor of ABCC8 gene-TRPM4, is effective in preventing Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal. , Exploratory analysis of glyburide as a novel therapy for preventing brain swelling., Inhibition of Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1 (ABCC8 gene) by glyburide has been shown to decrease Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. , In this focused review, we explore preclinical data linking Sur1 channel formation to development of Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal and reference evidence suggesting that the antidiabetic Sulfonylurea Compounds drug glyburide (a Sur1 inhibitor) is an inexpensive and well-tolerated agent that can be clinically tested to reduce or prevent Primary malignant neoplasm and/or treatment-associated Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Glyburide is a safe, inexpensive, and efficacious alternative to dexamethasone for the treatment of cerebral metastasis-related vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., Glyburide is reported to prevent brain swelling in preclinical rodent models of Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident through inhibition of a non-selective channel composed of Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1 and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4., Several surrogate markers of vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal appear to be reduced in the setting of IV glyburide treatment in Homo sapiens Cerebrovascular accident., We hypothesize that treatment with RP-1127 (Glyburide for Injection) reduces formation of brain Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in patients after large anterior circulation infarction., Glyburide is a safe, inexpensive, and efficacious alternative to dexamethasone for the treatment of cerebral metastasis-related vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal.., Glyburide is associated with attenuated vasogenic Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in Cerebrovascular accident patients.[SEP]Relations: Glyburide has relations: drug_effect with Edema, drug_effect with Edema, drug_effect with Hypoglycemia, drug_effect with Hypoglycemia. Cerebral Edema:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal has relations: drug_effect with Glycine betaine, drug_effect with Glycine betaine, drug_effect with Glatiramer, drug_effect with Glatiramer, drug_effect with Carmustine, drug_effect with Carmustine. Definitions: glyburide defined as following: An antidiabetic Sulfonylurea Compounds derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.. dexamethasone defined as following: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.. Cerebral Edema defined as following: Swelling due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 defined as following: An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). Sulfonylurea Compounds defined as following: A class of compounds in which a sulfone functional group is attached to UREA.. Sulfonylurea Compounds receptor 1 defined as following: ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Rad9 interact with Aft1 in S.cerevisiae?", "id": "converted_903", "sentence1": "Does RAD9A wt Allele interact with Aft1 in S.cerevisiae?", "sentence2": "RAD9A wt Allele interacts with Aft1 to facilitate Genome - anatomical entity surveillance in fragile genomic sites under non-DNA damage-inducing conditions in S. cerevisiae., Here we show that RAD9A wt Allele checkpoint protein, known to mediate the damage signal from upstream to downstream essential kinases, interacts with Aft1 transcription factor in the budding yeast. Aft1 regulates iron homeostasis and is also involved in Genome - anatomical entity integrity having additional iron-independent functions. Using Genome - anatomical entity-wide expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches, we found RAD9A wt Allele to be recruited to 16% of the yeast genes, often related to cellular growth and metabolism, while affecting the transcription of ∼2% of the coding Genome - anatomical entity in the absence of exogenously induced DNA damage. Importantly, RAD9A wt Allele is recruited to fragile genomic regions (transcriptionally active, GC rich, Centromere, meiotic recombination hotspots and retrotransposons) non-randomly and in an Aft1-dependent manner. Further analyses revealed substantial Genome - anatomical entity-wide parallels between RAD9A wt Allele binding patterns to the Genome - anatomical entity and major activating histone marks, such as H3K36me, H3K79me and H3K4me. Thus, our findings suggest that RAD9A wt Allele functions together with Aft1 on DNA damage-prone chromatin to facilitate Genome - anatomical entity surveillance, thereby ensuring rapid and effective response to possible DNA damage events., Here we show that RAD9A wt Allele checkpoint protein, known to mediate the damage signal from upstream to downstream essential kinases, interacts with Aft1 transcription factor in the budding yeast, RAD9A wt Allele interacts with Aft1 to facilitate Genome - anatomical entity surveillance in fragile genomic sites under non-DNA damage-inducing conditions in S. cerevisiae, Here we show that RAD9A wt Allele checkpoint protein, known to mediate the damage signal from upstream to downstream essential kinases, interacts with Aft1 transcription factor in the budding yeast. Aft1 regulates iron homeostasis and is also involved in Genome - anatomical entity integrity having additional iron-independent functions. Using Genome - anatomical entity-wide expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches, we found RAD9A wt Allele to be recruited to 16% of the yeast genes, often related to cellular growth and metabolism, while affecting the transcription of ?2% of the coding Genome - anatomical entity in the absence of exogenously induced DNA damage. , Importantly, RAD9A wt Allele is recruited to fragile genomic regions (transcriptionally active, GC rich, Centromere, meiotic recombination hotspots and retrotransposons) non-randomly and in an Aft1-dependent manner. Further analyses revealed substantial Genome - anatomical entity-wide parallels between RAD9A wt Allele binding patterns to the Genome - anatomical entity and major activating histone marks, such as H3K36me, H3K79me and H3K4me. Thus, our findings suggest that RAD9A wt Allele functions together with Aft1 on DNA damage-prone chromatin to facilitate Genome - anatomical entity surveillance, thereby ensuring rapid and effective response to possible DNA damage events.[SEP]Relations: centromere clustering has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with chromosome localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with chromosome localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with centromere clustering at the mitotic interphase nuclear envelope, bioprocess_bioprocess with centromere clustering at the mitotic interphase nuclear envelope, bioprocess_bioprocess with centromere localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with centromere localization, bioprocess_bioprocess with meiotic centromere clustering, bioprocess_bioprocess with meiotic centromere clustering. anatomical entity has relations: anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart, anatomy_anatomy with insect mouthpart. Definitions: Centromere defined as following: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. RAD9A wt Allele defined as following: Human RAD9A wild-type allele is located within 11q13.1-q13.2 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cell cycle checkpoint control protein RAD9A, is involved in the regulation of both DNA repair and cell cycle progression.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does gavestinel improve outcomes of stroke patients?", "id": "converted_3655", "sentence1": "Does Gavestinel improve outcomes of Cerebrovascular accident patients?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSION: Consistent with the clinical outcomes in the GAIN trials, no effects of Gavestinel on ischemic infarction was observed., No effects of Gavestinel on infarct volume were observed in the primary or other analyses. , Gavestinel does not improve outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage: an analysis from the GAIN International and GAIN Americas studies., Both trials reported that Gavestinel was ineffective in Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident. , CONCLUSIONS: These observations from the combined GAIN International and GAIN Americas trials suggest that Gavestinel is not of substantial benefit or harm to patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. , Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as selfotel, aptiganel, Gavestinel and others failed to show neuroprotective efficacy in Homo sapiens clinical trials or produced intolerable central nervous system adverse effects., METHODS: We studied all patients of the Glycine Antagonist (Gavestinel) In Neuroprotection (GAIN) International Trial with Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident alive at day 7, excluding patients with hemorrhagic events and Cessation of life from nonstroke-related causes. The GAIN International Trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group trial; because the study Pharmacologic Substance had no effect on Cerebrovascular accident outcome, treatment groups were combined for this analysis. , Gavestinel produces no benefit for Cerebrovascular accident patients, study finds., The wonder Pharmacologic Substance, Gavestinel, failed to produce any significant treatment benefits for patients treated within six hours after experiencing an acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, according to the recent results of a major clinical trial of the neuroprotectant. , INTERPRETATION: Treatment with Gavestinel within 6 h of acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve outcome., INTERPRETATION\n\nTreatment with Gavestinel within 6 h of acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve outcome., CONCLUSION\n\nIn this study, Gavestinel administered up to 6 hours after an acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve functional outcome at 3 months., Both trials reported that Gavestinel was ineffective in Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., INTERPRETATION Treatment with Gavestinel within 6 h of acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve outcome., Both trials reported that Gavestinel was ineffective in Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., Gavestinel produces no benefit for Cerebrovascular accident patients , study finds ., The wonder Pharmacologic Substance, Gavestinel, failed to produce any significant treatment benefits for patients treated within six hours after experiencing an acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, according to the recent results of a major clinical trial of the neuroprotectant., The wonder Pharmacologic Substance, Gavestinel, failed to produce any significant treatment benefits for patients treated within six hours after experiencing an acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident, according to the recent results of a major clinical trial of the neuroprotectant., Treatment with Gavestinel within 6 h of acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve outcome., In this study, Gavestinel administered up to 6 hours after an acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident did not improve functional outcome at 3 months.[SEP]Relations: Gavestinel has relations: drug_drug with Rifampicin, drug_drug with Rifampicin, drug_drug with Enasidenib, drug_drug with Enasidenib, drug_drug with Silibinin, drug_drug with Silibinin, drug_drug with Indinavir, drug_drug with Indinavir, drug_drug with Pazopanib, drug_drug with Pazopanib. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the Homo sapiens or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is inositol effective for trichotillomania?", "id": "converted_2848", "sentence1": "Is inositol effective for Trichotillomania?", "sentence2": "Patients assigned to inositol failed to show significantly greater reductions on primary or secondary outcomes measures compared with placebo (all P>0.05)., This is the first study assessing the efficacy of inositol in the treatment of Trichotillomania, but found no differences in symptom reductions between inositol and placebo., At study endpoint, 42.1% of patients were 'much or very much improved' on inositol compared with 35.3% on placebo., Conclusions • The review indicates that yoga, aerobic exercise, acupuncture, biofeedback, hypnosis, and inositol and acetylcysteine all show promise in the treatment of excoriation disorder and other body-focused repetitive behaviors, such as Trichotillomania., Future studies should examine whether inositol may be beneficial in controlling pulling behavior in a subgroup of individuals with Trichotillomania.[SEP]Relations: Inositol has relations: drug_drug with Triazolam, drug_drug with Triazolam, drug_drug with Triethylenetetramine, drug_drug with Triethylenetetramine, drug_drug with Trifluridine, drug_drug with Trifluridine, drug_drug with Triamterene, drug_drug with Triamterene, drug_drug with Trichlormethiazide, drug_drug with Trichlormethiazide. Definitions: inositol defined as following: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. acetylcysteine defined as following: The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.. Trichotillomania defined as following: Compulsion to pull out one's hair..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic effective for non-small-cell lung cancer?", "id": "converted_3776", "sentence1": "Is MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic effective for non-small-cell lung cancer?", "sentence2": "INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant treatment with the MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic did not increase disease-free survival compared with placebo in patients with MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine-positive surgically resected Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Based on our results, further development of the MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic for use in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma has been stopped., In the overall population, median disease-free survival was 60·5 months (95% CI 57·2-not reached) for the MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic group and 57·9 months (55·7-not reached) for the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·02, 95% CI 0·89-1·18; p=0·74). Of the patients who did not receive chemotherapy, median disease-free survival was 58·0 months (95% CI 56·6-not reached) in those in the MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine group and 56·9 months (44·4-not reached) in the placebo group (HR 0·97, 95% CI 0·80-1·18; p=0·76). Because of the absence of treatment effect, we could not identify a gene signature predictive of clinical benefit to MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic. , uvant treatment with the MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine immunotherapeutic did not increase disease-free survival compared with placebo in patients with MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine Peptide Vaccine-positive surgically resected Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Ba[SEP]Relations: small cell lung carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with GRIK3, disease_protein with CSF3, disease_protein with CSF3, disease_protein with TP73, disease_protein with TP73, disease_protein with EPHB3, disease_protein with EPHB3, disease_protein with TAOK3, disease_protein with TAOK3. Definitions: Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine defined as following: A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of a peptide derived from the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-A3 Peptide Vaccine, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for TFII-I in megakaryopoiesis?", "id": "converted_4112", "sentence1": "Is there a role for TFII-I in megakaryopoiesis?", "sentence2": "TFII-I/Gtf2i and Erythro-Megakaryopoiesis., TFII-I is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that positively or negatively regulates gene expression. TFII-I has been implicated in neuronal and immunologic diseases as well as in thymic epithelial cancer. Williams Syndrome (Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome) is caused by a large hemizygous deletion on chromosome 7q11.23 which encompasses 26-28 Genes, including GTF2I gene gene, the Human gene encoding TFII-I. A subset of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome patients has recently been shown to present with Macrocytosis (morphologic abnormality), a mild Genus Anemia characterized by enlarged erythrocytes. We conditionally deleted the TFII-I/Gtf2i gene in adult CASP14 gene by tamoxifen induced Cre-recombination. Bone Marrow Cells revealed defects in erythro-megakaryopoiesis and an increase in expression of the adult β-globin gene. The data show that TFII-I acts as a repressor of β-globin gene transcription and that it is implicated in the differentiation of erythro-megakaryocytic cells.[SEP]Relations: GTF2I gene has relations: disease_protein with myeloid leukemia, disease_protein with myeloid leukemia, disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes related to topoisomerase type 2 inhibitor, disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes related to topoisomerase type 2 inhibitor, disease_protein with unclassified acute myeloid leukemia, disease_protein with unclassified acute myeloid leukemia, protein_protein with ZMYM3, protein_protein with ZMYM3, disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;9)(p23;q34), disease_protein with acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;9)(p23;q34). Definitions: Bone Marrow Cells defined as following: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNIA, UMBILICAL); MACROGLOSSIA; and GIGANTISM; and secondarily by visceromegaly; HYPOGLYCEMIA; and ear abnormalities.. tamoxifen defined as following: One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.. Macrocytosis (morphologic abnormality) defined as following: An increase in nuclear size and amount of cytoplasm of a cell. The cells or nucleus may be slightly irregular and/or may be polyploid.. Williams Syndrome defined as following: A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 Genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has intepirdine been evaluated in clinical trials? (November 2017)", "id": "converted_2561", "sentence1": "Has intepirdine been evaluated in clinical trials? (November 2017)", "sentence2": "Using small molecules blocking 5-HT6serotonin receptor (intepirdine), inhibiting BACE activity (E2609, AZD3293, and verubecestat), or reducing uridine triacetate aggregation (TRx0237) are also currently in Phase III clinical trials.[SEP]Definitions: uridine triacetate defined as following: A synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleotide, has been used in a variety of diseases including depressive disorders and inherited myopathies. (NCI04).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is peripheral neuroepithelioma related to Ewing sarcoma?", "id": "converted_51", "sentence1": "Is Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone related to Ewings sarcoma?", "sentence2": "The term \"small round-cell tumor\" describes a group of highly aggressive malignant tumors composed of relatively small and monotonous undifferentiated cells with high Nuclear (incident type) to cytoplasmic ratios. This group includes Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone (ES), Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (aka, primitive neuroectodermal tumor or extraskeletal ES), Peripheral neuroblastoma (\"classic-type\"), Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor, Lymphoma, leukemia, small-cell osteosarcoma, small-cell carcinoma (either undifferentiated or Neurosecretory Systems), Rat Olfactory Neuroblastoma, cutaneous Neurosecretory Systems carcinoma (aka, Merkel-cell carcinoma), small-cell melanoma, and Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma. Their clinical presentations often overlap, thus making a definitive diagnosis problematic in some cases, AIMS: To retrospectively study the DNA content in a series of childhood Ewing Family Tumors (EFT), and to investigate its prognostic value. METHODS: The study was performed on a series of 27 EFTs (osseous Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone, 18 cases; extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone, 2; Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone, 4; Askin Rosai tumors, 3, To improve the prognosis of patients with poor-risk Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNETs; including Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone and Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone), Large group of small-round-cell tumours of soft tissue and Specimen Type - Bone represents a complex diagnostic problem for the pathologists. neuronal nature of many tumours from this group is proven by means of new methods--immunophenotypic analysis, tissue culture, cytogenetics. Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive, Ewing Neoplasms, primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (Ewings sarcoma-primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Ewings sarcoma-primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET))), Askin's tumor belong to these neoplasms, Comparison of Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis of two primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms, Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone (carboxylesterase) and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (Peripheral Nervous System) are frequently considered to be different tumors. Some researchers have suggested that Peripheral Nervous System is morphologically a neuroectodermal Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone. We sought to determine the extent of neuroectodermal features in conventional carboxylesterase on direct patient material (25 cases) and to compare these tumors with a similar group of readily diagnosed Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (10 cases), Neuroectodermal antigens (Gamma-Enolase, Leu-7 [CD57 Antigens], Neurofilament Medium Polypeptide 200 kd, and S100A1 wt Allele) were found in nine of 10 cases of Peripheral Nervous System and in 17 of 25 cases of carboxylesterase, These data support the concept that carboxylesterase and Peripheral Nervous System are both Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms, differing only in extent of neuroectodermal phenotype and morphological differentiation, Besides these antigenic features, Ewings sarcoma cells are characterized by a specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation also observed in Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive, a neuroectodermal tumor, suggesting a possible evolutionary related origin., Ewings sarcoma (ES) and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (Peripheral Nervous System) are closely related tumors, and it can be difficult to distinguish them from other small-round-cell tumors (SRCTs)., The presence of this translocation in Ewings sarcoma and Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor has been taken as evidence that these two tumors are related., Besides these antigenic features, Ewings sarcoma cells are characterized by a specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation also observed in Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive, a neuroectodermal tumor, suggesting a possible evolutionary related origin., Indistinguishable patterns of protooncogene expression in two distinct but closely related tumors: Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone and Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive., Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone (ES) and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (Peripheral Nervous System) are related tumors, possibly of neural crest origin, which are cytogenetically characterized by the specific translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12)., Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (ES/pPNET) are a group of small round cell sarcomas that show varying degrees of neuroectodermal differentiation characterized by translocation involving the EWSR1 gene, Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone (ES) and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (Peripheral Nervous System) are closely related tumors, and it can be difficult to distinguish them from other small-round-cell tumors (SRCTs), Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone (ES) and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone (Peripheral Nervous System) are related tumors, possibly of neural crest origin, which are cytogenetically characterized by the specific translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), This genetical similarity further supports a nosological concept according to which Askin's Neoplasms, Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone of Specimen Type - Bone and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone represent phenotypic variations of the same Neoplasms, namely the Peripheral primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors., Besides these antigenic features, Ewings sarcoma cells are characterized by a specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation also observed in Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive, a neuroectodermal tumor, suggesting a possible evolutionary related origin[SEP]Relations: Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor has relations: disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma, disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma, disease_disease with extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, disease_disease with extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, disease_disease with Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, disease_disease with Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of Specimen Type - Bone, disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of Specimen Type - Bone. Ewings sarcoma has relations: disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, disease_disease with Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Definitions: Askin's tumor defined as following: A primitive neuroectodermal tumor (small round blue cell tumor) of the thorax which can involve the periosteum, thoracic wall and/or pleura though it spares the lung parenchyma.. Neuroectodermal Tumors defined as following: Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and Peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.. Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone defined as following: A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the Specimen Type - Bone. It may be associated with pain.. carboxylesterase defined as following: A family of enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Lymphoma defined as following: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Neurofilament Medium Polypeptide defined as following: Neurofilament medium polypeptide (916 aa, ~102 kDa) is encoded by the human NEFM gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of neuronal process structure.. Ewings sarcoma defined as following: A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or Specimen Type - Bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.. Neuroectodermal Tumor, Primitive defined as following: A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059). Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor defined as following: A rare, aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. It is most commonly found in the abdomen.. soft tissue defined as following: A general term comprising tissue that is not hardened or calcified; including muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons, ligaments and fascia.. Peripheral neuroblastoma defined as following: A neuroblastoma arising from the Peripheral nervous system.. Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma defined as following: A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the anus.. Ewing's sarcoma of Specimen Type - Bone defined as following: A small round cell Specimen Type - Bone tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewings sarcoma/Peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It often affects the diaphysis or metaphyseal-diaphyseal portion of long bones. Clinical findings include pain and a mass in the involved area. Fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increased sedimentation rate are often seen. X-ray examination reveals osteolytic lesions. The prognosis depends on the stage, anatomic location, and size of the tumor.. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma defined as following: A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456). leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and Specimen Type - Bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). CD57 Antigens defined as following: A carbohydrate molecule that contains a sulfoglucuronyl residue and found predominantly on the surface of natural killer cells. It is involved in the modulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.. Ewings sarcoma-primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) defined as following: A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and Specimen Type - Bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation defined as following: A minimally invasive form of electroanalgesia often used in neuropathic pain. For best effect, the stimulation is applied proximally to the site of the nerve lesion. (from White, Li, and Chiu). Peripheral Nervous System defined as following: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The Peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the Peripheral sensory receptors.. Neurosecretory Systems defined as following: A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.. Peripheral defined as following: On or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area.. cutaneous Neurosecretory Systems carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary Neurosecretory Systems carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245). S100A1 wt Allele defined as following: Human S100A1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q21 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes protein S100A1 wt Allele-A1, is involved in the binding of zinc and calcium.. EWSR1 gene defined as following: This gene may play a role in post-transcriptional regulation; however the function remains to be elucidated. Mutations in the gene result in Ewings sarcoma and other tumors..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is davunetide being considered for the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy?", "id": "converted_2271", "sentence1": "Is davunetide being considered for the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy?", "sentence2": "Critical appraisal of the role of davunetide in the treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy., Davunetide's efficacy and tolerability are being tested in a placebo-controlled study in Progressive supranuclear palsy patients, making it the most advanced drug candidate in this indication. This review examines the disease characteristics of Progressive supranuclear palsy, the rationale for treating Progressive supranuclear palsy with davunetide and assesses some of the challenges of clinical trials in this patient population.[SEP]Relations: progressive supranuclear palsy has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Parkinsonism with favorable response to dopaminergic medication, disease_phenotype_positive with Parkinsonism with favorable response to dopaminergic medication, disease_disease with supranuclear oculomotor palsy, disease_disease with supranuclear oculomotor palsy, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Neuromuscular dysphagia, disease_phenotype_positive with Neuromuscular dysphagia, disease_phenotype_positive with Retrocollis, disease_phenotype_positive with Retrocollis. Definitions: Progressive supranuclear palsy defined as following: A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Tofacitinib effective for Ulcerative Colitis?", "id": "converted_2434", "sentence1": "Is Tofacitinib effective for Ulcerative Colitis?", "sentence2": "Tofacitinib, inhibiting signalling via all JAK1 protein, human family members, was effective in phase 2 and 3 trials in moderate-severe ulcerative colitis., Among them, JAK1 protein, human (JAK1 protein, human) inhibitors seem to have the lead, since tofacitinib has received regulatory approval in 2012 for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, and also it has shown a favorable risk-benefit ratio in phase 3 studies for ulcerative colitis, both in anti-TNF naïve and anti-TNF experienced patients. , Near future conventional drug options include Oral Route of Drug administration agents such as tofacitinib and mongersen. , Tofacitinib showed dose related efficacy for induction therapy. , Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis., BACKGROUND: Tofacitinib, an Oral Route of Drug administration, small-molecule Janus Kinase Inhibitor [EPC], was shown to have potential efficacy as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial. , CONCLUSIONS: In patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis, tofacitinib was more effective as induction and maintenance therapy than placebo., Tofacitinib (CP-690,550), an Oral Route of Drug administration small-molecule Janus Kinase Inhibitor [EPC], has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and ulcerative colitis. , Tofacitinib, an Oral Route of Drug administration, small-molecule Janus Kinase Inhibitor [EPC], was shown to have potential efficacy as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial., BACKGROUND: Tofacitinib, an Oral Route of Drug administration, small-molecule Janus Kinase Inhibitor [EPC], was shown to have potential efficacy as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial., Across all three trials, adjudicated Skin carcinoma occurred in five patients who received tofacitinib and in one who received placebo, and adjudicated cardiovascular events occurred in five who received tofacitinib and in none who received placebo; as compared with placebo, tofacitinib was associated with increased Lipids levels.Participant material that is brought forth (produced) in the act (e.g., specimen in a specimen collection, access or drainage in a placement service, medication package in a dispense service). It does not matter whether the material produced had existence prior to the service, or whether it is created in the service (e.g., in supply services the product - ParticipationType is taken from a stock).
. Integral Membrane Proteins defined as following: A protein that is an integral membrane protein with a transmembrane region.. Membrane Glycoproteins defined as following: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.. Ewings sarcoma defined as following: A small round cell Specimen Source Codes - tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewings sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal Specimen Source Codes - tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. EWSR1 Genes defined as following: This Genes may play a role in post-transcriptional regulation; however the function remains to be elucidated. Mutations in the Genes result in Ewings sarcoma and other Neoplasms.. Ewing's sarcoma of bone defined as following: A small round cell bone Specimen Source Codes - tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewings sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal Specimen Source Codes - tumor. It often affects the diaphysis or metaphyseal-diaphyseal portion of long bones. Clinical findings include pain and a mass in the involved area. Fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increased sedimentation rate are often seen. X-ray examination reveals osteolytic lesions. The prognosis depends on the stage, anatomic location, and size of the Specimen Source Codes - tumor.. Tissue membrane defined as following: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.. CD99 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD99 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of both Xp22.32 and Yp11.3 and is approximately 50 kb in length. This allele, which encodes CD99 antigen protein, is involved in cell adhesion.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Nephroblastoma defined as following: An embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of epithelial, mesenchymal, and blastema components. The vast majority of cases arise from the kidney. A small number of cases with morphologic features resembling Wilms Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the kidney have been reported arising from the ovary and the cervix.. phosphatidylserine defined as following: A phospholipid with a polar serine found in phosphoester linkage to diacylglycerol.. Pseudoautosomal Regions defined as following: Homologous chromosomal regions at either end of the X CHROMOSOME or Y CHROMOSOME. These two regions pair regularly at male MEIOSIS and undergo RECOMBINATION. Pseudoautosomal region 1 (SLC52A2 Genes) is located at the tip of the short 'p' arms (Xp22 and Yp11) and Pseudoautosomal region 2 (PAR2) is located at the tip of the long 'q' arms (Xq28 and Yq12).. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Homologous Gene defined as following: A Genes from one species which corresponds to a Genes in another species and that is related via a common ancestral species. These genes retain a similar sequence and function.. CD99 defined as following: CD99 antigen (185 aa, ~19 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens CD99 Genes. This protein plays a role in cell adhesion..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do R-loops tend to form at sites of DNA replication?", "id": "converted_949", "sentence1": "Do R-loops tend to form at Site of DNA replication?", "sentence2": "Escherichia coli 2 2 rnhA Mutant devoid of Pancreatic ribonuclease HI exhibit constitutive stable DNA replication, cSDR, which is thought to be initiated from R-loops stabilized in the absence of Pancreatic ribonuclease HI., We propose that the organized structure of the R-Loop Structures is critical for Oligonucleotide Primers RNA function in vivo with important implications for the RNA processing and DNA replication machinery., The precursor Oligonucleotide Primers RNA exists as a persistent RNA-DNA hybrid, known as an R-Loop Structures, formed during transcription through the replication origin (Xu, B., and Clayton, D. A. (1996) EMBO J. 15, 3135-3143)., We found that overproduction of RecG protein drastically decreased copy numbers of ColE1-type Plasmids, which require R-Loop Structures formation between the template DNA and a Oligonucleotide Primers RNA transcript (RNA II) for the initiation of replication., These results suggest that overproduced RecG inhibits the initiation of replication by prematurely resolving the R-loops formed at the replication origin region of these Plasmids with its unique helicase activity. The possibility that RecG regulates the initiation of a unique mode of DNA replication, oriC-independent constitutive stable DNA replication, by its activity in resolving R-loops is discussed., We propose that downstream of a replication block, RNA at R-loops is extended by deoxyribonucleic polymerase I activity, opening up the DNA duplex and leading to the recruitment of the replisome. This would allow replication to proceed while the original block is repaired or bypassed, Furthermore, increased RNaseH expression significantly alleviated genomic instability in deficient Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts suggesting that cotranscriptional R-loops formation contributes to the genesis of replication-dependent DSBs in these Cells., Transcription is an important source of replicative stress and consequently, maintenance of Genome - anatomical entity integrity requires the protection of chromosomes from the deleterious effects arising from the interaction between nascent RNA and template DNA, leading to stable DNA-RNA hybrids (R-Loop Structures) formation., Strikingly, we found that attenuation of replication strongly suppresses R-Loop Structures-mediated DNA rearrangements in both E. coli and HeLa Cells., More importantly, we then show that R-Loop Structures formation causes DNA replication Orthopedic Fork stalling, and that this in fact underlies the effects of R loops on genomic stabilit, R-Loop Structures-mediated genomic instability is caused by impairment of replication Orthopedic Fork progression, When any of these processes are not properly coordinated, aberrant outcomes such as Orthopedic Fork reversal and R-Loop Structures formation arise and trigger unscheduled recombinogenic events and Genome - anatomical entity rearrangements. , Many studies show that Cells can manage R loop formation with efficiency, and can also process the R-loops already formed in the \"U\" lymphocyte, and by which, the bad effects of R-loops on DNA replication, TAF1 Gene Mutation and homologous recombination can be regulated., Here we propose that physiological R-Loop Structures formation at CpG island promoters can contribute to DNA replication origin specification at these regions, the most efficient replication initiation Site in mammalian Cells. , In agreement with this, we found that R-loops co-localize with the origin recognition complex location within the same CpG island region in a significant fraction of these efficient replication origins, precisely at the Positioning Attribute displaying the highest density of G4 motifs. , connection between transcription and replication in Human Cells and suggests that R-Loop Structures dysregulation at CpG island promoter-origins might contribute to the phenotype of DNA replication abnormalities and loss of Genome - anatomical entity integrity detected in Tumor Cells, malignant., We show that RNA:DNA hybrids (R-loops) form at Site of transcription/replication collisions and that Pancreatic ribonuclease H1 functions to suppress Chronic Fatigue Syndrome instability., R-loops and initiation of DNA replication in Human Cells: a missing link?, Stable RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) prime the initiation of replication in Escherichia coli 2 2 Cells., We propose that downstream of a replication block, RNA at R-loops is extended by deoxyribonucleic polymerase I activity, opening up the DNA duplex and leading to the recruitment of the replisome., Immediately after Communicable Diseases, RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) occur on (at least some) replication origins, with the annealed RNA serving as a Oligonucleotide Primers for leading-strand synthesis in one direction., Here we propose that physiological R-Loop Structures formation at CpG island promoters can contribute to DNA replication origin specification at these regions, the most efficient replication initiation Site in mammalian Cells., Plasmid ColE1 origins of replication and oriK Site initiate primosome complex complex assembly by an RNA-DNA hybrid structure known as R-Loop Structures., This scenario builds on the connection between transcription and replication in Human Cells and suggests that R-Loop Structures dysregulation at CpG island promoter-origins might contribute to the phenotype of DNA replication abnormalities and loss of Genome - anatomical entity integrity detected in Tumor Cells, malignant., The multiple cleavage Site on the R-Loop Structures substrate match the priming Site observed in vivo, suggesting that Pancreatic ribonuclease MRP alone is capable of generating virtually all of the leading-strand replication primers., Mechanisms of Oligonucleotide Primers RNA synthesis and D-loop/R-Loop Structures-dependent DNA replication in Escherichia coli 2 2., Alternative oriC-independent modes of replication initiation are possible, one of which is constitutive stable DNA replication (cSDR) from transcription-associated RNA-DNA hybrids or R-loops., Our results suggest that TOP1 protein, human execute this function by suppressing the formation of DNA-RNA hybrids during transcription, these so-called R-loops interfering with the progression of replication forks., Critical role of R-loops in processing replication blocks., The possibility that RecG regulates the initiation of a unique mode of DNA replication, oriC-independent constitutive stable DNA replication, by its activity in resolving R-loops is discussed., Competition between the RNA transcript and the nontemplate DNA strand during R-Loop Structures formation in vitro: a nick can serve as a strong R-Loop Structures initiation site., More importantly, we then show that R-Loop Structures formation causes DNA replication Orthopedic Fork stalling, and that this in fact underlies the effects of R loops on genomic stability. , Consistent with this hypothesis, the 3' ends of the Mitochondrial Inheritance R-Loop Structures formed by in vitro transcription are located close to the initiation Site of the Mitochondrial Inheritance DNA replication. , A hybrid G-quadruplex structure formed between RNA and DNA explains the extraordinary stability of the Mitochondrial Inheritance R-Loop Structures., Previous studies have shown that the newly synthesized primers form a stable and persistent RNA-DNA hybrid, a R-Loop Structures, near the leading-strand origin of DNA replication. , Escherichia coli 2 2 rnhA Mutant devoid of Pancreatic ribonuclease HI exhibit constitutive stable DNA replication, cSDR, which is thought to be initiated from R-loops stabilized in the absence of Pancreatic ribonuclease HI. [SEP]Relations: HELLS has relations: bioprocess_protein with DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin assembly, bioprocess_protein with DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin assembly, anatomy_protein_present with lymph node, anatomy_protein_present with lymph node, bioprocess_protein with maintenance of DNA methylation, bioprocess_protein with maintenance of DNA methylation. snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III has relations: bioprocess_protein with ZC3H8, bioprocess_protein with ZC3H8, bioprocess_protein with ELL, bioprocess_protein with ELL. Definitions: Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. TOP1 protein, human defined as following: DNA topoisomerase 1 (765 aa, ~91 kDa) is encoded by the human TOP1 gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of DNA topology.. HeLa Cells defined as following: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These Cells are used for, among other things, VIRUS CULTIVATION and PRECLINICAL DRUG EVALUATION assays.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Pancreatic ribonuclease defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. EC 3.1.27.5.. R-Loop Structures defined as following: An RNA-DNA hybrid structure formed when newly transcribed RNA remains bound to its DNA template. Stability of R-loops may play a role in GENETIC INSTABILITY.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Tumor Cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. origin recognition complex location defined as following: A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome. [GOC:elh]. primosome complex defined as following: Any of a family of protein complexes that form at the origin of replication or stalled replication forks and function in replication Oligonucleotide Primers synthesis in all organisms. Early complexes initiate double-stranded DNA unwinding. The core unit consists of a replicative helicase and a primase. The helicase further unwinds the DNA and recruits the polymerase machinery. The primase synthesizes RNA primers that act as templates for complementary stand replication by the polymerase machinery. The primosome complex contains a number of associated proteins and protein complexes and contributes to the processes of replication initiation, lagging strand elongation, and replication restart. [GOC:bhm, GOC:mah, PMID:21856207]. Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance Genome - anatomical entity, into daughter Cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. Plasmids defined as following: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.. Oligonucleotide Primers defined as following: Short DNA oligonucleotide chains used to prime DNA (and in some cases RNA) synthesis.. Escherichia coli 2 defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.. Orthopedic Fork defined as following: An orthopedic manual surgical instrument is a nonpowered hand-held device intended for medical purposes to manipulate tissue, or for use with other devices in orthopedic surgery. This generic type of device includes the cerclage applier, awl, bender, drill brace, broach, burr, corkscrew, countersink, pin crimper, wire cutter, prosthesis driver, extractor, file, Orthopedic Fork, needle holder, impactor, bending or contouring instrument, compression instrument, passer, socket positioner, probe, femoral neck punch, socket pusher, reamer, rongeur, scissors, screwdriver, bone skid, staple driver, bone screw starter, surgical stripper, tamp, bone tap, trephine, wire twister, and wrench.. Mitochondrial Inheritance DNA defined as following: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the Mitochondrial Inheritance GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and about 10 proteins.. Site defined as following: A Positioning Attribute in relation to its surroundings.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome defined as following: A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9). TAF1 Gene Mutation defined as following: A change in the nucleotide sequence of the TAF1 gene.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. R-loops defined as following: An RNA-DNA hybrid structure formed when newly transcribed RNA remains bound to its DNA template. Stability of R-loops may play a role in GENETIC INSTABILITY..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has ruxolitinib received FDA approval?", "id": "converted_2261", "sentence1": "Has ruxolitinib received FDA approval?", "sentence2": "Testing for Janus kinase 2 mutations is now included in the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of Myeloproliferative disease, and in 2011 the oral Janus kinase 2 kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib became the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of Primary Myelofibrosis.[SEP]Relations: Ruxolitinib has relations: drug_drug with Rutin, drug_drug with Rutin, drug_drug with Orlistat, drug_drug with Orlistat, drug_drug with Medical Cannabis, drug_drug with Medical Cannabis, drug_drug with Lapatinib, drug_drug with Lapatinib, drug_drug with Dovitinib, drug_drug with Dovitinib. Definitions: Janus kinase 2 defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase Janus kinase 2 (1132 aa, ~131 kDa) is encoded by the human Janus kinase 2 gene. This protein is involved in immunity, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.. ruxolitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Ruxolitinib specifically binds to and inhibits protein tyrosine kinases JAK 1 and 2, which may lead to a reduction in inflammation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation. The JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a key role in the signaling of many cytokines and growth factors and is involved in cellular proliferation, growth, hematopoiesis, and the immune response; JAK kinases may be upregulated in inflammatory diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, and various malignancies.. Myeloproliferative disease defined as following: Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the Janus kinase 2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.. Primary Myelofibrosis defined as following: A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is corpus callosum involved in the Mowat–Wilson syndrome?", "id": "converted_773", "sentence1": "Is Structure of body of corpus callosum involved in the Mowat–Wilson syndrome?", "sentence2": " The syndrome is characterized by typical Facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, Epilepsy and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease, Abnormality of the genital system, congenital heart disease, Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, and Eye Specimen Source Code defects. , Mowat-Wilson syndrome in a Fetus in fetu with antenatal diagnosis of short Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum: advocacy for standard autopsy., It is mainly characterized by moderate-to-severe Intellectual Disability, Epilepsy, Facial dysmorphism and various malformations including Hirschsprung disease and Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum teratologic. , The association of a Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum hypoplasia with a histological Hirschsprung disease and a typical Facial gestalt allowed the guiding of genetic testing., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a severe Intellectual Disability (ID)-distinctive Facial gestalt-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, commonly associating Microcephaly (physical finding), Epilepsy, Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum Congenital absence, Conotruncal defect, urogenital malformations and Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1). , Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is characterized by severe mental retardation with seizures, specific Facial dysmorphism, Hirschsprung disease, teratologic of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, and genitourinary and cardiac malformations., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous Gene Mutation or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 gene and is characterized by distinctive Facial features, Epilepsy, moderate to severe Intellectual Disability, Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum abnormalities and other Congenital Abnormality., The striking Facial phenotype in addition to other features such as severely impaired speech, Muscle Muscle hypotonia, Microcephaly (physical finding), short stature, seizures, Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum Congenital absence, Congenital Heart Defects, Penile Penile hypospadias, and Hirschsprung disease are particularly important clues for the initial clinical diagnosis. , Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a distinct Facial appearance, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, Microcephaly (physical finding), Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, Hirschsprung disease, congenital heart disease, and Abnormality of the genital system. , It is characterized by a distinctive Facial appearance in association with Intellectual Disability (ID) and variable other features including Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, seizures, Congenital Heart Defects, Microcephaly (physical finding), short stature, Muscle Muscle hypotonia, and Hirschsprung disease. , Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant Intellectual Disability syndrome characterised by unique Facial features and congenital teratologic such as Hirschsprung disease, Congenital Heart Defects, Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum Congenital absence and Abnormality of the urinary system., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a recently delineated mental retardation; a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterised by a typical Facial gestalt, Hirschsprung disease or severe constipation, Urogenital Abnormalities, Congenital Heart Defects, Congenital absence of Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum and Eye Specimen Source Code defects. , Agenesis or hypogenesis of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum., The teratologic may include Hirschsprung disease, heart defects, structural Eye Specimen Source Code teratologic including Microphthalmos, Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, and urogenital teratologic. , Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous Gene Mutation or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 gene, and characterized by typical face, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, Epilepsy, Hirschsprung disease, and multiple congenital teratologic, including Abnormality of the genital system (particularly Penile Penile hypospadias in males), Congenital Heart Defects, Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, and Eye Specimen Source Code defects., In 11 of the 28 patients with Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum, the following diagnoses could be established: Mowat-Wilson syndrome (n = 2), Walker-Warburg congenital muscular dystrophy (n = 1), oro-Facial-digital syndrome type 1 (n = 1), and chromosomal rearrangements (n = 7), including a patient with an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation, which led to the disruption and a predicted loss of function in the FOXG1 wt Allele., Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a distinct Facial phenotype (high forehead, Frontal bossing, large Eyebrow structure, medially flaring and sparse in the middle part, Orbital separation excessive, deep set but large Eye, large and uplifted Ear lobe, with a central depression, saddle nose with prominent rounded nasal tip, prominent Columella Columella columella, open mouth, with M-shaped upper lip, frequent smiling, and a prominent but narrow and triangular pointed chin), moderate-to-severe intellectual deficiency, Epilepsy and variable Congenital Abnormality including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), genitourinary teratologic (in particular Penile Penile hypospadias in males), Congenital Heart Defects, Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum and Eye Specimen Source Code teratologic., Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a mental retardation-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a typical facies, developmental delay, Epilepsy, and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease, urogenital teratologic, congenital heart disease, and Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum. , Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a recently delineated mental retardation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency)-multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, characterized by typical facies, severe Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Epilepsy, and variable Congenital Abnormality, including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), Abnormality of the genital system, congenital heart disease (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol), and Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum (Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum). , Medical issues in our cohort of patients included seizures (75%) with no predeliction for any particular Seizures type; Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum (60% of our patients studied); Congenital Heart Defects (75%), particularly involving the pulmonary arteries and/or valves; Penile Penile hypospadias (55% of males); severely impaired or absent speech (100% of individuals over 1 year of age) with relatively spared receptive language; and Hirschsprung disease (50%) or Chronic constipation (25%). , Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a mental retardation syndrome associated with distinctive Facial features, Microcephaly (physical finding), Epilepsy, and a variable spectrum of congenital teratologic, including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, genitourinary abnormalities, and congenital heart disease., Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum is found in 40% of the cases of Mowat-Wilson syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome), a polytopic embryonic defect including a distinctive Facial gestalt, severe mental retardation, Epilepsy and postnatal Microcephaly (physical finding) as constant features. , However, analysis of Muckle-Wells Syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum, especially when the Facial features raise the possibility of Muckle-Wells Syndrome., Frameshift Mutation function of the zinc finger homeo box 1 B gene in syndromic Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum Congenital absence (Mowat-Wilson syndrome)., We report a girl who had Hirschsprung disease in association with distinct Facial appearance, Microcephaly (physical finding), Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum and mental retardation (Mowat-Wilson syndrome)., Congenital teratologic, including Hirschsprung disease (HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1), congenital heart disease, Penile Penile hypospadias, genitourinary teratologic, Congenital absence of the Structure of body of Structure of body of corpus callosum, and short stature are common. [SEP]Relations: Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome due to monosomy 2q22, disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome due to monosomy 2q22, disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome due to a ZEB2 point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome due to a ZEB2 point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Mowat-Wilson syndrome. Mowat-Wilson syndrome has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum, disease_phenotype_positive with Agenesis of Structure of body of corpus callosum, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypoplasia of the Structure of body of corpus callosum, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypoplasia of the Structure of body of corpus callosum. Definitions: Urogenital Abnormalities defined as following: Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.. Congenital Heart Defects defined as following: Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.. Structure of body of corpus callosum defined as following: An area within the Structure of body of corpus callosum, a white matter structure within the cleft that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres in the mammalian brain, between the genu (anterior region) and the splenium (posterior region).. Frontal bossing defined as following: A skeletal deformity characterized by an unusually prominent forehead. Causes include acromegaly, Hurler syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome, and thalassemia major.. Penile hypospadias defined as following: Location of the urethral opening on the inferior aspect of the penis. [HPO:curators]. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the Seizures episodes (e.g., motor Seizures), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of Seizures origin (e.g., frontal lobe Seizures), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal Epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313). Microphthalmos defined as following: Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.. FOXG1 wt Allele defined as following: Human FOXG1 wild-type allele is located within 14q12-q13 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes forkhead box protein G1, is involved in both the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and in the regional development of the brain.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597]. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"Seizures disorder.\". Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Conotruncal defect defined as following: A congenital malformation of the outflow tract of the heart. Conotruncal defects are thought to result from a disturbance of the outflow tract of the embryonic heart, and comprise truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, transposition of the great arteries, and double outlet right ventricle. [HPO:probinson]. Agenesis of corpus callosum defined as following: Birth defect that results in a partial or complete absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. It may be isolated or a part of a syndrome (e.g., AICARDI'S SYNDROME; ACROCALLOSAL SYNDROME; ANDERMANN SYNDROME; and HOLOPROSENCEPHALY). Clinical manifestations include neuromotor skill impairment and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY of variable severity.. Ear lobe defined as following: The soft fleshy portion of the lower external ear composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues.. ZEB2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in regulation of transcription.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Muckle-Wells Syndrome defined as following: An autoinflammatory disease caused by Gene Mutation in the NLRP3 gene which encodes cryopyrin. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria and fever which develop in infancy. It may lead to sensorineural hearing loss and/or amyloidosis.. Facial defined as following: Of, or related to, or in the direction of the face.. Mowat-Wilson syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by Gene Mutation in the ZEB2 gene. It is characterized by mental retardation, and a distinctive Facial appearance (wide set Eye, uplifted earlobes, broad nasal bridge, prominent chin, and a smiling expression). The majority of patients have Hirschsprung disease (colonic enlargement and constipation due to intestinal blockage).. Abnormality of the genital system defined as following: An abnormality of the genital system. [HPO:probinson]. Walker-Warburg congenital muscular dystrophy defined as following: Rare autosomal recessive lissencephaly type 2 associated with congenital MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY and Eye Specimen Source Code teratologic (e.g., RETINAL DETACHMENT; CATARACT; MICROPHTHALMOS). It is often associated with additional brain malformations such as HYDROCEPHALY and cerebellar hypoplasia and is the most severe form of the group of related syndromes (alpha-dystroglycanopathies) with common congenital abnormalities in the brain, Eye Specimen Source Code and muscle development.. Orbital separation excessive defined as following: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.. Muscle hypotonia defined as following: A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. Chronic constipation defined as following: Constipation for longer than three months with fewer than 3 bowel movements per week, straining, lumpy or hard stools, and a sensation of anorectal obstruction or incomplete defecation. [ORCID:0000-0001-5208-3432]. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Abnormality of the urinary system defined as following: An abnormality of the urinary system. [HPO:probinson]. teratologic defined as following: Used with organs for congenital defects producing changes in the morphology of the organ. It is used also for abnormalities in animals.. Eyebrow structure defined as following: Curved rows of HAIR located on the upper edges of the Eye Specimen Source Code sockets.. Mitral Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.. Frameshift Mutation function defined as following: A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These Gene Mutation may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the gene DUX4 epigenetically regulated in somatic cells?", "id": "converted_543", "sentence1": "Is the gene DUX4L2 wt Allele epigenetically regulated in Diploid Cell?", "sentence2": "There are several Genes on chromosome 4q35 region including DUX4L2 wt Allele within D4Z4 Repeat. Transcription of these Genes is usually repressed by epigenetic modifications of this Region of chromosome and also accumulation of transcriptional repressors to the Repeat Object array., Recent studies provide compelling evidence that a retrotransposed gene in the D4Z4 Repeat Object, DUX4L2 wt Allele, is expressed in the Homo sapiens Germline and then epigenetically silenced in somatic tissues. , The Homo sapiens double-homeodomain retrogene DUX4L2 wt Allele is expressed in the Testis and epigenetically repressed in somatic tissues., Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral) is a progressive Muscular Dystrophy caused by decreased epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite Repeat and ectopic expression of DUX4L2 wt Allele, a retrogene encoding a Germline TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR encoded in each Repeat Object., These CASP14 gene recapitulate important epigenetic and DUX4L2 wt Allele expression attributes seen in patients and controls, respectively, including high DUX4L2 wt Allele expression levels in the Germline, (incomplete) epigenetic repression in somatic tissue, and Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral-specific variegated DUX4L2 wt Allele expression in sporadic muscle nuclei associated with D4Z4 chromatin relaxation., DUX4L2 wt Allele, a retrogene contained in the D4Z4 Repeat, is normally epigenetically silenced in Diploid Cell., In contrast to control Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle and most other somatic tissues, full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele transcript and Protein Info is expressed at relatively abundant levels in Homo sapiens Testis, most likely in the Germ Cells. Induced Pluripotent (iPS) cells also express full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele and differentiation of control Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to embryoid bodies suppresses expression of full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele, whereas expression of full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele persists in differentiated Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Together, these findings indicate that full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele is normally expressed at specific developmental stages and is suppressed in most somatic tissues., Recent studies provide compelling evidence that a retrotransposed gene in the D4Z4 Repeat Object, DUX4L2 wt Allele, is expressed in the Homo sapiens Germline and then epigenetically silenced in somatic tissues., DUX4L2 wt Allele, a retrogene contained in the D4Z4 Repeat, is normally epigenetically silenced in Diploid Cell. , DUX4L2 wt Allele, a retrogene contained in the D4Z4 Repeat, is normally epigenetically silenced in Diploid Cell., Recent studies provide compelling evidence that a retrotransposed gene in the D4Z4 Repeat Object, DUX4L2 wt Allele, is expressed in the Homo sapiens Germline and then epigenetically silenced in somatic tissues., Normally expressed in the Testis and epigenetically repressed in somatic tissues, DUX4L2 wt Allele expression in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle induces expression of many Germline, Stem cells, and other Genes that might account for the pathophysiology of Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral., Recent studies provide compelling evidence that a retrotransposed gene in the D4Z4 Repeat Object, DUX4L2 wt Allele, is expressed in the Homo sapiens Germline and then epigenetically silenced in somatic tissues, The Homo sapiens double-homeodomain retrogene DUX4L2 wt Allele is expressed in the Testis and epigenetically repressed in somatic tissues, Normally expressed in the Testis and epigenetically repressed in somatic tissues, DUX4L2 wt Allele expression in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle induces expression of many Germline, Stem cells, and other Genes that might account for the pathophysiology of Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral, DUX4L2 wt Allele, a retrogene contained in the D4Z4 Repeat, is normally epigenetically silenced in Diploid Cell, Recent studies provide compelling evidence that a retrotransposed gene in the D4Z4 Repeat Object, DUX4L2 wt Allele, is expressed in the Homo sapiens Germline and then epigenetically silenced in somatic tissues, The identification of the gene(s) and the exact epigenetic pathway underlining this Disease will be mandatory to increase the rate of diagnosis for FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1B patients and to confirm the hypothesis of a common FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1 and FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1B pathophysiological pathway involving DUX4L2 wt Allele gene, This Gene Deletion Abnormality induces epigenetic modifications that affect the expression of several Genes located in the vicinity. In each D4Z4 element, we identified the double homeobox 4 (DUX4L2 wt Allele) gene. DUX4L2 wt Allele expresses a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that plays a major role in the development of Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral through the initiation of a large gene dysregulation cascade that causes myogenic differentiation defects, Atrophic and reduced response to oxidative stress. , decreased epigenetic repression and variegated expression of DUX4L2 wt Allele in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle, (incomplete) epigenetic repression in somatic tissue,, Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral) is characterized by chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array on Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 and expression of the D4Z4-encoded DUX4L2 wt Allele gene in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal muscle., derepression of the DUX4L2 wt Allele retrogene, The aim of our study was to identify relationships between epigenetic parameters correlating with a relaxed chromatin state of the DUX4L2 wt Allele promoter region and clinical severity as measured by a clinical severity score or muscle pathologic changes in D4Z4 contraction-dependent (FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1) and -independent (FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1B) facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy patients. , Specifically, abundance of RNA transcripts encoded by the DUX4L2 wt Allele locus correlated to differential DNA methylation and Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys36 enrichment., Together, these findings indicate that full-length DUX4L2 wt Allele is normally expressed at specific developmental stages and is suppressed in most somatic tissue[SEP]Relations: Transcriptional regulation of Pluripotent stem cells has relations: pathway_protein with PBX1, pathway_protein with PBX1, pathway_protein with SMAD4, pathway_protein with SMAD4, pathway_protein with KLF4, pathway_protein with KLF4, pathway_protein with SALL4, pathway_protein with SALL4, pathway_protein with SMAD2, pathway_protein with SMAD2. Definitions: DUX4L2 wt Allele defined as following: Human DUX4L1 gene is located in the vicinity of 4q35 and is approximately 2 kb in length. The product is a processed pseudogene that produces an RNA transcript, but does not encode a Protein Info product. This gene is within a D4Z4 Repeat Object array; contraction of this macrosatellite Repeat Object is associated with facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral).. Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral defined as following: An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle Disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420). Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. Stem cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Muscular Dystrophy defined as following: A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.. DUX4L2 wt Allele gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Germ Cells defined as following: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.. FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1 defined as following: An autosomal dominant form of facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy associated with contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite Repeat Object.. Region of chromosome defined as following: Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length. [GOC:dos]. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys36 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 36 is trimethylated. This modification may be involved in defining exon boundaries; it also may be a marker for Genes targeted for transcriptional repression.. Testis defined as following: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. Atrophic defined as following: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.. Repeat Object defined as following: Something occurring more than once.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells defined as following: Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. Repeat defined as following: Make or do or perform again..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does temsirolimus improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "id": "converted_2590", "sentence1": "Does temsirolimus improve survival of glioblastoma patients?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: fourteen randomized clinical trials were identified (7 with bevacizumab, 2 Cilengitide, 1 enzastaurin, 1 dasatinib, 1 vandetanib, 1 temsirolimus, 1 cediranib) including 4330 patients. Antiangiogenic drugs showed no improvement in overall survival with a pooled HR of 1.00, a trend for an inferior outcome, in terms of overall survival, was observed in the group of patients receiving antiangiogenic drug alone compared to cytotoxic drug alone (HR=1.24, p=0.056)., CONCLUSIONS: temsirolimus was not superior to temozolomide in patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter., The actuarial 1-year survival was 72.2% [95% confidence interval (NDUFB6 gene), 58.2-82.2] in the temozolomide arm and 69.6% (95% NDUFB6 gene, 55.8-79.9) in the temsirolimus arm [hazard ratio (HR) 1.16; 95% NDUFB6 gene, 0.77-1.76; P = 0.47]., CONCLUSION: The combination of bevacizumab with temsirolimus was well-tolerated and resulted in stable Disease of at least four months/partial response in three out of six pediatric patients with chemorefractory CNS Neoplasms., CONCLUSIONS: temsirolimus administered weekly at the dose of 75 mg/m(2) did not meet the primary objective efficacy threshold in children with Malignant Glioma, Neuroblastoma or Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma; however, meaningful prolonged stable Disease merits further evaluation in combination therapy., Novel targeted agents such as bevacizumab, imatinib, erlotinib, temsirolimus, immunotherapy, Cilengitide, talampanel, etc. are helping classical chemotherapeutic agents, like temozolomide, to achieve an increase in overall survival., CONCLUSIONS: CCI 779 was well tolerated at this dose schedule; however, there was no evidence of efficacy in patients with recurrent Glomerular Basement Membrane, The addition of temsirolimus to human leukocyte human leukocyte interferon did not improve survival., CONCLUSIONS temsirolimus was not superior to temozolomide in patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter., The addition of temsirolimus to human leukocyte human leukocyte interferon did not improve survival.[SEP]Relations: temsirolimus has relations: contraindication with glioblastoma (Disease), contraindication with glioblastoma (Disease), contraindication with giant cell glioblastoma, contraindication with giant cell glioblastoma, contraindication with astroblastoma, contraindication with astroblastoma, contraindication with brain cancer, contraindication with brain cancer, drug_effect with Eczema, drug_effect with Eczema. Definitions: Neuroblastoma defined as following: A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51). talampanel defined as following: A synthetic derivative of dioxolo-benzodiazepine with anti-seizure activity. Talampanel antagonizes the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) subtype of glutamate excitatory amino acid receptors and may inhibit the growth of gliomas by interfering with neurotransmitters involved in brain tumor growth. This agent may also protect against traumatic brain injury.. vandetanib defined as following: An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. temsirolimus defined as following: An ester analog of rapamycin. temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some Neoplasms.. erlotinib defined as following: A quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic properties. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, thereby reversibly inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and blocking the signal transduction events and tumorigenic effects associated with EGFR activation.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. temozolomide defined as following: A dacarbazine derivative that is used as an alkylating antineoplastic agent for the treatment of MALIGNANT GLIOMA and MALIGNANT MELANOMA.. Glomerular Basement Membrane defined as following: A sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest and is the covering surface of a glomerular capillary, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective tissue.. Malignant Glioma defined as following: A grade 3 or grade 4 glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.. human leukocyte interferon defined as following: Human interferons have been classified into 3 groups: alpha, beta, and gamma. Both alpha- and beta-IFNs, previously designated type I, are acid-stable, but they differ immunologically and in regard to some biologic and physiochemical properties. The IFNs produced by virus-stimulated leukocytes (leukocyte IFNs) are predominantly of the alpha type. Those produced by lymphoblastoid cells are about 90% alpha and 10% beta. Induced fibroblasts produce mainly or exclusively the beta type. The alpha- and beta-IFNs differ widely in amino acid sequence. The gamma or immune IFNs, which are produced by T lymphocytes in response to mitogens or to antigens to which they are sensitized, are acid-labile and serologically distinct from alpha- and beta-IFNs. (from OMIM 147570). Cilengitide defined as following: A cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Cilengitide binds to and inhibits the activities of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. (NCI04). Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma defined as following: A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the anus.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. dasatinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable synthetic small molecule-inhibitor of SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases. Dasatinib binds to and inhibits the growth-promoting activities of these kinases. Apparently because of its less stringent binding affinity for the BCR-ABL kinase, dasatinib has been shown to overcome the resistance to imatinib of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells harboring BCR-ABL kinase domain point mutations. SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways; tumorigenic forms can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by way of virally-encoded kinase genes.. imatinib defined as following: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase, an abnormal enzyme produced by chronic myeloid leukemia cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome. Imatinib also inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit; the SCF/c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase is activated in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). This agent inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cells that overexpress these oncoproteins.. temsirolimus defined as following: An ester analog of rapamycin. temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some Neoplasms.. glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is golimumab effective for sarcoidosis?", "id": "converted_3356", "sentence1": "Is golimumab effective for sarcoidosis?", "sentence2": "Introduced monoclonal antibodies (inFLIXimab Ab, etanercept, adaluimumab, golimumab, rituximab), tested for efficacy in other pathologies associated with the formation of Granuloma, have a limited application in patients with SA. , Although treatment was well tolerated, neither Ustekinumab Ab nor golimumab demonstrated efficacy in pulmonary sarcoidosis. , Although treatment was well tolerated, neither Ustekinumab Ab nor golimumab demonstrated efficacy in pulmonary sarcoidosis.[SEP]Relations: Golimumab has relations: drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Sarilumab, drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Sirukumab, drug_drug with Seribantumab, drug_drug with Seribantumab, drug_drug with Patritumab, drug_drug with Patritumab, drug_drug with Pomalidomide, drug_drug with Pomalidomide. Definitions: Granuloma defined as following: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. golimumab defined as following: A human monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) with immunosuppressive activity. Golimumab binds to TNF-a, thereby preventing TNF-a-mediated immune responses. TNF-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer.. etanercept defined as following: A recombinant version of soluble human TNF receptor fused to an IgG FC fragment that binds specifically to TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR and inhibits its binding with endogenous TNF receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of TNF and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on chromosome 5?", "id": "converted_2136", "sentence1": "Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5?", "sentence2": "Cri-du-chat syndrome is a Congenital chromosomal disease caused by a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, The typical cri du chat syndrome, due to 5p15.2 Gene Deletion Abnormality, includes severe Intellectual Disability, facial dysmorphisms, neonatal Muscle Muscle hypotonia and pre- and post-natal growth retardation, whereas more distal Gene Deletion in 5p15.3 lead to cat-like cry and speech delay and produce the clinical picture of the atypical cri du chat syndrome, with minimal or absent intellectual impairment., Cri-du-chat is a Homo sapiens contiguous gene Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome resulting from hemizygous Gene Deletion of chromosome 5p., Cri-du-chat is a chromosomal Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome characterized by partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5., The karyotype showed a terminal Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 including the critical region 5p15 for cri du chat syndrome., Fewer than 1 in 200 of cri du chat syndrome cases are due to recombination aneusomy arising from a parental inversion of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5., Molecular approach to analyzing the Homo sapiens 5p Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome, cri du chat., Cri-du-chat is a Homo sapiens contiguous gene Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome resulting from hemizygous Gene Deletion of chromosome 5p, The cri du chat syndrome (chenodeoxycholate sulfate conjugate) is a chromosomal Gene Deletion Abnormality syndrome associated with a partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short (p) arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, The Cri-du-Chat Syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome that results from a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p)., Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5., The Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 is associated with the Cri-du-Chat Syndrome., The Cri du Chat syndrome (chenodeoxycholate sulfate conjugate) is a genetic disease resulting from a Gene Deletion Abnormality of variable size occurring on the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p-)., Cri-du-chat is a well described partial aneusomy resulting from Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5., Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the Genes on the distal part of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, and characteristic features include Microcephaly (physical finding), developmental delays, and a distinctive high-pitched mewing cry., The pathological condition of cri du chat syndrome is due to the cytogenetic Gene Deletion Abnormality of band p15.2 of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5. , Karyotype analysis indicated that the patient has carried a terminal Gene Deletion Abnormality in 5p. FISH with Cri du Chat syndrome region probe confirmed that D5S23 and D5S721 loci are deleted. [SEP]Relations: Cri-du-chat syndrome has relations: disease_disease with partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, disease_disease with partial Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, disease_protein with CTNND2, disease_protein with CTNND2, disease_protein with SEMA5A, disease_protein with SEMA5A, disease_phenotype_positive with Growth delay, disease_phenotype_positive with Growth delay, disease_protein with TERT, disease_protein with TERT. Definitions: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 defined as following: One of the two pairs of Homo sapiens chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cri-du-Chat Syndrome defined as following: An infantile syndrome characterized by a cat-like cry, failure to thrive, Microcephaly (physical finding), MENTAL RETARDATION, spastic quadriparesis, micro- and retrognathia, glossoptosis, bilateral epicanthus, hypertelorism, and tiny external genitalia. It is caused by a Gene Deletion Abnormality of the short arm of Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 (5p-).. Congenital chromosomal disease defined as following: Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429). 5p15 defined as following: A chromosome band present on 5p.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. Muscle hypotonia defined as following: A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597]. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). gene defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does head ct increase brain tumor risk?", "id": "converted_3806", "sentence1": "Does Head - Component of Device ct increase Brain Neoplasms risk?", "sentence2": "Excess relative risk of new Brain Neoplasms averaged 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.93) for pediatric patients exposed to one or more Head - Component of Device CTs. Specimen Source Codes - tumor incidence increased with number of pediatric Head - Component of Device CTs in a dose-dependent manner, with measurable excess incidence even after a single scan. Converging evidence from epidemiological studies supported a small excess risk of Brain Neoplasms incidence after even a single X-Ray Computed Tomography exam in pediatric patients. , Recent epidemiologic evidence from a national registry of children who underwent X-Ray Computed Tomography scans suggests a higher-than-expected incidence of secondary Neoplasms. , However, we found 1) a statistically significant correlation between radiation dose and age at procedure, as well as number and type of procedures, and 2) a substantial increase in lifetime predicted risk of tumor above baseline in the cohort of young children who undergo neurointerventions.CONCLUSIONS: Although neurointerventional procedures have dramatically improved the prognosis of children facing serious cerebrovascular conditions, the predicted risk of secondary Neoplasms, particularly in the youngest patients and those undergoing multiple procedures, is sobering., Conclusion When prevalent cases of Benign Meningioma at first exposure to X-Ray Computed Tomography of the Head - Component of Device are excluded, no statistically significant increase in risk of Benign Meningioma was found among exposed subjects compared with unexposed control subjects., data suggest that 1 excess Head>Brain Primary malignant neoplasm occurred after 4000 Head>Brain CTs (40 mSv per scan) and that the estimated risk in the 10 years following X-Ray Computed Tomography exposure was 1 Brain Neoplasms per 10,000 patients exposed to a 10 mGy scan at less than 10 years of age.CONCLU, SIONS: The model predicts that the effective radiation dose from a single Head - Component of Device X-Ray Computed Tomography is capable of inducing a THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS or Brain Neoplasms in an infant or child. These, Neither whole Head - Component of Device X-Ray Computed Tomography nor cumulative Head>Brain dose to the Head>Brain increased the risk of Glioma or of all Head>Brain tumours., rison of exposed and unexposed cohorts showed that there was no statistically significant increase in the risk of Benign Meningioma after exposure to X-Ray Computed Tomography of the Head - Component of Device (HR: 1.49; 95% confidence interval: 0.97, 2.30; P = .07). If incident c, from epidemiological studies supported a small excess risk of Brain Neoplasms incidence after even a single X-Ray Computed Tomography exam in pediatric patients. However, refined e, ve risk of new Brain Neoplasms averaged 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.93) for pediatric patients exposed to one or more Head - Component of Device CTs. Specimen Source Codes - tumor incidence, X-Ray Computed Tomography nor cumulative Head>Brain dose to the Head>Brain increased the risk of Glioma or of all Head>Brain tumours. Although this st, o for developing a Head>Brain tumour from having a Head>Brain X-Ray Computed Tomography was 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.38-1.82). This was har, Specimen Source Codes - tumor incidence increased with number of pediatric Head - Component of Device CTs in a dose-dependent manner, with measurable excess incidence even after a single scan., Converging evidence from epidemiological studies supported a small excess risk of Brain Neoplasms incidence after even a single X-Ray Computed Tomography exam in pediatric patients., Excess relative risk of new Brain Neoplasms averaged 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.93) for pediatric patients exposed to one or more Head - Component of Device CTs., Epidemiological studies consistently cited increased tumor incidence in pediatric patients (ages 0-18) exposed to Head - Component of Device CTs., RESULTS: A positive correlation between exposure to X-Ray Computed Tomography scans and developing central nervous system Neoplasms was evident in all cohorts. The strength of the association varied across the studies. Exclusion of patients with Predisposing Factors to central nervous system Neoplasms was examined in four studies with a decreased risk to develop central nervous system Neoplasms noted in three studies. Two studies reported nonsignificant reduction in the excess relative risk per milliGray of Head>Brain dose after adjusting for Predisposing Factors, whereas the reduction was significant in one study. The frequency of X-Ray Computed Tomography exposure was proportional to the risk of developing Neoplasms in two studies although not significantly maintained in two other studies. , RESULTS: The overall risk was not significantly different in the two cohorts (incidence rate=36.72 per 100 000 person-years in the exposed cohort, 28.48 per 100 000 person-years in the unexposed cohort, hazard ratio (HR)=1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.90-1.85). The risk of benign Head>Brain tumour was significantly higher in the exposed cohort than in the unexposed cohort (HR=2.97, 95% CI=1.49-5.93). The frequency of X-Ray Computed Tomography examination showed strong correlation with the subsequent overall risk of Primary malignant neoplasm and benign Head>Brain tumour.CONCLUSIONS: We found that paediatric Head - Component of Device X-Ray Computed Tomography examination was associated with an increased incidence of benign Head>Brain tumour., CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence that X-Ray Computed Tomography-related radiation exposure increases Brain Neoplasms risk. , Compared with the general population, incidence of Head>Brain Neoplasms was higher in the cohort of children with X-Ray Computed Tomography scans, requiring cautious interpretation of the findings., BACKGROUND: Recent studies linking radiation exposure from pediatric computed tomography (X-Ray Computed Tomography) to increased risks of leukemia and Head>Brain Neoplasms lacked data to control for cancer susceptibility syndromes (CSS). , IMPACT: Future studies should identify Tuberous Sclerosis patients in order to avoid overestimation of Brain Neoplasms risks due to radiation exposure from X-Ray Computed Tomography scans., The radiation-induced occurrence of Meningioma and other Head>Brain tumours most probably contributes to the continuously increasing incidence of these diseases which is observed in several industrial nations, as well as the exposure of the bone marrow by X-Ray Computed Tomography to the increase of childhood leukemia., 1,000 annual paediatric X-Ray Computed Tomography investigations of the Bone structure of cranium will lead to about 3 excess neoplasms in the Head - Component of Device region, i.e., the probability of an induced late effect must be suspected in the range of some thousandths. [SEP]Relations: malignant ear neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with Head - Component of Device and neck cancer, disease_disease with Head - Component of Device and neck cancer. tuberous sclerosis has relations: disease_disease with polymalformative genetic syndrome with increased risk of developing cancer, disease_disease with polymalformative genetic syndrome with increased risk of developing cancer. Brain neoplasm has relations: drug_effect with Carmustine, drug_effect with Carmustine. benign neoplasm of Head>Brain has relations: disease_disease with intracranial hemangioma, disease_disease with intracranial hemangioma, disease_protein with PTCH1, disease_protein with PTCH1. Definitions: leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Meningioma defined as following: A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular Neoplasms which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7). Brain Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, Head>Brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from Head>Brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, Head>Brain Neoplasms may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the Head>Brain.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Benign Meningioma defined as following: A grade I, slowly growing Benign Meningioma. Only a minority of Neoplasms recur following complete resection.. Head - Component of Device defined as following: A projection on the end of an object. Tuberous Sclerosis defined as following: Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.. Head - Component of Device region defined as following: subdivision of cardinal body part, each instance of which is a regional part of some Head - Component of Device. Examples: face, nose, mouth.. benign Head>Brain tumour defined as following: A primary, slow growing, noninvasive neoplasm of the Head>Brain. In children, astrocytomas of the cerebellum represent relatively common benign Head>Brain neoplasms. In adults Meningioma, neurilemomas and pituitary Neoplasms comprise the majority of benign Neoplasms.. Bone structure of cranium defined as following: The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.. X-Ray Computed Tomography defined as following: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Propofol used for short-term sedation?", "id": "converted_1052", "sentence1": "Is propofol used for short-term sedation?", "sentence2": "The current study explores the incidence and content of dreaming during short-term sedation with sevoflurane or propofo, propofol is the sedative most frequently used for short-term sedation and the weaning phase, whereas Benzodiazepines are the preferred Substance for medium- and long-term sedation., Performance of the A-line Autoregressive Index (AAI) and of the Bispectral Index (BIS) at assessing depth of short-term sedation following cardiac surgery., All patients received sedation with propofol according to the study protocol., Short-term sedation with either sevoflurane using ACD or propofol did not negatively affect renal function postoperatively., Assessing feasibility and physiological effects of sedation with sevoflurane, administered with the anesthetic conserving device (Anaconda), in comparison with propofol and remifentanil., Sevoflurane can be effectively and safely used for short-term sedation of ICU patients with stable hemodynamic conditions., propofol was used for most of the patients during short-term sedation (57%) and during weaning (48%)., Effects of short-term propofol administration on Pancreatic enzyme and triglyceride levels in children., This prospective, clinical trial evaluated the effects of short-term propofol administration on triglyceride levels and serum Pancreatic enzyme in children undergoing sedation for magnetic resonance imaging., dexmedetomidine vs. propofol for short-term sedation of postoperative mechanically ventilated patients., The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and endocrine response of propofol vs. the new alpha2-agonist dexmedetomidine for sedation in surgical intensive care patients who need postoperative short-term ventilation., A total of 89 adult, nonemergent, coronary artery bypass graft patients with an expected length of intubation of <24 hrs. METHODS: Patients were randomized to either AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROME, FAMILIAL, X-LINKED, BEHCET-LIKE 2 or propofol, The majority of practitioners (82%) use propofol infusion in children in Picus, the main indication being for short-term sedation in children requiring procedures., Pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol 6% for short-term sedation in paediatric patients following cardiac surgery., This paper describes the pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol in short-term sedated paediatric patients., Twenty patients who were expected to require 8 h of post-operative sedation and ventilation were allocated randomly to receive either an infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.2-2.5 microg kg(-1) h(-1) or propofol 1-3 mg kg(-1) h(-1), Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol 6% SAZN versus propofol 1% SAZN and Diprivan-10 for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass surgery., The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety characteristics of propofol 6% SAZN were investigated during a short-term infusion and compared with the commercially available product propofol 1% in Intralipid 10% (Diprivan-10) and propofol 1% in Lipofundin MCT/LCT 10% (propofol 1% SAZN). METHODS: In a randomised double-blind study, 24 male patients received a 5-h infusion of propofol at the rate of 1 mg/kg/h for sedation in the immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass surgery, propofol infusion and oxycodone-thiopental bolus dosages, titrated to the same sedation end point, resulted in similar time from admission to extubation, although the weaning period was shorter in the propofol group. In terms of breathing pattern, gas exchange, blood gases and haemodynamics, the methods were similar. propofol, despite its attractive pharmacological profile, may offer no clinical benefit in short-term sedation after a moderate dose fentanyl anaesthesia in cardiac surgery., Postoperative short-term sedation with propofol in cardiac surgery., We conducted a randomized double-blind study to assess the safety and effectiveness of short-term sedation with propofol in adult patients immediately after cardiac surgery., The use of propofol for short-term sedation in ICUs has allowed the maintenance of sedation to continue until just a few hours before extubation but the benefits of propofol for longer-term indications are more debatable., Midazolam and propofol are available as hypnotics for short-term sedation during the post-operative period., The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting., Midazolam and propofol were compared in an open randomized study for postoperative sedation during 12 h of mechanical ventilation in 40 patients following coronary artery bypass grafting, propofol is a known anesthetic agent, widely used for short-term anesthesia and for longer-term sedation., propofol was the most commonly used agent overall during the observational period (primarily for short-term and intermediate-length sedation); midazolam was the most commonly used for long-term sedation.[SEP]Relations: propofol has relations: drug_drug with Selegiline, drug_drug with Selegiline, contraindication with epilepsy, contraindication with epilepsy, drug_drug with Propacetamol, drug_drug with Propacetamol, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Diamorphine, drug_drug with Diamorphine. Definitions: propofol defined as following: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. sevoflurane defined as following: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may act by interfering with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. Sevoflurane may also interact directly with lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, this agent may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors hyperpolarizing cell membranes. This results in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure as well as an increased respiratory rate.. remifentanil defined as following: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. midazolam defined as following: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. dexmedetomidine defined as following: An imidazole derivate and active d-isomer of medetomidine with analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative properties. dexmedetomidine selectively binds to presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors located in the brain, thereby inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles. This leads to an inhibition of postsynaptic activation of adrenoceptors, which inhibit sympathetic activity, thereby leading to sedation and anxiolysis. The analgesic effect of this agent is mediated by binding to alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the spinal cord.. Benzodiazepines defined as following: A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.. Pancreatic enzyme defined as following: Pancreatic enzymes are comprised primarily of proteases, lipase and amylase that catalyze the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and proteins during the digestion of food. However, the pancreas also produces many other digestive enzymes such as ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, gelatinase and elastase.. Substance defined as following: Any matter of defined composition that has discrete existence, whose origin may be biological, mineral or chemical..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there an association between c-reactive protein concentrations and outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients? ", "id": "converted_1383", "sentence1": "Is there an association between c-reactive protein concentrations and outcomes of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients? ", "sentence2": "Besides the baseline characteristics, daily interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6), procalcitonin, C-reactive protein levels, and leukocyte counts were prospectively measured until day 14 after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Occurrence of infectious complications and application of therapeutic Hypothermia due to exposure were assessed as confounding factors. The primary end point was outcome after 3 months, assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale; the secondary end point was the occurrence of DINDs. RESULTS: : During a 3-year period, a total of 138 patients were included. All inflammatory parameters measured were higher in patients with unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 1-3)., Twenty-three and 28 patients showed poor outcome and symptomatic Vasospasm after Yakut language, respectively. Both preoperative and postoperative CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with a poor outcome compared with patients with a good outcome (P<0.05)., e area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CRP measured on postoperative day 1 or 2 (CRP POD1-2) for predicting a poor clinical outcome was 0.870, and its cutoff point of 4 mg/dL had a sensitivity of 0.826 and a specificity of 0.843., A high CRP level after Aneurysm treatment was associated with severe Progressive neurologic deterioration on admission, Cerebral Infarction, Cerebral Hemorrhage, and surgical decompression (P<0.05)., CRP POD1-2, and not the preoperative CRP, was an independent factor in predicting symptomatic Vasospasm (P<0.05). In patients with symptomatic Vasospasm, an increase in the postoperative CRP was associated with the time profile of developing symptomatic Vasospasm., Postoperative CRP, especially CRP POD1-2, can be a useful prognostic factor for both poor outcome and symptomatic Vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal Yakut language., Serum CRP levels were related to severity of ASAH1 wt Allele. Patients with lower GCS scores and higher Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades presented statistically significant higher serum CRP levels. Patients with higher serum CRP levels had a less favorable prognosis., Increased serum CRP levels were strongly associated with worse clinical prognosis in this study., After Yakut language, the value of C-reactive protein (CRP)--an acute phase sensitive inflammatory marker--as a prognostic factor has been poorly studied, with conflicting results., Admission (18.0 ± 35.7 vs 8.5 ± 8.4 mg/l) and postoperative (41.0 ± 40.2 vs 21.1 ± 24.1 mg/l) CRP levels were higher (p < 0.001) in those with a poor outcome than in those with a favourable outcome, but CRP values did not predict delayed cerebral ischaemia or Cerebral Infarction., Higher increase in CRP level between admission and postoperative morning, however, independently predicted poor outcome (p = 0.004)., CRP levels correlate with outcome but do not seem to predict delayed cerebral ischaemia or Infarction after Yakut language., Systemic oxygen consumption is associated with hsCRP levels in the first 14 days after Yakut language and is an independent predictor of Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma., Intracranial hypertension was associated with an inflammatory response, indicating activation of the inflammatory cascade in the Head>Brain (ECF) and systemic circulation with high Recombinant Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels after Yakut language, the latter associated with unfavourable outcome., Patients with angiographic Vasospasm had higher CRP measurements in serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid, in a statistically significant fashion (p < 0.0001). Additionally, patients with higher CRP levels in serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid had less favorable outcome in this cohort., Furthermore, patients developing angiographically proven Vasospasm demonstrated significantly elevated CRP levels in serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid, and increased CRP measurements were strongly associated with poor clinical outcome in this cohort., Finally, serum concentrations of Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, and hsCRP during the early (P = .0055, P = .0266, and P = .0266) and late (P = .0423, P = .0041, and P = .0004) period were significantly higher in patients with DIND than in patients without DIND. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and hsCRP during the early and late period following Yakut language correlate with DIND, CRP levels on days 5, 6, 7, and 8 were statistically significantly higher in the group of patients developing a DIND (P < 0.025, P < 0.016, P < 0.011, P < 0.0002)., Overall CRP values were higher with increasing severity of the initial ictus according to the Hunt and Hess Scale and to the outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale from day 3 on., The presented data do not prove that Leukocytes and CRP values have a direct contribution to the pathogenesis of ischemic complications following Yakut language, but it supports the assertion that Inflammation may present a common pathogenic pathway in the development of such complications., The CRP and transforming growth factor beta 1 levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid are strongly concerned with communicating Hydrocephalus after Yakut language.[SEP]Relations: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (disease) has relations: disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with PPARG, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with UNC5B, disease_protein with UNC5B, disease_protein with CASP3, disease_protein with CASP3, disease_protein with ADORA1, disease_protein with ADORA1. Definitions: Noninfiltrating Intraductal Carcinoma defined as following: A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.. C-reactive protein defined as following: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during Inflammation and after tissue damage. C-Reactive Protein measured by more sensitive methods often for coronary heart disease risk assessment is referred to as High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP).. Aneurysm defined as following: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.. Cerebral Infarction defined as following: The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe Infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic Infarction).. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 defined as following: A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and Inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.. Recombinant Interleukin-6 defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. Recombinant Interleukin-6 binds to its receptor (IL-6R), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and Ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-Recombinant Interleukin-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of Recombinant Interleukin-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects.. Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 defined as following: Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of Inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154). Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Cerebrospinal Fluid defined as following: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation.. transforming growth factor beta 1 defined as following: A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and transforming growth factor beta 1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes transforming growth factor beta 1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. procalcitonin defined as following: A peptide prohormone precursor of CALCITONIN. It is normally present at low levels in serum, but is released into the bloodstream, primarily from neuroendocrine cells in the lungs and intestines, in response to INFLAMMATION and BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. It is a diagnostic marker for BACTEREMIA.. ASAH1 wt Allele defined as following: Human ASAH1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity 8p22 of and is approximately 29 kb in length. This allele, which encodes acid ceramidase protein, is involved in ceramide metabolism. Mutation of the gene is associated with both Farber lipogranulomatosis and spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy.. Hydrocephalus defined as following: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.. Hypothermia due to exposure defined as following:Cold weather can affect your body in different ways. You can get frostbite, which is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. Your body can also lose heat faster than you can produce it. That can cause Hypothermia due to exposure, or abnormally low body temperature. It can make you sleepy, confused, and clumsy. Because it happens gradually and affects your thinking, you may not realize you need help. That makes it especially dangerous. A body temperature below 95 °F (35 °C) is a medical emergency and can lead to death if not treated promptly.
Anyone who spends much time outdoors in cold weather can get Hypothermia due to exposure. You can also get it from being cold and wet, or under cold water for too long. Babies and old people are especially at risk. Babies can get it from sleeping in a cold room.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
. Leukocytes defined as following: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).. Cerebral Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.. Vasospasm defined as following: spasm of the blood vessels resulting in decrease in their caliber.. c-reactive protein defined as following: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during Inflammation and after tissue damage. C-Reactive Protein measured by more sensitive methods often for coronary heart disease risk assessment is referred to as High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Cryptococcus neoformans a frequent cause of isolated skin infections in immunocompromised individuals", "id": "converted_2096", "sentence1": "Is CryptococcusRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Liver Cirrhosis defined as following: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) been reported to be a plasminogen receptor in pathogenic bacteria?", "id": "converted_2858", "sentence1": "Has Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH protein, human) been reported to be a PLG gene receptor in pathogenic bacteria?", "sentence2": " binding of PLG gene (angiostatin, human) to bacterial surfaces, as it has been shown that this interaction contributes to bacterial adhesion to host cells, invasion of host tissues, and evasion of the immune system. Several Bacterial Proteins are known to serve as receptors for angiostatin, human including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH protein, human protein, human),, Moreover, several Protein Isoforms of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH protein, human protein, human) and galectin (Galanin, human (30 aa, ~3 kDa)) were identified in both antigenic extracts as ENO1 protein, human., Purified GAPDH protein, human protein, human was found to bind human PLG gene and Fibrinogen containing hemostatics in Far-Western blot and ELISA-based assays., GAPDH protein, human protein, human exhibits a high affinity for plasmin and a significantly lower affinity for PLG gene., Moreover, several Protein Isoforms of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH protein, human protein, human) and galectin (Galanin, human (30 aa, ~3 kDa)) were identified in both antigenic extracts as ENO1 protein, human. [SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Tedizolid phosphate, drug_drug with Tedizolid phosphate, drug_drug with Tedizolid phosphate, drug_drug with Tedizolid phosphate, drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, drug_drug with Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone. Definitions: GAPDH protein, human defined as following: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (335 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the human GAPDH protein, human gene. This protein is involved in carbohydrate metabolism.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. ENO1 protein, human defined as following: Alpha-enolase (434 aa, ~47 kDa) is encoded by the human ENO1 gene. This protein is involved in glycolysis and tumor suppression, and acts as a structural lens protein.. Bacterial Proteins defined as following: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.. PLG gene defined as following: This gene is involved in blood coagulation/hemostasis. It also plays a role in embryonic development, tissue remodeling and inflammation.. plasmin defined as following: A product of the lysis of PLG gene (profibrinolysin) by PLASMINOGEN activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins.. angiostatin, human defined as following: Angiostatin (388, ~40 kDa) is encoded by the human PLG gene. This protein fragment is involved in the inhibition of blood vessel formation.. Galanin, human (30 aa, ~3 kDa) defined as following: Galanin (30 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the human Galanin, human (30 aa, ~3 kDa) gene. This protein is involved in nociception, secretion of cortisol, growth hormone and insulin, hair follicle development and contraction of smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is cabozantinib effective for Hepatocellular Carcinoma?", "id": "converted_3031", "sentence1": "Is cabozantinib effective for Liver carcinoma?", "sentence2": "However, clinical trials of nonselective kinase inhibitors with c-Met activity (Tivantinib, cabozantinib, Foretinib, and golvatinib) in patients with altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol have failed so far to demonstrate significant efficacy. , Rationale for use, clinical trial data, and current recommendations for cabozantinib in Malignant neoplasm of kidney, Malignant neoplasm of thyroid, Malignant neoplasm of prostate, Malignant neoplasm of liver, and Primary malignant neoplasm of lung are detailed in this article., More recently, promising outcomes have also been reported with new agents, such as nivolumab and cabozantinib., Positive results in recent phase III clinical trials have confirmed the high value of anti-angiogenic therapies for altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol in both first (sorafenib and lenvatinib) and second line (regorafenib and cabozantinib) treatment modalities. , More recently, regorafenib and nivolumab have received approval in the second-line setting after sorafenib, with further positive phase 3 studies emerging in the first line (lenvatinib non-inferior to sorafenib) and second line versus placebo (cabozantinib and ramucirumab). , The rapidly changing treatment landscape due to the emergence of new treatment options (sorafenib and lenvatinib equally effective in first line; regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab showing OS benefit in second line with nivolumab approved by the FDA based on response rate) underscores the importance of re-assessing the role of the first approved systemic agent in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol, sorafenib., Positive phase III-study data have been published for lenvatinib as first-line and cabozantinib as second-line therapy. , cabozantinib in Patients with Advanced and Progressing Liver carcinoma., BACKGROUND: cabozantinib inhibits Protein Tyrosine Kinase, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, MET wt Allele wt Allele, and AXL protein, human protein, human, which are implicated in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and the development of resistance to sorafenib, the standard initial treatment for advanced disease. , CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with previously treated Advanced Liver carcinoma, treatment with cabozantinib resulted in longer overall survival and progression-free survival than placebo., Expert opinion: Based on favorable phase III clinical trial data, sorafenib and lenvatinib are considered promising agents for altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol as first-line systemic chemotherapy. Moreover, regorafenib and cabozantinib are useful second-line therapies after the failure of sorafenib., CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with previously treated Advanced Liver carcinoma, treatment with cabozantinib resulted in longer overall survival and progression-free survival than placebo. , cabozantinib in Patients with Advanced and Progressing Liver carcinoma.Among patients with previously treated Advanced Liver carcinoma, treatment with cabozantinib resulted in longer overall survival and progression-free survival than placebo. , Among patients with previously treated Advanced Liver carcinoma, treatment with cabozantinib resulted in longer overall survival and progression-free survival than placebo., Median overall survival was 10.2 months with cabozantinib and 8.0 months with placebo (hazard ratio for Cessation of life, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.92; P=0.005). Median progression-free survival was 5.2 months with cabozantinib and 1.9 months with placebo (hazard ratio for disease progression or Cessation of life, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.52; P<0.001), and the objective response rates were 4% and less than 1%, respectively (P=0.009)., The most common high-grade events were Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (17% with cabozantinib vs. 0% with placebo), Hypertensive disease (16% vs. 2%), increased aspartate aminotransferase level (12% vs. 7%), Fatigue (10% vs. 4%), and Diarrhea (10% vs. 2%).Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Primary liver cancer starts in the liver. Metastatic liver cancer starts somewhere else and spreads to your liver.
Risk factors for primary liver cancer include
Symptoms can include a lump or pain on the right side of your abdomen and yellowing of the skin. However, you may not have symptoms until the cancer is advanced. This makes it harder to treat. Doctors use tests that examine the liver and the blood to diagnose liver cancer. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.
NIH: National Cancer Institute
. Malignant neoplasm of kidney defined as following: Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Liver carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. sorafenib defined as following: A synthetic compound targeting growth signaling and angiogenesis. Sorafenib blocks the enzyme RAF kinase, a critical component of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation; in addition, sorafenib inhibits the VEGFR-2/PDGFR-beta signaling cascade, thereby blocking tumor angiogenesis.. regorafenib defined as following: The anhydrous form of regorafenib, an orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Regorafenib binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 2 and 3, and Ret, Kit, PDGFR and Raf kinases, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFRs are receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase that play important roles in tumor angiogenesis; the receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase RET, KIT, and PDGFR, and the serine/threonine-specific Raf kinase are involved in tumor cell signaling.. AXL protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (894 aa, ~98 kDa) is encoded by the human AXL protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in ligand binding, signaling and cellular growth and differentiation.. Malignant neoplasm of thyroid defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.. Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome defined as following: Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. nivolumab defined as following: A fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed Cessation of life-1 (PD-1, PCD-1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell Cessation of life ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell Cessation of life ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity.. Fatigue defined as following: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.. Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma defined as following: Hepatocellular carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.. lenvatinib defined as following: A synthetic, orally available inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR/FLK-1) tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenvatinib blocks VEGFR2 activation by VEGF, resulting in inhibition of the VEGF receptor signal transduction pathway, decreased vascular endothelial cell migration and proliferation, and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis.. Tivantinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of c-Met with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor ARQ 197 binds to the c-Met protein and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways, which may induce cell Cessation of life in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met protein, the product of the proto-oncogene c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); this protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.. Foretinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Foretinib binds to and selectively inhibits hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-MET wt Allele and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The proto-oncogene c-MET wt Allele has been found to be over-expressed in a variety of cancers. VEGFR2 is found on endothelial and hematopoietic cells and mediates the development of the vasculature and hematopoietic cells through VEGF signaling.. MET wt Allele defined as following: Human MET wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 7q31 and is approximately 126 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hepatocyte growth factor receptor protein, plays a role in the regulation of cellular tyrosine-kinase activity. Mutations in the MET wt Allele gene are associated with papillary renal carcinoma.. cabozantinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable, small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. cabozantinib strongly binds to and inhibits several RTKs, which are often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, including hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET wt Allele), RET (rearranged during transfection), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor types 1 (VEGFR-1), 2 (VEGFR-2), and 3 (VEGFR-3), mast/stem cell growth factor (KIT), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3), TIE-2 (TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) and AXL protein, human. This may result in an inhibition of both tumor growth and angiogenesis, and eventually lead to tumor regression..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has the Spanich flu virus been reconstructed?", "id": "converted_3677", "sentence1": "Has the Spanich flu Virus been reconstructed?", "sentence2": "Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza Virus has facilitated considerable advancements in our understanding of this extraordinary pandemic Virus., These viral RNA sequences eventually permitted reconstruction of the complete 1918 Virus, which has yielded, almost a century after the Cessation of life of its victims, novel insights into influenza Virus biology and pathogenesis and has provided important information about how to prevent and control future pandemics., Reconstruction of the 1918 Virus and studies elucidating the exceptional virulence and transmissibility of the Virus are providing exciting new insights into this devastating pandemic strain. [SEP]Relations: Cessation of head growth has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter, disease_phenotype_positive with leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with Angelman syndrome due to maternal 15q11q13 deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies, disease_phenotype_positive with neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain anomalies. Definitions: Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is indicated the use of antioxidant supplements in patients at risk for coronary artery disease?", "id": "converted_815", "sentence1": "Is indicated the use of antioxidant supplements in patients at risk for coronary artery disease?", "sentence2": "We and others have published observational epidemiologic studies in support of VITAMINS [VA Class] in the primary prevention of CVD, but the results from intervention studies are mixed., For Vitamin E Drug Class, observational data suggest benefit at doses of 100 to 400 IU/d. Results from recent large-scale trials are mixed, with some showing modest benefit but others suggesting no benefit, especially for secondary prevention. Results for Vitamin B Drug Class are also mixed and further complicated by the recent folate fortification of the flour supply. If greater B vitamin intake does reduce CVD, the benefits are likely to be greatest for primary prevention and in populations with intake below dietary reference standards. , In the dose-response meta-analysis, each 30 mg/day increase in Vitamin C [EPC], 30 IU/day increase in Vitamin E Drug Class, and 1 mg/day increase in beta carotene yielded the estimated overall relative risk for altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.99-1.02), 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99), and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.14), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in this meta-analysis suggest that an increase in dietary intake of antioxidant VITAMINS [VA Class] has encouraging prospects for possible altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol prevention., High levels of α-tocopherol in serum were associated with 30% lower cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol risk in another study (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.53-0.94). Among Minerals (Zinc Supplements, Selenium supplement, and Dietary Chromium), an inverse association between Zinc Supplements and cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol was observed; levels lower than 14.1 µmol/L were associated with an increased risk for cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.21-2.38)., The information available on this issue is scarce. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these Nutrients in the Cardiovascular system risk of patients with Diabetes Mellitus., ubidecarenone supplementation at a dosage of 150 mg appears to decrease the inflammatory marker Recombinant Interleukin-6 in patients with cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol., ubidecarenone supplements at a dose of 150 mg can decrease oxidative stress and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in patients with cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol. A higher dose of coenzyme Q10 supplements (>150 mg/d) might promote rapid and sustainable antioxidation in patients with cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol., alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplementation has no protective effect on macrovascular outcomes or total mortality of diabetic male smokers., Sodium selenite supplementation increases GPx-1 activity in Endothelial Cells and in cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol patients. Future studies have to demonstrate whether long-term cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol outcome can be improved., After 7.3 years of treatment and follow-up, a combination pill of folic acid, pyridoxine, and Vitamin B12 [EPC] did not reduce a combined end point of total Cardiovascular system events among high-risk women, despite significant homocysteine lowering., In this population-based study, Vitamin E Drug Class use was unrelated to mortality, but this apparently null finding seems to represent a combination of increased mortality in those with severe Cardiovascular Diseases and a possible protective effect in those without., In this large cohort of apparently healthy US male physicians, self-selected supplementation with Vitamin E Drug Class, Vitamin C [EPC], or Multivitamin Drug Class was not associated with a significant decrease in total CVD or altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol mortality. , The American Heart Association has recommended consumption of a balanced diet with emphasis on antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables but has made no recommendations regarding Vitamin E Drug Class supplementation for the general population. Although Vitamin E Drug Class supplementation seems to be safe for most people, recommendations from health care professionals should reflect the uncertainty of established benefit as demonstrated in clinical trials, Recent studies show that supplementation with antioxidant VITAMINS [VA Class] E and C have benefits in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol prevention; however, supplementation with beta carotene may have deleterious effects and is not recommended. Current evidence suggests that patients with altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol would probably benefit from taking Vitamin E Drug Class in a dosage of 400 IU per day and Vitamin C [EPC] in a dosage of 500 to 1,000 mg per day. Clinicians may also want to consider Vitamin supplementation for altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol prevention in high-risk patients. folate lowers elevated homocysteine levels, but evidence for routine supplemental use does not yet exist. , In patients at high risk for Cardiovascular system events, treatment with Vitamin E Drug Class for a mean of 4.5 years had no apparent effect on Cardiovascular system outcomes.[SEP]Relations: Cardiovascular Diseases has relations: contraindication with Antipyrine, contraindication with Antipyrine, contraindication with Amoxapine, contraindication with Amoxapine, contraindication with Methionine, contraindication with Methionine, contraindication with Fentanyl, contraindication with Fentanyl, contraindication with Carbinoxamine, contraindication with Carbinoxamine. Definitions: alpha tocopherol defined as following: A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.. Recombinant Interleukin-6 defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. Recombinant Interleukin-6 binds to its receptor (IL-6R), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and Ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-Recombinant Interleukin-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of Recombinant Interleukin-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects.. folate defined as following: A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis.. Nutrients defined as following: Various components of food that are required for nourishment.. pyridoxine defined as following: The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).. Minerals defined as following: Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). beta carotene defined as following: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. Endothelial Cells defined as following: Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. folic acid defined as following: A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.. ubidecarenone defined as following: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. coronary artery disease defined as following: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Tocilizumab is an anti-TNF antibody, yes or no?", "id": "converted_3168", "sentence1": "tocilizumab is an anti-Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein antibody, yes or no?", "sentence2": "was treated with tocilizumab, an anti-Interleukin 6 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] , tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanized Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] against Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor licensed in 2009 that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in various adult Rheumatoid Arthritis populations. Rheumatoid Arthritis management guidelines and recommendations consider TCZ as one of the bDMARDS indicated after methotrexate or other conventional synthetic DMARDs and/or Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein inhibitors failure in adult Rheumatoid Arthritis, tocilizumab (Roactemra or Actemra) is a recombinant humanized Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] that acts as an interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist., METHODS\nPatients (n = 93) were treated with an anti-Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab) or Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-α inhibitors for 16 weeks., The recent development of biological agents, namely, anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-α) agents (infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept), anti- ocaratuzumab (rituximab) and anti-interleukin 6 receptor (Interleukin 6 Receptor activity) Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] (tocilizumab), represents a major breakthrough for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders., Recently, an anti-Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor Monoclonal Antibody [EPC], tocilizumab, has been licensed for the treatment as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate of moderate to severe Rheumatoid Arthritis, when disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or anti-tumour necrosis factors (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) have failed., tocilizumab is a monoclonal humanized anti-Recombinant Interleukin-6-receptor antibody used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis., Indeed, worldwide clinical trials of Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein inhibiting biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) including infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, and etanercept as well as the humanized anti-human Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, have demonstrated outstanding clinical efficacy and tolerable safety profiles, resulting in worldwide approval for using these bDMARDs to treat moderate to severe active Rheumatoid Arthritis in patients with an inadequate response to synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs)., tocilizumab is a humanized anti-Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor Monoclonal Antibody [EPC], which binds to circulating soluble Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor and membrane-expressed Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor, inhibiting Recombinant Interleukin-6 binding to both forms of Recombinant Interleukin-6 receptor., Subsequent options include a Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha antagonist, followed by rituximab or possibly abatacept; (2) tocilizumab, a Monoclonal Antibody [EPC], inhibits interleukin-6 receptors., tocilizumab (TCZ) is a Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] which inhibits the Interleukin 6 Receptor.[SEP]Relations: tocilizumab has relations: drug_drug with Tetanus Immune Globulin, drug_drug with Tetanus Immune Globulin, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Nemolizumab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Concizumab, drug_drug with Concizumab. Definitions: Recombinant Interleukin-6 defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. Recombinant Interleukin-6 binds to its receptor (interleukin-6 receptor activity), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and Ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-Recombinant Interleukin-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of Recombinant Interleukin-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to one of a number of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein) proteins. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein family cytokines bind to and activate specific cell-surface receptors, thereby mediating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. One primary antitumor effect of TNFs involves stimulation of T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. tocilizumab defined as following: A recombinant, humanized IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] directed against the Interleukin 6 Receptor (interleukin-6 receptor activity) with immunosuppressant activity. tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of interleukin-6 receptor activity (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of Recombinant Interleukin-6 to its receptor. This prevents Recombinant Interleukin-6-mediated signaling. Recombinant Interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancers and possibly various other inflammatory conditions.. ocaratuzumab defined as following: An Fc-engineered Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] directed against human CD20 with potential antineoplastic activity. Ocaratuzumab specifically binds to CD20 antigen (B1), preventing mitogen-induced B-cell proliferation; inhibiting B-cell differentiation; and promoting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and apoptosis of B cells expressing CD20. The Fc portion of this Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] has been engineered to possess a higher binding affinity for variant Fc receptors on T helper cells, resulting in an augmentation of the anti-tumor immune response. Because of Fc engineering, this agent may be significantly more potent than rituximab in inducing B cell-directed ADCC. CD20 is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development.. etanercept defined as following: A recombinant version of soluble human Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein receptor fused to an IgG FC fragment that binds specifically to TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR and inhibits its binding with endogenous Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. golimumab defined as following: A human Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a) with immunosuppressive activity. Golimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a, thereby preventing Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-a production is dysregulated in various auto-immune diseases and in cancer.. Interleukin 6 Receptor defined as following: Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-6. They are present on T-LYMPHOCYTES, mitogen-activated B-LYMPHOCYTES, and peripheral MONOCYTES. The receptors are heterodimers of the INTERLEUKIN-6 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.. methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. adalimumab defined as following: A recombinant, human IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha), with immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, adalimumab binds to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, thereby preventing its binding to the p55 and p75 Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein cell surface receptors and inhibiting Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-mediated immune responses. Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in various autoimmune diseases.. Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] defined as following: A humanized Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04). infliximab defined as following: A chimeric Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] to Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein-ALPHA that is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.. interleukin-6 receptor activity defined as following: Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:jl, GOC:signaling].", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are Drosophila ultraconserved elements candidate ncRNAs?", "id": "converted_1134", "sentence1": "Are DrosophilaRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. mouse embryonic Stem cells defined as following: PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS of day 3.5 mouse embryos.. Y-linked Genes defined as following: Genes that are located on the Y CHROMOSOME.. HBB gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the transport of oxygen to tissues of the adult body.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. TALEN defined as following: Artificial nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific DNA sequences recognized by TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTORS. They are composed of an endodeoxyribonuclease fused to DNA-binding domains of the transcription activator-like effectors..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the Paramyxovirus geneome segmented, negative-sense RNA?", "id": "converted_3832", "sentence1": "Is the Paramyxovirus geneome segmented, negative-sense RNA?", "sentence2": "The Paramyxovirus, NOS family has a Genome - anatomical entity consisting of a single strand of negative sense RNA, The avian Paramyxovirus, NOS type 1 (APMV-1), or Newcastle disease virus (NDV), comprise a diverse group of Virus with a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA Genome - anatomical entity., Members of the Paramyxoviridae sp. sp. such as measles, mumps, and parainfluenza Virus have pleomorphic, enveloped virions that contain negative-sense unsegmented RNA genomes., UNLABELLED: Mumps virus (MuV), a Paramyxovirus, NOS containing a negative-sense nonsegmented RNA Genome - anatomical entity, is a Homo sapiens pathogen that causes an Acute infectious disease with symptoms ranging from Parotitis to mild meningitis and severe Encephalitis., UNLABELLED: Mumps virus (MuV) is a Paramyxovirus, NOS with a negative-sense nonsegmented RNA Genome - anatomical entity., Paramyxoviridae sp. sp., a large family of enveloped Virus harboring a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA Genome - anatomical entity, include important Homo sapiens pathogens as measles, mumps, Human Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza Virus, and Henipavirus, which cause some of the deadliest emerging zoonoses. There , Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae sp. sp. family of membrane-enveloped Virus with a negative-sense RNA Genome - anatomical entity that is packaged and protected by long filamentous nucleocapsid-helix structures (RNPs). , The Paramyxovirus, NOS Genome - anatomical entity, a nonsegmented, negative-polarity, single-stranded RNA of approximately 15 kb, contains six transcription units flanked at the 3' and 5' ends by a short (approximately 50- to 60-nucleotide) extracistronic sequence, dubbed the positive and negative leader regions. These, The replication of nonsegmented minus-strand RNA genomes, like that of Sendai Paramyxovirus, NOS (SeV), are controlled by the short leader regions present at each end of the linear genomes and antigenomes; the left and right promoters (HOXA10 protein, Homo sapiens and Receptors, Progesterone), respectively. Wil, UNLABELLED: Mumps virus (MuV), a Paramyxovirus, NOS containing a negative-sense nonsegmented RNA Genome - anatomical entity, is a Homo sapiens pathogen that causes an Acute infectious disease with symptoms ranging from Parotitis to mild meningitis and severe enc, s viral glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains may play a role in this coordination, we have investigated the importance of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) protein cytoplasmic domain in the assembly of the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA Paramyxovirus, NOS simian virus 5 (SV5). By, Beilong virus, a novel Paramyxovirus, NOS with the largest Genome - anatomical entity of non-segmented negative-stranded RNA Virus., The Paramyxovirus, NOS Genome - anatomical entity, a nonsegmented, negative-polarity, single-stranded RNA of approximately 15 kb, contains six transcription units flanked at the 3' and 5' ends by a short (approximately 50- to 60-nucleotide) extracistronic sequence, dubbed the positive and negative leader regions., Paramyxovirus particles are pleomorphic, with a lipid envelope, nonsegmented RNA genomes of negative polarity, and densely packed glycoproteins on the virion surface., An alternative method to determine the 5' All All extremities of non-segmented, negative sense RNA viral genomes using positive replication intermediate 3' tailing: application to two members of the Paramyxoviridae sp. sp. family., Simian parainfluenza virus 5 (SV5) is a prototype of the Paramyxoviridae sp. sp. family of nonsegmented negative-sense RNA Virus., Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae sp. sp., is associated with respiratory tract illness, primarily in young children and persons with underlying disease.[SEP]Relations: Parotitis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with sarcoidosis, disease_phenotype_positive with sarcoidosis. Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Deferasirox, drug_drug with Deferasirox, drug_drug with Dactinomycin, drug_drug with Dactinomycin, drug_drug with Interferon beta-1b, drug_drug with Interferon beta-1b, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Ximelagatran. Definitions: Parotitis defined as following: INFLAMMATION of the PAROTID GLAND.. Human Metapneumovirus defined as following: A species of nonsegmented, negative-strand ssRNA Virus in the family Paramyxoviridae sp.. Infections with Homo sapiens metapneumovirus can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections in patients of all ages. This virus is second only to Human respiratory syncytial virus as the most commonly identified cause of pediatric lower respiratory illness.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Paramyxovirus, NOS defined as following: A single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae sp. family.. Human respiratory syncytial virus defined as following: The type species of PNEUMOVIRUS and an important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. It frequently presents with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia and is further characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and pallor.. Encephalitis defined as following: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.. Receptors, Progesterone defined as following: Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.. HOXA10 protein, human defined as following: Homeobox protein Hox-A10 (410 aa, ~42 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens HOXA10 gene. This protein plays a role in embryonic pattern formation.. Parainfluenza Virus 5 defined as following: A species of RUBULAVIRUS originally isolated from cultured primary monkey cells. Its natural host is the DOG in which it causes kennel cough, but it can also infect humans.. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. Henipavirus defined as following: A genus of enveloped, pleomorphically spherical Virus in the family Paramyxoviridae sp.. The Genome - anatomical entity is composed of a linear single-strand of negative sense RNA. The Henipavirus natural reservoir is considered to be fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family and cause influenza-like illness in humans.. Newcastle disease virus defined as following: The most well known avian Paramyxovirus, NOS in the genus AVULAVIRUS and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause CONJUNCTIVITIS in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is lactotransferrin a tumour suppressor?", "id": "converted_3115", "sentence1": "Is lactoferrin a tumour suppressor?", "sentence2": "LTF protein, human protein, human (LTF protein, human gene, or LTF protein, human protein, human gene) plays important role in innate immunity, and its anti-tumor function has also been reported in multiple cancers., We previously reported that LTF protein, human protein, human is significantly down-regulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma) and acts as a tumor suppressor by suppressing Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt signaling., The tumor suppressor function of LTF protein, human gene (LTF protein, human protein, human) has been reported in a variety of Neoplasms, including GC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma) and Malignant neoplasm of prostate., Lactotransferrin (LTF protein, human protein, human) has been confirmed to act as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers, Lactotransferrin acts as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by repressing Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt through multiple mechanisms., LTF protein, human protein, human is likely to be a candidate tumor suppressor and downregulates the development of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inhibiting Nasopharyngeal carcinoma proliferation through induction of cell cycle arrest and modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.[SEP]Relations: LTF protein, human gene transport has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport, bioprocess_bioprocess with iron ion transport, bioprocess_bioprocess with iron ion transport. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Nitroaspirin, drug_drug with Nitroaspirin, drug_drug with Cefapirin, drug_drug with Cefapirin, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Ximelagatran. Definitions: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt defined as following: Expressed in diverse tissues, Protein Kinase B (Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/RAC Family) is a group (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) of cytoplasmic serine/threonine enzymes that covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrate proteins and regulate cell signaling responses to insulin, PDGF, and IGF1 (through PI3K) involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, glycogen synthesis, and glucose uptake.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. LTF protein, human gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both the transport of iron and proteolysis.. lactoferrin defined as following: This gene is involved in both the transport of iron and proteolysis.. LTF protein, human defined as following: Lactotransferrin (710 aa, ~78 kDa) is encoded by the human LTF protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of both proteolysis and iron transport..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can bergapten cross the blood-brain barrier?", "id": "converted_4367", "sentence1": "Can 5-methoxypsoralen cross the Blood - brain barrier function?", "sentence2": "Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies showed that 5-methoxypsoralen has higher absolute bioavailability and can cross the Blood - brain barrier function and has a great potential for treating Brain Diseases, but the mechanism needs further clarification to make greater use of its ability to treat brain diseases. [SEP]Relations: blood brain barrier has relations: anatomy_anatomy with glial blood brain barrier, anatomy_anatomy with glial blood brain barrier, anatomy_anatomy with cell layer, anatomy_anatomy with cell layer. Brain Diseases has relations: contraindication with Cefepime, contraindication with Cefepime, contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Cyclopentolate, contraindication with Edrophonium, contraindication with Edrophonium. Definitions: 5-methoxypsoralen defined as following: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. Brain Diseases defined as following: Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are BBS mutations involved in syndromic Hirschsprung disease?", "id": "converted_525", "sentence1": "Are Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation involved in syndromic Hirschsprung disease?", "sentence2": "Epistasis between ret unit of radiation dose and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation modulates enteric innervation and causes syndromic Hirschsprung disease, Here, we report 3 families with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with concomitant Gene Mutation in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome genes and regulatory ret unit of radiation dose elements, whose functionality is tested in physiologically relevant assays. Our data suggest that Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation can potentiate HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 predisposing ret unit of radiation dose alleles, which by themselves are insufficient to cause disease, Epistasis between ret unit of radiation dose and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation modulates enteric innervation and causes syndromic Hirschsprung disease., Our data suggest that Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation can potentiate HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 predisposing ret unit of radiation dose alleles, which by themselves are insufficient to cause disease., Here, we report 3 families with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with concomitant Gene Mutation in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome genes and regulatory ret unit of radiation dose elements, whose functionality is tested in physiologically relevant assays, Our data suggest that Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Gene Mutation can potentiate HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 predisposing ret unit of radiation dose alleles, which by themselves are insufficient to cause disease, Here, we report 3 families with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 with concomitant Gene Mutation in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome genes and regulatory ret unit of radiation dose elements, whose functionality is tested in physiologically relevant assays[SEP]Relations: hirschsprung disease, susceptibility to has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_protein with MED12, disease_protein with MED12, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with EDNRB, disease_protein with GDNF, disease_protein with GDNF, disease_protein with ret unit of radiation dose, disease_protein with ret unit of radiation dose. Definitions: ret unit of radiation dose defined as following: a unit of radiation dose. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8). Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Ubrogepant effective for migraine?", "id": "converted_3483", "sentence1": "Is ubrogepant effective for migraine?", "sentence2": "Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor antagonists such as ubrogepant are effective for acute relief of migraine Headache, whereas Monoclonal Antibodies against Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (eptinezumab, fremanezumab and galcanezumab) or the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor (erenumab) effectively prevent migraine attacks. , Despite the clear safety concerns, clinical trial data suggests that their intermittent use remains a viable and safe alternative, with 2 Molecule remaining in clinical development (ubrogepant and rimegepant). , Two gepants, ubrogepant and rimegepant, have completed positive pivotal trials for acute treatment of migraine, but have not yet been submitted to the FDA for this indication., Two gepants, ubrogepant and rimegepant, have completed positive pivotal trials for the acute treatment of migraine, but have not yet been submitted to the FDA for this indication. , Geographic Locations covered: This review reports on compounds currently under development for the oral treatment of acute migraine attacks, focusing on Calcitonin-Gene-Related-Peptide receptor antagonists, specifically ubrogepant and rimegepant. , Furthermore, new hope rises for the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (calcitonin-gene related peptide)-antagonists, as the data for ubrogepant do not suggest Hepatotoxicity but efficacy. , We applied this strategy for another late-stage clinical program: ubrogepant (MK-1602), a novel oral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists for acute treatment of migraine. , A phase IIb randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine., AIM: The aim of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ubrogepant (MK-1602), a Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RA), for the acute treatment of migraine., ubrogepant 100 mg was significantly superior to placebo for two-hour pain freedom (25.5% vs 8.9%) but not for two-hour Headache response., CONCLUSION: This trial supports ubrogepant's efficacy and provides further evidence that Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RAs are viable options for the acute treatment of migraine., Meanwhile, 1 small-molecule Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor antagonist (ubrogepant, MK-1602) is currently in phase 3 studies for the acute treatment of migraine., Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor antagonists such as ubrogepant are effective for acute relief of migraine Headache, whereas Monoclonal Antibodies against Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (eptinezumab, fremanezumab and galcanezumab) or the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor (erenumab) effectively prevent migraine attacks., Recent findings\n\nCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide II (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) receptor antagonists (gepants-rimegepant and ubrogepant) and serotonin 5-HT __sub__ 1F __end_sub__ receptor agonists (ditans-lasmiditan) have completed phase 3 clinical trials and will soon offer novel, effective, well-tolerated nonvasoconstrictor options to treat acute migraine., We applied this strategy for another late-stage clinical program: ubrogepant (MK-1602), a novel oral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists for acute treatment of migraine., Recently, orally administered next-generation small molecule Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RAs have been shown to have safety and efficacy in acute treatment (ubrogepant and rimegepant) and prevention (atogepant) of migraine, giving additional Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-based therapeutic options for migraine patients., ubrogepant 100 mg was significantly superior to placebo for two-hour pain freedom (25.5% vs 8.9%) but not for two-hour Headache response., lasmiditan, rimegepant and ubrogepant will extend our therapeutic armamentarium for managing acute migraine attacks when Triptans are not effective or contraindicated due to Cardiovascular Diseases., lasmiditan, rimegepant and ubrogepant will extend our therapeutic armamentarium for managing acute migraine attacks when Triptans are not effective or contraindicated due to Cardiovascular Diseases., lasmiditan, ubrogepant, and rimegepant are currently emerging acute migraine therapies that may be added to the arsenal of current migraine management., ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine Disorders Disorders ., ubrogepant 100 mg was significantly superior to placebo for two-hour pain freedom (25.5% vs 8.9%) but not for two-hour Headache response., CONCLUSION\nThis trial supports ubrogepant's efficacy and provides further evidence that Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RAs are viable options for the acute treatment of migraine., ubrogepant (MK-1602) is a novel, oral, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists in clinical development with positive Phase III outcomes for acute treatment of migraine., CONCLUSION: This trial supports ubrogepant's efficacy and provides further evidence that Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RAs are viable options for the acute treatment of migraine., This trial supports ubrogepant's efficacy and provides further evidence that Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-RAs are viable options for the acute treatment of migraine., ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine Disorders Disorders., ubrogepant is an oral, small-molecule Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists for acute migraine treatment.[SEP]Relations: ubrogepant has relations: drug_drug with Fosnetupitant, drug_drug with Fosnetupitant, drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Aprepitant, drug_drug with Rimegepant, drug_drug with Rimegepant, drug_drug with Mibefradil, drug_drug with Mibefradil, drug_drug with Netupitant, drug_drug with Netupitant. Definitions: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide defined as following: A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.. Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists defined as following: Pharmacologic agents that block NOCICEPTIVE PAIN signaling from CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTORS. They may be useful for the treatment of pain associated with MIGRAINE DISORDERS and OSTEOARTHRITIS.. Migraine Disorders defined as following: A common, severe type of vascular Headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptor defined as following: Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.. Hepatotoxicity defined as following: Toxicity that impairs or damages the liver.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by region; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Headache defined as following: The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.. agonists defined as following: Used with chemicals, drugs, and endogenous substances to indicate substances or agents that have affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity at that receptor. (From Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p.16). Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Triptans defined as following: Derivatives of TRYPTAMINES that are SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS acting at 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Some are used to treat MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. migraine defined as following: A common, severe type of vascular Headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are immune cells affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?", "id": "converted_1535", "sentence1": "Are immune cells affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?", "sentence2": "Therapeutic immunization of mSOD1 mice with a myelin-derived peptide led to cyclophosphamide/prednisone activation, and was followed by the accumulation of immunoregulatory cells, including IL-10-producing monocyte-derived Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages and Foxp3(+) regulatory Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, and elevation of the neurotrophic factors Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the diseased Spinal Cord parenchyma, Immunization with a Myelin-Derived Antigen Activates the Brain's Choroid Plexus for Recruitment of Immunoregulatory Cells to the Central Nervous System and Attenuates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of ALS., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressing fatal Neurodegenerative Disorders characterized by the selective death of Neurons, Efferent (MNSs Blood-Group System) in the Spinal Cord, and is associated with local neuroinflammation., T-lymphocyte deficiency increases Neuronal loss in CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, while boosting T-Lymphocyte levels reduces it., As disease accelerates, a shift occurs from beneficial immune responses (involving M2 Microglia and Regulatory T-Lymphocytes) to deleterious immune responses (involving M1 Microglia and T-helper cell type 1). In this review, we underscore the importance of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ALS and discuss the alterations and distinct phenotypes of immune cells at the different stages of disease., Immunological disturbances have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Recombinant Chemokine are involved in the recruitment of immune cells., The immune system has been found to be involved with positive and negative effects in the nervous system of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. In general, Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells, mast cell, Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Microglia, Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic, complement and Recombinant Cytokines participate in limiting damage., Immunological disturbances have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Recombinant Chemokine are involved in the recruitment of immune cells., We propose the following mechanism for the effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity) administered intrathecally in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity increase infiltration of peripheral immune cells into Central Nervous System and skew the infiltrated immune cells toward regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg ) and Th2 lymphocytes., Immune Cell infiltration to the brain's territory was considered for decades to reflect a pathological process in which immune cells attack the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System); such a process is observed in the inflammatory autoimmune disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS).[SEP]Relations: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis has relations: disease_disease with familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, disease_disease with familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, disease_disease with motor neuron disease, disease_disease with motor neuron disease, disease_protein with FIG4, disease_protein with FIG4, disease_protein with OTOG, disease_protein with OTOG, disease_disease with progressive muscular atrophy, disease_disease with progressive muscular atrophy. Definitions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis defined as following: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower Neurons, Efferent in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of Neurons, Efferent with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94). Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. Dendritic Cells defined as following: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).. Microglia defined as following: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of Recombinant Cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS development and remodeling.. Natural Killer Cells defined as following: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.. mast cell defined as following: Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cell contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cell normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.. Neurodegenerative Disorders defined as following: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.. Spinal Cord defined as following: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.. T-Lymphocyte defined as following: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes sensitized to that antigen.. Regulatory T-Lymphocytes defined as following: CD4-positive Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.. Recombinant Chemokine defined as following: Formulated therapeutic analogs of one of a number of endogenous small polypeptide Recombinant Cytokines with potential antineoplastic activity. Synthesized by Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells, chemokines are released in the presence of infection or physical tissue damage, and act as chemoattractants to recruit Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages, neutrophils, and Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes from the blood to sites of infection or damage. These agents may regulate tumor growth by modulating tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis and can either promote or retard tumor growth. (NCI04). Insulin-Like Growth Factor I defined as following: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor defined as following: The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.. Immune Cell defined as following: A cell in the immune system that is involved in host defense. This category may include lymphocytes, monocytes, Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cell, and thrombocytes. Precursor cells in these lineages may also be included.. MNSs Blood-Group System defined as following: A system of universal human blood group isoantigens with many associated subgroups. The M and N traits are codominant and the S and s traits are probably very closely linked alleles, including the U antigen. This system is most frequently used in paternity studies.. T-helper cell type 1 defined as following: A subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete INTERLEUKIN-2; INTERFERON-GAMMA; and INTERLEUKIN-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, T-helper cell type 1 are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.. B-Lymphocytes defined as following: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.. Mesenchymal Stem Cells defined as following: An undifferentiated stromal cell with the ability to develop into the cells that form distinct mesenchymal tissues; such as bone, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.. Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity defined as following: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:jl, PMID:22206667]. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, Spinal Cord, and meninges.. Neurons, Efferent defined as following: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any link between the aurora B kinase and the polycomb protein ring1B?", "id": "converted_579", "sentence1": "Is there any link between the Aurora Kinase B and the polycomb protein ring1B?", "sentence2": "The Aurora Kinase B and the polycomb protein ring1B combine to regulate active promoters in quiescent lymphocytes., We show that the AURKB protein, human kinase and the polycomb protein RNF2 wt Allele have essential roles in regulating transcriptionally active genes in quiescent lymphocytes. RNF2 wt Allele and AURKB protein, human bind to a wide range of active promoters in resting B and T cells. Conditional knockout of either protein results in reduced transcription and binding of RNA Polymerase II to Promoter Regions, Genetic and decreased cell viability. AURKB protein, human phosphorylates histone H3S28 at active promoters in resting B cells as well as inhibiting RNF2 wt Allele-mediated ubiquitination of Histone H2a and enhancing binding and activity of the USP21 gene deubiquitinase at transcribed genes. Our results identify a mechanism for regulating transcription in quiescent cells that has implications for epigenetic regulation of the choice between proliferation and quiescence., We show that the AURKB protein, human kinase and the polycomb protein RNF2 wt Allele have essential roles in regulating transcriptionally active genes in quiescent lymphocytes., We show that the AURKB protein, human kinase and the polycomb protein RNF2 wt Allele have essential roles in regulating transcriptionally active genes in quiescent lymphocytes. RNF2 wt Allele and AURKB protein, human bind to a wide range of active promoters in resting B and T cells. Conditional knockout of either protein results in reduced transcription and binding of RNA Polymerase II to Promoter Regions, Genetic and decreased cell viability. , We show that the AURKB protein, human kinase and the polycomb protein RNF2 wt Allele have essential roles in regulating transcriptionally active genes in quiescent lymphocytes. RNF2 wt Allele and AURKB protein, human bind to a wide range of active promoters in resting B and T cells.[SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Interferon alfa-2b. Histone H2a acetylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with MORF4L1, bioprocess_protein with MORF4L1, bioprocess_protein with RUVBL1, bioprocess_protein with RUVBL1. Definitions: Promoter Regions, Genetic defined as following: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.. Histone H2a defined as following: Slightly lysine rich histone. One of four histones assembled into a nucleosomal core octamer. Various posttranslationally modified forms and variants exist. Combines with histone H2B in a heterodimer; two H2A/H2B dimers are incorporated in the nucleosomal octamer.. AURKB protein, human defined as following: Aurora kinase B (344 aa, ~39 kDa) is encoded by the human AURKB gene. This protein plays a role in both the modulation of microtubule structure and facilitation of chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis.. Aurora Kinase B defined as following: An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.. RNF2 wt Allele defined as following: Human RNF2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q25.3 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RING2 protein, plays a role in histone ubiquitination and the repression of gene transcription.. RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is ibudilast effective for multiple sclerosis?", "id": "converted_2801", "sentence1": "Is ibudilast effective for Multiple Sclerosis?", "sentence2": "ibudilast slowed brain atrophy in Parts per million (qualifier value) and SPMS patients in a multicenter phase 2b study., ibudilast inhibits several CNP gene, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and toll-like receptor 4 and can cross the blood-brain barrier, with potential salutary effects in progressive Multiple Sclerosis., CONCLUSIONS: In a phase 2 trial involving patients with progressive Multiple Sclerosis, ibudilast was associated with slower progression of brain atrophy than placebo but was associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal side effects, Headache, and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression., Specifically, the current evidence regarding treatment of progressive MS with ocrelizumab, simvastatin, ibudilast, thioctic acid, high-dose biotin, siponimod, and cell-based therapies are discussed., Based on our knowledge of pathophysiology, three therapeutic strategies are proposed: anti-inflammatory (ocrelizumab, siponimod…); remyelinating (opicinumab); and neuroprotective (high-dose biotin, ibudilast, simvastatin…). , Current article provides an overview of the pharmacology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with a focus on preclinical and clinical data supporting its potential neuroprotective benefits for neurological conditions, including Multiple Sclerosis, Neuropathic pain, medication overuse Headache, Cerebrovascular accident, Opioids, Alcohol - Recreational Drug Use Code and methamphetamine abuse., Design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of the randomized double-blind phase II clinical trial of ibudilast in progressive Multiple Sclerosis., METHODS: SPRINT-MS is a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial of ibudilast in patients with POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA., CONCLUSION: SPRINT-MS is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ibudilast as a treatment for POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA while simultaneously validating five different imaging biomarkers as outcome metrics for use in future phase II proof-of-concept POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA trials., ibudilast for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis., AREAS COVERED: This article reviews various studies looking at ibudilast as a potential therapy for MS. It summarizes prior and current clinical trials of ibudilast in MS as well as its pharmacology.EXPERT OPINION: Although ibudilast has not been found to decrease the focal inflammatory activity in relapsing MS, it was shown to have an effect on preserving brain volume and disability progression. ibudilast may have a role in the treatment of progressive MS phenotypes., Adverse events with ibudilast included No gastrointestinal symptom, Headache, and Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression.Include only the concept itself in the domain or value set. Do not include descendents of the concept.
.", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Rhamnose have any effect on aging?", "id": "converted_3046", "sentence1": "Does Rhamnose have any effect on aging?", "sentence2": "The Monosaccharides analysis showed that rhamnose (SKIN/HAIR/EYE PIGMENTATION, VARIATION IN, 2 (disorder)) and Glucose measurement (glutamate) may play vital roles in maintaining the antioxidant and anti-aging activities. , Some of these mechanisms will be reviewed as well as the capacity of fucose- and rhamnose-rich oligo- and polysaccharides (FROP and RROP) to counteract several of the mechanisms involved in skin aging.[SEP]Relations: response to rhamnose has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hexose, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hexose, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to rhamnose stimulus, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to rhamnose stimulus. Increased groin pigmentation with raindrop depigmentation has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Mixed hypo- and hyperpigmentation of the skin, phenotype_phenotype with Mixed hypo- and hyperpigmentation of the skin, phenotype_phenotype with Irregular hyperpigmentation, phenotype_phenotype with Irregular hyperpigmentation, disease_phenotype_positive with thumb deformity-alopecia-pigmentation anomaly syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with thumb deformity-alopecia-pigmentation anomaly syndrome. Definitions: Glucose measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of Glucose measurement present in a sample.. rhamnose defined as following: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.. Monosaccharides defined as following: Single chain carbohydrates that are the most basic units of CARBOHYDRATES. They are typically colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are alterations in ultraconserved elements implicated in breast cancer?", "id": "converted_1880", "sentence1": "Are alterations in ultraconserved elements implicated in Malignant neoplasm of breast?", "sentence2": "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in ultraconserved elements and familial Malignant neoplasm of breast risk, In the present study, we investigated the influence of six Single Nucleotide Polymorphism within UCEs on familial Malignant neoplasm of breast risk. Two out of six Single Nucleotide Polymorphism showed an association with familial Malignant neoplasm of breast risk, This is the first study indicating that Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in UCEs might be associated with cancer risk, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in ultraconserved elements and familial Malignant neoplasm of breast risk., Recent studies have indicated that UCEs are not Mutation Abnormality cold regions and likely to be concerned with Malignant Neoplasms, including Malignant neoplasm of breast (BC Original Formula Original Formula). , Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in ultraconserved elements and familial Malignant neoplasm of breast risk., Genetic variants in ultraconserved elements and risk of Malignant neoplasm of breast in Chinese population.[SEP]Relations: breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to has relations: disease_protein with RAD51D, disease_protein with RAD51D, disease_protein with RAD51C, disease_protein with RAD51C, disease_phenotype_positive with Breast carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Breast carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Multifactorial inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Multifactorial inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Ovarian carcinoma, disease_phenotype_positive with Ovarian carcinoma. Definitions: Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. familial Malignant neoplasm of breast defined as following: Breast carcinoma that has developed in relatives of patients with history of breast carcinoma.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is selenium deficiency involved in autoimmune thyroid disease?", "id": "converted_957", "sentence1": "Is selenium deficiency involved in autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease?", "sentence2": "In areas with severe selenium deficiency higher incidence of Thyroiditis has been reported due to a decreased activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase Enzyme [APC] within THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS cells, Of 30 patients in the selenium treated group, 6 patients were overtly Hypothyroidism, 15 were subclinical Hypothyroidism, 6 were euthyroid, and 3 were subclinical hyperthyroid. The mean TPOAb concentration decreased significantly by 49.5% (P < 0.013) in the selenium treated group versus 10.1% (P < 0.95) in the placebo-treated group, Selenium supplement supplement substitution has a significant impact on inflammatory activity in THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS-specific autoimmune disease, Serum selenium is low in newly diagnosed Graves Disease, S-Se was lower in patients with GD than in controls (mean (SD), GD: 89·9 μg/l (18·4); controls: 98·8 μg/l (19·7), P < 0·01), Patients with newly diagnosed GD and Autoimmune hepatitis had significantly lower s-Se compared with random controls. Our observation supports the postulated link between inadequate selenium supply and overt autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, especially GD, Selenium supplement supplement deficiency is likely to constitute a risk factor for a feedforward derangement of the immune system-THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS interaction, while selenium supplementation appears to dampen the self-amplifying nature of this derailed interaction, The recent recognition that the essential trace element selenium is incorporated as selenocysteine in all three deiodinases has decisively confirmed the clear-cut link between selenium and THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS function. It has additionally been established that the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS contains more selenium than any other Tissue Specimen Code and that selenium deficiency aggravates the manifestation of endemic myxedematous cretinism and autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, Maintenance of \"selenostasis\" via optimal intake not only aids preservation of general health but also contributes substantially to the prevention of THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, Low birth weight, Iodine, Homeopathic preparation excess and deficiency, selenium deficiency, parity, oral contraceptive use, reproductive span, fetal microchimerism, stress, seasonal variation, Allergy Specialty, smoking, radiation damage to the Neck>Thyroid gland, Viral and bacterial infections all play a role in the development of autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disorders, It has additionally been established that the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS contains more selenium than any other Tissue Specimen Code and that selenium deficiency aggravates the manifestation of endemic myxedematous cretinism and autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., Selenium supplement supplement deficiency may play an important role in the initiation and progression of autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., [Selenium supplement supplement deficiency in Celiac Disease: risk of Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease]., Low birth weight, Iodine, Homeopathic preparation excess and deficiency, selenium deficiency, parity, oral contraceptive use, reproductive span, fetal microchimerism, stress, seasonal variation, Allergy Specialty, smoking, radiation damage to the Neck>Thyroid gland, Viral and bacterial infections all play a role in the development of autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disorders., Some clinical studies have demonstrated that selenium-deficient patients with autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease benefit from selenium supplementation, although the data are conflicting and many parameters must still be defined., Our observation supports the postulated link between inadequate selenium supply and overt autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, especially GD., Selenium supplement supplement deficiency in Celiac Disease: risk of Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease]., Selenoproteins contain the essential trace element selenium whose deficiency leads to major disorders including Primary malignant neoplasm, male reproductive system failure, or autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., It has additionally been established that the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS contains more selenium than any other Tissue Specimen Code and that selenium deficiency aggravates the manifestation of endemic myxedematous cretinism and autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Evidence in support of selenium supplementation in THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS autoimmune disease is evaluated, the results herein presented demonstrating the potential effectiveness of selenium in reducing the antithyroid peroxidase titer and improving the echostructure in the ultrasound examination., Some investigators suggest that selenium may be a useful adjunctive treatment for Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, such as Hashimoto and Graves Disease., Therefore, even mild selenium deficiency may contribute to the development and maintenance of Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., Some clinical studies have demonstrated that selenium-deficient patients with autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease benefit from selenium supplementation, although the data are conflicting and many parameters must still be defined., Some clinical studies have demonstrated that selenium-deficient patients with autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease benefit from selenium supplementation, although the data are conflicting and many parameters must still be defined, High prevalence of Hyperplasia and autoimmune diseases of THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS in Ukrainian population is determined by endemic deficit of Iodine, Homeopathic preparation and selenium, It has additionally been established that the THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS contains more selenium than any other Tissue Specimen Code and that selenium deficiency aggravates the manifestation of endemic myxedematous cretinism and autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease., Therefore, even mild selenium deficiency may contribute to the development and maintenance of Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, Some investigators suggest that selenium may be a useful adjunctive treatment for Autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease, such as Hashimoto and Graves Disease[SEP]Relations: autoimmune THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease has relations: disease_disease with Thyroiditis (disease), disease_disease with Thyroiditis (disease), disease_disease with atrophic Thyroiditis, disease_disease with atrophic Thyroiditis, disease_disease with Graves disease, disease_disease with Graves disease, disease_protein with TG, disease_protein with TG, disease_disease with autoimmune disease of endocrine system, disease_disease with autoimmune disease of endocrine system. Definitions: Autoimmune hepatitis defined as following: Hepatitis caused by autoantibodies. Drugs, infections, and toxins may trigger the production of the autoantibodies against the liver parenchyma.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. selenocysteine defined as following: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. Selenoproteins defined as following: Selenoproteins are proteins that specifically incorporate SELENOCYSTEINE into their amino acid chain. Most selenoproteins are enzymes with the selenocysteine residues being responsible for their catalytic functions.. Hyperplasia defined as following: An increase in the number of cells in a Tissue Specimen Code or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.. Iodine, Homeopathic preparation defined as following: homeopathic drug. Graves Disease defined as following: Hyperthyroidism associated with diffuse hyperplasia of the Neck>Thyroid gland (goiter), resulting from production of antibodies that are directed against the thyrotropin receptor complex of the follicular epithelial cells. As a result, the Neck>Thyroid gland enlarges and secretes increased amounts of THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS hormones.. THYROID DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS disease defined as following: Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Thyroiditis defined as following: Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.. Celiac Disease defined as following: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome?", "id": "converted_1105", "sentence1": "Are Thyroid Hormones receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in Thyroid Hormones resistance syndrome?", "sentence2": "Gene Mutation in Homo sapiens TRα1 mediate RTH with features of Hypothyroidism in particular Body tissue (e.g. skeleton, Multisection:Find:Pt:Abdomen+Pelvis>Gastrointestinal tract:Doc:US), but are not associated with a markedly dysregulated pituitary-thyroid axis., Clinical phenotype of a new type of Thyroid Hormones resistance caused by a Mutation Abnormality of the receptor[SEP]Relations: response to Thyroid Hormones has relations: bioprocess_protein with AKR1B1, bioprocess_protein with AKR1B1, bioprocess_protein with SLC34A1, bioprocess_protein with SLC34A1. Hypothyroidism has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with isolated thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with isolated thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with resistance to thyrotropin-releasing hormone syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with resistance to thyrotropin-releasing hormone syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypothyroidism due to TSH receptor mutations, disease_phenotype_positive with Hypothyroidism due to TSH receptor mutations. Definitions: Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. receptor defined as following: A protein located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm, that binds to a specific signaling factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter, causing a conformational and functional change in the receptor molecule. The ligand-bound receptor then alters its interaction with target molecules, which leads to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does thyroid hormone affect cardiac remodeling?", "id": "converted_1097", "sentence1": "Does Thyroid Hormones affect Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling?", "sentence2": "The aim of this brief paper is to highlight new developments in understanding the cardioprotective role of Thyroid Hormones in reverting regulatory networks involved in adverse Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling., Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TRα1) is shown to be critical for the maturation of cardiomyocytes and for the cellular response to stress. TRα1 is altered during post ischemic Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling but the physiological significance of this response is not fully understood. , Anterior Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal induces downregulation of Thyroid Hormones signaling and pharmacological inhibition of TRα1 further depresses post-ischemic Cardiac - anatomy qualifier function., These findings reveal crucial roles for DIO3 gene in Chest>Heart function and remodeling, which may have pathophysiologic implications for Homo sapiens restrictive cardiomyopathy., Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens administration after Anterior Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal prevented Tissue Specimen Code Hypothyroidism and resulted in decreased beta-MHC expression, increased wall thickening and normalized wallstress, while stretch-induced p38 MAPK activation was increased. We conclude that Diabetes Mellitus exacerbates post-ischemic Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling and that Tissue Specimen Code Hypothyroidism may be involved in this response., Thyroid hormone can favorably remodel the diabetic myocardium after acute Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., It has been previously shown that regulators of physiological growth such as Thyroid Hormones (Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens) can favorably remodel the post ischaemic myocardium., Acute Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in diabetic Rattus norvegicus results in Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens receptor down-regulation with important physiological consequences. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens treatment prevents this response and improves Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hemodynamics., Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens affects Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling by limiting Reperfusion Injury, and, at later states, by inducing distinct changes in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier chamber geometry in a time-dependent manner., Furthermore, administration of Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens can convert pathologic to physiologic hypertrophy. These effects are the result of favorable cellular remodeling., Thyroid hormone (Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens) is critical in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier cell differentiation (regulating Contractile Proteins and cell geometry) and this effect could be potentially exploited therapeutically in reversing the process of de-differentiation which underlies postischemic Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling. , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens treatment partially reverses Cardiac - anatomy qualifier dysfunction in Rattus norvegicus with old Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal by favorably changing Cardiac - anatomy qualifier chamber geometry and expression of myosin isoforms. Thyroid hormone, unlike current treatments, appears to be a paradigm of therapeutic intervention which aims at restoring Cardiac - anatomy qualifier geometry and may prove new effective treatment for Chest>Heart failure., Changes in Thyroid Hormones (Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens)-Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens receptors (threonine-tRNA ligase activity) axis occur in the course of post-Infarction Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling and seem to contribute to Cardiac - anatomy qualifier fetal phenotype. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens can \"rebuild\" the post-infarcted Chest>Heart by preventing the fetal-like pattern of Contractile Proteins expression, normalizing wall tension, and optimizing Cardiac - anatomy qualifier chamber geometry. , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens, apart from its \"classical\" actions on Cardiac - anatomy qualifier contractility and Chest>Heart rhythm, appears to regulate various Protoplasm signaling pathways related to stress responses and Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodelling., More importantly, experimental and clinical studies demonstrate that Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens can limit ischaemic injury, attenuate Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling and improve Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hemodynamics. , Thyroid hormone attenuates Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling and improves hemodynamics early after acute Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in Rattus norvegicus., Thyroid hormone administration early after Infarction attenuates Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling and significantly improves Myocardial performance., It has previously been shown that Thyroid Hormones can reverse Cardiac - anatomy qualifier remodeling in failing hearts by reducing Myocardial wall stress due to the unique changes induced in Myocytes, Cardiac shape. [SEP]Relations: response to Thyroid Hormones has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to hormone, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Thyroid Hormones stimulus, bioprocess_bioprocess with cellular response to Thyroid Hormones stimulus, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to thyroxine, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to thyroxine, bioprocess_protein with HPN, bioprocess_protein with HPN. Thyroid Hormones receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with OASL, molfunc_protein with OASL. Definitions: Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. Myocytes, Cardiac defined as following: Striated muscle cells found in the Chest>Heart. They are derived from Cardiac - anatomy qualifier myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).. acute Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal defined as following: Necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. It is characterized by a severe and rapid onset of symptoms that may include chest pain, often radiating to the left arm and left side of the neck, dyspnea, sweating, and palpitations.. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens defined as following: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (528 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Homo sapiens gene. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Contractile Proteins defined as following: Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in Tissue Specimen Code due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. threonine-tRNA ligase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr). [EC:6.1.1.3]. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Myocardial defined as following: Of or pertaining to the myocardium.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Thyroid Hormone Receptor defined as following: Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta Thyroid Hormones receptors, respectively.. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Anterior myocardial infarction defined as following: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the Chest>Heart is involved. Anterior wall Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall Myocardial Infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal.. Reperfusion Injury defined as following: Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the Tissue Specimen Code (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is aggrephagy a variant of autophagy?", "id": "converted_3813", "sentence1": "Is aggrephagy a variant of autophagy?", "sentence2": "The selective branch of autophagy that deals with identification, capture and degradation of Protein Info aggregates is called aggrephagy., Mechanistic insights into aggrephagy, a selective basal autophagy process to clear misfolded Protein Info aggregates, , , it is largely unknown how misfolded polypeptides form aggresomes and are eventually cleared by the aggresome-macroautophagy/autophagy pathway, so-called aggrephagy.[SEP]Relations: Protein C has relations: drug_drug with Nonacog beta pegol, drug_drug with Nonacog beta pegol, drug_drug with Vatreptacog alfa, drug_drug with Vatreptacog alfa, drug_drug with Anagrelide, drug_drug with Anagrelide, drug_drug with Damoctocog alfa pegol, drug_drug with Damoctocog alfa pegol, drug_drug with Sarpogrelate, drug_drug with Sarpogrelate. Definitions: Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is proton beam therapy used for treatment of craniopharyngioma?", "id": "converted_4359", "sentence1": "Is proton beam therapy used for treatment of Craniopharyngioma?", "sentence2": " The majority of children had adjuvant therapy comprising proton beam therapy (18/59; 30.5%) or conventional radiotherapy (16/59; 27.1%)., Proton Therapy for Craniopharyngioma - An Early Report from a Single European Centre., AIMS: Proton beam therapy (Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human) is being increasingly used for Craniopharyngioma. , MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2013 and July 2016, 18 patients with craniopharyngiomas were treated with 54 Cobalt Gray Equivalent (CGE) in 30 fractions over 6 weeks at our centre., CONCLUSIONS: Our early results are encouraging and comparable with the limited literature on Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human for Craniopharyngioma., All of the other patients underwent proton-beam radiotherapy with no documented tumor growth (median follow-up: 20 months; range 5.1-29.9 months)., Where aggressive subtotal resection is achieved, patients should be closely followed, with radiation initiated at the time of progression or recurrence-ideally via proton beam therapy, although three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery are very appropriate in a range of circumstances, governed by access, patient age, Disease architecture, and character of the recurrence., This study examined parental distress in a sample of families of patients with Cp treated with proton beam therapy to identify factors for targeting psychological intervention.PROCEDURE: Prior to (n = 96) and 1 year after (n = 73) proton therapy, parents of children diagnosed with Cp (9.81 ± 4.42 years at baseline; 49% male) completed a self-report measure of distress, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)., Diagnoses included Medulloblastoma, Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoma, Glioma, Germ cell tumor, and others., Initial experience with proton beam therapy in childhood-onset Craniopharyngioma patients shows promising results in terms of more protective radiological treatment. , Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess secondary neutron doses received by patients treated with proton therapy for Malignant melanoma of eye and Craniopharyngioma., Secondary neutron doses in proton therapy treatments of Malignant melanoma of eye and Craniopharyngioma., AIMS: Proton beam therapy (Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human) is being increasingly used for Craniopharyngioma., LTS: Published reports suggest a benefit to proton beam therapy for use in Neoplasms of the skull base, including craniopharyngiomas, Chordoma, skull-base sarcomas, and unresectable meningiomas.CONC, In recent years, proton therapy (PT), with its physical properties of heavy ion beam, that is, Prague peak phenomenon, has been more frequently used in patients with Craniopharyngioma., Proton beam therapy versus conformal photon radiation therapy for childhood Craniopharyngioma: multi-institutional analysis of outcomes, cyst dynamics, and Toxic effect., PURPOSE: We compared proton beam therapy (Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human) with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for pediatric Craniopharyngioma in terms of Disease control, cyst dynamics, and Toxic effect., Proton therapy for Craniopharyngioma in adults: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis., We hereby report a case of a 7-year-old boy with a Craniopharyngioma which had been subtotally resected and was subsequently treated with modern pencil beam proton therapy under high-precision image guidance., Pencil beam scanning proton therapy for the treatment of Craniopharyngioma complicated with radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathies: A dosimetric and linear energy transfer (Linear Energy Transfer) evaluation., tial experience with proton beam therapy in childhood-onset Craniopharyngioma patients shows promising results in terms of more protective radiological treatment. R, PURPOSE: We compared proton beam therapy (Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human) with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for pediatric Craniopharyngioma in terms of Disease control, cyst dynamics, and toxic, BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study analyses the dosimetric and dose averaged Linear Energy transfer (LETd) correlation in paediatric Craniopharyngioma (cyclophosphamide/prednisone) patients with and without radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathies (RICVs) treated with pencil beam scanning (PBS) pro, OBJECTIVE: The authors compared survival and multiple comorbidities in children diagnosed with Craniopharyngioma who underwent gross-total resection (GTR) versus subtotal resection (STR (short terminal repeat, nucleic acid) (short terminal repeat, nucleic acid)) with radiation therapy (RT), either intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or proton beam therapy (P, Proton Therapy for Craniopharyngioma - An Early Report from a Single European Centre, s. Some studies have shown that PT has advantages in the treatment of Craniopharyngioma in adu, Postoperative cerebral glucose metabolism in pediatric patients receiving proton therapy for Craniopharyngioma, Clinical equipoise: Protons and the child with Craniopharyngioma., skull base. More public attention has been given to proton beam therapy due to the increasing number of centers now in operation or in the planning stages for offering this treatment option.METHODS: We reviewed the physical properties of Protons and the clinical studies performed to justify their use in the management of skull-base Neoplasms and determine the benefits of proton beam therapy.RESULTS: Published reports suggest a benefit to proton beam therapy for use in Neoplasms of the skull base, including craniopharyngiomas, Chordoma, skull-base sarcomas, and unresectable meningiomas.CONCLUSIONS: Use of proton beam th, PURPOSE: We report the results of the early cohort of patients treated for Craniopharyngioma with combined proton-photon irradiation at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory.METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1981 and 1988, 15 patients with Craniopharyngioma were treated in part or entirely with fractiona, UNLABELLED: This retrospective preliminary review evaluated the efficacy and Toxic effect of fractionated proton radiotherapy in the management of pediatric Craniopharyngioma.METHODS: Sixteen patients, aged 7-34 years, were treated with p, population. We evaluated the outcomes of all adult Craniopharyngioma patients treated at our institution using proton therapy to report outcomes for Disease control, treatment-related Toxic effect, and tumor response.METHODS: We analyzed 14 adult patie, Proton radiation has been used safely and effectively for Medulloblastoma, primitive neuro-ectodermal Neoplasms, Craniopharyngioma, Ependymoma, Germ Cells intracranial Neoplasms, low-grade glioma, Retinoblastoma, Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma and other Sarcoma of soft tissue, Ewing's sarcoma of bone of bone and other Osteosarcoma., ontroversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PT for Craniopharyngioma in adults.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Amed, Scopus), clinical research registration websites and grey literature, aiming to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on PT for Craniopharyngioma in adults between 1[SEP]Relations: Craniopharyngioma has relations: disease_protein with CTNNB1, disease_protein with CTNNB1, disease_phenotype_positive with Headache, disease_phenotype_positive with Headache, disease_disease with Disease of facial skeleton, disease_disease with Disease of facial skeleton, disease_phenotype_positive with Bitemporal hemianopia, disease_phenotype_positive with Bitemporal hemianopia, disease_disease with bone benign neoplasm, disease_disease with bone benign neoplasm. Definitions: Protons defined as following: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.. Sarcoma of soft tissue defined as following: A malignant neoplasm arising from muscle tissue, adipose tissue, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other supportive tissues excluding the bones.. Medulloblastoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1). Linear Energy Transfer defined as following: Rate of energy dissipation along the path of charged particles. In radiobiology and health physics, exposure is measured in kiloelectron volts per micrometer of tissue (keV/micrometer T).. Ependymoma defined as following: Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial Neoplasms in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular Neoplasms which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary Neoplasms. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Osteosarcoma defined as following: A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed). Germ cell tumor defined as following: A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.. Glioma defined as following: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21). Retinoblastoma defined as following: A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104). Craniopharyngioma defined as following: A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) Craniopharyngioma and papillary Craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50). Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Mast/Stem Cell Growth Factor Receptor Kit, human defined as following: Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (976 aa, ~110 kDa) is encoded by the human KIT gene. This protein is involved in cell survival, tyrosine phosphorylation and ligand-mediated signaling.. Germ Cells defined as following: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.. Anal Rhabdomyosarcoma defined as following: A malignant mesenchymal tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation affecting the anus.. Ewing's sarcoma of bone defined as following: A small round cell bone tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It often affects the diaphysis or metaphyseal-diaphyseal portion of long bones. Clinical findings include pain and a mass in the involved area. Fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increased sedimentation rate are often seen. X-ray examination reveals osteolytic lesions. The prognosis depends on the stage, anatomic location, and size of the tumor.. Chordoma defined as following: A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed). Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Malignant melanoma of eye defined as following: A melanoma that arises from the structures of the eye or ocular adnexa..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is periampullary carcinoma (PAC) a relatively rare genitourinary malignancy", "id": "converted_4416", "sentence1": "Is periampullary carcinoma (cisplatin/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) a relatively rare genitourinary malignancy", "sentence2": "Pancreaticobiliary subtype of Periampullary carcinoma (cisplatin/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) has a poor prognosis in comparison to the Intestines subtype., MUC1 wt Allele wt Allele, KRT20 wt Allele, and Caudal-type homeobox protein 2 Ag immunohistochemical markers can sub-classify periampullary carcinomas into pancreaticobiliary, Intestines, and mixed subtypes., Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET) is a complex surgical procedure involving resection of the Duodenum and Duodenum and duodenum, the Head of pancreas and uncinate process, and the distal common bile duct. It is most commonly performed for periampullary malignancy but may also be indicated in select cases of chronic pancreatitis or benign periampullary tumors., In patients suspected of Pancreatic Hormones or periampullary cancer, abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (X-Ray Computed Tomography) is the standard diagnostic modality., The pre-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), when ≥5 has been associated with reduced survival for patients with various Malignant neoplasm of gastrointestinal tract, however, it's prognostic value in patients with periampullary tumour has not been reported to date., Comparison Of Biliary Stenting And Surgical Bypass In Palliative Management Of Irresectable Periampullary Carcinoma., Some 20-40% of the periampullary carcinoma is irresectable at the time of diagnosis. Biliary stenting and surgical bypass are commonly used palliative procedure., Whereas Periampulary AdenoCarcinoma (cisplatin/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) having four anatomic subtypes, Pancreatic Hormones, Common Bile Duct (OPN1MW gene), ampullary and Duodenum and Duodenum and duodenum shows relative better prognosis, DEFINITION: Periampullary carcinomas are rare and constitute a special entity, as diagnosed earlier and having a better prognosis than other duodenal tumors.METHODS: In the present study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 16 patients with periampullary carcinomas over 10 years.RESULTS: 16 patients, 10 men and 6 women (median age 66.7 years, range 42-80) had a , Periampullary carcinomas: a special entity of duodenal tumors., Periampullary adenocarcinomas are rare neoplasm that originates from the Head of pancreas, the ampulla of vater, the distal bile duct or the Duodenum and Duodenum and duodenum.[SEP]Relations: periampullary adenocarcinoma has relations: disease_disease with ampulla of vater adenocarcinoma, disease_disease with ampulla of vater adenocarcinoma. intestine has relations: anatomy_protein_present with PACS2, anatomy_protein_present with PACS2, anatomy_protein_present with PACS1, anatomy_protein_present with PACS1, anatomy_protein_present with PACSIN2, anatomy_protein_present with PACSIN2. Duodenum and duodenum has relations: anatomy_protein_present with PACS1, anatomy_protein_present with PACS1. Definitions: Head of pancreas defined as following: That portion of the pancreas lying in the concavity of the Duodenum and duodenum.. MUC1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MUC1 wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 1q21 and is approximately 121 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mucin-like protein 1, plays a role in both cellular defense by binding pathogens and in cell signaling.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. Malignant neoplasm of gastrointestinal tract defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.. KRT20 wt Allele defined as following: Human KRT20 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.2 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes keratin, type I cytoskeletal 20 protein, is involved in the modulation of Intestines development.. Pancreatic Hormones defined as following: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete Pancreatic Hormones polypeptide.. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. X-Ray Computed Tomography defined as following: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "The LINCS L1000 data set contains gene expression data for drug treated human cells, yes or no?", "id": "converted_3349", "sentence1": "The LINCS L1000 data set contains gene expression data for drug treated Human cells, yes or no?", "sentence2": " Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 dataset that measured changes in Gerbich blood group system before and after treatment of Human cells with over 20 000 small-molecule compounds including most of the FDA-approved drugs., The Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 big data provide gene expression profiles induced by over 10 000 compounds, shRNAs, and kinase inhibitors using the L1000 platform., The Library of Integrated Cellular Signatures (LINCS) project provides comprehensive transcriptome profiling of Human Cell Line before and after Chemicals and genetic perturbations., Recently, resources such as the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 database provide gene expression profiles induced by various Chemicals and genetic perturbations, The library of integrated network-based cellular signatures (LINCS) L1000 data set currently comprises of over a million gene expression profiles of chemically perturbed Human Cell Line., The LINCS L1000 data repository contains almost two million gene expression profiles for thousands of small molecules and drugs., The Gerbich blood group system data is from the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 dataset that measured changes in Gerbich blood group system before and after treatment of Human cells with over 20 000 small-molecule compounds including most of the FDA-approved drugs.[SEP]Relations: AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling has relations: bioprocess_protein with CACNA1G, bioprocess_protein with CACNA1G, bioprocess_bioprocess with cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction, bioprocess_bioprocess with cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction, bioprocess_bioprocess with AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication, bioprocess_bioprocess with AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication. blood group, lewis system has relations: disease_disease with Mendelian disease, disease_disease with Mendelian disease. Definitions: Chemicals defined as following: A substance with a defined atomic or molecular structure that results from, or takes part in, reactions involving changes in its structure, composition, or properties.. drug defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Could RG7112 be used as cancer therapy?", "id": "converted_1145", "sentence1": "Could RG7112 be used as cancer therapy?", "sentence2": "RG7112 is a potent and selective member of the nutlin family of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens antagonists currently in phase I clinical studies., Our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept that RG7112 is effective in treatment of solid Neoplasms expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele., On the other hand, JNJ 26854165, a novel tryptamine derivative and RG7112, a cis-imidazoline representative have shown promising results in early phases of trials in cancer patients., MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens small-molecule Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 activates TP53 wt Allele signaling and regresses Homo sapiens Neoplasms in preclinical cancer models., On the other hand, JNJ 26854165, a novel tryptamine derivative and RG7112, a cis-imidazoline representative have shown promising results in early phases of trials in cancer patients., RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis., In Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele, RG7112 stabilizes TP53 wt Allele and activates the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition or regression of Homo sapiens tumor xenografts., Treatment of Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele with RG7112 activated the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis., RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms., Treatment of Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele with RG7112 activated the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, On the other hand, JNJ 26854165, a novel tryptamine derivative and RG7112, a cis-imidazoline representative have shown promising results in early phases of trials in cancer patients, RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens small-molecule Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 activates TP53 wt Allele signaling and regresses Homo sapiens Neoplasms in preclinical cancer models, In Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele, RG7112 stabilizes TP53 wt Allele and activates the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition or regression of Homo sapiens tumor xenografts, RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms, We report a proof-of-mechanism study of RG7112, a small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance), in patients with chemotherapy-naive primary or relapsed well-differentiated or dedifferentiated MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens-amplified liposarcoma who were eligible for resection, BACKGROUND: RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms. , Treatment of Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele with RG7112 activated the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. , Effect of the MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) RG7112 on the P53 pathway in patients with MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens-amplified, well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma: an exploratory proof-of-mechanism study., RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms. , Thus, inhibitors of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that can reactivate TP53 wt Allele in Tumor cells, malignant may offer an effective approach for cancer therapy., Treatment of Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele with RG7112 activated the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 showed potent antitumor activity against a panel of solid tumor Cultured Cell Line., A crystal structure of the RG7112-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens complex revealed that the small molecule binds in the TP53 wt Allele pocket of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, mimicking the interactions of critical TP53 wt Allele amino acid residues. Treatment of Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele with RG7112 activated the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis., RG7112 (2g) is the first clinical small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor designed to occupy the TP53 wt Allele-binding pocket of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens. In Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele, RG7112 stabilizes TP53 wt Allele and activates the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition or regression of Homo sapiens tumor xenografts., RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms. RG7112 and its inactive enantiomer RG7112i were evaluated against the 23 Cultured Cell Line of the N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure (1 nM to 10 µM)., Thus, inhibitors of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that can reactivate TP53 wt Allele in Tumor cells, malignant may offer an effective approach for cancer therapy. RG7112 is a potent and selective member of the nutlin family of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens antagonists currently in phase I clinical studies., In Tumor cells, malignant expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele, RG7112 stabilizes TP53 wt Allele and activates the TP53 wt Allele pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition or regression of Homo sapiens tumor xenografts. ., Restoration of TP53 wt Allele activity by inhibiting the TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens interaction may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. RG7112 (2g) is the first clinical small-molecule MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens inhibitor designed to occupy the TP53 wt Allele-binding pocket of MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens., RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms.RG7112 and its inactive enantiomer RG7112i were evaluated against the 23 Cultured Cell Line of the N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure (1 nM to 10 µM)., Notably, RG7112 was highly synergistic with androgen deprivation in LNCaP xenograft Neoplasms. Our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept that RG7112 is effective in treatment of solid Neoplasms expressing wild-type TP53 wt Allele., RG7112 induced tumor regressions in solid Neoplasms from different histotype panels, and exhibited consistent high-level activity against ALL xenografts. This high level of activity supports prioritization of RG7112 for further evaluation., RG7112 is a selective inhibitor of TP53 wt Allele-MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens binding that frees TP53 wt Allele from negative control, activating the TP53 wt Allele pathway in Tumor cells, malignant leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RG7112 was selected for evaluation by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) due to the relatively low incidence of TP53 wt Allele mutations in pediatric cancers compared with adult Malignant Neoplasms.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Rituximab, drug_drug with Rituximab, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Bamet-UD2, drug_drug with Methotrexate, drug_drug with Methotrexate, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with Bortezomib, drug_drug with NS-398, drug_drug with NS-398. Definitions: MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (491 aa, ~55 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MDM2 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of the ubiquitination and degradation of protein substrates, and the inhibition of apoptosis induction that is mediated by cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele.. liposarcoma defined as following: A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed). TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms in select cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. solid Neoplasms defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered solid Neoplasms.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do chromatin features predict genes associated with eQTLs?", "id": "converted_2349", "sentence1": "Do chromatin features predict Genes associated with eQTLs?", "sentence2": "Using the random forest classifier, we found that genomic proximity plus five Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report and chromatin features are able to predict>90% of target Genes within 1 megabase of eQTLs, Using the random forest classifier, we found that genomic proximity plus five Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report and chromatin features are able to predict >90% of target Genes within 1 megabase of eQTLs., Cell type-specific gene expression in Homo sapiens involves complex interactions between regulatory factors and DNA at enhancers and Promoter. Mapping studies for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (TFs) and chromatin markers have become widely used tools for identifying gene regulatory elements, but prediction of target Genes remains a major challenge. Here, we integrate genome-wide data on Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report-binding sites, chromatin markers and functional annotations to predict Genes associated with human eQTLs. Using the random forest classifier, we found that genomic proximity plus five Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report and chromatin features are able to predict >90% of target Genes within 1 megabase of eQTLs. Despite being regularly used to map target Genes, proximity is not a good indicator of eQTL targets for Genes 150 kilobases away, but insulators, Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report co-occurrence, open chromatin and functional similarities between TFs and Genes are better indicators. Using all six features in the classifier achieved an area under the specificity and sensitivity curve of 0.91, much better compared with at most 0.75 for using any single feature. We hope this study will not only provide validation of eQTL-mapping studies, but also provide insight into the molecular mechanisms explaining how genetic variation can influence gene expression.[SEP]Relations: transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with C1QBP, molfunc_protein with C1QBP, molfunc_protein with METTL23, molfunc_protein with METTL23, molfunc_protein with ETS1, molfunc_protein with ETS1, molfunc_protein with CENPF, molfunc_protein with CENPF, molfunc_protein with AHR, molfunc_protein with AHR. Definitions: Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Male-to-Female Transsexual, Self-Report defined as following: A person who was assigned to the male gender at birth based on physical characteristics but who self-identifies psychologically and emotionally as female.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. chromatin defined as following: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Serca2a bind PLN in the heart?", "id": "converted_1487", "sentence1": "Does Serca2a bind PLN gene in the Chest>Heart?", "sentence2": "The human phospholamban Arg14-deletion mutant localizes to Plasma membrane and interacts with the Na/K-ATPase., Moreover, PLN gene gene-R14Del did not co-immunoprecipitate with SERCA2a (as did WT-PLN gene gene),, n this review, we attempted to highlight the functional significance of PLN gene gene in Vertebrates cardiac physiology. We will refer to the huge literature on Mammals in order to describe the molecular characteristics of this Protein Info, its interaction with SERCA2a, There is clear evidence for direct regulatory Protein Info-Protein Info interactions between phospholamban (PLN gene gene) and the Ca2+-ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2a) in Cytoplasmic domains, These results suggest that PLN gene gene modulates the apparent Ca2+ affinity of SERCA2a through intramembrane interactions, which are disrupted at long range and in concert with disruption of the well characterized Cytoplasmic interactions., Phospholamban (PLN gene gene), a homopentameric, integral membrane Protein Info, reversibly inhibits cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) activity through intramembrane interactions., The concentration of this inhibited complex is determined by the dissociation constant for the PLN gene gene pentamer (which is mutation-sensitive) and by the dissociation constant for the PLN gene gene/SERCA2a heterodimer (which is likely to be mutation-sensitive)., These results support the proposal that PLN gene gene inhibition of SERCA2a involves, first, depolymerization of PLN gene gene and, second, the formation of inhibitory interactions between monomeric PLN gene gene and SERCA2a., SLN gene gene and PLN gene gene appear to bind to the same regulatory site in SERCA. However, in a ternary complex, PLN gene gene occupies the regulatory site and SLN gene gene binds to the exposed side of PLN gene gene and to SERCA., Cells and biochemical studies revealed that, unlike wild-type PLN gene gene, PLN gene gene(R9C) did not directly inhibit SERCA2a., . Conversely, using anti-SERCA2a immunoglobulin complex location, both PLN gene gene and Acylphosphatase were co-immunoprecipitated with SERCA2a, and the PLN gene gene amount in the precipitate decreased with increasing Acylphosphatase concentrations., Reconstitution of the Cytoplasmic interaction between phospholamban and Ca(2+)-ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum., Phospholamban (PLN gene gene) reversibly inhibits the Ca(2+)-ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2a) through a direct Protein Info-Protein Info interaction, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of Protoplasm Ca(2+) in Myocytes, Cardiac., Phospholamban (PLN gene gene) is a key regulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis and contractility in the Chest>Heart. Its regulatory effects are mediated through its interaction with the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases, (SERCA2a), resulting in alterations of its Ca(2+)-affinity, In a co-immunoprecipitation of PLN gene gene with SERCA2a, the physical interaction between the two Proteins was increased in PUGNAc-treated cardiomyocytes.[SEP]Relations: Plasma membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with PLA2G2A, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G2A, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G3, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G3, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G6, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G6, cellcomp_protein with PLXNA2, cellcomp_protein with PLXNA2, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G5, cellcomp_protein with PLA2G5. Definitions: phospholamban defined as following: free sarcoplasmic reticulum polymeric proteolipid which modulates sarcoplasmic reticulum function; phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent, calcium-calmodulin-dependent, and calcium-phospholipid-dependent Protein Info kinases.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the Protein Info.. Plasma membrane defined as following: The lipid- and Protein Info-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded Vertebrates animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases defined as following: Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.. Myocytes, Cardiac defined as following: Striated muscle cells found in the Chest>Heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species.. immunoglobulin complex location defined as following: A Protein Info complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional Proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the Plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781765196]. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as Proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Dexmecamylamine effective for depression?", "id": "converted_3432", "sentence1": "Is Dexmecamylamine effective for depression?", "sentence2": "At treatment end, no significant differences were seen for change in MADRS total score with TC-5214 versus placebo. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in any of the secondary endpoints. , TC-5214 (Dexmecamylamine) is a nicotinic channel modulator that has previously been evaluated for treatment of major depression disorder (Major Depressive Disorder) and is currently being evaluated by Targacept as a treatment for overactive bladder. , In these 2 flexibly-dosed studies, no specific therapeutic effects were observed for TC-5214 (1-4 mg Twice a day) adjunct to Antidepressive Agents in the primary endpoint or any secondary endpoint; however, TC-5214 was generally well tolerated. In conclusion, no Antidepressive Agents effect of TC-5214 was observed in these studies., TC-5214 (Dexmecamylamine) is a nicotinic channel modulator that has previously been evaluated for treatment of major depression disorder (Major Depressive Disorder) and is currently being evaluated by Targacept as a treatment for overactive bladder., No notable differences were observed between Dexmecamylamine and placebo for any secondary end point., TC-5214 ( Dexmecamylamine ) is a nicotinic channel modulator that has previously been evaluated for treatment of major depression disorder ( Major Depressive Disorder ) and is currently being evaluated by Targacept as a treatment for overactive bladder . , TC-5214 (Dexmecamylamine) is a nicotinic channel modulator that has previously been evaluated for treatment of major depression disorder (Major Depressive Disorder) and is currently being evaluated by Targacept as a treatment for overactive bladder., At treatment end, no significant differences were seen for change in MADRS total score with TC-5214 versus placebo., In these 2 flexibly-dosed studies, no specific therapeutic effects were observed for TC-5214 (1-4 mg Twice a day) adjunct to Antidepressive Agents in the primary endpoint or any secondary endpoint; however, TC-5214 was generally well tolerated.[SEP]Relations: Mecamylamine has relations: drug_drug with Dexetimide, drug_drug with Dexetimide, drug_drug with Dextran, drug_drug with Dextran, drug_drug with Dextromoramide, drug_drug with Dextromoramide, drug_drug with Dexmedetomidine, drug_drug with Dexmedetomidine, drug_drug with Dexniguldipine, drug_drug with Dexniguldipine. Definitions: Major Depressive Disorder defined as following: Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5). Antidepressive Agents defined as following: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.. Twice a day defined as following: Two times per day, at unspecified times..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there an association between carcinoid syndrome and mitral valve disease?", "id": "converted_2310", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome and Mitral Valve disease?", "sentence2": "Other concomitant operations included Mitral Valve procedure (11%), aortic valve procedure (9%), patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect closure (23%), cardiac metastasectomies or biopsy (4%), and simultaneous coronary artery bypass (11%). , High circulating serotonin (Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome) and serotoninergic drugs are known to cause Heart valve disease that shares pathologic features with DMVD., Surgery included Replacement of tricuspid valve in all patients, pulmonary valve replacement in 3 and valvectomy in 7, Mitral Valve replacement in 6 and repair in 1, aortic valve replacement in 4 and repair in 2, CABG in 2, and patent foramen ovale closure in 5. , We report two observations of significant left heart involvement in patients with the Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome assessed by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiographic lesions of this kind have only been reported twice. In the present cases, there was mitral involvement with mitral regurgitation in one case and a mitro-aortic involvement with mitral and aortic regurgitation in the other., An observation of Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome in a woman of 47 suffering from Carcinoid Specimen Source Codes - tumor, malignant of the Ileum and Ileum and ileum with metastases into the Abdomen>Liver and right ovary is described. The clinical picture included Diarrhea, heat waves, Bronchospasm, Hypertensive disease, hyperserotoninemia, affection of the Mitral Valve and left atrium. , A case of Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome, stemming from a Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor of the large Intestines with hepatic metastases, is reported. Clinical features included Heart Diseases with triple valvular lesion: Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency with Stenosis Morphology, Pulmonary artery Stenosis Morphology and Mitral Valve Insufficiency. , High circulating serotonin (Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome) and serotoninergic drugs are known to cause Heart valve disease that shares pathologic features with DMVD.[SEP]Relations: heart valve disease has relations: disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease. congenital Mitral Valve insufficiency has relations: disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with Mitral Valve disease, disease_disease with vascular insufficiency disorder, disease_disease with vascular insufficiency disorder. Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome has relations: disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with carcinoid crisis, disease_disease with carcinoid crisis. Definitions: Mitral Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to Mitral Valve regurgitation.. Pulmonary artery Stenosis Morphology defined as following: A congenital or acquired cardiovascular abnormality characterized by the narrowing of the lumen of the main pulmonary artery or its branches. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, fatigue, and edema.. Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the TRICUSPID VALVE.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Bronchospasm defined as following: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.. Mitral Valve defined as following: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.. Heart valve disease defined as following: Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).. Replacement of tricuspid valve defined as following: Surgery performed with the purpose of replacing a degenerated, calcified, malformed, dysfunctional, etc. tricuspid valve with bioprosthetic, homograft or autograft valve.. Diarrhea defined as following: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.. Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome defined as following: A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the Abdomen>Liver. Symptoms are caused by Specimen Source Codes - tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed). mitral defined as following: a valve that controls blood flow between heart chambers. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Mitral Valve disease defined as following: A heart disorder characterized by a defect in Mitral Valve structure or function..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Vitamin D induce autophagy?", "id": "converted_1800", "sentence1": "Does Vitamin D induce autophagy?", "sentence2": " 1,25(OH)2D treatment was accompanied by autophagy activation , Autophagy signaling pathway was regulated by cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol induces autophagy, Vitamin D shows promise for the prevention and amelioration of pathologic responses in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, an effect that is mediated, at least in part, by the induction and modulation of autophagy.[SEP]Relations: Ergocalciferol has relations: drug_drug with Vitamin D, drug_drug with Vitamin D, contraindication with familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E, contraindication with familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E, drug_protein with VDR, drug_protein with VDR. Cholecalciferol has relations: drug_drug with Vitamin D, drug_drug with Vitamin D, contraindication with familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E, contraindication with familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E. Definitions: ergocalciferol defined as following: Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of ergocalciferol. Ergocalciferol is the form of ergocalciferol usually found in vitamin supplements. (NCI04). cholecalciferol defined as following: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. Vitamin D defined as following: Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of ergocalciferol. Ergocalciferol is the form of ergocalciferol usually found in vitamin supplements. (NCI04).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Ctf4 involved in sister chromatid cohesion establishment?", "id": "converted_688", "sentence1": "Is Ctf4 involved in sister chromatid cohesion establishment?", "sentence2": "In addition to Eco1, several other factors contribute to cohesion establishment, including Ctf4, CHTF18 gene, Tof1, Csm3, DDX11 gene and Mrc1, but little is known about their roles. Here, we show that each of these factors facilitates cohesin acetylation. Moreover, the absence of Ctf4 and DDX11 gene, but not of the other factors, causes a synthetic growth defect in Cells lacking Eco1. Distinct from acetylation defects, sister chromatid cohesion in ctf4Δ and chl1Δ Cells is not improved by removing WAPL gene, Thus, Ctf4 and DDX11 gene delineate an additional acetylation-independent pathway that might hold important clues as to the mechanism of sister chromatid cohesion establishment, Genetic analyses revealed that RMI1 gene promoted sister chromatid cohesion in a process that was distinct from both the cohesion establishment pathway involving Ctf4, Csm3, and DDX11 gene, Influence of the Homo sapiens cohesion establishment factor Ctf4/AND-1, Here, we used Xenopus egg extracts to show that AND-1 and Tim1-Tipin, homologues of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ctf4 and Tof1-Csm3, respectively, are associated with the replisome and are required for proper establishment of the cohesion observed in the M-phase extracts, These data defined two cohesion pathways, one containing CSM3, TOF1, WDHD1 gene, and CHL1, and the second containing MRC1 gene gene, CTF18, CHTF8 gene, and DSCC1 gene, Our results suggest that DDX11 gene and Ctf4 are directly involved in homologous recombination repair rather than acting indirectly via the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along chromosomes with, replication forks, WSS1 was also found to interact genetically with SGS1, TOP3A wt Allele, SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME 2 and WDHD1 gene, which are involved in recombination, repair of replication forks and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, The Catalytic Domain of budding yeast Polalpha (Pol1p) has been shown to associate in vitro with the Spt16p-Pob3p complex, a component of the nucleosome reorganization system required for both replication and transcription, and with a sister chromatid cohesion factor, Ctf4p, Constituents of the replication fork, such as the DNA polymerase alpha-binding protein Ctf4, contribute to cohesion in ways that are poorly understood, Genetic analyses revealed that RMI1 gene promoted sister chromatid cohesion in a process that was distinct from both the cohesion establishment pathway involving Ctf4, Csm3, and DDX11 gene and the pathway involving the acetylation of SMC3 wt Allele., Our results suggest that DDX11 gene and Ctf4 are directly involved in homologous recombination repair rather than acting indirectly via the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion., Ctf4/AND-1 is a highly conserved gene product required for both DNA replication and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion., Here we show that three Proteins required for sister chromatid cohesion, Eco1, Ctf4, and CHTF18 gene, are found at, and Ctf4 travels along chromosomes with, replication forks., Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by the alternative RF-CCtf18/Dcc1/Ctf8, the helicase DDX11 gene and the polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 is essential for chromatid disjunction during meiosis II., Saccharomyces cerevisiae CTF18 and WDHD1 gene are required for sister chromatid cohesion., We find that absence of either WDHD1 gene or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of Cells that depends on the Spindle assembly checkpoint., We show here that CHTF8 gene, WDHD1 gene and a helicase encoded by CHL1 are required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion in unperturbed mitotic Cells, and provide evidence that DDX11 gene functions during S Phase., In budding yeast, a specialized replication factor C called RF-C(CHTF18 gene/Dcc1/Ctf8) and the DNA-polymerase-alpha-associated protein Ctf4 are required to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in Cells arrested for long periods in mitosis., The physical and genetic interactions between WDHD1 gene, CTF18, and core components of replication fork complexes observed in this study and others suggest that both gene products act in association with the replication fork to facilitate sister chromatid cohesion., Our results suggest that DDX11 gene and Ctf4 are directly involved in homologous recombination repair rather than acting indirectly via the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion., Thus, Ctf4 and DDX11 gene delineate an additional acetylation-independent pathway that might hold important clues as to the mechanism of sister chromatid cohesion establishment., Thus, Ctf4 and DDX11 gene delineate an additional acetylation-independent pathway that might hold important clues as to the mechanism of sister chromatid cohesion establishment., Ctf4/AND-1 is a highly conserved gene product required for both DNA replication and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, Genetic analyses revealed that RMI1 gene promoted sister chromatid cohesion in a process that was distinct from both the cohesion establishment pathway involving Ctf4, Csm3, and DDX11 gene and the pathway involving the acetylation of SMC3 wt Allele, Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication fork.[SEP]Relations: DDX11 has relations: bioprocess_protein with establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with establishment of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with sister chromatid cohesion, bioprocess_protein with sister chromatid cohesion, molfunc_protein with chromatin binding, molfunc_protein with chromatin binding, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of chromatin binding, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of chromatin binding. Definitions: MRC1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in endocytosis of glycoproteins by macrophages.. SMC3 wt Allele defined as following: Human SMC3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10q25 and is approximately 37 kb in length. This allele, which encodes structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3, is involved in the regulation of chromosome migration during mitosis.. WAPL gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Spindle defined as following: The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [ISBN:0198547684]. TOP3A wt Allele defined as following: Human TOP3A wild-type allele is located within 17p12-p11.2 and is approximately 41 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha protein, is involved in the ATP-independent breakage of negatively supercoiled single-stranded DNA and subsequent passage/rejoining of the broken DNA.. S Phase defined as following: Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Catalytic Domain defined as following: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is single-cell analysis (SCA) possible in proteomics?", "id": "converted_274", "sentence1": "Is single-cell analysis (Structure of superior cerebellar artery) possible in proteomics?", "sentence2": "Toward Single Cell Analysis by Plume Collimation in Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry., he advent of proteomics and genomics at a single-cell level has set the basis for an outstanding improvement in analytical technology and data acquisition., The new-generation technology of single-cell analysis is able to better characterize a cell's population, identifying and differentiating outlier Cells, in order to provide both a single-cell experiment and a corresponding bulk measurement, through the identification, quantification and characterization of all system biology aspects (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, degradomics and fluxomics). The movement of omics into single-cell analysis represents a significant and outstanding shift., Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) is a novel method for the direct imaging of biological tissues by mass spectrometry. By performing ionization in the ambient environment, this technique enables in vivo studies with potential for single-cell analysis., Other approaches for MS-based chemical imaging and profiling include those based on near-field laser ablation and inductively-coupled plasma MS analysis, which offer complementary capabilities for subcellular chemical imaging and profiling., Mass spectrometry imaging and profiling of single Cells., his is rapidly changing with the recent examples of single cell genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The rate of change is expected to accelerate owing to emerging technologies that range from micro/nanofluidics to microfabricated interfaces for mass spectrometry to third- and fourth-generation automated DNA sequencers, Single-cell analysis (Structure of superior cerebellar artery) has been increasingly recognized as the key technology for the elucidation of cellular functions, which are not accessible from bulk measurements on the population level. Thus far, Structure of superior cerebellar artery has been achieved by miniaturization of established engineering concepts to match the dimensions of a single cell, Single-cell proteomic chip for profiling Protoplasm signaling pathways in single tumor Cells., The amount of single Proteins in single Cells can be as low as one copy per cell and is for most Proteins in the attomole range or below; usually considered as insufficient for proteomic analysis., n Arabidopsis thalianaChickens raised for egg production
. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I defined as following: DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.. Camptothecin defined as following: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of Camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.. DNA-binding Protein Info defined as following: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes Proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding Proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, Protein Info, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. mRNA Precursor defined as following: A primary RNA transcript synthesized from a DNA template in eukaryotic nuclei which is post-transcriptionally modified and spliced to produce a mature mRNA.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually Proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does splicing occur co-transcriptionally?", "id": "converted_1055", "sentence1": "Does splicing occur co-transcriptionally?", "sentence2": "Researchers working in multiple model Organism - notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae, insect allergenic extract and mammalian Cells - have shown that RNA, Messenger Precursor can be spliced during the process of transcription (i.e. co-transcriptionally), as well as after transcription termination (i.e. post-transcriptionally), The consensus view, based on four Organism, is that the majority of splicing events take place co-transcriptionally in most Cells and Body tissue., Deep sequencing of subcellular RNA fractions shows splicing to be predominantly co-transcriptional, We show that in the human genome, splicing occurs predominantly during transcription., Consistent with co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly and splicing, we have found significant enrichment of spliceosomal snRNAs in Chromatin-Associated RNA compared with other cellular RNA fractions and other nonspliceosomal snRNAs. , The majority of Introns in higher Eukaryota are excised prior to RNA Transcript release in a manner that is dependent on transcription through pol II, s a result of co-transcriptional splicing, variations in pol II elongation influence alternative splicing patterns, wherein a slower elongation rate is associated with increased inclusion of alternative Exons within mature RNA, Messenger. , We show that the pattern of intronic sequence read coverage is explained by nascent transcription in combination with co-transcriptional splicing, Modelling reveals co-transcriptional splicing to be the most probable and most efficient splicing pathway for the reporter transcripts, due in part to a positive feedback mechanism for co-transcriptional second step splicing, RNA processing events that take place on the transcribed RNA, Messenger Precursor include capping, splicing, editing, 3' processing, and polyadenylation. Most of these processes occur co-transcriptionally while the RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) Enzyme [APC] is engaged in transcriptional elongation, Abundant evidence indicates that splicing to excise Introns occurs co-transcriptionally, prior to release of the nascent RNA Transcript from RNAP II, Together, our work establishes a system for co-transcriptional splicing in vitro, in which the spliceosome containing the 5' and 3' Exons are tethered to RNAP II for splicing., Co-transcriptional splicing of constitutive and alternative Exons, Current evidence supports co-transcriptional spliceosomal assembly, but there is little quantitative information on how much splicing is completed during RNA synthesis, Thus, we demonstrate that the decision to include or skip an alternative exon is made during transcription and not post-transcriptionally, Here, we demonstrated that the co-transcriptional splicing of the intron in vitro was blocked by Antisense Oligonucleotides (AONs) targeting the P3-P7 core of the intron, RNA Editing and alternative splicing: the importance of co-transcriptional coordination, Co-transcriptional splicing of pre-messenger RNAs: considerations for the mechanism of alternative splicing, The realization that splicing occurs co-transcriptionally requires two important considerations[SEP]Relations: rRNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with plastid rRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with plastid rRNA transcription, bioprocess_protein with SPIN1, bioprocess_protein with SPIN1, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7, bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_protein with ANG, bioprocess_protein with TP53, bioprocess_protein with TP53. Definitions: RNA, Messenger Precursor defined as following: A primary RNA RNA Transcript synthesized from a DNA template in eukaryotic nuclei which is post-transcriptionally modified and spliced to produce a mature RNA, Messenger.. RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal Cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or Cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Introns defined as following: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the Exons but are removed from the primary gene RNA Transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some Introns code for separate genes.. Antisense Oligonucleotides defined as following: Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.. RNA Editing defined as following: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of RNA, Messenger from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA Editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in RNA, Messenger; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE, KINETOPLASTIDA).. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living Organism. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a RNA Transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is apixaban effective for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism?", "id": "converted_277", "sentence1": "Is apixaban effective for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism?", "sentence2": "apixaban is a direct inhibitor of Factor Xa, and is a potential alternative for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. , These results suggest a lack of clear superiority of apixaban relative to enoxaparin. apixaban is an Oral Route of Drug administration alternative with similar efficacy and safety to existing anticoagulant therapies., A fixed-dose regimen of apixaban alone was noninferior to conventional therapy for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism and was associated with significantly less Hemorrhage, To critically review the effectiveness of the novel Oral Route of Drug administration anticoagulants (rivaroxaban, dabigatran, ximelagatran, and apixaban) in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism., ompared with Vitamin K containing hemostatics antagonists, the novel Oral Route of Drug administration anticoagulants had a similar risk of recurrence of acute venous thromboembolism and all cause mortality, though rivaroxaban was associated with a reduced risk of Hemorrhage, Nowadays, the new anticoagulants, such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban, show potential advantages over classical treatments. These agents inhibit specific Blood Coagulation Factor and are administered orally at fixed doses., In a recently completed phase III trial, apixaban also demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in that indication, the most advanced Oral Route of Drug administration direct inhibitors to Factor Xa (rivaroxaban and apixaban) and IIa (dabigatran)[SEP]Relations: apixaban has relations: drug_drug with Antithrombin Alfa, drug_drug with Antithrombin Alfa, drug_drug with Prothrombin, drug_drug with Prothrombin, drug_drug with Antithrombin III human, drug_drug with Antithrombin III human, drug_drug with Thiopental, drug_drug with Thiopental, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine. Definitions: rivaroxaban defined as following: An orally bioavailable oxazolidinone derivative and direct inhibitor of the coagulation Factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Upon Oral Route of Drug administration administration, rivaroxaban selectively binds to both free Factor Xa and Factor Xa bound in the prothrombinase complex. This interferes with the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin and eventually prevents the formation of cross-linked fibrin clots. Rivaroxaban does not affect existing thrombin levels.. apixaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation Factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. apixaban directly inhibits Factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots.. Oral Route of Drug administration defined as following: The introduction of a substance to the mouth or into the gastrointestinal tract by the way of the mouth, usually for systemic action. It is the most common, convenient, and usually the safest and least expensive route of drug administration, but it uses the most complicated pathway to the tissues and bioavailability varies. The disadvantages of method are hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation of the drug within the gastrointestinal tract. This prohibits Oral Route of Drug administration administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins.. Blood Coagulation Factor defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process.. Factor Xa defined as following: Activated form of factor X that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. It catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors.. dabigatran defined as following: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.. enoxaparin defined as following: Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). apixaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation Factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. apixaban directly inhibits Factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Mycobacterium abscessus a human pathogen?", "id": "converted_4355", "sentence1": "Is Mycobacterium abscessus a human pathogen?", "sentence2": "Mycobacterium abscessus is unique in terms of its high morbidity and treatment failure rates, Mycobacterium abscessus has emerged as a successful pathogen owing to its intrinsic drug resistance. , Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease is difficult to treat due to intrinsic drug resistance and the persistence of drug-tolerant bacteria., Mycobacterium abscessus has been recognised as a dreadful respiratory pathogen among the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Nontuberculous Mycobacteria) because of misdiagnosis, prolonged therapy with poor treatment outcomes and a high cost. [SEP]Relations: Mycobacterium abscessus abscessus infection has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Opportunistic bacterial infection, phenotype_phenotype with Opportunistic bacterial infection, disease_phenotype_positive with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, disease_phenotype_positive with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Opportunistic bacterial infection, phenotype_phenotype with Opportunistic bacterial infection. Definitions: Mycobacterium abscessus defined as following: A species of aerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is acid-fast, nonmotile, does not reduce nitrate, is amidase, urease and nicotinamidase positive and benzamidase, isonicotinamidase, succinamidase and acetamidase negative. M. abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium found in water, soil and dust, and can cause a variety of serious infections of the skin, soft tissues and lungs, especially in persons with chronic lung diseases.. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria defined as following: So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM that do not cause tuberculosis. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. abscessus, M. buruli, M. chelonae, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. obuense, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is low T3 syndrome a prognostic marker in patients with renal insufficiency?", "id": "converted_248", "sentence1": "Is low SLC25A5 gene syndrome a prognostic marker in patients with renal insufficiency?", "sentence2": "Low SLC25A5 gene was particularly common (44.3 %), and clearly associated with increased 6- and 12-month mortality and decreased overall survival (log rank test, P=0.007). , Increased rT3 may be more common in Kidney Failure, Chronic patients than previously described, and together with decreased SLC25A5 gene it may serve as an indicator of poor prognosis in subsequent months., The presence of Thyroid Function Tests alterations seems to not be associated with clinical and prognostic implications in Blighia sapida patients., Multivariate analysis, according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, showed that mortality was best predicted by total triiodothyronine (SLC25A5 gene)., Finally, low SLC25A5 gene but not low free triiodothyronine was associated with worse all-cause (Likelihood ratio = 45.4; P < 0.0001) and Cardiovascular system mortality (Likelihood ratio = 47.8; P < 0.0001) after adjustment for confounding factors., In Cox analyses, fT3 was a significant predictor of mortality independent of the main traditional as well as non-traditional risk factors., All-cause and CV mortality rates were significantly higher in patients with 'lower' SLC25A5 gene levels than in the 'higher' SLC25A5 gene group (113.4 vs 18.2 events per 1000 patient-years, P<0.001, and 49.8 vs 9.1 events per 1000 patient-years, P=0.001, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier analysis also showed significantly worse cumulative survival rates in the 'lower' SLC25A5 gene group (P<0.001). In the Cox regression analysis, low SLC25A5 gene was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality even after adjusting for traditional risk factors (hazard ratio=3.76, P=0.021). , In Chronic Kidney Diseases patients with Proteinuria, low SLC25A5 gene concentration predicted all-cause mortality and Cardiovascular system event independently of the severity of Proteinuria., Low-SLC25A5 gene syndrome is a frequent finding among Hodgkin Disease patients, but it does not predict outcome. However, serum fT3 level is a strong and inverse mortality predictor, in part explained by its underlying association with nutritional state and Inflammation., These data suggest that low cubic foot levels are not predictive for mortality in a subgroup of stable Hodgkin Disease patients who could survive more than 12 months., Low fT3 is an independent predictor of Cessation of life in hemodialysis patients. These data lend support to the hypothesis that Thyroid dysfunction is implicated in the high risk of the Kidney Failure, Chronic population.[SEP]Relations: Chronic kidney disease has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Renal insufficiency, phenotype_phenotype with Renal insufficiency. kidney failure has relations: disease_protein with INF2, disease_protein with INF2, disease_protein with TLR4, disease_protein with TLR4, disease_protein with NOS3, disease_protein with NOS3, disease_protein with TGFB1, disease_protein with TGFB1. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of Cardiovascular system and cerebral functions.. cubic foot defined as following: A traditional unit of volume equal to 1728 cubic inches, or 1/27 cubic yard, or 0.028 316 85 cubic meter (28.316 85 liters). The cubic foot holds about 7.4805 US gallons.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. SLC25A5 gene defined as following: This gene plays a regulatory role in the production and utilization of ATP.. Proteinuria defined as following: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.. Kidney Failure, Chronic defined as following: The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. Chronic Kidney Diseases defined as following: Impairment of the renal function secondary to chronic kidney damage persisting for three or more months.. Thyroid Function Tests defined as following: Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.. renal insufficiency defined as following: A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Could plasmepsins be used as targets for developing anti-malaria drugs?", "id": "converted_1910", "sentence1": "Could plasmepsins be used as targets for developing anti-Malaria Vaccines drugs?", "sentence2": "Fighting Malaria Vaccines: structure-guided discovery of nonpeptidomimetic plasmepsin inhibitors., Given that the parasite needs the resulting Amino Acids building blocks for its growth and development, plasmepsins are an important antimalarial Pharmacologic Substance target. , Due to early crystallographic evidence, plasmepsin II (Plm II) emerged as well explored target to develop novel Antimalarials as well as a starting point to develop inhibitors targeting some other subtypes of plasmepsins i.e. Plm I, II, IV and V. With the advancements in Pharmacologic Substance discovery, several computational and synthetic approaches were employed in order to develop novel inhibitors targeting Plm II. , Structural basis for plasmepsin V inhibition that blocks export of Malaria Vaccines Proteins to human Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes., Plasmepsin V, an essential aspartyl Endopeptidases of Malaria Vaccines Parasites, has a key role in the export of effector Proteins to parasite-infected Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes. Consequently, it is an important Pharmacologic Substance target for the two most virulent Malaria Vaccines Parasites of Homo sapiens, Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp or Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp + Plasmodium sp and Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium vivax + Plasmodium sp or Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium vivax + Plasmodium sp + Plasmodium sp., Plasmepsin V (PmV) is an essential Plasmodium Endopeptidases and a highly promising antimalarial target, which still lacks molecular characterization and Pharmacologic Substance-like inhibitors., Our inhibitors act 'on-target', confirmed by cellular interference of PmV function and biochemical interaction with inhibitors. , Our work disclosed novel pursuable Pharmacologic Substance design strategies for highly efficient PmV inhibition highlighting novel molecular elements necessary for picomolar activity against PmV. All the presented data are discussed in respect to human aspartic proteases and previously reported inhibitors, highlighting differences and proposing new strategies for Pharmacologic Substance development., High binding likeness on antimalarial target plasmepsin was detected through molecular docking. , This provides the first direct evidence that PMV activity is essential for protein export in Plasmodium spp. and for parasite survival in human Specimen Source Codes - Erythrocytes and validates PMV as an antimalarial Pharmacologic Substance target., The export mechanism involves the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL), which is a cleavage site for the parasite Endopeptidases, Plasmepsin V (PMV). , Plasmepsin II (PM II) is an attractive target for anti-Malaria Vaccines Pharmacologic Substance discovery, which involves in host Hemoglobin A1 (substance) degradation in the acidic food vacuole., These methods are utilized to search for inhibitors of the Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases, plasmepsin II and carboxypeptidase C D. Plasmepsin II, a Endopeptidases found in the Malaria Vaccines parasite, hydrolyzes human Hemoglobin A1 (substance), the Nutrient (property) source for the parasite and is a new target for anti-Malaria Vaccines therapy., Given recent advances in understanding the fundamental roles of the various plasmepsins, it is likely that the most effective antimalarial plasmepsin targets will be the non-food vacuole plasmepsins., Plasmepsins (POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA) are essential proteases of the plasmodia Parasites and are therefore promising targets for developing drugs against Malaria Vaccines., Therefore, the plasmepsins of Malaria Vaccines Parasites have been recognized as attractive antimalarial Pharmacologic Substance targets., As inhibition of plasmepsins leads to the parasite's Cessation of life, these ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS can be utilized as potential Pharmacologic Substance targets., falciparum plasmepsins II and IV make structure-based Pharmacologic Substance design of antimalarial compounds that focus on inhibiting plasmepsins possible., The malarial parasite encodes two homologous aspartic proteases, plasmepsins I and II, which are essential components of its Hemoglobin A1 (substance)-degradation pathway and are novel targets for antimalarial Pharmacologic Substance development., vivax plasmepsins (PvPMs) from different geographical regions are of utmost importance for drugs and vaccine designs for anti-malarial strategies., In Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp or Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp + Plasmodium sp infection, plasmepsins I, II, IV and RTN3 gene have been directly implicated in Hemoglobin A1 (substance) degradation during Malaria Vaccines infection, and are now considered targets for anti-malarial Pharmacologic Substance design., These results shed light on the role of V105 and T108 residues in plasmepsin specificities, and they should be useful in structure-based design of novel, selective inhibitors that may serve as antimalarial drugs., The aspartic proteases plasmepsins, whose inhibition leads to parasite Cessation of life, are classified as targets for the design of potent drugs., A large compound library of about 1 million Chemicals was docked on 5 different targets of plasmepsins using two different docking software, namely FlexX and AutoDock., Plasmodium aspartic proteases known as plasmepsins play an important role on Hemoglobin degradation and are being studied as Pharmacologic Substance targets for chemotherapy of Malaria Vaccines., Our study revealed about 100 parasite-coded gene products that included many known Pharmacologic Substance targets such as HPRT1 gene, Pf L-lactate dehydrogenase, and Plasmepsins., The two aspartic proteases, plasmepsins I and II, from Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp or Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp + Plasmodium sp have recently emerged as potential targets., Plasmepsins are highly promising as Pharmacologic Substance targets, especially when combined with the inhibition of falcipains that are also involved in Hemoglobin A1 (substance) catabolism., Among such ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS, Plasmepsins (aspartic proteases) and, especially, Falcipains (Cysteine Proteases) are highly promising antimalarial Pharmacologic Substance targets., The high sequence conservations between the plasmepsins from the isolates support the notion that the ENZYMES FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND ULCERS could be reliable targets for new antimalarial chemotherapeutics., Due to early crystallographic evidence, plasmepsin II (Plm II) emerged as well explored target to develop novel Antimalarials as well as a starting point to develop inhibitors targeting some other subtypes of plasmepsins i.e., Plasmepsin, an aspartic Endopeptidases, which is involved in the Hemoglobin A1 (substance) breakdown into smaller Peptides emerged as a crucial target to develop new chemical entities to counter Malaria Vaccines., were employed in order to develop new chemical entities targeting Plm II., With the advancements in Pharmacologic Substance discovery, several computational and synthetic approaches were employed in order to develop novel inhibitors targeting Plm II., vivax plasmepsins (PvPMs) from different geographical regions are of utmost importance for drugs and vaccine designs for anti-malarial strategies.., We developed a potent inhibitor of plasmepsin V, called WEHI-842, which directly mimics the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL)., In order to validate appropriate use of PM4 as potential anti-malarial Pharmacologic Substance target, studies on Genetic and structural variations among P., Over the past decade, much effort has been placed towards developing plasmepsin inhibitors as antimalarial agents, particularly targeting the food vacuole.[SEP]Relations: Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium vivax + Plasmodium sp Malaria Vaccines has relations: disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines, disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines. Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp Malaria Vaccines has relations: disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines, disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines, disease_protein with FAS, disease_protein with FAS. Geneticin has relations: drug_drug with Plazomicin, drug_drug with Plazomicin. Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium sp blood infection level has relations: disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines, disease_disease with Malaria Vaccines. Definitions: Chemicals defined as following: A substance with a defined atomic or molecular structure that results from, or takes part in, reactions involving changes in its structure, composition, or properties.. Amino Acids defined as following: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form Proteins.. Hemoglobin A1 (substance) defined as following: A tetrameric complex of 2 molecules of Hemoglobin A1 (substance) subunit alpha (encoded by either the HBA1 or HBA2 gene) and 2 molecules of Hemoglobin A1 (substance) subunit beta (encoded by the HBB gene).. Parasites defined as following: Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of Parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.. carboxypeptidase C defined as following: A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal Amino Acids with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13.. Endopeptidases defined as following: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. HPRT1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in purine/pyrimidine metabolism.. Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases defined as following: A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. aspartic Endopeptidases defined as following: A subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.. Malaria Vaccines defined as following: Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause Malaria Vaccines in Homo sapiens, or from P. berghei which causes Malaria Vaccines in rodents.. Hemoglobin defined as following: The oxygen-carrying Proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the Hemoglobin A1 (substance) quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.. Cysteine Proteases defined as following: A subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on a CYSTEINE residue for their activity.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. food vacuole defined as following: Vacuole within a parasite used for digestion of the host cell cytoplasm. An example of this component is found in the Apicomplexa. [GOC:mb]. Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of Peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. POLYDACTYLY, POSTAXIAL, WITH PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA defined as following: An exceedingly rare autosomal dominant developmental anomaly reported in 1986 in nine individuals among four generations of the same family. The syndrome has clinical characteristics of four-limb postaxial polydactyly and progressive myopia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.. Antimalarials defined as following: Agents used in the treatment of Malaria Vaccines. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the protein pelota a ribosomal rescue factor?", "id": "converted_2668", "sentence1": "Is the protein pelota a Ribosomes rescue factor?", "sentence2": "a novel binding partner of the ribosome recycling protein Pelota, n Eukaryota, Pelota (Dom34 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and HBS1L gene are responsible for solving general problems of Ribosomes stall in translation. , In Eukaryota, the protein complex of Pelota (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dom34) and HBS1L gene translational Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases recognizes the stalled ribosome containing the defective RNA, Messenger.[SEP]Relations: ribosome has relations: cellcomp_protein with RPL13A, cellcomp_protein with RPL13A, cellcomp_protein with RPL36A, cellcomp_protein with RPL36A, cellcomp_protein with RPL3L, cellcomp_protein with RPL3L, cellcomp_protein with RPL13AP3, cellcomp_protein with RPL13AP3, cellcomp_protein with RPL27, cellcomp_protein with RPL27. Definitions: Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases defined as following: Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.. Saccharomyces cerevisiae defined as following: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as \"baker's\" or \"brewer's\" Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Ribosomes defined as following: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the protein MCL-1 anti-apoptotic?", "id": "converted_3414", "sentence1": "Is the protein MCL1 gene anti-apoptotic?", "sentence2": "increased expression of Apoptosis Inhibiting Proteins (BCL2L1 gene, Mcl-1 and XIAP gene gene) , repression of Apoptosis Inhibiting Proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-xl and XIAP gene gene), anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene family members, such as BCL2 gene, BCL-XL or MCL1 gene[SEP]Relations: BCL2L1 has relations: protein_protein with MCL1, protein_protein with MCL1, protein_protein with APAF1, protein_protein with APAF1, bioprocess_protein with apoptotic mitochondrial changes, bioprocess_protein with apoptotic mitochondrial changes, bioprocess_protein with suppression by virus of host apoptotic process, bioprocess_protein with suppression by virus of host apoptotic process, protein_protein with MOAP1, protein_protein with MOAP1. Definitions: MCL1 gene defined as following: This gene is a regulator of apoptosis and plays a role in differentiation.. BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. BCL2L1 gene defined as following: This gene is an apoptotic regulator that can have anti or pro apoptotic effects.. XIAP gene defined as following: This gene is involved in apoptotic regulation through caspase interaction.. protein MCL1 gene defined as following: Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (350 aa, ~37 kDa) is encoded by the human MCL1 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of cell viability..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any role of the 'Greek islands' in olfactory receptor choice?", "id": "converted_4679", "sentence1": "Is there any role of the 'Greek islands' in Olfactory Receptor Cells choice?", "sentence2": "Chromatin conformation capture using in situ Hi-C on fluorescence-activated cell-sorted olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitors shows that Olfactory Receptor Cells gene clusters from 18 Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 make specific and robust interchromosomal contacts that increase with differentiation of the Cells. These contacts are orchestrated by intergenic Olfactory Receptor Cells enhancers, the 'Greek islands', which first contribute to the formation of Olfactory Receptor Cells compartments and then form a multi-chromosomal super-enhancer that associates with the single active Olfactory Receptor Cells gene. The Greek-island-bound transcription factor LHX2 and adaptor protein LDB2 wt Allele regulate the assembly and maintenance of Olfactory Receptor Cells compartments, Greek island hubs and Olfactory Receptor Cells transcription, providing mechanistic insights into and functional support for the role of trans interactions in gene expression.[SEP]Relations: Olfactory Receptor Cells activity has relations: molfunc_protein with OR2AK2, molfunc_protein with OR2AK2, molfunc_protein with OR2A42, molfunc_protein with OR2A42, molfunc_protein with OR7E24, molfunc_protein with OR7E24, molfunc_protein with OR2K2, molfunc_protein with OR2K2, molfunc_protein with OR5AK2, molfunc_protein with OR5AK2. Definitions: LDB2 wt Allele defined as following: Human LDB2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4p16 and is approximately 397 kb in length. This allele, which encodes LIM domain-binding protein 2, plays a role in the modulation of gene transcription.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Olfactory Receptor Cells defined as following: Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a crystal structure of the full-length of the flaviviridae NS5(Methyltransferase - RNA depended RNA Polymerase) ?", "id": "converted_471", "sentence1": "Is there a crystal structure of the full-length of the flaviviridae Noonan Syndrome 5(Methyltransferase - RNA depended RNA Polymerase) ?", "sentence2": " flavivirus Noonan Syndrome 5 harbors a CMTR1 gene (MTase) in its N-terminal ≈ 265 residues and an RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity) within the C-terminal part. One of the major interests and challenges in Noonan Syndrome 5 is to understand the interplay between RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity and MTase as a unique natural fusion protein in Viral Genome replication and cap formation. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the full-length flavivirus Noonan Syndrome 5 from Japanese encephalitis virus. , (DENV) nonstructural protein 5 (Noonan Syndrome 5) is composed of two globular domains separated by a 10-residue linker. The N-terminal Superkingdom (taxonomic category) participates in the synthesis of a mRNA cap 1 structure ((7Me)GpppA(2'OMe)) at the 5' end of the Viral Genome and possesses guanylyltransferase, guanine-N7-CMTR1 gene, and nucleoside-2'O-CMTR1 gene activities. The C-terminal Superkingdom (taxonomic category) is an RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase responsible for RNA, Viral synthesis. Although crystal structures of the two isolated domains have been obtained, there are no structural data for full-length Noonan Syndrome 5. It is also unclear whether the two Noonan Syndrome 5 domains interact with each other to form a stable structure in which the relative orientation of the two domains is fixed. To investigate the structure and dynamics of DENV type 3 Noonan Syndrome 5 in solution, we conducted small-angle X-ray scattering experiments with the full-length protein. Noonan Syndrome 5 was found to be monomeric and well-folded under the conditions tested., West Nile virus (West Nile viral infection) Noonan Syndrome 5 protein contains a CMTR1 gene (MTase) Superkingdom (taxonomic category) involved in RNA capping and an RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Superkingdom (taxonomic category) essential for virus replication. Crystal structures of individual West Nile viral infection MTase and RdRp domains have been solved; however, the structure of full-length Noonan Syndrome 5 has not been determined. To gain more insight into the structure of Noonan Syndrome 5 and interactions between the MTase and RdRp domains, we generated a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the Noonan Syndrome 5 protein of West Nile viral infection (Kunjin strain) and mapped their Binding Sites using a series of truncated Noonan Syndrome 5 proteins and synthetic peptides. Binding sites of four mAbs (5D4, 4B6, 5C11 and 6A10) were mapped to residues 354-389 in the fingers subdomain of the RdRp. This is consistent with the ability of these mAbs to inhibit RdRp activity in vitro and suggests that this Geographic Locations represents a potential target for RdRp inhibitors. Using a series of synthetic peptides, we also identified a linear epitope (bound by Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] 5H1) that mapped to a 13 aa stretch surrounding residues 47 and 49 in the MTase Superkingdom (taxonomic category), a Geographic Locations predicted to interact with the palm subdomain of the RdRp. The failure of one Monoclonal Antibody [EPC] (7G6) to bind both N- and C-terminally truncated Noonan Syndrome 5 recombinants indicates that the immunoglobulin complex location recognizes a conformational epitope that requires the presence of residues in both the MTase and RdRp domains. [SEP]Relations: RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity has relations: molfunc_protein with TERC, molfunc_protein with TERC, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7, molfunc_protein with ERVK-7, molfunc_protein with ERVK-6, molfunc_protein with ERVK-6, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with ERVK-8, molfunc_protein with TERT, molfunc_protein with TERT. Definitions: Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Noonan Syndrome 5 defined as following: Noonan syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the RAF1 gene, encoding RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase.. West Nile viral infection defined as following:West Nile virus (West Nile viral infection) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. Infected mosquitoes spread the virus that causes it. People who get West Nile viral infection usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. The symptoms include a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. They can last a few days to several weeks, and usually go away on their own.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, however, it can be life-threatening. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis. A physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests can diagnose it.
Older people and those with weakened immune systems are most at risk. There are no specific vaccines or treatments for human West Nile viral infection disease. The best way to avoid West Nile viral infection is to prevent mosquito bites:
Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; Universal designation Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; ISO designation 54
. Autoantibodies defined as following: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.. fingolimod defined as following: An orally available derivate of myriocin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) modulator, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, fingolimod, as a structural analogue of sphingosine, selectively targets and binds to S1PR1 on lymphocytes and causes transient receptor activation followed by S1PR1 internalization and degradation. This results in the sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. By preventing egress of lymphocytes. fingolimod reduces both the amount of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues. This prevents a lymphocyte-mediated immune response and may reduce inflammation. S1PR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues. fingolimod also shifts Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and modulates their proliferation, morphology, and cytokine release via inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7).. Myelin Sheath defined as following: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Myelin Sheath sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.. Peripheral demyelination defined as following: A loss of Myelin Sheath from the internode regions along myelinated nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system. [HPO:probinson]. Primary immune deficiency disorder defined as following: Immunodeficiency disease that arises independent of another pathologic process, disease, or injury.. Antigens, CD24 defined as following: A GPI-linked cell adhesion protein originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It mediates antigen-dependent activation and proliferation of Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth-CELLS. It is also involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS.. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth cells defined as following: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.. Plasma Cells defined as following: Specialized forms of antibody-producing Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia defined as following: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.. Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of Myelin Sheath in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of Peripheral demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). Cerebrospinal Fluid defined as following: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. immunoglobulin G defined as following: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.. Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. Microglia defined as following: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does GATA-1 regulate ribosomal protein genes?", "id": "converted_2106", "sentence1": "Does GATA1 gene regulate ribosomal protein Genes?", "sentence2": "Gene Mutation in exon 2 interfere with the synthesis of the full-length Protein Isoforms of GATA1 gene and lead to the production of a shortened Protein Isoforms, GATA-1s. These mutations have been found in patients with Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan, 2 (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1), a congenital erythroid aplasia typically caused by mutations in Genes encoding Ribosomal Proteins., Sixteen of the corresponding TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR are of particular interest, as they are Genes, Housekeeping or show a direct link to hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis or leukemia (e.g. GATA1 gene/2, SPI1 wt Allele, MZF1 gene)., Gene Gene Deletion Abnormality Abnormality of PKC1 relieves the repression of both ribosomal protein and Ribosomal RNA Genes that occurs in response to a defect in the secretory pathway., This stress is monitored by protein kinase C activity, which initiates a signal transduction pathway that leads to repression of transcription of the rRNA and ribosomal protein Genes., The importance of the transcription of the 137 ribosomal protein Genes to the economy of the \"U\" lymphocyte is apparent from the existence of at least three distinct pathways that can effect the repression of this set of Genes.[SEP]Relations: GATA1 has relations: protein_protein with DNASE2, protein_protein with DNASE2, protein_protein with GNA12, protein_protein with GNA12, protein_protein with SPTA1, protein_protein with SPTA1, protein_protein with SPIB, protein_protein with SPIB, protein_protein with DNAI2, protein_protein with DNAI2. Definitions: SPI1 wt Allele defined as following: The human SPI1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p11.2 and is approximately 24 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor SPI1 wt Allele protein, is involved in the activation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.. protein kinase C activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol. [EC:2.7.11.13]. Ribosomal RNA Genes defined as following: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic Ribosomal RNA Genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic Ribosomal RNA Genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). GATA1 gene defined as following: Human GATA1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xp11.23 and is approximately 8 kb in length. This allele, which encodes erythroid transcription factor protein, is involved in the regulation of both transcription by RNA polymerase II and erythroid development.. Ribosomal Proteins defined as following: Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.. Diamond-Blackfan Anemia 1 defined as following: Congenital pure red \"U\" lymphocyte aplasia caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the RPS19 gene, encoding 40S ribosomal protein S19.. Genes, Housekeeping defined as following: Constitutively and evenly expressed Genes involved in routine cellular metabolisms.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to variants of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication?", "id": "converted_1987", "sentence1": "Is H4K20 methylation associated with DNA replication?", "sentence2": "It seems likely that continued study of the methylation of H4K20 will yield extremely valuable insights concerning the regulation of Histone antigen modification before and during cell division and the impact of these modifications on subsequent gene expression., Aberrant rereplication correlates with decreased levels of H4K20me1 and increased levels of H4K20 trimethylation (H4K20me3)., Consistent with this, H4K20 methylation status plays a direct role in recruiting origin recognition complex location through the binding properties of SLC25A15 gene and ORCA/LRWD1. Thus, coordinating the status of H4K20 methylation is pivotal for the proper selection of DNA replication origins in higher Eukaryota., H4K20 methylation regulates quiescence and chromatin location location compaction., Mass spectrometry analysis of Histone antigen modification reveals that H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 increase in quiescence and other Histone antigen modification are present at similar levels in proliferating and quiescent cells., Analysis of cells in S, G2/M, and G1 phases shows that H4K20me1 increases after S phase and is converted to H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 in quiescence. , Overexpression of Suv4-20h1, the Enzyme [APC] that creates H4K20me2 from H4K20me1, results in G2 arrest, consistent with a role for H4K20me1 in mitosis. The results suggest that the same lysine on H4K20 may, in its different methylation states, facilitate mitotic functions in M phase and promote chromatin location location compaction and cell cycle exit in quiescent cells., Histone H4 lysine 20 methylation: key player in epigenetic regulation of genomic integrity., Intense research during the past few years has revealed Histone antigen H4 lysine 20 methylation (H4K20me) as critically important for the biological processes that ensure Genome - anatomical entity integrity, such as DNA damage repair, DNA replication and chromatin location location compaction., Disruption of these H4K20-specific Histone antigen methyltransferases leads to genomic instability, demonstrating the important functions of H4K20 methylation in Genome - anatomical entity maintenance. , Both H4K20 mono-methylation and H3K56 acetylation mark transcription-dependent Histone antigen turnover in fission yeast., Histone turnover is often associated with various Histone antigen modification such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me)., These results together indicate that H4K20me1 as well as H3K56Ac are bona fide marks for transcription-dependent Histone antigen turnover in fission yeast., Methylation of Histone antigen H4 lysine 20 by KMT5A wt Allele ensures the integrity of late replicating sequence domains in DrosophilaRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. protein defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the protein occurs, and references to homologous Proteins in other species..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Keutel syndrome a common genetic disorder?", "id": "converted_4315", "sentence1": "Is Ramer Ladda syndrome a common genetic disorder?", "sentence2": "Ramer Ladda syndrome (OMIM 245150) is a very rare syndrome , Ramer Ladda syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive condition characterized by abnormal cartilage calcification., MGP-deficiency in Homo sapiens leads to Ramer Ladda syndrome, a rare genetic disease hallmarked by abnormal Neck+Chest>Soft tissue calcification. [SEP]Relations: LADD syndrome has relations: disease_disease with EEC syndrome and related syndrome, disease_disease with EEC syndrome and related syndrome, disease_disease with autosomal dominant disease, disease_disease with autosomal dominant disease, disease_disease with genetic otorhinolaryngological malformation, disease_disease with genetic otorhinolaryngological malformation, disease_disease with genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome without intellectual disability, disease_disease with genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome without intellectual disability, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance. Definitions: Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Ramer Ladda syndrome defined as following: Osteoarticular abnormalities, highly arched palate, anorchia, and subnormal motor and mental development.. genetic disorder defined as following: Genetic diseases are diseases in which inherited genes predispose to increased risk. The genetic disorders associated with cancer often result from an alteration or mutation in a single gene. The diseases range from rare dominant cancer family syndrome to familial tendencies in which low-penetrance genes may interact with other genes or environmental factors to induce cancer. Research may involve clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory studies of persons, families, and populations at high risk of these disorders..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Should minocycline be used for mild Alzheimer disease?", "id": "converted_3984", "sentence1": "Should minocycline be used for mild Alzheimer disease?", "sentence2": "Conclusions and Relevance: minocycline did not delay the progress of cognitive or functional impairment in people with mild cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol during a 2-year period. [SEP]Relations: minocycline has relations: drug_effect with Arthritis, drug_effect with Arthritis, contraindication with kidney disease, contraindication with kidney disease, contraindication with liver disease, contraindication with liver disease, contraindication with gallbladder disease, contraindication with gallbladder disease, drug_effect with Dyssynergia, drug_effect with Dyssynergia. Definitions: minocycline defined as following: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline defined as following: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does protein ALEX1 contain armadillo repeats?", "id": "converted_3777", "sentence1": "Does protein ARMCX1 gene contain armadillo Repeat?", "sentence2": "ARMCX1 gene (Arm protein lost in epithelial cancers, on X Chromosome), contains two armadillo Repeat domains, is expressed different in normal and Carcinoma tissues., Arm protein lost in epithelial cancers, on X Chromosome 1 (ARMCX1 gene) is a novel member of the ArmadilloDeciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; Universal designation Deciduous maxillary right first molar tooth; ISO designation 54
. Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine defined as following: A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus equine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, EQUINE), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. Chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions.. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of tooth development characterized by opalescent dentin resulting in discoloration of the teeth. The dentin develops poorly with low mineral content while the pulp canal is obliterated.. gag Genes defined as following: DNA DNA Sequence that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.. Polish language defined as following: An Indo-European West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland as the native language of the Poles.. HIV Infections defined as following: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is p100 the precursor protein molecule of the NF-kappaB transcription factor subunit p50?", "id": "converted_1329", "sentence1": "Is TPX2 protein, human the precursor protein molecule of the NF-kappaB transcription factor subunit Pattern ERG P50?", "sentence2": "We previously reported that alymphoplasia (aly/aly) CASP14 gene, which have a natural loss-of-function mutation in the Nik gene, which encodes a MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase essential for the processing of TPX2 protein, human to GTF2H4 gene in the alternative nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, show mild osteopetrosis with an increase in several parameters of bone formation: , Proteolytic processing of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human generates the active NF-kappaB2 subunit GTF2H4 gene, which in turn transcriptionally up-regulates TPX2 protein, human expression. , The Mammals Rel/NF-kappaB family of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, including RELA protein, human, REL wt Allele, RELB gene, NF-kappaB1 (Pattern ERG P50 and its precursor Enhancer of Filamentation 1), and NF-kappaB2 (GTF2H4 gene and its precursor TPX2 protein, human), plays a central role in the immune system by regulating several processes ranging from the development and survival of Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes and Lymphoid organ structure to the control of immune responses and malignant transformation., NF-kappaB functions as a hetero- or homo-dimer which can be formed from five NF-kappaB subunits, NF-kappaB1 (Pattern ERG P50 and its precursor Enhancer of Filamentation 1), NF-kappaB2 (GTF2H4 gene and its precursor TPX2 protein, human), RELA protein, human (synaptotagmin synaptotagmin p65), RELB gene and REL wt Allele., The non-canonical pathway based on processing of NF-kappaB2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human to generate GTF2H4 gene plays a critical role in controlling B cell function and Lymphoid organogenesis., Processing of NF-kappaB2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human to generate GTF2H4 gene is tightly controlled, which is important for proper function of NF-kappaB., Processing of NF-kappa B2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human to generate GTF2H4 gene is tightly regulated. , Processing of the NF-kappaB2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human to generate GTF2H4 gene is an important step of NF-kappaB regulation., Targeted disruption of the Rel/NF-kappaB family members NF-kappaB2, encoding TPX2 protein, human/GTF2H4 gene, and RELB gene in CASP14 gene results in anatomical defects of secondary Lymphoid tissues., Here, we show that in Therapeutic gamma delta T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes infected with the human T-cell leukemia virus (Human T-lymphotropic virus 2), IKKalpha is targeted to a novel signaling pathway that mediates processing of the nfkappab2 precursor protein TPX2 protein, human, resulting in active production of the NF-kappaB subunit, GTF2H4 gene., nfkb2 encodes two members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of proteins: GTF2H4 gene and TPX2 protein, human. The TPX2 protein, human polypeptide has been proposed to serve as a precursor of GTF2H4 gene, which corresponds to the N-terminal half of TPX2 protein, human., In most Cells, small amounts of GTF2H4 gene are produced relative to the levels of TPX2 protein, human, unlike the usually balanced production of nfkb1-derived Pattern ERG P50 and Enhancer of Filamentation 1. , The alternative or second pathway proceeded via NF-kappaB-inducing MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase (NIK)-, IKKalpha-, and protein synthesis-dependent processing of the inhibitory NF-kappaB2 TPX2 protein, human precursor protein to the GTF2H4 gene form and resulted in a delayed but sustained activation of primarily RELB gene-containing NF-kappaB dimers., In one exceptional case, generation of the Pattern ERG P50 subunit of the transcriptional regulator NF-kappaB, the precursor protein Enhancer of Filamentation 1 is processed in a limited manner: the N-terminal domain yields the Pattern ERG P50 subunit, whereas the C-terminal domain is degraded, Proteolytic processing of the Enhancer of Filamentation 1 precursor (NF-kappa B1) generates the Pattern ERG P50 subunit of NF-kappa B, Enhancer of Filamentation 1 (NFKB1 gene gene) acts in a dual way as a cytoplasmic IkappaB molecule and as the source of the NF-kappaB Pattern ERG P50 subunit upon processing, The Pattern ERG P50 subunit of NF-kappa B is derived from the amino terminus of a 105 kilodalton precursor, Regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB involves proteasome-mediated processing of the NF-kappaB1 Enhancer of Filamentation 1 precursor protein, which generates the Pattern ERG P50 subunit of NF-kappaB, This effort identified NF-kappaB1 (Enhancer of Filamentation 1), an atypical IkappaB molecule and the precursor of NF-kappaB subunit Pattern ERG P50, NF-kappaB functions as a hetero- or homo-dimer which can be formed from five NF-kappaB subunits, NF-kappaB1 (Pattern ERG P50 and its precursor Enhancer of Filamentation 1), NF-kappaB2 (GTF2H4 gene and its precursor TPX2 protein, human), RELA protein, human (synaptotagmin synaptotagmin p65), RELB gene and REL wt Allele, The Mammals Rel/NF-kappaB family of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, including RELA protein, human, REL wt Allele, RELB gene, NF-kappaB1 (Pattern ERG P50 and its precursor Enhancer of Filamentation 1), and NF-kappaB2 (GTF2H4 gene and its precursor TPX2 protein, human), plays a central role in the immune system by regulating several processes ranging from the development and survival of Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes and Lymphoid organ structure to the control of immune responses and malignant transformation[SEP]Relations: NF-kappaB Decoy has relations: drug_protein with NFKB1 gene, drug_protein with NFKB1 gene, drug_protein with NFKB2, drug_protein with NFKB2. transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with NFIA, molfunc_protein with NFIA, molfunc_protein with TP53, molfunc_protein with TP53. RELB has relations: bioprocess_protein with NIK/NF-kappaB signaling, bioprocess_protein with NIK/NF-kappaB signaling. Definitions: TPX2 protein, human defined as following: Targeting protein for Xklp2 (747 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human TPX2 gene. This protein plays a role in the formation of mitotic spindles.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes, these Cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor Cells. In addition, these Cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor Cells. Gamma delta T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. RELA protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor synaptotagmin p65 (551 aa, ~60 kDa) is encoded by the human RELA gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of both signaling and gene expression.. REL wt Allele defined as following: Human REL wild-type allele is located within 2p13-p12 and is approximately 41 kb in length. This allele, which encodes proto-oncogene REL wt Allele protein, is involved in the activation of transcription, differentiation and lymphopoiesis.. RELB gene defined as following: This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation of immune processes.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase defined as following: Mitogen-activated protein MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).. Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 defined as following: A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-Specimen Source Codes - Lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from Human T-lymphotropic virus 2-1.. NF-kappa B defined as following: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.. Enhancer of Filamentation 1 defined as following: Enhancer of filamentation 1 (834 aa, ~93 kDa) is encoded by the human NEDD9 gene. This protein plays a role in the docking of kinases and adaptor molecules that are involved in integrin-mediated signaling pathways.. GTF2H4 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both mRNA synthesis from DNA templates and nucleotide excision repair.. NFKB1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, signal transduction and gene transcription.. Lymphoid tissues defined as following: Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The Lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Has dupilumab been FDA approved for atopic dermatitis?", "id": "converted_4169", "sentence1": "Has dupilumab been FDA approved for Dermatitis, Atopic?", "sentence2": "Recent advances and understanding of the pathogenesis of cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol have resulted in new therapies that target specific pathways with increased efficacy and the potential for less systemic side effects. New FDA-approved therapies for cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol are crisaborole and dupilumab. , In March of 2017, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dupilumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Dermatitis, Atopic in adults that is uncontrolled with topical medications, becoming the first biologic agent approved to treat this chronic skin condition., dupilumab is the first US FDA approved biologic for treatment of Dermatitis, Atopic., dupilumab is the first biological treatment approved for moderate-to-severe Dermatitis, Atopic (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol).[SEP]Relations: dupilumab has relations: drug_drug with Tarextumab, drug_drug with Tarextumab, drug_drug with Dusigitumab, drug_drug with Dusigitumab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with IGN311, drug_drug with IGN311, drug_drug with Opicinumab, drug_drug with Opicinumab. Definitions: Dermatitis, Atopic defined as following: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).. dupilumab defined as following: A recombinant human monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody directed against the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R alpha) with potential immunomodulatory activities. Upon injection, dupilumab selectively binds to the IL-4R alpha chain. This disrupts IL-4/IL-13 signaling and prevents the activation of downstream pathways that mediate type 2 inflammation and may potentially inhibit tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are present on the surface of numerous cells involved in the pathophysiology of type-2 helper T-cell (Th2) allergic responses, including B-lymphocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages, basophils, keratinocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and airway smooth muscle cells. Additionally, both IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are overexpressed in a variety of cancers and IL-4 and IL-13 and may serve as biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness. IL-4 and IL-13 are thought to be key regulatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and may play a role in the activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that mediate tumor cell survival..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is polyadenylation a process that stabilizes a protein by adding a string of Adenosine residues to the end of the molecule?", "id": "converted_2542", "sentence1": "Is Polyadenylation a process that stabilizes a protein by adding a string of Adenosine residues to the end of the molecule?", "sentence2": "The addition of poly(A) tails to eukaryotic nuclear mRNAs promotes their stability, export to the Cytoplasm and translation. , Most eukaryotic Genes express mRNAs with alternative Polyadenylation sites at their 3' ends, Polyadenylation is the non-template addition of adenosine Nucleotides at the 3'-end of RNA, which occurs after transcription and generates a Poly(A) Tail up to 250-300 Nucleotides long., Polyadenylation is a process of endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA, Messenger, followed by addition of up to 250 adenosine residues to the 3' end of the RNA, Messenger., Plant Mitochondrial Inheritance polyadenylated mRNAs are degraded by a 3'- to 5'-exoribonuclease activity, which proceeds unimpeded by stable secondary structures., We show that a 3'- to 5'-exoribonuclease activity is responsible for the preferential degradation of polyadenylated mRNAs as compared with non-polyadenylated mRNAs, and that 20-30 adenosine residues constitute the optimal Poly(A) Tail size for inducing degradation of RNA substrates in vitro., The diversity of Polyadenylation sites suggests that RNA, Messenger Polyadenylation in prokaryotes is a relatively indiscriminate process that can occur at all RNA, Messenger's 3'-ends and does not require specific Consensus Sequence as in Eukaryota., Polyadenylation of premessenger RNAs occurs posttranscriptionally in the Cell Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells by cleavage of the precursor and polymerization of adenosine residues., However, under certain conditions, poly(A) tracts may lead to RNA, Messenger stabilization., From these results, we propose that in plant Mitochondria, poly(A) tails added at the 3' ends of mRNAs promote an efficient 3'- to 5'- degradation process.., Auxiliary downstream elements are required for efficient Polyadenylation of mammalian pre-mRNAs., Transcription in these Cells is polycistronic. Tens to hundreds of protein-coding Genes of unrelated function are arrayed in long clusters on the same DNA strand. Polycistrons are cotranscriptionally processed by trans-splicing at the 5' end and Polyadenylation at the 3' end, generating monocistronic units ready for degradation or translation, We have devised a simple chromatographic procedure which isolates five Polyadenylation Factors that are required for Polyadenylation of eukaryotic RNA, Messenger. , During mammalian oocyte maturation, protein synthesis is mainly controlled through cytoplasmic Polyadenylation of stored maternal mRNAs., Identification and characterization of a polyadenylated small RNA (s-poly A+ RNA) in dinoflagellates., Thus, Polyadenylation seems to be a major component of the RNA editing machinery that affects overlapping Genes in animal Mitochondria., Pre-RNA, Messenger 3'-end processing, the process through which almost all eukaryotic mRNAs acquire a Poly(A) Tail is generally inhibited during the cellular DNA damage, Almost all eukaryotic mRNAs possess 3' ends with a Poly A (poly(A)) tail., We previously demonstrated, by limited Mutagenesis Procedure, that conserved sequence elements within the 5' end of influenza virus virion RNA (vRNA) are required for the Polyadenylation of RNA, Messenger in vitro., Polyadenylation of RNA, Messenger precursors by poly(A) polymerase depends on two specificity factors and their recognition sequences, The majority of eukaryotic pre-mRNAs are processed by 3'-end cleavage and Polyadenylation, Formation of RNA, Messenger 3' termini involves cleavage of an RNA, Messenger precursor and Polyadenylation of the newly formed end. , The Polyadenylation of RNA is a near-universal feature of RNA metabolism in Eukaryota., The mechanism of RNA degradation in Escherichia coli involves endonucleolytic cleavage, Polyadenylation of the cleavage product by poly(A) polymerase, and exonucleolytic degradation by the exoribonucleases, , The addition of poly(A)-tails to RNA is a process common to almost all Organism. , The addition of poly(A) tails to RNA is a phenomenon common to all Organism examined so far. , The addition of poly(A)-tails to RNA is a phenomenon common to almost all Organism. , Polyadenylation contributes to the destabilization of bacterial RNA, Messenger.[SEP]Relations: RNA Polyadenylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with TENT4A, bioprocess_protein with TENT4A, bioprocess_protein with TENT4A, bioprocess_protein with TENT4A, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLA, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLA, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLA, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLA, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLG, bioprocess_protein with PAPOLG. Definitions: Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the Cytoplasm of all Cells of most, but not all, Eukaryota. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon Genes within the Cell Nucleus of the Cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Mutagenesis Procedure defined as following: Production of genetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods.. adenosine defined as following: A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the Cell Nucleus and must be exported to the Cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the Poly(A) Tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the Cell Nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the Cytoplasm.. Eukaryotic Cells defined as following: Cells of the higher Organism, containing a true Cell Nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.. Consensus Sequence defined as following: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.. Nucleotides defined as following: The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Cytoplasm defined as following: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990). Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of Organism.. Polyadenylation defined as following: The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule. [GOC:jl]. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or Cells with a Cell Nucleus separated from the Cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Escherichia coli defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Poly A defined as following: A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of Cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living Organism. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. RNA, Messenger precursor defined as following: A primary RNA transcript synthesized from a DNA template in eukaryotic nuclei which is post-transcriptionally modified and spliced to produce a mature RNA, Messenger.. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of Mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance genome, into daughter Cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between Mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. protein defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the protein occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Adenosine defined as following: A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does BNP increase after intensive exercise in athletes?", "id": "converted_44", "sentence1": "Does nesiritide increase after intensive exercise in athletes?", "sentence2": "N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human was significantly elevated postexercise in both adults and adolescents and remained above baseline at 24 h in both groups., N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human concentrations increased significantly (28 +/- 17.1 vs 795 +/- 823 ng x L, P < 0.05), whereas postrace Troponin T, Cardiac Muscle were elevated in just five athletes (20%)., [N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human] was observed immediately after the marathon (median [N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human] before: 39.6 pg ml(-1), after: 138.6 pg ml(-1), p=0.003) with a further increase on day one. [nesiritide] did not increase immediately after the marathon but increased on day one (median [nesiritide] before: 15 pg ml(-1), day one: 27.35 pg ml(-1), p=0.006)., Pro-nesiritide was significantly increased immediately post-race (27+/-21 vs 7+/-2 pmol/L pre-race, P < or = 0.007), which 12-24 h later, decreased to 19+/-14 pmol/L (P = 0.07 vs pre-race)., The relatively high Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels after active recovery when psychophysical stress is higher, because of cycling and cold water immersion, suggest that not only endurance exercise, but also strenuous, stressful short exercise can induce an increase in Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations., Running a marathon significantly increases N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human levels in healthy adults. This increase could be partially attributed to cardiac stress., Increases in Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide can be found in a major part of obviously healthy athletes after prolonged strenuous exercise. The release of nesiritide during and after exercise may not result from myocardial damage but may have cytoprotective and growth-regulating effects. The different nature of exercise-induced increases in nesiritide and Cardiac troponin measurement has to be elucidated in the future., In healthy cyclists, transient increases in N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human and Troponin T, Cardiac Muscle are more likely to reflect cardiac fatigue than injury., The rise in nesiritide in older athletes may reflect a reversible, mainly diastolic left ventricular dysfunction. , Plasma nesiritide concentrations were higher in both the judo and marathon groups than in controls, and positively correlated with LV mass as well as with deceleration time., Such exercise significantly increased Atrial Natriuretic Factor and nesiritide levels in healthy men, and the increases could be partially attributed to myocardial damage during the race.[SEP]Relations: Nesiritide has relations: drug_effect with Ventricular extrasystoles, drug_effect with Ventricular extrasystoles, contraindication with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, contraindication with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, drug_effect with Renal insufficiency, drug_effect with Renal insufficiency, drug_effect with Ventricular arrhythmia, drug_effect with Ventricular arrhythmia. Abnormal A-type atrial natriuretic peptide level has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Increased circulating A-type natriuretic peptide level, phenotype_phenotype with Increased circulating A-type natriuretic peptide level. Definitions: Troponin T, Cardiac Muscle defined as following: Troponin T, cardiac muscle (298 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the human TNNT2 gene. This protein plays a role in cardiac muscle contraction.. N-Terminal Fragment Brain Natriuretic Protein, human defined as following: N-terminal fragment brain natriuretic protein (76 aa, ~9 kDa) is encoded by the human NPPB gene. This protein is a marker for cardiac failure.. nesiritide defined as following: A recombinant version of the cardiac neurohormone, human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP) produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide binds to natriuretic peptide receptors on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, through which it triggers guanylate cyclase dependent signal transduction resulting in increase of intracellular concentrations of cGMP. This leads to smooth muscle cell relaxation causing arterial and venous dilatation.. Atrial Natriuretic Factor defined as following: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is EZH2 associated with prostate cancer?", "id": "converted_1231", "sentence1": "Is ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm?", "sentence2": "The role of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in the regulation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens plays an active role in this process by repressing the expression of TIMP2 Genes Genes and TIMP3 Genes Genes in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells, The TIMP genes are derepressed by knockdown of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression in Homo sapiens Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells but repressed by overexpression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in benign Homo sapiens Pelvis>Prostate epithelial cells., Overexpression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens confers an invasive phenotype on benign Pelvis>Prostate epithelial cells, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens knockdown markedly reduces the proteolytic activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, thereby decreasing the invasive activity of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells, he transcriptional repression of the TIMP genes by ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens may be a major mechanism to shift the MMPs/TIMPs balance in favor of Matrix Metalloproteinases activity and thus to promote MMRN1 wt Allele degradation and subsequent invasion of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells., Expression levels of the novel Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and metastasis suppressor Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (PEBP1 Genes) have been shown to correlate negatively with those of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in Breast and Pelvis>Prostate Cultured Cell Line as well as in clinical Primary malignant neoplasm tissues, Polycomb protein ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens regulates Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor invasion via the transcriptional repression of the metastasis suppressor PEBP1 Genes in Breast and Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, Enhancer of transcription of transcription of zeste homolog 2 (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens), which encodes the histone methyltransferase component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), is overexpressed widely in Breast and Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms and epigenetically silences Specimen Source Codes - Tumor Suppressor Genes, However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm stem cells (PCSCs) remain unknown, c-myc Genes, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens and p27 Enzyme Inhibitor Enzyme Inhibitor were defined to modulate the behavior of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm with pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral effects and had ability in predicting Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm progression, but the research of their co-expression value of prognosis is rarely, Composite index of c-myc Genes, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens, and p27 Enzyme Inhibitor Enzyme Inhibitor can be valued as powerful prognosis parameter for intermediate-risk Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm patients after the surgery, and postoperative adjuvant therapy can be adopted accordingly., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens, an epigenetic driver of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., The histone methyltransferase ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens has been in the limelight of the field of Primary malignant neoplasm epigenetics for a decade now since it was first discovered to exhibit an elevated expression in metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, a comprehensive overview of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in the context of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens dependent Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 is involved in epigenetic silencing of ID4 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, ChIP data on Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm tissue specimens and Cultured Cell Line suggested ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens occupancy and H3K27Me3 marks on the ID4 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens promoter, Collectively, our data indicate a Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 dependent mechanism in ID4 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens promoter silencing in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm through recruitment of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens and a corresponding increase in H3K27Me3. Increased ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens but decreased ID4 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens expression in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm strongly supports this model., The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens) has recently attracted considerable attention because of its dysregulation in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) and its important function in Patient-Controlled Analgesia development. , Autoregulatory feedback loop of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens/miR-200c/E2F3 as a driving force for Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm development, Amounts of both ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens messenger RNA and ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens protein are increased in metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm; in addition, clinically localized Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms that express higher concentrations of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens show a poorer prognosis., The data show that amplification of the ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens Genes is rare in early Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, whereas a fraction of late-stage tumors contains the Genes amplification leading to the overexpression of the Genes, thus indicating the importance of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in the progression of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm correlates with progression to hormone-refractory and metastatic disease, but it is unknown whether ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens plays a specific role in the acquisition of an advanced Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm phenotype., Although prior studies in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm have revealed a number of possible mechanisms of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens upregulation, these changes cannot account for the overexpression ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens in many primary Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms, nor in most cases of high grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias., As a result, five ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens peptides recognized by immunoglobulin G (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens 120-128, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens 165-174, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens 569-577, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens 665-674, and ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens 699-708) were frequently detected in the plasma of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm patients., Thus, dysregulated expression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens may be involved in the progression of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, as well as being a marker that distinguishes indolent Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm from those at risk of lethal progression., These results link two major pathways in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm by providing two additional and complementary Myc-regulated mechanisms by which ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens upregulation occurs and is enforced during prostatic carcinogenesis., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens promotes Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cell proliferation and invasiveness., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens promotes proliferation and invasiveness of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells., The Polycomb Group protein ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens is implicated in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm progression., The polycomb group protein ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens is involved in progression of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Mutation screen and association study of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens as a susceptibility Genes for aggressive Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Expression changes in ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens, but not in BMI-1, Sirtuin 1, DNMT1 wt Allele wt Allele or DNMT3B protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens are associated with DNA methylation changes in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., The Genes for polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens) is amplified in late-stage Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Enhancer of transcription of transcription of zeste homolog 2 (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens), a kind of Transcription Repressor/Corepressor, is reportedly over-expressed in metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., IgGs reactive to three ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens peptides (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens-243 to -252, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens-291 to -299, and ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens-735 to -;742) were detected in the plasma of almost half of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm patients., Amounts of both ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens messenger RNA and ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens protein are increased in metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm; in addition, clinically localized Pelvis>Prostate Malignant Neoplasms that express higher concentrations of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens show a poorer prognosis., Overexpression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens has been associated with the invasion and progression of malignant Malignant Neoplasms, especially with the progression of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Antigens overexpressed in metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm are appropriate targets in anti-Primary malignant neoplasm immunotherapy, and one candidate is the polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens)., Cytoplasmic ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens is expressed at low levels in benign Pelvis>Prostate epithelial cells and over-expressed in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cells. Cytoplasmic ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression levels correlate with nuclear ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm samples., DNMT1 wt Allele wt Allele or DNMT3B protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens are associated with DNA methylation changes in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens:CDH1 wt Allele status was statistically significantly associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm recurrence in a training set of 103 patients (relative risk [RR] = 2.52,, a positive ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens:CDH1 wt Allele status) was the biomarker combination that was most strongly associated with the recurrence of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., PcG Proteins ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens, BMI1 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens, and RING1 Genes Genes are associated with adverse pathologic features and clinical Prostate-Specific Antigen recurrence of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Immunohistochemistry results were evaluated in conjunction with clinical parameters associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm progression,, Elevation of the chromatin repression factor enhancer of zeste homolog (ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens) is associated with progression and poor prognosis in several Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms including Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Various Proteins (α2-integrin, α6-integrin, Proto-Oncogene Protein c-kit, Prominin-1, Homo sapiens, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens, OCT3/4) are associated with a Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm stem cell phenotype in Cultured Cell Line and Xenograft type of graft., Increased expression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens has been associated previously with invasive growth and aggressive clinical behavior in Pelvis>Prostate and Breast Primary malignant neoplasm,, ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens:CDH1 wt Allele status was statistically significantly associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm recurrence after radical prostatectomy and may be useful in defining a cohort of high-risk patients., Immunohistochemistry results were evaluated in conjunction with clinical parameters associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm progression, including Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor stage, Gleason score, and kallikrein-related peptidase 3, Homo sapiens (Prostate-Specific Antigen) level., ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression is associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor subgroups in Cutaneous Melanoma and Malignant Neoplasms of the endometrium, Pelvis>Prostate, and Breast., Moderate or strong expression of ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens coupled with at most moderate expression of CDH1 wt Allele (i.e., a positive ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens:CDH1 wt Allele status) was the biomarker combination that was most strongly associated with the recurrence of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., Cytoplasmic ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression levels correlate with nuclear ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens expression in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm samples.[SEP]Relations: ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens has relations: disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with Breast Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with Breast Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with familial Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with familial Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, anatomy_protein_present with Pelvis>Prostate gland, anatomy_protein_present with Pelvis>Prostate gland. Definitions: ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens (746 aa, ~85 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens Genes. This protein is involved in the regulation of chromatin modification.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. BMI1 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Polycomb complex protein BMI-1 (326 aa, ~37 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens BMI1 protein, Homo sapiens Genes. This protein is involved in transcriptional repression during embryonic development.. Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor involving the Pelvis>Prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. MMRN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MMRN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q22 and is approximately 75 kb in length. This allele, which encodes multimerin-1 protein, plays a role in platelet factor V/Va homeostasis.. kallikrein-related peptidase 3, Homo sapiens defined as following: Prostate-specific antigen (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens KLK3 Genes. This protein plays a role in both proteolysis and seminal fluid liquefaction.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 defined as following: An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.. Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias defined as following: A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm.. immunoglobulin G defined as following: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal Homo sapiens serum. There are several isotype subclasses of immunoglobulin G, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.. DNMT3B protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B (853 aa, ~96 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens DNMT3B protein, Homo sapiens Genes. This protein is involved in DNA methylation.. CDH1 wt Allele defined as following: Human CDH1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 16q22.1 and is approximately 98 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cadherin-1 protein, plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion.. Cutaneous Melanoma defined as following: A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma.. Antigens defined as following: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.. Matrix Metalloproteinases defined as following: A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components.. Patient-Controlled Analgesia defined as following: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).. Sirtuin 1 defined as following: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of Proteins involved in Genes regulation.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A Specimen Source Codes - tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. DNMT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human DNMT1 wt Allele wt allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.2 and is approximately 62 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1, is involved in epigenetic modification of chromatin DNA and control of Genes expression.. ID4 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-4 (161 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens ID4 protein, Homo sapiens Genes. This protein plays a role in transcriptional repression.. Transcription Repressor/Corepressor defined as following: Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, Proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology). Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. TIMP3 Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. It is also involved in the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis.. TIMP2 Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. It also plays a role in the suppression of endothelial cell proliferation.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Proto-Oncogene Protein c-kit defined as following: A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.. Prominin-1, Homo sapiens defined as following: Prominin-1 (865 aa, ~97 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens PROM1 Genes. This protein may play a role in hematopoiesis, but an exact function has yet to be elucidated. The protein has been implicated in Specimen Source Codes - tumor pathogenesis and formation in several Malignant Neoplasms, including retinoblastoma, hemangioma, and glioblastoma phenotypes. Additionally, the protein has been used as a marker to distinguish cells that have the potential to become cancerous from the larger normal cell population.. Histone H3 Trimethyl Lys28 defined as following: A post-translationally modified form of histone H3 where the lysine residue at position 28 is trimethylated. This modification is associated with formation of heterochromatin and polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1).. ezh2 protein, Homo sapiens Genes defined as following: This Genes plays a role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. histone methyltransferase defined as following: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups to LYSINE or ARGININE residues of HISTONES, especially histone H3 and histone H4 Proteins. They play a critical role in EPIGENETIC PROCESSES.. Breast Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the Breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant Breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Prostate-Specific Antigen defined as following: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant Pelvis>Prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm.. Specimen Source Codes - Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When Specimen Source Codes - Tumor Suppressor Genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. Xenograft type of graft defined as following: Tissues, cells or organs transplanted between animals of different species.. metastatic Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the Pelvis>Prostate gland from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.. susceptibility Genes defined as following: Mutated forms of genes which encode Proteins that are essential for the control and maintenance of normal cellular processes. Inherited or somatic mutations in the wild-type form of these genes alters control of their expression, resulting in a change in control of the cell cycle. Individuals who harbor Primary malignant neoplasm-predisposing genes require fewer somatic mutations for transformation of a particular cell, thereby predisposing them to the development of Primary malignant neoplasm.. Enhancer of transcription defined as following: A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding sequences. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural Genes. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the Genes, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the Genes when bound..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is autophagy modulated in a circadian fashion?", "id": "converted_2274", "sentence1": "Is autophagy modulated in a circadian fashion?", "sentence2": "RORC wt Allele signaling pathway and autophagy are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in behavior and plasticity of L2 Interneurons in the Head>Brain of Drosophila melanogaster., Our results indicate that the RORC wt Allele signaling pathway and autophagy are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in the behavior and plasticity of Neurons in the Head>Brain of adult Diptera., the pathways of autophagy, FRAP1 protein, human, Sirtuin 1, and Wnt that control mammalian circadian rhythm, Metabolic pathways, Bile Acid [EPC] synthesis, and autophagic and immune/inflammatory processes are driven by the biological clock. , our findings suggest that the clock geneBmal1is a positive regulator of autophagy through the FRAP1 protein, human signaling pathway and protects Myocytes, Cardiac against high-glucose Toxic effect., Autophagy is a highly conserved Protoplasm degradation system, and recently was shown to display circadian rhythms in CASP14 gene. [SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Protocatechualdehyde, drug_drug with Thalidomide, drug_drug with Thalidomide, drug_drug with Pargyline, drug_drug with Pargyline, drug_drug with Cephaloglycin, drug_drug with Cephaloglycin, drug_drug with Procarbazine, drug_drug with Procarbazine. Definitions: FRAP1 protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase FRAP1 protein, human (2549 aa, ~289 kDa) is encoded by the human MTOR gene. This protein is involved in protein phosphorylation, signaling and cell growth.. Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. RORC wt Allele defined as following: Human RORC wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q21 and is approximately 26 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nuclear receptor ROR-gamma protein, is involved in transcriptional activation.. Interneurons defined as following: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to Neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular Head>Brain region in contrast to projection Neurons, which have axons projecting to other Head>Brain regions.. Myocytes, Cardiac defined as following: Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Sirtuin 1 defined as following: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of proteins involved in gene regulation.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Diptera defined as following: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called Diptera, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is CHEK2 involved in cell cycle control?", "id": "converted_1556", "sentence1": "Is CHEK2 involved in cell cycle control?", "sentence2": "Moreover, cell-cycle progression genes [i.e. E2F transcription factor (E2F) family and histone deacetylase ( HDAC )] and DNA-repair genes [i.e. growth Cardiac Arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma ( GADD45G ) family and serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 ( CHEK2)] were also increased., As CHEK2 is a cell-cycle master controller, we tested the hypothesis that heterozygosity for the frameshift alteration CHEK2*1100delC is associated with increased risk of melanoma., In the current study, we evaluated the possible associations of seven common Variant of the DNA repair and cell cycle control genes BRCA2 gene Genes and CHEK2 with melanoma (Millimole per Liter)., Promotor methylation analysis of key regulatory genes involved in cell cycle control (CDKN2A Genes, CDKN2B wt Allele, CDKN2A wt Allele, CHK2), DNA repair (MLH1 wt Allele), apoptosis (p73 protein, human protein, human, BIRC5 wt Allele, DAPK1 Genes), and differentiation (RARB wt Allele, Nephroblastoma) was performed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction., CHEK2 is a key cell cycle control Genes encoding a pluripotent kinase that can cause Cardiac Arrest or apoptosis in response to unrepaired DNA damage., High-fidelity maintenance of genomic integrity in Eukaryota is ensured by cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. The checkpoint kinase, Chk2, has been implicated in both of these responses. In response to DNA damage, Chk2 is initially phosphorylated at Thr-68, which leads to its full activation. The fully activated Chk2 then phosphorylates downstream substrates of cell cycle control., CHEK2 protein, human (hCHK2/hCds1) is a tumor suppressor Genes involved in cell-cycle control.[SEP]Relations: CDKN2A has relations: bioprocess_protein with regulation of cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with regulation of cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of cell growth, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of cell growth, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of cell population proliferation, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of cell population proliferation, bioprocess_protein with G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, bioprocess_protein with G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. RARB wt Allele defined as following: Human RARB wild-type allele is located within 3p24 and is approximately 170 kb in length. This allele, which encodes retinoic acid receptor beta protein, plays a role in the mediation off cellular signal transduction in embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. CHEK2 protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (543 aa, ~61 kDa) is encoded by the human CHEK2 Genes. This protein plays an essential role in the DNA damage checkpoint of the cell cycle.. CDKN2A wt Allele defined as following: Human CDKN2A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p21 and is approximately 27 kb in length. This allele, which encodes both cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A protein and and tumor suppressor ARF protein, is involved in cell cycle regulation at the G1 phase. The allele is frequently mutated or deleted in a wide variety of tumors, and is known to be an important tumor suppressor Genes.. p73 protein, human defined as following: Tumor protein p73 protein, human (636 aa, ~70 kDa) is encoded by the human TP73 Genes. This protein is involved in the regulation of transcription, DNA damage response and apoptosis.. Nephroblastoma defined as following: An embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of epithelial, mesenchymal, and blastema components. The vast majority of cases arise from the kidney. A small number of cases with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney have been reported arising from the ovary and the cervix.. tumor suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. BRCA2 gene defined as following: A tumor suppressor Genes (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this Genes predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6). DAPK1 gene defined as following: This Genes is involved in pro-apoptotic regulation.. CDKN2B wt Allele defined as following: Human CDKN2B wild-type allele is located within 9p21 and is approximately 27 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B protein, plays roles in both the regulation of cell growth and tumor suppression.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. melanoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445). Cardiac Arrest defined as following: Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart Cardiac Arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.. CDKN2A gene defined as following: Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This Genes is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995) Two alternatively spliced Genes products are encoded by CDKN2A wt Allele: CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.. MLH1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MLH1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 3p21.3 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1, plays a role in DNA mismatch repair. Aberrant alleles are associated with colon, endometrial and stomach cancers. Further, the defects in MLH1 are a cause of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.. BIRC5 wt Allele defined as following: Human BIRC5 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q25 and is approximately 10 kb in length. This allele, which encodes baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5, is involved in the prevention of apoptotic cell death.. CHEK2 defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (543 aa, ~61 kDa) is encoded by the human CHEK2 Genes. This protein plays an essential role in the DNA damage checkpoint of the cell cycle..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there an association of alterations in ADCY7 and ulcerative colitis?", "id": "converted_3994", "sentence1": "Is there an association of alterations in ADCY7 gene and Ulcerative Colitis?", "sentence2": "To further resolve the Genetic architecture of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease of oral soft tissues of oral soft tissues, we sequenced the whole Genome of 4,280 patients at low coverage and compared them to 3,652 previously sequenced population controls across 73.5 million Variant. We then imputed from these DNA Sequence into new and existing genome-wide association study cohorts and tested for association at ∼12 million Variant in a total of 16,432 cases and 18,843 controls. We discovered a 0.6% frequency missense variant in ADCY7 gene gene that doubles the risk of Ulcerative Colitis. Despite good statistical power, we did not identify any other new low-frequency risk Variant and found that such Variant explained little heritability. [SEP]Relations: Ulcerative Colitis (disease) has relations: disease_protein with ADCY7 gene, disease_protein with ADCY7 gene, disease_protein with IL7R, disease_protein with IL7R, disease_protein with IL1R2, disease_protein with IL1R2, disease_protein with IL23R, disease_protein with IL23R, disease_protein with CXCL8, disease_protein with CXCL8. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Ulcerative Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.. DNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain.. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases defined as following: Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be Genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Genome defined as following: The Genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has ivosidenib been FDA approved for use against acute myeloid leukemia?", "id": "converted_2953", "sentence1": "Has ivosidenib been FDA approved for use against acute myeloid leukemia?", "sentence2": "The FDA approved ivosidenib for patients with IDH1-mutant relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. [SEP]Definitions: acute myeloid leukemia defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and cytogenetic aberrations are associated with several leukemias..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are hepadnaviral minichromosomes free of nucleosomes?", "id": "converted_2135", "sentence1": "Are hepadnaviral minichromosomes free of Nucleosomes?", "sentence2": "Several nucleosome location location-protected sites in a region of the Hepatitis B Virus, Duck genome [Nucleotides (nt) 2000 to 2700], known to harbor various cis transcription regulatory elements, were consistently identified in all Hepatitis B Virus, Duck-positive liver samples., In addition, we observed other nucleosome location location protection sites in Hepatitis B Virus, Duck minichromosomes that may vary among individual Ducks, but the pattern of MNase mapping in those regions is transmittable from the adult Ducks to the newly infected ducklings., Nucleosomes along viral cccDNA in the minichromosomes are not random but sequence-specifically positioned., Investigators studying the structure and function of hepadnaviral CCC DNA (3) have provided evidence that suggests that this structure exists in the Cell Nucleus of infected Hepatocyte as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes, which range from half to fully chromatinized, thought to be owing to their association with variable numbers of Nucleosomes., Characterization of nucleosome location location positioning in hepadnaviral covalently closed circular DNA minichromosomes., To obtain insight on the structure of hepadnaviral cccDNA minichromosomes, we utilized Ducks infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (Hepatitis B Virus, Duck) as a model and determined the in vivo nucleosome location location distribution pattern on viral cccDNA by the Micrococcal Nuclease (MNase) mapping and genome-wide PCR amplification of isolated mononucleosomal Hepatitis B Virus, Duck DNA., Mature SV40 minichromosomes are estimated to contain about 27 Nucleosomes (error +/- 2), except for those Molecule with a nucleosome location location-free gap, which are interpreted to contain 25 Nucleosomes (error +/- 2)., In vitro replication in the presence of protein-free competitor DNA shows that replicating trypsinized minichromosomes do not lose Nucleosomes and replicating competitor DNA does not gain Nucleosomes., In vitro replication in the presence of protein-free competitor DNA shows that replicating trypsinized minichromosomes do not lose Nucleosomes and replicating competitor DNA does not gain Nucleosomes., We conclude that in both cases parental Nucleosomes are transferred to progeny DNA, and, in addition, that an assembly of new Nucleosomes occurs during the replication of native minichromosomes., In contrast, the replicated untreated minichromosomes were found to be densely packed with Nucleosomes, indicating that an assembly of new Nucleosomes occurred during in vitro replication., Investigators studying the structure and function of hepadnaviral CCC DNA (3) have provided evidence that suggests that this structure exists in the Cell Nucleus of infected Hepatocyte as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes, which range from half to fully chromatinized, thought to be owing to their association with variable numbers of Nucleosomes, To obtain insight on the structure of hepadnaviral cccDNA minichromosomes, we utilized Ducks infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (Hepatitis B Virus, Duck) as a model and determined the in vivo nucleosome location location distribution pattern on viral cccDNA by the Micrococcal Nuclease (MNase) mapping and genome-wide PCR amplification of isolated mononucleosomal Hepatitis B Virus, Duck DNA, Characterization of nucleosome location location positioning in hepadnaviral covalently closed circular DNA minichromosomes., To obtain insight on the structure of hepadnaviral cccDNA minichromosomes, we utilized Ducks infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (Hepatitis B Virus, Duck) as a model and determined the in vivo nucleosome location location distribution pattern on viral cccDNA by the Micrococcal Nuclease (MNase) mapping and genome-wide PCR amplification of isolated mononucleosomal Hepatitis B Virus, Duck DNA., Investigators studying the structure and function of hepadnaviral CCC DNA (3) have provided evidence that suggests that this structure exists in the Cell Nucleus of infected Hepatocyte as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes, which range from half to fully chromatinized, thought to be owing to their association with variable numbers of Nucleosomes..[SEP]Relations: nucleosome location has relations: cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with PRM3, cellcomp_protein with PRM3, cellcomp_protein with KAT6B, cellcomp_protein with KAT6B, cellcomp_protein with PRM1, cellcomp_protein with PRM1, cellcomp_protein with PRM2, cellcomp_protein with PRM2. Definitions: Nucleosomes defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. Hepatitis B Virus, Duck defined as following: A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected Ducks.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Nucleotides defined as following: The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Micrococcal Nuclease defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. nucleosome location defined as following: A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:elh]. Hepatocyte defined as following: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.. Ducks defined as following: A water bird in the order Anseriformes (subfamily Anatinae (true Ducks)) with a broad blunt bill, short legs, webbed feet, and a waddling gait..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there any tool that facilitates the functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions in zebrafish?", "id": "converted_1883", "sentence1": "Is there any tool that facilitates the functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions in Zebrafish?", "sentence2": "Zebrafish Enhancer of transcription detection (ZED) vector: a new tool to facilitate transgenesis and the functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions in Zebrafish., he cis-regulatory sequences control when, where, and how much Genes are transcribed and can activate (enhancers) or repress (silencers) gene expression. Here, we describe a novel Tol2 transposon-based vector for assessing Enhancer of transcription activity in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio). This Zebrafish Enhancer Detector (ZED) vector harbors several key improvements, among them a sensitive and specific minimal Promoter chosen for optimal Enhancer of transcription activity detection, insulator sequences to shield the minimal Promoter from position effects, and a positive control for transgenesis. Additionally, we demonstrate that highly conserved noncoding sequences homologous between Homo sapiens and Zebrafish largely with Enhancer of transcription activity largely retain their tissue-specific Enhancer of transcription activity during Vertebrates evolution. More strikingly, insulator sequences from mouse and chicken allergenic extract allergenic extract, but not conserved in Zebrafish, maintain their insulator capacity when tested in this model., Zebrafish Enhancer of transcription detection (ZED) vector: a new tool to facilitate transgenesis and the functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions in Zebrafish, Zebrafish Enhancer of transcription detection (ZED) vector: a new tool to facilitate transgenesis and the functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions in Zebrafish.[SEP]Relations: regulation of antisense RNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with positive regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative regulation of antisense RNA transcription. Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance during DNA-templated transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript, bioprocess_bioprocess with Promoter clearance from RNA polymerase I Promoter for nuclear large rRNA transcript. Definitions: Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. Enhancer of transcription defined as following: A 50-150bp DNA sequence that increases the rate of transcription of coding sequences. It may be located at various distances and in either orientation upstream from, downstream from or within a structural gene. When bound by a specific transcription factor it increases the levels of expression of the gene, but is not sufficient alone to cause expression. Distinguished from a Promoter, that is alone sufficient to cause expression of the gene when bound.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Have gnotobiotic animal models been used for the study of bowel disease?", "id": "converted_428", "sentence1": "Have gnotobiotic animal models been used for the study of bowel disease?", "sentence2": "Host gene expression in the TUBE,COLON,22FR,RADIOPAQUE RUBBER B#7370 of gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient CASP14 gene colonized with commensal colitogenic or noncolitogenic bacterial strains: common patterns and Bacteria strain specific signatures., Specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not germfree (GF), interleukin (IL)-2-deficient (IL-2-/-) CASP14 gene develop INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) at 10 to 15 weeks of age. Gnotobiotic IL-2-/- CASP14 gene monocolonized with E. coli mpk develop Irritable Bowel Syndrome at 25 to 33 weeks of age but not B. vulgatus mpk, E. coli Nissle 1917, or CASP14 gene cocolonized with both E. coli mpk and B. vulgatus, Lactobacillus reuteri promotes Helicobacter hepaticus-associated Typhlocolitis in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene., To model INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2, we assessed Communicable Diseases with Helicobacter hepaticus 3B1 (ATCC 51449) and a potential probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA-6475) in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene. No Typhlocolitis developed in Germ-Free controls (n=21) or in L. reuteri (n=8) or H. hepaticus (n=18) mono-associated CASP14 gene for 20 weeks post-Communicable Diseases. As positive controls, three specific pathogen-free IL-10(-/-) CASP14 gene dosed with H. hepaticus developed severe Typhlocolitis within 11 weeks. , These data support that the development of Typhlocolitis in H. hepaticus-infected IL-10(-/-) CASP14 gene required co-colonization with other Microbiota (plant) and in this study, required only L. reuteri. , When transferred to gnotobiotic CASP14 gene, gut microbiomes from CASP14 gene with active disease versus treatment-induced remission elicited varying degrees of Colitis. , The role of gut Microbiota (plant) (commensal Bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases and Primary malignant neoplasm: contribution of Germ-Free and gnotobiotic animal models of Homo sapiens diseases., The immunomodulatory effects of Microbiota (plant) and probiotics for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the role of Bacteria in their etiologies are being studied in gnotobiotic systems., To model INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2, we assessed Communicable Diseases with Helicobacter hepaticus 3B1 (ATCC 51449) and a potential probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA-6475) in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) CASP14 gene., Gnotobiotic piglets may be used as a suitable animal model to study Colitis induced by C. jejuni, The role of gut Microbiota (plant) (commensal Bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases and Primary malignant neoplasm: contribution of Germ-Free and gnotobiotic animal models of Homo sapiens diseases, We investigated the changes in renal expression of KITLG wt Allele as a consequence of Colitis. METHODS: We studied 3 mouse models of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, Colitis induced by microflora (in gnotobiotic interleukin-10(-/-)), and Colitis induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells. , METHODS: We studied 3 mouse models of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, Colitis induced by microflora (in gnotobiotic interleukin-10(-/-)), and Colitis induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells. [SEP]Relations: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal intestine morphology, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, contraindication with Phenobarbital, disease_protein with GHRL, disease_protein with GHRL. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. KITLG wt Allele defined as following: Human KITLG wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q22 and is approximately 88 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Kit ligand protein, plays a role in germ cell and neural cell development and in hematopoiesis.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or Homo sapiens host.. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases defined as following: Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.. Lactobacillus reuteri defined as following: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID Bacteria found naturally in the Homo sapiens intestinal flora and BREAST MILK.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. Bacteria defined as following: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.. Colitis defined as following: Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.. bowel disease defined as following: Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Tcf3 associated with the Wnt pathway?", "id": "converted_3803", "sentence1": "Is Tcf3 associated with the Wnt pathway?", "sentence2": "TCF3, a novel positive regulator of osteogenesis, plays a crucial role in MIR17 wt Allele modulating the diverse effect of canonical Wnt signaling in different microenvironments, Furthermore, the role of MIR17 wt Allele was because of its target gene TCF3 (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR), a key transcription factor of canonical Wnt pathway., Consequently, Tcf3 knockdown in HCT-R Cells restores their sensitivity to the effects of butyrate on Wnt activity and clonal cell growth. Interestingly, the effects of overexpressed Tcf3 differ between HCT-116 and HCT-R Cells, In HCT-R Cells, however, the overexpression of Tcf3 inhibits Wnt activity, and the Cells are still able to proliferate due to the higher expression levels of cell cycle factors, particularly those driving the G(1) to S transition., TCF3 (also known as TCF7L1 protein, human protein, human) is a member of the TCF/LEF transcription factor family that is central in regulating epidermal and embryonic Stem Cells identity., We found that in contrast to ES Cells, where it represses Wnt-pathway target Genes, TCF3 promotes the expression of a subset of Wnt-responsive Genes in breast cancer Cells while repressing another distinct target subset. In the normal Mus sp. mammary gland, Tcf3 is highly expressed in Terminal (end postition) end buds, structures that lead duct development, Tcf3 is essential within the Neural ectoderm to maintain anterior character and that its interaction with HESX1 gene ensures the repression of Wnt targets in the developing Prosencephalon., We report here that a Terminal (end postition) component of the canonical Wnt pathway in ES Cells, the transcription factor T-cell factor-3 (Tcf3), co-occupies promoters throughout the Genome - anatomical entity in association with the pluripotency regulators POU5F1 gene and NANOG gene. , Our results suggest that the Wnt pathway, through Tcf3, brings developmental signals directly to the core regulatory circuitry of ES Cells to influence the balance between pluripotency and differentiation., The wnt pathway regulates the steady state level of CTNNB1 gene, a Transcription Coactivator for the Tcf3/LEF1 gene family of DNA binding Proteins., Along with evidence that a significant amount of Tcf protein is nonnuclear, these findings suggest that CK1epsilon can modulate wnt signaling in vivo by regulating both the CTNNB1 gene-Tcf3 and the GBP-dsh interfaces., Rheumatoid Arthritis increases the expression of ligands and receptors of the noncanonical Wnt pathway (Wnt 5a, 7a, FZD2 protein, human and FZD6 protein, human), downstream signaling, and Tcf3 expression., The noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway, through actions of Tcf3, can antagonize the canonical pathway., We report here that a Terminal (end postition) component of the canonical Wnt pathway in ES Cells, the transcription factor T-cell factor-3 (Tcf3), co-occupies promoters throughout the Genome - anatomical entity in association with the pluripotency regulators POU5F1 gene and NANOG gene., Both Tcf3 depletion and Wnt pathway activation cause increased expression of POU5F1 gene, NANOG gene, and other pluripotency factors and produce ES Cells that are refractory to differentiation., Here, we show that injection of a hesx1 morpholino into a 'sensitised' zygotic headless (TCF7L1 protein, human protein, human wt Allele) Mutant background leads to severe Prosencephalon and eye defects, suggesting an interaction between HESX1 gene and the Wnt pathway during Zebrafish Prosencephalon development., In addition, we reveal that Tcf3 is essential within the Neural ectoderm to maintain anterior character and that its interaction with HESX1 gene ensures the repression of Wnt targets in the developing Prosencephalon., TCF3, a novel positive regulator of osteogenesis, plays a crucial role in MIR17 wt Allele modulating the diverse effect of canonical Wnt signaling in different microenvironments., Our studies located the Positioning Attribute of Wnts, downstream LEF1 and TCF3 and Stem Cells marker Proteins, which provide new information in understanding the role of the Wnt singaling pathway in whisker follicles' growth., The transcription factor TCF Transcription Factors (TCF3), one component of the Wnt pathway, is known as a cell-intrinsic inhibitor of many pluripotency Genes in Embryonic Stem Cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome) that influences the balance between pluripotency and differentiation., Overexpression of TCF3 attenuated the effect of MIR17 wt Allele on modulating canonical Wnt signaling., We also find that TCF3 phosphorylation is triggered by canonical Wnt ligands, LRP6 protein, human protein, human, and dominant negative mutants for AXIN1 wt Allele and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, indicating that this process shares the same upstream regulators with β-catenin stabilization., Wnt pathway stimulation also triggers β-catenin association at regulatory elements with classic Lef/Tcf motifs associated with differentiation programs., We show that menin physically interacts with Proteins involved in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, including CTNNB1 gene, TCF3 (VPS72 gene), and weakly with TCF7L2 protein, human (LZTR1 wt Allele)., TCF Transcription Factors (Tcf3) is a component of the Wnt signaling and a dominant downstream effector in Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome., factor 3 (Tcf3) is a component of the Wnt signaling and a dominant downstream effector in Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome. Despit, rt here that a Terminal (end postition) component of the canonical Wnt pathway in ES Cells, the transcription factor T-cell factor-3 (Tcf3), co-occupies promoters throughout the Genome - anatomical entity in association with the pluripotency regulators POU5F1 gene and NANOG gene. Thus, CD55 wt Allele, Tcf3, is recruited to a palindromic motif enriched in the Promoter of cell cycle repressor Genes, such as CDKN2B wt Allele, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A, human and CDKN2A wt Allele, which mediate the Wnt-dependent anti-proliferative effect in mESCs. Consistently, Abetalipoproteinemia, nonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway controls mESC pluripotency via the Wnt-effector Tcf3. Howe, g increases the dissociation of HNF1A wt Allele and the association of Tcf3 at promoters of Genes that regulate stemness (e.g., NR5A2 gene gene, P2RX5 gene) or differentiation (e.g. CCN1 wt Allele, ZIC5 gene). Knockdown of Tcf3 increases, pport the existence of a regulatory circuit whereby Wnt/β-catenin counteracts Tcf3 repression of LEF1 gene, which subsequently activates target gene expression via LEF1 gene-β-catenin complexes. We propose that the Tcf/, with a requirement for Wnt signalling repression, we highlight a synergistic gene dosage-dependent interaction between HESX1 gene and Tcf3, a Transcription Repressor/Corepressor of Wnt target Genes, to maintain anterior Prosencephalon identity during Mus sp. embryogenesis. In addition, expression of ligands and receptors of the noncanonical Wnt pathway (Wnt 5a, 7a, FZD2 protein, human and FZD6 protein, human), downstream signaling, and Tcf3 expression. Rheumatoid Arthritis reduces the phosp, BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transcription factor 3 (TCF3) implicates Wnt signaling pathway and regulates E-Cadherin expression, which is involved i, We demonstrate that Mus sp. Tcf3 mediates repression of both moderate and high levels of canonical Wnt signaling, by either competing with other members of the Tcf/Lef family for binding to β-catenin, or for binding to DNA., TCF3 is a Transcription Repressor/Corepressor that has been implicated in Wnt signaling and plays key roles in embryonic axis specification and Stem Cells differentiation., Our data show for the first time that Wnt signaling down-regulates Tcf3 expression, possibly at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and thus highlight a novel mechanism through which Wnt signaling inhibits neuro-ectodermal lineage differentiation in Mus sp. Embryonic Stem Cells., We found Tcf3 to be a repressor of Wnt signaling in neocortical NPCs in a reporter gene assay., We found that down-regulation of Tcf3, a member of the Tcf/Lef family and a key player in the control of self-renewal and pluripotency, represents a specific and primary response to Wnt activation in Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome., Wnt16b also activated the RhoA/Rac1 signaling cascade suggesting the activation of a non-canonical Wnt pathway in TCF3-PBX1 Cells., Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with TCF3-PBX1 fusion gene expression has constitutively elevated levels of Wnt16b and RORA wt Allele (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors), a ligand and a receptor from the Wnt signaling pathway, respectively., We found that in contrast to ES Cells, where it represses Wnt-pathway target Genes, TCF3 promotes the expression of a subset of Wnt-responsive Genes in breast cancer Cells while repressing another distinct target subset., Together, these results suggest that Tcf3 antagonizes Wnt signaling in NPCs, thereby maintaining their undifferentiated state in the Neocortex and that Wnt signaling promotes the transition from Tcf3-mediated repression to HNF1A wt Allele/LEF1 gene-mediated enhancement of Wnt signaling, constituting a positive feedback loop that facilitates neuronal differentiation., We also found that Wnt signal stimulation reduces the level of Tcf3, and increases those of HNF1A wt Allele (also known as TCF7 protein, human) and LEF1 gene, positive mediators of Wnt signaling, in NPCs., These data suggest that in the absence of Wnt signals, Tcf3 may function in skin SCs to maintain an undifferentiated state and, through Wnt signaling, directs these Cells along the Hair Specimen lineage.[SEP]Relations: CTNNB1 has relations: pathway_protein with TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT, pathway_protein with TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT, pathway_protein with RUNX3 regulates WNT signaling, pathway_protein with RUNX3 regulates WNT signaling. LEF1 has relations: pathway_protein with RUNX3 regulates WNT signaling, pathway_protein with RUNX3 regulates WNT signaling, pathway_protein with Repression of WNT target Genes, pathway_protein with Repression of WNT target Genes, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, bioprocess_protein with positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway. Definitions: Neocortex defined as following: The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.. RORA wt Allele defined as following: Human RORA wild-type allele is located within 15q21-q22 and is approximately 732 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nuclear receptor ROR-alpha protein, plays a role in transcriptional activation and may play a role in organogenesis and differentiation.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the chromosomes.. CDKN2A wt Allele defined as following: Human CDKN2A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p21 and is approximately 27 kb in length. This allele, which encodes both cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A protein and and tumor suppressor ARF protein, is involved in cell cycle regulation at the G1 phase. The allele is frequently mutated or deleted in a wide variety of tumors, and is known to be an important tumor suppressor gene.. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A, human defined as following: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (156 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human CDKN2A gene. This protein is involved in the inhibition of both cell proliferation and cell cycle progression.. NANOG gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the underlying pluripotency of inner cell mass and Embryonic Stem Cells.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. LEF1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in both signal transduction and transcription.. Rheumatoid Arthritis defined as following: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.. CDKN2B wt Allele defined as following: Human CDKN2B wild-type allele is located within 9p21 and is approximately 27 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B protein, plays roles in both the regulation of cell growth and tumor suppression.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually Proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Transcription Coactivator defined as following: A transcription cofactor that activates transcription from a RNA polymerase II Promoter but does not bind DNA itself.. LRP6 protein, human defined as following: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (1613 aa, ~180 kDa) is encoded by the human LRP6 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of cell communication.. TCF7L1 protein, human wt Allele defined as following: Human TCF7L1 protein, human wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2p11.2 and is approximately 177 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor 7-like 1 protein, is involved in Wnt pathway-dependent transcriptional regulation.. FZD2 protein, human defined as following: Frizzled-2 (565 aa, ~64 kDa) is encoded by the human FZD2 gene. This protein is involved in Wnt-mediated G protein-coupled receptor signaling.. TCF7 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor 7 (384 aa, ~42 kDa) is encoded by the human TCF7 gene. This protein is involved in both thymocyte survival and the regulation of transcription.. LZTR1 wt Allele defined as following: Human LZTR1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 22q11.21 or within 22q11.1-q11.2 and is approximately 20 kb in length. This allele, which encodes leucine-zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 protein, may play a role in transcriptional regulation or Golgi functions. Mutation of the gene is associated with Noonan syndrome 10 and increased susceptibility to schwannomatosis 2. Deletion of the gene may be associated with DiGeorge syndrome.. TCF Transcription Factors defined as following: A family of DNA-binding Proteins that are primarily expressed in T-LYMPHOCYTES. They interact with BETA CATENIN and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes.. Stem Cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated Cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. Abetalipoproteinemia defined as following: An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.. Transcription Repressor/Corepressor defined as following: Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, Proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology). NR5A2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in ligand-dependent transcriptional regulation.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. AXIN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human AXIN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 16p13.3 and is approximately 65 kb in length. This allele, which encodes axin-1 protein, is involved in the attenuation of the Wnt protein signaling cascade.. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors defined as following: A family of cell surface receptors that were originally identified by their structural homology to neurotropic TYROSINE KINASES and referred to as orphan receptors because the associated ligand and signaling pathways were unknown. Evidence for the functionality of these Proteins has been established by experiments showing that disruption of the orphan receptor Genes results in developmental defects.. Terminal (end postition) defined as following: Being or situated at an end; occurring at or forming an end.. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. POU5F1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in early mammalian development.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. HNF1A wt Allele defined as following: Human HNF1A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q22-qter; 12q24.2 and is approximately 25 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha protein, is involved in both transcriptional regulation and DNA binding. Mutation of the gene is associated with familial hepatic adenoma, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3 and diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 20.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 defined as following: A family of serine/threonine protein kinases that is involved in intracellular signaling, cellular proliferation, cell migration, inflammation and immune responses, glucose regulation, and apoptosis.. MIR17 wt Allele defined as following: The human MIR17 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 13q31.3 and is 83 bases in length. This allele, which encodes MIR17 pre-miRNA, plays a role in many cancers, including lung, liver, colorectal, thyroid, breast, neuroblastoma, leukemia and lymphoma.. TCF7L2 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor 7-like 2 (619 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human TCF7L2 gene. This protein is involved in the positive regulation of transcription, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis regulation, cell and tissue differentiation and signal transduction.. TCF7L1 protein, human defined as following: Transcription factor 7-like 1 (588 aa, ~63 kDa) is encoded by the human TCF7L1 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in transcriptional regulation that is modulated by the Wnt signaling pathway.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. HCT-116 defined as following: A carcinoma cell line established from an adult male patient with colon carcinoma. HCT-116 Cells have a mutation in codon 13 of the ras proto-oncogene.. Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined as following: A type of ALL characterized by elevated levels of B-cell lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the blood. [NCIT:C8644]. FZD6 protein, human defined as following: Frizzled-6 (706 aa, ~79 kDa) is encoded by the human FZD6 gene. This protein plays a role in G protein-coupled receptor signaling and Wnt binding.. Prosencephalon defined as following: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed). CD55 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD55 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q32 and is approximately 40 kb in length. This allele, which encodes complement decay-accelerating factor protein, is involved in the modulation of complement activity.. CTNNB1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in signal transduction and regulation of transcription.. CCN1 wt Allele defined as following: Human CCN1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1p22.3 and is approximately 3 kb in length. This allele, which encodes CCN family member 1 protein, is involved in heart morphogenesis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and the positive regulation of apoptosis.. Mus sp. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS of day 3.5 Mus sp. embryos.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Tcf3 defined as following: This gene plays a role in catenin beta-1-dependent transcriptional regulation..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is pazopanib an effective treatment of glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_2868", "sentence1": "Is pazopanib an effective treatment of glioblastoma?", "sentence2": "RESULTS: The six-month progression-free survival (PFS) rates in phase II (n = 41) were 0% and 15% in the PTEN/EGFRvIII-positive and PTEN/EGFRvIII-negative cohorts, respectively, leading to early termination. , Single-agent pazopanib did not prolong PFS in this patient population but showed in situ biological activity as demonstrated by radiographic responses.[SEP]Definitions: glioblastoma defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). pazopanib defined as following: A small molecule inhibitor of multiple protein tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pazopanib selectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, c-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors in which these receptors are upregulated..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there a role for transcription factories in genome organization?", "id": "converted_926", "sentence1": "Is there a role for transcription factories in Genome - anatomical entity organization?", "sentence2": "The mammalian nucleus is a highly complex structure that carries out a diverse range of functions such as DNA replication, cell division, RNA processing, and Nuclear (incident type) export/import. Many of these activities occur at discrete subcompartments that intersect with specific regions of the Genome - anatomical entity. Over the past few decades, evidence has accumulated to suggest that RNA transcription also occurs in specialized sites, called transcription factories, that may influence how the Genome - anatomical entity is organized. There may be certain efficiency benefits to cluster transcriptional activity in this way. However, the clustering of Genes at transcription factories may have consequences for Genome - anatomical entity stability, and increase the susceptibility to recurrent chromosomal translocations that lead to Primary malignant neoplasm, In the eukaryotic nucleus, Genes are transcribed in transcription factories, Based on this analysis, we propose that transcription factories result from the aggregation of RNA polymerase II-containing pre-initiation complexes assembled next to each other in the Nuclear (incident type) space. Such an aggregation can be triggered by the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II molecules and their interaction with various TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. Individual transcription factories would thus incorporate tissue-specific, co-regulated as well as Genes, Housekeeping based only on their initial proximity to each other in the Nuclear (incident type) space, active polymerases cluster into replication and transcription \"factories\" in both pro- and Eukaryota. We conclude that the second law of thermodynamics acts through nonspecific entropic forces between engaged polymerases to drive the self-organization of Genome into loops containing several thousands (and sometimes millions) of basepairs, Since the advent of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization), there have been major advances in our understanding of how the Genome - anatomical entity is organized in interphase nuclei. Indeed, this organization is found to be non-random and individual Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 occupy discrete regions known as territories, in proliferating cells, there is evidently a correlation between radial positioning and gene density. Indeed, gene-poor Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 tend to be located towards the Nuclear (incident type) edge, while those that are more gene-rich are positioned more internally, Recently described active chromatin hubs and transcription factories also involve long-range interactions, The transcription factory model has implications for the regulation of Transcription Initiation and elongation, for the organization of Genes in the Genome - anatomical entity, for the co-regulation of Genes and for Genome - anatomical entity instability.[SEP]Relations: HIV Transcription Initiation has relations: pathway_protein with CCNH, pathway_protein with CCNH. transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with JUN, molfunc_protein with JUN, molfunc_protein with JUNB, molfunc_protein with JUNB, molfunc_protein with JUND, molfunc_protein with JUND, molfunc_protein with SAP18, molfunc_protein with SAP18. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.. Eukaryota defined as following: Organism or cells with a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance Nuclear (incident type) envelope and compartmentalization of function into distinct cytoplasmic organelles.. Genome defined as following: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.. Genes, Housekeeping defined as following: Constitutively and evenly expressed Genes involved in routine cellular metabolisms.. Transcription Initiation defined as following: Transcription Initiation involves RNA polymerase (and usually other factors) binding at a specific gene promoter DNA site followed by local DNA unwinding and inauguration of the 5-prime to 3-prime biosynthesis of an RNA transcript complementary to the DNA template.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is pseudouridine a RNA modification?", "id": "converted_1942", "sentence1": "Is pseudouridine a RNA modification?", "sentence2": "Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of>150 nucleoside modifications in RNA. , The number and Positioning Attribute of the pseudouridines of Haloarcula marismortui and Deinococcus radiodurans large subunit RNA have been determined by a combination of total nucleoside analysis by HPLC-mass spectrometry and pseudouridine sequencing by the reverse transcriptase method and by LC/MS/MS., Pseudouridine is the most abundant of more than 100 Chemicals distinct natural ribonucleotide modifications.[SEP]Relations: pseudouridine synthesis has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with RNA modification, bioprocess_bioprocess with RNA modification, bioprocess_bioprocess with mRNA pseudouridine synthesis, bioprocess_bioprocess with mRNA pseudouridine synthesis, bioprocess_protein with NOP10, bioprocess_protein with NOP10, bioprocess_bioprocess with rRNA pseudouridine synthesis, bioprocess_bioprocess with rRNA pseudouridine synthesis, bioprocess_bioprocess with tRNA pseudouridine synthesis, bioprocess_bioprocess with tRNA pseudouridine synthesis. Definitions: Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Pseudouridine defined as following: A naturally-occurring isomer of URIDINE found in RNA, in which ribosyl is attached to a carbon instead of a nitrogen atom.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Chemicals defined as following: A substance with a defined atomic or molecular structure that results from, or takes part in, reactions involving changes in its structure, composition, or properties.. Haloarcula marismortui defined as following: A species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. This species was previously called Halobacterium marismortui.. RNA modification defined as following: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:1555811337].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Citrobacter rodentium pathogenic?", "id": "converted_2577", "sentence1": "Is Citrobacter rodentium pathogenic?", "sentence2": "One day after colonization, CASP14 gene were infected with the colonic pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium., The Homo sapiens pathogen enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli), as well as the Mus sp. pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, colonize the gut mucosa via attaching and effacing lesion formation and cause diarrheal diseases., Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-like Mus sp. pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, Here, we develop a model that provides that link for the investigation of Citrobacter rodentium infection, a Mus sp. model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli). [SEP]Relations: escherichia coli infection has relations: disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections, disease_phenotype_positive with Recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections. Definitions: Escherichia coli defined as following: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.. Citrobacter rodentium defined as following: A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CITROBACTER, family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. As an important pathogen of laboratory CASP14 gene, it serves as a model for investigating epithelial hyperproliferation and tumor promotion. It was previously considered a strain of CITROBACTER FREUNDII.. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli defined as following: Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. These strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. In developed countries they are associated with INFANTILE DIARRHEA and infantile GASTROENTERITIS and, in contrast to ETEC strains, do not produce ENDOTOXINS.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Satb1 a transcription factor?", "id": "converted_4434", "sentence1": "Is DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 a transcription factor?", "sentence2": "Special AT-rich sequence binding protein-1 (SATB1) is localized to the Atomic Nucleus and remodels chromatin location location structure in Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, chromatin location location organizers SATB2 and SATB1 , transcription factor complexes. These MYB complexes assemble aberrantly with LYL1 protein, human protein, human, TCF3 wt Allele, C/EBP family members, LMO2 wt Allele wt Allele, and SATB1. , Staining for the transcription factors FOXP2 gene, DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 and DNA Binding Protein SATB2 labeled most Ganglion cell in the avian ganglion cell layer.[SEP]Relations: Tat protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with DNAJA1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1, molfunc_protein with GABARAPL1. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Factor XIII (human), drug_drug with Factor XIII (human). Definitions: DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 defined as following: DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 (763 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human SATB1 gene. This protein binds DNA and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.. Ganglion cell defined as following: A type of interneuron that conveys information to the brain.. LMO2 wt Allele defined as following: Human LMO2 wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p13 and is approximately 34 kb in length. This allele, which encodes rhombotin-2 protein, is involved in red blood cell development through the modulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.. Atomic Nucleus defined as following: The region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. LYL1 protein, human defined as following: Protein lyl-1 (280 aa, ~30 kDa) is encoded by the human LYL1 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in blood vessel maturation and transcriptional regulation.. DNA Binding Protein SATB2 defined as following: DNA-binding protein SATB2 (733 aa, ~83 kDa) is encoded by the human SATB2 gene. This protein is involved in both DNA binding and transcriptional regulation.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. FOXP2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in brain development.. TCF3 wt Allele defined as following: Human TCF3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.3 and is approximately 43 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription factor E2-alpha protein, plays a role in the mediation of embryological cell fate. Chromosomal aberrations involving the gene are associated with forms of pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.. transcription factor defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Thymoquinone is ineffective against radiation induced enteritis, yes or no?", "id": "converted_3674", "sentence1": "Thymoquinone is ineffective against radiation induced enteritis, yes or no?", "sentence2": "n this study, we found that thymoquinone (TQ) could mitigate Intestines damages induced by irradiation. , In this study, we found that thymoquinone (TQ) could mitigate Intestines damages induced by irradiation., In this study, we found that thymoquinone (TQ) could mitigate Intestines damages induced by irradiation., TQ might be used for radiation enteritis treatment.[SEP]Relations: intestine has relations: anatomy_protein_present with NOMO3, anatomy_protein_present with NOMO3, anatomy_protein_present with NOMO2, anatomy_protein_present with NOMO2, anatomy_protein_present with MKRN2OS, anatomy_protein_present with MKRN2OS, anatomy_protein_present with NOMO1, anatomy_protein_present with NOMO1, anatomy_protein_present with HOXA-AS3, anatomy_protein_present with HOXA-AS3. Definitions: Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. enteritis defined as following: Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Was stelara developed by Amgen?", "id": "converted_3174", "sentence1": "Was stelara developed by Amgen?", "sentence2": "Nitroglycerin/Sodium Citrate/Ethanol Solution does not specifically recommend switching from one biologic to another, and only Ustekinumab Ab (User Site Testing; Stelara®, Janssen, Inc., Horsham, newton per square metre, USA) is recommended after anti-tumour necrosis factor failure.[SEP]Relations: Ustekinumab has relations: drug_drug with AMG 108, drug_drug with AMG 108, drug_drug with Imlifidase, drug_drug with Imlifidase, drug_drug with Eftrenonacog alfa, drug_drug with Eftrenonacog alfa, drug_drug with Esterified estrogens, drug_drug with Esterified estrogens, drug_drug with Leronlimab, drug_drug with Leronlimab. Definitions: Janssen defined as following: A pharmaceutical company providing medicines for an array of health concerns in several therapeutic areas. The company conducts research and development into oncology, mental illness, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infection, and allergies.. Nitroglycerin/Sodium Citrate/Ethanol Solution defined as following: An antimicrobial lock solution (ALS) containing the nitrate nitroglycerin, sodium citrate and ethanol, with potential antimicrobial and anticoagulant activities. Upon application to the catheter as an ALS, the nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO), which exerts antimicrobial activity. The citrate exerts anticoagulant activity, thereby preventing blood clotting and occlusion and maintaining the fluidity of the administered solution. In addition, both citrate and ethanol exert antimicrobial activity. This may prevent bacterial colonization on the surface of the catheter, biofilm formation and prevents catheter-associated infections.. newton per square metre defined as following: A SI derived unit of pressure equivalent to one newton per square meter or 10 bars or to 1.45x10E-4 pounds per square inch.. User Site Testing defined as following: Any examination of software/hardware functionality that takes place outside of the developer's controlled environment..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Was vivotif licensed in Europe and the US at the same time?", "id": "converted_3711", "sentence1": "Was vivotif licensed in Europe and the US at the same time?", "sentence2": "Vivotif® is an oral live attenuated vaccine which contains a mutated strain of Salmonella (Ty21a) and reproduces the natural infection. The vaccine was first licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the US in 1989, and over the years it has proved efficacious and safe.[SEP]Relations: salmonellosis has relations: disease_protein with HLA-DRB1, disease_protein with HLA-DRB1, disease_disease with invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, disease_disease with invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, disease_disease with paratyphoid fever, disease_disease with paratyphoid fever, disease_disease with salmonella infections, animal, disease_disease with salmonella infections, animal, disease_disease with typhoid fever, disease_disease with typhoid fever. Definitions: Salmonella defined as following: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there an association between borna virus and brain tumor?", "id": "converted_388", "sentence1": "Is there an association between borna Virus and Head>Brain tumor?", "sentence2": "Borna Disease Virus (BDV), a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA Virus, infects a wide variety of mammalian species and readily establishes a long-lasting, persistent Communicable Diseases in Head>Brain cells. , To investigate the biological characteristics of field isolates of Borna Disease Virus (BDV), as well as to understand BDV infections outside endemic countries, we isolated the Virus from Head>Brain samples of a heifer with Borna Disease in Japan., Neonatal Borna Disease Virus (BDV) Communicable Diseases of the Rattus norvegicus Head>Brain is associated with microglial activation and damage to the certain neuronal populations., In addition, compared to uninfected mixed cultures, activation of Microglia in BDV-infected mixed cultures was associated with a significantly greater lipopolysaccharide-induced release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, interleukin-1, beta, and interleukin 10. Taken together, the present data are the first in vitro evidence that persistent BDV Communicable Diseases of neurons and Astrocytes rather than direct exposure to the Virus or dying neurons is critical for activating Microglia., Usually, Borna Disease Virus is not cleared from the Head>Brain but rather persists in Neurons., Varied persistent life cycles of Borna Disease Virus in a Homo sapiens oligodendroglioma cell line., Borna Disease Virus (BDV) establishes a persistent Communicable Diseases in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS of vertebrate animal species as well as in Tissue culture. , Thus, our findings show that BDV may have established a persistent Communicable Diseases at low levels of viral expression in OL cells with the possibility of a latent Communicable Diseases., These results suggested that BDV Communicable Diseases may cause direct damage in the developing Head>Brain by inhibiting the function of HMGB1 Protein due to binding by the p24 phosphoprotein., We describe a model for investigating disorders of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS development based on neonatal Rattus norvegicus Communicable Diseases with Borna Disease Virus, a neurotropic noncytolytic RNA Virus. , Borna Disease Virus (BDV) replicates in Head>Brain cells. The neonatally infected Rattus norvegicus with BDV exhibits developmental-neuromorphological abnormalities, neuronal cytolysis, and multiple behavioral and physiological alterations. , Borna Disease Virus (BDV) causes CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System) disease in several vertebrate species, which is frequently accompanied by Abnormal behavior., Intrinsic responses to Borna Disease Virus Communicable Diseases of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS., Immune cells invading the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (Central Nervous System) in response to Borna Disease Virus (BDV) antigens are central to the pathogenesis of Borna Disease (BD). , We report here the partial purification and characterization of cell-free BDV from the tissue culture supernatant of infected Homo sapiens neuroblastoma SKNSH cells., We have used the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique to gain insight into the pathogenesis of Encephalitis caused by Borna Disease Virus (BDV). , In contrast, in the BDV-infected primary mixed cultures, we observed proliferation of Microglia cells that acquired the round morphology and expressed major histocompatibility complex Molecule of classes I and II.[SEP]Relations: borna disease has relations: disease_disease with viral Communicable Diseases of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, disease_disease with viral Communicable Diseases of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, disease_disease with encephalomyelitis, disease_disease with encephalomyelitis, disease_disease with Mononegavirales infectious disease, disease_disease with Mononegavirales infectious disease. Encephalitis has relations: disease_disease with viral Communicable Diseases of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, disease_disease with viral Communicable Diseases of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, disease_disease with Hendra Virus Communicable Diseases, disease_disease with Hendra Virus Communicable Diseases. Definitions: Neurons defined as following: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Borna Disease defined as following: An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.. Microglia defined as following: The third type of glial cell, along with Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS development and remodeling.. Abnormal behavior defined as following: Troublesome or disruptive behavioral displays.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Tissue culture defined as following: Originally the maintenance and growth of pieces of explanted tissue (plant or animal) in culture away from the source organism. Now usually refers to the (much more frequently used) technique of cell culture, using cells dispersed from tissues or distant descendants of such cells.. HMGB1 Protein defined as following: A 24-kDa HMGB protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of DNA.. Astrocytes defined as following: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the Head>Brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from \"star\" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with \"end feet\" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and \"reactive Astrocytes\" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.. interleukin-1, beta defined as following: An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha defined as following: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Head>Brain cells defined as following: header term for the cells that make up the Head>Brain; includes neurons, glia, and other specialized cells in the Head>Brain.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the Head>Brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or Homo sapiens host.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Encephalitis defined as following: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to Communicable Diseases, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.. Head>Brain tumor defined as following: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, Head>Brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from Head>Brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, Head>Brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the Head>Brain..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is long QT syndrome a cause for sudden cardiac death in athletes?", "id": "converted_211", "sentence1": "Is Long QT Syndrome a cause for sudden cardiac Cessation of life in athletes?", "sentence2": "A diversity of Cardiovascular Diseases including Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary anomalies, ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA 1, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Aortic Rupture due to Marfan Syndrome, Myocarditis, Valvular disease and electrical disorders (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome (disorder)), as well as Commotio Cordis represent the common causes of Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy in young athletes., Sudden cardiac Cessation of life is the leading cause of mortality among young athletes with an incidence of 1-2 per 100,000 athletes per annum., The majority of cases are caused by an underlying structural cardiac abnormality, most commonly Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. More recently, the understanding of non-structural causes such as Long QT Syndrome and Brugada Syndrome (disorder) has grown and diagnostic criteria have been developed. , This review considers in particular the causes of Cessation of life affecting athletes below 35 years of age. In this age group the largest proportion of deaths are caused by diseases with Autosomal dominant inheritance such as Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, long QT-syndrome, and Marfan's syndrome. , Knowledge of sudden cardiac Cessation of life in young athletes is imperative for all physicians and allied health professionals. , In this article, we review several etiologies of sudden cardiac Cessation of life, including Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome (disorder), and Commotio Cordis. , Sudden cardiac Cessation of life (Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy) in young athletes is generally caused by inherited cardiac disorders., The genetic abnormalities most associated with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy are Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome (disorder), and catecholaminergic polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding., The most common cause of sudden cardiac Cessation of life in athletes is Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Other reasons are congenital coronary artery anomalies, nivocarditis, dilatative cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle, SARCOIDOSIS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 (finding), Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Arteriosclerosis, Long QT Syndrome, and blunt impact to the chest., The congenital Long QT Syndrome (Congenital Long QT Syndrome) is caused by cardiac ion channel mutations, which predispose young individuals to sudden cardiac Cessation of life often related to exercise. , A group of relatively uncommon but important genetic cardiovascular diseases (GCVDs) are associated with increased risk for sudden cardiac Cessation of life during exercise, including Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, long-QT syndrome, Marfan Syndrome, and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia., Primary electrical disorders (such as the Long QT Syndrome) are rarely present in athletes but, so far, are a considerable reason for disqualification from sport activity. [SEP]Relations: Long QT Syndrome has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac Cessation of life, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac Cessation of life, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac Cessation of life, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac Cessation of life. Sudden cardiac Cessation of life has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Long QT Syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Long QT Syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with short QT syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with short QT syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with familial Long QT Syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with familial Long QT Syndrome. Definitions: Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. Commotio Cordis defined as following: A sudden CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA (e.g., VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION) caused by a blunt, non-penetrating impact to the precordial region of chest wall. Commotio cordis often results in sudden Cessation of life without prompt cardiopulmonary defibrillation.. Long QT Syndrome defined as following: A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.. Marfan Syndrome defined as following: An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; AORTIC ANEURYSM; and AORTIC DISSECTION. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan Syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan Syndrome type 2.. Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.. Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy defined as following: Schnyder corneal dystrophy (Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy) is a rare form of stromal corneal dystrophy (see this term) characterized by corneal clouding or crystals within the corneal stroma, and a progressive decrease in visual acuity.. Ventricular Tachycardia by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular organ with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC). Cardiomyopathy, Dilated defined as following: Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by dilation and contractile dysfunction of the left and right ventricles. It may be idiopathic, or it may result from a myocardial infarction, myocardial infection, or alcohol abuse. It is a cause of congestive heart failure.. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome defined as following: A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.. sudden cardiac Cessation of life defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural Cessation of life due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological Cessation of life. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). Autosomal dominant inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele. [HPO:curators]. Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome defined as following: Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.. Brugada Syndrome (disorder) defined as following: An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden Cessation of life. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.. Myocarditis defined as following: Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden Cessation of life (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.. Aortic Valve Stenosis defined as following: A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia defined as following: A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Congenital long QT syndrome defined as following: A rare group of genetic, cardiac rhythm diseases characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval at basal electrocardiography (ECG) and by a high risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.. Aortic Rupture defined as following: The tearing or bursting of the wall along any portion of the AORTA, such as thoracic or abdominal. It may result from the rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to TRAUMA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are phagosomal proteins ubiquitinated?", "id": "converted_2874", "sentence1": "Are phagosomal proteins ubiquitinated?", "sentence2": "Phagosomal proteins are ubiquitylated, and ubiquitylation was found to be required for formation of acidic multivesicular structures., membranes of the bacterial phagosome are enriched with Ubiquitinated Proteins in a way that requires its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system, suggesting the involvement of effectors in the manipulation of the host ubiquitination machinery.[SEP]Relations: monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination has relations: bioprocess_protein with USP15, bioprocess_protein with USP15, bioprocess_protein with USP7, bioprocess_protein with USP7, bioprocess_protein with USP47, bioprocess_protein with USP47, bioprocess_protein with USP1, bioprocess_protein with USP1, bioprocess_protein with BAP1, bioprocess_protein with BAP1. Definitions: Ubiquitinated Proteins defined as following: Proteins covalently modified with UBIQUITINS or UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEINS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is resistance training usually associated with increasing muscle hypertrophy?", "id": "converted_4483", "sentence1": "Is resistance training usually associated with increasing Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy?", "sentence2": "While traditional resistance exercises have been widely used to promote Muscle Tissue strength and Hypertrophy in the elderly, , These findings suggest that in young untrained men, progressing from a training frequency of once per week to a training frequency of 5 times per week with equated volume produces similar gains in LBM and Muscle Tissue strength as a constant training frequency of once per week, over an 8-week training period., Resistance training is one of the effective methods to overcome a decline in Muscle Tissue mass,, Therefore, in RT prescription for elbow flexors Hypertrophy, single-joint exercises such as BC Original Formula Original Formula should be emphasized, Our studies establish that resistance training in older adults with Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent results in Muscle fiber Hypertrophy, despite a greater accumulation of inflammatory cytokine transcripts in Muscle Tissue., Resistance training results in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and improves glycemic control in patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent., Resistance training (RT) is a popular method of conditioning to enhance sport performance as well as an effective form of exercise to attenuate the age-mediated decline in Muscle Tissue strength and mass., Enzyme activities, reflecting oxidative potential; decrease during long-term heavy resistance training, resulting in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy., Optimal adaptations to resistance training (Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and strength increases) also seem to occur in the late afternoon, which is interesting, since hydrocortisone and, particularly, Therapeutic Testosterone (T) concentrations are higher in the morning., Heavy resistance training is associated with increased body weight, lean body mass, and Muscle Tissue cross-sectional area., The implications for this are (a) athletes are advised to coincide training times with performance times, and (b) individuals may experience greater Hypertrophy and strength gains when resistance training protocols are designed dependent on individual T response., Therefore, the combination of resistance training and overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I induced greater Hypertrophy than either treatment alone., The intake of Protein Info after resistance training increases plasma amino acids, which results in the activation of signaling molecules leading to increased Muscle Tissue Protein Info synthesis (MPS) and Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy., The rate and amount of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual., Resistance training is commonly prescribed to enhance strength/power qualities and is achieved via improved neuromuscular recruitment, fiber type transition, and/ or skeletal Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy., The mechanisms responsible for the changes in basal post-absorptive Protein Info turnover and its impact on Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy following resistance exercise training are unknown., It has been proposed that Protein Info supplementation during resistance exercise training enhances Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy., BACKGROUND: Effects of resistance training on Muscle Tissue strength and Hypertrophy are well established in adults and younger elderly., Chronic resistance training induces increases in Muscle Tissue fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), otherwise known as Hypertrophy. , Resistance training of healthy young men typically results in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and a shift in vastus lateralis composition away from type IIx fibers to an increase in IIa fiber content, In resistance training, it has been empirically accepted that Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy is developed by low intensity and high volume training, while Muscle Tissue strength and power are developed by high intensity and low volume training. , gh intensity resistance training (HIRT) has led to increased Protein Info synthesis, along with Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy measured at the whole body, whole Muscle Tissue, and Muscle Tissue fibre levels, in older adults. Typica, t has been well documented that the increase in strength over the first few weeks of resistance training (i.e. acute) has a strong underlying neural component and further enhancement in strength with long-term (i.e. chronic) resistance training is due to Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy. For, Low-intensity blood flow restricted (LI-BFR) resistance training has been shown to produce comparable increases in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy to traditional high-intensity (HI) resistance training. Ho, r adaptations caused by resistance training include increased cross-sectional area of the Muscle Tissue (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, or both), selective Hypertrophy of fast twitch fibers, decreased or maintained mitochondrial number and capillary density of Muscle Tissue, and possible changes in energy sources. Changes in nerv, Skeletal Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men, High-intensity resistance (KCNJ4 gene) training has been associated with Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and decreased microvascular density that might produce a blood flow limitation. , The rate and amount of Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual, CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that pBFR can stimulate Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy to the same degree to that of high-intensity resistance trainin, It is universally accepted that resistance training promotes increases in Muscle Tissue strength and Hypertrophy in younger and older populations, Resistance training (RT) is a popular method of conditioning to enhance sport performance as well as an effective form of exercise to attenuate the age-mediated decline in Muscle Tissue strength and mass, Resistance training of healthy young men typically results in Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and a shift in vastus lateralis composition away from type IIx fibers to an increase in IIa fiber content., Resistance training increases Muscle Tissue size (i.e., causes Hypertrophy) and Muscle Tissue strength, particularly in untrained individuals., Hypertrophy is widely believed to be one of the mechanisms (i.e., a mediator) by which resistance training increases strength., Chronic resistance training induces increases in Muscle Tissue fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), otherwise known as Hypertrophy., The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to improve both maximum and rapid force production using resistance training that is typically used to induce Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy in previously untrained older men., Is an Energy Surplus Required to Maximize Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy Associated With Resistance Training., We conclude that resistance training of prediabetic obese subjects is effective at changing Muscle Tissue, resulting in fiber Hypertrophy and increased type IIx fiber content, and these changes continue up to 16 wk of training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obese, insulin-resistant men responded to 16 wk of progressive resistance training with Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy and increased strength and a shift in Muscle Fibers composition toward fast-twitch, type IIx fibers., BACKGROUND: Effects of resistance training on Muscle Tissue strength and Hypertrophy are well established in adults and youn, Increments in the cross-sectional area of Muscle Tissue after resistance training can be primarily attributed to fibre Hypertrophy., However, no data are reported in the literature to describe and compare the efficacy of the different hypertrophic resistance training strategies in Hypoxia, CTCAE.Moreover, improvements in sprinting, jumping, or throwing performance have also been described at terrestrial altitude, encouraging research into the speed of explosive movements at altitude., We conclude that a program of resistance exercise can be safely carried out by elderly women, such a program significantly increases Muscle Tissue strength, and such gains are due, at least in part, to Specimen Source Codes - Skeletal Muscle Tissue Tissue Hypertrophy.[SEP]Relations: Skeletal Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Generalized Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy, phenotype_phenotype with Generalized Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy, phenotype_phenotype with Muscle Hypertrophy of the lower extremities, phenotype_phenotype with Muscle Hypertrophy of the lower extremities, disease_phenotype_positive with rippling Muscle Tissue disease, disease_phenotype_positive with rippling Muscle Tissue disease, disease_phenotype_positive with myostatin-related Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with myostatin-related Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy, phenotype_phenotype with Marked muscular Hypertrophy, phenotype_phenotype with Marked muscular Hypertrophy. Definitions: Hyperplasia defined as following: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.. Muscle Fibers defined as following: OBSOLETE. The contractile fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated Muscle Tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]. Therapeutic Testosterone defined as following: A synthetic form of the endogenous androgenic steroid Therapeutic Testosterone. In vivo, Therapeutic Testosterone is irreversibly converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. Testosterone or DHT ligand-androgen receptor complexes act as transcription factor complexes, stimulating the expression of various responsive genes. DHT binds with higher affinity to androgen receptors than Therapeutic Testosterone, activating gene expression more efficiently. In addition, Therapeutic Testosterone is irreversibly converted to estradiol by the enzyme complex aromatase, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Testosterone and DHT promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics related to the internal and external genitalia, skeletal Muscle Tissue, and hair follicles; estradiol promotes epiphyseal maturation and bone mineralization. Due to rapid metabolism by the liver, therapeutic Therapeutic Testosterone is generally administered as an ester derivative.. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Hypertrophy defined as following: The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual Muscle Tissue fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal Muscle Tissue cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. [GOC:mtg_muscle]. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I defined as following: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. hydrocortisone defined as following: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.. Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.. Hypertrophy defined as following: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is selumetinib effective in thyroid cancer?", "id": "converted_1532", "sentence1": "Is selumetinib effective in Malignant neoplasm of thyroid?", "sentence2": "A phase I trial of vertical inhibition of IGF signalling using cixutumumab, an anti-IGF-1R antibody, and selumetinib, an Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases 1/2 inhibitor, in advanced solid tumours., BACKGROUND: We completed a phase I clinical trial to test the safety and Toxic effect of combined treatment with cixutumumab (anti-IGF-1R antibody) and selumetinib (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases 1/2 inhibitor)., Two patients achieved a partial response (one unconfirmed), including a patient with BRAF protein, human protein, human wild-type Malignant epithelial neoplasm of thyroid, and a patient with Anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma of the Tongue, and six patients achieved time to progression of>6 months, including patients with Malignant epithelial neoplasm of thyroid, Colorectal Carcinoma, and Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma., CONCLUSIONS: Our study of anti-IGF-1R antibody cixutumumab and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases 1/2 inhibitor selumetinib showed that the combination is safe and well-tolerated at these doses, with preliminary evidence of clinical benefit and pharmacodynamic evidence of target inhibition., Genes, MHC Class I loss is a frequent mechanism of immune escape in papillary Malignant neoplasm of thyroid that is reversed by human leukocyte human leukocyte interferon and selumetinib treatment in vitro., Increased antigenicity following selumetinib and IFN treatment warrants further study for immunotherapy of progressive Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography., The role of KIs in differentiated CD55 wt Allele may be revolutionised by the finding that selumetinib may restore a clinical response to radioactive Iodine, Homeopathic preparation (PPP1R13L wt Allele). , BACKGROUND AND AIM: selumetinib is a promising and interesting targeted therapy agent as it may reverse iodide ion I-131 uptake in patients with iodide ion I-131-refractory differentiated Malignant neoplasm of thyroid., CONCLUSIONS: Compared with current chemotherapy, selumetinib has modest clinical activity as monotherapy in patients with advanced cancer, but combinations of selumetinib with cytotoxic agents in patients with BRAF protein, human protein, human or KRAS mutations hold great promise for cancer treatment., selumetinib may be an effective redifferentiating agent and could be used within several years., selumetinib-enhanced iodide ion I-131 uptake in advanced Malignant neoplasm of thyroid., METHODS: We conducted a study to determine whether the MAPK kinase (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases) 1 and MEK2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY 142886) could reverse refractoriness to iodide ion I-131 in patients with metastatic Malignant neoplasm of thyroid. , selumetinib increased the uptake of Iodine, Homeopathic preparation-124 in 12 of the 20 patients (4 of 9 patients with BRAF protein, human protein, human mutations and 5 of 5 patients with Human Oncogene N-RAS mutations)., CONCLUSIONS: selumetinib produces clinically meaningful increases in Iodine, Homeopathic preparation uptake and retention in a subgroup of patients with Malignant neoplasm of thyroid that is refractory to iodide ion I-131; the effectiveness may be greater in patients with RAS-mutant disease. , ECENT FINDINGS: For patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancers, sorafenib, selumetinib, pazopanib and sunitinib have been investigated with promising results. , selumetinib is a promising and interesting targeted therapy agent as it may reverse iodide ion I-131 uptake in patients with iodide ion I-131-refractory differentiated Malignant neoplasm of thyroid., selumetinib may be an effective redifferentiating agent and could be used within several years., Here, selumetinib targets the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in papillary Malignant epithelial neoplasm of thyroid and shows limited single-agent activity in the patients with Neoplasms that harbor the (V600E)BRAF protein, human protein, human mutation., CONCLUSIONS: selumetinib produces clinically meaningful increases in Iodine, Homeopathic preparation uptake and retention in a subgroup of patients with Malignant neoplasm of thyroid that is refractory to iodide ion I-131; the effectiveness may be greater in patients with RAS-mutant disease. [SEP]Relations: selumetinib has relations: drug_drug with Thyroid, porcine, drug_drug with Thyroid, porcine, drug_drug with Parathyroid hormone, drug_drug with Parathyroid hormone, drug_drug with Neratinib, drug_drug with Neratinib, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Axitinib, drug_drug with Axitinib. Definitions: pazopanib defined as following: A small molecule inhibitor of multiple protein tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pazopanib selectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, c-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis in Neoplasms in which these receptors are upregulated.. selumetinib defined as following: An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. selumetinib is an ATP-independent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases or MAPK/ERK kinase) 1 and 2. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases 1 and 2 are dual specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/ERK pathway, are often upregulated in various cancer cells, and are drivers of diverse cellular responses, including proliferation. Inhibition of both MEK1 and 2 by selumetinib prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, thereby leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in various cancers.. Iodine, Homeopathic preparation defined as following: homeopathic drug. Malignant neoplasm of thyroid defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.. human leukocyte interferon defined as following: Human interferons have been classified into 3 groups: alpha, beta, and gamma. Both alpha- and beta-IFNs, previously designated type I, are acid-stable, but they differ immunologically and in regard to some biologic and physiochemical properties. The IFNs produced by virus-stimulated leukocytes (leukocyte IFNs) are predominantly of the alpha type. Those produced by lymphoblastoid cells are about 90% alpha and 10% beta. Induced fibroblasts produce mainly or exclusively the beta type. The alpha- and beta-IFNs differ widely in amino acid sequence. The gamma or immune IFNs, which are produced by T lymphocytes in response to mitogens or to antigens to which they are sensitized, are acid-labile and serologically distinct from alpha- and beta-IFNs. (from OMIM 147570). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases defined as following: A dual-specific protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.. BRAF protein, human defined as following: Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (766 aa, ~84 kDa) is encoded by the human BRAF protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in protein phosphorylation, mitogenesis and neuronal signal transduction.. PPP1R13L wt Allele defined as following: Human PPP1R13L wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19q13.32 and is approximately 27 kb in length. This allele, which encodes RelA-associated inhibitor protein, plays a role in the modulation of both apoptosis and transcription.. papillary Malignant neoplasm of thyroid defined as following: A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it is the most common malignant thyroid lesion, comprising 75% to 80% of all thyroid cancers in Iodine, Homeopathic preparation sufficient countries. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, the diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography defined as following: The evaluation of the liver and biliary tree using a contrast agent injected directly into the liver.. Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. cixutumumab defined as following: A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Cixutumumab selectively binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, thereby preventing the binding of the natural ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway may result in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and may decrease cancer cellular proliferation. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily overexpressed by many cancer cell types, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.. CD55 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD55 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 1q32 and is approximately 40 kb in length. This allele, which encodes complement decay-accelerating factor protein, is involved in the modulation of complement activity.. Genes, MHC Class I defined as following: Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Human Oncogene N-RAS defined as following: Human Oncogene N-RAS is a mutated variant of Human Oncogene N-RAS Gene (RAS Family), which encodes p21 N-Ras Protein, a monomeric GTPase involved in transmembrane signal transduction that alternates between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms. RAS is activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein. Mitogen-stimulated RAS stabilizes MYC protein and enhances MYC accumulation by the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, which appears to inhibit the proteasome-dependent degradation of MYC. Implicated in a variety of human Neoplasms, specific amino acid mutations activate c-RAS and transform cells. Oncogene Human Oncogene N-RAS disrupts normal cell function.. sunitinib defined as following: An indolinone derivative and tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Sunitinib blocks the tyrosine kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb), and c-kit, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), another receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by some leukemic cells.. sorafenib defined as following: A synthetic compound targeting growth signaling and angiogenesis. Sorafenib blocks the enzyme RAF kinase, a critical component of the RAF/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/ERK signaling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation; in addition, sorafenib inhibits the VEGFR-2/PDGFR-beta signaling cascade, thereby blocking tumor angiogenesis.. Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471). Tongue defined as following: A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The Tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.. Iodine, Homeopathic preparation-124 defined as following: A radioactive isotope of Iodine, Homeopathic preparation, a nonmetallic element of the halogen group, with an atomic mass of 124 and a half-life of 4.18 days with radioisotopic activity. Selectively accumulating in thyroid tissue, Iodine, Homeopathic preparation I 124 emits positrons that can be detected by positron emission tomography (PET), allowing localization of thyroid tissue. This radioisotope also emits gamma rays.. Anal squamous cell carcinoma defined as following: A Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the anal canal or the anal margin (perianal skin). Human papillomavirus is detected in the majority of cases. Homosexual HIV-positive men have an increased risk of developing anal Anal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison to the general male population. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding. The prognosis is generally better for anal margin SCC than for anal canal SCC.. selumetinib defined as following: An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. selumetinib is an ATP-independent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases or MAPK/ERK kinase) 1 and 2. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases 1 and 2 are dual specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/ERK pathway, are often upregulated in various cancer cells, and are drivers of diverse cellular responses, including proliferation. Inhibition of both MEK1 and 2 by selumetinib prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, thereby leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in various cancers..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and CD4+ Helper T cells generated in the thyroid and express the T-cell receptor?", "id": "converted_3529", "sentence1": "Are CD8A wt Allele+ (cytotoxic) Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes and T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD4, human+ Helper Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes generated in the thyroid and express the T-cell receptor?", "sentence2": "A fundamental question in developmental immunology is how bipotential thymocyte precursors generate both T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD4, human, human+ helper and CD8A wt Allele+ cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte lineages., T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD4, human, human+CD8A wt Allele+ progenitor thymocyte undergo selection following interaction with Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and class II Molecule bearing peptide self-antigens, giving rise to CD8A wt Allele+ cytotoxic and T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD4, human, human+ helper or regulatory T-Lymphocyte lineages, respectively., Through positive selection, double-positive cells in the ThymusCold weather can affect your body in different ways. You can get frostbite, which is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. Your body can also lose heat faster than you can produce it. That can cause Hypothermia due to exposure, or abnormally low body temperature. It can make you sleepy, confused, and clumsy. Because it happens gradually and affects your thinking, you may not realize you need help. That makes it especially dangerous. A body temperature below 95 °F (35 °C) is a medical emergency and can lead to death if not treated promptly.
Anyone who spends much time outdoors in cold weather can get Hypothermia due to exposure. You can also get it from being cold and wet, or under cold water for too long. Babies and old people are especially at risk. Babies can get it from sleeping in a cold room.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance genome, into daughter Cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. brown doxorubicin/fluorouracil/triazinate protocol Cells defined as following: Fat Cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed MITOCHONDRIA. They contain numerous small lipid droplets or vacuoles. Their stored Lipids can be converted directly to energy as heat by the mitochondria..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Ixodes a species of tick?", "id": "converted_3904", "sentence1": "Is Ixodes sp. a Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing of tick?", "sentence2": "ixodid Suborder Ixodides, ixodid Suborder Ixodides , ixodid Suborder Ixodides, tick, Ixodes sp. sp. ricinus, hard Suborder Ixodides (family Ixodidae), The two enzootic tick Cloning Vectors, Ixodes sp. sp. affinis and Ixodes sp. sp. minor, rarely Dental Occlusion Homo sapiens but are more important than the human biting \"bridge\" vector, Ixodes sp. sp. scapularis, in maintaining the enzootic spirochete cycle in nature., is more common in coastal habitats, where a greater diversity of Ixodes sp. sp. Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing Suborder Ixodides are found feeding on small mammal hosts (four Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing when compared with only I. pacificus in other sampled habitats)., We found three of five previously reported tick Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing as well as a tick resembling the eastern North American tick Ixodes sp. sp. minor Neumann (which we here designate Ixodes sp. sp. \"Mojave morphotype\") on isolated Amargosa Microtus and Owens Valley Microtus (Microtus californicus vallicola Bailey) in Inyo County in 2012 and 2014., THODS: We focused on the well-studied tick genus Ixodes sp. sp. from which many Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing are known to transmit zoonotic diseases to Homo sapiens. W, Ectoparasites of Microtus californicus and Possible Emergence of an Exotic Ixodes sp. sp. Species Tick in California., Since 2007, non-native tick Species - Nature of Abnormal Testing have been documented in the state every year, including Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes sp. sp. pacificus, Ixodes sp. sp. ricinus, Ixodes sp. sp. scapularis, Ixodes sp. sp. texanus, and RhipicephalusSupernumerary mandibular right first primary molar
. Autoimmune Diseases defined as following: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue defined as following: Lymphoid tissue located beneath the mucosal epithelia of those mucosal surfaces that have contact with the external environment, such as the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems. MALT consists of a collection of predominantly small lymphocytes, fewer larger, transformed lymphocytes, and plasma cells. It protects the body from pathogens that enter via the mucosa. MALT gives rise to a distinctive type of B-Cell Lymphomas that usually follows an indolent clinical course.. malignant non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma defined as following: Any of a group of malignant Neoplasms of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these Neoplasms is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.. Systemic disease defined as following: A clinical course finding indicating that a disease presents with systemic manifestations.. Sjogren's Syndrome defined as following: Chronic inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.. Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic defined as following: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.. Parotid Gland defined as following: The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.. Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia defined as following: A rare, reactive lesion in the lung parenchyma. It is characterized by the formation of a single or several nodules that are composed of lymphocytic infiltrates with reactive germinal centers.. diffuse large B-Cell Lymphomas defined as following: Diffuse large B-Cell Lymphomas that affects the kidney.. rituximab defined as following: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Salivary Glands defined as following: Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of Salivary Glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).. Celiac Disease defined as following: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.. Chromosome 11p11.2 Deletion Syndrome defined as following: A very rare genetic syndrome caused by deletions on the proximal short arm of chromosome 11. It is characterized by the presence of multiple exostoses and enlarged parietal foramina.. Sjogren syndrome defined as following: Chronic inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a link between nuclear position and DNA repair pathway choice?", "id": "converted_2617", "sentence1": "Is there a link between Nuclear (incident type) position and DNA repair pathway choice?", "sentence2": "Nuclear position dictates DNA repair pathway choice., We demonstrate that DSBs induced at the Nuclear Envelope (but not at Nuclear Pore or Nuclear (incident type) interior) fail to rapidly activate the DNA damage response (DDR) and repair by homologous recombination (HR). Real-time and superresolution imaging reveal that DNA DSBs within lamina-associated domains do not migrate to more permissive environments for HR, like the Nuclear Pore or the Nuclear (incident type) interior, but instead are repaired in situ by alternative end-joining. Our results are consistent with a model in which Nuclear (incident type) position dictates the choice of DNA repair pathway, thus revealing a new level of regulation in 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione repair controlled by spatial organization of DNA within the Cell Nucleus., Our results are consistent with a model in which Nuclear (incident type) position dictates the choice of DNA repair pathway, thus revealing a new level of regulation in 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione repair controlled by spatial organization of DNA within the Cell Nucleus., Nuclear position dictates DNA repair pathway choice., Our results are consistent with a model in which Nuclear (incident type) position dictates the choice of DNA repair pathway, thus revealing a new level of regulation in 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione repair controlled by spatial organization of DNA within the Cell Nucleus.[SEP]Relations: Nuclear (incident type) envelope has relations: cellcomp_protein with DNASE1, cellcomp_protein with DNASE1, cellcomp_protein with NRM, cellcomp_protein with NRM, cellcomp_protein with LMNA, cellcomp_protein with LMNA, cellcomp_protein with RAN, cellcomp_protein with RAN, cellcomp_protein with DST, cellcomp_protein with DST. Definitions: Nuclear Pore defined as following: An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the Nuclear (incident type) pore complex which transports Nuclear (incident type) proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The Nuclear Envelope consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Nuclear Envelope defined as following: The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the Nuclear Pore (NUCLEAR PORE).. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is recursive splicing more common in short introns?", "id": "converted_2664", "sentence1": "Is recursive splicing more common in short introns?", "sentence2": "Recent work in human and fruitfly tissues revealed that long introns are extensively processed cotranscriptionally and in a stepwise manner, before their two flanking exons are spliced together, Cutting a Long Intron Short: Recursive Splicing and Its Implications., Furthermore, we uncover the potential to investigate the multi-step nature of splicing, assessing various types of recursive splicing events, Recursive splicing is a process in which large introns are removed in multiple steps by re-splicing at ratchet points--5' splice sites recreated after splicing., Together, these results indicate that recursive splicing is commonly used in DrosophilaRespond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Neurons, Efferent defined as following: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are sleep apnea and snoring associated with cardiac arrhythmias?", "id": "converted_2587", "sentence1": "Are Sleep Apnea Syndromes and snoring associated with Cardiac - anatomy qualifier arrhythmias?", "sentence2": "Ever told you have or had atrial fibrillation:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal (Atrial Fibrillation) is the commonest arrhythmia in clinical practice and is associated with increased Cardiovascular system morbidity and mortality. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes (Sleep Apnea, Obstructive), a common Abnormal breathing, is an independent risk factor for Atrial Fibrillation., There is a growing Consensus in the scientific community that suggests a strong association between obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes (Sleep Apnea, Obstructive) and Cardiovascular system (CVD) conditions and events, including coronary artery disease, Hypertensive disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and Sudden Cardiac Death. , part from well-established risk factors that increase the odds for the development of Atrial Fibrillation, e.g. age or arterial Hypertensive disease, recent analyses indicate that obstructive sleep apnoea (Sleep Apnea, Obstructive) may independently, negatively modify the arrhythmia occur-rence profile. , Evidence supports a causal association of Sleep Apnea Syndromes with the incidence and morbidity of Hypertensive disease, coronary Heart Diseases, arrhythmia, heart failure, and Cerebrovascular accident., Severe snoring may be associated with Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- and systemic Hypertensive disease, secondary Polycythemia, and Cardiac - anatomy qualifier arrhythmias.When you're short of breath, it's hard or uncomfortable for you to take in the oxygen your body needs. You may feel as if you're not getting enough air. Sometimes you can have mild breathing problems because of a stuffy nose or intense exercise. But shortness of breath can also be a sign of a serious disease.
Many conditions can make you feel short of breath:
If you often have trouble breathing, it is important to find out the cause.
. Atrial Fibrillation defined as following: Abnormal Cardiac - anatomy qualifier rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.. Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- Hypertensive disease defined as following: Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. Sudden Cardiac Death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to Cardiovascular system collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and Cardiac - anatomy qualifier arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). Sleep Apnea Syndromes defined as following: Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.. Polycythemia defined as following: An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed). Cardiac - anatomy qualifier arrhythmias defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do selenoproteins and selenium play a role in prostate cancer prevention?", "id": "converted_941", "sentence1": "Do Selenoproteins and selenium play a role in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm prevention?", "sentence2": "The selenoprotein-deficient mice exhibited accelerated development of Lesion associated with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm progression, implicating Selenoproteins in Primary malignant neoplasm risk and development and raising the possibility that selenium prevents Primary malignant neoplasm by modulating the levels of these Selenoproteins, Notably and in contrast to previous studies, RWPE-1 cells were significantly more sensitive to selenite than either of the Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm cell lines. These results demonstrate that Selenoproteins and selenium metabolism are regulated at multiple levels in Pelvis>Prostate cells, In a low-selenium population, SOD2-Ala16+ men homozygous for SEPP1-Ala234 are at an increased risk of Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm/aggressive Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm especially if ever-smokers, because they are likely to produce more Mitochondrial Inheritance H(2)O(2) that they cannot remove, thereby promoting Pelvis>Prostate tumor cell proliferation and migration., Our results support a role of selenium and Genetic Polymorphism in selenoenzymes in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm etiology, which warrants confirmation in future studies., This study provides evidence that SELENOF gene genetic variation may influence Patient-Controlled Analgesia mortality. Additionally, the association of selenium with Patient-Controlled Analgesia mortality was modified by a Variant, suggesting the possibility that some men with Patient-Controlled Analgesia may benefit more from selenium than others, depending on their Genotype determination., We conclude that decreased SELENOP wt Allele concentration in serum might represent an additional valuable marker for Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm diagnostics., The recently completed Selenium supplement supplement and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was one of the largest Homo sapiens Primary malignant neoplasm prevention trials ever undertaken. Its purpose was to assess the role of selenium and Vitamin E Drug Class in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm prevention, but SELECT found no decline in Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm., We studied FUT2 gene levels in whole blood, plasma and Pelvis>Prostate of 32 Pachyonychia Congenita and 40 benign Pelvis>Prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients and in the control group composed of 39 healthy subjects. The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was also measured in the patients' Erythrocytes, plasma and Pelvis>Prostate tissue. FUT2 gene concentration in whole blood and plasma in both groups of patients was lower as compared with controls, while in Pelvis>Prostate gland it was significantly higher in Pachyonychia Congenita than in BPH patients and controls. Red cell GSH-Px activity was the same in Pachyonychia Congenita patients and controls but significantly lower in BPH patients., Of particular interest was the positive correlation between tissue GPx activity and Gleason score, with this relationship achieving statistical significance among African-Americans (r = 0.67, P = 0.02)[SEP]Relations: SELENOP has relations: disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with familial Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma, disease_protein with familial Pelvis>Prostate carcinoma. Selenium supplement has relations: drug_drug with Testosterone, drug_drug with Testosterone, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Pelvis>Prostate Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the Pelvis>Prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. SELENOF gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in selenium binding.. Pelvis>Prostate hyperplasia defined as following: A disease caused by hyperplastic process of non-transformed prostatic cells.. Patient-Controlled Analgesia defined as following: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).. SELENOP wt Allele defined as following: Human SELENOP wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q12 and is approximately 88 kb in length. This allele, which encodes selenoprotein P, plays a role in selenium distribution.. Genotype determination defined as following: The determination of the DNA sequence of an individual.. Lesion defined as following: A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part.. Erythrocytes defined as following: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.. Pachyonychia Congenita defined as following: A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS.. Pelvis>Prostate tumor defined as following: Tumors or Primary malignant neoplasm of the PROSTATE.. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Selenoproteins defined as following: Selenoproteins are proteins that specifically incorporate SELENOCYSTEINE into their amino acid chain. Most Selenoproteins are enzymes with the selenocysteine residues being responsible for their catalytic functions..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is collagen matrix of human articular cartilage changing with disease?", "id": "converted_3216", "sentence1": "Is collagen matrix of human Structure of articular cartilage changing with Disease?", "sentence2": "The collagen matrix of human Structure of Structure of articular cartilage is an essentially permanent structure that has no significant turnover in adults, even with the occurrence of Disease., the Chondrocyte in ageing Structure of Structure of articular cartilage have limited capacity to turnover the interterritorial matrix., collagen type II is a major component of Structure of Structure of articular cartilage and its breakdown is a key feature of Degenerative polyarthritis. [SEP]Relations: Structure of articular cartilage of joint has relations: anatomy_anatomy with hyaline cartilage tissue, anatomy_anatomy with hyaline cartilage tissue. negative rheumatoid factor polyarthritis has relations: disease_disease with arthritic joint Disease, disease_disease with arthritic joint Disease. collagen type II trimer has relations: cellcomp_protein with COL2A1, cellcomp_protein with COL2A1. chondrocyte hypertrophy has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth, bioprocess_bioprocess with growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth, bioprocess_protein with MEX3C, bioprocess_protein with MEX3C. Definitions: collagen type II defined as following: A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.. Chondrocyte defined as following: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.. Degenerative polyarthritis defined as following: A progressive, degenerative joint Disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The Disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting Structure of articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Structure of articular cartilage defined as following: A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.. collagen defined as following: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH)..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does the 3D structure of the genome remain stable during cell differentiation?", "id": "converted_1450", "sentence1": "Does the 3 Days structure of the Genome - anatomical entity remain stable during \"U\" lymphocyte differentiation?", "sentence2": "We identify large, megabase-sized local chromatin location location interaction domains, which we term 'topological domains', as a pervasive structural feature of the Genome - anatomical entity organization., The domains are stable across different \"U\" lymphocyte types and highly conserved across species, indicating that topological domains are an inherent property of mammalian genomes, Insulators are involved in 3 Days Genome - anatomical entity organization at multiple spatial scales and are important for dynamic reorganization of chromatin location location structure during reprogramming and differentiation., The relation between alterations in chromatin location location structure and changes in gene expression during \"U\" lymphocyte differentiation has served as a paradigm to understand the link between Genome - anatomical entity organization and function., Architectural Proteins orchestrate higher-order chromatin location location organization through the establishment of interactions between regulatory elements across multiple spatial scales. The regulation of these Proteins, their interaction with DNA, and their co-occurrence in the Genome - anatomical entity, may be responsible for the plasticity of 3 Days chromatin location location architecture that dictates \"U\" lymphocyte and time-specific blueprints of gene expression., The role of 3 Days Genome - anatomical entity organisation in the control and execution of lineage-specific transcription programmes during the development and differentiation of Multipotent Stem Cells into specialised \"U\" lymphocyte types remains poorly understood., Chromatin structural states and their remodelling, including higher-order chromatin location location folding and three-dimensional (3 Days) Genome - anatomical entity organisation, play an important role in the control of gene expression, Here, we show that substantial remodelling of the higher-order chromatin location location structure of the LORICRIN gene (Electrodesiccation with curettage), a keratinocyte lineage-specific gene locus on mouse chromosome 3, occurs during epidermal morphogenesis., Many studies have suggested a link between the spatial organization of genomes and fundamental biological processes such as Genome - anatomical entity reprogramming, gene expression, and differentiation., Moreover, we reveal that formation of such highly condensed, transcriptionally repressed Heterochromatin promotes transcriptional activation of differentiation genes and loss of pluripotency., The open chromatin location location of Embryonic Stem Cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome) condenses into repressive Heterochromatin as Cells exit the pluripotent state., we find that localized Heterochromatin condensation of Ribosomal RNA Genes initiates establishment of highly condensed chromatin location location structures outside of the Cell Nucleolus, We focus on the emerging relationship between Genome - anatomical entity organization and lineage-specific transcriptional regulation, which we argue are inextricably linked., Cells face the challenge of storing two meters of DNA in the three-dimensional (3 Days) space of the Cell Nucleus that spans only a few microns. The nuclear organization that is required to overcome this challenge must allow for the accessibility of the gene regulatory machinery to the DNA and, in the case of Embryonic Stem Cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome), for the transcriptional and epigenetic changes that accompany differentiation, In this review we summarize some of the recent findings illuminating the 3 Days structure of the eukaryotic Genome - anatomical entity, as well as the relationship between Genome - anatomical entity topology and function from the level of whole chromosomes to enhancer-promoter loops with a focus on features affecting Genome - anatomical entity organization in Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome and changes in nuclear organization during differentiation, We observe that although self-associating chromatin location location domains are stable during differentiation, chromatin location location interactions both within and between domains change in a striking manner, altering 36% of active and inactive chromosomal compartments throughout the Genome - anatomical entity[SEP]Relations: LORICRIN has relations: bioprocess_protein with keratinocyte differentiation, bioprocess_protein with keratinocyte differentiation, pathway_protein with Formation of the cornified envelope, pathway_protein with Formation of the cornified envelope, cellcomp_protein with cornified envelope, cellcomp_protein with cornified envelope, molfunc_protein with structural constituent of cytoskeleton, molfunc_protein with structural constituent of cytoskeleton. Heterochromatin has relations: cellcomp_protein with BEND3, cellcomp_protein with BEND3. Definitions: Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Cell Nucleolus defined as following: Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the Cell Nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Heterochromatin defined as following: The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic \"U\" lymphocyte, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A \"U\" lymphocyte may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Multipotent Stem Cells defined as following: A \"U\" lymphocyte that can only differentiate to a particular type of Cells (e.g. hematopoietic Cells or epithelial Cells). --2005. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. DNA defined as following: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all Cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).. Electrodesiccation with curettage defined as following: A procedure that uses both a curette and hyfrecator for treatment of various skin conditions, including basal \"U\" lymphocyte carcinoma, squamous \"U\" lymphocyte skin carcinoma, viral warts, and pyogenic granulomas.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. Ribosomal RNA Genes defined as following: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.. LORICRIN gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the structure of keratinocyte \"U\" lymphocyte envelopes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does teplizumab hold promise for diabetes prevention?", "id": "converted_3440", "sentence1": "Does teplizumab hold promise for Diabetes Mellitus prevention?", "sentence2": "Anti-CD3 Antigens Antigens teplizumab and muromonab-CD3 Antigens Antigens otelixizumab have been shown to provide C-peptide, Human, Human preservation. , Underway are secondary prevention studies with teplizumab and with abatacept., INTERPRETATION: Findings of exploratory analyses suggest that future studies of immunotherapeutic intervention with teplizumab might have increased success in prevention of a decline in β-cell function (measured by C-peptide, Human, Human) and provision of glycaemic control at reduced doses of Therapeutic Insulin if they target patients early after diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and children., teplizumab therapy for type 1 Diabetes Mellitus., teplizumab for treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus mellitus., TAKE HOME MESSAGE\n\nIn Phase I/II randomized control trials, in patients with new onset Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent, teplizumab slowed the rate of loss of beta-cell function over 2 years of follow-up., teplizumab for treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Protégé study): 1-year results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial., INTERPRETATION\n\nFindings of exploratory analyses suggest that future studies of immunotherapeutic intervention with teplizumab might have increased success in prevention of a decline in β-cell function (measured by C-peptide, Human, Human) and provision of glycaemic control at reduced doses of Therapeutic Insulin if they target patients early after diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and children., Treatment of new onset type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with teplizumab: successes and pitfalls in development., AREAS COVERED\n\nIn this review, we discuss the recent update on clinical data obtained from trials of teplizumab in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the drug's postulated mechanism of action and the identification of responders to therapy., CONCLUSIONS teplizumab is an muromonab-CD3 Antigens Antigens Homo sapiens monoclonal antibody with promising activity in treatment of patients with T1DM., The results from the TN-10 teplizumab prevention trial show that the diagnosis of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can be delayed by treatment with a Fc Receptor non-binding monoclonal antibody to CD3 Antigens Antigens in people at high risk for Disease, INTERPRETATION\nFindings of exploratory analyses suggest that future studies of immunotherapeutic intervention with teplizumab might have increased success in prevention of a decline in β-cell function (measured by C-peptide, Human, Human) and provision of glycaemic control at reduced doses of Therapeutic Insulin if they target patients early after diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and children., teplizumab (muromonab-CD3 Antigens Antigens mAb) treatment preserves C-peptide, Human, Human responses in patients with new-onset type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in a randomized controlled trial: metabolic and immunologic features at baseline identify a subgroup of responders., teplizumab treatment may improve C-peptide, Human, Human responses in participants with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus after the new-onset period: a randomised controlled trial., The results from the TN-10 teplizumab prevention trial show that the diagnosis of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can be delayed by treatment with a Fc Receptor non-binding monoclonal antibody to CD3 Antigens Antigens in people at high risk for Disease., Findings of exploratory analyses suggest that future studies of immunotherapeutic intervention with teplizumab might have increased success in prevention of a decline in β-cell function (measured by C-peptide, Human, Human) and provision of glycaemic control at reduced doses of Therapeutic Insulin if they target patients early after diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and children., Despite decades of research and clinical trials, no treatment exists yet to prevent or cure Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent. A recent prevention trial using the Anti-CD3 Antigens Antigens Antibody teplizumab in individuals at a high risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent has provided the first piece of evidence that a safe and transient intervention may be able to delay Disease., In this review, we discuss the recent update on clinical data obtained from trials of teplizumab in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the drug's postulated mechanism of action and the identification of responders to therapy., Treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with teplizumab: clinical and immunological follow-up after 7 years from diagnosis.[SEP]Relations: teplizumab has relations: drug_drug with Erenumab, drug_drug with Erenumab, drug_drug with Zolbetuximab, drug_drug with Zolbetuximab, drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Daclizumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Adalimumab, drug_drug with Adalimumab. Definitions: C-peptide, Human defined as following: C peptide (31 aa, ~3 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens INS gene. This protein is involved in both signal transduction and the modulation of blood flow.. Therapeutic Insulin defined as following: A synthetic or animal-derived form of Therapeutic Insulin used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus mellitus. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an Therapeutic Insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and Therapeutic Insulin metabolism. Therapeutic Therapeutic Insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous Homo sapiens Therapeutic Insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.. Anti-CD3 Antigens Antibody defined as following: Any antibody that recognizes the CD3 Antigens protein complex.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. abatacept defined as following: A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of Homo sapiens cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of Homo sapiens immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.. Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent defined as following: A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of Therapeutic Insulin by the pancreas.. Fc Receptor defined as following: Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.. CD3 Antigens defined as following: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 Antigens complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 Antigens complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 Antigens gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. muromonab-CD3 Antigens defined as following: Anti-CD3 Antigens monoclonal antibody that exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing peripheral T-cell depletion and modulation of the T-cell receptor complex (CD3 Antigens/Ti).. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the circadian clock involved in ribosome biogenesis?", "id": "converted_741", "sentence1": "Is the circadian clock involved in Ribosomes biogenesis?", "sentence2": "The circadian clock coordinates Ribosomes biogenesis., Here we show that the circadian clock exerts its function also through the regulation of Protein Biosynthesis. Namely, the circadian clock influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in Ribosomes biogenesis by controlling the transcription of translation initiation factors as well as the clock-dependent rhythmic activation of signaling pathways involved in their regulation. Moreover, the circadian oscillator directly regulates the transcription of Ribosomal Proteins mRNAs and ribosomal RNAs. Thus the circadian clock exerts a major role in coordinating transcription and translation steps underlying Ribosomes biogenesis., Namely, the circadian clock influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in Ribosomes biogenesis by controlling the transcription of translation initiation factors as well as the clock-dependent rhythmic activation of signaling pathways involved in their regulation, The circadian clock coordinates Ribosomes biogenesis, Here we show that the circadian clock exerts its function also through the regulation of Protein Biosynthesis, Here we show that the circadian clock exerts its function also through the regulation of Protein Biosynthesis. Namely, the circadian clock influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in Ribosomes biogenesis by controlling the transcription of translation initiation factors as well as the clock-dependent rhythmic activation of signaling pathways involved in their regulation.[SEP]Relations: Ribosomes has relations: cellcomp_protein with AURKAIP1, cellcomp_protein with AURKAIP1, cellcomp_protein with SNCA, cellcomp_protein with SNCA, cellcomp_protein with RNA28SN5, cellcomp_protein with RNA28SN5, cellcomp_protein with RPS17, cellcomp_protein with RPS17, cellcomp_protein with RNA28SN4, cellcomp_protein with RNA28SN4. Definitions: Protein Biosynthesis defined as following: The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the Ribosomes, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the Ribosomes and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the Ribosomes. [GOC:go_curators]. Ribosomes defined as following: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.. Ribosomal Proteins defined as following: Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is eptinezumab a small molecule?", "id": "converted_4017", "sentence1": "Is eptinezumab a small molecule?", "sentence2": "Eptinezumab-jjmr (referred to as eptinezumab hereafter; Vyepti™) is a humanised monoclonal antibody that binds to Calcitonin Precursor, human (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) and blocks its binding to the receptor. [SEP]Relations: Human calcitonin has relations: drug_effect with Eczema, drug_effect with Eczema, drug_drug with Zoledronic acid, drug_drug with Zoledronic acid, drug_effect with Epistaxis, drug_effect with Epistaxis, drug_effect with Eczematoid dermatitis, drug_effect with Eczematoid dermatitis, drug_effect with Tetany, drug_effect with Tetany. Definitions: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide defined as following: A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.. Calcitonin Precursor, human defined as following: Calcitonin precursor (141 aa, ~15 kDa) is encoded by the human CALCA gene. This protein plays a role in calcium flux and bone resorption..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Thalidomide currently a marketed drug?", "id": "converted_1751", "sentence1": "Is Thalidomide currently a marketed Pharmacologic Substance?", "sentence2": "In this retrospective study, pharmacy claims were analyzed for those patients with a diagnosis of Millimole per Liter who received thalidomide,, The Japanese POEMS Syndrome with Thalidomide (J-POST) Trial is a phase II/III multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial that aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 24-week treatment with thalidomide in POEMS Syndrome,, Thalidomide could relieve clinical symptoms and intestinal mucosal lesions effectively in children with refractory INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 2 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) from the pre-clinical study., Thalidomide is now available as an investigational Pharmacologic Substance in the USA., The STEPStrade mark (System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety) Program has been developed by Celgene, the commercial manufacturer of thalidomide, to ensure compliance with prescription and usage protocols., New uses of thalidomide., Thalidomide is an anti-angiogenesis agent that currently is being evaluated in the treatment of various types of Primary malignant neoplasm., The comeback of thalidomide to the legitimate status of a marketed Pharmacologic Substance came in 1998 when it received FDA approval for the treatment of Erythema nodosum leprosum (MLLT1 wt Allele), Thalidomide is considered the Pharmacologic Substance of choice for the treatment of MLLT1 wt Allele, but for other conditions, it is recommended only when resistance to the currently available form of therapy is encountered, Thalidomide is an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic Pharmacologic Substance currently used for the treatment of several diseases, including Erythema nodosum leprosum, which occurs in patients with Leprosy, Lepromatous vaccine, Thalidomide, once banned, has returned to the center of controversy with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) announcement that thalidomide will be placed on the market for the treatment of Erythema nodosum leprosum, a severe dermatological complication of Hansen's disease. , In 1998, FDA approved the marketing of thalidomide (Thalomid, Celgene). , In 1998 the US Food and Drug Administration approved thalidomide exclusively for the treatment of MLLT1 wt Allele, and strict conditions were stipulated for its use in order to prevent teratogenic adverse effects., BACKGROUND: The use of thalidomide during the 1950s resulted in teratogenic effects in thousands of infants. Although thalidomide is currently approved for the treatment of a complication of leprosy vaccine vaccine, it is commercially available to treat other diseases through a controlled distribution system., The comeback of thalidomide to the legitimate status of a marketed Pharmacologic Substance came in 1998 when it received FDA approval for the treatment of Erythema nodosum leprosum (MLLT1 wt Allele).[SEP]Relations: Thalidomide has relations: drug_drug with Cocaine, drug_drug with Cocaine, drug_drug with Etomidate, drug_drug with Etomidate, drug_drug with Diamorphine, drug_drug with Diamorphine, drug_drug with Harmaline, drug_drug with Harmaline, drug_drug with Propanidid, drug_drug with Propanidid. Definitions: Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. thalidomide defined as following: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. leprosy vaccine defined as following:leprosy vaccine vaccine
. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. anti-angiogenic Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.. MLLT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human MLLT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 19p13.3 and is approximately 70 kb in length. This allele, which encodes protein MLLT1 wt Allele, plays a role in the activation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Mixed-lineage leukemias are associated with the translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) of the gene with the MLL gene.. Leprosy, Lepromatous vaccine defined as following: A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of LEPROSY. This disorder is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.. Irritable Bowel Syndrome defined as following: Gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause.. POEMS Syndrome defined as following: A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62). Thalidomide defined as following: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can prevnar 13 be used in children?", "id": "converted_3173", "sentence1": "Can prevnar 13 be used in children?", "sentence2": "PCV13 is approved for routine vaccination of all infants as a 4-dose series at age 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months for children who previously received 1 or more doses of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), and for children with underlying medical conditions that increase their risk for pneumococcal disease or its complications. , Based on published immunogenicity and safety data, as well as the recent recommendations by the ACIP for routine use in infants and indications for high-risk pediatric patients, PCV13 is a revised formulation of pneumococcal vaccine that should be included on pharmacy formularies., To review the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for use in pediatric patients.[SEP]", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can cardiospheres be produced from skin fibroblasts?", "id": "converted_3094", "sentence1": "Can cardiospheres be produced from skin fibroblasts?", "sentence2": "Therefore, there is an emerging interest in generating cardiosphere-like stem cells from Diploid Cell via somatic reprogramming. , Here we provide the detailed protocol for generating induced cardiospheres (iCS) for cardiac regeneration by somatic reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts using a panel of pluripotent transcription factors and cardiotrophic growth factors.[SEP]Definitions: Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there association of matrix metalloproteinases with behaviour of pituitary adenomas?", "id": "converted_1032", "sentence1": "Is there association of matrix Metalloproteases with behaviour of pituitary Adenoma?", "sentence2": "While detailed histological subtyping remains the best independent predictor of Aggressive behavior in the majority of cases, evidence suggests that the additional analyses of FGFR4 gene gene, Matrix Metalloproteinases, PTTG1 wt Allele, MKI67 gene, TP53 wt Allele, and Gene Deletion in Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 may contribute to decisions concerning management of aggressive pituitary Adenoma., We observed elevation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 expression and consequent 3-D cell invasion in Cells under-expressing RECK gene gene. , Based on the significance of matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) for tumor growth and angiogenesis, we have studied the effect of batimastat (BB 94), a Synthesis MMPs inhibitor (MMPI) on the progression of Prolactinoma in Rattus norvegicus. , Inhibition of estrogen-induced pituitary tumor growth and angiogenesis in Fischer 344 Rattus norvegicus by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat., The results of our study provide evidence for an inhibitory effect of batimastat, a Synthesis MMPI, on the growth and angiogenesis in an experimental model of Homo sapiens prolactinoma., In summary, the differential expression of Extracellular matrix components, Integrins and matrix metalloproteinase contributes to the control of pituitary hormone production and cell proliferation during tumorigenesis., Data on the dural invasiveness of pituitary Adenoma have been correlated to the expression of matrix Metalloproteases (e.g. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9). , We found no correlation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression and Status of invasion by tumor., The matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) and their nature inhibitors-the tissue inhibitors of Metalloproteases (TIMPs) may play a central role in these processes., CONCLUSIONS: Tissue-Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 may play a key role in invasive pituitary Adenoma to biological behavior., The matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing endopeptidases that are able to degrade the Extracellular matrix and allow angiogenesis and tumor invasion. , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression did not differ between noninvasive Neoplasms and normal pituitary gland, or between different sized prolactinomas. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression was related to aggressive tumor behavior. It was higher in invasive Macroprolactinoma (P = 0.003) when compared with noninvasive Macroprolactinoma or the normal anterior pituitary gland. In addition, although there was no difference in whether Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 was present or not when nonfunctioning Adenoma that recurred were compared with those that did not, samples of recurrent tumor at the second presentation were more likely to express Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (P = 0.01). Pituitary carcinoma were significantly more likely to be Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 positive compared with normal anterior pituitary gland (P = 0.05), but there was no difference from invasive Adenoma. Angiogenesis assessed by vascular density was related to Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression (P<0.05). In summary, we have shown the presence of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression in some invasive and recurrent pituitary Adenoma, and in the majority of pituitary carcinoma. The mechanisms whereby Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 expression influences tumor recurrence and invasiveness, and its association with angiogenesis, remains to be elucidated. , Beside the digestion of the Extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and metastasis, more recently, new functions for matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) have been proposed. , CONCLUSION: No correlation could be established between the invasive potential of Neoplasms and Matrix Metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -3 expression levels. , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expression correlated with Structure of Structure of cavernous sinus invasion of pituitary Adenoma., Data on the dural invasiveness of pituitary Adenoma have been correlated to the expression of matrix Metalloproteases (e.g., We found surprisingly high levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases activity and low levels of tissue inhibitor of Metalloproteases, indicating a high level of Extracellular matrix-degrading activity in pituitary Adenoma., The matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) and their nature inhibitors-the tissue inhibitors of Metalloproteases (TIMPs) may play a central role in these processes. , We found surprisingly high levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases activity and low levels of tissue inhibitor of Metalloproteases, indicating a high level of Extracellular matrix-degrading activity in pituitary Adenoma., There was an association between the invasion of pituitary Adenoma and MKI67 gene Congenital Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma (P = 0.039) or the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (P < 0.001) and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (P < 0.001). But c-myc Congenital Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma and BCL2 gene expression have no association with invasiveness of pituitary Adenoma (P = 0.061 vs., NME1 wt Allele and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 have associations with invasiveness of pituitary Adenoma,, Matrix metalloproteinase secreted by pituitary Cells can release Growth Factor from the Extracellular matrix that, in turn, control pituitary cell proliferation and hormone secretion. In summary, the differential expression of Extracellular matrix components, Integrins and matrix metalloproteinase contributes to the control of pituitary hormone production and cell proliferation during tumorigenesis., There was an association between the invasion of pituitary Adenoma and MKI67 gene Congenital Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma (P = 0.039) or the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (P < 0.001) and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (P < 0.001)., Although our study has shown that Microvessel Density and the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, MKI67 gene, NME1 wt Allele and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 have associations with invasiveness of pituitary Adenoma, they are lack of specificity.[SEP]Relations: Pituitary adenoma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with pituitary adenoma, disease_phenotype_positive with pituitary adenoma. Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases has relations: pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with TIMP2, pathway_protein with MMP7, pathway_protein with MMP7. Definitions: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A defined as following: The original member of the family of endothelial cell Growth Factor referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor Cells and referred to as \"tumor angiogenesis factor\" and \"vascular permeability factor\". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived Cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 defined as following: An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.. Integrins defined as following: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other Cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The Integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors (RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.. PTTG1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PTTG1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q35.1 and is approximately 7 kb in length. This allele, which encodes securing protein, plays a role in chromatid separation. Thus, this allele affects cycle regulation, proliferation and cellular transformation; as variant alleles are highly expressed in many Neoplasms.. Matrix Metalloproteinases defined as following: A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components.. Adenoma defined as following: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.. Macroprolactinoma defined as following: A pituitary prolactin cell adenoma of more than 10 mm diameter. [HPO:probinson]. batimastat defined as following: A Synthesis hydroxamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Batimastat binds covalently to the zinc ion in the active site of matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs), thereby inhibiting the action of MMPs, inducing Extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. (NCI04). Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 defined as following: A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain.. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 defined as following: A member of the family of TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES. It is a 21-kDa nonglycosylated protein found in tissue fluid and is secreted as a complex with progelatinase A by Homo sapiens fibroblast and uncomplexed from alveolar macrophages. An overexpression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 has been shown to inhibit invasive and metastatic activity of tumor Cells and decrease tumor growth in vivo.. Prolactinoma defined as following: A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.. Pituitary carcinoma defined as following: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.. Metalloproteases defined as following: Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in Homo sapiens malignancies in select cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. FGFR4 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in mitogenesis and differentiation.. NME1 wt Allele defined as following: Human NME1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17q21.3 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nucleoside diphosphate kinase A protein, is involved in the synthesis of three nucleoside triphosphates (CTP, GTP and UTP). A certain allelic variant of the NME1 gene is associated with advanced stage neuroblastoma.. Tissue-Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 defined as following: A member of the family of TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES. It is a N-glycosylated protein, molecular weight 28 kD, produced by a vast range of cell types and found in a variety of tissues and body fluids. It has been shown to suppress metastasis and inhibit tumor invasion in vitro.. Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 defined as following: Interstitial collagenase (469 aa, ~54 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MMP1 gene. This protein plays a role in collagenolysis.. Growth Factor defined as following: Growth Factors are Extracellular signaling molecules (ligands) involved in control of target cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. (NCI). Extracellular defined as following: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For Cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Aggressive behavior defined as following: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.. MKI67 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular proliferation.. BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal Cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The Homo sapiens c-BCL2 gene gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Congenital Nonbullous Ichthyosiform Erythroderma defined as following: A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.. pituitary Adenoma defined as following: A non-metastasizing tumor that arises from the adenohypophysial Cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. The diagnosis can be based on imaging studies and/or radioimmunoassays. Due to its location in the sella turcica, expansion of the tumor mass can impinge on the optic chiasm or involve the temporal lobe, third ventricle and posterior fossa A frequently associated physical finding is bitemporal hemianopsia which may progress to further visual loss.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Microvessel Density defined as following: The density of newly formed blood vessels in a tissue. Microvascular density can be used to describe the proliferation speed of a tissue, with higher density indicating faster tissue growth.. Extracellular matrix defined as following: A meshwork-like substance found within the Extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which Cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.. Structure of cavernous sinus defined as following: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.. MMPI defined as following: A personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. The patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Synthesis defined as following: The process of producing a chemical compound, usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. matrix Metalloproteases defined as following: A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do thyroid hormone receptors change after brain injury?", "id": "converted_1507", "sentence1": "Do thyroid hormone receptors change after brain injury?", "sentence2": "For example, the T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation receptor alpha was predominantly expressed in stroke-tissue, indicating that regeneration of nerves in stroke tissue may be facilitated by increased T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation receptor alpha expression., TRα expression was also increased in Homo sapiens infants with IVH. , Thus, in infants with IVH the combined elevation in deiodinase-3 and reduction in deiodinase-2 decreases TH signaling that can be worsened by an increase in unliganded TRα. , A rapid increase of the total number of Binding Sites for T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation appeared within 30 min of Ischemia Procedure and reached over 40% by 3 h. During the same 3-h period, the relative binding affinity was reduced by 25%. Upon recirculation after 30 min or 3 h of Ischemia Procedure, a rapid reversal of measured T3 thoracic segmental innervation thoracic segmental innervation Binding Sites occurred, which progressed to 20-30% below the control value by the recirculation period of 3 h. [SEP]Relations: siRNA binding has relations: molfunc_protein with FMR1, molfunc_protein with FMR1, molfunc_protein with TLR7, molfunc_protein with TLR7, molfunc_protein with AGO2, molfunc_protein with AGO2, molfunc_protein with TLR9, molfunc_protein with TLR9, molfunc_protein with TARBP2, molfunc_protein with TARBP2. Definitions: Binding Sites defined as following: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.. Ischemia Procedure defined as following: A surgical procedure during which the blood supply to an organ or tissue is interrupted and then later reestablished.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. brain injury defined as following: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.. thyroid hormone defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are Ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) enriched in segmental duplications?", "id": "converted_1959", "sentence1": "Are Ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) enriched in segmental duplications?", "sentence2": "Here we address the process by which CNVs become depleted of UCEs., We begin by showing that depletion for UCEs characterizes the most recent large-scale Homo sapiens CNV datasets and then find that even newly formed de novo CNVs, which have passed through meiosis at most once, are significantly depleted for UCEs., In striking contrast, CNVs arising specifically in Primary malignant neoplasm cells are, as a rule, not depleted for UCEs and can even become significantly enriched., Alternatively, lack of depletion for UCEs from Primary malignant neoplasm CNVs may reflect the diseased state. , ULEs are located in intergenic or intronic regions and are depleted from segmental duplications., Interestingly, Homo sapiens UCEs have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs)., In addition, here we show that these elements are preferentially found in pathogenic deletions (enrichment ratio 3.6 vs. 0.5 in duplications), and that this association is not related with a higher content of Genes., In contrast, pathogenic CNVs lacking UCEs showed almost a threefold higher content in Genes, We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison., Mammalian ultraconserved elements are strongly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., Here, we show that UCEs are significantly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants. Notably, of the UCEs that are found in segmental duplications or copy number variants, the majority overlap Exons, indicating, along with other findings presented, that UCEs overlapping Exons represent a distinct subset., Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are strongly depleted from segmental duplications and copy number variations (CNVs) in the Homo sapiens genome, suggesting that Gene Deletion Abnormality or duplication of a NAGPA gene can be deleterious to the Mammalian Cell., Here, we show that UCEs are significantly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison., Here, we show that UCEs are significantly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are strongly depleted from segmental duplications and copy number variations (CNVs) in the Homo sapiens genome, suggesting that Gene Deletion Abnormality or duplication of a NAGPA gene can be deleterious to the Mammalian Cell, melanogaster genome revealed depletion of the P-element and piggyBac Clinical act of insertion in and around the Sophophora UCEs., Mammalian ultraconserved elements are strongly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., Here, we show that UCEs are significantly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants., Interestingly, Homo sapiens UCEs have been reported to be strongly depleted among segmental duplications and benign copy number variants (CNVs).[SEP]Relations: mammalian vulva has relations: anatomy_protein_present with CCS, anatomy_protein_present with CCS, anatomy_protein_absent with UCN3, anatomy_protein_absent with UCN3, anatomy_protein_present with UCHL5, anatomy_protein_present with UCHL5, anatomy_protein_present with UCP2, anatomy_protein_present with UCP2, anatomy_protein_present with EFS, anatomy_protein_present with EFS. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Primary malignant neoplasm cells defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Clinical act of insertion defined as following: The act of putting one thing into another.. Mammalian Cell defined as following: A cell originating from or isolated from an animal of class Mammalia.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does deflazacort have more side effects than prednisone?", "id": "converted_2264", "sentence1": "Does deflazacort have more side effects than prednisone?", "sentence2": "Though deflazacort and prednisone improve clinical endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne) patients, deflazacort produces fewer side effects.[SEP]Relations: deflazacort has relations: drug_drug with Prednisone, drug_drug with Prednisone, drug_drug with Prednisolone, drug_drug with Prednisolone, drug_drug with Meprednisone, drug_drug with Meprednisone, drug_drug with Prednylidene, drug_drug with Prednylidene, drug_drug with Methylprednisone, drug_drug with Methylprednisone. Definitions: deflazacort defined as following: A synthetic glucocorticoid prodrug, with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon administration, the active metabolite of deflazacort, 21-desacetyl deflazacort, binds to and activates tissue glucocorticoid receptors. This results in the inhibition of specific leukocyte functions and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.. Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne defined as following: An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415). deflazacort defined as following: A synthetic glucocorticoid prodrug, with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon administration, the active metabolite of deflazacort, 21-desacetyl deflazacort, binds to and activates tissue glucocorticoid receptors. This results in the inhibition of specific leukocyte functions and the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.. prednisone defined as following: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Has the presence of delayed enhancement been documented in athletes performing strenuous exercise?", "id": "converted_1354", "sentence1": "Has the presence of delayed enhancement been documented in athletes performing strenuous exercise?", "sentence2": "Atypical findings such as marked cardiac dilation, reduced deformation, or small patches of delayed gadolinium enhancement may be commonly encountered in well-trained athletes, but, at present, the prognostic significance of such findings is unknown. , On CMR, DGE localized to the Ventricular septum was identified in 5 of 39 athletes who had greater cumulative exercise exposure and lower RVEF (47.1 ± 5.9 vs. 51.1 ± 3.7%, P = 0.042) than those with normal CMR., Post-event cardiac MRI demonstrated the Parameterized Data Type - Interval appearance of delayed enhancement of gadolinium at the inferior insertion of the right ventricle and in the Ventricular septum-a novel finding that may represent subtle Inflammation secondary to a combined exercise and altitude effect., No evidence of delayed enhancement of the left ventricular myocardium was found on CMR imaging, suggesting that the increase in cardiac biomarkers after the marathon may not have be due to Myocardial Infarction., Of the 102 runners, five had a cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol pattern of LGE, and seven had a non-cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol pattern of LGE. The cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol pattern of LGE was located in the Geographic state of the left anterior descending coronary artery more frequently than was the non-cyclophosphamide/dacarbazine/doxorubicin protocol pattern (P = .0027, Fisher exact test). The prevalence of LGE in runners was higher than that in age-matched control subjects (12% vs 4%; P = .077, McNemar exact test).[SEP]Relations: myocardial infarction has relations: contraindication with Nylidrin, contraindication with Nylidrin, contraindication with Fosamprenavir, contraindication with Fosamprenavir, contraindication with Lansoprazole, contraindication with Lansoprazole, contraindication with Drospirenone, contraindication with Drospirenone, contraindication with Modafinil, contraindication with Modafinil. Definitions: Ventricular septum defined as following: The muscular structure separating the right and the left lower chambers (HEART VENTRICLES) of the heart. The ventricular septum consists of a very small membranous portion just beneath the AORTIC VALVE, and a large thick muscular portion consisting of three sections including the inlet septum, the trabecular septum, and the outlet septum.. Myocardial Infarction defined as following: NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).. gadolinium defined as following: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.. Geographic state defined as following: A constituent administrative district of a nation.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. strenuous exercise defined as following: 20-60 minutes of exercise which elevates your heart rate to 80-90% of your maximum heart rate performed at least 3-4 times per week..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes?", "id": "converted_4152", "sentence1": "Are there sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes?", "sentence2": "Gender:Type:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal differences in oncogenic mutational processes.[SEP]", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Hemochromatosis type 4 is caused by a mutation in a recessive gene?", "id": "converted_3466", "sentence1": "Is HEMOCHROMATOSIS, TYPE 4 is caused by a Mutation Abnormality in a recessive Genes?", "sentence2": " severely affect iron homeostasis causing type 4 hereditary hemochromatosis, an Autosome dominant iron overload condition with variable phenotypic manifestations, HEMOCHROMATOSIS, TYPE 4, also known as SLC40A1 Genes disease, is an Autosome dominant genetic disorder caused by pathogenic Gene Mutation in the SLC40A1 Genes, which encodes SLC40A1 Genes 1 (FPN1)., HEMOCHROMATOSIS, TYPE 4 is a rare form of primary iron overload transmitted as an Autosome dominant trait caused by Gene Mutation in the Genes encoding the iron transport protein SLC40A1 Genes 1 (SLC40A1)., Type 4 hemochromatosis follows an Autosome dominant trait; the corresponding Mutation Abnormality affects the basolateral iron carrier SLC40A1 Genes 1., Type 4 hemochromatosis follows an Autosome dominant trait; the corresponding Mutation Abnormality affects the basolateral iron carrier SLC40A1 Genes 1, Type 4 hemochromatosis follows an Autosome dominant trait; the corresponding Mutation Abnormality affects the basolateral iron carrier SLC40A1 Genes 1.[SEP]Relations: hemochromatosis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal recessive inheritance, disease_disease with hereditary hemochromatosis, disease_disease with hereditary hemochromatosis, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_phenotype_positive with Autosomal dominant inheritance, disease_protein with BMP6, disease_protein with BMP6. SLC40A1 has relations: pathway_protein with Defective SLC40A1 causes hemochromatosis 4 (HFE4) (duodenum), pathway_protein with Defective SLC40A1 causes hemochromatosis 4 (HFE4) (duodenum). Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. HEMOCHROMATOSIS, TYPE 4 defined as following: A form of rare hereditary hemochromatosis, a group of diseases characterized by excessive tissue iron deposition of genetic origin. Type 4 is less rare than the other rare forms of hereditary hemochromatosis. The disease is phenotypically heterogeneous with two sub-types. Ferroportin disease form A is the usual form and is generally asymptomatic with no tissue damage and further complications. Ferroportin disease form B is rarer and resembles hemochromatosis type 1, but can affect children. Ferroportin disease is due to Gene Mutation in the SLC40A1 Genes located on chromosome 2, which encodes for SLC40A1 Genes (FPN), an iron exporter negatively regulated by the hepcidin hormone. Transmission is Autosome dominant.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. recessive Genes defined as following: Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Ameloblastoma (AB) a benign tumor that never metastasizes?", "id": "converted_4677", "sentence1": "Is Ameloblastoma (AB) a benign tumor that never metastasizes?", "sentence2": "Ameloblastic carcinoma (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol) is defined as a rare primary epithelial odontogenic malignant neoplasm and the malignant counterpart of benign epithelial Odontogenic Tumors of ameloblastoma (AB) by the WHO classification, cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin protocol develops pulmonary metastasis in about one third of the patients and reveals a poor prognosis, Ameloblastomas are benign but locally invasive Neoplasms which may grow to massive proportions and cause significant morbidity. Although some types of ameloblastoma can be treated predictably with aggressive surgical treatment, recurrent ameloblastoma and metastasising ameloblastoma are still difficult to treat., Ameloblastoma of the Maxilla is a rare Odontogenic Tumors that rarely metastasizes., Ameloblastoma is an Odontogenic Tumors, usually benign, which rarely metastasizes to distant organs., Although ameloblastomas rarely metastasise, recurrences together with radical surgery often result in facial deformity and significant morbidity., The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined Malignant Ameloblastoma (MA) as a histologically benign-appearing ameloblastoma that has metastasized., Distant metastasis is a very rare condition and is designated as metastasizing (malignant) ameloblastoma despite its benign histological appearance., Ameloblastoma is a locally invasive, histologically nonmalignant tumor that may on very rare occasions give rise to metastases.[SEP]Relations: ameloblastoma has relations: disease_disease with musculoskeletal system benign neoplasm, disease_disease with musculoskeletal system benign neoplasm, disease_disease with musculoskeletal system benign neoplasm, disease_disease with musculoskeletal system benign neoplasm, disease_disease with benign epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with benign epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with benign epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with benign epithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with bone ameloblastoma, disease_disease with bone ameloblastoma. Definitions: Ameloblastoma defined as following: An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.. Maxilla defined as following: One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.. Odontogenic Tumors defined as following: Neoplasms produced from tooth-forming tissues.. Ameloblastic carcinoma defined as following: A rare, cytologically Malignant Ameloblastoma that may metastasize.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant Neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign Neoplasms.. Malignant Ameloblastoma defined as following: A rare, well differentiated, cytologically benign ameloblastoma which paradoxically metastasizes.. benign tumor defined as following: A neoplasm which is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign Neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and do not metastasize to other anatomic sites..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is cohesin linked to myeloid differentiation?", "id": "converted_2787", "sentence1": "Is cohesins linked to myeloid differentiation?", "sentence2": "Consistent with a role for inflammatory signals in promoting myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem and Stem cells (HPSCs), cohesins mutations in HSPCs led to reduced inflammatory gene expression and increased resistance to differentiation-inducing inflammatory stimuli. These findings uncover an unexpected dependence of inducible gene expression on cohesins, link cohesins with myeloid differentiation, and may help explain the prevalence of cohesins mutations in Homo sapiens Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute., Consistent with a role for inflammatory signals in promoting myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem and Stem cells (HPSCs), cohesins mutations in HSPCs led to reduced inflammatory gene expression and increased resistance to differentiation-inducing inflammatory stimuli., These findings uncover an unexpected dependence of inducible gene expression on cohesins, link cohesins with myeloid differentiation, and may help explain the prevalence of cohesins mutations in Homo sapiens Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute.Supernumerary mandibular right central primary incisor
. cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity defined as following: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:jl, PMID:22206667]. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. Annexin V defined as following: This gene is involved in anticoagulation processes and mediates lipid binding..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can RNASeq be used for the analysis of nascent transcripts?", "id": "converted_1391", "sentence1": "Can RNASeq be used for the analysis of nascent transcripts?", "sentence2": "Here, we utilize nascent RNA sequencing to document dosage compensation during transcriptional elongation., Here we show that RNA-seq can also be used for studying nascent RNAs undergoing transcription, Conversely, the nuclear fraction shows an enrichment of unprocessed RNA compared with total RNA-seq, making it suitable for analysis of nascent transcripts and RNA processing dynamics.[SEP]Definitions: RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are paralog genes co-regulated?", "id": "converted_2533", "sentence1": "Are Paralogous Gene Genes co-regulated?", "sentence2": "Co-regulation of Paralogous Gene Genes in the three-dimensional Chromatin architecture., Consequently, paralogs show correlation in gene expression whereby the mechanisms of co-regulation remain unclear. In Eukaryota, Genes are regulated in part by distal Enhancer Elements, Genetic through looping interactions with Operator gene. These looping interactions can be measured by Genome - anatomical entity-wide Chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) experiments, which revealed self-interacting regions called topologically associating domains (Tietz syndrome). We hypothesize that paralogs share common regulatory mechanisms to enable coordinated expression according to Tietz syndrome. To test this hypothesis, we integrated paralogy annotations with Homo sapiens gene expression data in diverse Body tissue, Genome - anatomical entity-wide enhancer-Promoter associations and Hi-C experiments in Homo sapiens, Mus sp. and Canis familiaris genomes. We show that Paralogous Gene gene pairs are enriched for co-localization in the same aminoglutethimide/danazol/hydrocortisone/tamoxifen, share more often common Enhancer Elements, Genetic than expected and have increased contact frequencies over large genomic distances. Combined, our results indicate that paralogs share common regulatory mechanisms and cluster not only in the linear Genome - anatomical entity but also in the three-dimensional Chromatin architecture. This enables concerted expression of paralogs over diverse cell-types and indicate evolutionary constraints in functional Genome - anatomical entity organization., Paralog Genes arise from gene duplication events during evolution, which often lead to similar Proteins that cooperate in common pathways and in protein complexes. Consequently, paralogs show correlation in gene expression, We hypothesize that paralogs share common regulatory mechanisms to enable coordinated expression according to Tietz syndrome., Further, interspecific changes in Testis bias of expression are generally correlated within the co-regulated pairs and are anti-correlated within the anti-regulated pairs, suggesting coordinated regulation within both types of paralogous gene pairs., Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster Inferior Colliculus transcriptome reveals coordinate regulation of paralogous Genes., Further, interspecific changes in Testis bias of expression are generally correlated within the co-regulated pairs and are anti-correlated within the anti-regulated pairs, suggesting coordinated regulation within both types of paralogous gene pairs.Target person is partially aware of the issue.
. Antigens defined as following: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.. fludarabine defined as following: A fluorinated nucleotide antimetabolite analog of the antiviral agent vidarabine (ara-A) with antineoplastic activity. Administered parenterally as a phosphate salt, fludarabine phosphate is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. This metabolite may inhibit DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase, thereby interrupting DNA synthesis and inhibiting tumor cell growth. (NCI04). mitoxantrone defined as following: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. Kaposi Sarcoma defined as following: A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.. Receptors, Progesterone defined as following: Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.. CD52 Antigens defined as following: A small GPI-linked glycoprotein expressed on the surface of normal and malignant B-CELLS; T-CELLS; MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; NK CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It is expressed densely and without modulation in many malignant T-cell neoplasms and therefore a target for immunoglobulin complex location therapies (e.g., ALEMTUZUMAB).. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia defined as following: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.. Acute lymphocytic leukemia defined as following: Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Hematologic Neoplasms defined as following: Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.. alemtuzumab defined as following: Any monoclonal immunoglobulin complex location directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD52, regardless of the immunoglobulin complex location type (e.g., rat, mouse, humanized)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the enzyme EPRS phosphorylated?", "id": "converted_2024", "sentence1": "Is the enzyme EPRS1 gene phosphorylated?", "sentence2": "Phosphorylation of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS1 gene) has been investigated extensively in our laboratory for more than a decade, and has served as an archetype for studies of other AARSs., EPRS1 gene is dually phosphorylated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK5 protein, human) at Ser(886) and then by a CDK5 protein, human-dependent-AGC kinase at Ser(999); , Diphosphorylated EPRS1 gene is released from its residence in the tRNA multisynthetase complex for immediate binding to NS1-associated protein and subsequent binding to ribosomal protein L13a and GAPDH protein, human protein, human. , Two-site phosphorylation of EPRS1 gene coordinates multimodal regulation of noncanonical translational control activity.[SEP]Relations: EPRS1 has relations: protein_protein with ESR2, protein_protein with ESR2, protein_protein with ESR1, protein_protein with ESR1, molfunc_protein with ATP binding, molfunc_protein with ATP binding, protein_protein with ARL4D, protein_protein with ARL4D, protein_protein with ASNS, protein_protein with ASNS. Definitions: GAPDH protein, human defined as following: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (335 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the human GAPDH protein, human gene. This protein is involved in carbohydrate metabolism.. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases defined as following: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.. CDK5 protein, human defined as following: Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (292 aa, ~33 kDa) is encoded by the human CDK5 gene. This protein plays a role in protein phosphorylation and may be involved in cell cycle regulation..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there a genetic cause of craniostenosis?", "id": "converted_4366", "sentence1": "Is there a genetic cause of Craniosynostosis?", "sentence2": "Apert syndrome - TWIST1 Genes - is a rare Autosomal Dominant Disorder representing 1:65 000 cases of living newborns. Characteristic malformations of the Apert syndrome are early Craniosynostosis, microviscerocranium and II-V finger syndactyly of hand and toes with proximal phalanx of the bilateral thumb \"in delta\"., A 3-year-old child with tertiary trisomy (14 (+14q--), daughter of a mother with a balanced reciprocal translocation [46,XX,t(14;16)(q11;q24) is presented. Craniostenosis and developmental retardation were the primary presenting features in this patient., Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is an Autosome dominant disease characterized by CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, ptosis, and limb and external ear abnormalities, . For 98 patients (15%) a syndrome is associated. Third part of them has Apert syndrome, an other third part has Craniofacial dysostosis type 1, and for the last third more exceptional TWIST1 Genes syndrome (Saethre-Chotzen, Pfeiffer) or others atypical associations, sometimes not yet described, but with an Autosomal dominant inheritance., Coronal Craniosynostosis seems to be a dominant Autosome character, when Sagittal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 is more often sporadic; for both, an Autosomal dominant inheritance is not excluded for some pedigrees., genetic origins are not completely clear although Gene Mutation in the genes that code for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 have been described; depending upon the Genes involved, the type of Mutation Abnormality and the embryological period in which the Mutation Abnormality itself occurs, a type of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 arises that may involve one or more Joint structure of suture of skull. The, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is an Autosome dominant disease characterized by CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, ptosis, and limb and external ear abnormalities. , Identification and analysis of the genetic causes in nine unrelated probands with syndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2., To identify and analyze causative genetic variants in nine unrelated probands mainly manifested as syndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, we reviewed the relevant medical information of the patients and performed the whole exome sequencing, further verified with Sanger sequencing and parental background., [Genetic counseling in Craniosynostosis. Results of a prospective study performed with a group of studies on craniofacial malformations]., Constitutional 11q interstitial deletion syndrome presents with Congenital Abnormality including Microcephaly (physical finding) with Craniosynostosis, minor dysmorphic features, Vitreoretinal degeneration, and Congenital anomaly of the kidney., A suckling baby with Microcephaly (physical finding), Craniosynostosis, downward slanting palpebral fissues, malformed ears, Cerebral hemisphere structure (body structure), Cardiac - anatomy qualifier and Intestines malformation, and partial 6q25 leads to 6qter trisomy is presented., Its genetic origins are not completely clear although Gene Mutation in the genes that code for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 have been described; depending upon the Genes involved, the type of Mutation Abnormality and the embryological period in which the Mutation Abnormality itself occurs, a type of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 arises that may involve one or more Joint structure of suture of skull., through which skull growth abnormalities are seen. It is becoming clearer that in most patients with CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, there is regional imbalance of skull growth, which co-exists with a variety of other equally important factors, such as genetic defects, raised intracranial pressure, Venous hypertension, and other brain parenchymal a, Recent genetic studies have identified several novel genes and pathways that cause nonsyndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, providing genetic evidence linking the causes of syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostoses, and allowing for genotype-based prediction of risk of recurrence in some nonsyndromic families.[SEP]Relations: Craniosynostosis has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of Joint structure of suture of skull, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of Joint structure of suture of skull, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, disease_phenotype_positive with mucolipidosis, disease_phenotype_positive with mucolipidosis, phenotype_phenotype with Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, phenotype_phenotype with Coronal CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Definitions: Craniosynostosis defined as following: Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 defined as following: A form of syndromic CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with characteristics of highly variable CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 with frontal bossing, turribrachycephaly and cloverleaf skull anomaly. Hypoplasia of the supraorbital ridges, cleft palate, extra teeth and limb anomalies has also been described. Associated problems include headache, poor vision, and seizures. Intelligence is normal.. Joint structure of suture of skull defined as following: A type of fibrous joint between bones of the head.. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 defined as following: A fibroblast growth factor receptor which contains three extracellular IMMUNOGLOBULIN I-SET DOMAINS and is expressed as two isoforms. One receptor isoform is expressed in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform is expressed mainly by EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the Genes for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Autosomal dominant inheritance defined as following: A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a Genes encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an Autosomal Dominant Disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele. [HPO:curators]. TWIST1 gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in regulation of transcription and the inhibition of apoptosis. It is also involved in the control of morphogenesis during embryonic development.. Congenital anomaly of the kidney defined as following: An abnormality of the kidney. [HPO:probinson]. Sagittal craniosynostosis defined as following: A kind of CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS, TYPE 2 affecting the sagittal suture. [HPO:probinson]. Vitreoretinal degeneration defined as following: Ocular abnormality characterised by premature degeneration of the vitreous and the retina that may be associated with increased risk of retinal detachment. [HPO:probinson, ORCID:0000-0003-0986-4123, PMID:18179896]. Intestines defined as following: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.. Cerebral hemisphere structure (body structure) defined as following: The part of the brain that controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body.. Apert syndrome defined as following: An Autosome dominant inherited type of TWIST1 gene caused by Gene Mutation in the FGFR2 Genes. It is characterized by early closure of the sutures between the skull bones, bulging eyes, low-set ears, fusion of the second, third, and forth fingers, and fusion of the toes.. Autosomal Dominant Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder that manifests when one copy of a mutated Genes is present.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Microcephaly (physical finding) defined as following: Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. [PMID:15806441, PMID:19125436, PMID:25465325, PMID:9683597].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the Apis mellifera genome available?", "id": "converted_3928", "sentence1": "Is the Apis mellifera Genome - anatomical entity available?", "sentence2": " Mining Apis mellifera sequences made it possible to identify the Apis mellifera subspecies both at the Mitochondria and nuclear Genome - anatomical entity levels., Honey bee research is believed to be influenced dramatically by colony collapse disorder (carmustine/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone) and the sequenced Genome - anatomical entity release in 2006, but this assertion has never been tested., The Genome - anatomical entity release and carmustine/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone had quantitively only minor effects, mainly on Apis mellifera health-related topics post-2006. , We show that the honeybee Genome - anatomical entity is structured with respect to plasticity; Genes that respond to an environmental trigger are colocated in the honeybee Genome - anatomical entity in a series of gene clusters, many of which have been assembled in the last 80 My during the evolution of the Apidae. , we have mined histone methyltransferase and demethylases from the whole Genome - anatomical entity sequence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera), the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the triatomid bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera), the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera),[SEP]Relations: mitochondrion has relations: cellcomp_protein with MSRA, cellcomp_protein with MSRA, cellcomp_protein with IBA57, cellcomp_protein with IBA57, cellcomp_protein with RXRA, cellcomp_protein with RXRA, cellcomp_protein with DIP2A, cellcomp_protein with DIP2A, cellcomp_protein with TEX10, cellcomp_protein with TEX10. Definitions: Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of Genes in all the chromosomes.. Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon Genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). histone methyltransferase defined as following: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups to LYSINE or ARGININE residues of HISTONES, especially histone H3 and histone H4 proteins. They play a critical role in EPIGENETIC PROCESSES.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does armodafinil improve fatigue of glioma patients?", "id": "converted_2565", "sentence1": "Does armodafinil improve Fatigue of glioma patients?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: While treatment was well-tolerated, an 8-week course of armodafinil did not improve Fatigue or QOL in glioma patients undergoing RT in this pilot study. , We evaluated whether armodafinil, a wakefulness-promoting medication, improves Fatigue in glioma patients undergoing RT., armodafinil did not significantly improve Fatigue or QOL based on the 42-day change in FACIT-F Fatigue subscale, FACT-G, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or BFI. Further analysis suggests no difference between the arms even after accounting for the potential bias of missing data. , Treatment was well tolerated with few grade 3 or 4 toxicities.HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP and PEP are medicines to prevent HIV Infections. Each type is used in a different situation:
HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP is for people without HIV Infections who are at very high risk for getting it. This includes:
Gay/bisexual men who
Heterosexual men and women who
People who inject drugs and
If you have a partner who is HIV Infections-positive and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your health care provider about HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP. Taking it may help protect you and your baby from getting Human immunodeficiency virus II infection while you try to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding.
HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP is very effective when you take it every day. It reduces the risk of getting HIV Infections from sex by more than 90%. In people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk of HIV Infections by more than 70%. HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP is much less effective if you do not take it consistently.
HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP does not protect against other STDs, so you should still use latex condoms every time you have sex. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms.
You must have an HIV Infections test every 3 months while taking HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP, so you'll have regular follow-up visits with your health care provider. If you are having trouble taking HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP every day or if you want to stop taking HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP, talk to your health care provider.
Some people taking HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP may have side effects, like nausea. The side effects are usually not serious and often get better over time. If you are taking HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP, tell your health care provider if you have a side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
If you are HIV Infections-negative and you think you may have been recently exposed to HIV Infections, contact your health care provider immediately or go to an emergency room right away.
You may be prescribed PEP if you are HIV Infections negative or don't know your HIV Infections status, and in the last 72 hours you
Your health care provider or emergency room doctor will help to decide whether PEP is right for you.
PEP may also be given to a health care worker after a possible exposure to HIV Infections at work, for example, from a needlestick injury.
PEP must be started within 72 hours (3 days) after a possible exposure to HIV Infections. The sooner you start it, the better; every hour counts.
You need to take the PEP medicines every day for 28 days. You will have to see your health care provider at certain times during and after taking the PEP, so you can have an HIV Infections screening test and other testing.
Some people taking PEP may have side effects, like nausea. The side effects are usually not serious and often get better over time. If you are taking PEP, tell your health care provider if you have a side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.
PEP medicines may also interact with other medicines that a person is taking (called a drug interaction). So it's important to tell your health care provider about any other medicines that you take.
PEP is only for emergency situations. It is not the right choice for people who may be exposed to HIV Infections frequently - for example, if you often have sex without a condom with a partner who is HIV Infections-positive. In that case, you should talk to your health care provider about whether HIV Infections: PrEP and PEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) would be right for you.
. Latex Fixation Tests defined as following: Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed). rilpivirine defined as following: A second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Rilpivirine is a diarylpyrimidine.. Carbonic Anhydrase 1 (enzyme), Human defined as following: Carbonic anhydrase 1 (261 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human CA1 gene. This protein plays a role in carbon dioxide metabolism by erythrocytes.. raltegravir defined as following: A small molecule with activity against Human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV Infections). Raltegravir is an HIV Infections Integrase Inhibitor that blocks the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA, a critical step in the pathogenesis of HIV Infections.. Macaca defined as following: A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.. HIV Infections defined as following: Includes the spectrum of Human immunodeficiency virus antigen infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does the chromatin remodeling complex, RSC target H2A.Z nucleosomes?", "id": "converted_3384", "sentence1": "Does the chromatin remodeling complex, Remodels the Structure of Chromatin target H2AZ1 wt Allele Nucleosomes?", "sentence2": "In contrast, the upstream nucleosome location location which covers the TATA Box under repressed conditions is shifted approximately 50 bp further upstream by the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler Remodels the Structure of Chromatin upon activation. It is marked with the Histone antigen variant H2AZ1 wt Allele and H4K16 acetylation in active state, In Remodels the Structure of Chromatin-depleted cells, NFRs shrink such that the average Positioning Attribute of flanking Nucleosomes move toward predicted sites., In contrast, H2AZ1 wt Allele deposition is dispensable for nucleosome location location positioning. , Emerging lines of evidence indicate that Histone antigen variants (H2AX protein, human protein, human and H2AZ1 wt Allele), Histone antigen post-translational modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination) and chromatin-remodeling complexes (INO80 protein, human protein, human, SRCAP gene, SWI/SNF, Remodels the Structure of Chromatin and NuRD) are important and direct players in the DNA double-strand break (DSB) response as well., H2AZ1 wt Allele probably helps Remodels the Structure of Chromatin in keeping the gene nucleosome location location-fre, Accordingly, the absence of Swr1 complex or Histone antigen H2AZ1 wt Allele results in compromised chromatin remodeling and impaired gene expression in the absence of Remodels the Structure of Chromatin and Histone H3 Lysine 4 methylation.[SEP]Relations: nucleosome location mobilization has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with chromatin remodeling, bioprocess_bioprocess with chromatin remodeling. nucleosome location has relations: cellcomp_protein with H3C6, cellcomp_protein with H3C6, cellcomp_protein with H2AC4, cellcomp_protein with H2AC4, cellcomp_protein with H4C6, cellcomp_protein with H4C6, cellcomp_protein with H3C4, cellcomp_protein with H3C4. Definitions: H2AZ1 wt Allele defined as following: Human H2AZ1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q24 and is approximately 2 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Histone antigen H2AZ1 wt Allele protein, plays a role in chromatin packaging.. TATA Box defined as following: A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.. nucleosome location defined as following: A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:elh]. H2AX protein, human defined as following: Histone H2AX protein, human (143 aa, ~15 kDa) is encoded by the human H2AX protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in nucleosome location formation and V(D)J recombination.. INO80 protein, human defined as following: DNA helicase INO80 protein, human (1556 aa, ~177 kDa) is encoded by the human INO80 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in the ATP-depending unwinding of DNA helices.. Swr1 complex defined as following: A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the Histone antigen variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits. [GOC:rb, PMID:14645854, PMID:14690608, PMID:19355820]. Histone H3 Lysine 4 defined as following: The lysine residue found at amino acid position 4 in the Histone antigen H3 protein. Methylation of this residue may be a marker for transcriptionally active genes.. Remodels the Structure of Chromatin defined as following: Remodels the Structure of Chromatin is an abundant fifteen-protein chromatin remodeling complex containing SNF12 [RSC6p subunit homologue], RSC1 (or RSC2 or RSC4), RSC58 [58 kD subunit], and SFH1. (from SGD and NCI). Positioning Attribute defined as following: A reference to the alignment of an object, a particular situation or view of a situation, or the location of an object.. Nucleosomes defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. chromatin remodeling complex defined as following: The proteins or protein complexes that can either activate or silence gene transcription through their ability to modify the architecture of chromatin. These factors alter the accessibility of DNA to those factors that are required for gene transcription..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are recessive coding variants responsible for the majority of undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals?", "id": "converted_3070", "sentence1": "Are recessive coding variants responsible for the majority of undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals?", "sentence2": "Our results suggest that recessive coding variants account for a small fraction of currently undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals, and that the role of noncoding variants, incomplete penetrance, and polygenic mechanisms need further exploration.[SEP]", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does HuR protein regulate the splicing process?", "id": "converted_1477", "sentence1": "Does ELAVL1 gene Protein Info regulate the splicing process?", "sentence2": "ELAVL1 gene and TIA1/TIAL1 are involved in regulation of alternative splicing of Sirtuin 1 pre-mRNA, Here we describe experiments showing that ELAVL1 gene and TIA1/TIAL1, two kinds of RNA-binding proteins, were involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of Sirtuin 1 pre-mRNA under normal and stress circumstances, ELAVL1 gene increased Sirtuin 1-∆Exon8 by promoting Sirtuin 1 exon 8 exclusion, whereas TIA1/TIAL1 inhibition of the exon 8 exclusion led to a decrease in Sirtuin 1-∆Exon8 mRNA levels. , ELAVL1 gene regulates alternative splicing of the TRA2β gene in Homo sapiens colon cancer cells under oxidative stress, Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene) regulates stress responses through stabilizing and/or facilitating the translation of target mRNAs, We show here that the RBP embryonic lethal Abnormal vision like 1 (ELAVL1, also know as ELAVL1 gene) regulates the alternative splicing of EIF4ENIF1 gene (Eif4enif1), which encodes an eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E transporter (4E-T) Protein Info and suppresses the expression of capped mRNAs, Further, endothelial-specific Elavl1 knockout mice exhibited reduced revascularization after hind limb Ischemia Procedure and tumor angiogenesis in oncogene-induced mammary cancer, resulting in attenuated blood flow and tumor growth, respectively. , Changes in Cells mRNA stability, splicing, and polyadenylation through ELAVL1 gene Protein Info sequestration by a cytoplasmic RNA virus, Furthermore, significant changes can be observed in nuclear alternative polyadenylation and splicing events on Cells pre-mRNAs as a result of sequestration of ELAVL1 gene Protein Info by the 3' Untranslated Regions of RNA Transcript of this cytoplasmic RNA virus., Here we demonstrate that expression of 2A(pro) induces a selective nucleo-cytoplasm translocation of several important RNA-Binding Proteins and RNA Splicing Factors. Subcellular fractionation studies, together with immunofluorescence microscopy revealed an asymmetric distribution of ELAVL1 gene and TIA1/TIAR in 2A(pro) expressing cells, which modulates splicing of the Homo sapiens Fas exon 6, knockdown of ELAVL1 gene or overexpression of TIA1/TIAR, leads to Fas exon 6 inclusion in 2A(pro)-expressing cells, The differential expression levels of T-cell intracellular antigens (Transient Cerebral Ischemia) and Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene) are concomitant with a splicing switch in apoptosis receptor Fas in HCT116 Cells, overexpression and knockdown of ELAVL1 gene led to Fas exon 6 skipping and inclusion, respectively. These results suggest that the Transient Cerebral Ischemia and ELAVL1 gene Cells ratio influences cell-type specific Fas exon 6 splicing pattern., Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene) functions as an alternative pre-RNA, Messenger, Splicing regulator of Fas apoptosis-promoting receptor on exon definition, antiapoptotic regulator Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene, ELAVL1), a member of the embryonic lethal, Abnormal vision, Drosophila-like (ELAVL) family, promotes Fas exon 6 skipping by binding to an exonic splicing silencer, ELAV/Hu proteins bind to AU-rich elements (are unit of measure) in mRNAs and regulate their stability from splicing to translation, and the ubiquitous ELAVL1 gene Protein Info has been implicated in cancerous cell growth., The ELAVL1 gene Protein Info regulates the expression of thousands of Cells RNA Transcript by modulating RNA, Messenger, Splicing, trafficking, translation, and stability., Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene) functions as an alternative pre-RNA, Messenger, Splicing regulator of Fas apoptosis-promoting receptor on exon definition., I report that antiapoptotic regulator Hu antigen R (ELAVL1 gene, ELAVL1), a member of the embryonic lethal, Abnormal vision, Drosophila-like (ELAVL) family, promotes Fas exon 6 skipping by binding to an exonic splicing silencer. , Changes in Cells mRNA stability, splicing, and polyadenylation through ELAVL1 gene Protein Info sequestration by a cytoplasmic RNA virus., Further, the silencing capacity of ELAVL1 gene as splicing regulator resides in the RRM1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens and hinge-RRM3 domains. , ELAVL1 gene and TIA1/TIAL1 are involved in regulation of alternative splicing of Sirtuin 1 pre-mRNA., ELAVL1 gene regulates alternative splicing of the TRA2β gene in Homo sapiens colon cancer cells under oxidative stress., The ELAVL1 gene Protein Info regulates the expression of thousands of Cells RNA Transcript by modulating RNA, Messenger, Splicing, trafficking, translation, and stability. , Further, the silencing capacity of ELAVL1 gene as splicing regulator resides in the RRM1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens Protein Info, Homo sapiens and hinge-RRM3 domains. Taken together, these results support a functional link between ELAVL1 gene as Transcription Repressor/Corepressor of alternative Fas splicing and the molecular mechanisms modulating programmed cell death., We are interested in interactions involving Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins Proteins participating in several steps of mRNA processing (mainly pre-RNA, Messenger, Splicing) and ELAVL1 gene with an established role in stability/translation of associated mRNAs. Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and ELAVL1 gene proteins have a major nucleoplasmic localization and ability to shuttle between Cell Nucleus and cytoplasm. We report here on interactions between Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and ELAVL1 gene proteins that were identified in the context of isolated Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and messenger ribonucleoprotein complex location complexes. , Despite the fact that ELAVL1 gene sites are observed in intronic regions, our data do not support a role for ELAVL1 gene in regulating splicing.[SEP]Relations: RNA splicing has relations: bioprocess_protein with ZRSR2, bioprocess_protein with ZRSR2, bioprocess_protein with KHSRP, bioprocess_protein with KHSRP, bioprocess_protein with CIR1, bioprocess_protein with CIR1, bioprocess_protein with LARP7, bioprocess_protein with LARP7. Protein Info binding has relations: molfunc_protein with HUS1, molfunc_protein with HUS1. Definitions: Ischemia Procedure defined as following: A surgical procedure during which the blood supply to an organ or tissue is interrupted and then later reestablished.. RRM1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens defined as following: Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit (792 aa, ~90 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens RRM1 Protein Info, Homo sapiens gene. This Protein Info is involved in the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.. are unit of measure defined as following: A unit of area equal to 100 square meters. Are is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. ELAVL1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the regulation of gene expression.. Sirtuin 1 defined as following: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of proteins involved in gene regulation.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. messenger ribonucleoprotein complex location defined as following: A ribonucleoprotein complex containing both Protein Info and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. [GOC:bf, PMID:15574591, PMID:21915786]. 3' Untranslated Regions defined as following: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.. RNA-Binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. RNA, Messenger, Splicing defined as following: OBSOLETE. The process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]. Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins defined as following: A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA RNA Transcript in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their Protein Info component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the Cell Nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.. ELAVL1 gene Protein Info defined as following: An RRM Protein Info that binds to the 3'-UTR region of mRNAs and increases their stability. In EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, it binds to poly-U elements and AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNAs and preferentially binds mRNAs that are not methylated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), to stabilize them and promote differentiation.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). RNA Splicing Factors defined as following: RNA-binding proteins that facilitate or inhibit RNA SPLICING.. Abnormal vision defined as following: Disturbance of eyesight.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. HCT116 Cells defined as following: Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line.. Transcription Repressor/Corepressor defined as following: Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do RNA binding Proteins that bind to adenine uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs (AU-RBPs) regulate the DNA Damage Response?", "id": "converted_4610", "sentence1": "Do RNA binding Proteins that bind to adenine uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) in the 5' untranslated region (SLC14A2 gene) of mRNAs (AU-RBPs) regulate the DNA Damage Response?", "sentence2": " We investigated 2 RNA, Messenger-binding Proteins - ELAVL1 gene and TIAL1 gene showing specificity to AU-Rich Element (are unit of measure) sites in 3'SLC14A2 gene of RNA, Messenger., Bioinformatics analysis of the human SOD1 RNA, Messenger 3' untranslated region (3'SLC14A2 gene) demonstrated the presence of HuD binding adenine-uridine (AU)-rich instability-conferring elements (AREs)., We found that AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1 (HNRNPD wt Allele) directly binds to the CRY1 gene 3'SLC14A2 gene and regulates translation of CRY1 gene RNA, Messenger., Adenylate/uridylate-rich elements (AREs) are the most common cis-regulatory elements in the 3'-untranslated region (SLC14A2 gene) of mRNAs, where they fine-tune turnover by mediating RNA, Messenger decay., ELAVL1 gene binding to AU-rich elements present in the 3' untranslated region of Classical swine fever virus., Previous reports indicate that distinct RNA Sequence in the Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 3'UTRs differentially regulates Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in the Head>Brain to accommodate neuronal activity changes, conceivably through differential interactions with undefined Trans-Activators that regulate stability and translation of these Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor RNA, Messenger isoforms., The 5' untranslated region (SLC14A2 gene) of CSFV contains the Internal Ribosome Entry Sites, which is a highly structured element that recruits the translation machinery., Although AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'SLC14A2 gene of interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6) RNA, Messenger dictate RNA, Messenger degradation, the role of Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in the post-transcriptional regulation of Recombinant Interleukin-6 gene expression is unclear., We cloned the full-length cDNA of rabbit RGS4, which contains a long 3'-untranslated region (SLC14A2 gene) with several AU-rich elements (AREs)., Luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that ELAVL1 gene specifically regulates FOXO1 gene gene expression through AU-rich elements (AREs) within the FOXO1 gene gene 3' SLC14A2 gene., Additionally, we demonstrated that RBM38 wt Allele could bind to PR RNA, Messenger via AU-rich elements (AREs) within PR 3'-untranslated region (3'-SLC14A2 gene) and then enhance PR RNA, Messenger stability., Here, we find that C-X-C motif chemokine 12 receptor activity harbors AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-SLC14A2 gene) that bind and respond to the RNA-binding Proteins, Tristetraprolin (Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/ZFP36) and ELAVL1 gene (ELAVL1)., These Proteins bind to adenine uridine-rich element (are unit of measure) in the 3'untranslated region of target messenger RNA and stimulate target degradation., t mRNAs. RNA-binding Proteins can control RNA, Messenger stability by binding to AU- and U-rich elements located in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of target, y RNA-binding Proteins (RBPs) have been shown to recognize and bind to mRNAs that contains AREs generally present in the 3'SLC14A2 gene of mRNAs. RBPs , at AREs in the 3'SLC14A2 gene control Thrombospondin 1 RNA, Messenger stability and that the RNA binding protein HNRNPD wt Allele participates in this control. These studies suggest t, mber of the Elav family of RNA-binding Proteins, has been implicated in this pathway through its binding to adenine and uridine (AU)-rich stability elements (are unit of measure) located in the 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of the RNA, Messenger. Whereas three , Hu Proteins are RNA-binding Proteins that are implicated in the control of stabilization, nuclear export, and/or translation of specific mRNAs with AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human, Post-transcriptional RNA, Messenger regulation by RNA binding Proteins (RBPs) associated with AU-rich elements (AREs) present in the 3' untranslated region (3'SLC14A2 gene) of specific mRNAs modulates RNA Transcript stability and translation in Eukaryotic Cells., In the 3'-untranslated region, the destabilizing adenine-uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs) control the expression of several transcripts through interactions with are unit of measure-binding Proteins (AUBPs) and RNA degradation machinery., The AU/U-rich element-binding protein ELAVL1 gene has been shown to bind to TP53 wt Allele RNA, Messenger 3'SLC14A2 gene and enhance translation in response to DNA-damaging UVC radiation., The HNRNPD wt Allele (Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D0, Human) and ELAVL1 gene (ELAV-like) Proteins, potential Trans-Activators for regulated RNA, Messenger decay, bind in vitro to A+U-rich elements (AREs) found in the 3' untranslated region (3' SLC14A2 gene) of many labile transcripts., Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses binds to the AU-rich element (are unit of measure) in the 3'SLC14A2 gene of target mRNAs, mediates miRNA functions in the nearby target sequences, and regulates RNA, Messenger deadenylation., We investigated 2 RNA, Messenger-binding Proteins - ELAVL1 gene and TIAL1 gene showing specificity to AU-Rich Element (are unit of measure) sites in 3'SLC14A2 gene of RNA, Messenger., Secondly, the degradation of some mRNAs related to immune responses has been reported to be regulated by binding of RNA-binding Proteins to adenylate uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich elements, AREs) located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-SLC14A2 gene)., Here, we review the interplay between six well-known RBPs (Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, AUF-1, KHSRP gene, ELAVL1 gene, TIA1 wt Allele, and TIAL1 gene) that recognize AU-rich elements (AREs) at the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs, namely are unit of measure-RBPs., Hu Proteins have been shown to bind to AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region of unstable mRNAs.[SEP]Relations: ELAVL1 has relations: molfunc_protein with RNA, Messenger 3'-SLC14A2 gene AU-rich region binding, molfunc_protein with RNA, Messenger 3'-SLC14A2 gene AU-rich region binding, molfunc_protein with RNA, Messenger 3'-SLC14A2 gene binding, molfunc_protein with RNA, Messenger 3'-SLC14A2 gene binding. protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with UTP6, molfunc_protein with UTP6, molfunc_protein with AUP1, molfunc_protein with AUP1, molfunc_protein with AUNIP, molfunc_protein with AUNIP. Definitions: Recombinant Interleukin-6 defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (Recombinant Interleukin-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. Recombinant Interleukin-6 binds to its receptor (IL-6R), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and Ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-Recombinant Interleukin-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of Recombinant Interleukin-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects.. Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor defined as following: A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the Head>Brain Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994). TIA1 wt Allele defined as following: Human TIA1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2p13 and is approximately 39 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nucleolysin TIA1 wt Allele isoform p40, plays a role in both RNA binding and splicing. Mutation of the gene is associated with Welander distal myopathy.. Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura defined as following: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura for which the cause is present from birth.. adenine defined as following: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.. are unit of measure defined as following: A unit of area equal to 100 square meters. Are is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI.. Tristetraprolin defined as following: A ZINC FINGER MOTIF containing transcription factor that was originally identified as one of the IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS. It shuttles between the CYTOPLASM and the CELL NUCLEUS and is involved in destabilization of mRNAs for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA.. RNA Sequence defined as following: The sequence of nucleotide residues along an RNA chain.. Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses defined as following: A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.. FOXO1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and may play a role in myogenic growth and differentiation.. CRY1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in circadian rhythm.. ELAVL1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the regulation of gene expression.. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D0, Human defined as following: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (355 aa, ~38 kDa) is encoded by the human HNRNPD gene. This protein is involved in both RNA transport and splicing.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. C-X-C motif chemokine 12 receptor activity defined as following: Combining with the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, PMID:22204316]. Internal Ribosome Entry Sites defined as following: Sequences within MESSENGER RNA that enable PROTEIN TRANSLATION INITIATION independent of 5' CAPPED RNA.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Eukaryotic Cells defined as following: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.. 3' SLC14A2 gene defined as following: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.. RNA binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other Proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.. RBM38 wt Allele defined as following: Human RBM38 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 20q13.31 and is approximately 18 kb in length. This allele, which encodes RNA-binding protein 38, plays a role in the regulation of RNA, Messenger stability.. HNRNPD wt Allele defined as following: Human HNRNPD wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q21 and is approximately 22 kb in length. This allele, which encodes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0, plays a role in the catabolism of RNA.. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human defined as following: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (528 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the human TH gene. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine.. Trans-Activators defined as following: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of Proteins.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in human malignancies in select cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. Thrombospondin 1 defined as following: An extracellular matrix glycoprotein from platelets and a variety of normal and transformed cells of both mesenchymal and epithelial origin. Thrombospondin-1 is believed to play a role in cell migration and proliferation, during embryogenesis and wound repair. Also, it has been studied for its use as a potential regulator of tumor growth and metastasis..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is there an association between bruxism and reflux?", "id": "converted_393", "sentence1": "Is there an association between Bruxism and reflux?", "sentence2": "Sleep Bruxism is prevalent in GERD patients, and GERD is highly associated with SB., There was a statistical trend towards Tooth Wear progression being associated with gastric risk factors (p < 0.05). , This article presents a case report of a 27-year-old male smoker with Tooth Wear and dentin sensitivity caused by GERD associated with Bruxism. , The aim of this cross-over, randomized, single-blinded trial was to examine whether Intra-oesophageal acidification induces Sleep Bruxism (SB). , RMMA episodes including SB were induced by Esophageal acidification. , Chronic regurgitation of Gastric Acid in patients with Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux disease may cause dental erosion, which can lead in combination with attrition or Bruxism to extensive loss of coronal tooth tissue., This clinical report describes treatment of severe Tooth Wear of a Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux disease patient who is 54-year-old Turkish male patient. After his medical treatment, severe Tooth Wear, Bruxism and decreased vertical dimensions were determined. , Gastroesophageal reflux disease by itself or in combination with attrition, abrasion or Bruxism may be responsible for the loss., The association between Bruxism, feeding and smoking habits and Digestive System Disorders may lead to serious consequences to dental and related structures, involving dental alterations (wear, Fracture and cracks), periodontal signs (gingival recession and Tooth Mobility) and muscle-joint sensitivity, demanding a multidisciplinary treatment plan. This paper presents a case report in which Bruxism associated with acid feeding, smoking habit and episodes of gastric reflow caused severe Tooth Wear and great Muscle (organ) discomfort with daily Headache episodes. , The frequencies of RMMA, single short-burst, and clenching episodes were significantly higher during decreased Esophageal pH episodes than those during other times. , These results suggest that most jaw muscle activities, ie, RMMA, single short-burst, and clenching episodes, occur in relation to Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux mainly in the supine position., Nocturnal Bruxism may be secondary to nocturnal Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux, occurring via sleep arousal and often together with swallowing.[SEP]Relations: Gastroesophageal reflux has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Joubert syndrome with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with Joubert syndrome with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, disease_phenotype_positive with citrullinemia, disease_phenotype_positive with citrullinemia, disease_phenotype_positive with atrioventricular defect-blepharophimosis-radial and anal defect syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with atrioventricular defect-blepharophimosis-radial and anal defect syndrome. Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux disease has relations: contraindication with Racementhol, contraindication with Racementhol, contraindication with Butabarbital, contraindication with Butabarbital. Definitions: Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux defined as following: Effortless regurgitation of gastric contents that commonly occurs in infants, usually right after feeding or burping.. Gastric Acid defined as following: Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.. Headache defined as following: The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.. Digestive System Disorders defined as following: Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).. Tooth Mobility defined as following: Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313). Tooth Wear defined as following: Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes. Muscle (organ) defined as following: One of the contractile organs of the body.. Sleep Bruxism defined as following: A sleep disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth and forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements. Sleep Bruxism may be associated with TOOTH INJURIES; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS; sleep disturbances; and other conditions.. Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux disease defined as following: Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.. Bruxism defined as following: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.. Fracture defined as following: A traumatic injury to the bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.. Esophageal defined as following: Of or relating to the esophagus.. reflux defined as following: An abnormal backward flow of a body fluid..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can LB-100 downregulate miR-33?", "id": "converted_3635", "sentence1": "Can LB-100 downregulate miR-33?", "sentence2": "Protein Phosphatase 2A inhibition from LB100 therapy enhances daunorubicin cytotoxicity in secondary acute myeloid leukemia via miR-181b-1 upregulation., LB100 profoundly upregulates miR-181b-1, which we show directly binds to the 3' untranslated region of BCL2 gene mRNA leading to its translational inhibition. MiR-181b-1 ectopic overexpression further diminishes BCL2 gene expression leading to suppression of sAML cell growth, and enhancement of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders cytotoxicity. [SEP]Relations: Daunorubicin has relations: drug_drug with SRP 299, drug_drug with SRP 299, drug_drug with TG4010, drug_drug with TG4010, drug_drug with GI-5005, drug_drug with GI-5005, drug_drug with mRNA-1273, drug_drug with mRNA-1273, drug_drug with INGN 225, drug_drug with INGN 225. Definitions: BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. Protein Phosphatase 2A defined as following: Protein Phosphatase 2A core enzyme consists of a 36-kDa catalytic C subunit and a constant 65-kDa regulatory/structural A subunit that interact with either a B regulatory subunit or with cell signaling molecules, that likely modulate substrate selectivity, catalytic activity, and subcellular localization, yielding the trimeric holoenzyme. Combinations of different subunit isoforms can generate many forms of Protein Phosphatase 2A, which may differ in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, or tissue specific expression.. daunorubicin defined as following: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Has ProSavin undergone phase IV clinical trials by 2018?", "id": "converted_3498", "sentence1": "Has ProSavin undergone phase IV clinical trials by 2018?", "sentence2": "Long-term safety and tolerability of ProSavin, a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson Disease: a dose escalation, open-label, phase 1/2 trial., We undertook a phase 1/2 open-label trial with 12-month follow-up at two study sites (France and UK) to assess the safety and efficacy of ProSavin after Bilateral injection into the Structure of Structure of putamen of patients with Parkinson Disease. [SEP]Relations: Parkinson disease has relations: contraindication with Prochlorperazine, contraindication with Prochlorperazine, contraindication with Indomethacin, contraindication with Indomethacin, contraindication with Amikacin, contraindication with Amikacin, contraindication with Rivastigmine, contraindication with Rivastigmine, contraindication with Perphenazine, contraindication with Perphenazine. Definitions: Bilateral defined as following: Affecting both sides of the body or a matched pair of organs.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). Structure of putamen defined as following: The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is MammaPrint cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration? ", "id": "converted_128", "sentence1": "Is MammaPrint cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration? ", "sentence2": "Real-time RT-PCR confirmed the 5-gene prognostic signature that was distinct from an FDA-cleared 70-gene signature of MammaPrint panel and from the Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Assay Breast Cancer Assay recurrence score assay panel.[SEP]Relations: salivary gland type cancer of the breast has relations: disease_disease with breast cancer, disease_disease with breast cancer. Definitions: Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Assay defined as following: A diagnostic assay that quantifies the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence in women with newly diagnosed, early stage breast cancer. In addition to predicting distant disease recurrence, Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Assay also assesses the benefit from certain types of chemotherapy. The assay, performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, analyzes the expression of a panel of 21 genes and the results are provided as a Recurrence Score (0-100). The gene panel was selected and the Recurrence Score calculation was derived through extensive laboratory testing and multiple independent clinical development studies. Oncotype DX Breast Cancer Assay is validated for use in breast cancer patients whose disease is newly diagnosed, stage I or II, node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive and who will be treated with tamoxifen.. MammaPrint defined as following: An in vitro molecular diagnostic test that uses gene expression profiling to analyze gene activity within a breast cancer tumor sample. It looks at the activity of 70 genes and is useful in assessing the likelihood of metastasis and recurrence..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is amantadine effective for treatment of disorders conciousness?", "id": "converted_129", "sentence1": "Is amantadine effective for treatment of disorders conciousness?", "sentence2": "We here provide a systematic overview of the therapeutic effects of amantadine, apomorphine and zolpidem in patients recovering from Apraxia, oculomotor, Cogan type. Evidence from clinical trials using these commonly prescribed pharmacological agents suggests positive changes in the neurological status in patients, leading sometimes to dramatic improvements., Pharmaceuticals that act in the Oxygen Equipment Location based amino acid systems of the Head>Brain include the GABAergic Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal zolpidem and baclofen, while those that act in the monoamine axes include the dopaminergic Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal L Dopa, amantadine, bromocriptine, apomorphine and methylphenidate, and the noradrenergic and serotonergic Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal desipramine, amitriptyline, protriptyline and fluoxetine. , Sporadic cases of recovery from a DOC have been reported after the administration of various pharmacological agents (baclofen, zolpidem, amantadine etc.)., amantadine hydrochloride is one of the most commonly prescribed Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness after traumatic Brain Injuries. Preliminary studies have suggested that amantadine may promote functional recovery., During the 4-week treatment period, recovery was significantly faster in the amantadine group than in the placebo group, as measured by the DRS score (difference in slope, 0.24 points per week; P=0.007), indicating a benefit with respect to the primary outcome measure. , amantadine accelerated the pace of functional recovery during active treatment in patients with post-traumatic disorders of consciousness., Sporadic cases of dramatic recovery from DOC after the administration of various pharmacological agents, such as baclofen, zolpidem and amantadine, have been recently supported by intriguing scientific observations. , According to the 16 eligible studies, medical management by Dopaminergic Agents (levodopa, amantadine), zolpidem and median nerve stimulation, or surgical management by deep Head>Brain stimulation, extradural cortical stimulation, spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal baclofen have shown to improve the level of consciousness in certain cases. , Higher exposure of amantadine (average concentration of amantadine during 6 mg/kg/day > 1.5 mg/L) may be associated with better recovery of consciousness. , Based on the preliminary data, higher dosing may be considered in the setting of Brain Injuries., Patients treated with PK-Merz exhibited the more significant restoration of consciousness and better dynamics (regress) of Neurologic Deficits with the most intensive restoration of Neurologic Deficits in the first day that allows to recommend the use of amantadine sulfate in the first hours of Ischemic stroke and for the prevention of Reperfusion Injury in recanalisation therapy of Ischemic stroke., There was no significant difference in the slopes of recovery during either arm for the Coma/Near-Coma Scale (P = 0.24) or the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (P = 0.28), although improvements in consciousness were noted by the physician during weeks when amantadine was given (P = 0.02). , This study suggests that amantadine facilitates recovery of consciousness in pediatric acquired Brain Injuries and provides important information necessary to design future more definitive studies., The study has shown a positive effect of this Pharmacologic Substance at Apraxia, oculomotor, Cogan type emergence, which manifested itself as clinical improvement and a better outcome of the disease., This article will review the evidence for the use of Psychostimulant (substance) (methylphenidate), Antidepressive Agents (amitriptyline, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and buproprion), Parkinson's Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal (amantadine, bromocriptine, carbidopa / levodopa), Anticonvulsants [TC] (valproic acid), modafinil (Provigil), Lactic acid measurement, hyperbaric Oxygen Equipment Location chamber, electroconvulsive therapy, and transmagnetic stimulation, in patients following a Craniocerebral Trauma., Of the psychoactive Medications:Presence or Identity:Duration of the study:^Patient:Nominal, amantadine hydrochloride was associated with greater recovery and dantrolene sodium was associated with less recovery, in terms of the DRS score at 16 weeks but not the time until commands were followed.[SEP]Relations: amantadine has relations: contraindication with mental disorder, contraindication with mental disorder, contraindication with mental disorder, contraindication with mental disorder, contraindication with substance-related disorder, contraindication with substance-related disorder, contraindication with substance-related disorder, contraindication with substance-related disorder, contraindication with psychotic disorder, contraindication with psychotic disorder. Definitions: amantadine hydrochloride defined as following: The hydrochloride salt of amantadine, a synthetic tricyclic amine with antiviral, antiparkinsonian, and antihyperalgesic activities. amantadine appears to exert its antiviral effect against the influenza A virus by interfering with the function of the transmembrane domain of the viral M2 protein, thereby preventing the release of infectious viral nucleic acids into host cells; furthermore, this agent prevents virus assembly during virus replication. amantadine exerts its antiparkinsonian effects by stimulating the release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and inhibiting its pre-synaptic reuptake. This agent may also exert some anticholinergic effect through inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of acetylcholine, resulting in antihyperalgesia.. baclofen defined as following: A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.. amantadine defined as following: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.. protriptyline defined as following: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.. amantadine sulfate defined as following: The sulfate salt of amantadine, a synthetic tricyclic amine with antiviral, antiparkinsonian, and antihyperalgesic activities. amantadine appears to exert its antiviral effect against the influenza A virus by interfering with the function of the transmembrane domain of the viral M2 protein, thereby preventing the release of infectious viral nucleic acids into host cells; furthermore, this agent prevents virus assembly during virus replication. amantadine exerts its antiparkinsonian effects by stimulating the release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and inhibiting its pre-synaptic reuptake. This agent may also exert some anticholinergic effect through inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of acetylcholine, resulting in antihyperalgesia.. modafinil defined as following: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. carbidopa / levodopa defined as following: An orally available combination of carbidopa, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation, and levodopa, an inert, metabolic precursor to dopamine, with dopaminergic and antiparkinsonian properties. Upon oral administration, levodopa crosses the blood-Head>Brain barrier (BBB) and is decarboxylated to dopamine via dopa decarboxylase in the Head>Brain, promoting increased activation of dopamine receptors. Carbidopa inhibits dopa decarboxylase in the periphery, thereby preventing decarboxylation of levodopa in extracerebral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the central nervous system (CNS). As carbidopa does not cross the BBB, it does not interfere with CNS levodopa metabolism.. Brain Injuries defined as following: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the Head>Brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the Head>Brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.. Lactic acid measurement defined as following: The determination of the amount of lactic acid present in a sample.. levodopa defined as following: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-Head>Brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. traumatic Brain Injuries defined as following: A form of acquired Brain Injuries which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the Head>Brain.. Ischemic stroke defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of Head>Brain tissue.. amitriptyline defined as following: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. zolpidem defined as following: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. bromocriptine defined as following: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.. Neurologic Deficits defined as following: Loss of movement function.. apomorphine defined as following: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.. fluoxetine defined as following: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional Antidepressive Agents.. valproic acid defined as following: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the Head>Brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. Dopaminergic Agents defined as following: Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.. Antidepressive Agents defined as following: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as Antidepressive Agents apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through Head>Brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.. Craniocerebral Trauma defined as following: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.. methylphenidate defined as following: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this Pharmacologic Substance is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. dantrolene sodium defined as following: The sodium salt form of dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative and direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Dantrolene depresses excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle by binding to the ryanodine receptor 1, and decreasing intracellular calcium concentration. Ryanodine receptors mediate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an essential step in muscle contraction.. Reperfusion Injury defined as following: Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.. Apraxia, oculomotor, Cogan type defined as following: Ocular motor apraxia, Cogan type is characterised by impairment of voluntary horizontal eye movements and compensatory head thrust. Around 50 cases have been described so far. The oculomotor manifestations tend to improve with age but the syndrome may also be associated with learning and speech difficulties, or, in some cases, cerebral malformations. Both sporadic and familial forms have been described, with sporadic forms being more frequent. The mode of transmission of the familial form has not yet been clearly established. A gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2, near to the <i>NPHP1</i> gene involved in nephronophthisis, may be associated with ocular motor apraxia, Cogan type.. amantadine defined as following: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is STAT3 involved in EIF2AK2-dependent suppression of autophagy?", "id": "converted_963", "sentence1": "Is STAT3 protein, human involved in EIF2AK2 gene-dependent suppression of autophagy?", "sentence2": "STAT3 protein, human protein, human may act as a competitive PPP1R1A gene of EIF2AK2 gene gene. Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy. Conversely, the overexpression of wild-type STAT3 protein, human protein, human as well as of STAT3 protein, human protein, human mutants that cannot be phosphorylated by JAK2 protein, human protein, human or are excluded from the Cell Nucleus inhibits autophagy. However, STAT3 protein, human protein, human mutants that fail to interact with EIF2AK2 gene gene are unable to suppress autophagy, Both STAT3 protein, human protein, human-targeting agents (i.e., stattic, JSI-124 and WP1066) and EIF2AK2 gene gene activators (such as the double-strand RNA mimetic polyinosinic:Poly C) are capable of disrupting the inhibitory interaction between STAT3 protein, human protein, human and EIF2AK2 gene gene in cellula, A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex, These results reveal an unsuspected crosstalk between cellular metabolism (Fatty Acids), pro-inflammatory signaling (STAT3 protein, human protein, human), innate immunity (EIF2AK2 gene gene), and translational control (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1) that regulates autophagy, Cytoplasmic STAT3 protein, human protein, human represses autophagy by inhibiting eIF-2 Kinase activity, The SH2 Domain of STAT3 protein, human protein, human was found to interact with the Catalytic Domain of the eIF2α kinase 2 EIF2AK2 gene gene, best known as protein kinase R (eIF-2 Kinase). Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulated the activating phosphorylation of eIF-2 Kinase and consequent eIF2α hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, eIF-2 Kinase depletion inhibited autophagy as initiated by chemical STAT3 protein, human protein, human inhibitors or free Fatty Acids like palmitate, STAT3 protein, human protein, human-targeting chemicals and palmitate caused the disruption of inhibitory STAT3 protein, human protein, human-eIF-2 Kinase interactions, followed by eIF-2 Kinase-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation, which facilitates autophagy induction, Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy., A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1., A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1, Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy, However, STAT3 protein, human protein, human mutants that fail to interact with EIF2AK2 gene gene are unable to suppress autophagy, Direct interaction between STAT3 protein, human protein, human and EIF2AK2 gene gene controls fatty acid-induced autophagy, A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1. , Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy. , Direct interaction between STAT3 protein, human protein, human and EIF2AK2 gene gene controls fatty acid-induced autophagy., These results unravel an unsuspected mechanism of autophagy control that involves STAT3 protein, human protein, human and eIF-2 Kinase as interacting partners., Both STAT3 protein, human protein, human-targeting agents (i.e., stattic, JSI-124 and WP1066) and EIF2AK2 gene gene activators (such as the double-strand RNA mimetic polyinosinic:Poly C) are capable of disrupting the inhibitory interaction between STAT3 protein, human protein, human and EIF2AK2 gene gene in cellula, yet only the latter does so in cell-free systems in vitro. A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1., A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1. These results reveal an unsuspected crosstalk between cellular metabolism (Fatty Acids), pro-inflammatory signaling (STAT3 protein, human protein, human), innate immunity (EIF2AK2 gene gene), and translational control (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1) that regulates autophagy., Thus, STAT3 protein, human protein, human may act as a competitive PPP1R1A gene of EIF2AK2 gene gene. Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy., Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 protein, human protein, human stimulates EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 phosphorylation and autophagy. Conversely, the overexpression of wild-type STAT3 protein, human protein, human as well as of STAT3 protein, human protein, human mutants that cannot be phosphorylated by JAK2 protein, human protein, human or are excluded from the Cell Nucleus inhibits autophagy., , stattic, JSI-124 and WP1066) and EIF2AK2 gene gene activators (such as the double-strand RNA mimetic polyinosinic:Poly C) are capable of disrupting the inhibitory interaction between STAT3 protein, human protein, human and EIF2AK2 gene gene in cellula, yet only the latter does so in cell-free systems in vitro. A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2 gene gene-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several Fatty Acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3 protein, human protein, human-EIF2AK2 gene gene complex as well as the phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MAPK8/JNK1) and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1.[SEP]Relations: EIF2AK2 gene has relations: protein_protein with STAT3 protein, human, protein_protein with STAT3 protein, human, protein_protein with STAT2, protein_protein with STAT2, protein_protein with STAT1, protein_protein with STAT1, pathway_protein with Inhibition of eIF-2 Kinase, pathway_protein with Inhibition of eIF-2 Kinase, molfunc_protein with protein phosphatase regulator activity, molfunc_protein with protein phosphatase regulator activity. Definitions: WP1066 defined as following: An orally bioavailable, small molecule PPP1R1A gene of signaling transducer and activator 3 (STAT3 protein, human), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activities. Upon administration, STAT3 protein, human PPP1R1A gene WP1066 blocks the intranuclear translocation of p-STAT, thereby suppressing STAT3 protein, human signaling and decreasing the levels of downstream products including c-Myc. Additionally, WP1066 may upregulate costimulatory molecules including CD80 and CD86 on human microglia, and reverse glioma cancer stem cell (gCSC)-mediated innate and adaptive immune suppression allowing for the restoration of antitumor effector immune responses. The STAT3 protein, human pathway is overly active in many cancer types and is implicated in CSC-mediated growth, recurrence and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.. Catalytic Domain defined as following: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.. Fatty Acids defined as following: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). STAT3 protein, human defined as following: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (770 aa, ~88 kDa) is encoded by the human STAT3 protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in cytokine signaling and gene expression.. Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 defined as following: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (315 aa, ~36 kDa) is encoded by the human Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit 1 gene. This protein plays a role in the initiation of protein translation.. EIF2AK2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the negative regulation of protein synthesis.. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). SH2 Domain defined as following: A region of protein sequence similarity among members of the SRC family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, and other proteins. The SH2 Domain usually mediates binding to phosphotyrosine and neighboring residues of target proteins.. Poly C defined as following: A group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.. eIF-2 Kinase defined as following: A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.. JAK2 protein, human defined as following: Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 protein, human (1132 aa, ~131 kDa) is encoded by the human JAK2 protein, human gene. This protein is involved in immunity, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES)..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is marimastat effective for small-cell lung cancer?", "id": "converted_3344", "sentence1": "Is marimastat effective for small-cell lung cancer?", "sentence2": "The phase III trial in small cell lung cancer was discontinued when the results of study 140 were released in February 2001 showing that marimastat was not significantly more effective than placebo in prolonging the survival of small cell lung cancer patients., CONCLUSION: Treatment with marimastat after induction therapy for Small cell carcinoma of lung did not result in improved survival and had a negative impact on quality of life., There were no significant differences in survival in a non-small cell lung cancer prinomastat study, and in a small cell lung cancer marimastat trial., There were no significant differences in survival in a non-small cell lung cancer prinomastat study , and in a small cell lung cancer marimastat trial. , The phase III trial in small cell lung cancer was discontinued when the results of study 140 were released in February 2001 showing that marimastat was not significantly more effective than placebo in prolonging the survival of small cell lung cancer patients.[SEP]Relations: Marimastat has relations: drug_protein with MMP20, drug_protein with MMP20, drug_protein with MMP7, drug_protein with MMP7, drug_protein with MMP10, drug_protein with MMP10. small cell lung carcinoma has relations: disease_disease with small cell carcinoma, disease_disease with small cell carcinoma, disease_disease with lung carcinoma, disease_disease with lung carcinoma. Definitions: Small cell carcinoma of lung defined as following: A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).. marimastat defined as following: An orally-active synthetic hydroxamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Marimastat covalently binds to the zinc(II) ion in the active site of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inhibiting the action of MMPs, inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. This agent may also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production that may play a role in some malignancies as well as in the development of arthritis and sepsis. (NCI04).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the microRNA 132 (miR-132) involved in brain pathologies?", "id": "converted_1656", "sentence1": "Is the microRNA 132 (miR-132) involved in Head>Brain pathologies?", "sentence2": "miR-132 dysregulation and subsequent abnormal expression of miR-132 target genes contribute to the neurodevelopmental and neuromorphological pathologies present in SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder)., micro-RNAs encoding miR-9, miR-124a, miR-125b, miR-128, miR-132 and miR-219 are abundantly represented in fetal hippocampus, are differentially regulated in aged Head>Brain, and an alteration in specific MicroRNAs complexity occurs in Alzheimer hippocampus. These data are consistent with the idea that altered MicroRNAs-mediated processing of messenger RNA populations may contribute to atypical RNA, Messenger abundance and neural dysfunction in ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 Head>Brain., Levels of several microRNA (miR-10a, -10b, -212, -132, -495) were significantly altered. One of them (miR-132) has been reported to be highly inducible by Growth Factor and to be a key regulator of neurite outgrowth. Moreover, miR-132-recognition sequences were detected in the RNA, Messenger transcripts of two differentially expressed proteins. MicroRNA may thus represent novel biomarkers for neuronal malfunction and potential therapeutic targets for Homo sapiens neurodegenerative diseases., Expression of key neuronal microRNAs-including mir-9/9*, Mirn124a microRNA, Homo sapiens and mir-132-is repressed in the brains of Homo sapiens Hodgkin Disease patients and Mus sp. models., To determine if production of miR-132 is regulated by neuronal activity its expression in Mus sp. Head>Brain was monitored by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), Expression levels of primary and mature-miR-132 increased significantly between postnatal Days 10 and 24. We conclude that miR-132 is an activity-dependent microRNA in vivo, and may contribute to the long-lasting proteomic changes required for experience-dependent neuronal plasticity., We investigated how prior Seizures Preconditioning affects the miRNA response to Status Epilepticus evoked by intra-amygdalar kainic acid in CASP14 gene., Increased miR-132 levels were matched with increased binding to Argonaute-2, a constituent of the RNA-induced silencing complex. In tolerant animals, expression responses of >40% of the injury-group-detected miRNAs differed, being either unchanged relative to control or down-regulated, and this included miR-132. In vivo microinjection of locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotides (Antagomirs) against miR-132 depleted Hippocampus (Brain) miR-132 levels and reduced Seizures-induced neuronal death. Thus, our data strongly suggest that miRNAs are important regulators of Seizures-induced neuronal death., Preconditioning describes the ischemic stimulus that triggers an endogenous, neuroprotective response that protects the Head>Brain during a subsequent severe ischemic injury, a phenomenon known as 'tolerance'., Downregulation of miR-132 is consistent with our finding that Preconditioning Ischemia Procedure induces a rapid increase in Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, but not RNA, Messenger, in Mus sp. cortex. These studies reveal that ischemic Preconditioning regulates expression of miRNAs and their Prediction targets in Mus sp. Head>Brain cortex, and further suggest that miRNAs and MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens could serve as effectors of ischemic Preconditioning-induced tolerance., Huntington Disease (Hodgkin Disease) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal CAG expansion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules regulating gene expression, and are implicated in a variety of diseases including Hodgkin Disease., Nine miRNAs (miR-22, miR-29c, miR-128, miR-132, miR-138, miR-218, miR-222, miR-344, and miR-674*) were commonly down-regulated in both the 12-month-old YAC128 and 10-week-old R6/2 CASP14 gene., Animals, Transgenic Hodgkin Disease CASP14 gene have abnormal miRNA biogenesis. This information should aid in future studies on therapeutic application of miRNAs in Hodgkin Disease., miR-132 directly targets the neuronal splicing factor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 gene gene), which protein levels were increased in Progressive supranuclear palsy patients. miR-132 overexpression or PTBP2 gene gene knockdown similarly affected endogenous 4R:3R-tau ratios in neuronal cells. Finally, we provide evidence that miR-132 is inversely correlated with PTBP2 gene gene during post-natal Head>Brain development at the time when 4R-tau becomes expressed. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in the miR-132/PTBP2 gene gene pathway could contribute to the abnormal splicing of tau exon 10 in the Head>Brain, and sheds light into the potential role played by miRNAs in a subset of Tauopathies., reports of microRNA (miR) modulators of both neuronal and immune processes (here termed NeurimmiRs) predict therapeutic potential for manipulating NeurimmiR levels in diseases affecting both the immune system and higher Head>Brain functions, such as ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 (cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol), Parkinson Disease (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and anxiety-related disorders. In our opinion, NeurimmiRs that function within both the Nervous - anatomy qualifier and the immune systems, such as miR-132 and miR-124, may act as 'negotiators' between these two interacting compartments.[SEP]Relations: Parkinson disease has relations: disease_protein with MIR181C, disease_protein with MIR181C. Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis has relations: pathway_protein with NUP133, pathway_protein with NUP133, pathway_protein with NUP214, pathway_protein with NUP214, pathway_protein with NUP188, pathway_protein with NUP188, pathway_protein with NUP107, pathway_protein with NUP107. Definitions: Ischemia Procedure defined as following: A surgical procedure during which the blood supply to an organ or tissue is interrupted and then later reestablished.. Hodgkin Disease defined as following: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.. Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 defined as following: A DNA-binding protein that interacts with methylated CPG ISLANDS. It plays a role in repressing GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and is frequently mutated in RETT SYNDROME.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Experimental organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. Prediction defined as following: An extrapolation of given data into the future.. Tauopathies defined as following: Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the Head>Brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of Head>Brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"Seizures disorder.\". Mirn124a microRNA, Homo sapiens defined as following: A 20 ribonucleotide sequence that is a final product of the processing of either MIR124-1 pre-miRNA, MIR124-2 pre-miRNA or MIR124-3 pre-miRNA. This oligonucleotide may be involved in the negative regulation of gene expression.. MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (486 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MECP2 gene. This protein plays a role in the repression of transcription through binding methylated DNA.. Growth Factor defined as following: Growth Factors are extracellular signaling molecules (ligands) involved in control of target cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. (NCI). Huntington Disease defined as following: A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4). Hippocampus (Brain) defined as following: A curved gray matter structure of the temporal lobe lying on the floor of the lateral ventricle of the Head>Brain.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). Nervous - anatomy qualifier defined as following: Of or relating to the Nervous - anatomy qualifier system.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. Progressive supranuclear palsy defined as following: A degenerative disease of the central Nervous - anatomy qualifier system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7). Multiple Sclerosis defined as following: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central Nervous - anatomy qualifier system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central Nervous - anatomy qualifier system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903). Status Epilepticus defined as following: A prolonged Seizures or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic Status Epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial Status Epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical Status Epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of Seizures activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30). Antagomirs defined as following: Chemically-engineered oligonucleotides used to selectively inhibit expression of target genes through sequence-specific binding of corresponding microRNA (miRNA) sites.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. microRNA defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do T-Cells regulate neuropathic pain?", "id": "converted_1950", "sentence1": "Do T-Cells regulate Neuralgia?", "sentence2": "here is evidence for a considerable impact of the immune system also in Neuralgia. However, the role of the adaptive immune system is still unclear., Our investigation revealed a clear shift of T-Lymphocyte subsets towards anti-inflammation in patients with Neuralgia. , TNFSF18 wt Allele expressed on Specimen Source Codes - Macrophages drives cytokine release and T cell activation, resulting in Neuralgia via GITR-dependent actions. , Thus, this T-Lymphocyte subset may be specifically targeted to alleviate chronic Neuralgia.Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. TRDMT1 wt Allele defined as following: Human TRDMT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 10p15.1 and is approximately 60 kb in length. This allele, which encodes tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase protein, plays a role in methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA but also has DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. tRNA Methyltransferases defined as following: Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.. Organism defined as following: A living entity..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can FOXOs modulate longevity?", "id": "converted_700", "sentence1": "Can FOXOs modulate longevity?", "sentence2": "Forkhead box O (FOXO Family Family) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan., In contrast to FOXO1 gene, FOXO3A protein, human and Forkhead Box Protein O6 were specifically diminished in the Central Nervous System of HFD animal allergen extracts possibly contributing to the reduced lifespan observed in these animal allergen extracts., Interestingly, many target Proteins of AMP-Activated Protein Kinases are so-called longevity factors, e.g., Sirtuin 1, TP53 wt Allele, and FoxOs, which not only can increase the stress resistance and extend the lifespan of many Organism but also inhibit the inflammatory responses. , Components of anti-ageing and autophagy include Sirtuins and FoxOs., Since Sirts and FoxOs are reliable markers of longevity, the results appear to suggest that Longevinex induces longevity after prolonged feeding via induction of autophagy, while it converts Cessation of life signals into survival signals and provides cardioprotection within a relatively shorter period of time., Forkhead box O (FOXO Family Family) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR are involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, stress resistance, metabolism, and longevity, In this respect, members of the Mammals forkhead TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR of the O class (FoxOs) that include FOXO1 gene, FOXO3 wt Allele, Forkhead Box Protein O4 and Forkhead Box Protein O6 are increasingly being recognized as exciting prospects for multiple pathologies. These TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR govern development, proliferation, survival and longevity during multiple cellular environments that can involve oxidative stress. , Here we discuss the fascinating but complex role of FoxOs during cellular injury and oxidative stress, progenitor cell development, fertility, angiogenesis, cardiovascular function, cellular metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, cell longevity, immune surveillance and Primary malignant neoplasm., Many longevity genes, e.g. FoxOs and Sirtuin 1, are inhibitors of NF-kappa B signaling. , Interestingly, several longevity genes such as Sirtuin 1, Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferase Sirtuin-6, and FoxOs can clearly suppress NF-kappa B signaling and in this way delay the aging process and extend lifespan., Yet, FoxOs also can significantly affect normal cell survival and longevity, requiring new treatments for neoplastic growth to modulate novel pathways that integrate cell proliferation, metabolism, Inflammation and survival., These observations link FoxO function in Mammals systems with the evolutionarily conserved role of FoxO in promotion of stress resistance and longevity in lower phylogenetic systems. Furthermore, these findings have implications for aging in higher Organism and in malignant Stem cells biology, and suggest that FoxOs may play an important role in the maintenance and integrity of Stem cells compartments in a broad spectrum of Body tissue., Forkhead box O (FoxO) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR are important downstream targets of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and crucial regulators of cell fate. This function of FoxOs relies on their ability to control diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair, defense against oxidative stress and ageing., This brief review focuses on the molecular mechanisms, cellular effects and resulting organismal phenotypes generated by differentially regulated FoxO Proteins and discusses our current understanding of the role of FoxOs in Disease and ageing processes., In this review, we focus on the several interactions of aging-associated signaling cascades regulated either by Sirtuins and FoxOs or NF-kappa B signaling pathways. We provide evidence that signaling via the longevity factors of FoxOs and Sirtuin 1 can inhibit NF-kappa B signaling and simultaneously protect against inflamm-aging process., In diverse species TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR belonging to the forkhead/winged helix box gene, group O (FOXO Family Family) subfamily have been found to be crucial in downstream suppression of the life-shortening effects of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling pathways that, when upregulated, accelerate ageing by suppression of FOXO Family Family. , In Homo sapiens, FOXO3a, as well as FOXO1 and -4, and their downstream effectors, could hold the key to counteracting ageing and common diseases., FOXO Family Family TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR have important roles in metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress tolerance, and aging. [SEP]Relations: central nervous system has relations: anatomy_protein_present with FOXO4, anatomy_protein_present with FOXO4, anatomy_protein_present with FOXO1, anatomy_protein_present with FOXO1, anatomy_protein_present with FOXN3, anatomy_protein_present with FOXN3, anatomy_protein_present with FOXK2, anatomy_protein_present with FOXK2. transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with FOXC1, molfunc_protein with FOXC1. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. FOXO3A protein, human defined as following: Forkhead box protein O3 (673 aa, ~71 kDa) is encoded by the human FOXO3 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of transcription, apoptosis and embryonic pattern formation.. Forkhead Box Protein O4 defined as following: Forkhead box protein O4 (505 aa, ~54 kDa) is encoded by the human FOXO4 gene. This protein plays a role in cell cycle arrest, transcriptional regulation, embryonic development and insulin signaling.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of Body tissue caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. FOXO Family defined as following: A subfamily within the forkhead box (FOX) protein family, which is a family of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that contain a forkhead DNA-binding domain. FOXO Family Proteins regulate apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, oxidative-stress resistance, and tumor suppression. The transcriptional promoter activity of these factors is regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and monoubiquitination.. Sirtuins defined as following: A homologous family of regulatory enzymes that are structurally related to the protein silent mating type information regulator 2 (Sir2) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sirtuins contain a central catalytic core region which binds NAD. Several of the sirtuins utilize NAD to deacetylate Proteins such as HISTONES and are categorized as GROUP III HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Several other sirtuin members utilize NAD to transfer ADP-RIBOSE to Proteins and are categorized as MONO ADP-RIBOSE TRANSFERASES, while a third group of sirtuins appears to have both deacetylase and ADP ribose transferase activities.. AMP-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Mammals defined as following: Warm-blooded vertebrate animal allergen extracts belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.. Stem cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.. Sirtuin 1 defined as following: A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of Proteins involved in gene regulation.. Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferase Sirtuin-6 defined as following: Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase sirtuin-6 (355 aa, ~ 39 kDa) is encoded by the human Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferase Sirtuin-6 gene. This protein may be involved in post-translational protein modification.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in human malignancies in select Primary malignant neoplasm-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. Forkhead Box Protein O6 defined as following: Forkhead box protein O6 (492 aa, ~51 kDa) is encoded by the human FOXO6 gene. This protein may play a role in the positive regulation of transcription.. FOXO3 wt Allele defined as following: Human FOXO3 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 6q21 and is approximately 121 kb in length. This allele, which encodes forkhead box protein O3A, plays a role in the activation of both transcription by RNA polymerase II and apoptosis that is induced by oxidative stress.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.. FOXO1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and may play a role in myogenic growth and differentiation.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Central Nervous System defined as following: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.. NF-kappa B defined as following: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.. Organism defined as following: A living entity.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually Proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) a phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes?", "id": "converted_2129", "sentence1": "Is Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin) a phospholipid of the Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes?", "sentence2": "A unique Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic organelle for studying Tissue Tissue membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of Proteins and Lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several Lipids autonomously such as Phosphatidyl glycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidic Acid and Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides., A small decrease of Diphosphatidylglycerols also occurred in the Liver neoplasms Mitochondria inner Tissue Tissue membrane. , Diphosphatidylglycerol was confined to the Mitochondrial Inheritance fraction, where it represented about 7% of the total phosphoacylglycerols. , Mitochondrial Membranes were isolated from the Myocardium of young (4-month-old) and aged (33-month-old) male Long-Evans rats and compared in terms of cholesterol content and phospholipid and fatty acid composition. In aged rats, as compared to young, the major observations include: markedly higher cholesterol content; increased percentage of Sphingomyelins and Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin); , The polyglycerophosphatides (typified by Diphosphatidylglycerols) were apparently synthesized in situ by intramitochondrial Tissue Tissue membrane-bound enzymes using CDP-diglycerides as intermediates. , Both the Mitochondrial Inheritance and microsomal fractions contained significant proportions of solvent front phospholipid (spleen fibrinolytic proteinase (human)) and whereas the Mitochondrial Inheritance spleen fibrinolytic proteinase (human) displayed the relatively unsaturated fatty acid composition characteristic of Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin), the Fatty Acids of the microsomal spleen fibrinolytic proteinase (human) were distinctly more Saturated., Ten to 15% of microsomal radioactive CDP-diglycerides was transferred to Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes and incorporated into Mitochondrial Inheritance radioactive Lipids identified as Phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate, and, when [14C]linoleoyl CDP-diglycerides were used, Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin)., The Enzyme [APC] responsible for the conversion of Phosphatidyl glycerol to Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin) in the presence of Cytidine Diphosphate Diacylglycerol is firmly associated with Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes and is not extracted with hypotonic or hypertonic media or with nonionic detergents., The mechanism of cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerols) biosynthesis was examined in Mitochondria and outer and inner Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes prepared from Cavia porcellus and Rattus norvegicus livers to determine whether this formation from Phosphatidyl glycerol was absolutely dependent on cytidinediphosphodiglyceride, as previously reported for intact Mitochondria., In isolated Mitochondrial Inheritance outer membranes, cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerols) increased CPT1A wt Allele activity 4-fold and the Km for carnitine 6-fold., Ten to 15% of microsomal radioactive CDP-diglycerides was transferred to Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes and incorporated into Mitochondrial Inheritance radioactive Lipids identified as Phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate, and, when [14C]linoleoyl CDP-diglycerides were used, Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin)., 90% or more of the phospholipid, cardiolipin was found in the Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes of Wildtype Finding and petite yeast., Furthermore, the same mechanism for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin was operational in the outer and inner Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes., The mechanism of cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerols) biosynthesis was examined in Mitochondria and outer and inner Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes prepared from Cavia porcellus and Rattus norvegicus livers to determine whether this formation from Phosphatidyl glycerol was absolutely dependent on cytidinediphosphodiglyceride, as previously reported for intact Mitochondria, Cardiolipins (CL) is a key phospholipid in Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes, playing important roles in maintaining the functional integrity and dynamics of Mitochondria in animal allergen extracts and Candida albicans allergenic extract, Cardiolipins, the specific phospholipid of Mitochondria, is involved in the biogenesis, the dynamics, and the supramolecular organization of Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes, Cardiolipins (CL), the signature phospholipid of Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes, is crucial for both Mitochondrial Inheritance function and cellular processes outside of the Mitochondria, Since it has been recognized that Mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes, Cardiolipins, the main anionic phospholipid in Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes, is expected to be a determinant in this adaptive mechanism since it modulates the activity of most Membrane Proteins, Ten to 15% of microsomal radioactive CDP-diglycerides was transferred to Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes and incorporated into Mitochondrial Inheritance radioactive Lipids identified as Phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate, and, when [14C]linoleoyl CDP-diglycerides were used, Diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipin), Cardiolipins is normally localized to the inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue Tissue membrane; however, when cardiolipin becomes externalized to the surface of dysregulated Mitochondria, it promotes inflammasome activation and stimulates the elimination of damaged or nonfunctional Mitochondria by mitophagy, In isolated Mitochondrial Inheritance outer membranes, cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerols) increased CPT1A wt Allele activity 4-fold and the Km for carnitine 6-fold. , Increasing levels of cardiolipin differentially influence packing of phospholipids found in the Inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue Tissue membrane., Here, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae cerevisiae subjected to conditions that affect Mitochondrial Inheritance metabolism as a model to determine the possible role of cardiolipin in stress adaptation. , This decline of respiration was attributed to a progressive diminution of the number of Mitochondria in copper-treated cells, based on the demonstration of the concomitant decline of (1) cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerols) and Cytochrome aa3 (CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE), two specific markers of Inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue Tissue membrane, and (2) fumarase activity, a specific marker of Mitochondrial Inheritance matrix space., Diphosphatidylglycerol (diphenylguanidine) or cardiolipin, a specific component of the inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue Tissue membrane, represents about 4% of the total lipid content., Experimental results confirmed that the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, from the Tissue Tissue membrane-bound radioactive Phosphatidyl glycerol in intact Mitochondria isolated from Cavia porcellus and Rattus norvegicus Abdomen>Liver, was absolutely dependent on CDP-diglycerides and required the addition of Cations, Divalent., We have shown that decrease of cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue Tissue membrane occurs early during Ischemia Procedure, and only during the irreversible phase of Ischemia Procedure are phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylcholine antibody broken down., Partial purification of Diphosphatidylglycerols synthetase from Abdomen>Liver Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes., A small decrease of Diphosphatidylglycerols also occurred in the Liver neoplasms Mitochondria inner Tissue Tissue membrane.[SEP]Relations: Inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with PHB, cellcomp_protein with PHB, cellcomp_protein with PMPCB, cellcomp_protein with PMPCB. Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with CARD19, cellcomp_protein with CARD19, cellcomp_protein with ACADL, cellcomp_protein with ACADL. Mitochondrial Inheritance outer Tissue membrane has relations: cellcomp_protein with BNIP3L, cellcomp_protein with BNIP3L. Definitions: Lipids defined as following: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and Fatty Acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Sphingomyelins defined as following: A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.. Ischemia Procedure defined as following: A surgical procedure during which the blood supply to an organ or tissue is interrupted and then later reestablished.. phospholipids defined as following: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar Lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of Tissue membrane Lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.. Cytoplasmic organelle defined as following: Cell part which consists of macromolecules aggregated into discrete structures in the protoplasm. (Digital Anatomist Foundational Model). phosphatidylethanolamine defined as following: A phospholipid with the polar ethanolamine found in phosphoester linkage to Diacylglycerol.. Mitochondria defined as following: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting Tissue membrane. The inner Tissue membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Mitochondrial Membranes defined as following: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the Mitochondrial Inheritance envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]. Cations, Divalent defined as following: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.. Wildtype Finding defined as following: A finding indicating that no genetic variations have been detected across the entire sequence of one or more genes.. Liver neoplasms defined as following: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.. Cytidine Diphosphate defined as following: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.. cholesterol defined as following: The principal sterol of all higher animal allergen extracts, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.. Cardiolipins defined as following: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of Phosphatidic Acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in Mitochondrial Inheritance inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.. CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE defined as following: A multisubunit Enzyme [APC] complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue membrane.. CPT1A wt Allele defined as following: Human CPT1A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11q13.3 and is approximately 90 kb in length. This allele, which encodes carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, Abdomen>Liver isoform protein, plays a role in the modification and Mitochondrial Inheritance uptake of long-chain Fatty Acids and the metabolism of triglycerides by the Abdomen>Liver. Loss of function mutations of the gene are associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A deficiency.. Membrane Proteins defined as following: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral Proteins. They include most Tissue membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic Proteins, transport Proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.. Fatty Acids defined as following: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are Saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides defined as following: The ester of Diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of Cytidine Diphosphate. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Saturated defined as following: Impregnation of one substance by another to the greatest possible extent; that concentration of a dissolved substance that cannot be exceeded.. Phosphatidic Acid defined as following: A glycerol backbone covalently bound to a phosphate group in one position, and Fatty Acids in the 2nd and 3rd positions. Phosphatidic acids thus have a polar head and apolar tails, and occur in cell membranes throughout nature.. Cytochrome aa3 defined as following: A dimer of CYTOCHROME A and CYTOCHROME A3.. Inner Mitochondrial Inheritance Tissue membrane defined as following: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the Mitochondrial Inheritance envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]. Cavia porcellus defined as following: The domesticated Cavia porcellus, Cavia porcellus.. Mitochondrial Inheritance defined as following: The distribution of Mitochondria, including the Mitochondrial Inheritance genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between Mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]. Tissue membrane defined as following: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. Mitochondrial Inheritance outer membranes defined as following: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the Mitochondrial Inheritance envelope. [GOC:ai]. Diacylglycerol defined as following: A synthetic oil with anti-obesity activity. The enzymatically synthesized isoform, 1,3-isoform Diacylglycerol, is suggested to decrease formation of chylomicrons as well as shunting them directly to the Abdomen>Liver through the portal vein where they are oxidized. Increased beta-oxidation may enhance body weight loss, suppress body fat accumulation and lower serum triacylglycerol levels through increasing satiety.. Mitochondrial Inheritance membranes defined as following: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the Mitochondrial Inheritance envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]. phospholipid defined as following: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar Lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of Tissue membrane Lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.. cardiolipin defined as following: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of Phosphatidic Acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in Mitochondrial Inheritance inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is c-myc subject to regulation by the circadian clock?", "id": "converted_1416", "sentence1": "Is c-myc subject to regulation by the circadian clock?", "sentence2": "The current study encompasses the investigation of simultaneous expression of four circadian clock Genes (ARNTL wt Allele, Clock, Per1 and Per2) and three clock-controlled cell cycle Genes (MYC protein, human, Cyclin D1 and WEE1 gene), Our results suggest that aberrant expression of circadian clock Genes can lead to aberrant expression of their downstream targets that are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis and hence may result in manifestation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia., Loss of ARNTL wt Allele reduced the expression of Period Circadian Protein Homolog 1, PER2 gene, PER3 gene, wee1 and p53. The expression of oncoprotein oncoprotein p21 and c-myc was also altered in certain Cultured Cell Line., In particular, the c-myc Proto-Oncogenes has been documented to be under circadian regulation., The circadian expression of c-MYC is modulated by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in synchronized Mus Neuroblastoma cells., Our results, using the Mus Neuroblastoma cell line N2A, show that Per1 and c-MYC protein, human steady-state RNA, Messenger levels oscillate with the same phase., These experiments demonstrate for the first time that a significant decrease in c-MYC protein, human transcript and protein levels can be achieved after a short indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase activity treatment applied only at specific circadian times. This is also followed by a reduction in the proliferation rate of the cell population., Among the circadian output pathways, the rhythmic sympathetic signaling plays a key role in the central-peripheral timing mechanism that simultaneously activates the cell cycle clock via AP1-controlled MYC protein, human induction and p53 via peripheral clock-controlled ammonium tetrathiomolybdate activation., Jet-lag promptly desynchronizes the central clock-SNS-peripheral clock axis, abolishes the peripheral clock-dependent ammonium tetrathiomolybdate activation, and activates myc oncogenic potential, leading to tumor development in the same organ systems in wild-type and circadian gene-mutant CASP14 gene., The results showed that over-expression of Per2 induced not only cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase but also an increase in apoptosis, which was confirmed by characteristic morphological changes, MYOCLONUS, FAMILIAL CORTICAL and evident DNA fragmentation. Further experiments confirmed both up-regulation of TP53 wt Allele and down-regulation of CylinB1and C-myc., On the other hand, while TP53 wt Allele was found to be down-regulated. CylinB1 and C-myc were up-regulated. after Per2 knockdown., We also show that BMAL1 epigenetic inactivation impairs the characteristic circadian clock expression pattern of Genes such as c-myc Genes, catalase, and EP300 wt Allele in association with a loss of BMAL1 occupancy in their respective Promoter., Per2 mutant (Per2(m/m)) CASP14 gene show an increase in Lymphoma and deregulated expression of Cyclin D and c-MYC protein, human Genes that are key to proliferation control., The expression of cell cycle Genes such as WEE1 gene, Cyclins, and c-MYC protein, human are under circadian control and could be directly under the regulation of the circadian transcriptional complex., Overexpressed mPER2 also altered the expression of apoptosis-related Genes. The RNA, Messenger and protein levels of c-MYC protein, human, Bcl-X(L) and BCL2 gene were downregulated,, Temporal expression of Genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-MYC protein, human, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha is deregulated in mPer2 mutant CASP14 gene., The temporal expression of Genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-MYC protein, human, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2, and Gadd45alpha, is deregulated in mPer2 mutant CASP14 gene.[SEP]Relations: PER2 has relations: bioprocess_protein with regulation of circadian rhythm, bioprocess_protein with regulation of circadian rhythm, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of circadian rhythm, bioprocess_protein with negative regulation of circadian rhythm. entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod has relations: bioprocess_protein with RBM4, bioprocess_protein with RBM4, bioprocess_protein with FBXL6, bioprocess_protein with FBXL6, bioprocess_protein with RBM4B, bioprocess_protein with RBM4B. Definitions: Period Circadian Protein Homolog 1 defined as following: Period circadian protein homolog 1 (1290 aa, ~136 kDa) is encoded by the human PER1 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of circadian rhythms.. ARNTL wt Allele defined as following: Human ARNTL wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 11p15 and is approximately 111 kb in length. This allele, which encodes aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1, plays a role in the transcriptional activation of Genes involved in circadian rhythms.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen p53 protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 gene occur as both somatic and germline mutations in human malignancies in select cancer-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 Genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. Cyclin D defined as following: A cyclin subtype that is specific for CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 6. Unlike most cyclins, Cyclin D expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. Cyclin D may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals.. Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = indole + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. [EC:4.1.2.8]. MYC protein, human defined as following: MYC protein, human proto-oncogene protein (439 aa, ~49 kDa) is encoded by the human MYC gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of transcription and cell proliferation.. Lymphoma defined as following: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.. oncoprotein p21 defined as following: A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN TP53 wt Allele-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. oncoprotein p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia defined as following: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.. RNA, Messenger defined as following: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic RNA, Messenger is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature RNA, Messenger from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some RNA, Messenger molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.. catalase defined as following: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.. EP300 wt Allele defined as following: Human EP300 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 22q13.2 and is approximately 88 kb in length. This allele, which encodes the histone acetyltransferase EP300 wt Allele protein, is involved in both cyclic-AMP driven transcriptional activation and the cellular response to hypoxia.. WEE1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation.. Neuroblastoma defined as following: A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51). MYOCLONUS, FAMILIAL CORTICAL defined as following: A rare genetic movement disorder with characteristics of autosomal dominant, adult-onset, slowly progressive, multifocal, cortical myoclonus. Patients present somatosensory-evoked, brief, jerky, involuntary movements in the face, arms and legs, associated in most of cases with sustained, multiple, sudden falls without loss of consciousness. Seizures or other neurological deficits, aside from mild cerebellar ataxia late in the course of the illness, are absent. The disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the NOL3 gene on chromosome 16q22.. Mus defined as following: Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. cell cycle Genes defined as following: Genes that code for proteins that regulate the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. These Genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of MITOSIS by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).. trichostatin A defined as following: A natural derivative of dienohydroxamic acid isolated from species of the bacterial genus Streptomyces. Trichostatin A (indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase activity) reversibly and specifically inhibits histone deacetylases, resulting in hyperacetylation of core histones which modulate chromatin structure. The increase in histone acetylation promotes selective gene transcription and the inhibition of tumor growth. This agent is a potent inducer of tumor cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of transformed cells in culture and in tumor-bearing animals. (NCI04). Cyclin A defined as following: A cyclin subtype that has specificity for CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. It plays a role in progression of the CELL CYCLE through G1/S and G2/M phase transitions.. Cyclins defined as following: A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin?", "id": "converted_2128", "sentence1": "Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin?", "sentence2": "beta Thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains, The beta-thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by reduced or absent expression of the HBB wt Allele[SEP]Relations: beta thalassemia has relations: disease_disease with thalassemia, disease_disease with thalassemia, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal hemoglobin, disease_phenotype_positive with Abnormal hemoglobin, disease_protein with HBG1, disease_protein with HBG1, disease_phenotype_positive with Reduced hemoglobin A, disease_phenotype_positive with Reduced hemoglobin A, disease_disease with beta-thalassemia and related diseases, disease_disease with beta-thalassemia and related diseases. Definitions: beta Thalassemia defined as following: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.. HBB wt Allele defined as following: Human HBB wt allele is located in the vicinity of 11p15.5 and is approximately 4 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hemoglobin subunit beta protein, plays a role in the transport of oxygen to tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene are associated with beta-thalassemia.. gene defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. alpha globin defined as following: Hemoglobin subunit alpha (142 aa, ~15 kDa) is encoded by both the human HBA1 and human HBA2 genes. This protein plays a role in the distribution of oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues.. mutation defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Beta-Thalassemia defined as following: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is L-4F an apoE mimetic peptide?", "id": "converted_3146", "sentence1": "Is L-4F an apoE mimetic peptide?", "sentence2": "APOA1 gene mimetic peptide 4F suppresses Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Malignant neoplasm of pancreas progression., L-4F, an APOA1 gene (ApoA-I) mimetic peptide, is engineered to mimic the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functionalities of ApoA-I.[SEP]Relations: apolipoprotein A-I binding has relations: molfunc_protein with ABCA1, molfunc_protein with ABCA1, molfunc_protein with TREM2, molfunc_protein with TREM2, molfunc_protein with LCAT, molfunc_protein with LCAT, molfunc_protein with SCARB1, molfunc_protein with SCARB1, molfunc_protein with HSPD1, molfunc_protein with HSPD1. Definitions: APOA1 gene defined as following: The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.. Malignant neoplasm of pancreas defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma.. Tumor-Associated Macrophage defined as following: Non-neoplastic macrophages that are found in close proximity to or within a tumor mass.. apoE defined as following: A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Pim-1 a protein phosphatase?", "id": "converted_3222", "sentence1": "Is Pim-1 a protein phosphatase?", "sentence2": "Pim-1 proto-oncogene, AURKA gene (PIM-1) phosphorylates a series of substrates to exert its oncogenic function in numerous Malignant Neoplasms., The Pim1 AURKA gene is associated with multiple cellular functions including proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, immune regulation and Inflammation in Vertebrates.[SEP]Relations: Portal Inflammation has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with FADD-related immunodeficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with FADD-related immunodeficiency, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the biliary system. malignant ear neoplasm has relations: disease_disease with sensory system cancer, disease_disease with sensory system cancer, disease_disease with ear neoplasm, disease_disease with ear neoplasm, disease_disease with head and neck cancer, disease_disease with head and neck cancer. Definitions: AURKA gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and cell survival.. Pim1 AURKA gene defined as following: This gene is involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and signal transduction.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. protein phosphatase defined as following: A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is composed of the calcineurin A catalytic subunit and the calcineurin B regulatory subunit. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including HISTONES; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN; and the regulatory subunits of CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is nivolumab used for treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer?", "id": "converted_882", "sentence1": "Is nivolumab used for treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer?", "sentence2": "BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell Primary malignant neoplasm of lung (NSCLC) who have disease progression during or after first-line chemotherapy have limited treatment options. This randomized, open-label, international, phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab, a fully Homo sapiens IgG4 immunoglobulin complex immunoglobulin complex programmed death 1 (PDCD1 wt Allele) immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody, as compared with docetaxel in this patient population., CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with advanced, previously treated squamous-cell NSCLC, overall survival, response rate, and progression-free survival were significantly better with nivolumab than with docetaxel, regardless of CD274 wt Allele expression level., Agents currently in active clinical development for Primary malignant neoplasm of lung include ipilimumab, which modulates the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 pathway, and multiple agents targeting the programmed death protein 1 (PDCD1 wt Allele) pathway, both anti-PDCD1 wt Allele compounds (nivolumab, pembrolizumab [MK-3475]) and those that target programmed death ligand 1 (CD274 wt Allele), a key ligand for PDCD1 wt Allele (BMS-936559, MPDL3280A)., Overall Survival and Long-Term Safety of nivolumab (Anti-Programmed Death 1 Antibody, BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer., We report overall survival (OS), response durability, and long-term safety in patients with non-small-cell Primary malignant neoplasm of lung (NSCLC) receiving nivolumab in this trial.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (N = 129) with heavily pretreated advanced NSCLC received nivolumab 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg intravenously once every 2 weeks in 8-week cycles for up to 96 weeks. , CONCLUSION: nivolumab monotherapy produced durable responses and encouraging survival rates in patients with heavily pretreated NSCLC. Randomized clinical trials with nivolumab in advanced NSCLC are ongoing., Two PDCD1 wt Allele inhibitors, Bristol-Myers Squibb's nivolumab and Merck's MK-3475, both demonstrated positive results in phase I trials of previously treated patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, reported at the World Conference on Lung Cancer in Sydney, Australia., Recently, many trials addressed the role of such therapies for metastatic NSCLC treatment: ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab are immunotherapeutic agents of main interest in this field., Two PDCD1 wt Allele inhibitors, Bristol-Myers Squibb's nivolumab and Merck's MK-3475, both demonstrated positive results in phase I trials of previously treated patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, reported at the World Conference on Lung Cancer in Sydney, Australia, nivolumab, pembrolizumab (formerly known as MK-3475 and pembrolizumab), and pidilizumab are anti-PDCD1 wt Allele antibodies in clinical development for Melanocytic neoplasm, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma, head and neck Malignant Neoplasms, Lymphoma, and several other Malignant Neoplasms, nivolumab versus docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer., Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PDCD1 wt Allele immune checkpoint inhibitor, for patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell Primary malignant neoplasm of lung (CheckMate 063): a phase 2, single-arm trial., Patients with squamous non-small-cell Primary malignant neoplasm of lung that is refractory to multiple treatments have poor outcomes. We assessed the activity of nivolumab, a fully Homo sapiens IgG4 immunoglobulin complex immunoglobulin complex PDCD1 wt Allele immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody, for patients with advanced, refractory, squamous non-small-cell Primary malignant neoplasm of lung., nivolumab has clinically meaningful activity and a manageable safety profile in previously treated patients with advanced, refractory, squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. These data support the assessment of nivolumab in randomised, controlled, phase 3 studies of first-line and second-line treatment.[SEP]Relations: nivolumab has relations: drug_drug with Blosozumab, drug_drug with Blosozumab, drug_drug with Sifalimumab, drug_drug with Sifalimumab, drug_drug with Nimotuzumab, drug_drug with Nimotuzumab, drug_drug with Tositumomab, drug_drug with Tositumomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab. Definitions: PDCD1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PDCD1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37.3 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death protein 1, plays a role in the modulation of both apoptosis and cellular immunity. Mutation of the gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus type 2.. nivolumab defined as following: A fully Homo sapiens immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory Homo sapiens cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PDCD1 wt Allele, PCD-1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PDCD1 wt Allele, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (CD274 wt Allele), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Activated PDCD1 wt Allele negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity.. ipilimumab defined as following: A recombinant Homo sapiens immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the Homo sapiens T-cell receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Ipilimumab binds to CTLA4 expressed on T-cells and inhibits the CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of Primary malignant neoplasm of lung, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. Lymphoma defined as following: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.. tremelimumab defined as following: A Homo sapiens IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the T-cell receptor protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). Tremelimumab binds to CTLA4 and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 and B7-2 to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of B7-CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation; subsequently, B7-1 or B7-2 may interact with another T-cell surface receptor protein, CD28, resulting in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation unopposed by B7-CTLA4-mediated inhibition.. Conventional (Clear Cell) Renal Cell Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor may metastasize to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells. It includes the clear cell and papillary variants of squamous cell carcinoma.. CD274 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD274 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p24 and is approximately 20 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein, plays a role in the regulation of T cell stimulation and proliferation.. docetaxel defined as following: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. head and neck Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the head and neck. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocytes.. pembrolizumab defined as following: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 antibody directed against Homo sapiens cell surface receptor PDCD1 wt Allele (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-1) with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, pembrolizumab binds to PDCD1 wt Allele, an inhibitory signaling receptor expressed on the surface of activated T cells, and blocks the binding to and activation of PDCD1 wt Allele by its ligands, which results in the activation of T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. The ligands for PDCD1 wt Allele include programmed cell death ligand 1 (CD274 wt Allele), overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on APCs. Activated PDCD1 wt Allele negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in in tumor evasion from host immunity.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. PDCD1 wt Allele inhibitors defined as following: An agent designed to interfere with the activity of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1). PD1 inhibitors block T-cell apoptosis and act as non-specific activators of the immune system.. nivolumab defined as following: A fully Homo sapiens immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory Homo sapiens cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PDCD1 wt Allele, PCD-1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PDCD1 wt Allele, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (CD274 wt Allele), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Activated PDCD1 wt Allele negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has ubrogepant entered clinical phase III trials?", "id": "converted_3952", "sentence1": "Has ubrogepant entered clinical phase III trials?", "sentence2": "Ubrogepant (MK-1602) is a novel, oral, CALCRL gene antagonist in clinical development with positive phase III outcomes for acute treatment of Migraine Disorders., A population pharmacokinetic model describing the effect of formulations was included in the E-R simulation framework to assess potential dose implications of a formulation switch from phase II to phase III. , The understanding of E-R helped support the dose selection for the phase III clinical trials., The CGRP receptor antagonist ubrogepant, also known as MK-1602, has been recently evaluated in phase III clinical trials for clinical efficacy and long-term safety as an abortive Migraine Disorders treatment., Two pivotal phase III clinical trials (ACHIEVE I and ACHIEVE II) demonstrated effectiveness and safety of ubrogepant in acute Migraine Disorders attacks.[SEP]Relations: CALCRL has relations: drug_protein with Ubrogepant, drug_protein with Ubrogepant, drug_protein with Vazegepant, drug_protein with Vazegepant, drug_protein with Olcegepant, drug_protein with Olcegepant, drug_protein with Rimegepant, drug_protein with Rimegepant, drug_protein with Telcagepant, drug_protein with Telcagepant. Definitions: Migraine Disorders defined as following: A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhage?", "id": "converted_1102", "sentence1": "Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage?", "sentence2": "Stroke in crack-cocaine abusers is increasingly recognized., There were significant differences between crack-cocaine cases and controls in age (48.7 years vs. 55 years) (P = 0.0001), male gender (65.6% vs. 40.9%) (odds ratios, OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.22-2.21), arterial Hypertensive disease (61.1% vs. 83.9%) (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.15-0.60), Hypercholesterolemia result (18.7% vs. 68.5%) (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.05-0.21), Diabetes Mellitus (20.9% vs. 41.9%) (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.19-0.70), cigarette smoking (70.6% vs. 29%) (OR = 5.86, 95% CI 3.07-11.20), Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident (61.3% vs. 79.6%) (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.21-0.78), and Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (33.3% vs. 17.2%) (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.53-6.00)., Cerebral Hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO) is a well-recognized complication of recreational cocaine use., HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO is more common in those currently using cocaine perhaps because of acute spikes in blood pressure., Cerebral Hemorrhage in cocaine users., cocaine is a cause of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO), but there are no large studies that have characterized the location, pathology, and outcome of patients with cocaine-associated HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, Aneurysmal Yakut language may be largely a preventable disease among the young and middle-aged because several prevalent risk factors can be modified by medication (eg, Hypertensive disease) or behavioral change (eg, cigarette smoking, cocaine use)., cocaine use and Hypertensive disease are major risk factors for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage in young African Americans., cocaine use (OR 6.1, 95% CI 3.3-11.8), Hypertensive disease (OR 5.2, 95% CI 3.2-8.7) and alcohol use (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) were independently associated with increased risk for HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, cocaine use has been temporally associated with neurovascular complications, including the Rupture of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration aneurysms., Chronic cocaine use appears to predispose patients who harbor incidental neurovascular anomalies to present at an earlier point in their natural history than similar non-cocaine users., Acute intoxication with either cocaine or methamphetamine may contribute to formation and Rupture of a berry Aneurysm by causing transient Hypertensive disease and Tachycardia by ECG Finding., Although the exact mechanism by which Berry Aneurysm form remains undetermined, research indicates that propagation and Rupture of the Aneurysm are aggravated by Hypertensive disease and Tachycardia by ECG Finding, both of which are pharmacologic side effects of cocaine and methamphetamine, The high frequency of Hypertensive disease, Hypertensive (finding) Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage, and lacunar infarction among young black patients with Cerebrovascular accident suggests accelerated Hypertensive (finding) arteriolar damage, possibly due to poor control of Hypertensive disease., cocaine induced Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage: analysis of Predisposing Factors and mechanisms causing Hemorrhagic Stroke., Hypertensive (finding) cardiovascular disease (HCVD) was significantly higher in persons with Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage than in those with Aneurysm, Ruptured. Our findings suggest that HCVD predisposes to cocaine induced Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage, Cerebral Hemorrhage associated with cocaine Abuse., n view of the present epidemic of cocaine Abuse, Poisoning by cocaine should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage, An increase in cocaine Abuse by pregnant women has been associated with a range of maternal/fetal cardiovascular complications. Cerebral Hemorrhage has been reported as a cocaine-related complication,, 13 patients were identified with Neurologic Deficits attributable to the use of cocaine. Ischemic manifestations were the most frequent, occurring in seven (54%) patients, with a mean age of 34.2 years. Three (23%) patients had Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, and three (23%) had Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage., OBJECTIVE: An association between cocaine use and Cerebrovascular accident has been reported, but few studies have examined cocaine-related neurovascular disease using modern Cerebrovascular accident diagnostic techniques., OBJECTIVE: cocaine is a cause of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO), but there are no large studies that have characterized the location, pathology, and outcome of patients with cocaine-associated HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO., Because cocaine and ecstasy abuse has been reported to be a risk factor for Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident and fatal Brain hemorrhage, thromboaspiration may be an alternative therapy to thrombolysis., CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysmal Yakut language may be largely a preventable disease among the young and middle-aged because several prevalent risk factors can be modified by medication (eg, Hypertensive disease) or behavioral change (eg, cigarette smoking, cocaine use)., OBJECTIVE: The use of cocaine has been increasingly associated with Cerebrovascular Disorders specially in young adults., cocaine hydrochloride causes mainly Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration and subarachnoidal bleeding, while crack (freebase) causes Intracranial Hemorrhage and ischemic infarctions with equal frequency., CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate cocaine use as a significant risk factor for fatal Brain hemorrhage and may explain, in part, the increased incidence of hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular accident in some drug-using cohorts., Abuse of Amphetamines, cocaine and related compounds has become an important risk factor for Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration haemorrhage in young adults., Strokes occurred within 3 h of cocaine use in 15 patients with Infarction and 17 with Hemorrhage., We present three cases of Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage which occurred after cocaine consumption (intranasal route in two cases and intravenous route in one case).[SEP]Relations: Cerebral hemorrhage has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with cocaine intoxication, disease_phenotype_positive with cocaine intoxication. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage has relations: contraindication with Enoxaparin, contraindication with Enoxaparin, disease_disease with Intracranial Hemorrhage, disease_disease with Intracranial Hemorrhage, contraindication with Hydralazine, contraindication with Hydralazine. Intracranial hemorrhage has relations: drug_effect with Saquinavir, drug_effect with Saquinavir. Definitions: cocaine defined as following: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. Cerebral Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.. Berry Aneurysm defined as following: A small cerebral artery Aneurysm, characterized by a saccular appearance, that typically forms at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis.. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration defined as following: Administration of a drug within the cerebrum, directly into brain tissue, usually by injection or direct application.. Hemorrhagic Stroke defined as following: An acute episode of focal or global cerebral or spinal dysfunction caused by intraparenchymal, intraventricular, or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.. Neurologic Deficits defined as following: Loss of movement function.. Aneurysm, Ruptured defined as following: The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured Aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.. Amphetamines defined as following: Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.. Aneurysm defined as following: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later Rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. Intracranial Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding within the cranium.. Yakut language defined as following: A Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation.. Cerebrovascular Disorders defined as following: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). methamphetamine defined as following: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. cocaine hydrochloride defined as following: The hydrochloride salt form of the tropane alkaloid cocaine, with central nervous systems (CNS) stimulating and local anesthetic activity. cocaine binds to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. This leads to an accumulation of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and may result in increased postsynaptic receptor activation. Its effect on dopamine levels causes CNS stimulation and euphoria, and ultimately dependence. The mechanism of action through which cocaine exerts its local anesthetic effects is by binding to and blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM Rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Hypercholesterolemia result defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood.. Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.. Rupture defined as following: Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.. Intracerebral Route of Drug Administration hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are CTCF and BORIS involved in genome regulation and cancer?", "id": "converted_967", "sentence1": "Are CTGF protein, human and CTCFL wt Allele involved in genome regulation and Primary malignant neoplasm?", "sentence2": "CTGF protein, human is ubiquitously expressed and plays diverse roles in Genes regulation, imprinting, insulation, intra/interchromosomal interactions, nuclear compartmentalisation, and alternative splicing. CTGF protein, human has a single paralogue, the testes-specific CTGF protein, human-like Genes (CTCFL)/CTCFL wt Allele. CTGF protein, human and CTCFL wt Allele can be deregulated in Primary malignant neoplasm. The tumour suppressor Genes CTGF protein, human can be Mutation Abnormality or deleted in Primary malignant neoplasm, or CTGF protein, human DNA binding can be altered by epigenetic changes. CTCFL wt Allele is aberrantly expressed frequently in Primary malignant neoplasm, leading some to propose a pro-tumourigenic role for CTCFL wt Allele. However, CTCFL wt Allele can inhibit cell proliferation, and is Mutation Abnormality in Primary malignant neoplasm similarly to CTGF protein, human suggesting CTCFL wt Allele activation in Primary malignant neoplasm may be due to global Genetic or epigenetic changes typical of malignant transformation, The investigation of the molecular mechanisms engaged by CTGF protein, human to modulate tumor-related genes emphasizes the cell-type dependency of its tumor suppressor role. Indeed, the ability of CTGF protein, human to bind their Promoter strictly depends by cell-type features as DNA methylation, CTCFL wt Allele-binding and post-translational modifications as PARYlation, Moreover, reduction of CTGF protein, human in normally CTCFL wt Allele-negative human fibroblasts resulted in derepression of CTCFL wt Allele Promoter. These results provide a mechanistic basis for understanding Primary malignant neoplasm-related associations between haploinsufficiency of CTGF protein, human and CTCFL wt Allele derepression, and between the lack of functional TP53 wt Allele and aberrant activation of CTCFL wt Allele, CTGF protein, human and CTCFL wt Allele in genome regulation and Primary malignant neoplasm., The novel CTCFL wt Allele + CTGF protein, human Genes family is uniquely involved in the epigenetics of normal biology and Primary malignant neoplasm., Collectively, these data indicate that reciprocal binding of CTGF protein, human and CTCFL wt Allele to the CTAG1A wt Allele promoter mediates epigenetic regulation of this CT Genes in lung Primary malignant neoplasm cells, and suggest that induction of CTCFL wt Allele may be a novel strategy to augment immunogenicity of pulmonary carcinomas., CTCFL wt Allele is the only known paralog of CTGF protein, human, a Genes intimately involved in genomic imprinting, chromatin insulation, and nuclear regulation., However, CTCFL wt Allele can inhibit cell proliferation, and is Mutation Abnormality in Primary malignant neoplasm similarly to CTGF protein, human suggesting CTCFL wt Allele activation in Primary malignant neoplasm may be due to global Genetic or epigenetic changes typical of malignant transformation., We suggest that CTCFL wt Allele is likely tethering epigenetic machinery to a novel class of CTGF protein, human/CTCFL wt Allele 11ZF target sequences that mediate induction of Primary malignant neoplasm-Testis genes., Unlike CTGF protein, human, CTCFL wt Allele expression has been reported only in the Testis and certain Malignant Neoplasms, leading to its classification as a \"Primary malignant neoplasm-Testis\" antigen.[SEP]Relations: Testis has relations: anatomy_protein_present with CTGF protein, human, anatomy_protein_present with CTGF protein, human, anatomy_protein_present with CTCFL, anatomy_protein_present with CTCFL, anatomy_protein_present with BNC1, anatomy_protein_present with BNC1. Geneticin has relations: drug_drug with Cefsulodin, drug_drug with Cefsulodin. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Cefsulodin, drug_drug with Cefsulodin. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. CTGF protein, human defined as following: CCN family member 2 (349 aa, ~38kDa) is encoded by the human CCN2 Genes. This protein plays a role in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and also mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many different cell types.. Promoter defined as following: A DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.. TP53 wt Allele defined as following: Human TP53 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 17p13.1 and is approximately 19 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cellular tumor antigen TP53 wt Allele protein, plays a role in cell cycle regulation during the G0/G1transition. Alterations of the TP53 Genes occur as both somatic and germline mutations in human Malignant Neoplasms in select Primary malignant neoplasm-prone families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.. CTCFL wt Allele defined as following: Human CTCFL wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 20q13.31 and is approximately 30 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcriptional repressor CTCFL protein, is involved in both Genes regulation and X-chromosome inactivation.. tumour suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. CTAG1A wt Allele defined as following: Human CTAG1A wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of Xq28 and is approximately 2 kb in length. This allele, which encodes Primary malignant neoplasm/Testis antigen 1 protein, may play a role in both spermatogeneis and development of the testes. Aberrant expression of this Genes is associated with incontinentia pigmenti.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the Genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of mutation range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with Genetic diversity or with pathologies including Primary malignant neoplasm.. Testis defined as following: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Have thyronamines effects on fat tissue?", "id": "converted_360", "sentence1": "Have thyronamines effects on fat tissue?", "sentence2": "In conclusion, trace amines and thyronamines are negative inotropic agents., Their in vivo administration induces effects opposite to those induced by Thyroid Hormones, including lowering of body temperature.[SEP]Relations: response to Thyroid Hormones has relations: bioprocess_protein with GBA, bioprocess_protein with GBA, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to thyroxine, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to thyroxine, bioprocess_protein with SLC26A5, bioprocess_protein with SLC26A5, bioprocess_protein with SLC34A1, bioprocess_protein with SLC34A1, bioprocess_protein with HPN, bioprocess_protein with HPN. Definitions: Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. fat tissue defined as following: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does thyroid hormone receptor beta1 affect insulin secretion?", "id": "converted_885", "sentence1": "Does Thyroid Hormone Receptor beta1 affect insulin secretion?", "sentence2": "We demonstrated that Thyroid Hormones SLC25A5 gene rapidly induces Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt activation in Structure of beta Cell of islet rRINm5F and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy via Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) beta1., The silencing of TRbeta1 expression through RNAi confirmed this receptor to be crucial for the SLC25A5 gene-induced activation of Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt., SLC25A5 gene is able to specifically activate Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt in the islet beta cells rRINm5F and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy through the interaction between TRbeta1 and PI3K p85alpha, demonstrating the involvement of TRbeta1 in this novel SLC25A5 gene non-genomic action in islet beta cells.[SEP]Relations: response to Thyroid Hormones has relations: bioprocess_protein with AKR1B1, bioprocess_protein with AKR1B1. Thyroid Hormone Receptor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with GAS2L1, molfunc_protein with GAS2L1, molfunc_protein with MED1, molfunc_protein with MED1, molfunc_protein with NR0B2, molfunc_protein with NR0B2, molfunc_protein with NCOR1, molfunc_protein with NCOR1. Definitions: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy defined as following: A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).. Thyroid Hormone Receptor defined as following: Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta Thyroid Hormones receptors, respectively.. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt defined as following: Expressed in diverse tissues, Protein Kinase B (AKT/RAC Family) is a group (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) of cytoplasmic serine/threonine enzymes that covalently transfer the terminal, gamma phosphate group from ATP to a variety of substrate proteins and regulate cell signaling responses to insulin, PDGF, and IGF1 (through PI3K) involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, glycogen synthesis, and glucose uptake.. Structure of beta Cell of islet defined as following: A cell that composes the bulk of the islets of Langerhans and secretes insulin.. SLC25A5 gene defined as following: This gene plays a regulatory role in the production and utilization of ATP.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is pimavanserin effective for Parkinson's disease psychosis?", "id": "converted_3012", "sentence1": "Is pimavanserin effective for Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders?", "sentence2": "Two cases of Parkinson Disease with an unusual delusional misidentification, intermetamorphosis, are presented, along with their improvement with pimavanserin, a novel atypical antipsychotic medication., RATIONALE: Pimavanserin, a selective serotonin 2A receptor inverse Agonist, is a promising candidate for treating Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe the efficacy and tolerability of pimavanserin, a highly selective serotonin Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A inverse Agonist/Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) indicated for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic), using the metrics of number needed to treat (NNT gene gene) and number needed to harm (NAVAJO NEUROHEPATOPATHY)., Pimavanserin: novel pharmacotherapy for Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., INTRODUCTION: Pimavanserin is the first FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic), A pivotal phase III clinical trial demonstrated significant improvement in Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic symptoms in patients receiving pimavanserin compared to placebo-treated patients. , Pimavanserin's mechanism of action might contribute to its unique psychopharmacological properties in the improved treatment of Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic, and perhaps Psychotic Disorders in other diseases including SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 (disorder) and dementia-related Psychotic Disorders., Pimavanserin (Nuplazid™) for the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE Psychotic Disorders: A review of the literature.Options for the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE Psychotic Disorders are limited. , Pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders.Pimavanserin is an antipsychotic with a unique mechanism of action (Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A inverse Agonist) and no measurable dopaminergic activity; it has been demonstrated to be efficacious, well tolerated and safe for the treatment of Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic. , A Retrospective Study of Pimavanserin Use in a Movement Disorders Clinic.Pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A inverse Agonist, was commercially released in the United States in April 2016 for the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE Psychotic Disorders. , receptor inverse Agonist pimavanserin was recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic and may prove to be a more targeted therapy without the downsides of atypical antipsychotics., Evidence-Based Review of Pharmacotherapy Used for Parkinson's Disease Psychosis.Despite lack of rigor in study designs, published data to date suggest that clozapine and pimavanserin should be considered drugs of choice to treat PD Psychotic Disorders., Pimavanserin: A novel therapeutic option for PARKINSON DISEASE 2, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE JUVENILE Psychotic Disorders.While pimavanserin appears to be a safe, effective, and well-tolerated therapeutic option for Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic, additional clinical trials and open-label extension studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of this promising therapy. , Objective: Pimavanserin is the first United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic)., Pimavanserin: A Novel Drug Approved to Treat Parkinson's Disease Psychosis., CONCLUSIONS\nPimavanserin is the only FDA-approved treatment for the Hallucinations and Delusions seen in patients with Psychotic Disorders of Parkinson Disease., OBJECTIVE\nTo summarize the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) review of the safety and effectiveness for pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic, for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., RESULTS\nPimavanserin 34 mg/d was effective in treating Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease., BACKGROUND\nPimavanserin is a selective Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A inverse Agonist and Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance) approved in the USA for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., Pimavanserin is the first FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic)., INTERPRETATION\nPimavanserin may benefit patients with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders for whom few other treatment options exist., Pimavanserin (ACP 103) is a selective inverse Agonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor intended to treat patients with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic)., INTERPRETATION\nPimavanserin showed efficacy in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 Psychotic Disorders at the primary endpoint (week 6) with an acceptable tolerability profile and without negative effect on cognition., [Pimavanserin: a new treatment for the Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders]., Pimavanserin, a serotonin(2A) receptor inverse Agonist, for the treatment of parkinson's disease Psychotic Disorders., Pimavanserin, a selective 5-HT2A inverse Agonist/Substance with receptor Substance with receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance) mechanism of action (substance), was approved in the U.S. for treating Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic)., Pimavanserin: A Novel Antipsychotic Agents Agents for Parkinson's Disease Psychosis., CONCLUSIONS Pimavanserin is the only FDA-approved treatment for the Hallucinations and Delusions seen in patients with Psychotic Disorders of Parkinson Disease., OBJECTIVE To summarize the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) review of the safety and effectiveness for pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic, for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., RESULTS Pimavanserin 34 mg/d was effective in treating Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease., If this is granted, we believe the evidence of Pimavanserin efficacy, safety and tolerability will position this medication as the first choice for treatment of Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., The development of pimavanserin as an antipsychotic opened a new therapeutic avenue in the treatment of Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic as well as targeting Psychotic Disorders in other disorders such as ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1., OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and place in therapy of pimavanserin for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions of Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders (Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic)., INTERPRETATION Pimavanserin may benefit patients with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders for whom few other treatment options exist., OBJECTIVE: To summarize the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) review of the safety and effectiveness for pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic, for the treatment of Hallucinations and Delusions associated with Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders., Data were available from 616 patients with Parkinson Disease with Hallucinations and Delusions who received at least 1 dose of pimavanserin, with a total exposure of 825 patient-years in the Parkinson Disease Psychotic Disorders population.Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
.", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Have the promoter regions of the genes implicated in Rett Syndrome been characterized with CAGE?", "id": "converted_1899", "sentence1": "Have the promoter regions of the genes implicated in MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens gene been characterized with CAGE?", "sentence2": "CAGE-defined promoter regions of the genes implicated in MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes., Gene Mutation in three functionally diverse genes cause MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes. Although the functions of FOXG1 Genes (FOXG1), Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens) and Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5 gene Genes) have been studied individually, not much is known about their relation to each other with respect to expression levels and Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid. Here we analyzed data from hundreds of Mus sp. and Homo sapiens samples included in the FANTOM5 project, to identify transcript initiation sites, expression levels, expression correlations and Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of the three genes.RESULTS: Our investigations reveal the predominantly used Transcription Initiation Site (TSSs) for each Genes including novel Transcription Initiation Site for FOXG1. We show that FOXG1 expression is poorly correlated with the expression of MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens and CDKL5 gene Genes. We identify promoter shapes for each TSS, the predicted location of enhancers for each Genes and the common transcription factors likely to regulate the three genes. Our data imply Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) mediated silencing of Foxg1 in Cerebellum.CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses provide a comprehensive picture of the Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid of the three genes involved in MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes., CAGE-defined promoter regions of the genes implicated in MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes, CAGE-defined promoter regions of the genes implicated in MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens Genes.[SEP]Relations: Rett syndrome has relations: disease_protein with NTNG1, disease_protein with NTNG1, disease_phenotype_positive with Increased serum leptin, disease_phenotype_positive with Increased serum leptin, disease_disease with X-linked complex neurodevelopmental disorder, disease_disease with X-linked complex neurodevelopmental disorder, disease_protein with MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens, disease_protein with MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens, disease_phenotype_positive with Increased serum pyruvate, disease_phenotype_positive with Increased serum pyruvate. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. FOXG1 gene defined as following: This Genes is involved in transcriptional repression and may play a role in the development of the brain and telencephalon.. MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in both the recognition of DNA methylation and the regulation of transcription.. CDKL5 gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in protein metabolism.. Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid defined as following: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.. MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (486 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MECP2 protein, Homo sapiens Genes. This protein plays a role in the repression of transcription through binding methylated DNA.. Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 defined as following: A DNA-binding protein that interacts with methylated CPG ISLANDS. It plays a role in repressing GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and is frequently mutated in RETT SYNDROME.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Transcription Initiation Site defined as following: The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.. Cerebellum defined as following: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the \"little brain\" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. promoter regions defined as following: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.. genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can Pentraxin 3 predict outcomes of sepsis?", "id": "converted_2009", "sentence1": "Can PTX3 protein, human predict outcomes of Sepsis (Invertebrate)?", "sentence2": "As compared with low serum PTX3and sTWEAK cases, Cirrhotic patients with high serum PITX3 gene/sTWEAK levels a have higher probability of new severe infections, severe Sepsis (Invertebrate), septic Shock, type 1 hepatorenal syndrome, in-hospital, and 3-month follow-up mortalities. , Neonates with high nPTX3 concentrations also have lowered APGAR scores, increased rate of Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn, clinical Sepsis (Invertebrate), IVH, necrotizing enterocolitis and prolonged NICU stay., In terms of predicting the prognosis of Sepsis (Invertebrate) with Congestive Congestive heart failure complications, the PITX3 gene value's area under ROC curve was larger than that of BNP (respectively 0. 844, 0. 472).CONCLUSION: The PITX3 gene is an objective biochemical marker in diagnosis of Sepsis (Invertebrate); it is helpful in assessment of severity and prognosis of Sepsis (Invertebrate); it also has a certain clinical value in the assessment of Sepsis (Invertebrate) cardiovascular function damage., Severe Acinetobacter baumannii Sepsis (Invertebrate) is associated with elevation of pentraxin 3., Together, these results suggest that elevation of PITX3 gene is associated with fulminant disease during A. baumannii Sepsis (Invertebrate)., Persisting high levels of plasma pentraxin 3 over the first days after severe Sepsis (Invertebrate) and septic Shock onset are associated with mortality., PITX3 gene, as a mediator of Inflammation, may represent an early marker of severity and outcome in Sepsis (Invertebrate)., CONCLUSIONS: Persisting high levels of circulating PITX3 gene over the first days from Sepsis (Invertebrate) onset may be associated with mortality. PITX3 gene correlates with severity of Sepsis (Invertebrate) and with Sepsis (Invertebrate)-associated coagulation/fibrinolysis dysfunction., PITX3 gene protein, human in patients with severe Sepsis (Invertebrate) or Shock: the ALBIOS trial., PITX3 gene protein, human: an immune modulator of Communicable Diseases and useful marker for disease severity assessment in Sepsis (Invertebrate)., Redox state of pentraxin 3 as a novel biomarker for resolution of Inflammation and survival in Sepsis (Invertebrate)., The prototypic long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, is an acute phase protein that is structurally related but distinct from C-reactive protein which has proven to correlate with the severity of bacterial Communicable Diseases in Critical Illness patients., Circulating levels of the long pentraxin PITX3 gene correlate with severity of Communicable Diseases in Critical Illness patients., PITX3 gene protein, human (PITX3 gene) is associated with severe Sepsis (Invertebrate) and fatal disease in emergency room patients with suspected Communicable Diseases: a prospective cohort study., In addition, high levels of PITX3 gene were associated with unfavorable outcome.CONCLUSIONS: The long pentraxin PITX3 gene is elevated in Critical Illness patients and correlates with severity of disease and Communicable Diseases., PITX3 gene, as a mediator of Inflammation, may represent an early marker of severity and outcome in Sepsis (Invertebrate)., Redox state of pentraxin 3 as a novel biomarker for resolution of Inflammation and survival in Sepsis (Invertebrate)., Persisting high levels of plasma pentraxin 3 over the first days after severe Sepsis (Invertebrate) and septic Shock onset are associated with mortality., PITX3 gene protein, human (PITX3 gene) is associated with severe Sepsis (Invertebrate) and fatal disease in emergency room patients with suspected Communicable Diseases: a prospective cohort study., The proteomic profile of circulating pentraxin 3 (PITX3 gene) complex in Sepsis (Invertebrate) demonstrates the interaction with azurocidin 1 and other components of neutrophil extracellular traps.[SEP]Relations: newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Sepsis, disease_phenotype_positive with Sepsis. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Seproxetine, drug_drug with Seproxetine, drug_drug with Octamoxin, drug_drug with Octamoxin, drug_drug with Desvenlafaxine, drug_drug with Desvenlafaxine. Congestive Congestive heart failure has relations: drug_effect with Pentostatin, drug_effect with Pentostatin. Definitions: C-reactive protein defined as following: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during Inflammation and after tissue damage. C-Reactive Protein measured by more sensitive methods often for coronary heart disease risk assessment is referred to as High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP).. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Shock defined as following: A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. PTX3 protein, human defined as following: This gene is involved in complement recognition of pathogens.. bacterial Communicable Diseases defined as following: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.. Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn defined as following: A condition beginning in the first day of life that results from inadequate surfactant production, causing increased work of breathing and impaired gas exchange.. Congestive heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. septic Shock defined as following: Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.. Critical Illness defined as following: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is SATB1 positioned close to AT-rich sequences?", "id": "converted_3523", "sentence1": "Is DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 positioned close to Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich sequences?", "sentence2": " Tryptic cleavage and peptide Sequence - ParameterizedDataType analysis demonstrated that the 98-kD Protein Info is identical to a recently cloned Protein Info, special A-T-rich binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1), Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1), a DNA-binding Protein Info expressed predominantly in thymocyte, recognizes an ATC Sequence - ParameterizedDataType context that consists of a Cluster of Sequence - ParameterizedDataType stretches with well-mixed A's, T's, and C's without G's on one strand. , We have purified and identified one of the core factors as the Matrix Attachment Regions (MAR) binding Protein Info, DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1, which is known to bind to Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich sequences with a high propensity to unwind, DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 (special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-binding Protein Info-1) provides a key link between DNA loop organization, chromatin modification/remodeling, and association of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR at matrix attachment regions (MARS1 gene)., Over-expression of the special Ataxia Telangiectasia rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) promotes the progression of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: association with EBV LMP1 EBV latent membrane Protein Info expression., pecial Ataxia Telangiectasia rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) plays a crucial role in the biology of various types of human cancer. , Loss of special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1), Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence - ParameterizedDataType-binding Protein Info 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) is a cell type-specific Matrix Attachment Regions binding Protein Info, functioning as a global genome organizer. , DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 (special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich binding Protein Info 1) is a global chromatin organizer regulating the expression of a large number of genes, Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence-binding Protein 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) Functions as an Accessory Factor in Base Excision Repair., Rearrangement of the Chromatin Organizer Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Binding Protein 1 Gene, The Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence Binding Protein 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) exerts multiple functions, by influencing the structural organization of chromatin and interacting with several co-activators and Co-Repressor Proteins of transcription., The Special Ataxia Telangiectasia-rich Sequence Binding Protein 1 (DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1) and its role in Solid Neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: Protein Info binding has relations: molfunc_protein with DNA-Binding Protein SATB1, molfunc_protein with DNA-Binding Protein SATB1, molfunc_protein with URB1-AS1, molfunc_protein with URB1-AS1, molfunc_protein with SETBP1, molfunc_protein with SETBP1, molfunc_protein with SATB2, molfunc_protein with SATB2, molfunc_protein with SAT1, molfunc_protein with SAT1. Definitions: Matrix Attachment Regions defined as following: Regions of the CHROMATIN or DNA that bind to the NUCLEAR MATRIX. They are found in INTERGENIC DNA, especially flanking the 5' ends of genes or clusters of genes. Many of the regions that have been isolated contain a bipartite Sequence - ParameterizedDataType motif called the MAR/SAR recognition signature Sequence - ParameterizedDataType that binds to MATRIX ATTACHMENT REGION BINDING PROTEINS.. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. Co-Repressor Proteins defined as following: A subclass of repressor proteins that do not directly bind DNA. Instead, Co-Repressor Proteins generally act via their interaction with DNA-BINDING PROTEINS such as a TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING FACTORS or NUCLEAR RECEPTORS.. Solid Neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. Representative examples include epithelial neoplasms (e.g. lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma), and neoplasms arising from the soft tissues and bones (e.g. leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma). Neoplasms originating from the blood or bone marrow (leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders) are not considered Solid Neoplasm.. DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 defined as following: DNA-Binding Protein DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 (763 aa, ~86 kDa) is encoded by the human DNA-Binding Protein SATB1 gene. This Protein Info binds DNA and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.. Cluster defined as following: A grouping of a number of similar things.. thymocyte defined as following: HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS that have migrated to the THYMUS where they differentiate into T-LYMPHOCYTES. Thymocytes are classified into maturational stages based on the expression of CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS.. Ataxia Telangiectasia defined as following: An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint Protein Info kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).. Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. LMP1 EBV latent membrane protein defined as following: Latent membrane Protein Info 1 (386 aa, ~42 kDa) is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 gene. This Protein Info is involved in both the activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B family signaling pathways and the inhibition of apoptosis of infected B-lymphocytes.. DNA-binding Protein Info defined as following: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can gene therapy restore auditory function?", "id": "converted_2789", "sentence1": "Can Genes therapy restore auditory function?", "sentence2": "Gene therapy restores auditory and vestibular function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 1c., We demonstrate recovery of Genes and protein expression, restoration of sensory cell function, rescue of complex auditory function and recovery of hearing and balance behavior to near wild-type levels. The data represent unprecedented recovery of inner ear function and suggest that biological therapies to treat Hearing Loss, Partial may be suitable for translation to Homo sapiens with genetic inner ear disorders.[SEP]Relations: central hearing loss has relations: disease_disease with hearing loss disorder, disease_disease with hearing loss disorder. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Hearing Loss, Partial defined as following: A condition in which a person partially loses the ability to hear sounds in one or both ears.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is P. gingivalis bacteria found in brain?", "id": "converted_2800", "sentence1": "Is P. gingivalis bacteria found in Head>Brain?", "sentence2": "studies using animal model of Periodontitis and Homo sapiens post-mortem Head>Brain tissues from subjects with cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol strongly suggest that a gram-negative periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and/or its product gingipain is/are translocated to the Head>Brain., The polymicrobial dysbiotic subgingival biofilm microbes associated with Periodontal Diseases appear to contribute to developing pathologies in distal body sites, including the Head>Brain.[SEP]Relations: Periodontal Diseases has relations: disease_disease with gingival disease, disease_disease with gingival disease, disease_protein with CTSC, disease_protein with CTSC. Periodontitis has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the gingiva, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the gingiva, disease_phenotype_positive with dyskeratosis congenita, disease_phenotype_positive with dyskeratosis congenita, disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic hematopoiesis, disease_phenotype_positive with cyclic hematopoiesis. Definitions: Periodontal Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.. Porphyromonas gingivalis defined as following: A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the Homo sapiens mouth.. Periodontitis defined as following: Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology). Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there any link between ERCC1-XPF and cohesin?", "id": "converted_2459", "sentence1": "Is there any link between ERCC1-XPF and cohesins?", "sentence2": "ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTGF protein, human and cohesins to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted Genes., Using an in vivo biotinylation tagging approach in CASP14 gene, we show that the nucleotide excision repair (NER) structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF complex interacts with the insulator binding protein CTGF protein, human, the cohesins subunits SMC1A and SMC3 wt Allele wt Allele and with DPEP2 gene; the factors co-localize with Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome at the Promoter and control regions (ICRs) of imprinted Genes during postnatal hepatic development. Loss of Excision Repair Cross-Complementing 1 or exposure to mitomycin triggers the localization of CTGF protein, human to Heterochromatin, the dissociation of the CTGF protein, human-cohesins complex and Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome from Promoter and ICRs, altered histone marks and the aberrant developmental expression of imprinted Genes without altering DNA methylation. We propose that ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTGF protein, human and cohesins to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted Genes and that persistent DNA damage triggers chromatin location location changes that affect gene expression programs associated with NER disorders., Using an in vivo biotinylation tagging approach in CASP14 gene, we show that the nucleotide excision repair (NER) structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF complex interacts with the insulator binding protein CTGF protein, human, the cohesins subunits SMC1A and SMC3 wt Allele wt Allele and with DPEP2 gene; the factors co-localize with Alpha thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome at the Promoter and control regions (ICRs) of imprinted Genes during postnatal hepatic development., We propose that ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTGF protein, human and cohesins to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted Genes and that persistent DNA damage triggers chromatin location location changes that affect gene expression programs associated with NER disorders., We propose that ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTGF protein, human and cohesins to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted Genes and that persistent DNA damage triggers chromatin location location changes that affect gene expression programs associated with NER disorders., We propose that ERCC1-XPF cooperates with CTGF protein, human and cohesins to facilitate the developmental silencing of imprinted Genes and that persistent DNA damage triggers chromatin location location changes that affect gene expression programs associated with NER disorders.Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Neural Crest Cells defined as following: Neuroectodermal cells of the neural crest. They differentiate into various \"U\" lymphocyte types during EMBRYOGENESIS including craniofacial MESENCHYME; ENDOCRINE CELLS; MELANOCYTES and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Cerebrovascular Disorders defined as following: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.. congenital Chest>Heart Disease defined as following: Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the Chest>Heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate gram-negative, intracellular bacterium, yes or no", "id": "converted_3234", "sentence1": "Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate gram-negative, Intracellular bacterium, yes or no", "sentence2": "The genus Anaplasma belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family (order Rickettsiales) comprises obligate Intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. Six species and five types of strains genetically related are currently assigned to the genus Anaplasma including Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. platys as classified species, and \"A. capra\", A. odocolei sp. nov., Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), an increasingly recognized febrile tick-borne illness, is caused by a gram-negative obligate Intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum[SEP]Relations: human anaplasmosis has relations: disease_disease with anaplasmosis, disease_disease with anaplasmosis. Anal margin neoplasm has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin squamous cell carcinoma, phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin squamous cell carcinoma, phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin melanoma, phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin melanoma, phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin basal cell carcinoma, phenotype_phenotype with Anal margin basal cell carcinoma, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the anus, phenotype_phenotype with Abnormality of the anus. Definitions: Anaplasma marginale defined as following: A species of gram-negative bacteria and causative agent of severe bovine ANAPLASMOSIS. It is the most pathogenic of the ANAPLASMA species.. Intracellular defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Obeticholic Acid used for treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis?", "id": "converted_2101", "sentence1": "Is Obeticholic Acid used for treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis?", "sentence2": "obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis., In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study including 217 patients with primary biliary cholangitis, the authors show that obeticholic acid (a potent farnesoid X Agonist) administered with ursodiol or as monotherapy significantly decreases Serum alkaline phosphatase measurement and bilirubin preparation preparation when compared to placebo., obeticholic acid (Ocaliva(TM)) is a farnesoid-X receptor (NR1H4 wt Allele) Agonist that is being developed by Intercept Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of various liver diseases, and has recently been granted accelerated approval in the USA for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in combination with ursodiol in adults with an inadequate response to ursodiol, or as monotherapy in adults unable to tolerate ursodiol. , Obeticholic Acid (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol) is a NR1H4 gene (NR1H4 wt Allele) Agonist which has been evaluated as a second line therapy in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and has recently been licenced by the FDA., cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol will be the first stratified therapy introduced in Primary Biliary Cholangitis, however confirmatory trial and real life data are needed to confirm that suggestive biochemical improvements are matched by improvement in key clinical outcomes., obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in adult patients: clinical utility and patient selection., A series of clinical trials of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol in Primary Biliary Cholangitis, primarily in combination with UDCA, have established that cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol leads to significant reductions in Serum alkaline phosphatase measurement that are predicted to lead to improved clinical outcomes, while dose-dependent pruritus has been the most common adverse effect. On the basis of these studies, cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol was given conditional approval by the US Food and Drug Administration with plans to establish the long-term clinical efficacy of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine protocol in patients with advanced Primary Biliary Cholangitis., Although obeticholic acid was approved by the FDA for the treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in May 2016, this development occurred after the symposium presentation. , While several agents are being studied in combination with UDCA, monotherapy with the novel agent obeticholic acid, a NR1H4 gene Agonist, has also shown promising results., obeticholic acid (Ocaliva(TM)) is a farnesoid-X receptor (NR1H4 wt Allele) Agonist that is being developed by Intercept Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of various liver diseases, and has recently been granted accelerated approval in the USA for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in combination with ursodiol in adults with an inadequate response to ursodiol, or as monotherapy in adults unable to tolerate ursodiol., obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis., Long-term clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis., A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Obeticholic Acid in Primary Biliary Cholangitis., This article summarizes the milestones in the development of obeticholic acid leading to this first approval for primary biliary cholangitis., obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis., Long-term Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Obeticholic Acid for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis., obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis., A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Obeticholic Acid in Primary Biliary Cholangitis., This article summarizes the milestones in the development of obeticholic acid leading to this first approval for primary biliary cholangitis.[SEP]Relations: primary biliary cholangitis has relations: contraindication with Cholic Acid, contraindication with Cholic Acid, contraindication with Fenofibric acid, contraindication with Fenofibric acid, contraindication with Chenodeoxycholic acid, contraindication with Chenodeoxycholic acid, contraindication with Fenofibrate, contraindication with Fenofibrate. obeticholic acid has relations: drug_drug with Cholic Acid, drug_drug with Cholic Acid. Definitions: Agonist defined as following: An agent that has affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity at that receptor.. NR1H4 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in bile acid binding and metabolism.. ursodiol defined as following: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. Primary Biliary Cholangitis defined as following: An autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts. It affects predominantly females and it may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Patients have antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies in the peripheral blood.. obeticholic acid defined as following: An orally bioavailable semi-synthetic bile acid derivative and an Agonist of the nuclear bile acid receptor NR1H4 gene (NR1H4 wt Allele) that may be used to lower hepatic exposure to bile acids. Upon oral administration, obeticholic acid targets and binds to NR1H4 wt Allele expressed in the liver and intestine, activating NR1H4 wt Allele-mediated bile acid, inflammatory, fibrotic, and metabolic pathways. This suppresses the production of bile acid in the hepatocytes and increases bile acid transport out of the hepatocytes, thereby reducing hepatic exposure to bile acids. NR1H4 wt Allele plays an important role in bile acid homeostasis and is involved in hepatic and intestinal inflammation and liver fibrosis.. NR1H4 wt Allele defined as following: Human NR1H4 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 12q23.1 and is approximately 91 kb in length. This allele, which encodes bile acid receptor protein, plays a role in both the metabolism of bile acids and ligand-dependent transcriptional regulation.. Serum alkaline phosphatase measurement defined as following: A quantitative measurement of the amount of alkaline phosphatase present in a sample of serum.. Obeticholic Acid defined as following: An orally bioavailable semi-synthetic bile acid derivative and an Agonist of the nuclear bile acid receptor NR1H4 gene (NR1H4 wt Allele) that may be used to lower hepatic exposure to bile acids. Upon oral administration, obeticholic acid targets and binds to NR1H4 wt Allele expressed in the liver and intestine, activating NR1H4 wt Allele-mediated bile acid, inflammatory, fibrotic, and metabolic pathways. This suppresses the production of bile acid in the hepatocytes and increases bile acid transport out of the hepatocytes, thereby reducing hepatic exposure to bile acids. NR1H4 wt Allele plays an important role in bile acid homeostasis and is involved in hepatic and intestinal inflammation and liver fibrosis.. Primary Biliary Cholangitis defined as following: An autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts. It affects predominantly females and it may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Patients have antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies in the peripheral blood..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE) which typically affects young, healthy children usually triggered by exposure to air pollution?", "id": "converted_4475", "sentence1": "Is Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) which typically affects young, healthy children usually triggered by exposure to air pollution?", "sentence2": "Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a recently identified, uncommon Encephalopathies affecting children. ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3 is characterized by a preceding viral illness followed by Seizures and rapid progressive Progressive Progressive neurologic deterioration. , Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a specific type of Encephalopathies usually followed by febrile Communicable Diseases, ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3 usually occurs in children under 4 years old after influenza Communicable Diseases, Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood (Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood) is a Disease, characterized by a respiratory or gastrointestinal Communicable Diseases, accompanied with Fever symptoms (finding), rapid alteration of consciousness, and Seizures., Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rare but distinctive type of acute Encephalopathies with global distribution. Occurrence of ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3 is usually preceded by a virus-associated febrile illness and ensued by rapid deterioration., Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) typically affects young, healthy children who develop rapid-onset severe Encephalopathies triggered by Virus Diseases., Recurrent acute necrotizing Encephalopathies following influenza A in a genetically predisposed family., Background: Among the influenza-associated encephalopathies, acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) has a particularly poor prognosis., Since it was first recognized, neurological complication including acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) have been globally documented in association with this viral Communicable Diseases., Background: Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rapidly progressive Encephalopathies seen commonly in children triggered by various prodromal Virus Diseases, most common being influenza virus and Homo sapiens herpe, Background: Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3), known as influenza-associated encephalitis, typically affects, Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rapidly progressing nervous system disorder that occurs in children after common Virus Diseases of the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems. , Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) typically affects young, healthy children who develop rapid-onset severe Encephalopathies triggered by Virus Diseases, Background: Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rapidly progressive Encephalopathies seen commonly in children triggered by various prodromal Virus Diseases, most common being influenza virus and Homo sapiens herpes virus-, Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) presents in children after common Virus Diseases, Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood (Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood) is a Disease characterized by respiratory or gastrointestinal Communicable Diseases and high Fever symptoms (finding) accompanying with rapid alteration of consciousness and Seizures, Background: Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rapidly progressive Encephalopathies seen commonly in children triggered by various prodromal Virus Diseases, most common being influenza virus and Homo sapiens herpes virus-6.Objective: We report two rare cases of ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3 preceded by Chikungunya Communicable Diseases.Cases: A 13-year old girl presented with a three-day history of headache, Fever symptoms (finding), se, Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) is a rapidly progressing nervous system disorder that occurs in children after common Virus Diseases of the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems., Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3) presents in children after common Virus Diseases., Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood associated with influenza type B virus Communicable Diseases in a 3-year-old girl., We report a 12-year-old girl infected with influenza A H1N1 whose clinical course was complicated by rapid progressive Progressive Progressive neurologic deterioration and striking X-Ray Computed Tomography and MRI findings consistent with acute necrotizing Encephalopathies (ENCEPHALOPATHY, ACUTE, INFECTION-INDUCED, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 3)., We report a 3-year-old previously healthy girl presenting with acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood associated with influenza type B virus Communicable Diseases, which resulted in severe Neurologic sequelae.[SEP]Relations: acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood has relations: disease_disease with infectious encephalitis, disease_disease with infectious encephalitis, disease_disease with Encephalopathies, acute, Communicable Diseases-induced, susceptibility to, disease_disease with Encephalopathies, acute, Communicable Diseases-induced, susceptibility to, disease_protein with RANBP2, disease_protein with RANBP2. Encephalopathies, acute, Communicable Diseases-induced, susceptibility to has relations: disease_disease with acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood, disease_disease with acute necrotizing Encephalopathies of childhood. Acute necrotizing Encephalopathies has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Acute Encephalopathies, phenotype_phenotype with Acute Encephalopathies. Definitions: Virus Diseases defined as following: A general term for diseases caused by viruses.. Encephalopathies defined as following: A functional and/or structural disorder of the brain caused by diseases (e.g. liver Disease, kidney Disease), medications, chemicals, and injuries.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. nervous system disorder defined as following: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood defined as following: A rare neurologic Disease with characteristics of rapid onset of Seizures, an altered state of consciousness, neurologic decline, and variable degrees of hepatic dysfunction following a respiratory or gastrointestinal Communicable Diseases (e.g. mycoplasma, influenza virus) in a previously healthy child. Brain MRI of patients reveals bilateral, multiple, symmetrical lesions predominantly observed in thalami and brainstem, but also in periventricular white matter and cerebellum in some cases.. X-Ray Computed Tomography defined as following: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does the hERG gene code for a protein which is part of a sodium channel?", "id": "converted_1981", "sentence1": "Does the hERG gene code for a Protein Info which is part of a Sodium supplements channel?", "sentence2": " The Homo sapiens ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG 1a) KCNA5 gene is critical for Cardiac - anatomy qualifier repolarization, KCNH6 gene (hERG) channels conduct delayed rectifier K(+) current. , The Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1 and minK Genes code the slowly activating, delayed rectifier (Iks) KCNA5 gene, the KCNH2 gene gene code the rapidly activating, delayed rectifier (Ikr) KCNA5 gene of the Chest>Heart, while the SCN5A gene codes a Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Sodium supplements channel., The molecular basis of inherited disorders caused by a Mutation Abnormality in either the gene coding for a particular KCNA5 gene called KCNH2 gene-or another gene, SCN5A, which codes for the Sodium supplements channel and disruption of which results in a loss of inactivation of the Na+ current., The aim of this study was to test whether a recently reported Genetic Polymorphism in the KCNH2 gene gene coding for the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel has influence on myocardial repolarization., Gene Mutation in Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1, minK and KCNH2 gene Genes affects repolarising, rectifier potassium currents, while SCN5A mutations cause delayed inactivation and reopening of the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Sodium supplements channel, which initiates the depolarisation of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Cells., A Homo sapiens genetic defect associated with 'long Q-T syndrome', an abnormality of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier rhythm involving the repolarization of the action potential, was recently found to lie in the KCNH2 gene gene, which codes for a KCNA5 gene., Therefore, matrine and oxymatrine may have the potential to cure Long Qt Syndrome 2 as a KCNA5 gene activator by promoting hERG channel activation and increasing hERG channel expression., The Homo sapiens delta1261 Mutation Abnormality of the KCNH2 gene KCNA5 gene results in a truncated Protein Info that contains a subunit interaction domain and decreases the channel expression., KCNH2 gene (Homo sapiens eag-related gene) encodes an inward-rectifier KCNA5 gene formed by the assembly of four subunits., The Homo sapiens ether-?-go-go-related gene (KCNH2 gene) encodes the pore-forming subunit of the rapidly activating delayed rectifier KCNA5 gene in the Chest>Heart., The KCNH7 gene (hERG) encodes the rapidly activating, delayed rectifier KCNA5 gene (IKr) important for Cardiac - anatomy qualifier repolarization., Role of glycosylation in \"U\" lymphocyte surface expression and stability of KCNH2 gene potassium channels., The Homo sapiens ERG Protein Info (KCNH2 gene or Kv 11.1) encoded by the KCNH7 gene (herg) is the pore-forming subunit of the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) responsible for action potential (AP) repolarization, Human ether-a-go-go related gene (herg) encoding KCNH2 gene K(+) channel has been demonstrated in many previous studies with its association to \"U\" lymphocyte cycle progression and growth in Tumor Cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant, A Homo sapiens genetic defect associated with 'long Q-T syndrome', an abnormality of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier rhythm involving the repolarization of the action potential, was recently found to lie in the KCNH2 gene gene, which codes for a KCNA5 gene. , Drug-induced Long QT Syndrome: hERG K+ channel block and disruption of Protein Info trafficking by fluoxetine and fluoxetine and fluoxetine and norfluoxetine., OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test whether a recently reported Genetic Polymorphism in the KCNH2 gene gene coding for the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel has influence on myocardial repolarization. , The aim of this study was to test whether the K897T Genetic Polymorphism of the KCNH2 (KCNH2 gene) gene coding for the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel influences Cardiac - anatomy qualifier repolarization assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) of T-wave morphology. , The Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1 and minK Genes code the slowly activating, delayed rectifier (Iks) KCNA5 gene, the KCNH2 gene gene code the rapidly activating, delayed rectifier (Ikr) KCNA5 gene of the Chest>Heart, while the SCN5A gene codes a Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Sodium supplements channel., All code for subunits of Sodium supplements or potassium channels: two a subunits of the potassium channels (QVLQT1 for Romano-Ward Syndrome, KCNH2 gene for Long Qt Syndrome 2), the a subunit of the Sodium supplements channel INa (SCN5A for LONG QT SYNDROME 3), and two regulatory subunits of potassium channels (KCNE1 gene gene for LONG QT SYNDROME 5 regulating the Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1 channel and KCNE2 gene regulating KCNH2 gene)., The corresponding Genes code for potassium channels KVLQT1 (Romano-Ward Syndrome) and KCNH2 gene (Long Qt Syndrome 2) and the Sodium supplements channel SCN5A (LONG QT SYNDROME 3)., The molecular basis of inherited disorders caused by a Mutation Abnormality in either the gene coding for a particular KCNA5 gene called KCNH2 gene-or another gene, SCN5A, which codes for the Sodium supplements channel and disruption of which results in a loss of inactivation of the Na+ current., There may also be correlation between the strength of binding of the medicinal substance to the KCNA5 gene coded by the KCNH2 gene gene and prolongation of the QT interval., We demonstrate that the mRNA 3'UTR of ppk29 affects neuronal firing rates and associated heat-induced seizures by acting as a natural antisense transcript (NAT) that regulates the neuronal mRNA levels of seizure (sei), the Drosophila homolog of the Homo sapiens Ether-à-go-go Related Gene (hERG) KCNA5 gene., Gene Mutation in Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1, minK and KCNH2 gene Genes affects repolarising, rectifier potassium currents, while SCN5A mutations cause delayed inactivation and reopening of the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Sodium supplements channel, which initiates the depolarisation of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Cells., Among the congenital forms, particularly interest is focused on the KCNA5 gene coded by the KCNH2 gene gene located on Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 and with a key role in the normal electric Cardiac - anatomy qualifier activity., By employing heterologous expression and making comparisons to Cells expressing wild-type Homo sapiens-ether-a-go-go-related Protein Info (KCNH2 gene), a KCNA5 gene that contributes to I(Kr) current in ventricular cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate activation of an elevated endoplasmic reticulum (Endoplasmic Reticulum) stress response by the Mutant I593R KCNH2 gene KCNA5 gene implicated in Long QT Syndrome type 2., Correction of defective Protein Info trafficking of a Mutant KCNH2 gene KCNA5 gene in Homo sapiens Long QT Syndrome., Gene Mutation in the Homo sapiens ether-à-go-go-related gene (KCNH2 gene), which encodes a delayed-rectifier KCNA5 gene,, s KCNH2 gene and Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1 KCNA5 gene Genes, KCNH2 gene encodes the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier I(Kr) KCNA5 gene., block of the Cardiac - anatomy qualifier KCNA5 gene Homo sapiens ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) , The KCNH7 gene (hERG) encodes the pore-forming α-subunit of the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K(+) channel in the Chest>Heart, which plays a critical role in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier action potential repolarization. , Effects of donepezil on hERG potassium channels., Human ether-a-go-go related-gene K⁺ channels (hERG) participate in the regulation of tumor \"U\" lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis. KCNH2 gene channel activity is up-regulated by Growth Factor, hERG potassium channels, KCNH2 gene, a K+ channel gene.[SEP]Relations: Sodium supplements channel complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with SCNN1G, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1G, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1B, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1B, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1D, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1D, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1A, cellcomp_protein with SCNN1A, cellcomp_protein with TRPM4, cellcomp_protein with TRPM4. Definitions: LONG QT SYNDROME 5 defined as following: An autosomal dominant condition caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the KCNE1 gene gene, encoding potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1. It is characterized by a prolonged QT interval that may result in torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden Cardiac - anatomy qualifier death.. Long Qt Syndrome 2 defined as following: An autosomal dominant condition caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the KCNH2 gene, encoding potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2. It is characterized by a prolonged QT interval that may result in torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden Cardiac - anatomy qualifier death.. LONG QT SYNDROME 3 defined as following: An autosomal dominant condition caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in the SCN5A gene, encoding Sodium supplements channel Protein Info type 5 subunit alpha. It is characterized by a prolonged QT interval that may result in torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation and/or sudden Cardiac - anatomy qualifier death.. SCN5A gene defined as following: This gene is involved in voltage-dependent Sodium supplements ion transport.. Endoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many Cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Romano-Ward Syndrome defined as following: A form of Long QT Syndrome that is without congenital deafness. It is caused by Mutation Abnormality of the KCNQ1 gene which encodes a Protein Info in the VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily KQT Member 1 defined as following: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 (676 aa, ~75 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens KCNQ1 gene. This Protein Info is involved in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier repolarization through modulation of potassium ion transport.. fluoxetine defined as following: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. Mutant defined as following: An altered form of an individual, organism, population, or genetic character that differs from the corresponding wild type due to one or more alterations (mutations).. Growth Factor defined as following: Growth Factors are extracellular signaling molecules (ligands) involved in control of target \"U\" lymphocyte proliferation, \"U\" lymphocyte survival, and \"U\" lymphocyte differentiation. (NCI). Protein Info defined as following: Protein; provides access to the encoding gene via its GenBank Accession, the taxon in which this instance of the Protein Info occurs, and references to homologous proteins in other species.. Sodium supplements channel defined as following: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific Sodium supplements channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 defined as following: A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the Homo sapiens chromosome classification.. Long QT Syndrome defined as following: A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by Mutation Abnormality of Genes encoding Cardiac - anatomy qualifier ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.. donepezil defined as following: The hydrochloride salt of a piperidine derivative with neurocognitive-enhancing activity. Donepezil reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thereby blocking the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and, consequently, increasing its activity. This agent may improve neurocognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, reduce sedation associated with opioid treatment of cancer pain, and improve neurocognitive function in patients who have received radiation therapy for primary brain tumors or brain metastases.. Tumor Cells, uncertain whether benign or malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a tumor.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do polycomb group proteins (PcG) mediate the formation of chromatin loops?", "id": "converted_3845", "sentence1": "Do polycomb group Proteins (Polycomb-Group Proteins) mediate the formation of chromatin loops?", "sentence2": "A chromatin insulator driving three-dimensional Polycomb response element (Pure Spanish horse breed (organism)) contacts and Polycomb association with the 30 nm Chromatin Fiber, the DrosophilaDefinition: Indicates that the subject Act has undergone or should undergo Substitution - ActClass of a type indicated by Act.code.
Rationale: Used to specify \"allowed\" Substitution - ActClass when creating orders, \"actual\" susbstitution when sending events, as well as the reason for the Substitution - ActClass and who was responsible for it.
. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Rett Syndrome defined as following: An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199). Codon, Nonsense defined as following: An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.. X Chromosome defined as following: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.. genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Jarid2 play a role in early embryo development?", "id": "converted_2055", "sentence1": "Does JARID2 gene play a role in early embryo development?", "sentence2": "JARID2 gene Coordinates NANOG gene Expression and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia/Wnt Signaling Required for Efficient ESC Differentiation and Early Embryo Development, Unlike other Polycomb Repressive Complex 2-deficient Embryonic Stem Cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome), however, JARID2 gene-deficient Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome show a severe differentiation block, altered colony morphology, and distinctive patterns of deregulated gene expression. Here, we show that JARID2 gene(-/-) Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome express constitutively high levels of NANOG gene but reduced Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia signaling components WNT9A gene, PRICKLE1 gene, and FZD2 protein, human and lowered β-catenin activity. Depletion of WNT9A gene/PRICKLE1 gene/FZD2 protein, human from wild-type Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome or overexpression of NANOG gene largely phenocopies these cellular defects. Co-culture of JARID2 gene(-/-) with wild-type Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome restores variable NANOG gene expression and β-catenin activity and can partially rescue the differentiation block of mutant cells. In addition, we show that Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome lacking JARID2 gene or WNT9A gene/PRICKLE1 gene/FZD2 protein, human or overexpressing NANOG gene induce multiple between breakfast and lunch formation when injected into normal E3.5 blastocysts. These data describe a previously unrecognized role for JARID2 gene in regulating a core pluripotency and Wnt/Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia signaling circuit that is important for ESC differentiation and for pre-implantation development., JARID2 gene Coordinates NANOG gene Expression and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia/Wnt Signaling Required for Efficient ESC Differentiation and Early Embryo Development., Consistent with an essential role for PcG proteins in early development, we demonstrate that JARID2 is required for the differentiation of mouse Embryonic Stem Cells., Jumonij (JMJ)/JARID2 gene plays important roles in embryonic development and functions as a Transcription Repressor/Corepressor., Thus, these results demonstrate that JARID2 is essential for the binding of PcG proteins to target Genes and, consistent with this, for the proper differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and normal development., JARID2 is an accessory component of Polycomb repressive complex-2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) required for the differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells (Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome)., JARID2 gene Coordinates NANOG gene Expression and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia/Wnt Signaling Required for Efficient ESC Differentiation and Early Embryo Development., These data describe a previously unrecognized role for JARID2 gene in regulating a core pluripotency and Wnt/Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia signaling circuit that is important for ESC differentiation and for pre-implantation development..[SEP]Relations: embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis has relations: bioprocess_protein with HOXB2, bioprocess_protein with HOXB2, bioprocess_protein with SATB2, bioprocess_protein with SATB2, bioprocess_protein with DYNC2I1, bioprocess_protein with DYNC2I1, bioprocess_protein with DSCAML1, bioprocess_protein with DSCAML1, bioprocess_protein with OSR2, bioprocess_protein with OSR2. Definitions: NANOG gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the underlying pluripotency of inner cell mass and Embryonic Stem Cells.. WNT9A gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in signal transduction and intercellular communication. It is involved in the regulation of cell behavior and fate during vertebrate development.. FZD2 protein, human defined as following: Frizzled-2 (565 aa, ~64 kDa) is encoded by the human FZD2 gene. This protein is involved in Wnt-mediated G protein-coupled receptor signaling.. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia defined as following: Pneumonia resulting from infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii, frequently seen in the immunologically compromised, such as persons with AIDS, or steroid-treated individuals, the elderly, or premature or debilitated babies during their first three months. Patients may be only slightly febrile (or even afebrile), but are likely to be extremely weak, dyspneic, and cyanotic. This is a major cause of morbidity among patients with AIDS.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. between breakfast and lunch defined as following: To be done between breakfast and lunch.. Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.. PRICKLE1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in gastrulation and the regulation of Wnt signaling.. mouse Embryonic Stem Cells defined as following: PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS of day 3.5 mouse embryos.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Transcription Repressor/Corepressor defined as following: Transcription Repressor/Corepressor Gene encodes Transcriptional Repressor/Corepressor, proteins that can regulate transcription by binding to the operator and causing repression. (from Glick: Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does hypofractionated radiotherapy offers any benefit for DIPG?", "id": "converted_4053", "sentence1": "Does hypofractionated radiotherapy offers any benefit for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSION: Hypofractionated RT for children with newly diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma is well tolerated and feasible from the viewpoint of reducing a patient's burden of treatment. Re-irradiation at first progression is suggested to be beneficial., Median OS and time to progression were similar between conventionally fractionated and hypofractionated RT groups.(9.7 [95% confidence interval(CI): 7.1-11.2] versus 11.0[95% CI: 5.2-13.6] months, P = 0.60; 4.2[95% CI: 1.8-8.3] versus 7.1 [95% CI:4.5-8.7] months, P = 0.38). , The median overall survival (OS) was 11 months (95% CI - 7.5 to 14.5 months) in the conventional arm and 12 months (95% CI - 10.5 to 13.5 months) in the experimental arm (p = 0.208). 28% (n = 5) patients in the experimental arm developed grade 3 or 4 hematological Toxic effect.CONCLUSION: The above study shows that hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide does not improve OS and has higher hematological Toxic effect. , CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that CFRT and HFRT provide similar survival outcomes for patients with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma., CONCLUSIONS: Hypofractionated radiotherapy offers lesser burden on the patients, their families and the treating departments, with nearly comparable results to conventional fractionation, though not fulfilling the non-inferiority assumption., xternal radiotherapy with a radical hypofractionated regimen is feasible and well tolerated in children with newly diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. However, this regimen does not seem to change overall survival in this setting.[SEP]Relations: diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma has relations: disease_disease with childhood brain stem glioma, disease_disease with childhood brain stem glioma. Definitions: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma defined as following: A glioma that grows diffusely in the pons. It usually affects children and has a poor prognosis.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Sotrovimab effective for COVID-19?", "id": "converted_4565", "sentence1": "Is Sotrovimab effective for COVID-19?", "sentence2": "It seems that Monoclonal Antibodies (e.g., low dosage bamlanivimab, baricitinib, imatinib, and sotrovimab) are a better choice for treating severe or non-severe COVID-19 patients. , The Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization to sotrovimab for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients at increased risk for progression to severe Illness (finding)., Early Treatment for COVID19 (document) with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab., Sotrovimab is a pan-sarbecovirus monoclonal antibody CAL CAL that was designed to prevent progression of COVID19 (document) in high-risk patients early in the course of disease, CONCLUSIONS: Among high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate COVID19 (document), sotrovimab reduced the risk of disease progression., The Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization to sotrovimab for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients at increased risk for progression to severe Illness (finding).Sotrovimab is a monoclonal antibody CAL CAL that works directly against the M Protein, multiple myeloma of SARS-CoV-2 to block its attachment and entry into a Human cells., In patients with non-severe covid-19, casirivimab / imdevimab probably reduces hospitalisation; bamlanivimab-etesevimab, bamlanivimab, and sotrovimab may reduce hospitalisation. Convalescen, ms that Monoclonal Antibodies (e.g., low dosage bamlanivimab, baricitinib, imatinib, and sotrovimab) are a better choice for treating severe or non-severe COVID-19 patients. Clini, Early Treatment for COVID19 (document) with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab, The Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization to sotrovimab for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients at increased risk for progression to severe Illness (finding)[SEP]Relations: Baricitinib has relations: drug_drug with Sofosbuvir, drug_drug with Sofosbuvir, drug_drug with Cortivazol, drug_drug with Cortivazol, drug_drug with Somatostatin, drug_drug with Somatostatin, drug_drug with Efalizumab, drug_drug with Efalizumab. Imatinib has relations: drug_drug with Sofosbuvir, drug_drug with Sofosbuvir. Definitions: Monoclonal Antibodies defined as following: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.. casirivimab / imdevimab defined as following: A combination of two Monoclonal Antibodies, casirivimab and imdevimab, directed against the M Protein, multiple myeloma (SP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that can potentially be used for immunization against COVID-19. Upon administration, casirivimab and imdevimab specifically target and bind to non-overlapping regions of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SP, thereby blocking viral attachment and entry into human cells and may thereby neutralize SARS-CoV-2. This may slow the progression of the disease and accelerate recovery, and may potentially provide temporary protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2. Binding to two distinct regions of the RBD of SP may decrease the potential for virus escape mutants that occur upon treatment with a single SARS-CoV-2 antibody, and may provide enhanced protection against loss of efficacy.. baricitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, baricitinib binds to JAK1/2, which inhibits JAK1/2 activation and leads to the inhibition of the JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and may prevent an inflammatory response. In addition, baricitinib may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation of JAK1/2-expressing tumor cells. JAK kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in cytokine signaling, inflammation, immune function and hematopoiesis; they are also upregulated and/or mutated in various tumor cell types.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. M Protein, multiple myeloma defined as following: A protein complex comprised of two heavy chains and two light chains. Monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) is found in abundance in patients who have multiple myeloma. The protein is not produced in response to an antigen, but it is expressed in malignant plasma cells and excreted into the blood and urine.. monoclonal antibody CAL defined as following: A humanized monoclonal antibody CAL directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia. (NCI04). imatinib defined as following: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase, an abnormal enzyme produced by chronic myeloid leukemia cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome. Imatinib also inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit; the SCF/c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase is activated in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). This agent inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cells that overexpress these oncoproteins..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does Axitinib prolong survival of Pancreatic Cancer patients?", "id": "converted_3111", "sentence1": "Does Axitinib prolong survival of Pancreatic Cancer patients?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: Axitinib/gemcitabine, while tolerated, did not provide survival benefit over gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas from Japan or other regions., RESULTS: Among Japanese patients, median overall survival was not estimable (95% confidence interval, 7.4 months-not estimable) with axitinib/gemcitabine (n = 58) and 9.9 months (95% confidence interval, 7.4-10.5) with placebo/gemcitabine (n = 56) (hazard ratio 1.093 [95% confidence interval, 0.525-2.274]). Median survival follow-up (range) was 5.1 months (0.02-12.3) with axitinib/gemcitabine vs. 5.4 months (1.8-10.5) with placebo/gemcitabine. Similarly, no difference was detected in overall survival between axitinib/gemcitabine and placebo/gemcitabine in patients from North America or the European Union. , At an interim analysis in January, 2009, the independent data monitoring committee concluded that the futility boundary had been crossed. Median overall survival was 8·5 months (95% CI 6·9-9·5) for gemcitabine plus axitinib (n=314, data missing for two patients) and 8·3 months (6·9-10·3) for gemcitabine plus placebo (n=316; hazard ratio 1·014, 95% CI 0·786-1·309; one-sided p=0·5436). , INTERPRETATION: The addition of axitinib to gemcitabine does not improve overall survival in advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas. , INTERPRETATION\nThe addition of axitinib to gemcitabine does not improve overall survival in advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas., However, as with other Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors of the same class, axitinib does not prolong overall survival; therefore, selection of second-line Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor therapy, including axitinib, must be carefully considered to maximize outcomes for each patient., CONCLUSIONS\nAxitinib/gemcitabine, while tolerated, did not provide survival benefit over gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas from Japan or other regions., Similarly, no difference was detected in overall survival between axitinib/gemcitabine and placebo/gemcitabine in patients from North America or the European Union., Axitinib/gemcitabine, while tolerated, did not provide survival benefit over gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas from Japan or other regions., The addition of axitinib to gemcitabine does not improve overall survival in advanced Malignant neoplasm of pancreas.[SEP]Relations: Axitinib has relations: drug_drug with Panobinostat, drug_drug with Panobinostat, drug_drug with Proguanil, drug_drug with Proguanil, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Entrectinib, drug_drug with Entrectinib, drug_drug with Dolutegravir, drug_drug with Dolutegravir. Definitions: axitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor. Axitinib inhibits the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF), thereby exerting an anti-angiogenic effect.. Protein Tyrosine Kinase defined as following: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.. gemcitabine defined as following: A broad-spectrum antimetabolite and deoxycytidine analogue with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and is incorporated into DNA. This locks DNA polymerase thereby resulting in \"masked termination\" during DNA replication. On the other hand, dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis. The reduction in the intracellular concentration of dCTP potentiates the incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA.. Malignant neoplasm of pancreas defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma.. Axitinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor. Axitinib inhibits the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF), thereby exerting an anti-angiogenic effect.. Pancreatic Cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can Isradipine slow progression of Early Parkinson Disease?", "id": "converted_4481", "sentence1": "Can Isradipine slow progression of Early Parkinson Disease?", "sentence2": "Adjusted least-squares mean changes in total UPDRS score in the antiparkinson medication ON state over 36 months for isradipine and placebo recipients were 2.99 (95% CI, 0.95 to 5.03) points versus 3.26 (CI, 1.25 to 5.26) points, respectively, with a treatment effect of -0.27 (CI, -3.02 to 2.48) point (P = 0.85)., Conclusion: Long-term treatment with immediate-release isradipine did not slow the clinical progression of early-stage Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET., Clinical Nurse Specialist - oncology: These results are consistent with the recent secondary analysis of the STEADY-Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET III clinical trial-suggesting that clinically attainable brain exposure to isradipine may slow early-stage Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET progression. © 2021 , These findings suggest that greater exposure to isradipine might slow disease progression., erm treatment with immediate-release isradipine did not slow the clinical progression of early-stage Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET.Primary Funding So, BACKGROUND: Recent examination of the STEADY-Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET III isradipine clinical trial data concluded that early-stage Parkinson Disease (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET) participants who had longer exposure to isradipine had a significant delay in their need for symptomatic medication, as well as a lower medication burden at the end of t, RESULTS: Isradipine exposures did not correlate with the primary clinical outcome, changes in the antiparkinson therapy-adjusted Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts I-III score over 36 months (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, rs : , These findings suggest that greater exposure to isradipine might slow disease progressio, Conclusion: Long-term treatment with immediate-release isradipine did not slow the clinical progression of early-stage P, However, in a recently completed phase 3 clinical trial, the dihydropyridine (DHP) LTCC inhibitor isradipine failed to slow disease progression in early Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET patients, questioning the feasibility of DHPs for Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET therapy., BACKGROUND: Recent examination of the STEADY-Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET III isradipine clinical trial data concluded that early-stage Parkinson Disease (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET) participants who had longer exposure to isradipine had a significant delay in their need for symptomatic medication, as well as a lower medication burden at the end o[SEP]Relations: Isradipine has relations: drug_effect with Hyperkinetic movements, drug_effect with Hyperkinetic movements, drug_drug with Prenalterol, drug_drug with Prenalterol. Parkinson disease has relations: contraindication with Etidocaine, contraindication with Etidocaine, contraindication with Articaine, contraindication with Articaine, contraindication with Epinephrine, contraindication with Epinephrine. Definitions: Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. dihydropyridine defined as following: partially saturated derivative of pyridine; binds to and inhibits the voltage-gated calcium channel of skeletal muscle T junctional membranes, the principle molecular transducer of excitation-contraction coupling.. isradipine defined as following: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.. Clinical Nurse Specialist - oncology defined as following: A clinical nurse specialist that provides a high level of supportive and therapeutic care to cancer patients and their families. The Clinical Nurse Specialist - oncology is an excellent resource for current trends in cancer care and therapies.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Have mutations in the ZEB2 gene been found in any human syndrome?", "id": "converted_983", "sentence1": "Have mutations in the ZEB2 Genes Genes been found in any human Book Syndrome?", "sentence2": "Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion of the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2 Genes Genes) Genes, Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome; Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man#235730) have characteristic facial features, a variety of congenital anomalies such as HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, and Intellectual Disability caused by Mutation Abnormality or Gene Deletion Abnormality of ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes., owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, Muckle-Wells Syndrome is caused by de novo heterozygous mutations in the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, The cause of Muckle-Wells Syndrome is a de novo Mutation Abnormality in the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, Muckle-Wells Syndrome have a heterozygous loss-of-function Mutation Abnormality in the zinc finger E-box protein 2 (ZEB2 Genes Genes) Genes, also called SLC9A3R2 Genes (Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2) and ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele,, human Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, we suggest that Gene Deletion Abnormality of ZEB2 Genes Genes, is responsible for most of the effects of the Mutation Abnormality, Gene Mutation at the hZeb2 locus cause Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome), Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome and a Mutation Abnormality in ZEB2 Genes Genes, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is caused by a heterozygous Mutation Abnormality or Gene Deletion Abnormality of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, The Book Syndrome is caused by mutations or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant intellectual disability Book Syndrome, single-copy ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes Gene Deletion Abnormality at 2q22.3 consistent with Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, confirmed by molecular analysis as a heterozygous Gene Deletion Abnormality of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes., Gene Deletion Abnormality encompassing ZEB2 Genes Genes, the Genes responsible for the Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Six patients had Gene Deletion in the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes analysis for Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) like appearance was noted. The disease is caused by Mutation Abnormality or Gene Deletion Abnormality of ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome; Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 Genes Genes Genes, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder with mental retardation and variable multiple Congenital Abnormality due to mutations of the ZEB2 Genes Genes (ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele) , Muckle-Wells Syndrome is caused by heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion in the Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 Genes, ZEB2 Genes Genes, previously called ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (SLC9A3R2 Genes), owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation complex caused by mutations in the Zinc Finger Homeobox 1 B Genes (ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele), the ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Genes, which is known to be involved in the Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, de novo heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion of the ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Genes located at 2q22, owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a recently delineated mental retardation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency)-multiple congenital anomaly Book Syndrome, FHX1B mutations in patients with Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Gene Mutation leading to haploinsufficiency of the ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Genes, Mutation Abnormality in the ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Genes associated with an atypical Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome phenotype, ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Mutation Abnormality associated with a mild Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Patients with zinc finger homeo box 1B (ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele) mutations or Gene Deletion develop multiple congenital anomalies including HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1, known as Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome), Heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion involving the Genes ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (previously SLC9A3R2 Genes) [Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man 605802] have recently been found to cause Muckle-Wells Syndrome, ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Gene Deletion, splice site or truncating mutations were detected in all 28 patients classified as typical Muckle-Wells Syndrome, Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome with Gene Deletion Abnormality/Mutation Abnormality in the zinc finger homeo box 1B Genes (ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele), mutations in the zinc finger homeo box 1B Genes, ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (SLC9A3R2 Genes), ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele Genes transcripts during Mus sp. and human development supports the various clinical manifestations of the \"Mowat-Wilson\" Book Syndrome, ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele mutations cause a complex developmental phenotype characterized by severe mental retardation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency) and multiple congenital defects, Mutation Abnormality of the zinc finger homeo box 1 B Genes in syndromic corpus callosum agenesis (Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Book Syndrome is the result of heterozygous Gene Deletion or truncating mutations of the ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (SLC9A3R2 Genes) Genes, Homo sapiens with Zfhx1b mutations (Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome, Book Syndrome occurs as a result of heterozygous mutations or Gene Deletion in the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 Genes, ZEB2 Genes Genes, previously called ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (SLC9A3R2 Genes), owat-Wilson Book Syndrome (Muckle-Wells Syndrome) is a recently delineated mental retardation;, Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome is a congenital Book Syndrome caused by a defect of the transcriptional repressor ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele (SLC9A3R2 Genes), Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome patients, and all siblings had the same E87X nonsense Mutation Abnormality in ZEB2 Genes Genes wt Allele[SEP]Relations: ZEB2 Genes has relations: disease_protein with Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome due to a ZEB2 Genes point Mutation Abnormality, disease_protein with Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome due to a ZEB2 Genes point Mutation Abnormality, protein_protein with SMAD2, protein_protein with SMAD2, anatomy_protein_present with blood, anatomy_protein_present with blood, anatomy_protein_present with brain, anatomy_protein_present with brain, anatomy_protein_present with embryo, anatomy_protein_present with embryo. Definitions: Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man defined as following: This database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere, and developed for the World Wide Web by NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The database contains textual information and references. It also contains copious links to MEDLINE and sequence records in the Entrez system, and links to additional related resources at NCBI and elsewhere.. 2q22 defined as following: A chromosome band present on 2q.. ZEB2 Genes wt Allele defined as following: Human ZEB2 Genes wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q22 and is approximately 132 kb in length. This allele, which encodes zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 protein, is involved in regulation of transcription. Gene Mutation in this Genes are associated with Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome.. ZEB2 Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in regulation of transcription.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2 defined as following: A transcription factor that consists of 8 CYS2-HIS2 ZINC FINGERS flanking a central HOMEOBOX. It binds to the 5'-CACCT-3' DNA sequence located within E-BOX ELEMENTS of many genes essential for embryonic growth and development and regulates their activity; it represses transcription of the E-CADHERIN Genes. Gene Mutation in the ZEB2 Genes Genes are associated with MOWAT-WILSON SYNDROME.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This Gene Deletion Abnormality may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a Gene Deletion Abnormality at one specific locus.. Congenital Abnormality defined as following: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.. Mowat-Wilson Book Syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant Book Syndrome caused by mutations in the ZEB2 Genes Genes. It is characterized by mental retardation, and a distinctive facial appearance (wide set eyes, uplifted earlobes, broad nasal bridge, prominent chin, and a smiling expression). The majority of patients have HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1 (colonic enlargement and constipation due to intestinal blockage).. Muckle-Wells Syndrome defined as following: An autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the NLRP3 Genes which encodes cryopyrin. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria and fever which develop in infancy. It may lead to sensorineural hearing loss and/or amyloidosis.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). Mitral Valve Insufficiency defined as following: Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Book Syndrome defined as following: Book Book Syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia Book Syndrome reported in a Swedish family (25 cases from 4 generations), and one isolated case. The Book Syndrome has characteristics of premolar aplasia, hyperhidrosis, and premature graying of the hair. Additional features reported in the isolated case include a narrow palate, hypoplastic nails, eyebrow anomalies, a unilateral simian crease, and poorly formed dermatoglyphics.. ZEB2 Genes Genes defined as following: This Genes is involved in regulation of transcription.. mutations defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does tremelimumab improve survival of mesothelioma patients?", "id": "converted_2876", "sentence1": "Does tremelimumab improve survival of mesothelioma patients?", "sentence2": "BACKGROUND: tremelimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, initially showed good activity when used alone in patients with mesothelioma, but did not improve the overall survival of patients who failed on first-line or second-line chemotherapy compared with placebo in the DETERMINE study. , INTERPRETATION: The combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab appeared active, with a good safety profile in patients with mesothelioma, warranting further exploration., Biological and clinical considerations rule out the use of tremelimumab as single agent for Millimole per Liter and, more generally, the use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Millimole per Liter is still largely questionable and not supported by evidences., At the data cutoff date (Jan 24, 2016), 307 (80%) of 382 patients had died in the tremelimumab group and 154 (81%) of 189 patients had died in the placebo group. Median overall survival in the intention-to-treat population did not differ between the treatment groups: 7·7 months (95% CI 6·8-8·9) in the tremelimumab group and 7·3 months (5·9-8·7) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·92 [95% CI 0·76-1·12], p=0·41). , INTERPRETATION: tremelimumab did not significantly prolong overall survival compared with placebo in patients with previously treated Malignant mesothelioma., BACKGROUND\ntremelimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, initially showed good activity when used alone in patients with mesothelioma, but did not improve the overall survival of patients who failed on first-line or second-line chemotherapy compared with placebo in the DETERMINE study., INTERPRETATION\ntremelimumab did not significantly prolong overall survival compared with placebo in patients with previously treated Malignant mesothelioma., Median overall survival in the intention-to-treat population did not differ between the treatment groups: 7·7 months (95% CI 6·8-8·9) in the tremelimumab group and 7·3 months (5·9-8·7) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·92 [95% CI 0·76-1·12], p=0·41)., BACKGROUND tremelimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, initially showed good activity when used alone in patients with mesothelioma, but did not improve the overall survival of patients who failed on first-line or second-line chemotherapy compared with placebo in the DETERMINE study., INTERPRETATION tremelimumab did not significantly prolong overall survival compared with placebo in patients with previously treated Malignant mesothelioma., Median overall survival in the intention-to-treat population did not differ between the treatment groups: 7·7 months (95% CI 6·8-8·9) in the tremelimumab group and 7·3 months (5·9-8·7) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·92 [95% CI 0·76-1·12], p=0·41). , BACKGROUND: tremelimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, initially showed good activity when used alone in patients with mesothelioma, but did not improve the overall survival of patients who failed on first-line or second-line chemotherapy compared with placebo in the DETERMINE study.[SEP]Relations: tremelimumab has relations: drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Cemiplimab, drug_drug with Canakinumab, drug_drug with Canakinumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Eculizumab, drug_drug with Lumiliximab, drug_drug with Lumiliximab. Definitions: Malignant mesothelioma defined as following: A type of mesothelioma with a tendency to metastasize. Most tumors originate from either the PLEURA or PERITONEUM, tumors may also originate in the PERICARDIUM or testicular tissue. It is associated with ASBESTOS exposure. Somatic mutations identified in WT1, BCL10, CDKN2A, NF2, and BAP1 genes are associated with the malignancy. OMIM: 156240.. Millimole per Liter defined as following: A unit of concentration (molarity unit) equal to one thousandth of a mole (10E-3 mole) of solute per one liter of solution.. tremelimumab defined as following: A human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the T-cell receptor protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). tremelimumab binds to CTLA4 and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 and B7-2 to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of B7-CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation; subsequently, B7-1 or B7-2 may interact with another T-cell surface receptor protein, CD28, resulting in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation unopposed by B7-CTLA4-mediated inhibition.. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors defined as following: An agent that inhibits any of the immune checkpoint inhibitory proteins.. durvalumab defined as following: A monoclonal antibody directed against B7H1 (B7 homolog 1; programmed cell death ligand 1) with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon intravenous administration, durvalumab binds to the cell surface antigen B7H1, thereby blocking B7H1 signaling. This may activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against B7H1-expressing tumor cells. B7H1, a member of the B7 protein superfamily and a negative regulator of cytokine synthesis, is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types.. tremelimumab defined as following: A human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the T-cell receptor protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). tremelimumab binds to CTLA4 and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 and B7-2 to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of B7-CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation; subsequently, B7-1 or B7-2 may interact with another T-cell surface receptor protein, CD28, resulting in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation unopposed by B7-CTLA4-mediated inhibition.. mesothelioma defined as following: A type of mesothelioma with a tendency to metastasize. Most tumors originate from either the PLEURA or PERITONEUM, tumors may also originate in the PERICARDIUM or testicular tissue. It is associated with ASBESTOS exposure. Somatic mutations identified in WT1, BCL10, CDKN2A, NF2, and BAP1 genes are associated with the malignancy. OMIM: 156240..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Have toll-like receptor 2 activators been found in food?", "id": "converted_3701", "sentence1": "Have toll-like receptor 2 activators been found in food?", "sentence2": "TLR2 wt Allele gene (TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele) is a widely expressed pattern recognition receptor critical for innate immunity. TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele is also a key regulator of mucosal immunity implicated in the development of allergic disease. TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele activators are found in many common Food,, TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele activators are found in many common Food, but the role of TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele in oral tolerance and Allergic sensitization to Food is not well understood., TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele activators are found in many common Food, but the role of TLR2 wt Allele wt Allele in oral tolerance and Allergic sensitization to Food is not well understood.[SEP]Relations: sensitization has relations: bioprocess_protein with DRD5, bioprocess_protein with DRD5, bioprocess_bioprocess with nonassociative learning, bioprocess_bioprocess with nonassociative learning. Definitions: TLR2 wt Allele defined as following: Human TLR2 wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 4q32 and is approximately 18 kb in length. This allele, which encodes toll-like receptor 2 protein, is involved in pathogen recognition, cytokine mediation and innate immunity.. Allergic sensitization defined as following: A process characterized by an initial humoral or cell-mediated immune response to a foreign antigen resulting in the production of specific antibodies and/or immune cells which may then lead to an allergic disposition.. TLR2 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in pathogen recognition and mediates the host response to gram-positive bacteria and yeast.. Food defined as following: Substances taken in by the body to provide nourishment..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is BNN20 involved in Parkinson's disease?", "id": "converted_3323", "sentence1": "Is BNN20 involved in Parkinson Disease?", "sentence2": "Nerve Growth Factors are among the most promising treatments aiming at slowing or stopping and even reversing Parkinson Disease (Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET). However, in most cases, they cannot readily cross the human blood-Head>Brain-barrier (BBB). Herein, we propose as a therapeutic for Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET the small molecule 17-beta-spiro-[5-androsten-17,2'-oxiran]-3beta-ol (BNN-20), a synthetic analogue of prasterone, which crosses the BBB and is deprived of endocrine side-effects. Using the \"weaver\" Mus sp., a genetic model of Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET, which exhibits progressive dopamine hydrochloride Nerve Degeneration in the Substantia nigra structure (SN), we have shown that long-term administration (P1-P21) of BNN-20 almost fully protected the Dopaminergic Neurons and their terminals, via i) a strong anti-apoptotic effect, probably mediated through the Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human) neurotrophin receptor's PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling pathway, ii) by exerting an efficient antioxidant effect, iii) by inducing significant anti-inflammatory activity and iv) by restoring Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels. By intercrossing \"weaver\" with NGL CASP14 gene (dual GFP/luciferase-NF-κΒ reporter CASP14 gene, NF-κΒ.GFP.Luc), we obtained Weaver/NGL CASP14 gene that express the NF-κB reporter in all Diploid Cell. Acute BNN-20 administration to Weaver/NGL CASP14 gene induced a strong NF-κB-dependent transcriptional response in the Head>Brain as detected by bioluminescence imaging, which was abolished by co-administration of the tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human inhibitor ANA-12. This indicates that BNN-20 exerts its beneficial action (at least in part) through the tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human-PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling pathway. These results could be of clinical relevance, as they suggest BNN-20 as an important neuroprotective agent acting through the tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human neurotrophin receptor pathway, mimicking the action of the endogenous neurotrophin Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Thus BNN-20 could be proposed for treatment of Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET.[SEP]Relations: Parkinson disease has relations: disease_protein with BST1, disease_protein with BST1, disease_protein with Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, disease_protein with Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, disease_protein with FBP1, disease_protein with FBP1, disease_protein with CNTNAP2, disease_protein with CNTNAP2, disease_protein with TBP, disease_protein with TBP. Definitions: Substantia nigra structure defined as following: The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.. tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human defined as following: Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/NT-3 growth factors receptor (822 aa, ~92 kDa) is encoded by the human NTRK2 gene. This protein plays a role in growth factor-dependent signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation and nervous system development.. Lugano Lymphoma Response Classification Progressive Disease by PET defined as following: A score of 4 or 5 on a 5-point PET scale with an increase in intensity of uptake from baseline and/or new FDG-avid foci consistent with lymphoma at interim or end of treatment assessment.. Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor defined as following: A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the Head>Brain Head>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and Dopaminergic Neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994). Nerve Degeneration defined as following: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.. Nerve Growth Factors defined as following: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.. Diploid Cell defined as following: Nucleated cell which has one or more diploid sets (46 pairs) of chromosomes.. prasterone defined as following: A synthetic form of dehydroepiandrosterone with potential chemopreventive activity. Produced endogenously, dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) is an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to androgens and estrogens. Although the mechanisms of action of exogenously administered prasterone have not been fully illuminated, they may result in both direct and indirect physiologic effects. Direct effects include GABA-a receptor complex and NMDA receptor modulation, and enhanced pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion and antiglucocorticoid activities. (NCI04). Dopaminergic Neurons defined as following: Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.. Parkinson Disease defined as following: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75). dopamine hydrochloride defined as following: The hydrochloride salt form of dopamine, a monoamine compound with positive inotropic activity. Dopamine is a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dehydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1-adrenergic receptors, dopamine increase heart rate and force, thereby increasing cardiac output. Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Stimulation of dopamine hydrochloride receptors in renal vasculature, leads to renal blood vessel dilation, and an increase in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, sodium excretion, and urine output..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is synapsin a phosphoprotein?", "id": "converted_1750", "sentence1": "Is synapsin a Phosphoproteins?", "sentence2": "Synapsins is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic Phosphoproteins., Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal Phosphoproteins participates in neuronal development, Synapsins III (SynIII) is a Phosphoproteins, The neuronal Phosphoproteins synapsin III, Synapsins II is a member of the neuronal Phosphoproteins family., Phosphoproteins synapsin[SEP]Relations: phosphoglycoprotein 1 has relations: disease_disease with Mendelian disease, disease_disease with Mendelian disease. neuronal tumor has relations: disease_disease with neuroepithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with neuroepithelial neoplasm, disease_disease with extraventricular neurocytoma, disease_disease with extraventricular neurocytoma, disease_disease with central neurocytoma, disease_disease with central neurocytoma, disease_disease with cerebellar liponeurocytoma, disease_disease with cerebellar liponeurocytoma. Definitions: Synapsins defined as following: A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsins I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II.. Phosphoproteins defined as following: Proteins that contain phosphate groups esterified to serine, threonine or tyrosine. The phosphate group usually regulates protein function.. synapsin defined as following: A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsins I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can Logic Alignment Free (LAF) be used for bacterial genomes classification?", "id": "converted_2463", "sentence1": "Can Logic Alignment Free (Interleukin-1) be used for Genome, Bacterial classification?", "sentence2": "Interleukin-1: Logic Alignment Free and its application to Genome, Bacterial classification., In this paper, we present Logic Alignment Free (Interleukin-1), a method that combines alignment-free techniques and rule-based classification algorithms in order to assign biological samples to their taxa. This method searches for a minimal subset of k-mers whose relative frequencies are used to build classification models as disjunctive-normal-form logic formulas (if-then rules). We apply Interleukin-1 successfully to the classification of Genome, Bacterial to their corresponding taxonomy. In particular, we succeed in obtaining reliable classification at different taxonomic levels by extracting a handful of rules, each one based on the frequency of just few k-mers. State of the art methods to adjust the frequency of k-mers to the character distribution of the underlying genomes have negligible impact on classification performance, suggesting that the signal of each class is strong and that Interleukin-1 is effective in identifying it., In this paper, we present Logic Alignment Free (Interleukin-1), a method that combines alignment-free techniques and rule-based classification algorithms in order to assign biological samples to their taxa., Interleukin-1: Logic Alignment Free and its application to Genome, Bacterial classification.[SEP]Relations: interleukin-1 binding has relations: molfunc_protein with NLRP7, molfunc_protein with NLRP7, molfunc_protein with TRIM16, molfunc_protein with TRIM16, molfunc_protein with HAX1, molfunc_protein with HAX1, molfunc_protein with A2M, molfunc_protein with A2M, molfunc_protein with IL1R1, molfunc_protein with IL1R1. Definitions: Interleukin-1 defined as following: A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.. Genome, Bacterial defined as following: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Bobble head doll syndrome associated with hydrocephalus?", "id": "converted_2781", "sentence1": "Is Bobble head doll syndrome associated with hydrocephalus?", "sentence2": "The first is a 14-year-old boy with BHDS associated with aqueductal obstruction and triventricular hydrocephalus secondary to a tectal tumor., Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a large suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts extending into the third ventricle, with Obstructive Hydrocephalus, characteristic of Bobble-head doll syndrome. , MRI Scan showed a large contrast-enhanced lesion in the region of the third ventricle along with gross hydrocephalus. , Bobble-head doll syndrome is usually associated with dilation of the third ventricle, but is rarely associated with posterior fossa disease.PATIENT: We describe an infant with fetal hydrocephalus and an Arachnoid Cysts of the posterior fossa., All the patients presented a No No psychomotor retardation due to an Obstructive Hydrocephalus. , Suprasellar arachnoid cysts can have varied presentations with signs and symptoms of Obstructive Hydrocephalus, Visual Impairment, endocrinal dysfunction, Gait Ataxia and rarely bobble-head doll movement., We present three cases with Bobble-head doll syndrome associated with a large suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts and Obstructive Hydrocephalus, which were treated with endoscopic cystoventriculocisternostomy and marsupialization of the Specimen Source Codes - Cyst.[SEP]Relations: Bobble-head doll syndrome has relations: disease_disease with syndromic disease, disease_disease with syndromic disease. Obstructive Hydrocephalus has relations: disease_disease with hydrocephalus, disease_disease with hydrocephalus, disease_protein with CRPPA, disease_protein with CRPPA, disease_protein with SIN3A, disease_protein with SIN3A. Arachnoid Specimen Source Codes - Cyst has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with hydrocephalus-costovertebral dysplasia-Sprengel anomaly syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with hydrocephalus-costovertebral dysplasia-Sprengel anomaly syndrome. Definitions: Arachnoid Cysts defined as following: Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115). Obstructive Hydrocephalus defined as following: An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain that occurs as a consequence of an obstruction at any location within the ventricular system that prevents cerebrospinal fluid flowing into the subarachnoid space.. Gait Ataxia defined as following: Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (WALKING) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. This condition may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES (including CEREBELLAR DISEASES and BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES); SPINAL CORD DISEASES; or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES.. suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts defined as following: An Arachnoid Cysts that progressively enlarges from an abnormality in the membrane of Liliequist or in the interpeduncular cistern, and typically, expands from the prepontine space, displacing the floor of the third ventricle upwards, the pituitary stalk and optic chiasm upwards and forwards, and the mammillary bodies upwards and backwards. [HPO:probinson, PMID:21586175]. Visual Impairment defined as following: Sight that is impaired.. hydrocephalus defined as following: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is apremilast effective for psoriasis?", "id": "converted_2149", "sentence1": "Is apremilast effective for Psoriasis?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSION: apremilast reduces the severity of nail/scalp Psoriasis., CONCLUSIONS: apremilast demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in Arthritis, Psoriatic and Psoriasis at week 16; sustained improvements were seen with continued treatment through 52 weeks., apremilast: A Novel Pharmacologic Substance for Treatment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis., In those that involved doses of 30 mg twice daily, a significantly greater percentage of patients receiving apremilast (28.8% to 40.9%) compared with placebo (5.3% to 5.8%) achieved at least 75% improvement from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score at 16 weeks., CONCLUSIONS: apremilast has a novel mechanism of action and is safe and effective for the management of Psoriasis and Arthritis, Psoriatic. At this time, apremilast should be reserved for patients unable to take disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs., apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (Phosphodiesterase Type 4) PPP1R1A gene, in patients with moderate to severe plaque Psoriasis: Results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (Efficacy and Safety Trial Evaluating the Effects of apremilast in Psoriasis [ESTEEM] 1)., More recently, three larger double-blinded, and randomized multicenter studies demonstrate that apremilast is efficacious in the treatment of Psoriasis and Prostate-Specific Antigen, with significantly higher numbers of apremilast-treated patients achieving endpoints of a 75% reduction compared to baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI-75) or American College of Rheumatology-20 scores, relative to placebo., No new significant adverse events emerged with continued apremilast exposure versus the placebo-controlled period.Data were limited to 52 weeks and may not generalize to nonplaque Psoriasis.apremilast was effective in moderate to severe plaque Psoriasis.Supernumerary mandibular right central primary incisor
. Hearing Loss, Partial defined as following: A condition in which a person partially loses the ability to hear sounds in one or both ears.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Gene Mutation may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Mutism defined as following: The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES or MENTAL DISORDERS. Organic Mutism may be associated with damage to the FRONTAL LOBE; BRAIN STEM; THALAMUS; and CEREBELLUM. Selective Mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to Mutism in psychosis. (From Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1994; 62(9):337-44). Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. Cochlear structure defined as following: The part of the Labyrinth (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.. DEAFNESS, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 4, WITH ENLARGED VESTIBULAR AQUEDUCT defined as following: An autosomal recessive condition caused by Mutation Abnormality(s) in one of several genes, most often SLC26A4 encoding pendrin. It is characterized by hearing loss and enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. Mutation(s) in the SLC26A4 gene also cause Pendred syndrome.. Pendred syndrome defined as following: A condition associated with reduced export of Iodides across the apical membrane of the follicular cells of the Neck>Thyroid gland that may progress to Hypothyroidism. Pendred syndrome is associated with an increased risk of Goiter and sensorineural hearing loss due to malformations of the Labyrinth (vestibular system). Inactivating mutations in the SLC26A4 gene encoding the pendrin transport protein are responsible for the condition..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "is intense physical activity associated with longevity ?", "id": "converted_296", "sentence1": "is intense physical activity associated with longevity ?", "sentence2": "We found a very significant increase in average longevity (17%) of the cyclists when compared with the general population. The age at which 50% of the general population died was 73.5 vs. 81.5 years in Tour de France participants. Our major finding is that repeated very intense exercise prolongs life span in well trained practitioners., Competitive exercise does not induce cardiac damage in individuals with healthy hearts, but does induce physiological functional and structural cardiac adaptations which have positive effects on life expectancy., Medallists lived an average of 2.8 years longer than controls. Medallists in eight of the nine country groups had a significant survival advantage compared with controls. Gold, Silver color, and bronze medallists each enjoyed similar sized survival advantages. Medallists in endurance sports and mixed sports had a larger survival advantage over controls at 30 years (1.13, 1.09 to 1.17; 1.11, 1.09 to 1.13) than that of medallists in power sports (1.05, 1.01 to 1.08). CONCLUSIONS: Olympic medallists live longer than the general population, irrespective of country, medal, or sport. This study was not designed to explain this effect, but possible explanations include genetic factors, physical activity, healthy lifestyle, and the wealth and status that come with international sporting glory., Long-term endurance training induces in elderly subjects an increased HRV and a higher exercise working capacity, which are well-established predictors of cardiovascular and overall mortality., Sports activity in adolescents and young adults was associated with an increased risk of SLC17A5 gene, both in males and females. Sports, per se, was not a cause of the enhanced mortality, but it triggered SLC17A5 gene in those athletes who were affected by cardiovascular conditions predisposing to life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia during physical exercise.[SEP]Relations: SLC17A5 has relations: molfunc_protein with transmembrane transporter activity, molfunc_protein with transmembrane transporter activity, molfunc_protein with carbohydrate:proton symporter activity, molfunc_protein with carbohydrate:proton symporter activity. Ventricular arrhythmia has relations: drug_effect with Ganciclovir, drug_effect with Ganciclovir, drug_effect with Sildenafil, drug_effect with Sildenafil. Silver has relations: drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin. Definitions: Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Sports defined as following: Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does xaliproden improve prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "id": "converted_3406", "sentence1": "Does xaliproden improve prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "sentence2": "Treatment for crampsThere is evidence (13 RCTs, N = 4012) that for the treatment of Muscle Cramp in MND, compared to placebo:- memantine and dronabinol (Thrombocytopenia 1) are probably ineffective (moderate-quality evidence);- Vitamin E Drug Class may have little or no effect (low-quality evidence); and- the effects of threonine, gabapentin, xaliproden, riluzole, and baclofen are uncertain as the evidence is either very low quality or the trial specified the outcome but did not report numerical data., The medications comprised Vitamin E Drug Class, baclofen, riluzole, threonine, xaliproden, indinavir, and memantine. Six studies assessed Muscle Cramp as an adverse event. The medications comprised creatine/creatinine/creatinine, gabapentin, dextromethorphan, quinidine, and Lithium antipsychotics. In all 20 studies no favourable effect for the treatment of Muscle Cramp in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/MND could be demonstrated, but many studies were underpowered to draw a definite conclusion., . The six months intent-to-treat analysis showed no statistically significant effect but a trend in favour of 2 mg xaliproden compared to placebo for reduction in the rate of deterioration of FVC, Limb structure functional score, and manual muscle testing score (Oculodigitoesophagoduodenal syndrome)., These results support the use of a staging process to select suitable patients for phase II studies, and suggest that xaliproden may have potential effects in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and deserve further study., An effect of xaliproden on functional parameters, especially VC, was noted. Although this effect did not reach statistical significance, xaliproden had a small effect on clinically noteworthy aspects of disease progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis., The six months intent-to-treat analysis showed no statistically significant effect but a trend in favour of 2 mg xaliproden compared to placebo for reduction in the rate of deterioration of FVC, Limb structure functional score, and manual muscle testing score (Oculodigitoesophagoduodenal syndrome)., An effect of xaliproden on functional parameters, especially VC, was noted., These results support the use of a staging process to select suitable patients for phase II studies, and suggest that xaliproden may have potential effects in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and deserve further study., The six months intent-to-treat analysis showed no statistically significant effect but a trend in favour of 2 mg xaliproden compared to placebo for reduction in the rate of deterioration of FVC, Limb structure functional score, and manual muscle testing score (Oculodigitoesophagoduodenal syndrome)., Although this effect did not reach statistical significance, xaliproden had a small effect on clinically noteworthy aspects of disease progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.[SEP]Relations: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Xerostomia, disease_phenotype_positive with Xerostomia, disease_phenotype_positive with Axonal degeneration, disease_phenotype_positive with Axonal degeneration, disease_phenotype_positive with Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts, disease_phenotype_positive with Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts, disease_phenotype_positive with Neurodegeneration, disease_phenotype_positive with Neurodegeneration, disease_protein with XIAP, disease_protein with XIAP. Definitions: Thrombocytopenia 1 defined as following: An X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by mutation(s) in the WAS gene, encoding Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, resulting in thrombocytopenia.. memantine defined as following: AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.. dronabinol defined as following: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-dronabinol (Thrombocytopenia 1) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. baclofen defined as following: A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.. Oculodigitoesophagoduodenal syndrome defined as following: A rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the MYCN oncogene. It is characterized by microcephaly, limb abnormalities, esophageal and/or duodenal atresia.. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis defined as following: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94). dextromethorphan defined as following: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. quinidine defined as following: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. threonine defined as following: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. Muscle Cramp defined as following: A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398). gabapentin defined as following: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. riluzole defined as following: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.. indinavir defined as following: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.. Limb structure defined as following: The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis defined as following: An inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, caused by mutation(s) in the SOD1 gene, encoding superoxide dismutase..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can CPX-351 be used for the treatment of tuberculosis?", "id": "converted_2860", "sentence1": "Can CPX-351 be used for the treatment of tuberculosis?", "sentence2": "CPX-351 is a novel liposomal formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin which has recently been FDA approved for treatment of RUNX1 gene (Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute).[SEP]Relations: acute promyelocytic leukemia has relations: disease_protein with TBL1XR1, disease_protein with TBL1XR1, disease_protein with ITGAX, disease_protein with ITGAX. Daunorubicin has relations: drug_drug with Baricitinib, drug_drug with Baricitinib, drug_drug with Novobiocin, drug_drug with Novobiocin. Cytarabine has relations: drug_drug with Baricitinib, drug_drug with Baricitinib. Definitions: Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute defined as following: Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.. cytarabine defined as following: A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472). RUNX1 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and cytogenetic aberrations are associated with several leukemias.. daunorubicin defined as following: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. tuberculosis defined as following: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Can adult humans be induced to produce fetal hemoglobin?", "id": "converted_1626", "sentence1": "Can adult humans be induced to produce fetal hemoglobin?", "sentence2": " At the time of birth, Fetal Hemoglobin accounts for approximately 70% of the total Hb. , whereas in the trace amounts of Fetal Hemoglobin that is found in the adult it reverses to 40:60 because of a gamma- to beta-globin gene switch, With the increased understanding and discovery of molecular regulators of Hemoglobin switching, such as B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11A, new avenues of research may lead ultimately to novel therapeutic, mechanism-based approaches to fetal Hemoglobin reactivation in patients., The data suggest that Recombinant Transforming Growth Factor-Beta reactivates A gamma-Globin expression, combined with a sequential stimulation and suppression of erythropoiesis. [SEP]Relations: Abnormal hemoglobin has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Reduced hemoglobin A, phenotype_phenotype with Reduced hemoglobin A, disease_phenotype_positive with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis, disease_phenotype_positive with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis, phenotype_phenotype with Methemoglobinemia, phenotype_phenotype with Methemoglobinemia, phenotype_phenotype with Imbalanced hemoglobin synthesis, phenotype_phenotype with Imbalanced hemoglobin synthesis, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Definitions: Recombinant Transforming Growth Factor-Beta defined as following: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (Recombinant Transforming Growth Factor-Beta) with proapoptotic and antineoplastic properties. Recombinant Transforming Growth Factor-Beta may suppress tumor cell growth by decreasing the expression of cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulatory protein, and downregulating the expression of the oncogene c-myc. This agent is also involved in T cell-mediated immunosuppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells, which permits cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. (NCI04). B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11A defined as following: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (835 aa, ~91 kDa) is encoded by the human B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 11A gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of both cell projection formation and lymphopoiesis.. A gamma-Globin defined as following: A type of A gamma-Globin encoded by the A gamma globin gene on CHROMOSOME 11.. Fetal Hemoglobin defined as following: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.. Hemoglobin defined as following: The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.. fetal hemoglobin defined as following: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.. humans defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Do proton pump inhibitors affect thyroxine absorption?", "id": "converted_711", "sentence1": "Do proton pump inhibitors affect Thyroxine measurement absorption?", "sentence2": "Proton-pump inhibitors, Antacids and a long list of drugs may decrease Thyroxine measurement absorption, Many commonly used drugs, such as Bile Acid [EPC] sequestrants, ferrous sulfate, sucralfate, calcium carbonate, aluminium-containing Antacids, phosphate binders, raloxifene and proton-pump inhibitors, have also been shown to interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine., pantoprazole did not influence endocrine function in healthy male volunteers during short-term treatment., PPIs should be added to the list of medications affecting the level of Thyroid Hormones in patients with Hypothyroidism treated with LT4 replacement. Patients with Hypothyroidism and normal Thyrotropin:-:Pt:Ser/Plas:- values during LT4 replacement therapy may need additional thyroid function testing after treatment with PPIs and may need adjustment of their LT4 dose.[SEP]Relations: pantoprazole has relations: drug_effect with Thrombophlebitis, drug_effect with Thrombophlebitis, drug_effect with Nocturia, drug_effect with Nocturia, drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia, drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia, drug_effect with Albuminuria, drug_effect with Albuminuria. Raloxifene has relations: drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia, drug_effect with Thrombocytopenia. Definitions: calcium carbonate defined as following: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. levothyroxine defined as following: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. sucralfate defined as following: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose.. raloxifene defined as following: A selective benzothiophene estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors (ER) as a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist; it displays both an ER-alpha-selective partial agonist/antagonist effect and a pure ER-beta-selective antagonist effect. This agent functions as an estrogen agonist in some tissues (bones, lipid metabolism) and as an estrogen antagonist in others (endometrium and breasts), with the potential for producing some of estrogen's beneficial effects without producing its adverse effects. (NCI04). Antacids defined as following: Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.. Thyroid Hormones defined as following: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.. pantoprazole defined as following: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. Hypothyroidism defined as following: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.. ferrous sulfate defined as following: A sulfate salt of mineral iron formulated for oral administration and used as a dietary supplement, ferrous sulfate is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and combines with apoferritin to form ferritin, which is stored in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and intestinal mucosa. Important in transport of oxygen by hemoglobin to the tissues, iron is also found in myoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin, and is a component of many enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and cytochromes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum always deadly?", "id": "converted_1765", "sentence1": "Is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum always deadly?", "sentence2": "animal allergen extracts treated with trace elements recovered. It appears that Intestinal Microbiome dysbiosis and trace element deficiency could explain the extensive emergence of chronic Poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin type B type B., The patient was treated with Homo sapiens botulism immune globulin and had rapid recovery in weakness. A stool sample from the patient was positive for Type A Clostridium botulinum toxin type B type B eventually confirming the diagnosis of infant botulism, The botulism immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M drug combination A, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M drug combination G, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M drug combination M drug combination was administered, and a diagnosis was confirmed with positive botulinum toxin type B type B in the stool samples. Full recovery was made by the infant, Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype B (BoNT/B) is one of the serotypes of BoNT that causes deadly Homo sapiens botulism, though it is used clinically for treatment of many neuromuscular diseases., Foodborne botulism is a rare and sometimes fatal Illness (finding) caused by consuming foods containing botulinum neurotoxin, To assess the effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin type B type B in treating MPS, excluding MPS in dendritic spine dendritic spine neck and Skeletal Muscle Tissue structure of head., Botulinum toxin (BTX) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known and its effectiveness in the treatment of some pain syndromes is well known., An emerging treatment option to address these issues is the use of a paralyzing material such as botulinum toxin type B type B A (Botox) to decrease the appearance of the Skin Wrinkling, which yields a more esthetic and youthful facial appearanc, lthough BoNT is an extremely toxic molecule, it is now increasingly used for the treatment of disorders related to Muscle Tissue Hyperactive behavior and glandular Hyperactive behavior.[SEP]Relations: Botulinum toxin type A has relations: drug_drug with Clorgiline, drug_drug with Clorgiline, drug_drug with Clidinium, drug_drug with Clidinium, drug_drug with Clobazam, drug_drug with Clobazam. Botulinum Toxin Type B has relations: drug_drug with Clorgiline, drug_drug with Clorgiline, drug_drug with Clorgiline, drug_drug with Clorgiline. Definitions: Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Intestinal Microbiome defined as following: The collection of microorganisms existing in the intestines of an organism.. Botox defined as following:Botox is a drug made from a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It's the same toxin that causes a life-threatening type of food poisoning called botulism. Doctors use it in small doses to treat health problems, including
Botox injections work by weakening or paralyzing certain muscles or by blocking certain nerves. The effects last about three to twelve months, depending on what you are treating. The most common side effects are pain, swelling, or bruising at the injection site. You could also have flu-like symptoms, headache, and upset stomach. Injections in the face may also cause temporary drooping eyelids. You should not use Botox if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
. Hyperactive behavior defined as following: Increased motor activity that is not goal directed.. Muscle Tissue defined as following: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.. Skeletal muscle structure of head defined as following: Muscle (organ) which is a part of the head. Examples: masseter, orbicularis oculi.. dendritic spine neck defined as following: Part of the dendritic spine that connects the dendritic shaft to the head of the dendritic spine. [GOC:nln]. Skin Wrinkling defined as following: A fold, ridge or crease of the skin.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. botulinum toxin type B A defined as following: An injectable formulation of a neurotoxin derived through the fermentation of the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum type A with neuromuscular transmission inhibitory and analgesic activities. Upon injection into the affected Muscle Tissue, the heavy chain portion of botulinum toxin type B type A (BTX-A) binds to the cell membrane of the motor nerve and is internalized via endocytosis. Upon entry, the light chain portion of the toxin is activated and cleaves the protein SNAP-25, thereby preventing the fusion of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane and, so, the release of ACh into the neuromuscular junction; subsequent binding of ACH to motor end-plate nicotinic acid receptors and ACh-mediated Muscle Tissue contraction are thus blocked. In addition to ACh, BTX-A may inhibit the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and glutamate, which may contribute to its analgesic activity.. toxin defined as following: A substance that is produced by a living organism and is toxic, noxious, or poisonous.. Clostridium botulinum defined as following: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type B type C which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans. It causes dissociation of ACTIN FILAMENTS..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are there any specific antidotes for dabigatran?", "id": "converted_1071", "sentence1": "Are there any specific antidotes for dabigatran?", "sentence2": "Novel Oral Route of Drug administration ANTICOAGULANTS AND COAGULANTS (NOACs)--apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban--have a significantly smaller risk of Cerebral Hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGE, INTRACEREBRAL, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO). However, two facts make this situation complicated: First, the risk of Hematoma expansion is unknown for NOACs. Second, there is no specific antidote for neither of the NOACs. , However, many physicians are wary of these drugs, since there is limited evidence on how to manage Hemorrhage in patients taking them, and since no specific antidote is known to reverse their anticoagulant effect., Given the absence of a specific antidote, the action to be taken in these situations must be defined. , The fact that there is no specific antidote to reverse the anticoagulant action of the new ANTICOAGULANTS AND COAGULANTS can impair management of hemorrhagic complications;, Unlike the vitamin K antagonist, i.e. warfarin, there is no specific antidote for these medications. , The lack of guidelines, protocols, and an established specific antidote to reverse the anticoagulation effect of dabigatran potentially increases the rates of morbidity and mortality in patients with closed head injury (Greek letter chi)., The novel Oral Route of Drug administration ANTICOAGULANTS AND COAGULANTS (Direct Oral Anticoagulant) dabigatran etexilat (Pradaxa®), rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) and apixaban (Eliquis®), also known as \"direct\" ANTICOAGULANTS AND COAGULANTS, act independently from Therapeutic Human Antithrombin-III by inhibiting Thrombin Time Test Device, as in the case of dabigatran, or by inhibiting factor Xa, as in the case of rivaroxaban and apixaban. It is assumed that they are suitable for long-term use and do not require laboratory monitoring. Nevertheless, clinical experience is very limited and caution rather than quick conclusions is necessary. Two major drawbacks are on the one hand the risk of Pharmacologic Substance accumulation in Both kidneys and/or Hepatobiliary Disorder and, on the other hand, the lack of specific antidotes. , NOA also have other unresolved problems: Pharmacologic Substance interactions are still possible, specific coagulation test to assess them must be developed, and no specific antidote is currently available in case of hemorrhagic complication., It is critical to identify and subsequently manage dabigatran etexilate toxicity because there is no specific antidote to reverse the Pharmacologic Substance's anticoagulant effects., In the absence of a specific antidote for this novel Oral Route of Drug administration anticoagulant medication, even in an emergency situation, successful surgical treatment was possible with an aggressive use of available prohaemostatic agents., While these trial data are extremely encouraging, several practical issues (e.g., lack of specific antidote, safety of long-term treatment or cost-effectiveness in \"real-life\" clinical practice) still need to be elucidated., In case of massive Hemorrhage, management is unclear and none of these newer agents has a specific antidote that completely reverses its anticoagulant effect., The short half-life of these new agents compensates for the lack of any specific antidote in many instances. , As there is no specific antidote, the only treatment option is discontinuation of the Pharmacologic Substance and supportive management., Currently, none of these new agents has a specific antidote, and little advise can be given on how to manage a major Hemorrhage event., Although there is no specific antidote to antagonise the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran, due to its short duration of effect Pharmacologic Substance discontinuation is usually sufficient to reverse any excessive anticoagulant activity. [SEP]Relations: Dabigatran has relations: drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Argatroban, drug_drug with Argatroban, drug_drug with Flunixin, drug_drug with Flunixin, drug_drug with Decitabine, drug_drug with Decitabine, drug_drug with Dactinomycin, drug_drug with Dactinomycin. Definitions: Hematoma defined as following: A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.. warfarin defined as following: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. Pharmacologic Substance defined as following: Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances.. rivaroxaban defined as following: An orally bioavailable oxazolidinone derivative and direct inhibitor of the coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Upon Oral Route of Drug administration administration, rivaroxaban selectively binds to both free factor Xa and factor Xa bound in the prothrombinase complex. This interferes with the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to Thrombin Time Test Device and eventually prevents the formation of cross-linked fibrin clots. Rivaroxaban does not affect existing Thrombin Time Test Device levels.. Therapeutic Human Antithrombin-III defined as following: A form of the human glycoprotein Therapeutic Human Antithrombin-III-III (AT-III), which is produced recombinantly or isolated from human plasma, with anticoagulant activity. Upon administration, Therapeutic Human Antithrombin-III-III binds to and blocks Thrombin Time Test Device activity, and prevents thrombus formation.. Thrombin Time Test Device defined as following: A Thrombin Time Test Device time test is a device used to measure fibrinogen concentration and detect fibrin or fibrinogen split products for the evaluation of Hemorrhage disorders.. Hepatobiliary Disorder defined as following: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.. Oral Route of Drug administration defined as following: The introduction of a substance to the mouth or into the gastrointestinal tract by the way of the mouth, usually for systemic action. It is the most common, convenient, and usually the safest and least expensive route of Pharmacologic Substance administration, but it uses the most complicated pathway to the tissues and bioavailability varies. The disadvantages of method are hepatic first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation of the Pharmacologic Substance within the gastrointestinal tract. This prohibits Oral Route of Drug administration administration of certain classes of drugs especially peptides and proteins.. apixaban defined as following: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Apixaban directly inhibits factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to Thrombin Time Test Device and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots.. dabigatran defined as following: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. Cerebral Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.. Hemorrhage defined as following: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.. Direct Oral Anticoagulant defined as following: An agent taken orally to prevent blood clot formation by directly inhibiting certain coagulation factors including Thrombin Time Test Device (factor IIa) or factor Xa..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are conserved noncoding elements associated with developmental genes?", "id": "converted_809", "sentence1": "Are conserved noncoding elements associated with Genes, Developmental?", "sentence2": "Some characteristics of CNEs include their high frequency in mammalian genomes, their potential regulatory role in Genes expression, and their enrichment in Genes deserts nearby master Genes, Developmental, we review recent findings that disruptions of CNEs, within or at long distance from the coding sequences of key genes involved in SLC12A3 Genes development, result in neurocristopathies via the alteration of tissue- or stage-specific long-distance regulation of Genes expression, Genomic regulatory blocks are chromosomal regions spanned by long clusters of highly conserved noncoding elements devoted to long-range regulation of Genes, Developmental, Analysis of CNEs, at least some of which are candidate regulatory elements, suggests that ancestral CNEs partitioned between Genes duplicates. These results help explain the evolutionary pathways by which the developmentally important family of FgfD molecules arose and the deduced principles that guided FgfD evolution are likely applicable to the evolution of developmental regulation in many Vertebrates multigene families, Pan-Vertebrates developmental cis-regulatory elements are discernible as highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) and are often dispersed over large areas around the Pleiotropic Gene whose expression they control. On the loci of two developmental transcription factor genes, SOX3 gene Genes and PAX6 gene Genes, we demonstrate that HCNEs conserved between Homo sapiens and Zebrafish can be systematically and reliably tested for their regulatory function in multiple stable Transgenes in Zebrafish, and their genomic reach estimated with confidence using synteny Conservation and HCNE density along these loci. HCNEs of both Homo sapiens and Zebrafish function as specific developmental enhancers in Zebrafish, We show that Homo sapiens HCNEs result in expression patterns in Zebrafish equivalent to those in Mus sp., establishing Zebrafish as a suitable model for large-scale testing of Homo sapiens developmental enhancers, HCNEs from the same area often drive overlapping patterns, suggesting that multiple regulatory inputs are required to achieve robust and precise complex expression patterns exhibited by Genes, Developmental, Organization of conserved elements near key developmental regulators in Vertebrates genomes, Further positional analysis of these conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in the Genome - anatomical entity demonstrates that they cluster around genes involved in developmental regulation, Ancora: a web resource for exploring highly conserved noncoding elements and their association with developmental regulatory genes, Metazoan genomes contain arrays of highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) that span developmental regulatory genes and define regulatory domains, The most highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) in mammalian genomes cluster within regions enriched for genes encoding developmentally important TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (TFs). This suggests that HCNE-rich regions may contain key regulatory controls involved in development, We found the largest mammal-teleost conserved chromosomal segments to be spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and functionally unrelated \"bystander\" genes., Ancora: a web resource for exploring highly conserved noncoding elements and their association with developmental regulatory genes., Pan-Vertebrates developmental cis-regulatory elements are discernible as highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) and are often dispersed over large areas around the Pleiotropic Gene whose expression they control., Metazoan genomes contain arrays of highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) that span developmental regulatory genes and define regulatory domains., Further positional analysis of these conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in the Genome - anatomical entity demonstrates that they cluster around genes involved in developmental regulation., The most highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) in mammalian genomes cluster within regions enriched for genes encoding developmentally important TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (TFs)., Disruption of long-distance highly conserved noncoding elements in neurocristopathies., Fish-mammal genomic comparisons have proved powerful in identifying conserved noncoding elements likely to be cis-regulatory in nature, and the majority of those tested in vivo have been shown to act as tissue-specific enhancers associated with genes involved in transcriptional regulation of development., Despite this, attempts at unearthing Genome - anatomical entity-wide regulatory elements conserved throughout the Vertebrates lineage using BLAST-like approaches have thus far detected noncoding Conservation in only a few hundred genes, mostly associated with regulation of transcription and development., Further positional analysis of these conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in the Genome - anatomical entity demonstrates that they cluster around genes involved in developmental regulation., We found the largest mammal-teleost conserved chromosomal segments to be spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and functionally unrelated \"bystander\" genes., Organization of conserved elements near key developmental regulators in Vertebrates genomes., Pan-Vertebrates developmental cis-regulatory elements are discernible as highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) and are often dispersed over large areas around the Pleiotropic Gene whose expression they control[SEP]Relations: transcription factor binding has relations: molfunc_protein with PARK7, molfunc_protein with PARK7, molfunc_protein with ARNT, molfunc_protein with ARNT, molfunc_protein with HOXA7, molfunc_protein with HOXA7, molfunc_protein with CEBPG, molfunc_protein with CEBPG. SLC12A3 has relations: anatomy_protein_absent with decidua, anatomy_protein_absent with decidua. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. PAX6 gene defined as following: This Genes plays a role in transcriptional regulation.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Pleiotropic Gene defined as following: A single Genes that influences several distinct and seemly unrelated phenotypic outcomes.. Conservation defined as following: The maintenance of certain characteristics in an unchanged condition.. SOX3 gene defined as following: This Genes is involved in neuronal differentiation.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Zebrafish defined as following: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.. Transgenes defined as following: Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR defined as following: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.. Genes, Developmental defined as following: Genes that determine the fate of a cell or CELLS in a region of the embryo during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.. Vertebrates defined as following: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has AZD9668 been tested in clinical trials?", "id": "converted_4075", "sentence1": "Has AZD9668 been tested in clinical trials?", "sentence2": "Efficacy, safety and tolerability of AZD9668 (5, 20 and 60 mg bid) were compared with placebo in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week, Phase IIb trial (NCT00949975: approved by an Investigational Review Board), in patients with symptomatic COPD receiving maintenance tiotropium. , A randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of AZD9668, an oral inhibitor of Neutrophil Elastase, human, in patients with Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease treated with tiotropium.[SEP]Relations: Tiotropium has relations: drug_drug with AZD-3043, drug_drug with AZD-3043, drug_drug with APD791, drug_drug with APD791, drug_drug with Azelaic acid, drug_drug with Azelaic acid, drug_drug with Azacitidine, drug_drug with Azacitidine, drug_drug with Azaperone, drug_drug with Azaperone. Definitions: Neutrophil Elastase, human defined as following: Neutrophil elastase (267 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human ELANE gene. This protein plays a role in innate host defense and tissue remodeling.. Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease defined as following: A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can radiosurgery be used for the DNET tumors?", "id": "converted_3978", "sentence1": "Can radiosurgery be used for the DNET tumors?", "sentence2": "Salvage gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors: Long-term outcome in a single-institution case series., BACKGROUND: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor (DNT/DNET) are rare epileptogenic tumors. Microsurgery remains the best treatment option, although case reports exist on the use of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in selected cases. We investigated the long-term outcome of GKRS-treated DNTs at our institution in the context of current diagnostic and treatment options., Long-term seizure control was obtained after GKRS of two separate residual DNT components along the surgical margin (2005 and 2010). A 27-year-old male undergoing gross total resection of the contrast-enhancing portion of a DNT (1999) resulted in temporary control of intractable Epilepsy despite Automated External Defibrillators; lasting clinical control of Seizures was achieved in 2002 after GKRS of a small, recurrent DNT component. A 28-year-old male underwent STR (short terminal repeat, nucleic acid) (short terminal repeat, nucleic acid) of DNT (1994 and 2004) resulting in temporary control of intractable Epilepsy. Lasting seizure control was gained after GKRS of a residual Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor (2005).CONCLUSION: GKRS as performed in our series was effective in terms of Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor and seizure control., Prospective studies are warranted to establish the role of GKRS in the treatment of DNTs., Two rare cases of intractable Epilepsy caused by Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumours (DNET) are reported and their different management discussed. The first case required vagal nerve stimulation and radiosurgery while the later was operated with the help of neuronavigation. , Salvage gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors: Long-term outcome in a single-institution case series[SEP]Relations: Epilepsy has relations: contraindication with Foscarnet, contraindication with Foscarnet, contraindication with Dyclonine, contraindication with Dyclonine, contraindication with Desonide, contraindication with Desonide, contraindication with Triprolidine, contraindication with Triprolidine. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial Specimen Source Codes - tumor has relations: phenotype_phenotype with Neuronal/glioneuronal neoplasm of the central nervous system, phenotype_phenotype with Neuronal/glioneuronal neoplasm of the central nervous system. Definitions: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial Specimen Source Codes - tumor defined as following: A benign glial-neuronal neoplasm. It is usually supratentorial, located in the cortex. It occurs in children and young adults with a long-standing history of partial Seizures. A histologic hallmark of this Specimen Source Codes - tumor is the 'specific glioneuronal element', characterized by columns, made up of bundles of axons, oriented perpendicularly to the cortical surface. (Adapted from WHO). Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". Automated External Defibrillators defined as following: An arrhythmia detector and alarm is a system that monitors the electrocardiogram and is designed to produce a visible or audible signal or alarm when an atrial or ventricular arrhythmia, such as a premature contraction or ventricular fibrillation, exists.. Epilepsy defined as following: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal Epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is there evidence for somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis?", "id": "converted_1122", "sentence1": "Is there evidence for somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis?", "sentence2": "There are several case reports of solitary SEGA without any other manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis. Usually these cases are thought to be forme fruste of Tuberous Sclerosis due to somatic mosaicism., Female germline mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis confirmed by molecular genetic analysis, This is the first case of germline mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis proven by molecular genetic analysis and also the first example of female germline mosaicism for a characterized Autosome dominant TAF1 Gene Mutation apparently not associated with somatic mosaicism., Mutation screening by RT-PCR and direct sequencing of the TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) gene identified a 4 bp insertion bis(tetraheptylammonium)tetraiodocyclopentane tellurate(IV) following Nucleotides 2077 in exon 18 which was present in the three affected children but not in five unaffected siblings or the parents. This Mutation Abnormality would cause a Frameshift Mutation function and premature termination at codon 703. Absence of the Mutation Abnormality in lymphocyte DNA from the parents was consistent with germline mosaicism and this was confirmed by our finding of identical chromosome 16 Haplotypes in affected and unaffected siblings, providing unequivocal evidence of two different Cultured Cell Line in the gametes. Molecular analysis of the TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) alleles present in the affected subjects showed that the Mutation Abnormality had been inherited from the mother.[SEP]Relations: tuberous sclerosis has relations: disease_protein with SOD2, disease_protein with SOD2, disease_protein with SOD2, disease_protein with SOD2, disease_protein with SOD1, disease_protein with SOD1, disease_protein with SOD1, disease_protein with SOD1, disease_phenotype_positive with Behavioral abnormality, disease_phenotype_positive with Behavioral abnormality. Definitions: TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) defined as following: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 16p13.3 (TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) gene).. Tuberous Sclerosis defined as following: Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 (disorder) gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in signal transduction and cell cycle control. It is involved in cell adhesion, differentiation, growth and migration.. TAF1 Gene Mutation defined as following: A change in the Nucleotides sequence of the TAF1 gene.. Cultured Cell Line defined as following: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Haplotypes defined as following: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.. Nucleotides defined as following: The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Frameshift Mutation function defined as following: A type of Mutation Abnormality in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the Mutation Abnormality. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.. Autosome defined as following: Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]. Tuberous Sclerosis defined as following: This gene is involved in cell cycle regulation and the loss of cellular adhesion.. somatic mosaicism defined as following: The presence of genetically distinct populations of somatic cells in a given organism caused by DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations of DNA, chromosomal abnormalities or the spontaneous reversion of inherited mutations. [HPO:probinson, PMID:12360233].", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can doxycycline cause photosensitivity?", "id": "converted_2527", "sentence1": "Can doxycycline cause Photosensitivity of skin?", "sentence2": "Phototoxicity of Doxycycline: A Systematic Review on Clinical Manifestations, Frequency, chemical cofactor, and Prevention., BACKGROUND: One of the most important dermatologic side effects of doxycycline is Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code. , While there are many publications on the phototoxicity of Tetracycline Antibiotics in general, only a few exist focusing on doxycycline. , Clinical symptoms vary from light sunburn-like sensation (burning, Erythema) to large-area photodermatitis. , CONCLUSION: Evidence base must be improved for giving advice on appropriate prevention measures to travelers taking doxycycline and having a risk of significant sun exposure., Based on the available evidence, our best estimates of absolute effect for mefloquine versus doxycyline were: 2% versus 2% for discontinuation, 12% versus 3% for Insomnia homeopathic medication, 31% versus 3% for abnormal dreams, 18% versus 1% for Anxiety Disorders, 11% versus 1% for Depressed mood, 4% versus 14% for Dyspepsia, 2% versus 19% for Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code, 1% versus 5% for Vomiting, and 2% versus 16% for Candidiasis of vagina., Many drugs are responsible for this phototoxic reaction, especially Tetracycline Antibiotics, Psoralens, Chloramphenicol Drug Class, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Fluoroquinolone antiinfectives, ophthalmologic, and, rarely, doxycycline. , OBJECTIVES: Many patients undergoing long-term doxycycline treatment do not regularly take their treatment because of Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code., Modulation of Melanogenesis and Antioxidant Status of melanocyte in Response to Phototoxic Action of Doxycycline., Doxycycline is a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic showing the broad spectrum of antibacterial action. However, the use of this antibiotic is often connected with the risk of phototoxic reactions that lead to various Skin Specimen Source Code disorders., The results obtained in vitro may explain the mechanisms of phototoxic reactions that occur in normal human epidermal melanocytes in vivo after exposure of Skin Specimen Source Code to doxycycline and UVA radiation., Treatment with doxycycline is cheap and relatively safe, but No gastrointestinal symptom and Photosensitivity of Skin Specimen Source Code reactions can be expected more often than with ceftriaxone.Supernumerary mandibular left lateral primary incisor
. Dyspnea defined as following: Difficult or labored breathing.. IGA Glomerulonephritis defined as following: A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.. Oliguria defined as following: Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.. Hypoalbuminemia defined as following: A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome defined as following: A form of nephrotic syndrome that does not respond to treatment with steroid medication, defined as persistent Proteinuria despite 60mg/m2 or 2mg/kg for 8 weeks, after insuring no Communicable Diseases or non-adherence to medication. [Eurenomics:ewuehl, ORCID:0000-0002-2234-4248, PMID:29910038]. Proteinuria defined as following: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.. Kidney Failure defined as following: A severe irreversible decline in the ability of Both kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.. Pituitary Gland defined as following: A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.. Eye defined as following: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.. AA amyloidosis defined as following: Extracellular tissue deposition of fibrils that are composed of fragments of and/or intact serum amyloid A protein, a hepatic acute phase reactant. [ORCID:0000-0003-3411-9598, PMID:29261990]. Abdominal Pain defined as following: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Hypertensive disease defined as following: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), Hypertensive disease is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.. Hypercholesterolemia result defined as following: A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood.. Nephrotic Syndrome defined as following: A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.. Diabetic Retinopathy defined as following: Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.. Hyperlipoproteinemias defined as following: Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.. Hyperlipidemia defined as following: Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.. nephrotic syndrome defined as following: A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is zolpidem an antibiotic?", "id": "converted_1215", "sentence1": "Is zolpidem an antibiotic?", "sentence2": "Zolpidem is a short-acting imidazopyridine hypnotic drug that is metabolized mainly by taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase activity., FGIN-1-27 and alpidem, like the neurosteroid 3 alpha,21-dehydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane-20-one (tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone), clonazepam and zolpidem (the direct allosteric modulators of GABA Receptor) delay the onset of isoniazid and metrazol-induced convulsions., olpidem is a new, short-acting hypnotic of imidazopyridine structure which binds selectively to a subpopulation of receptors involved in the action of Benzodiazepines [omega 1 (BZ1) sites of the GABA Receptor], lpidem is a new, short-acting hypnotic of imidazopyridine structure which binds selectively to a subpopulation of receptors involved in the action of Benzodiazepines [omega 1 (BZ1) sites of the GABA Receptor], In contrast, after repeated treatment with zolpidem, there was no change in its ability to produce sedative and anticonvulsant effects., Zolpidem, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. I. Neuropharmacological and behavioral effects., Zolpidem [N,N,6-trimethyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-acetamide hemitartrate] is reported to be a rapid onset, short duration hypnotic that interacts at the Benzodiazepine [EPC] recognition site., The imidazopyridine zolpidem is a short-acting hypnotic chemically distinct from Benzodiazepines (Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple)., According to its peculiar neuropharmacologic activity (selectivity for the omega 1-BZ receptors), zolpidem is expected to be a pure hypnotic, without the other effects of Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple.[SEP]Relations: Zolpidem has relations: drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Diacerein, drug_drug with Diacerein, drug_drug with Zotepine, drug_drug with Zotepine, drug_drug with Vitamin E, drug_drug with Vitamin E, drug_drug with Medazepam, drug_drug with Medazepam. Definitions: taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reactions: taurochenodeoxycholate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = taurohyocholate + NADP+ + H2O, and lithocholate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = hyodeoxycholate + NADP+ + H2O. [RHEA:23644]. GABA Receptor defined as following: Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to Benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.. zolpidem defined as following: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple defined as following: A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.. Benzodiazepines defined as following: A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.. clonazepam defined as following: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. isoniazid defined as following: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the HRC Ser96Ala variant associated with sudden cardiac death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?", "id": "converted_1466", "sentence1": "Is the HRC Ser96Ala Variant associated with sudden cardiac death in patients with Cardiomyopathy, Dilated?", "sentence2": "The Ser96Ala genetic Variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia in idiopathic 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate and may serve as an independent predictor of susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis in the setting of 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate., The Ser96Ala (S96A) mutation within the histidine rich Ca(2+) binding protein (HRC) has recently been linked to Cardiac Arrhythmia in Idiopathic dilation cardiomyopathy patients, potentially attributable to an increase in spontaneous Ca(2+) release events., A Homo sapiens genetic Variant (Ser96Ala) in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding (HRC) protein has been linked to Ventricular Arrhythmia by ECG Finding and Sudden death in Cardiomyopathy, Dilated., The histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) Ser96Ala Genetic Polymorphism was shown to correlate with Ventricular arrhythmia and Sudden death only in Cardiomyopathy, Dilated patients but not in healthy Homo sapiens carriers., HRC has been linked with familiar cardiac conduction disease and an HRC Genetic Polymorphism was shown to associate with malignant Ventricular arrhythmia in the background of Idiopathic dilation cardiomyopathy., A Homo sapiens genetic Variant (Ser96Ala) in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding (HRC) protein has been linked to Ventricular Arrhythmia by ECG Finding and Sudden death in Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, The Ser96Ala genetic Variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia in idiopathic 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate and may serve as an independent predictor of susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis in the setting of 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate., The histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) Ser96Ala Genetic Polymorphism was shown to correlate with Ventricular arrhythmia and Sudden death only in Cardiomyopathy, Dilated patients but not in healthy Homo sapiens carriers, The Ser96Ala Variant in HRC gene is associated with life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia in Idiopathic dilation cardiomyopathy., These findings indicate that the HRC Ser96Ala Variant increases the propensity of arrhythmogenic Ca(2+) waves in the stressed failing Chest>Heart, suggesting a link between this genetic Variant and life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia in Homo sapiens carriers.[SEP]Relations: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac death, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden cardiac death, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden death, disease_phenotype_positive with Sudden death, disease_protein with SLC22A5, disease_protein with SLC22A5, disease_protein with ABCC9, disease_protein with ABCC9. Sudden death has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, disease_phenotype_positive with Cardiomyopathy, Dilated. Definitions: Ventricular Arrhythmia by ECG Finding defined as following: An electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum defined as following: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.. Cardiomyopathy, Dilated defined as following: Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by dilation and contractile dysfunction of the left and right ventricles. It may be idiopathic, or it may result from a myocardial infarction, myocardial infection, or alcohol abuse. It is a cause of congestive Chest>Heart failure.. Genetic Polymorphism defined as following: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the Chest>Heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. Sudden death defined as following: The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.. 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate defined as following: A chlorinated methotrexate derivative. Dichloromethotrexate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylates and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent is metabolized and excreted by the liver. (NCI04). sudden cardiac death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing Chest>Heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005).", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Does clinical trial data support the use of minocycline for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "id": "converted_3371", "sentence1": "Does clinical trial data support the use of minocycline for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?", "sentence2": "Two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled feasibility trials of minocycline in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis were conducted. , This pilot study shows that minocycline and riluzole can be taken safely together. Further trials are needed to assess efficacy of such treatment., It reduces apoptosis in mouse models of Huntington's disease and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and is in clinical trial for sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis., Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial., FINDINGS: ALSFRS-R score deterioration was faster in the minocycline group than in the placebo group (-1.30 vs -1.04 units/month, 95% CI for difference -0.44 to -0.08; p=0.005). Patients on minocycline also had non-significant tendencies towards faster decline in FVC (-3.48 vs -3.01, -1.03 to 0.11; p=0.11) and MMT score (-0.30 vs -0.26, -0.08 to 0.01; p=0.11), and greater mortality during the 9-month treatment phase (hazard ratio=1.32, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.10; p=0.23) than did patients on placebo. Quality-of-life scores did not differ between the treatment groups. , INTERPRETATION: Our finding that minocycline has a harmful effect on patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis has implications for trials of minocycline in patients with other nervous system disorder, and for how potential neuroprotective agents are screened for use in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis., A recent publication of the results of a clinical trial of minocycline in 412 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient has aroused considerable controversy in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis scientific community. As on previous occasions, the results obtained in the laboratory are not reproduced in clinical practice., A recent publication of the results of a clinical trial of minocycline in 412 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient has aroused considerable controversy in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis scientific community., INTERPRETATION\n\nOur finding that minocycline has a harmful effect on patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis has implications for trials of minocycline in patients with other nervous system disorder, and for how potential neuroprotective agents are screened for use in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis., A recent publication of the results of a clinical trial of minocycline in 412 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient has aroused considerable controversy in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis scientific community, A recent publication of the results of a clinical trial of minocycline in 412 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patient has aroused considerable controversy in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis scientific community., Our finding that minocycline has a harmful effect on patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis has implications for trials of minocycline in patients with other nervous system disorder, and for how potential neuroprotective agents are screened for use in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis., Patients on minocycline also had non-significant tendencies towards faster decline in FVC (-3.48 vs -3.01, -1.03 to 0.11; p=0.11) and MMT score (-0.30 vs -0.26, -0.08 to 0.01; p=0.11), and greater mortality during the 9-month treatment phase (hazard ratio=1.32, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.10; p=0.23) than did patients on placebo.[SEP]Relations: Minocycline has relations: drug_drug with Metacycline, drug_drug with Metacycline, drug_drug with Doxycycline, drug_drug with Doxycycline, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Hypericin, drug_drug with Diphenadione, drug_drug with Diphenadione, drug_drug with Maprotiline, drug_drug with Maprotiline. Definitions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis defined as following: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94). nervous system disorder defined as following: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.. riluzole defined as following: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.. minocycline defined as following: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis defined as following: An inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, caused by mutation(s) in the SOD1 gene, encoding superoxide dismutase..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do de novo truncating mutations in WASF1 cause cancer?", "id": "converted_3284", "sentence1": "Do de novo truncating mutations in WASF1 gene cause cancer?", "sentence2": "De Novo Truncating Gene Mutation in WASF1 gene gene Cause Intellectual Disability with Seizures., Here, using exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing, we identified three de novo truncating mutations in WASF2 gene (WASF1 gene gene) in five unrelated individuals with moderate to profound Intellectual Disability with autistic features and Seizures. WASF1 gene gene, also known as WAVE1, is part of the SCAR complex and acts as a mediator between Rac-GTPase and actin to induce actin polymerization. The three mutations connected by Matchmaker Exchange were c.1516C>T (p.Arg506Ter), which occurs in three unrelated individuals, c.1558C>T (p.Gln520Ter), and c.1482delinsGCCAGG (p.Ile494MetfsTer23). All three Variant are predicted to partially or fully disrupt the C-terminal actin-binding WCA domain. Functional studies using Fibroblasts from two affected individuals with the c.1516C>T mutation showed a truncated WASF1 gene gene and a defect in actin remodeling. This study provides evidence that de novo heterozygous mutations in WASF1 gene gene cause a rare form of Intellectual Disability.[SEP]Relations: Seizure has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis type 1 due to NF1 mutation or intragenic deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with neurofibromatosis type 1 due to NF1 mutation or intragenic deletion, disease_phenotype_positive with hyperinsulinism due to HNF1A deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with hyperinsulinism due to HNF1A deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with hyperinsulinism due to UCP2 deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with hyperinsulinism due to UCP2 deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with lissencephaly due to LIS1 mutation, disease_phenotype_positive with lissencephaly due to LIS1 mutation. SCAR complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with WASF1 gene, cellcomp_protein with WASF1 gene. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. Fibroblasts defined as following: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.. Seizures defined as following: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent Seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or \"seizure disorder.\". SCAR complex defined as following: A pentameric complex that includes orthologues of human PIR121, Nap1, Abi, SCAR, and HSPC300 and regulates actin polymerization and/or depolymerization through small GTPase mediated signal transduction. [GOC:hla, GOC:pg, PMID:12181570, PMID:24036345, PMID:24630101]. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. WASF2 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both the mediation of signal transduction and the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization.. Intellectual Disability defined as following: Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an Intellectual Disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28). cancer defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do lincRNAs play a role in human cancer?", "id": "converted_691", "sentence1": "Do lincRNAs play a role in Homo sapiens Primary malignant neoplasm?", "sentence2": "Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA increases bladder Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis, These data suggest that upregulated H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA enhances bladder Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis by associating with EZH2 protein, Homo sapiens protein, Homo sapiens and inhibiting E-cad expression, lncRNA H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA is essential for Homo sapiens Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor growth, Previous reports have demonstrated that HOTAIR gene gene associates with chromatin modifications in cooperation with the Polycomb complex Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, and promotes Breast and colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm metastasis, although the clinical significance of HOTAIR gene gene expression in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol may not be as pronounced as that in Breast and Colorectal Carcinoma, the current study demonstrates that HOTAIR gene gene expression is associated with altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol progression, warranting further studies., Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA HOTAIR gene gene is an independent prognostic marker for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and survival, Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA influences radiosensitivity of colorectal carcinoma cell lines by regulating Cyclin D1 expression, Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA Urothelial Carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1 gene gene) promotes Homo sapiens bladder Primary malignant neoplasm cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown, UCA1 gene gene regulated cell cycle through Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein via PI3K-AKT dependent pathway in bladder Primary malignant neoplasm., Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA UCA1 gene gene regulated cell cycle distribution via Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein through PI3-K dependent pathway in bladder carcinoma cells, overexpression of Yiya promotes cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition, therefore identifying Yiya as a cell-cycle-associated long non-coding RNA, The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR gene gene has been reported as a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with Breast Primary malignant neoplasm. The aim of the present study is to examine the expression pattern of HOTAIR gene gene in Liver carcinoma (altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol) and its clinical significance as well as its biological role in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor progression, The high expression level of HOTAIR gene gene in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol could be a candidate biomarker for predicting Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor recurrence in altretamine/cisplatin/cyclophosphamide protocol patients who have undergone liver transplant therapy and might be a potential therapeutic target, Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA ANRIL is required for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 recruitment to and silencing of p15(INK4B) Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor gene, A 42 kb region on Homo sapiens chromosome 9p21 encodes for three distinct Tumor Suppressor Genes, p16(INK4A), p14(ARF) and p15(INK4B), and is altered in an estimated 30-40% of Homo sapiens Neoplasms, These results advance our understanding of the role of NPTN-IT1 gene as a regulator of Hypoxia, CTCAE signaling and offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention against Primary malignant neoplasm progression., Silencing MALAT1 gene gene is a potential novel therapeutic approach for this Primary malignant neoplasm.[SEP]Relations: Protein S Homo sapiens has relations: drug_drug with Linsidomine, drug_drug with Linsidomine, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Ximelagatran, drug_drug with Melagatran, drug_drug with Melagatran, drug_drug with Vinblastine, drug_drug with Vinblastine, drug_drug with Letaxaban, drug_drug with Letaxaban. Definitions: EZH2 protein, Homo sapiens defined as following: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 protein, Homo sapiens (746 aa, ~85 kDa) is encoded by the Homo sapiens EZH2 protein, Homo sapiens gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of chromatin modification.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant Specimen Source Codes - tumor at the original site of growth.. HOTAIR gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in the repression of HOXD gene expression.. Breast defined as following: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.. Colorectal Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 defined as following: A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.. Urothelial Carcinoma defined as following: A malignant neoplasm derived from the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract (urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis). It is frequently papillary.. Liver carcinoma defined as following: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated Specimen Source Codes - tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.. H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA defined as following: Maternally expressed exclusively and developmentally regulated Homo sapiens putative Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Gene encodes H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA. Expression in developing skeletal and smooth muscles correlates with specific differentiation events. It accumulates during skeletal muscle development with maximal adult expression and correlates with the nonproliferative, actin-positive muscle cell phenotype. Loss of H19 Imprinted Maternal Untranslated mRNA expression may be involved in Wilms tumorigenesis. (NCI). MALAT1 gene defined as following: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (~8.7 kb) is encoded by the Homo sapiens MALAT1 gene gene. This non-coding RNA may play a role in Primary malignant neoplasm and metastasis.. Tumor Suppressor Genes defined as following: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When Specimen Source Codes - tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma defined as following: A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this Primary malignant neoplasm have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.. Hypoxia, CTCAE defined as following: A disorder characterized by a decrease in the level of oxygen in the body.. Breast Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the Breast. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas arising from the Breast parenchyma or the nipple. Malignant Breast neoplasms occur more frequently in females than in males.. Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein defined as following: Ubiquitously or widely expressed Homo sapiens cAMP Responsive Element Binding Proteins (bZIP/Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein Family) are conserved nuclear bZIP domain dimeric transcription factors that bind to octameric DNA palindrome cAMP-response elements (CRE) present in many viral and cellular promoters and induce gene transcription in response to cAMP signaling pathways. Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins bind to DNA as a homodimer or a heterodimer with JUN/c-Jun or ATF2/CREBP1. Increased cAMP levels following stimulation activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which phosphorylates Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein proteins that stimulate transcription of cAMP-responsive genes. Calcium-regulated Cyclic AMP-Responsive DNA-Binding Protein transcription factors integrate calcium and cAMP signals. cAMP pathways provide a chief means by which cellular growth, differentiation, and function can be influenced by extracellular signals. (NCI). Cyclin D1 defined as following: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.. Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. bladder Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder.. lincRNAs defined as following: A molecule of RNA 200-17000 nucleotides in length that is transcribed by non-protein coding areas of DNA. These ribonucleotides may play a role in a variety of biological processes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is amantadine ER the first approved treatment for akinesia?", "id": "converted_3608", "sentence1": "Is amantadine ER the first approved treatment for akinesia?", "sentence2": "Extended-release amantadine (amantadine ER) is the first approved medication for the treatment of Dyskinetic syndrome.[SEP]Relations: genetic syndromic Pierre Robin syndrome has relations: disease_disease with tarp syndrome, disease_disease with tarp syndrome, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with branchial archs anomalies, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with branchial archs anomalies, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with bone disease, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with bone disease, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with collagen disease, disease_disease with Pierre Robin syndrome associated with collagen disease, disease_disease with syndrome or malformation associated with head and neck malformations, disease_disease with syndrome or malformation associated with head and neck malformations. Definitions: Dyskinetic syndrome defined as following: Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of Dyskinetic syndrome as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as Dyskinetic syndrome syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.. amantadine defined as following: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.. akinesia defined as following: Lack of movement.. ER defined as following: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the mouse Sry gene locus free of repetitive sequences?", "id": "converted_2007", "sentence1": "Is the Mouse antigen SRY protein, human Genes locus free of repetitive sequences?", "sentence2": "We demonstrate that the presence of long inverted repeats (LYRIC Indeterminate Response) flanking the Mouse antigen SRY protein, human Genes leads to the formation of the SRY protein, human circular transcript in Cultured Cells, Circularization requires the presence of both LYRIC Indeterminate Response. As few as 400 complementary nt are necessary for this process, The presence of the LYRIC Indeterminate Response does not significantly stimulate intermolecular annealing and trans-splicing in vivo, We have found that in an in vitro assay, the SRY protein binds to several sites of the SRY protein, human Genes and especially to a (CA)25 Sequence - ParameterizedDataType and to a (CAG)30 Repeat Object, The Q-rich domain of the Mouse antigen sex determining Genes, SRY protein, human, is encoded by an in-frame insertion of a repetitive Sequence - ParameterizedDataType composed of mostly CAG repeats., Inverted Repeat Object structure of the SRY protein, human locus in CASP14 Genes., We performed separate amplifications of DXZ4 repetitive satellite sequences on the X Chromosome, and SRY Genes - testis determined factor on the Y Chromosome, using nested PCR, Detailed analysis of the SRY protein, human genomic locus reveals a further difference in that the Mouse antigen SRY protein, human open reading frame lies within 2.8 kilobases of unique Sequence - ParameterizedDataType at the center of a large inverted Repeat Object. , Detailed analysis of the SRY protein, human genomic locus reveals a further difference in that the Mouse antigen SRY protein, human open reading frame lies within 2.8 kilobases of unique Sequence - ParameterizedDataType at the center of a large inverted Repeat Object., The Mouse antigen genomic SRY protein, human locus is characterized by two arms of a large inverted Repeat Object, flanking a unique Geographic Locations that, between an acceptor and a Splice Donor Site, contains a single Exons encoding the SRY protein, human protein., Recombination involving the Repeat Object Geographic Locations may have led to an 11-kilobase deletion, precisely excising SRY protein, human in a line of XY female CASP14 Genes., Repetitive element analysis revealed numerous LINE-L1 elements at regions where Conservation is lost among the SRY protein, human copies., Inverted Repeat Object structure of the SRY protein, human locus in CASP14 Genes.[SEP]Relations: mRNA splice site selection has relations: bioprocess_protein with SRSF6, bioprocess_protein with SRSF6, bioprocess_protein with SRSF1, bioprocess_protein with SRSF1, bioprocess_protein with SRSF9, bioprocess_protein with SRSF9, bioprocess_protein with SRSF5, bioprocess_protein with SRSF5, bioprocess_protein with SRSF10, bioprocess_protein with SRSF10. Definitions: Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. SRY protein, human Genes defined as following: The primary testis-determining Genes in mammalians, located on the Y CHROMOSOME. It codes for a high mobility group box transcription factor (TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS) which initiates the development of the TESTES from the embryonic GONADS.. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Cultured Cells defined as following: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.. Repeat Object defined as following: Something occurring more than once.. Conservation defined as following: The maintenance of certain characteristics in an unchanged condition.. SRY protein, human defined as following: Sex-determining Geographic Locations Y protein (204 aa, ~24 kDa) is encoded by the human SRY Genes. This protein is involved in sex determination and transcriptional regulation.. LYRIC Indeterminate Response defined as following: A lymphoma response that cannot be distinguished between flare/pseudo-progression and true progressive disease.. Geographic Locations defined as following: The continents and countries situated on those continents; the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by Geographic Locations; CANADA and each of its provinces; AUSTRALIA and each of its states; the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres; and selected major cities.. repetitive Sequence - ParameterizedDataType defined as following: Nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. There are several types of repeated sequences. Interspersed (or dispersed) DNA repeats (Interspersed Repetitive Sequences) are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome. Flanking (or terminal) repeats (Terminal Repeat Sequences) are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a Sequence - ParameterizedDataType, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on retroviruses. Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats (Tandem Repeat Sequences) are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted. The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA.. Y Chromosome defined as following: The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X Chromosome has been retained.. X Chromosome defined as following: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.. repetitive sequences defined as following: Nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. There are several types of repeated sequences. Interspersed (or dispersed) DNA repeats (Interspersed Repetitive Sequences) are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome. Flanking (or terminal) repeats (Terminal Repeat Sequences) are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a Sequence - ParameterizedDataType, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on retroviruses. Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats (Tandem Repeat Sequences) are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted. The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Do the proteins Talin and Amot interact?", "id": "converted_4609", "sentence1": "Do the proteins TLN1 gene and AMOT gene interact?", "sentence2": "we show that AMOT gene binds TLN1 gene and is essential for relaying forces between FN1 gene and the Microtubules associated with cytoplasmic filaments[SEP]Relations: Molecules associated with elastic fibres has relations: pathway_protein with EMILIN3, pathway_protein with EMILIN3, pathway_protein with EMILIN2, pathway_protein with EMILIN2, pathway_protein with EMILIN1, pathway_protein with EMILIN1, pathway_protein with ITGAV, pathway_protein with ITGAV, pathway_protein with ELN, pathway_protein with ELN. Definitions: AMOT gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in tight junction formation.. FN1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in several important cellular events such as cellular adhesion and migration processes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is pregnancy an additional risk during during H1N1 infection?", "id": "converted_62", "sentence1": "Is pregnancy an additional risk during during H1N1 Communicable Diseases?", "sentence2": "H1N1 influenza in pregnancy can be associated with severe complications, This case series confirms a high number of complications in pregnant women due to pandemic H1N1/09., Pregnant women might be at increased risk for complications from pandemic H1N1 Virus Communicable Diseases., Pregnant women are at increased risk for complications from pandemic influenza H1N1 Virus Communicable Diseases. , Vaccination of pregnant women against influenza A (H1N1) by Russian subunit formulation (MonoGrippol plus) showed reactogenicity comparable to control group by the level of influence on general metabolic and immunologic homeostasis and on the course of pregnancy, which is an evidence of its safety, Pregnancy 1 1 was identified as a major risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity due to H1N1 influenza in the pandemic of 2009 to 2010, While it is not possible to ascertain retrospectively if Myocarditis was caused by either Communicable Diseases with H1N1 Virus or as a result of pregnancy (in the absence of endomyocardial biopsies), the significant association with Myocardial involvement in both women demonstrates the increased risk of exposure to H1N1 influenza Virus in pregnant women., Although limited in size, the fully prospective nature of the safety follow-up of these women vaccinated during pregnancy is unique and offers an important degree of reassurance for the use of the AS03 adjuvanted H1N1 (2009) vaccine in this high risk group for H1N1 Communicable Diseases., During the H1N1 2009 pandemic, pregnant women constituted one of the priority groups for vaccination in many countries, creating a need for close monitoring of the safety of the vaccine in pregnant women, Emerging data suggest that pregnancy conveys high risk for severe complications from the 2009 pandemic influenza A Virus (2009 H1N1) Communicable Diseases, Pregnant women have been identified as a group at risk, both for Respiratory complication than for the admissions to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, This report mitigates substantially the presumed severity of pandemic H1N1/09 influenza Communicable Diseases during pregnancy, The results of our study do not indicate a risk for the pregnant woman and the developing embryo/fetus after H1N1 vaccination, This large cohort study found no evidence of an increased risk of Prenatal care death associated with exposure to an adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine during pregnancy, Our results suggest that second- or third-trimester H1N1 vaccination was associated with improved Prenatal care and neonatal outcomes during the recent pandemic, Pregnant women might thus be at increased risk of complications from pandemic H1N1 Virus Communicable Diseases, and Illness (finding) may progress rapidly, Pregnant women with H1N1 Communicable Diseases seem to benefit from antiviral therapy., arly identification and treatment were the most important factors in different countries and areas examined., The vaccine and antiviral drugs that have been the most efficient means to control the novel Virus appear to be safe but require more extensive study, However, there were significant differences between the two groups in relation to mean age, treatment with oseltamivir, schooling, and presence of other risk factors, To investigate whether exposure to an adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of adverse Prenatal care outcomes., In this Danish cohort, exposure to an adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during pregnancy was not associated with a significantly increased risk of major birth defects, preterm birth, or Prenatal care growth restriction, Most people affected by the Virus, including pregnant women, suffer a mild viral Illness (finding), and make a full recovery, Pregnant women, because of their altered immunity and physiological adaptations, are at higher risk of developing Pulmonary:-:Point in time:^Patient:- complications, especially in the second and third trimesters, The pregnancy outcomes were also poor for women who were affected by the Virus with a fivefold increase in the perinatal mortality rate and threefold increase in the preterm delivery rate, regnant women were at increased risk for serious outcomes of 2009 pandemic influenza A Virus subtype H1N1 (influenza A[H1N1]pdm09) Communicable Diseases, but little is known about the overall impact of the pandemic on neonatal and maternal outcomes, In this large, geographically diverse population, A(H1N1)pdm09 Communicable Diseases increased the risk for hospitalization during pregnancy, Vaccination during pregnancy with Pandemrix(®) appeared to have no ill effects on the pregnancy. On the contrary, the rate of preterm birth and low birthweight was lower than expected, which agrees with some previous results, During the influenza A(H1N1)pmd09 pandemic, although many cases occurred in younger adults, the risk factors identified for severe Infections of musculoskeletal system and complications were similar to those for seasonal influenza, including chronic respiratory, Kidney, Abdomen>Liver, and heart diseases., In terms of pregnancy, the studies have shown contradictory results due to variations in methodology and medical care., However, it seems that pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, increases the risk of complications, and that early antiviral treatment is associated with improved outcomes., Pregnant women with mild clinical Illness (finding) secondary to 2009 H1N1 were not at a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, However, severely infected women were more likely to deliver SGA infants, Gestational age is associated with the risk of developing critical Communicable Diseases. The risk increases with increasing weeks of gestation., Following the start of winter in Liaoning province in China, the number of pregnant women infected with influenza increased significantly, regnancy, with or without additional complications, constitutes a high-risk condition for complications of influenza Communicable Diseases and warrants early intervention with neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, if influenza is suspected[SEP]Relations: tubal pregnancy has relations: disease_disease with ectopic pregnancy, disease_disease with ectopic pregnancy. kidney has relations: anatomy_protein_present with HNF1A-AS1, anatomy_protein_present with HNF1A-AS1, anatomy_protein_present with HNF1A, anatomy_protein_present with HNF1A, anatomy_protein_present with VN1R1, anatomy_protein_present with VN1R1, anatomy_protein_present with HNF1B, anatomy_protein_present with HNF1B. Definitions: Prenatal care defined as following: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.. Kidney defined as following: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An Illness (finding) caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. oseltamivir defined as following: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. Myocardial defined as following: Of or pertaining to the myocardium.. Myocarditis defined as following: Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.. Illness (finding) defined as following: A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.. Virus defined as following: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is exome sequencing efficient for the detection of germline mutations?", "id": "converted_334", "sentence1": "Is exome sequencing efficient for the detection of germline Gene Mutation?", "sentence2": "Whole exome sequencing is an efficient and sensitive method for detection of germline Gene Mutation in patients with phaeochromcytomas and PARAGANGLIOMAS 5, Whole exome sequencing is sensitive, rapid and efficient for detection of PCC/PGL germline Gene Mutation., These results from deep sequencing demonstrate a higher mutational detection rate than reported with conventional sequencing methodology., We performed exome sequencing of Germline DNA from members of the affected family. Exome-wide analysis identified a novel loss-of-function mutation in the BAP1 gene, previously suggested as a tumor suppressor., whole-exome sequencing has been widely applied in the identification of germline Gene Mutation underlying Mendelian disorders, somatic Gene Mutation in various Malignant Neoplasms and de novo Gene Mutation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.[SEP]Relations: adaptation to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with negative adaptation of signaling pathway, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange, bioprocess_bioprocess with response to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of conjugation, bioprocess_bioprocess with regulation of conjugation. Paraganglioma has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with von Hippel-Lindau disease, disease_phenotype_positive with von Hippel-Lindau disease, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma, disease_phenotype_positive with hereditary pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma. Definitions: Neurodevelopmental Disorders defined as following: A childhood disorder that has a neurological basis and manifests as a developmental disability.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. BAP1 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in cellular growth regulation and is purported to have tumor suppression activity.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a gene, including all sequences transcribed into RNA..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is the Wnt protein modified by notum?", "id": "converted_282", "sentence1": "Is the Wnt protein modified by notum?", "sentence2": "NOTUM gene deacylates Wnt Proteins to suppress signalling activity., Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of NR4A2 protein, human show that NOTUM gene is a carboxylesterase that removes an essential palmitoleate moiety from Wnt Proteins and thus constitutes the first known extracellular protein deacylase., the Wnt PPP1R1A gene notum, the WNT-PPP1R1A gene notum.[SEP]Relations: Wnt protein secretion has relations: bioprocess_protein with WLS, bioprocess_protein with WLS, bioprocess_protein with PORCN, bioprocess_protein with PORCN, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein secretion, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein secretion. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Tositumomab, drug_drug with Tositumomab, drug_protein with F5, drug_protein with F5. Definitions: carboxylesterase defined as following: A family of enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters.. Wnt Proteins defined as following: Wnt Proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.. Wnt protein defined as following: Wnt Proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Mycobacterium avium less susceptible to antibiotics than Mycobacterium tuberculosis?", "id": "converted_502", "sentence1": "Is Mycobacterium avium less susceptible to Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical than Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody?", "sentence2": "The prevalence of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol lung Communicable Diseases in two inner city hospitals was four times higher than that of Tuberculosis., Most patients with combined Communicable Diseases were clinically consistent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody and responded to anti Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody treatment alone., The triplex PCR developed by us could be used to detect and differentiate M. tuberculosis, M. avium and other Genus Mycobacterium in a single reaction tube., Twelve (15%) of the 80 blood cultures were positive for Genus Mycobacterium, with Mycobacterium avium being identified in 7 (8.8%) samples and M. tuberculosis in 5 (6.2%). , The antimycobacterial activities of RS-112997, RS-124922 and RS-118641, three capuramycin analogues that inhibit phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide translocase, were tested against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody antibody, Mycobacterium avium and Battey Bacillus, The MIC50/90 (mg/L) results for RS-118641 were: M. tuberculosis, 1/2; multidrug-resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis, 0.5/2; M. avium, 4/8; and M. intracellulare, 0.06/0.5, These results suggest that capuramycin analogues exhibit strong antimycobacterial potential and should be considered for further evaluation in the treatment of M. tuberculosis and M. avium-M. intracellulare complex Infections of musculoskeletal system in Homo sapiens., Mycobacterium avium causes disseminated Communicable Diseases in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome., Overall incidences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody antibody (Tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol) were 0.8 and 1.4 cases/100 person-years of follow-up (PYF), decreasing from 1.8 (Tuberculosis) and 3.5 cases/100 PYF (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol) before September 1995 to 0.3 and 0.2 cases/100 PYF after March 1997., Because M tuberculosis disease is preventable and curable and yet communicable, physicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults. In comparison, the goal of treating M avium complex in patients with advanced HIV Infections is to reduce constitutional symptoms and improve survival., cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol pulmonary disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of SPNs, even when encountered in geographic regions with a high prevalence of Tuberculosis, Pulmonary., From April 2001 to February 2002, 80 blood samples from patients who were suspected to have disseminated mycobacterial Communicable Diseases, presenting Fever symptoms (finding) and (preferably) a CD4 T cell count<100.0 cell/mL were investigated, interleukin-10 binding activity underlies distinct susceptibility of BALB/c and C57BL/6 CASP14 gene to Mycobacterium avium Communicable Diseases and influences efficacy of Antibiotics therapy., Clinical utility of rifabutin (RBT), a potent Antibiotics used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) as well as for Infections of musculoskeletal system caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol), has been hampered due to dose-limiting Toxic effect. , Effective therapeutic regimens exist that are limited by the emergence of drug resistance and the inability of Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical to kill dormant organisms. , Clinical utility of rifabutin (RBT), a potent Antibiotics used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) as well as for Infections of musculoskeletal system caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol), has been hampered due to dose-limiting Toxic effect., a potent Antibiotics used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) as well as for Infections of musculoskeletal system caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol),, Clinical utility of rifabutin (RBT), a potent Antibiotics used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) as well as for Infections of musculoskeletal system caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol), has been hampered due to dose-limiting Toxic effect., tuberculosis appear to have different genetic mechanisms for resisting the effects of these Antifungal Antibiotics, Topical, with pks12 playing a relatively more significant role in cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/mitomycin protocol.[SEP]Relations: tuberculosis has relations: disease_disease with mycobacterial infectious disease, disease_disease with mycobacterial infectious disease, disease_disease with tuberculosis, avian, disease_disease with tuberculosis, avian. mycobacterium avium complex disease has relations: disease_disease with mycobacterial infectious disease, disease_disease with mycobacterial infectious disease, disease_disease with primary bacterial infectious disease, disease_disease with primary bacterial infectious disease. Recurrent mycobacterium avium complex Infections of musculoskeletal system has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with monocytopenia with susceptibility to Infections of musculoskeletal system, disease_phenotype_positive with monocytopenia with susceptibility to Infections of musculoskeletal system. Definitions: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection defined as following: A nontuberculous Communicable Diseases when occurring in Homo sapiens. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Communicable Diseases of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.. Communicable Diseases defined as following: An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Battey Bacillus defined as following: species found in lung lesions and secretions of Homo sapiens; may cause bone and tendon-sheath lesions in rabbits; some strains are pathogenic for CASP14 gene; linked to opportunistic Infections of musculoskeletal system in Homo sapiens; not easily distinguished from Mycobacterium avium and therefore is included in the Mycobacterium avium Complex.. rifabutin defined as following: A broad-spectrum Antibiotics that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection Communicable Diseases in HIV-positive patients.. mycobacterial Communicable Diseases defined as following: Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.. Mycobacterium tuberculosis defined as following: A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in Homo sapiens, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with Homo sapiens. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.. Tuberculosis, Pulmonary defined as following: MYCOBACTERIUM Infections of musculoskeletal system of the lung.. Toxic effect defined as following: The finding of bodily harm due to the poisonous effects of something.. interleukin-10 binding activity defined as following: Binding to interleukin-10. [GOC:jl]. Mycobacterium avium defined as following: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily Homo sapiens.. HIV Infections defined as following: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus Infections of musculoskeletal system that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).. Tuberculosis defined as following: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.. Antibiotics defined as following: Substances naturally produced by microorganisms or their derivatives that selectively target microorganisms not Homo sapiens. Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms by targeting components of the microbial cell absent from human cells, including bacterial cell walls, cell membrane, and 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits. These substances are used in the treatment of bacterial and other microbial Infections of musculoskeletal system.. Genus Mycobacterium defined as following: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of cardiac disease?", "id": "converted_993", "sentence1": "Are there clinical trials using Stem Cells for the treatment of cardiac disease?", "sentence2": "Therapy with mesenchymal Stem Cells is one of the promising tools to improve outcomes after Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal. Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs) are an ideal source of mesenchymal Stem Cells due to their abundance and ease of preparation., Furthermore, several ongoing clinical trials using ASCs are producing promising results for Chest>Heart diseases., Among the cell types under investigation, adult mesenchymal Stem Cells are widely studied, and in early stage, clinical studies show promise for repair and regeneration of cardiac tissues., Accumulating data from preclinical and early phase clinical trials document their safety when delivered as either autologous or allogeneic forms in a range of cardiovascular diseases, but also importantly define parameters of clinical efficacy that justify further investigation in larger clinical trials. , several ongoing clinical trials using ASCs are producing promising results for Chest>Heart diseases. , Clinical application of adult Stem Cells for therapy for cardiac disease., Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to fundamentally transform the treatment of ischemic cardiac injury and Congestive Chest>Heart failure by achieving what would have been unthinkable only a few years ago-the Holy Grail of myocardial regeneration. Recent therapeutic approaches involve bone marrow (BM)-derived mononuclear Cells and their subsets such as mesenchymal Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures/stromal Cells (cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity), Endothelial Progenitor Cells as well as adipose tissue-derived cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity, Heart tissue-derived Stem Cells, and cell combinations. Clinical trials employing these Cells have demonstrated that cellular therapy is feasible and safe., Accumulating data from preclinical and early phase clinical trials document their safety when delivered as either autologous or allogeneic forms in a range of cardiovascular diseases, but also importantly define parameters of clinical efficacy that justify further investigation in larger clinical trials., se of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures and precursor Cells as a therapeutic agent for chronically injured Organ. Among the cell types under investigation, adult mesenchymal Stem Cells are widely studied, and in early stage, clinical studies show promise for repair and regeneration of cardiac tissues. , Over the past 2 decades, there have been numerous Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell studies focused on Heart Diseases, ranging from proof-of-concept to phase 2 trials. , Small uncontrolled clinical trials have demonstrated cardiac Stem Cells as a treatment option for Cardiomyopathies., Stem cell populations are rapidly increasing, and we are still in the search of optimal cell types to use in clinical trials as bone marrow Stem Cells did not show significant improvement in cardiac function following transplantation., Several clinical trials using adult Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell have shown improvements in cardiac function, however, the mechanism of their action is unclear and widespread tissue regeneration is not evident., As we await results from larger and more prolonged clinical trials, the science of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapy in cardiac disease keeps progressing., Stem cell therapy for treatment of cardiac disease has shown therapeutic potential., It should be noted that Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapy is not limited to the treatment of ischemic cardiac disease., Over the past 2 decades, there have been numerous Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell studies focused on Heart Diseases, ranging from proof-of-concept to phase 2 trials., This series of papers focuses on the legacy of these studies and the outlook for future treatment of Heart Diseases with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapies., Cell transplantation to repair or regenerate injured Myocardium is a new frontier in the treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. , Current therapies only delay progression of the cardiac disease or replace the diseased Chest>Heart with cardiac transplantation. Stem Cells represent a recently discovered novel approach to the treatment of cardiac failure that may facilitate the replacement of diseased Heart tissue and subsequently lead to improved cardiac function and cardiac regeneration., Over the past 2 decades, there have been numerous Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell studies focused on Heart Diseases, ranging from proof-of-concept to phase 2 trials. This series of papers focuses on the legacy of these studies and the outlook for future treatment of Heart Diseases with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapies., Stem cell therapy for treatment of cardiac disease has shown therapeutic potential., Over the past 2 decades, there have been numerous Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell studies focused on Heart Diseases, ranging from proof-of-concept to phase 2 trials. This series of papers focuses on the legacy of these studies and the outlook for future treatment of Heart Diseases with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapies., It should be noted that Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell therapy is not limited to the treatment of ischemic cardiac disease. Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathies, Peripheral Vascular Diseases, and aging may be treated by Stem Cells., Recent clinical trials have achieved favorable initial endpoints with improvements in cardiac function and clinical symptoms following cellular therapy., we consider how Cardiac Stem Cell biology has led us into clinical trials, and we suggest that achieving true cardiac regeneration in patients may ultimately require resolution of critical controversies in experimental cardiac regeneration., Cell-based therapies and tissue engineering provide new promising platforms to develop upcoming therapeutic options. Initial clinical trials were able to generate promising results. A variety of different Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell types have been used for the clinical application. , Insights gained from clinical trials of adult Stem Cells, together with fundamental scientific advances in Cardiac Stem Cell and regenerative biology, are beginning to yield potential new targets and strategies for regenerative therapies. , Early animal trials have demonstrated the ability to improve cardiac function by transfer of Hematopoietic Stem Cells into the Myocardium, and early Homo sapiens studies have demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach.[SEP]Relations: cardiac germ cell tumor has relations: disease_disease with Chest>Heart neoplasm, disease_disease with Chest>Heart neoplasm, disease_disease with malignant cardiac germ cell tumor, disease_disease with malignant cardiac germ cell tumor, disease_disease with extragonadal germ cell tumor, disease_disease with extragonadal germ cell tumor. Chest>Heart disease has relations: disease_disease with cardiac ventricle disease, disease_disease with cardiac ventricle disease. Cardiovascular Diseases has relations: disease_disease with Chest>Heart disease, disease_disease with Chest>Heart disease. Definitions: Hematopoietic Stem Cells defined as following: Progenitor Cells from which all blood Cells derived. They are found primarily in the bone marrow and also in small numbers in the peripheral blood.. Stem Cells defined as following: Relatively undifferentiated Cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor Cells that can differentiate into specialized Cells.. Endothelial Progenitor Cells defined as following: Cells derived from BONE MARROW that circulate in the adult bloodstream and possess the potential to proliferate and differentiate into mature ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.. Congestive Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Cardiomyopathies defined as following: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).. bone marrow Stem Cells defined as following: A hematopoietic Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures cell found in the bone marrow.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. mesenchymal Stem Cells defined as following: An undifferentiated stromal cell with the ability to develop into the Cells that form distinct mesenchymal tissues; such as bone, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.. adult Stem Cells defined as following: Mostly multipotent undifferentiated Stem Cells found in a specific tissue admixed with differentiated Cells.. Cardiac Stem Cell defined as following: Multipotent progenitor Cells that are found in the fetal and adult Chest>Heart that provide the Myocardium with limited regenerating capability.. cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive ion channel activity defined as following: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:jl, PMID:22206667]. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Procedures defined as following: A type of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY in which the object is examined directly by an extremely narrow electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point and using the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen to create the image. It should not be confused with SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.. Organ defined as following: A unique macroscopic (gross) anatomic structure that performs specific functions. It is composed of various tissues. An organ is part of an anatomic system or a body region. Representative examples include the Chest>Heart, lung, liver, spleen, and uterus.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Peripheral Vascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle Cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. cardiac disease defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) involved in cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure?", "id": "converted_1644", "sentence1": "Is Calcium/Calmodulin 1 dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) involved in Cardiac Arrhythmia and Congestive Chest>Heart failure?", "sentence2": "In human Hypertrophy, both CAMK2A gene and Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases functionally regulate Ryanodine Receptor 2 and may induce SNCG wt Allele Ca(2+) leak. In the transition from Hypertrophy to Hydrops Fetalis, the diastolic Ca(2+) leak increases and disturbed Ca(2+) cycling occurs. This is associated with an increase in CAMK2A gene- but not Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases-dependent Ryanodine Receptor 2 phosphorylation. CAMK2A gene inhibition may thus reflect a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction., Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is an Enzyme [APC] with important regulatory functions in the Chest>Heart and Head>Brain, and its chronic activation can be pathological. CAMK2A gene activation is seen in Congestive Chest>Heart failure, and can directly induce pathological changes in ion channels, Ca(2+) handling and gene transcription., In the recent years, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) was suggested to be associated with cardiac Hypertrophy and Congestive Chest>Heart failure but also with arrhythmias both in animal models as well as in the human Chest>Heart., Calcium-calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) has emerged as a central mediator of cardiac stress responses which may serve several critical roles in the regulation of cardiac rhythm, cardiac contractility and growth. Sustained and excessive activation of CAMK2A gene during Heart Diseases has, however, been linked to arrhythmias, and maladaptive cardiac remodeling, eventually leading to Congestive Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis) and Sudden Cardiac Death. , Overexpression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in Mice, Animals, Animals, Transgenic results in Congestive Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias., From recent studies, it appears evident that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) plays a central role in the arrhythmogenic processes in Congestive Chest>Heart failure by sensing Protoplasm Ca(2+) and redox stress, affecting individual ion channels and thereby leading to electrical instability in the Chest>Heart. , CAMK2A gene activation is proarrhythmic in Congestive Chest>Heart failure where Myocardium is stretched., The Ca-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) seems to be involved in the development of Congestive Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias and may therefore be a promising target for the development of antiarrhythmic therapies., Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is up-regulated in Congestive Chest>Heart failure and has been shown to cause I(Na) gating changes that mimic those induced by a Point Mutation in Homo sapiens that is associated with combined long QT and Brugada syndromes., CAMK2A gene-dependent phosphorylation of Na(V)1.5 at multiple sites (including Thr-594 and Ser-516) appears to be required to evoke loss-of-function changes in gating that could contribute to acquired Brugada Syndrome (disorder)-like effects in Congestive Chest>Heart failure., Because CAMK2A gene expression and activity are increased in cardiac Hypertrophy, Congestive Chest>Heart failure, and during arrhythmias both in animal models as well as in the human Chest>Heart a clinical significance of CAMK2A gene is implied., The multifunctional Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) is now recognized to play a central role in pathological events in the cardiovascular system. CAMK2A gene has diverse downstream targets that promote Vascular Diseases, Congestive Chest>Heart failure, and arrhythmias, so improved understanding of CAMK2A gene signaling has the potential to lead to new therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases., In our opinion, the multifunctional Ca and calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) has emerged as a molecule to watch, in part because a solid body of accumulated data essentially satisfy Koch's postulates, showing that the CAMK2A gene pathway is a core mechanism for promoting myocardial Hypertrophy and Congestive Chest>Heart failure. Multiple groups have now confirmed the following: (1) that CAMK2A gene activity is increased in hypertrophied and failing Myocardium from animal models and patients; (2) CAMK2A gene overexpression causes myocardial Hypertrophy and Hydrops Fetalis and (3) CAMK2A gene inhibition (by drugs, inhibitory peptides and Gene Deletion) improves myocardial Hypertrophy and Hydrops Fetalis, In contrast, inhibiting the CAMK2A gene pathway appears to reduce arrhythmias and improve myocardial responses to pathological stimuli. , In this review, we discuss the important role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in the regulation of Ryanodine Receptor 2-mediated Ca(2+) release. In particular, we examine how pathological activation of CAMK2A gene can lead to an increased risk of sudden arrhythmic death. Finally, we discuss how reduction of CAMK2A gene-mediated Ryanodine Receptor 2 Hyperactive behavior might reduce the risk of arrhythmias and may serve as a rationale for future pharmacotherapeutic approaches., Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) δ(C) CASP14 gene develop systolic Congestive Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis). CAMK2A gene regulates Protoplasm Ca(2+) handling Proteins as well as sarcolemmal Na(+) channels. We hypothesized that CAMK2A gene also contributes to Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias via augmentation of the late Na(+) current (late I(Na)) in early Hydrops Fetalis (8-week-old TG wt Allele wt Allele CASP14 gene)., Thus, late I(Na) inhibition appears to be a promising option for Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias in Hydrops Fetalis where CAMK2A gene is found to be increased., We tested the hypothesis that increased Ryanodine Receptor 2 phosphorylation by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is both necessary and sufficient to promote lethal Ventricular arrhythmia., CONCLUSIONS: our results suggest that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Ryanodine Receptor 2 Ca(2+) release channels at S2814 plays an important role in arrhythmogenesis and Sudden Cardiac Death in CASP14 gene with Congestive Chest>Heart failure., Excessive activation of calmodulin kinase II (CAMK2A gene) causes arrhythmias and Congestive Chest>Heart failure, but the cellular mechanisms for CAMK2A gene-targeted Proteins causing disordered Cellular Membrane excitability and Myocardial dysfunction remain uncertain., Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Congestive Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias. We hypothesized that CAMK2A gene contributes to arrhythmias and underlying cellular events and that inhibition of CAMK2A gene reduces cardiac arrhythmogenesis in vitro and in vivo., We conclude that CAMK2A gene contributes to cardiac arrhythmogenesis in TG wt Allele wt Allele CaMKIIdelta(C) CASP14 gene having Congestive Chest>Heart failure and suggest the increased SNCG wt Allele Ca leak as an important mechanism. Moreover, CAMK2A gene inhibition reduces Cardiac Arrhythmia in vitro and in vivo and may therefore indicate a potential role for future antiarrhythmic therapies warranting further studies., Ca2+/calmodulin dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) can phosphorylate Ryanodine Receptor 2 and modulate its activity. This phosphorylation positively modulates cardiac inotropic function but in extreme situations such as Congestive Chest>Heart failure, elevated CAMK2A gene activity can adversely increase Ca2+ release from the SNCG wt Allele and lead to arrhythmogenesis. , Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase expressed abundantly in the Chest>Heart. CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Congestive Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia., Under stress conditions, excessive CAMK2A gene activity promotes Congestive Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias, in part through actions at Ca(2+) homeostatic Proteins., Ca-calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) was recently shown to alter Na(+) channel gating and recapitulate a human Na(+) channel Mutation that causes an unusual combined arrhythmogenic phenotype in patients: simultaneous long QT syndrome and Brugada Syndrome (disorder). CAMK2A gene is upregulated in Congestive Chest>Heart failure where arrhythmias are common, and CAMK2A gene inhibition can reduce arrhythmias. Thus, CAMK2A gene-dependent channel modulation may contribute to acquired arrhythmic disease. , In Congestive Chest>Heart failure (Hydrops Fetalis), Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CAMK2A gene) expression is increased. Altered Na(+) channel gating is linked to and may promote Ventricular tachyarrhythmia (Tidal Volume) in Hydrops Fetalis. Calmodulin 1 1 regulates Na(+) channel gating, in part perhaps via CAMK2A gene., Thus, CAMK2A gene-dependent regulation of Na(+) channel function may contribute to arrhythmogenesis in Hydrops Fetalis., Recent findings that CAMK2A gene expression in the Chest>Heart changes during Hypertrophy, Congestive Chest>Heart failure, Coronary Arteriosclerosis, and Infarction suggest that CAMK2A gene may be a viable therapeutic target for patients suffering from common forms of Chest>Heart disease., Overexpression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) in Mice, Animals, Animals, Transgenic results in Congestive Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias., Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Congestive Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias., BACKGROUND: Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Congestive Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias., CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Congestive Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia., Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase contributes to cardiac arrhythmogenesis in Congestive Chest>Heart failure., From recent studies, it appears evident that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene) plays a central role in the arrhythmogenic processes in Congestive Chest>Heart failure by sensing Protoplasm Ca(2+) and redox stress, affecting individual ion channels and thereby leading to electrical instability in the Chest>Heart., Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel phosphorylation, calcium/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and life-threatening Ventricular arrhythmia., CAMK2A gene targets numerous Proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to Congestive Chest>Heart failure and Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Ca-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CAMK2A gene) seems to be involved in the development of Congestive Chest>Heart failure and arrhythmias and may therefore be a promising target for the development of antiarrhythmic therapies, Calcium-calmodulin kinase II mediates digitalis-induced arrhythmias., Animals, Animals, Transgenic (TG wt Allele wt Allele) Ca/calmodulin-dependent Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK2A gene)delta(C) CASP14 gene have Congestive Chest>Heart failure and isoproterenol (ISO)-inducible arrhythmias[SEP]Relations: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with CAMK2A, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2A, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2D, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2D, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2B, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2B, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK2G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK1G, cellcomp_protein with CAMK1G. Definitions: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase defined as following: A CALMODULIN-dependent Enzyme [APC] that catalyzes the phosphorylation of Proteins. This Enzyme [APC] is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of Proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277). Calmodulin 1 defined as following: Calmodulin 1 (149 aa, ~17 kDa) is encoded by the human CALM1, CALM2 and CALM3 genes. This protein plays a role in the regulation of a number of enzymes, ion channels and signaling pathways.. Diastolic dysfunction defined as following: Impairment in the filling of the ventricles during diastole. Causes include hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, chronic high blood pressure, aortic stenosis, and aging.. Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel defined as following: A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.. Ventricular arrhythmia defined as following: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an atypical cardiac rhythm resulting from a pathologic process in the cardiac ventricles.. Congestive Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the Chest>Heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as Proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Hypertrophy defined as following: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).. Heart Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.. Tidal Volume defined as following: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. Hydrops Fetalis defined as following: Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.. isoproterenol defined as following: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the Chest>Heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and Chest>Heart stimulant.. Cardiovascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Hyperactive behavior defined as following: Increased motor activity that is not goal directed.. Coronary Arteriosclerosis defined as following: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the CORONARY ARTERIES, leading to progressive arterial insufficiency (CORONARY DISEASE).. CAMK2A gene defined as following: This gene is involved in both protein phosphorylation and signaling.. Sudden Cardiac Death defined as following: Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing Chest>Heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005). myocardial Hypertrophy defined as following: Thickening of the Myocardium often due to chronic pressure overload.. TG wt Allele defined as following: Human TG wt Allele wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q24 and is approximately 268 kb in length. This allele, which encodes thyroglobulin protein, plays a role in the mediation of thyroid hormone production. Mutations in the gene are involved in goiter formation and genetic variants are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease type 3.. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases defined as following: A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on Proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.. Vascular Diseases defined as following: Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.. Point Mutation defined as following: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.. Mutation defined as following: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.. SNCG wt Allele defined as following: Human SNCG wild-type allele is located within10q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 13 kb in length. This allele, which encodes gamma-synuclein protein, plays a role in the modulation of axonal architecture and neurofilament integrity. This gene is highly expessed in advanced breast carcinomas, suggesting a correlation between SNCG overexpression and breast tumor development.. Cellular Membrane defined as following: Any of the lipid bilayer membranes within a cell.. Brugada Syndrome (disorder) defined as following: An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.. Mice, Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Laboratory CASP14 gene that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.. Gene Deletion defined as following: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.. Animals, Transgenic defined as following: Experimental organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed.. cardiac Hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Infarction defined as following: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.. Myocardium defined as following: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.. systolic Congestive Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are variants in FHF2 (also known as FGF13) associated with encephalopathy?", "id": "converted_4279", "sentence1": "Are Variant in FGF13 gene (also known as fibroblast growth factor 13) associated with encephalopathy?", "sentence2": "Missense Variant in the N-terminal domain of the A Protein Isoforms of fibroblast growth factor 13 gene/fibroblast growth factor 13 cause an X-linked developmental and Epileptic encephalopathy., Whole-exome sequencing identified hemi- and heterozygous Variant in the N-terminal domain of the A Protein Isoforms of fibroblast growth factor 13 gene (FHF2A). The X-linked fibroblast growth factor 13 gene gene (also known as fibroblast growth factor 13) has alternative first Exons which produce multiple protein isoforms that differ in their N-terminal sequence. The Variant were located at highly conserved residues in the FHF2A inactivation particle that competes with the intrinsic fast inactivation mechanism of Navajo language channels. Functional characterization of mutant FHF2A co-expressed with wild-type Nav1.6 (SCN8A gene gene) revealed that mutant FHF2A proteins lost the ability to induce rapid-onset, long-term blockade of the channel while retaining pro-excitatory properties. These gain-of-function effects are likely to increase neuronal excitability consistent with the epileptic potential of fibroblast growth factor 13 gene Variant. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor 13 gene Variant are a cause of infantile-onset developmental and Epileptic encephalopathy and underline the critical role of the FHF2A Protein Isoforms in regulating Navajo language channel function.[SEP]Relations: fibroblast growth factor 13 has relations: protein_protein with PLEKHF2, protein_protein with PLEKHF2, protein_protein with SCN2A, protein_protein with SCN2A, protein_protein with MAPK8IP2, protein_protein with MAPK8IP2, molfunc_protein with growth factor activity, molfunc_protein with growth factor activity, protein_protein with SCN5A, protein_protein with SCN5A. Definitions: Variant defined as following: An alteration or difference from a norm or standard.. FGF13 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in neural development.. Navajo language defined as following: A Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dene family spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially in the Navajo Nation.. Epileptic encephalopathy defined as following: A condition in which epileptiform abnormalities are believed to contribute to the progressive disturbance in cerebral function. Epileptic encephalaopathy is characterized by (1) electrographic EEG paroxysmal activity that is often aggressive, (2) seizures that are usually multiform and intractable, (3) cognitive, behavioral and neurological deficits that may be relentless, and (4) sometimes early death. [PMID:21590624, PMID:23213494]. Exons defined as following: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.. Protein Isoforms defined as following: Refers to Variant of the same protein which can be separated on special conducting media using electrophoresis. The differences may arise from genetically determined differences in primary structure or by modification of the same primary sequence.. encephalopathy defined as following: A functional and/or structural disorder of the brain caused by diseases (e.g. liver disease, kidney disease), medications, chemicals, and injuries..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are selenium supplements recommended for prostate cancer prevention?", "id": "converted_2223", "sentence1": "Are Selenium supplement supplements recommended for prostate cancer prevention?", "sentence2": "Our meta-analysis in prospective studies demonstrated a significant inverse association between Selenium supplement status and CVD risk within a narrow Selenium supplement range and a null effect of Selenium supplement supplementation on CVD was observed in RCTs. These findings indicate the importance of considering Selenium supplement status, dose and safety in health assessment and future study design., Selenium supplementation of 140 or more μg/day after diagnosis of nonmetastatic prostate cancer may increase risk of prostate cancer mortality. Caution is warranted regarding usage of such supplements among men with prostate cancer., The SELECT study failed to show any significant risk reduction for Malignant neoplasm of prostate ascribable to Selenium supplement and vitamin E supplementations., Vitamin IV solution additives and supplements, including Selenium supplement or vitamin E, have not been proven in clinical trials to prevent prostate cancer and in the case of Vitamin E Drug Class Drug Class has been found to increase the risk of incident prostate cancer. Ongoing and future trials may further elucidate the role of diet and immunotherapy for prevention of prostate cancer.[SEP]Relations: Selenium has relations: drug_drug with Testosterone, drug_drug with Testosterone, drug_drug with Testosterone enanthate, drug_drug with Testosterone enanthate, drug_drug with Methadone, drug_drug with Methadone, drug_drug with Ketamine, drug_drug with Ketamine, drug_drug with Ampicillin, drug_drug with Ampicillin. Definitions: Malignant neoplasm of prostate defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.. prostate cancer defined as following: A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is the PINES framework being used for the prediction of coding variants?", "id": "converted_2790", "sentence1": "Is the PINES framework being used for the prediction of coding variants?", "sentence2": "PINES: phenotype-informed tissue weighting improves prediction of pathogenic noncoding variants., Here, we introduce the computational framework PINES (Phenotype-Informed Noncoding Element Scoring), which predicts the functional impact of noncoding variants by integrating epigenetic annotations in a phenotype-dependent manner. PINES enables analyses to be customized towards genomic annotations from cell types of the highest relevance given the phenotype of interest. We illustrate that PINES identifies functional noncoding variation more accurately than methods that do not use phenotype-weighted knowledge, while at the same time being flexible and easy to use via a dedicated web portal., Here, we introduce the computational framework PINES (Phenotype-Informed Noncoding Element Scoring), which predicts the functional impact of noncoding variants by integrating epigenetic annotations in a phenotype-dependent manner., We illustrate that PINES identifies functional noncoding variation more accurately than methods that do not use phenotype-weighted knowledge, while at the same time being flexible and easy to use via a dedicated web portal.Respond with exceptions, completions and modifications or revisions done before completion
. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Histone H3 defined as following: Histone H3 is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear Proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of Histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). Ribosomes defined as following: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.. Covalent Interaction defined as following: A physical connection between two atoms or radicals in which a chemical bond is formed by sharing electrons..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Hunter's disease is associated with the X Chromosome?", "id": "converted_3889", "sentence1": "Is Hunter's Disease is associated with the X Chromosome?", "sentence2": "Segregation analysis on five samples of families with Hunter's syndrome (158 cases overall) shows that the mutant allele segregates in agreement with Mendelian expectations for an X linked recessive, The utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of amelogenin Genes as a reliable and rapid means of determination of Sex Chromosomes was tested in 20 patients of X-linked disorders (Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne, Hemophilia, NOS and Wiscott-Aldrich and Hunter's syndromes), , We describe a 3 year old girl with the typical clinical features of the X linked recessive condition, Hunter's Disease, We describe a 3 year old girl with the typical clinical features of the X linked recessive condition, Hunter's Disease., Hunter's Disease in a girl: association with X:5 chromosomal translocation disrupting the Hunter Genes., Further evidence localising the Genes for Hunter's syndrome to the distal region of the Xq., Full expression of Hunter's Disease in a female with an X-chromosome Gene Deletion Abnormality leading to non-random inactivation., Mucopolysaccharidosis II in a girl caused by R468Q Mutation Abnormality in the Iduronate Sulfatase Genes and skewed inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the normal allele., These findings strongly suggest that the severe form of Mucopolysaccharidosis II in this girl was the result of selective expression of the maternal allele carrying the missense Mutation Abnormality R468Q, which in turn resulted from skewed X inactivation of the paternal nonmutant X chromosome., LUSIONS: This is a report of a female with a 10.6 Mb Xq27-28 Gene Deletion Abnormality with skewed inactivation of the deleted X chromosome. Con, Brother/sister siblings affected with Mucopolysaccharidosis II: evidence for skewed X chromosome inactivation., The normal X chromosome was preferentially inactivated, supporting the view that the translocation had disrupted the Hunter Genes., Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Mucopolysaccharidoses type II) associated with unbalanced inactivation of the X Chromosome in a karyotypically normal girl., INTRODUCTION: Hunter syndrome, or Mucopolysaccharidoses type II, is an inherited Disease linked to the X chromosome that is caused by a deficit of the Enzyme [APC] Iduronate Sulfatase and its main symptoms affect the XXX bone, neurological system and the Viscera., INTRODUCTION: Hunter syndrome, or Mucopolysaccharidoses type II, is an inherited Disease linked to the X chromosome that is caused by a deficit of the Enzyme [APC] Iduronate Sulfatase and its main symptoms affect the XXX bone, neurological system and the, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Mucopolysaccharidosis II) is an X chromosome-linked inherited metabolic Disease caused by Gene Mutation resulting in deficiency of activity of Iduronate Sulfatase (IDS) and accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans (Mouth gag), heparan sulfate, and Dermatan Sulfate. Previous, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS-II, Mucopolysaccharidosis II) is a X-linked recessive disorder. Affe, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II or Hunter syndrome) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal Enzyme [APC], Iduronate Sulfatase (IDS). Pheno, Mucopolysaccharidosis II or Mucopolysaccharidoses type II is an X-linked Disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal Enzyme [APC] Iduronate Sulfatase (IDS). Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked lysosomal storage Disease caused by a deficiency of Iduronate Sulfatase (IDS). Two a, We report the results of studies on the characterization of the Mutation Abnormality associated with marked unbalanced expression of the mutant X chromosome in a karyotypically normal girl with Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Mucopolysaccharidoses type II). So, BACKGROUND: Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses type II) is a recessive X-linked disorder due to Gene Mutation in the iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS, Familial X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) skewing was investigated in a family in which a female Mucopolysaccharidoses type II (MPS II) (Hunter syndrome, an X-linked genetic Disease) occurred. Among e, Studies using Bromodeoxyuridine indicated that the deleted X chromosome was consistently late replicating, and as a result the Hunter Genes was fully expressed on the other X chromosome., All Mucopolysaccharidoses are autosomal recessive disorders, except for Hunter's syndrome that is X-linked and recessive., Female twin with Mucopolysaccharidosis II due to nonrandom inactivation of the X-chromosome: a consequence of twinning., Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses type II) is a recessive X-linked disorder due to Gene Mutation in the iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) Genes., Mucopolysaccharidosis II is an X-linked recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disorder caused by Iduronate Sulfatase deficiency and is rare in females., Mucopolysaccharidosis II is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of Iduronate Sulfatase activity.[SEP]Relations: X-linked Disease has relations: disease_disease with sex-linked Disease, disease_disease with sex-linked Disease, disease_disease with X-linked dominant Disease, disease_disease with X-linked dominant Disease, disease_disease with X-linked immunoneurologic disorder, disease_disease with X-linked immunoneurologic disorder, disease_disease with X-linked intellectual disability, disease_disease with X-linked intellectual disability, disease_disease with choroideremia, disease_disease with choroideremia. Definitions: Bromodeoxyuridine defined as following: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.. Mucopolysaccharidosis II defined as following: Systemic lysosomal storage Disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This Disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.. X Chromosome defined as following: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.. heparan sulfate defined as following: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.. Dermatan Sulfate defined as following: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Iduronate Sulfatase defined as following: An Enzyme [APC] that specifically cleaves the ester sulfate of iduronic acid. Its deficiency has been demonstrated in Hunter's syndrome, which is characterized by an excess of Dermatan Sulfate and heparan sulfate. EC 3.1.6.13.. X-linked genetic Disease defined as following: Genetic diseases that are linked to Genes Gene Mutation on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.. Viscera defined as following: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, human defined as following: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (528 aa, ~59 kDa) is encoded by the human TH Genes. This protein plays a role in the synthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine.. Hemophilia, NOS defined as following: A deficiency or abnormality of a blood coagulation factor characterized by the tendency to hemorrhage. Hemophilia is typically a hereditary disorder but, rarely, may be acquired. Inherited coagulation factor-deficient hemophilias include hemophilia A or classic hemophilia (hereditary factor VIII deficiency) hemophilia B or Christmas Disease (hereditary factor IX deficiency), and hemophilia C (hereditary factor XI deficiency). Factor VIII inhibitors may occur spontaneously as autoantibodies, resulting in acquired hemophilia known as acquired factor VIII deficiency. Approximately 10% of patients with acquired hemophilia have an underlying malignancy.. Mouth gag defined as following: An ear, nose, and throat manual surgical instrument is one of a variety of devices intended for use in surgical procedures to examine or treat the bronchus, esophagus, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal and paranasal sinus, or ear. This generic type of device includes the esophageal dilator; tracheal bistour (a long, narrow surgical knife); tracheal dilator; tracheal hook; laryngeal injection set; laryngeal knife; laryngeal saw; laryngeal trocar; laryngectomy tube; adenoid curette; adenotome; metal tongue depressor; mouth gag; oral screw; salpingeal curette; tonsillectome; tonsil guillotine; tonsil screw; tonsil snare; tonsil suction tub; tonsil suturing hook; antom reforator; ethmoid curette; frontal sinus-rasp; nasal curette; nasal rasp; nasal rongeur; nasal saw; nasal scissors; nasal snare; sinus irrigator; sinus trephine; ear curette; ear excavator; ear rasp; ear scissor, ear snare; ear spoon; ear suction tub; malleous ripper; mastoid gauge; microsurgical ear chisel; myringotomy tube inserter; ossici holding clamp; sacculotomy tack inserter; vein press; wire ear loop; microrule; mirror; mobilizer; ear, nose, and throat punch; ear, nose and throat knife; and ear, nose, and throat trocar.. Mutation Abnormality defined as following: Any transmissible change in the genetic material of an organism, which can result from radiation, viral infection, transposition, treatment with mutagenic chemicals and errors during DNA replication or meiosis. The effects of Mutation Abnormality range from single base changes to loss or gain of complete chromosomes. As many of the simpler alterations to DNA may be repaired, such changes are only heritable once the change is fixed in the DNA by the process of replication. Mutations may be associated with genetic diversity or with pathologies including cancer.. Sex Chromosomes defined as following: The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed). Mucopolysaccharidoses defined as following: Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an Enzyme [APC] involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one Enzyme [APC] deficiency.. Gene Mutation defined as following: The result of any gain, loss or alteration of the sequences comprising a Genes, including all sequences transcribed into RNA.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.. Xq defined as following: Distal (long) arm of chromosome X. Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne defined as following: An X-linked recessive muscle Disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of Disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415). X Chromosome defined as following: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is treatment resistant depression related to vitamin B9?", "id": "converted_1861", "sentence1": "Is treatment resistant Cancer patients and suicide and depression related to vitamin Lateral basal segmental bronchus?", "sentence2": "Suboptimal serum and Folic acid measurement, RBC levels have been associated with a poorer response to Antidepressive Agents therapy, a greater severity of symptoms, later onset of clinical improvement, and overall treatment resistance. This article reviews the evidence for levomefolate and folic acid as antidepressive agents in Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression and discusses their clinical use, Although further randomized controlled trials in this area appear warranted, S-adenosylmethionine and levomefolate may represent a useful addition to the cytarabine/daunorubicin protocol armamentarium., Patients with Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression have consistently been found to have lower levels of serum and Folic acid measurement, RBC than normal or nondepressed psychiatric patients. Decreased folate levels have been associated with lowered response rates to standard Antidepressive Agents pharmacotherapy. Recent studies have shown that augmentation with a folate supplement increases medication response in both treatment-naïve and treatment-resistant depressed patients irrespective of whether there is folate deficiency., Depressed patients with both low and normal folate levels may benefit from augmenting a primary Antidepressive Agents medication either initially, at the onset of treatment, or later after some degree of treatment resistance has been recognized., The results of this study suggest that intake of vitamin Lateral basal segmental bronchus may modulate the total score of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and two subscales of the CES-D including depressive affect and interpersonal difficulties., The results of this study suggest that intake of vitamin Lateral basal segmental bronchus may modulate the total score of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and two subscales of the CES-D including depressive affect and interpersonal difficulties. , This article reviews the metabolic and clinical importance of folate, Vitamin NDUFB3 gene [EPC], and S-adenosylmethionine, as well as clinical trials in relation to Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression and Presenile Presenile dementia, In particular, thiamine, Measles virus genotype Measles virus genotype B3, B6, Lateral basal segmental bronchus and NDUFB3 gene are essential for neuronal function and Androgen Receptor Deficiency have been linked to Cancer patients and suicide and Cancer patients and suicide and depression.[SEP]Relations: Folic acid has relations: drug_drug with Amphotericin B, drug_drug with Amphotericin B, contraindication with diabetes mellitus (disease), contraindication with diabetes mellitus (disease), drug_drug with Blonanserin, drug_drug with Blonanserin, drug_drug with Brincidofovir, drug_drug with Brincidofovir. Thiamine has relations: drug_protein with SLC19A2, drug_protein with SLC19A2. Definitions: folate defined as following: A cofactor for 1-carbon transfer involved with DNA synthesis.. S-adenosylmethionine defined as following: Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed). Folic acid measurement, RBC defined as following: The determination of the concentration of folic acid present in a sample of red blood cells.. folic acid defined as following: A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate Androgen Receptor Deficiency and megaloblastic anemia.. Antidepressive Agents defined as following: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.. levomefolate defined as following: A nutritional supplement containing the biologically active form of the Lateral basal segmental bronchus vitamin folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (levomefolate), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, levomefolate is able to provide methyl groups allowing an increase in the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of certain tumor-promoting genes, thereby reversing the DNA hypomethylation of these genes and inactivating them. This may result in a decrease of both tumor cell proliferation and tumor progression. In addition, administration of levomefolate may sensitize tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of other chemotherapeutic agents. Unlike folic acid, levomefolate is able to cross the blood brain barrier and could be beneficial in the treatment of brain tumors. DNA hypomethylation of certain genes leads to chromosome instability and contributes to tumor development.. Presenile dementia defined as following: The presence of Presenile dementia in an individual younger than age sixty five.. thiamine defined as following: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.. vitamin Lateral basal segmental bronchus defined as following: A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate Androgen Receptor Deficiency and megaloblastic anemia..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is vocimagene amiretrorepvec effective for glioblastoma?", "id": "converted_4125", "sentence1": "Is vocimagene amiretrorepvec effective for Glioblastoma Multiforme?", "sentence2": "CONCLUSIONS: These results support an immune-related mechanism of action for Toca 511 and Toca FC, and suggest that Molecular and immunologic signatures are related to clinical benefit from treatment., The median OS was 11.10 months for the Toca 511/FC group and 12.22 months for the control group (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI 0.83, 1.35; P = .62). The secondary end points did not demonstrate statistically significant differences. The rates of adverse events were similar in the Toca 511/FC group and the SOC control group.Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients who underwent tumor resection for first or second recurrence of Glioblastoma Multiforme or Anaplastic astrocytoma, administration of Toca 511 and Toca FC, compared with SOC, did not improve overall survival or other efficacy end points.[SEP]Relations: adult Glioblastoma Multiforme has relations: disease_disease with Glioblastoma Multiforme (disease), disease_disease with Glioblastoma Multiforme (disease), disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with adult infiltrating astrocytic neoplasm, disease_disease with adult spinal cord Glioblastoma Multiforme, disease_disease with adult spinal cord Glioblastoma Multiforme. Anaplastic astrocytoma has relations: contraindication with Temsirolimus, contraindication with Temsirolimus, contraindication with Sirolimus, contraindication with Sirolimus. Definitions: Molecular defined as following: Relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.. Glioblastoma Multiforme defined as following: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO). Anaplastic astrocytoma defined as following: A central nervous system tumor with morphological features of Anaplastic astrocytoma in which there is insufficient information on the IDH genes status..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does an antiphlogistic promotes inflammation?", "id": "converted_3856", "sentence1": "Does an antiphlogistic promotes Inflammation?", "sentence2": "The therapeutic effect of olipiphate was demonstrated for chronic Inflammation of advanced arthritis and concanavalin A-related acute edema. The best systemic effect was obtained with 50 mg/kg, symptomatic--100 mg/kg. Wound of skin treated with 5% olipiphate (26 + 2) healed faster than those treated with 2% solcoseryl (30 + 0.8) or in control (33 + 0.6). It was shown histologically that the proliferative and antiphlogistic effect of olipiphate involved no scars., Moreover, we observed an in vitro-inhibition of human neutrophil elastase, a Endopeptidases involved in the inflammatory process, by extracts and Fraction of from Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, which suggests additional mechanisms of antiphlogistic action., Blood serotonin in adrenalectomized Rattus norvegicus with inflammationadrenalectomized Rattus norvegicus 42 days and 3 months old with Inflammation after injection of phenylbutazone an increase of serotonin was observed, but in 18-month-old animal allergen extracts in which antiphlogistic action is highest a decrease of serotonin was observed., These results indicate that methotrexate is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, the antiphlogistic action of which is due to increased adenosine release at inflamed sites., The antiphlogistic ibuprofen incorporated in Liposomes caused a decrease of the inflammatory edema induced by carrageenan in the distal part of the rat's hind leg after both the Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration and percutaneous administration., Enhancement of the immunoreactivity inhibition caused by the drugs was not proportional to the increase in their antiphlogistic effects determined by the Selye model of Inflammation., Antiinflammatory agents: new series of N-substituted amino acids with complex Pyrimidine structures endowed with antiphlogistic activity., investigate whether the antiphlogistic ingredient may suppress the inflammatory response to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the SPF was determined in vivo. F, Antiphlogistics were found to enhance the Membrane Device viscosity both in control and under Inflammation., e in vivo determination of the SPF. Evidence of anti-inflammatory activity of the sunscreen antiphlogistics bisabolol and panthenol was also not apparent in the UV model over a time course of 48 h. Conlusion: The antiphlogistic ingredients panthenol and bisabolol incorporated in the tested sunscreen formula do not interfere with Erythema reddening and thus , nts was analyzed in vitro. To investigate whether the antiphlogistic ingredient may suppress the inflammatory response to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the , The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of the most relevant Inflammation mediators including Proteins and Lipids in human fibroblasts upon inflammatory stimulation and subsequent treatment with dexamethasone, a powerful antiphlogistic drug.[SEP]Relations: ibuprofen has relations: contraindication with inflammatory bowel disease, contraindication with inflammatory bowel disease, drug_effect with Nephrotic syndrome, drug_effect with Nephrotic syndrome, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin. Methotrexate has relations: contraindication with inflammatory bowel disease, contraindication with inflammatory bowel disease. Adenosine has relations: drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin, drug_effect with Inflammatory abnormality of the skin. Definitions: Fraction of defined as following: A part, a fragment of a whole.. Lipids defined as following: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methotrexate defined as following: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. dexamethasone defined as following: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Membrane Device defined as following: A device that is made from or resembles a thin flexible sheet of material.. Liposomes defined as following: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other Lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and Membrane Device Proteins.. Erythema defined as following: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.. adenosine defined as following: A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.. Endopeptidases defined as following: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.. serotonin defined as following: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.. ibuprofen defined as following: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. phenylbutazone defined as following: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. Wound of skin defined as following: A cutaneous wound is a defined as a disruption of normal anatomic structure and function of the skin that occured owing to an injury of the skin. Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive processinvolving soluble mediators, blood cells, extracellularmatrix, and parenchymal cells. Wound healing has three phases: Inflammation, tissue formation, and tissue remodeling, that overlap in time. [PMID:10471461]. carrageenan defined as following: A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.. Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration defined as following: Intramuscular injection is a route of drug administration via injection into muscle tissue. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions and emulsions or suspensions may be administered. Absorption rates, delay in availability of the drug to the systemic circulation, and duration of effect are perfusion-limited, depend on molecular size of the agent, volume, and osmolarity of the drug solution, fat content of the injection site, and patient physical activity..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does trimetazidine protect from myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention?", "id": "converted_4344", "sentence1": "Does trimetazidine protect from myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention?", "sentence2": "After a median follow-up of 47·5 months (IQR 42·3-53·3), incidence of primary endpoint events was not significantly different between the trimetazidine group (700 [23·3%] patients) and the placebo group (714 [23·7%]; hazard ratio 0·98 [95% CI 0·88-1·09], p=0·73). When analysed individually, there were no significant differences in the incidence of the components of the primary endpoint between the treatment groups. , INTERPRETATION: Our results show that the routine use of oral trimetazidine 35 mg twice daily over several years in patients receiving optimal medical therapy, after successful PCI, does not influence the recurrence of Ever told by doctor that you had Ever told by doctor that you had angina:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal or the outcome; these findings should be taken into account when considering the place of trimetazidine in clinical practice. [SEP]Relations: Trimetazidine has relations: drug_drug with Metoclopramide, drug_drug with Metoclopramide, drug_drug with Patent Blue, drug_drug with Patent Blue, drug_protein with ACAA1, drug_protein with ACAA1, drug_drug with Isosorbide mononitrate, drug_drug with Isosorbide mononitrate. negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator has relations: bioprocess_protein with CD44, bioprocess_protein with CD44. Definitions: trimetazidine defined as following: A vasodilator used in Ever told by doctor that you had angina:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal of effort or ischemic heart disease..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents a hallmark of Fanconi anemia?", "id": "converted_860", "sentence1": "Is Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents a hallmark of Fanconi anemia?", "sentence2": "The Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) core complex plays a central role in the DNA damage response network, FAAP100-deficient cells display hallmark features of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol cells, including defective FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 monoubiquitination, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and genomic instability., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by Aplastic Anemia, Primary malignant neoplasm/leukemia susceptibility and Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, such as cisplatin., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is an inherited Chromosomes recessive syndrome characterized by Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and Bone marrow hypocellularity, which cause Aplastic Anemia, and an increased incidence of malignancy., Features of Chromosomes aberrations, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and predisposition to malignancy have suggested a fundamental anomaly of DNA repair in Fanconi anemia., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is one of several genetic diseases with characteristic Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents which suggest that doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Proteins may function as part of DNA repair processes., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is characterized by Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, but how the Fanconi pathway protects cells from DNA Cross link and whether doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Proteins act directly on Cross link remain unclear., FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a rare genetic disorder associated with a bone-marrow failure, Primary malignant neoplasm predisposition and Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a heterogeneous Disease associated with a Bone marrow hypocellularity, Primary malignant neoplasm predisposition and Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is an inherited disorder characterized by defective DNA repair and Cells sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is an inherited Disease characterized by Bone marrow hypocellularity, increased Primary malignant neoplasm risk and Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, implying a role for this pathway in the maintenance of genomic stability., Genetic or epigenetic inactivation of the pathway formed by the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) Proteins occurs in several Primary malignant neoplasm types, including Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), rendering the affected Neoplasms potentially hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents., FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a rare autosomic recessive and X-linked Disease with Chromosomes instability after exposure to crosslinking agents as the hallmark., FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is an autosomal recessive Disease characterized by chromosome instability, Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, and increased predisposition to Malignant Neoplasms., The Bloom protein (Bloom Syndrome) and DNA topoisomerase III alpha are found in association with Proteins of the Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway, a disorder manifesting increased Cells sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents., Using siRNA depletion and gene knockout techniques, we show that FAAP100-deficient cells display hallmark features of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol cells, including defective FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 monoubiquitination, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and genomic instability., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a recessive Homo sapiens Primary malignant neoplasm prone syndrome featuring Bone marrow hypocellularity, developmental abnormalities and Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents exposure., doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol is a chromosome instability syndrome characterized by childhood-onset Aplastic Anemia, Primary malignant neoplasm or leukemia susceptibility, and Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents., Functional defects in the Fanconi pathway can result in a marked Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to interstrand crosslinking agents, such as Mitomycins C., At the Cells level, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand Cross link is the defining feature in Fanconi anemia., DNA crosslinking agents may led to DNA cross-linking lesion, and Fanconi anemia pathway plays a key role in repairing its cross-linking., Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol), an Autosomal Recessive Disorder of children, is characterized by congenital or childhood Aplastic Anemia, multiple developmental anomalies, increased incidence of Myeloid Leukemia, increased spontaneous chromosome breakage, and Cells and Chromosomes Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA bifunctional crosslinking and Alkylating Agents., elegans provides an excellent model system for the study of the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol), one of the hallmarks of which is sensitivity to interstrand crosslinking agents, Using siRNA depletion and gene knockout techniques, we show that FAAP100-deficient cells display hallmark features of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol cells, including defective FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 monoubiquitination, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and genomic instability, One of the hallmark phenotypes of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol is Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to agents that induce DNA interstrand Cross link (ICLs), such as Mitomycins C (Mitomycins), Furthermore, the cytological hallmark of doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol, the DNA crosslink-induced radial chromosome formation, exemplifies an innate impairment in the repair of these particularly cytotoxic DNA lesions [A.D, Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is characterized by Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, but how the Fanconi pathway protects cells from DNA Cross link and whether doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol Proteins act directly on Cross link remain unclear, Features of Chromosomes aberrations, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and predisposition to malignancy have suggested a fundamental anomaly of DNA repair in Fanconi anemia, Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is an inherited Chromosomes recessive syndrome characterized by Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and Bone marrow hypocellularity, which cause Aplastic Anemia, and an increased incidence of malignancy, Genetic or epigenetic inactivation of the pathway formed by the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) Proteins occurs in several Primary malignant neoplasm types, including Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), rendering the affected Neoplasms potentially hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents, Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) is a Homo sapiens autosomal disorder characterized by Primary malignant neoplasm susceptibility and Cells sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents such as Mitomycins C and erythritol anhydride, The Fanconi anemia pathway promotes DNA glycosylase-dependent excision of interstrand DNA Cross link., DNA crosslinking agents may led to DNA cross-linking lesion, and Fanconi anemia pathway plays a key role in repairing its cross-linking, doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol is a chromosome instability syndrome characterized by childhood-onset Aplastic Anemia, Primary malignant neoplasm or leukemia susceptibility, and Cells Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, The Disease is manifested by defects in DNA repair, Emotional Emotional hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and a high degree of Chromosomes aberrations[SEP]Relations: Fanconi anemia complementation group has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with Chromosomal breakage induced by crosslinking agents, disease_phenotype_positive with Chromosomal breakage induced by crosslinking agents, disease_phenotype_positive with Chromosomal breakage induced by crosslinking agents, disease_phenotype_positive with Chromosomal breakage induced by crosslinking agents, disease_phenotype_positive with Deficient excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA, disease_phenotype_positive with Deficient excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA, disease_phenotype_positive with Deficient excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA, disease_phenotype_positive with Deficient excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA, disease_phenotype_positive with Overfolded helix, disease_phenotype_positive with Overfolded helix. Definitions: Autosomal Recessive Disorder defined as following: An inherited disorder manifested only when two copies of a mutated gene are present.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Chromosomes defined as following: In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Bloom Syndrome defined as following: An Autosomal Recessive Disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing Primary malignant neoplasm. The Bloom syndrome gene (Bloom Syndrome) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase.. Cross link defined as following: Any covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2 gene. This gene is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, both by homologous recombination and single-strand annealing.. Myeloid Leukemia defined as following: Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.. Cells defined as following: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck defined as following: The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this Primary malignant neoplasm.. Emotional hypersensitivity defined as following: Heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli, including emotions of others. [PMID:23250816]. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. cisplatin defined as following: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand Cross link. These Cross link appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with Cells arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.. Genetic defined as following: Having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.. Mitomycins defined as following: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.. erythritol anhydride defined as following: A colorless, highly flammable, liquid cyclic ether. Diepoxybutane is primarily used for research purposes, but is also used as a curing agent for polymer resins and as a cross-linking agent for making synthetic textile fibers. Exposure to this substance can severely irritate and burn the eyes and skin and can cause liver damage. Diepoxybutane is reasonably anticipated to be a Homo sapiens carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05). Mitomycins defined as following: A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid Neoplasms. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Alkylating Agents defined as following: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.. leukemia defined as following: A progressive, malignant Disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to Cells maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006). Neoplasms defined as following: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.. FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A (disorder) defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCA gene. FANCA gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway.. Aplastic Anemia defined as following: A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.. Bone marrow hypocellularity defined as following: A reduced number of hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow relative to marrow fat. [DDD:wouwehand, HPO:probinson]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Fanconi anemia defined as following: Fanconi anemia caused by mutations of the FANCA gene. FANCA gene mutations are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the Fanconi anemia (doxorubicin/fluorouracil protocol) pathway..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced by microbes?", "id": "converted_3900", "sentence1": "Are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced by microbes?", "sentence2": "The C-type lectin receptor CLEC4E and TLR2 protein, human TLR4 wt Allele wt Allele expressed by host cells are among the first line of defense in encountering pathogens., Gram-negative bacteria and endogenous Molecule coordinate to trigger inflammatory cascades via TLR2 protein, human 4 to induce excessive expression of Recombinant Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-interleukin-1β into its mature form. , During Virus Diseases, viral nucleic acids are detected by virus sensor proteins including Toll-Like Receptor 3 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) in mammalian cells. , TLR2 protein, human 9 (TLR9 gene gene) activation is attributed to delivery of DNA, Bacterial, We determine that HBCs have the capacity to play a defensive role, where they are responsive to TLR2 protein, human stimulation and are microbicidal.[SEP]Relations: TLR2 protein, human 1-TLR2 protein, human 2 protein complex has relations: cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR1, cellcomp_protein with TLR2, cellcomp_protein with TLR2, cellcomp_protein with TLR2, cellcomp_protein with TLR2. Definitions: TLR2 protein, human defined as following: TLR2 protein, human 2 (784 aa, ~90 kDa) is encoded by the human TLR2 gene. This protein is involved in signal transduction that modulates innate immunity.. TLR2 protein, human 9 defined as following: TLR2 protein, human 9 (1032 aa, ~116 kDa) is encoded by the human TLR9 gene gene. This protein plays a role in the mediation of inflammatory signaling.. TLR4 wt Allele defined as following: Human TLR4 wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 9q32-q33 and is approximately 11 kb in length. This allele, which encodes toll-like receptor 4 protein, is involved in pathogen recognition, signal transduction and innate immunity. Mutations in the gene are associated with differences in LPS responsiveness.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. TLR2 protein, human 4 defined as following: A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.. TLR9 gene defined as following: This gene plays a role in innate immunity.. Toll-Like Receptor 3 defined as following: A pattern recognition receptor that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens.. DNA, Bacterial defined as following: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.. Virus Diseases defined as following: A general term for diseases caused by viruses.. Toll-like receptors defined as following: A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Has field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology been used to solve sequence alignment problems?", "id": "converted_1674", "sentence1": "Has field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology been used to solve Sequence - ParameterizedDataType alignment problems?", "sentence2": "A linear error model for the raw intensity data and Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) based alignment are combined utilizing a Bayesian score function, which is then globally optimized over all possible genomic locations using an efficient branch-and-bound approach. The algorithm has been implemented in soft- and hardware [field-programmable gate array (FPGA)] to achieve real-time performance., we have designed and built a high-performance FPGA-accelerated version of BLASTP, mercury BLASTP. In this paper, we describe the architecture of the portions of the application that are accelerated in the FPGA, and we also describe the integration of these FPGA-accelerated portions with the existing BLASTP software. We have implemented mercury BLASTP on a commodity workstation with two Xilinx Virtex-II 6000 FPGAs., This paper shows how reconfigurable architectures can be used to derive an efficient fine-grained parallelization of the dynamic programming calculation. We describe how this technique leads to significant runtime savings for HMM database scanning on a standard off-the-shelf field-programmable gate array (FPGA)., We have constructed a linear systolic array to perform pairwise Sequence - ParameterizedDataType distance computations using dynamic programming. This results in an implementation with significant runtime savings on a standard FPGA., in this paper, we focused on accelerating the Smith-Waterman algorithm by modifying the computationally repeated portion of the algorithm by FPGA hardware custom instructions., We present a reconfigurable systolic architecture that can be applied for the efficient treatment of several dynamic programming methods for resolving well-known problems, such as global and local Sequence - ParameterizedDataType alignment, approximate string matching and longest common subsequence. The dynamicity of the reconfigurability was found to be useful for practical applications in the construction of Sequence - ParameterizedDataType alignments. A VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language) version of this new architecture was implemented on an APEX FPGA (Field programmable gate array)., This results in an implementation of ClustalW with significant runtime savings on a standard off-the-shelf FPGA., The accelerator implements a version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for nucleotide Sequence - ParameterizedDataType alignment. Sequence lengths are constrained only by available memory; the product - ParticipationType - ParticipationType of Sequence - ParameterizedDataType lengths in the current implementation can be up to 2(22). The machine is implemented as two NuBus boards connected to a Mac IIf/x, using a mixture of TTL and FPGA technology clocked at 10 MHz.[SEP]Definitions: product - ParticipationType defined as following:Participant material that is brought forth (produced) in the act (e.g., specimen in a specimen collection, access or drainage in a placement service, medication package in a dispense service). It does not matter whether the material produced had existence prior to the service, or whether it is created in the service (e.g., in supply services the product - ParticipationType is taken from a stock).
. Sequence - ParameterizedDataType alignments defined as following: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.. mercury defined as following: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. Sequence - ParameterizedDataType defined as following: The Sequence - ParameterizedDataType of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide Sequence - ParameterizedDataType..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there graph kernel libraries available implemented in JAVA?", "id": "converted_3037", "sentence1": "Are there graph kernel libraries available implemented in JAVA?", "sentence2": "graphkernels: R and Python packages for graph comparison., Measuring the similarity of graphs is a fundamental step in the analysis of graph-structured data, which is omnipresent in computational biology. Graph kernels have been proposed as a powerful and efficient approach to this problem of graph comparison. Here we provide graphkernels, the first R and Python graph kernel libraries including baseline kernels such as label histogram based kernels, classic graph kernels such as random walk based kernels, and the state-of-the-art Weisfeiler-Lehman graph kernel. The core of all graph kernels is implemented in C ++ for efficiency. Using the kernel matrices computed by the package, we can easily perform tasks such as classification, regression and clustering on graph-structured samples.[SEP]", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are synonymous sites in primates and rodents functionally constrained?", "id": "converted_4100", "sentence1": "Are synonymous sites in Primates and Rodent functionally constrained?", "sentence2": "To resolve this contradiction between expectations and observations, we used processed Pseudogenes as a model for strict neutral evolution, and estimated selective constraint on synonymous sites using the rate of Substitution - ActClass at pseudosynonymous and pseudononsynonymous sites in Pseudogenes as the neutral expectation. After controlling for the effects of GC content, our results were similar to those from previous studies, i.e., synonymous sites in Primates exhibited evidence for higher selective constraint that those in Rodent. Specifically, our results indicated that in Primates up to 24% of synonymous sites could be under purifying selection, while in Rodent synonymous sites evolved neutrally. [SEP]Definitions: Rodent defined as following: A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.. Pseudogenes defined as following: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.. Substitution - ActClass defined as following:Definition: Indicates that the subject Act has undergone or should undergo Substitution - ActClass of a type indicated by Act.code.
Rationale: Used to specify \"allowed\" Substitution - ActClass when creating orders, \"actual\" susbstitution when sending events, as well as the reason for the Substitution - ActClass and who was responsible for it.
. Primates defined as following: An order of mammals consisting of more than 300 species that include LEMURS; LORISIDAE; TARSIERS; MONKEYS; and HOMINIDS. They are characterized by a relatively large brain when compared with other terrestrial mammals, forward-facing eyes, the presence of a CALCARINE SULCUS, and specialized MECHANORECEPTORS in the hands and feet which allow the perception of light touch..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are circRNAs susceptible to degradation by RNase R?", "id": "converted_4351", "sentence1": "Are circRNAs susceptible to degradation by Pancreatic ribonuclease R?", "sentence2": "Currently, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that 1) majority of circRNAs are evolutionarily conserved across species, stable, and resistant to Pancreatic ribonuclease R degradation, , Circular RNA (circRNA) has a closed-loop structure, and its 3' and 5' ends are directly covalently connected by reverse splicing, which is more stable than linear RNA., RNA, Circular are a kind of closed circular RNA molecule widely existing in transcriptomes. Due to lack of free ends, they are not easily cleaved by Pancreatic ribonuclease R, thus avoiding degradation. , Circular RNA (circRNAs) are a class of newly-identified non-coding RNA that lack 5' (cap) and 3' (polyadenylation) ends and are linked by a covalent bond to form a closed loop structure. In comparison to linear RNA, circRNAs are more resistant to exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R-mediated degradation with a much stronger stability due to the absence of 3' terminals, Circular RNA (circRNAs) own unique capabilities to communicate with Nucleic Acids and ribonucleoproteins and are emerging as indispensable compositions of the regulatory messages encoded in the Genome - anatomical entity. Due to lack of 3' termini, circRNAs are more resistant to degradation by exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R and possess greater stability than linear RNA. , Pancreatic ribonuclease R is a strong 3' to 5' exoribonuclease, which efficiently degrades linear RNA, such as mRNAs and rRNAs; therefore, the circular parts of lariat RNA and the circRNAs can be segregated from eukaryotic total RNA by their Pancreatic ribonuclease R resistance., Lariat RNA and circRNAs are both Pancreatic ribonuclease R resistant RNA., In comparison to linear RNA, circRNAs are more resistant to exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R-mediated degradation with a much stronger stability due to the absence of 3' terminals., Due to lack of 3' termini, circRNAs are more resistant to degradation by exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R and possess greater stability than linear RNA., Because circRNAs are not easily degraded by exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R, they can exist more stably in Body Fluids than linear RNA., Therefore, it is essential to perform the RT-qPCR validation step only after linear RNA have been degraded using an exonuclease such as ribonuclease R (Pancreatic ribonuclease R)., is a strong 3' to 5' exoribonuclease, which efficiently degrades linear RNA, such as mRNAs and rRNAs; therefore, the circular parts of lariat RNA and the circRNAs can be segregated from eukaryotic total RNA by their Pancreatic ribonuclease R resistance. Thus, Pancreatic ribonuclease, sion of circRNAs is prevalent in Body tissue and Body Fluids,and their abnormal expression is related to Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor progression.circRNAs are stable even under the treatment of Pancreatic ribonuclease R because of their circular conformation.As circRNAs, e to lack of 3' termini, circRNAs are more resistant to degradation by exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R and possess greater stability than linear RNA. molybdenum, e circRNAs are not easily degraded by exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R, they can exist more stably in Body Fluids than linear RNA. Based, is stable, difficult to cleave and resistant to REXO5 gene or Pancreatic ribonuclease R degradation. circRN, the unique structures, circRNAs are resistant to exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R and maintain stability more easily than linear RNA. Rece, rison to linear RNA, circRNAs are more resistant to exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R-mediated degradation with a much stronger stability due to the absence of 3' terminals. Conseque, RT-PCR analysis showed that sheep circRNAs are resistant to Pancreatic ribonuclease R digestion and are expressed in prenatal and postnatal Pituitary Gland. GO and , Currently, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that 1) majority of circRNAs are evolutionarily conserved across species, stable, and resistant to Pancreatic ribonuclease R degradation, and often exhibit cell-specific, and tissue-specific/developmental-stage-specific expression and can be largely independent of the expression levels of the linear host gene-encoded linear RNA; 2) the biogenesis of circRNAs via back-splicing is different from the canonical splicing of linear RNA; 3) circRNA biogenesis is regulated by specific cis-acting elements and Trans-Activators; 4) circRNAs regulate biological and pathological processes by sponging MicroRNAs, binding to RNA-Binding Proteins (SUGP1 gene), regulators of splicing and transcription, modifiers of parental gene expression, and regulators of protein translation or being translated into Peptides in various diseases; 5) circRNAs have been identified for their enrichment and stability in Exosomes and detected in Body Fluids such as Homo sapiens blood, Specimen Source Codes - Saliva, and Cerebrospinal Fluid, suggesting that these exo-circRNAs have potential applications as disease biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets; 6) several circRNAs are regulated by oxidative stress and mediate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production as well as promote ROS-induced cellular death, cell apoptosis, and Inflammation; 7) circRNAs have also emerged as important regulators in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Metabolic Diseases, and Malignant Neoplasms; 8) the potential mechanisms of several circRNAs have been described in diseases, hinting at their potential applications as novel therapeutic targets., To prove their circularity as well as biochemically enrich these RNA Transcript, it has become standard in the field to use the 3'-5' exonuclease Pancreatic ribonuclease R. Here, we demonstrate that standard protocols involving Pancreatic ribonuclease R can fail to digest >20% of all highly expressed linear RNA, but these shortcomings can largely be overcome., We propose that such an R-loop dependent Circular Intronic RNA degradation likely represents a mechanism that on one hand limits Circular Intronic RNA accumulation by recruiting Pancreatic ribonuclease H1 and on the other hand resolves R-Loop Structures for transcriptional elongation at some GC-rich Circular Intronic RNA-producing loci., As circular RNA (circRNAs) are resistant to degradation by exonucleases, their abundance relative to linear RNA can be used as a surrogate marker for mRNA stability in the absence of transcription., The synthetic circular sponge was resistant to digestion with Pancreatic ribonuclease R. Luciferase assays and functional experiments showed that the circular multi-miR sponge was more stable than its linear counterpart., RNA with highly structured 3' ends, including snRNAs and histone mRNAs, are naturally resistant to Pancreatic ribonuclease R, but can be efficiently degraded once a Poly(A) Tail has been added to their ends., Thousands of eukaryotic protein-coding genes generate circular RNA that have covalently linked ends and are resistant to degradation by exonucleases.[SEP]Relations: rRNA transcription has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III, bioprocess_bioprocess with 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III, bioprocess_bioprocess with ncRNA transcription, bioprocess_bioprocess with ncRNA transcription, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7, bioprocess_protein with SIRT7. protein binding has relations: molfunc_protein with RNASE10, molfunc_protein with RNASE10, molfunc_protein with RNASE1, molfunc_protein with RNASE1. Definitions: Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of Body tissue caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. RNA, Circular defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES.. Pancreatic ribonuclease defined as following: An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. EC 3.1.27.5.. Exosomes defined as following: A type of extracellular vesicle, containing RNA and proteins, that is secreted into the extracellular space by EXOCYTOSIS when MULTIVESICULAR BODIES fuse with the PLASMA MEMBRANE.. RNA defined as following: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed). Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A Specimen Source Codes - tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other Body tissue. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. Body Fluids defined as following: Liquid components of living organisms.. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Cerebrospinal Fluid defined as following: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.. R-Loop Structures defined as following: An RNA-DNA hybrid structure formed when newly transcribed RNA remains bound to its DNA template. Stability of R-Loop Structures may play a role in GENETIC INSTABILITY.. Pituitary Gland defined as following: A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.. Trans-Activators defined as following: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.. Metabolic Diseases defined as following: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed). MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNA, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene RNA Transcript by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNA (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 MicroRNAs discovered, and are from a class of MicroRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Nucleic Acids defined as following: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.. Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of Peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. molybdenum defined as following: A metallic element with the atomic symbol molybdenum, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.. Genome - anatomical entity defined as following: Anatomical set of genes in all the chromosomes.. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Body tissue defined as following: Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.. RNA-Binding Proteins defined as following: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.. circRNAs defined as following: RNA molecules in which the 3' and 5' ends are covalently joined to form a closed continuous loop. They are resistant to digestion by EXORIBONUCLEASES..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Are lamina-associated domains (LADs) associated with transcriptional activation?", "id": "converted_3465", "sentence1": "Are lamina-associated domains (LADs) associated with transcriptional activation?", "sentence2": "Regions of focal DNA hypermethylation and long-range hypomethylation in colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm coincide with Nuclear Lamina-associated domains., Extensive changes in DNA methylation are common in Primary malignant neoplasm and may contribute to oncogenesis through transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes., Such lamina-associated domains (LADs) are thought to help organize Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 inside the Cell Nucleus and have been associated with gene repression., The Nuclear Lamina contributes to the regulation of gene expression and to chromatin organization.[SEP]Relations: Nuclear Lamina has relations: cellcomp_protein with HLCS, cellcomp_protein with HLCS, cellcomp_protein with PCNA, cellcomp_protein with PCNA, cellcomp_protein with SUV39H1, cellcomp_protein with SUV39H1, cellcomp_protein with CASK, cellcomp_protein with CASK, cellcomp_protein with PRR14, cellcomp_protein with PRR14. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Nuclear Lamina defined as following: The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell Cell Nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]. Cell Nucleus defined as following: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one Cell Nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 defined as following: A specific pair of human Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does CXorf21 escape X chromosome inactivation?", "id": "converted_3399", "sentence1": "Does TASL gene escape X chromosome inactivation?", "sentence2": "This revealed a 637-kb tandem duplication that in addition to NR0B1 wt Allele includes the four MAGEB Genes, the hypothetical gene TASL gene, glycerol kinase activity, and part of the MAP3K7IP3 gene, Among statin users, Diabetes Mellitus cases had marginal but insignificantly different expression of Zinc Finger Protein 532 (up-regulated 15%, Q-value=0.0584), CXORF21 (up-regulated 11%, Q-value=0.0584), and ZNHIT3 gene gene (up-regulated 19%, Q-value=0.0959), compared with controls., For this, we selected five Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs1801274 in FCGR2A protein, human protein, human and rs2286672 in PLD2 gene gene, rs887369 in TASL gene, rs9782955 in LYST wt Allele wt Allele, and rs3794060 in NADSYN1 gene gene), Examination of X-linked DEGs, such as GTPBP6 gene gene, TAF9L, and CXORF21, that show verbal cognition-gene expression correlations may establish a causal link between these Genes, neurodevelopment, and language function.[SEP]Relations: ZNHIT3 gene has relations: protein_protein with XRCC3, protein_protein with XRCC3, bioprocess_protein with box C/D snoRNP assembly, bioprocess_protein with box C/D snoRNP assembly. NADSYN1 gene has relations: protein_protein with NOXA1, protein_protein with NOXA1, anatomy_protein_absent with cerebellar vermis, anatomy_protein_absent with cerebellar vermis. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), drug_drug with Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant). Definitions: Zinc Finger Protein 532 defined as following: Zinc finger protein 532 (1301 aa, ~142 kDa) is encoded by the human Zinc Finger Protein 532 gene. This protein is involved in transcriptional regulation and DNA binding.. NR0B1 wt Allele defined as following: Human NR0B1 wild-type allele is located within Xp21.3-p21.2 and is approximately 5 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 1 protein, is involved in the regulation of both transcription and receptor-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in the gene are associated with both X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A duplication part of the short arm of the X chromosome, which contains this gene, in XY individuals is linked to dosage-sensitive sex reversal.. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism defined as following: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.. glycerol kinase activity defined as following: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerol = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [EC:2.7.1.30, RHEA:21644]. FCGR2A protein, human defined as following: Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a (317 aa, ~35 kDa) is encoded by the human FCGR2A protein, human gene. This protein plays a role in the endocytosis of opsonized antigens.. LYST wt Allele defined as following: Human LYST wt Allele wild-type allele is located within 1q42.1-q42.2 and is approximately 223 kb in length. This allele, which encodes lysosomal-trafficking regulator protein, plays a role in the modulation of intracellular protein sorting. Mutations in the gene are associated with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.. Diabetes Mellitus defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Benralizumab effective for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria?", "id": "converted_4608", "sentence1": "Is Benralizumab effective for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria?", "sentence2": "Finally, treatments aimed at reducing eosinophil accumulation and activation, such as the anti-IL-5 antibodies mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, have been reported to reduce Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria symptoms. , The treatments that are under clinical trials for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria are Anti-Immunoglobulin E antibody treatments such as ligelizumab, Molecule targeting Protoplasm signaling pathways such as Abdomen>Spleen Protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (disposition), surface inhibitory Molecule such as SIGLEC8 gene, anti-IL-1s such as canakinumab, Bruton kinase (BTK) inhibitors such as GDC-0853 and anti-IL-5s such as benralizumab and mepolizumab., f-label use of dupilumab, reslizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab can be effective in CU. Ligel, Finally, treatments aimed at reducing eosinophil accumulation and activation, such as the anti-IL-5 antibodies mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, have been reported to reduce Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria symptoms., ments aimed at reducing eosinophil accumulation and activation, such as the anti-IL-5 antibodies mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, have been reported to reduce Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria symptoms. Clearly, a new pi, ormation on the effects of the off-label use, in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria, of biologics licensed for the treatment of other diseases, including dupilumab, benralizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, and secukinumab. Finally, we discuss, , B-Lymphocytes, Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes and Specimen Source Codes - Eosinophils. The treatments that are under clinical trials for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria are Anti-Immunoglobulin E antibody treatments such as ligelizumab, Molecule targeting Protoplasm signaling pathways such as Abdomen>Spleen Protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (disposition), surface inhibitory Molecule such as SIGLEC8 gene, anti-IL-1s such as canakinumab, Bruton kinase (BTK) inhibitors such as GDC-0853 and anti-IL-5s such as benralizumab and mepolizumab.SUMMARY: The ongoing clinical trials on new targets of treatment hold new hopes not only for a better care of the disease but also a better understan[SEP]Relations: Benralizumab has relations: drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Urelumab, drug_drug with Evinacumab, drug_drug with Evinacumab, drug_drug with Fremanezumab, drug_drug with Fremanezumab, drug_drug with Adecatumumab, drug_drug with Adecatumumab, drug_drug with Galcanezumab, drug_drug with Galcanezumab. Definitions: Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria defined as following: Urticaria characterized by spontaneously recurring hives for 6 weeks or longer. [PMID:25807072]. canakinumab defined as following: A recombinant monoclonal antibody targeting human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Canakinumab binds IL-1b and prevents the binding of IL-1b to the IL-1 receptor and inhibits IL-1b-mediated signaling. This may suppress inflammatory responses mediated by IL-1b. IL-1b, a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in inflammation.. eosinophil defined as following: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.. Molecule defined as following: An aggregate of two or more atoms in a defined arrangement held together by chemical bonds.. Protoplasm defined as following: The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.. Protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (disposition) defined as following: Protein kinase inhibitors that inhibit TYROSINE PROTEIN KINASES.. benralizumab defined as following: An afucosylated, humanized monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of the interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5Ra), with potential anti-asthmatic activity. Upon administration, benralizumab binds to IL-5Ra and elicits an antibody-directed cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against IL-5Ra-expressing cells. This induces apoptosis in IL-5Ra-expressing cells and may reduce asthmatic episodes. IL-5Ra, expressed on both Specimen Source Codes - Eosinophils and basophils, plays a key role in asthma.. B-Lymphocytes defined as following: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.. mepolizumab defined as following: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin-5 (IL-5) with anti-asthmatic and potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, mepolizumab selectively binds to IL-5, preventing it from associating with interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (IL5RA) on the surface of Specimen Source Codes - Eosinophils and their progenitors. IL-5 plays a role in the regulation of eosinophil development from hematopoietic progenitors as well as eosinophil maturation, differentiation, mobilization, activation, and survival. IL-5 also play a role in the pathogenesis of some phenotypes of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES).. secukinumab defined as following: A recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody against the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A; IL-17), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, secukinumab selectively targets and binds to IL-17A, thereby neutralizing the IL-17A protein. This prevents binding of IL-17A to the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R), and inhibits IL-17A/IL-17R-mediated signaling and inflammation mediated by this pathway. IL-17A is mainly produced by inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17), and certain lymphocytes. IL-17A production is upregulated in many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and plays a key role in the development of inflammation and the immune response..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Bcl-2-like protein 1 an pro apoptotic protein?", "id": "converted_3753", "sentence1": "Is BCL2 gene-like protein 1 an pro apoptotic protein?", "sentence2": "Extensively established key effectors of such apoptotic bypass mechanisms, the antiapoptotic BCL-2 (apoptosis regulator BCL-2) proteins, determine the response of Tumor cells, malignant to chemotherapeutics, decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors, including apoptosis regulator BCL2 gene and BCL2 gene-like protein 1 in FaDu cells, Like many Malignant Neoplasms, TNBC cells often deregulate programmed cell death by upregulating Apoptosis Inhibiting Proteins of the BCL2 protein, human (BCL2 gene) family., anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene-like protein 1 (bcl-x protein, Bcl-xL) [SEP]Relations: Protein S human has relations: drug_protein with PROC, drug_protein with PROC, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B, drug_drug with Cepeginterferon alfa-2B, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b. Protein C has relations: drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Peginterferon alfa-2b, drug_drug with Epoprostenol, drug_drug with Epoprostenol. Definitions: BCL2 gene defined as following: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.. bcl-x protein defined as following: A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS and is a regulatory subunit for PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the bcl-x protein mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.. Tumor cells, malignant defined as following: Cells of, or derived from, a malignant tumor.. BCL2 gene-like protein 1 defined as following: BCL2 gene-like protein 2 (193 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human BCL2L2 gene. This protein plays a role the regulation of apoptosis.. Malignant Neoplasms defined as following: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.. BCL2 protein, human defined as following: Apoptosis regulator BCL2 gene (239 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human BCL2 gene. This protein plays a role in cellular survival.. BCL2 gene-like protein defined as following: Apoptosis regulator BAX (192 aa, ~21 kDa) is encoded by the human BAX gene. This protein plays a role in both apoptosis and protein-protein interactions..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) contribute to cardiovascular disease?", "id": "converted_163", "sentence1": "Does MicroRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) contribute to Cardiovascular system Disease?", "sentence2": "The synergistic effect of MIR21 gene and miR-1 were functionally validated for their significant influences on myocardial apoptosis, Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hypertrophy and Fibrosis., Taken together, we found a novel reciprocal loop between MIR21 gene and TGFβRIII in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Fibrosis caused by Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal in CASP14 gene, and targeting this pathway could be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of myocardial remodeling., It is still controversial whether microRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) participates in the process of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Fibrosis., In CASP14 gene, myocardial MIR21 gene overexpression is related to Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Fibrosis elicited by pressure overload. , The myocardial and plasma levels of MIR21 gene were significantly higher in the AS patients compared with the controls and correlated directly with the echocardiographic mean transvalvular gradients., Our results support the role of MIR21 gene as a regulator of the fibrotic process that occurs in response to pressure overload in AS patients and underscore the value of circulating MIR21 gene as a biomarker for myocardial Fibrosis., Ad-MIR21 gene improves LV remodeling and decreases the apoptosis of Myocytes, Cardiac, suggesting the possible mechanism by which Ad-MIR21 gene functions in protecting against I/R injury., In the Ad-MIR21 gene group, LV dimensions, Myocardial Infarction size, LV/BW, collagen type Ⅰ, type Ⅲ and PCNA positive cells all significantly decreased compared with the Ad-GFP group., While MIR21 gene, -133, -150, -195, and -214 regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, miR-1/-133 and miR-208 have been elucidated to influence myocardial contractile function. In addition, MIR21 gene, -24, -133, -210, -494, and -499 appear to protect Muscle Cells against I/R-induced apoptosis, whereas miR-1, -29, -199a, and -320 promote apoptosis. Myocardial Fibrosis can be regulated by the miR-29 family and MIR21 gene., The small regulatory RNA microRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) plays a crucial role in a plethora of biological functions and diseases including development, Primary malignant neoplasm, Cardiovascular system diseases and Inflammation., During recent years, additional roles of MIR21 gene in Cardiovascular system and pulmonary diseases, including Cardiac - anatomy qualifier and pulmonary Fibrosis as well as Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal have been described., On the other hand, MIR21 gene, miR-199a, miR-210, and miR-494 have been proven critical for the Muscle Cells' adaptation and survival during hypoxia/ischemia. , Studies have shown that several miRs, including miR-1, miR-133, MIR21 gene, miR-126, miR-320, miR-92a, and miR-199a, are regulated after preconditioning and play an active role in protecting the Chest>Heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury., Studies using various in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models have suggested the possible involvement of miR-1, MIR21 gene, miR-29, miR-92a, miR-133, miR-199a, and miR-320 in Reperfusion Injury and/or remodeling after Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., MicroRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) is a highly expressed microRNA (miRNA) in Cardiovascular system system. Recent studies have revealed that its expression is deregulated in Chest>Heart and vasculature under Cardiovascular system Disease conditions such as proliferative vascular Disease, Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hypertrophy and Congestive Chest>Heart failure, and Myocardial Ischemia. MIR21 gene is found to play important roles in vascular smooth muscle \"U\" lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis, Heart \"U\" lymphocyte growth and Cessation of life, and Cardiac - anatomy qualifier fibroblast functions. Accordingly, MIR21 gene is proven to be involved in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned Cardiovascular system diseases as demonstrated by both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches., MIR21 gene might be a novel therapeutic target in Cardiovascular system diseases., This review article summarizes the research progress regarding the roles of MIR21 gene in Cardiovascular system Disease., Remarkably, MIR21 gene was one of most upregulated miRNAs in hearts after Immunoprecipitation. In vivo, Immunoprecipitation-mediated Cardiac - anatomy qualifier protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury was inhibited by knockdown of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier MIR21 gene. In cultured Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Muscle Cells, we identified that MIR21 gene also had a protective effect on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced \"U\" lymphocyte apoptosis that was associated with its target gene, programmed \"U\" lymphocyte Cessation of life 4. The protective effect of MIR21 gene on Heart \"U\" lymphocyte apoptosis was further confirmed in Rattus norvegicus hearts after ischaemia/reperfusion injury in vivo., Lately, some highlight articles revealed that the altered expression of miRNAs such as miR-1, miR-133, MIR21 gene, miR-208 etc in hearts also contributed to Cardiovascular system diseases, such as Chest>Heart ischemia, Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hypertrophy, and Cardiac Arrhythmia., Remarkably, MIR21 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in infarcted areas, but was up-regulated in Table Frame - Table Frame - border areas. The down-regulation of MIR21 gene in the infarcted areas was inhibited by ischemic preconditioning, a known Cardiac - anatomy qualifier protective method. Overexpression of MIR21 gene via adenovirus expressing MIR21 gene (Ad-MIR21 gene) decreased Myocardial Infarction size by 29% at 24 h and decreased the dimension of left ventricles at 2 weeks after Anterior Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in cultured Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Muscle Cells, we identified that MIR21 gene had a protective effect on ischemia-induced \"U\" lymphocyte apoptosis that was associated with its target gene programmed \"U\" lymphocyte Cessation of life 4 and activator protein 1 pathway. The protective effect of MIR21 gene against ischemia-induced Cardiac - anatomy qualifier myocyte damage was further confirmed in vivo by decreased \"U\" lymphocyte apoptosis in the Table Frame - Table Frame - border and infarcted areas of the infarcted Rattus norvegicus hearts after treatment with Ad-MIR21 gene. The results suggest that miRNAs such as MIR21 gene may play critical roles in the early phase of Anterior Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal., The results suggest that MIR21 gene is sensitive to H(2)O(2) stimulation. MIR21 gene participates in H(2)O(2)-mediated gene regulation and functional modulation in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Muscle Cells. MIR21 gene might play an essential role in Chest>Heart diseases related to Reactive Oxygen Species such as Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hypertrophy, Congestive Chest>Heart failure, Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal, and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury., MicroRNA-21 contributes to Cardiomyopathies by stimulating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases signalling in Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts, Myocardial and circulating levels of microRNA-21 reflect left ventricular Fibrosis in Aortic Valve Stenosis patients, MicroRNA 21 inhibits left ventricular remodeling in the early phase of Rattus norvegicus model with Reperfusion Injury by suppressing \"U\" lymphocyte apoptosis, MicroRNA-21 protects against the H(2)O(2)-induced injury on Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Muscle Cells via its target gene Programmed Cell Death Protein 4, MicroRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) is a highly expressed microRNA (miRNA) in Cardiovascular system system., MicroRNA-21 contributes to Cardiomyopathies by stimulating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases signalling in Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts., MicroRNA-21 (MIR21 gene) is a highly expressed microRNA (miRNA) in Cardiovascular system system, MIR21 gene might be a novel therapeutic target in Cardiovascular system diseases, MicroRNA-21 as therapeutic target in Primary malignant neoplasm and Cardiovascular system Disease., These findings reveal that MicroRNAs can contribute to Cardiomyopathies by an effect in Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts., Our results validate MIR21 gene as a Disease target in Congestive Chest>Heart failure and establish the therapeutic efficacy of microRNA therapeutic intervention in a Cardiovascular system Disease setting.[SEP]Relations: Cardiac - anatomy qualifier muscle hypertrophy has relations: bioprocess_protein with MIR195, bioprocess_protein with MIR195, bioprocess_protein with MIR15B, bioprocess_protein with MIR15B. Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal has relations: disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145, disease_protein with MIR145. Definitions: Myocytes, Cardiac defined as following: Striated muscle cells found in the Chest>Heart. They are derived from Cardiac - anatomy qualifier myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).. Inflammation defined as following: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.. MIR21 gene defined as following: This gene is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular, breast, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, prostatic and squamous \"U\" lymphocyte carcinomas, glioblastoma and glioma.. Myocardial Infarction defined as following: NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the Chest>Heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).. Heart \"U\" lymphocyte defined as following: any of the cells which comprise the Chest>Heart, including Specimen Source Codes - Fibroblasts and Cardiac - anatomy qualifier Muscle Cells; these cells can function to conduct electricity, support, and contract the Chest>Heart.. Myocardial Ischemia defined as following: A disorder of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the Chest>Heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the Chest>Heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of Cardiac - anatomy qualifier muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).. Immunoprecipitation defined as following: The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.. Congestive Chest>Heart failure defined as following: Heart failure accompanied by EDEMA, such as swelling of the legs and ankles and congestion in the lungs.. Cardiomyopathies defined as following: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).. Myocardial defined as following: Of or pertaining to the myocardium.. Disease defined as following: A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.. Rattus norvegicus defined as following: The common Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism.. Cardiovascular system Disease defined as following: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.. Reperfusion Injury defined as following: Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases defined as following: A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).. Muscle Cells defined as following: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as Muscle Cells, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), Cardiac - anatomy qualifier (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.. Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Cardiac Arrhythmia defined as following: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the Chest>Heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac Cardiac Arrhythmia can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.. Programmed Cell Death Protein 4 defined as following: Programmed \"U\" lymphocyte Cessation of life protein 4 (469 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human Programmed Cell Death Protein 4 gene. This protein may be involved in the regulation of both apoptosis and translation.. Aortic Valve Stenosis defined as following: A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.. Cessation of life defined as following: Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of Cardiovascular system and cerebral functions.. Fibrosis defined as following: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of Inflammation or other injury.. MicroRNAs defined as following: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.. Cardiac - anatomy qualifier hypertrophy defined as following: Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.. Cardiovascular system defined as following: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.. Reactive Oxygen Species defined as following: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.. Anterior myocardial infarction defined as following: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the Chest>Heart is involved. Anterior wall Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal.. Myocardial Fibrosis defined as following: The accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the myocardium. This may result from chronic hypertension, Myocardial infarction:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal or cardiomyopathy and eventually lead to Congestive Chest>Heart failure..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) [a widely used, simple instrument that monitors the general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic disease] a 5 question assessment?", "id": "converted_4463", "sentence1": "Is EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) [a widely used, simple instrument that monitors the general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chronic disease] a 5 question assessment?", "sentence2": "The 6-question EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) is a widely used, simple instrument that monitors general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chronic disease. , OBJECTIVE: The 6-question EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) is a widely used, simple instrument that monitors general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chronic disease., OBJECTIVE: The 6-question EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) is a widely used, simple instrument that monitors general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic d, OBJECTIVE: The 6-question EuroQol 5-Dimension Health Assessment (EQ-5D) is a widely used, simple instrument that monitors general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chron[SEP]Relations: Chronic lung disease has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with severe acute respiratory syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with severe acute respiratory syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with alobar holoprosencephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with alobar holoprosencephaly, disease_phenotype_positive with cognitive impairment - coarse facies - heart defects - obesity - pulmonary involvement - short stature - skeletal dysplasia syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with cognitive impairment - coarse facies - heart defects - obesity - pulmonary involvement - short stature - skeletal dysplasia syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with combined immunodeficiency due to LRBA deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with combined immunodeficiency due to LRBA deficiency, disease_phenotype_positive with toxic epidermal necrolysis, disease_phenotype_positive with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Definitions: Chronic disease defined as following: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies Chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2)..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is TIM-3 a target for cancer immunotherapy in NSCLC?", "id": "converted_3540", "sentence1": "Is TIM-3 a target for cancer immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma?", "sentence2": " Our results imply that implementing combined treatment on Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells before transfusion via Antibodies, in vitro diagnostic targeting CD274 wt Allele, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 protein, human, TIM-3, and CEACAM-1 might improve the efficiency of CIK therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma patients., Furthermore, TIM-3 and Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 were strongly expressed simultaneously during long-term CIK culture and showed a significant and mutually positive correlation. , In present study, we detected the dynamic expression of eight major checkpoint molecules (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, PDCD1 wt Allele, CD274 wt Allele, TIM- 3, CEACAM-1, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 protein, human, TIGIT protein, human protein, human and B- and T-Lymphocyte Attenuator, Human) on Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells from Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma patients., Agents targeting other immune inhibitory (e.g., HAVCR2 wt Allele) or immune stimulating (e.g., CD137) receptors on Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes and other approaches such as adoptive cell transfer are tested for clinical efficacy in Melanocytic neoplasm as well., We found immune activation coexistent with elevation of multiple targetable immune checkpoint molecules, including CD274 wt Allele, Programmed Death Ligand 2 Protein, PDCD1 wt Allele, TIM-3, CD276 Antigen, B- and T-Lymphocyte Attenuator, Human, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, along with increases in Specimen Source Codes - Specimen Source Codes - tumor infiltration by CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes in lung adenocarcinomas that displayed an EMT phenotype, Cytometric profiling identified an immunologically \"hot\" cluster with abundant CD8+ Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes expressing high levels of PDCD1 wt Allele and TIM-3 and an immunologically \"cold\" cluster with lower relative abundance of CD8+ Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes and expression of inhibitory markers, Interestingly, CD161+ CD4+ Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes highly express OX40 co-stimulatory receptor, less frequently 4-1BB, and display an activated but not completely exhausted PDCD1 wt Allele-positive HAVCR2 wt Allele-negative phenotype., . Furthermore, overexpression of targetable immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and TIM-3 were associated with EMT in both NSCLCs. [SEP]Relations: small cell lung carcinoma has relations: disease_protein with ASCL1, disease_protein with ASCL1, disease_protein with TP73, disease_protein with TP73, disease_protein with EPHB3, disease_protein with EPHB3. Protein S human has relations: drug_drug with NS-398, drug_drug with NS-398, drug_drug with Antithrombin III human, drug_drug with Antithrombin III human. Definitions: PDCD1 wt Allele defined as following: Human PDCD1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 2q37.3 and is approximately 9 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death protein 1, plays a role in the modulation of both apoptosis and cellular immunity. Mutation of the gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus type 2.. HAVCR2 wt Allele defined as following: Human HAVCR2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q33.3 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 protein, is involved in the activation of macrophages and helper Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes.. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 defined as following: An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.. Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes defined as following: A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of Specimen Source Codes - tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against Specimen Source Codes - tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.. TIGIT protein, human defined as following: T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (244 aa, ~26 kDa) is encoded by the human TIGIT protein, human gene. This protein is involved in immunomodulation and cell-cell adhesion.. Programmed Death Ligand 2 Protein defined as following: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (273 aa, ~31 kDa) is encoded by the human PDCD1LG2 gene. This protein is involved in the modulation of both T-cell proliferation and cytokine production.. Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 defined as following: Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (526 aa, ~58 kDa) is encoded by the human Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 gene. This protein is involved in differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune response, and tumorigenesis.. Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells defined as following: A preparation of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells are generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by sequential ex vivo incubation with a monoclonal antibody against CD3 (anti-CD3), interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), followed by expansion. Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells are heterogeneous cells comprising CD3+CD56- Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, CD3-CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells, and CD3+CD56+ natural killer T (NKT) cells. Upon administration of the Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells into the patient, the terminally differentiated CD3- and CD56-positive subset of the Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells primarily exert the direct MHC-unrestricted Specimen Source Codes - tumor killing activity.. B- and T-Lymphocyte Attenuator, Human defined as following: B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (289 aa, ~33 kDa) is encoded by the human B- and T-Lymphocyte Attenuator, Human gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of immune responses.. lymphocyte-activation gene 3 protein, human defined as following: Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (525 aa, ~57 kDa) is encoded by the human LAG3 gene. This protein is involved in the activation of T-cells and natural killer cells.. CD274 wt Allele defined as following: Human CD274 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9p24 and is approximately 20 kb in length. This allele, which encodes programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein, plays a role in the regulation of T cell stimulation and proliferation.. Melanocytic neoplasm defined as following: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the melanocytes.. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma defined as following: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.. CD276 Antigen defined as following: CD276 antigen (534 aa, ~57 kDa) is encoded by the human CD276 gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of T cell proliferation and activation.. TIM-3 defined as following: Human HAVCR2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 5q33.3 and is approximately 57 kb in length. This allele, which encodes hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 protein, is involved in the activation of macrophages and helper Therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is PF-05190457 an inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor?", "id": "converted_3482", "sentence1": "Is PF-05190457 an inverse Agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor?", "sentence2": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PF-05190457: The first oral growth hormone secretagogue receptor inverse Agonist to be profiled in healthy subjects., To evaluate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral PF-05190457, an oral growth hormone secretagogue receptor inverse Agonist, in healthy adults., PF-05190457 is a well-tolerated first-in-class growth hormone secretagogue receptor inverse Agonist with acceptable pharmacokinetics for oral daily dosing.[SEP]Relations: growth hormone secretagogue receptor activity has relations: molfunc_protein with GHSR, molfunc_protein with GHSR. Definitions: Agonist defined as following: An agent that has affinity for a receptor and intrinsic activity at that receptor.. growth hormone secretagogue receptor defined as following: Transmembrane proteins that recognize and bind GHRELIN, a potent stimulator of GROWTH HORMONE secretion and food intake in mammals. Ghrelin receptors are found in the pituitary and HYPOTHALAMUS. They belong to the family of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are there antimicrobial proteins in royal jelly?", "id": "converted_4214", "sentence1": "Are there antimicrobial Proteins in royal jelly?", "sentence2": "Jellein, a Peptides derived from royal jelly of honeybee has been shown to have promising effect against several Bacterial and fungal species. , It is also the most studied bee product, aimed at unravelling its bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, immunomodulatory, and general tonic action against laboratory animals, microbial organisms, farm animals, and clinical trials, Jelleines, isolated as novel antibacterial peptides from the Royal Jelly (RJ) of bees, exhibit broad-spectrum protection against microbial infections., The study showed significant antimicrobial activity from several Proteins present in the honey preparation preparation of M. beecheii.[SEP]Relations: Bacterial arthritis has relations: disease_protein with IFNG, disease_protein with IFNG, disease_protein with TNF, disease_protein with TNF, disease_disease with gonococcal infection of joint, disease_disease with gonococcal infection of joint, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infectious disease, disease_disease with infective arthritis, disease_disease with infective arthritis. Definitions: Peptides defined as following: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by Peptides bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS.. Proteins defined as following: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex Proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can Enlimomab improve stroke outcomes?", "id": "converted_3241", "sentence1": "Can Enlimomab improve Cerebrovascular accident outcomes?", "sentence2": "Treatment with a Mus anti-ICAM-1 antibody (enlimomab) has been investigated in patients with acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident in the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial (EAST). Unfortunately, the case fatality rate in this trial was significantly higher in the enlimomab patient group than in the placebo group., The two clinical trials of therapy aimed at limiting the inflammatory response in acute Cerebrovascular accident that have been carried out to date, however, have not shown a benefit to such therapy. , en classes of neuroprotective agents have reached phase III efficacy trials but have shown mixed results. They included calcium channel antagonists, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors antagonists, lubeluzole, citicoline, the free radical scavenger tirilazad and ebselen, enlimomab, GABA agonist chlormethiazole, the Sodium Channel antagonist fosphenytoin, Magnesium supplements, alimentary tract and metabolism, glycine site antagonist GV 150526A and piracetam. , BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Enlimomab, a Mus monoclonal anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 antibody, had a negative outcome in a multicenter acute-Cerebrovascular accident trial. , Examination of several potential mechanisms for the negative outcome in a clinical Cerebrovascular accident trial of enlimomab, a Mus anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody: a bedside-to-bench study., ESULTS: At day 90, the Modified Rankin Scale score was worse in patients treated with enlimomab than with placebo (p = 0.004). Fewer patients had symptom-free recovery on enlimomab than placebo (p = 0.004), and more died (22.2 versus 16.2%). The negative effect of enlimomab was apparent on days 5, 30, and 90 of treatment (p = 0.005). There were significantly more adverse events with enlimomab treatment than placebo, primarily Infections of musculoskeletal system and Fever symptoms (finding)., CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident in the model studied and, indeed, may significantly worsen Cerebrovascular accident outcome., CONCLUSIONS\n\nThe authors conclude that anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident in the model studied and, indeed, may significantly worsen Cerebrovascular accident outcome., There were significantly more adverse events with enlimomab treatment than placebo, primarily Infections of musculoskeletal system and Fever symptoms (finding)., RESULTS\n\nAt day 90, the Modified Rankin Scale score was worse in patients treated with enlimomab than with placebo (p = 0.004)., The negative effect of enlimomab was apparent on days 5, 30, and 90 of treatment (p = 0.005)., However, this treatment failed to show benefit in the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial., There were significantly more adverse events with enlimomab treatment than placebo, primarily Infections of musculoskeletal system and Fever symptoms (finding)., These observations provide several possible mechanisms for central nervous system-related clinical deterioration that occurred when Enlimomab was given in acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., RESULTS\nAt day 90, the Modified Rankin Scale score was worse in patients treated with enlimomab than with placebo (p = 0.004)., Unfortunately, the case fatality rate in this trial was significantly higher in the enlimomab patient group than in the placebo group., CONCLUSIONS\nDosage of enlimomab between 140 and 480 mg administered over 5 days did not increase the risk of adverse events in patients with ischaemic or haemorrhagic Cerebrovascular accident during an observation period of 30 +/- 10 days., PURPOSE: Enlimomab, a Mus monoclonal anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 antibody, had a negative outcome in a multicenter acute-Cerebrovascular accident trial., These observations provide several possible mechanisms for central nervous system-related clinical deterioration that occurred when Enlimomab was given in acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., Enlimomab, a Mus monoclonal anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 antibody, had a negative outcome in a multicenter acute-Cerebrovascular accident trial., These observations provide several possible mechanisms for central nervous system-related clinical deterioration that occurred when Enlimomab was given in acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident., The authors conclude that anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident in the model studied and, indeed, may significantly worsen Cerebrovascular accident outcome.[SEP]Relations: Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident has relations: drug_effect with Celecoxib, drug_effect with Celecoxib, drug_effect with Celecoxib, drug_effect with Celecoxib, drug_effect with Pazopanib, drug_effect with Pazopanib, drug_effect with Pazopanib, drug_effect with Pazopanib, drug_effect with Sitaxentan, drug_effect with Sitaxentan. Definitions: Dosage defined as following: A quantity of an agent (such as substance or energy) administered, taken, or absorbed at one time.. ebselen defined as following: A organoselenium compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytoprotective activity. Ebselen acts as a glutathione peroxidase mimetic and is thereby able to prevent cellular damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this agent inhibits the activity of a variety of enzymes including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, protein kinase C (PKC), NADPH oxidase and gastric H+/K+-ATPase. Furthermore, ebselen may be neuroprotective due to its ability to neutralize free radicals upon N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors activation thus, reducing lipoperoxidation mediated by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.. citicoline defined as following: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.. Ischemic Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: An acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by infarction of brain tissue.. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors defined as following: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which Magnesium supplements, alimentary tract and metabolism ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.. Cerebrovascular accident defined as following: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810). chlormethiazole defined as following: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.. Sodium Channel defined as following: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific Sodium Channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.. fosphenytoin defined as following: A water-soluble phosphate ester prodrug of phenytoin, a hydantoin derivative with anticonvulsant activity. Fosphenytoin is hydrolyzed to phenytoin by phosphatases. Phenytoin exerts its effect mainly by promoting sodium efflux and stabilizes neuronal membranes in the motor cortex. This leads to a suppression of excessive neuronal firing and limits the spread of seizure activity.. Mus defined as following: Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae.. piracetam defined as following: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does Panitumumab prolong survival of biliary tract cancer patients?", "id": "converted_2889", "sentence1": "Does Panitumumab prolong survival of biliary tract cancer patients?", "sentence2": "Panitumumab in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin does not prolong survival in wild-type Human Oncogene K-Ras advanced biliary tract cancer: A randomized phase 2 trial (Vecti-BIL study)., CONCLUSIONS: Panitumumab in combination with chemotherapy does not improve ORR, PFS and OS in patients with Human Oncogene K-Ras wild-type, advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. , No survival differences were observed: the median overall survival was 9.9 months in arm A and 10.2 months in arm B (P = .42). In a subgroup analysis, no differences in PFS according to the site of the primary tumor were observed; patients with Primary cholangiocarcinoma of intrahepatic biliary tract treated with panitumumab may have had a survival benefit in comparison with the control group (15.1 vs 11.8 months, P = .13). , CONCLUSIONS\nPanitumumab in combination with chemotherapy does not improve ORR, PFS and OS in patients with Human Oncogene K-Ras wild-type, advanced Biliary Tract Cancer., CONCLUSIONS Panitumumab in combination with chemotherapy does not improve ORR, PFS and OS in patients with Human Oncogene K-Ras wild-type, advanced Biliary Tract Cancer., Despite many clinical trials being conducted with molecular targeted agents including erlotinib, cetuximab, panitumumab, bevacizumab, sorafenib, cediranib, trametinib and vandetanib, no agent has shown to be effective for advanced biliary tract cancer., Adding panitumumab to standard protocols does not prolong survival but provokes additional adverse effects.[SEP]Relations: biliary tract cancer has relations: disease_disease with liver cancer, disease_disease with liver cancer, disease_protein with PRKACB, disease_protein with PRKACB, disease_disease with bile duct cancer, disease_disease with bile duct cancer. Panitumumab has relations: drug_drug with Bimagrumab, drug_drug with Bimagrumab, drug_drug with Afelimomab, drug_drug with Afelimomab. Definitions: gemcitabine defined as following: A broad-spectrum antimetabolite and deoxycytidine analogue with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and is incorporated into DNA. This locks DNA polymerase thereby resulting in \"masked termination\" during DNA replication. On the other hand, dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis. The reduction in the intracellular concentration of dCTP potentiates the incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA.. vandetanib defined as following: An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis.. erlotinib defined as following: A quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic properties. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, thereby reversibly inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and blocking the signal transduction events and tumorigenic effects associated with EGFR activation.. bevacizumab defined as following: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.. cetuximab defined as following: A chimeric monoclonal antibody that functions as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT through its binding to the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors.. trametinib defined as following: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPK/ERK kinase; MEK) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, trametinib specifically binds to and inhibits MEK 1 and 2, resulting in an inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and cellular proliferation in various cancers. MEK 1 and 2, dual specificity serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases often upregulated in various cancer cell types, play a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth.. panitumumab defined as following: A human IgG2kappa monoclonal antibody specific for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Monoclonal antibody E7.6.3 binds to the EGFR, blocking the binding of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha to EGFR-expressing cancer cells and ultimately inhibiting EGFR-dependent cell activation and proliferation. (NCI). Human Oncogene K-Ras defined as following: Human Oncogene K-Ras is a mutated variant of KRAS2 Gene, which encodes two alternative isoforms of monomeric p21 K-RAS protein, a monomeric GTPase involved in transmembrane signal transduction that alternates between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms. K-Ras is activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein. Mitogen-stimulated RAS stabilizes MYC protein and enhances MYC accumulation by the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, which appears to inhibit the proteasome-dependent degradation of MYC. Implicated in a variety of human tumors, mutations of specific amino acids activate RAS to transform cells. Human Oncogene K-Ras is involved in malignancy much more often than is HRAS. Oncogene K-Ras disrupts normal cell function.. oxaliplatin defined as following: An organoplatinum complex in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and with an oxalate ligand which is displaced to yield active oxaliplatin derivatives. These derivatives form inter- and intra-strand DNA crosslinks that inhibit DNA replication and transcription. Oxaliplatin is an antineoplastic agent that is often administered with FLUOROURACIL and FOLINIC ACID in the treatment of metastatic COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS.. sorafenib defined as following: A synthetic compound targeting growth signaling and angiogenesis. Sorafenib blocks the enzyme RAF kinase, a critical component of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation; in addition, sorafenib inhibits the VEGFR-2/PDGFR-beta signaling cascade, thereby blocking tumor angiogenesis.. Panitumumab defined as following: A human IgG2kappa monoclonal antibody specific for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Monoclonal antibody E7.6.3 binds to the EGFR, blocking the binding of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha to EGFR-expressing cancer cells and ultimately inhibiting EGFR-dependent cell activation and proliferation. (NCI).", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Does TFIIS affect nucleosome positioning?", "id": "converted_2247", "sentence1": "Does TCEA1 wt Allele affect nucleosome location positioning?", "sentence2": "Transcript cleavage factor TCEA1 wt Allele reactivates the backtracked complex (molecular entity) and promotes pol II transcription through the nucleosome location location. , The same Nucleosomes transcribed in the opposite orientation form a weaker, more diffuse barrier that is largely relieved by higher Sodium Chloride, Dietary, TCEA1 wt Allele, or Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy, The system contains natural or recombinant histones, chromatin location location assembly factors, the histone-acetyltransferase p300, all components of the general transcription machinery, general coactivators and the transcription factor S-II (TCEA1 wt Allele)., Efficient and rapid nucleosome location location traversal by RNA Polymerase II depends on a combination of RNA Transcript elongation factors., We now show that although GTF2F2P1 gene or TCEA1 wt Allele alone is modestly stimulatory for nucleosome location location traversal, both factors together increase transcription through Nucleosomes in a synergistic manner., Significantly, we found that Nucleosomes with a Sin mutant histone are traversed to the same extent and at nearly the same rate as equivalent pure DNA templates if both TCEA1 wt Allele and GTF2F2P1 gene are present., After partial uncoiling of nucleosomal DNA from Histone octamer by Pol II and backtracking of the Enzyme [APC], nucleosomal DNA recoils on the octamer, locking Pol II in the arrested state. Histone Chaperones and transcription factors TCEA1 wt Allele, GTF2F2P1 gene and Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy facilitate transcription through chromatin location location using different molecular mechanisms., Transcript cleavage factor TCEA1 wt Allele reactivates the backtracked complex (molecular entity) and promotes pol II transcription through the nucleosome location location., The highly conserved eukaryotic transcriptional elongation factor TCEA1 wt Allele enables RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) to read though pause or termination sites, Nucleosomes and sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins., We also studied the effect of GTF2F2P1 gene and TCEA1 wt Allele on transcription of Nucleosomes containing a Sin mutant histone., The same Nucleosomes transcribed in the opposite orientation form a weaker, more diffuse barrier that is largely relieved by higher Sodium Chloride, Dietary, TCEA1 wt Allele, or Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy.[SEP]Relations: nucleosome location has relations: cellcomp_protein with IRF4, cellcomp_protein with IRF4, cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with MPHOSPH8, cellcomp_protein with H2AX, cellcomp_protein with H2AX, cellcomp_protein with SLF1, cellcomp_protein with SLF1, cellcomp_protein with GLYR1, cellcomp_protein with GLYR1. Definitions: Nucleosomes defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin location, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. RNA Polymerase II defined as following: A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and Sodium Chloride, Dietary than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.. Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy defined as following: A non-profit corporation co-founded by the International Society for Cellular Therapy and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation for the purposes of voluntary inspection and accreditation in the field of cellular therapy. Founded in 1996, Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy establishes standards for high quality medical and laboratory practice in cellular therapies. Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy Standards are evidence-based requirements set by world-renowned experts vested in the improvement and progress of cellular therapy.. Sodium Chloride, Dietary defined as following: Sodium chloride used in foods.. TCEA1 wt Allele defined as following: Human TCEA1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 8q11.2 and is approximately 56 kb in length. This allele, which encodes transcription elongation factor A protein 1, plays a role in transcriptional elongation. A chromosomal insertion ins(8)(q12;q11q11) of this gene and the PLAG1 gene may be associated with salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.. nucleosome location defined as following: The repeating structural units of chromatin location, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.. chromatin location defined as following: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]. RNA Transcript defined as following: The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription.. Histone Chaperones defined as following: Proteins involved in the assembly and disassembly of HISTONES into NUCLEOSOMES.. complex (molecular entity) defined as following: A molecular entity formed by loose association involving two or more component molecular entities. The bonding between the components is normally weaker than in a covalent bond..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is ospemifene effective for treatment of dyspareunia?", "id": "converted_285", "sentence1": "Is ospemifene effective for treatment of Have Dyspareunia question?", "sentence2": "ospemifene, a novel selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, has been developed for the treatment of Vulvovaginal atrophy and Have Dyspareunia question in postmenopausal women. , For the comparison of short-term ospemifene with placebo, parabasal cells (the standardized mean difference [Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia] = -37.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -41.83 to -33.17, P < 0.00001), superficial cells (Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia = 9.24, 95% CI = 7.70 to 10.79, P < 0.00001), vaginal PH (Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia = -0.89, 95% CI = -0.98 to -0.80, P = 0.00001), and Have Dyspareunia question (Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.43 to -0.30, P = 0.00001) indicated that ospemifene was more effective than the placebo. , This meta-analysis indicates that ospemifene to be an effective and safe treatment for Have Dyspareunia question associated with postmenopausal Vulva and Atrophy of vagina., ospemifene is a selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM), or Estrogen [EPC] receptor agonist/antagonist, that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Have Dyspareunia question associated with Vulva and Atrophy of vagina, a chronic condition that affects up to 60% of postmenopausal women., In conclusion, ospemifene is a SERM with a unique Estrogen Agonist/Antagonist [EPC] tissue profile that was recently approved in the US for the treatment of Have Dyspareunia question associated with Vulva and Atrophy of vagina in postmenopausal women. , To characterize the pharmacokinetics of the oral, non-Estrogen [EPC] agent ospemifene, an Estrogen Agonist/Antagonist [EPC] with tissue-selective effects (also called a selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) that was recently approved for the treatment of Have Dyspareunia question associated with Vulva and Atrophy of vagina in postmenopausal women., Here, we review the Estrogen Agonist/Antagonist [EPC] profile of ospemifene, a novel triphenylethylene derivative recently approved to treat Have Dyspareunia question, a symptom of Vulva and Atrophy of vagina (VVA) due to menopause, both preclinically and clinically., Long-term studies on the endometrial safety of local Estrogen [EPC] and ospemifene are lacking. , ospemifene is a tissue-selective Estrogen Agonist/Antagonist [EPC] (a selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Have Dyspareunia question, a symptom of VVA, due to menopause., Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators with positive vaginal effects (such as improvement in the vaginal maturation index, reduced vaginal pH, and improvement in the signs and symptoms of VVA) on postmenopausal symptomatic women include Lasofoxifene (clinical development on hold) and ospemifene, which was recently approved for the treatment of VVA-related Have Dyspareunia question, with a class effect warning of potential Venous Thrombosis risk. , ospemifene is the first non-Estrogen [EPC] treatment approved for moderate to severe Have Dyspareunia question in women with menopause-related Vulva and Atrophy of vagina. , This article summarizes the milestones in the development of ospemifene leading to this first approval for moderate to severe Have Dyspareunia question, a symptom of postmenopausal Vulva and Atrophy of vagina., The aim of this work was to study the role of ospemifene, a novel selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, in the treatment of Vulva and Atrophy of vagina in postmenopausal women with moderate to severe Have Dyspareunia question and physiological vaginal changes. , In this study, once-daily oral ospemifene 60 mg was effective for the treatment of Vulva and Atrophy of vagina in postmenopausal women with Have Dyspareunia question., Clinical trials have confirmed that daily doses are well-tolerated and that it is effective in normalizing vaginal maturation index and pH as well as improving the symptoms associated with VVA including Have Dyspareunia question., ospemifene was shown to be effective and well tolerated for the treatment of the symptoms of Vaginal dryness and Have Dyspareunia question associated with Vulvovaginal atrophy over and above the use of provided lubricants.[SEP]Relations: ospemifene has relations: drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Antipyrine, drug_drug with Orphenadrine, drug_drug with Orphenadrine, drug_drug with Amodiaquine, drug_drug with Amodiaquine. Dyspareunia has relations: drug_effect with Progesterone, drug_effect with Progesterone, drug_effect with Fluoxetine, drug_effect with Fluoxetine. Definitions: Atrophy of vagina defined as following: A condition characterized by the absence of squamous maturation in the vaginal epithelium. It is associated with decreased Estrogen [EPC] production.. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators defined as following: A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate ESTROGEN RECEPTORS but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate Estrogen [EPC] agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63). Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia defined as following: A heterogeneous group of disorders associated with walking and growth disturbances that become evident during the second year of life. Characteristics are platyspondyly (flattened vertebrae) and marked hip and knee metaphyseal lesions. The different forms of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia are distinguished by the localization and severity of involvement of the affected metaphyses.. Venous Thrombosis defined as following: The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.. Lasofoxifene defined as following: A non-steroidal, naphthalene-derived, third-generation selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM) with potential antineoplastic and anti-osteoporotic activities. Upon oral administration, Lasofoxifene selectively binds to both Estrogen [EPC] receptor alpha (ERalpha; ESR1) and Estrogen [EPC] receptor beta (ERbeta; ESR2) with high affinity and mimics the effects of endogenous estradiol with varying agonist and antagonist effects in ER-expressing tissues. Blockade of ERalpha by Lasofoxifene may potentially inhibit Estrogen [EPC]-dependent cancer cell proliferation in ER-expressing cancers. Lasofoxifene may also bind to the certain mutant forms of ERalpha, including the Y537S ESR1 mutant, making it potentially useful in the treatment of tumors that have acquired resistance to other ER-targeting agents.. Vulva defined as following: The external genitalia of the female. It includes the CLITORIS, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands.. Estrogen Receptor Modulators defined as following: Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure.. Have Dyspareunia question defined as following: A question about whether an individual has or had painful intercourse.. Vaginal dryness defined as following: An uncomfortable feeling of itching and burning in the vaginal opening resulting from inadequate vaginal lubrication. It is commonly seen during and after menopause, childbirth, or stressful conditions. It results in painful intercourse.. Vulvovaginal atrophy defined as following: A condition associated with decreased Estrogen [EPC] production, characterized by dryness, inflammation, and itching of the vulva and vaginal tissues. It may also be associated with dysuria and Have Dyspareunia question..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is ASF1 phopshorylated by the Tousled-like kinases?", "id": "converted_4701", "sentence1": "Is ASF1 phopshorylated by the Tousled-like kinases?", "sentence2": "Asf1, a key Histone antigen H3-H4 chaperone required for this process, is phosphorylated by Tousled-like kinases (TLKs). , The Tousled-like kinases 1 and 2 (TLK1 gene gene/2) control Histone antigen deposition through the ASF1 Histone antigen chaperone, The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) are involved in Chromatin Modeling, DNA repair, and transcription. Two TLK Genes exist in Homo sapiens, and their expression is often dysregulated in Primary malignant neoplasm. TLKs phosphorylate Asf1 , TLKs interact specifically (and phosphorylate) with the Chromatin Modeling factor Asf1, a Histone antigen H3-H4 chaperone, TLK1 gene gene substrates were identified as the Histone antigen H3 and Asf1 (a Histone antigen H3/H4 chaperone)[SEP]Relations: Histone antigen H3 acetylation has relations: bioprocess_protein with TAF5L, bioprocess_protein with TAF5L, bioprocess_protein with TAF6L, bioprocess_protein with TAF6L, bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with LEF1, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with TAF5, bioprocess_protein with IRF4, bioprocess_protein with IRF4. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Chromatin Modeling defined as following: The assembly of DNA, Histone antigen proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. [PMID:20404130]. Homo sapiens defined as following: Members of the species Homo sapiens.. Histone antigen H3 defined as following: Histone H3 is a core subunit of the eukaryotic nucleosome complex. Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for the nucleosome structure of chromatin. Repeating nucleosome units contain two molecules each of Histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 that form an octamer complex around which approximately 146 base pairs of DNA is wrapped. Linker Histone H1 interacts with DNA between nucleosome units in mediating chromatin compaction into higher order structures. (NCI). Chromatin Modeling factor defined as following: A Histone antigen chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. It is comprised of three different subunits of 48, 60, and 150 kDa molecular size. The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling.. Genes defined as following: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Are neurexins localized at pre-synapses?", "id": "converted_2266", "sentence1": "Are neurexins localized at pre-synapses?", "sentence2": "Neurexins and neuroligins are two distinct families of Single-pass plasma transmembrane protein localized at pre- and postsynapses, respectively. , presynaptic neurexins, best-characterized transsynaptic interactions are formed by presynaptic neurexins, which bind to diverse postsynaptic ligands., presynaptic neurexin[SEP]Relations: protein transport within plasma membrane has relations: bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport within lipid bilayer, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport within lipid bilayer, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport out of plasma membrane raft, bioprocess_bioprocess with protein transport out of plasma membrane raft.", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Can Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) recapitulate patient responses in the clinic?", "id": "converted_3468", "sentence1": "Can Patient-derived Organoids (PDOs) recapitulate patient responses in the clinic?", "sentence2": "Patient-derived Organoids (PDOs) have recently emerged as robust preclinical models; however, their potential to predict clinical outcomes in patients has remained unclear. We report on a living biobank of PDOs from metastatic, heavily pretreated Colorectal and gastroesophageal Primary malignant neoplasm patients recruited in phase 1/2 clinical trials. Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of PDOs showed a high degree of similarity to the original patient tumors. Molecular profiling of tumor Organoids was matched to drug-screening results, suggesting that PDOs could complement existing approaches in defining Primary malignant neoplasm vulnerabilities and improving treatment responses. We compared responses to anticancer agents ex vivo in Organoids and PDO-based orthotopic mouse tumor xenograft models with the responses of the patients in clinical trials. Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic and could be implemented in personalized medicine programs., Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic and could be implemented in personalized medicine programs., Molecular profiling of tumor Organoids was matched to drug-screening results, suggesting that PDOs could complement existing approaches in defining Primary malignant neoplasm vulnerabilities and improving treatment responses., Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of PDOs showed a high degree of similarity to the original patient tumors., Patient-derived xenografts (Patient Derived Xenograft) and patient-derived Organoids (PDO) serve as promising tools to identify new drugs with therapeutic potential in ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA., Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic and could be implemented in personalized medicine programs, Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic and could be implemented in personalized medicine programs, Molecular profiling of tumor Organoids was matched to drug-screening results , suggesting that PDOs could complement existing approaches in defining Primary malignant neoplasm vulnerabilities and improving treatment responses, Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic and could be implemented in personalized medicine programs.[SEP]Relations: Pulmonary hypoplasia has relations: disease_phenotype_positive with spondylodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with spondylodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, disease_phenotype_positive with Silverman-Handmaker type dyssegmental dysplasia, disease_phenotype_positive with Silverman-Handmaker type dyssegmental dysplasia, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital multicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia, disease_phenotype_positive with congenital multicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia, disease_phenotype_positive with fetal akinesia deformation sequence, disease_phenotype_positive with fetal akinesia deformation sequence. Colorectal Primary malignant neoplasm has relations: disease_protein with PDGFD, disease_protein with PDGFD. Definitions: Primary malignant neoplasm defined as following: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.. Patient Derived Xenograft defined as following: A mouse model for human Primary malignant neoplasm studies in which a human-derived tumor sample is transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse.. Colorectal defined as following: Relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel.. Organoids defined as following: An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture, e.g., self-organized three-dimensional tissue structures derived from STEM CELLS (see MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS). They are also found in certain NEOPLASMS.. ANOPHTHALMIA AND PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA defined as following: A rare clinical entity including as main characteristics anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia, and pulmonary hypoplasia or aplasia. Only five cases have been reported so far, two of who were siblings. In the three nonfamilial cases, unilateral pulmonary agenesis and microphthalmia were associated with diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary vessel agenesis. It has been suggested that two different entities can be distinguished: on one hand, the association of anophthalmia-pulmonary hypoplasia with/without anomalies of the face, heart, spleen and uterus, which may be due to a putative autosomal recessive gene with pleiotropic effects; on the other hand, a sporadic association including pulmonary hypoplasia, anophthalmia, unilateral diaphragmatic defect and agenesis of the pulmonary trunk, which may represent the expression of a developmental field defect. There is evidence that syndromic microphthalmia- is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the STRA6 gene on chromosome 15q24..", "label": "yes"} {"original_question": "Is Lanabecestat effective for Alzheimer's disease?", "id": "converted_4025", "sentence1": "Is Lanabecestat effective for ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1?", "sentence2": "INTRODUCTION: The APECS and AMARANTH trials showed that BACE2 gene (BACE1 wt Allele) inhibitors verubecestat and lanabecestat failed to slow cognitive and functional decline in individuals with prodromal or early ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1. , Conclusions and Relevance: Treatment with lanabecestat was well tolerated and did not slow cognitive or functional decline., INTRODUCTION: The APECS and AMARANTH trials showed that BACE2 gene (BACE1 wt Allele) inhibitors verubecestat and lanabecestat failed to slow cognitive and functional decline in individuals with prodromal or early ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1., INTRODUCTION: The APECS and AMARANTH trials showed that BACE2 gene (BACE1 wt Allele) inhibitors verubecestat and lanabecestat failed to slow cognitive and functional decline in individuals with prodromal or early Alzheime, INTRODUCTION: The APECS and AMARANTH trials showed that BACE2 gene (BACE1 wt Allele) inhibitors verubecestat and lanabecestat failed to slow cognitive and functional decline in individuals with prodromal or early Alzhei[SEP]Relations: familial Alzheimer disease has relations: disease_disease with Alzheimer disease, disease_disease with Alzheimer disease, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_protein with PRNP, disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_disease with inherited prion disease, disease_phenotype_positive with Cognitive impairment, disease_phenotype_positive with Cognitive impairment, disease_phenotype_positive with Sleep disturbance, disease_phenotype_positive with Sleep disturbance. Definitions: BACE2 gene defined as following: Beta-secretase 2 (518 aa, ~56 kDa) is encoded by the human BACE2 gene. This protein is involved in the cleavage of membrane bound proteins.. BACE1 wt Allele defined as following: Human BACE1 wild-type allele is located within 11q23.2-q23.3 and is approximately 31 kb in length. This allele, which encodes BACE2 gene 1 protein, is involved in proteolytic processing.. ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 defined as following: ALZHEIMER DISEASE, FAMILIAL, 1 caused by mutation(s) in the APP gene, encoding amyloid-beta A4 protein. The onset of this condition typically occurs before age 65..", "label": "no"} {"original_question": "Is Apremilast effective for Behcet’s syndrome?", "id": "converted_2429", "sentence1": "Is apremilast effective for Behcet’s syndrome?", "sentence2": "apremilast is an immunomodulatory agent that works through Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 inhibition. A randomized controlled trial has shown that it is effective for the management of oral and genital Ulcer and is generally well tolerated., AREAS COVERED: This review provides a digest of all current experience and evidence about pharmacological agents recently described as having a role in the treatment of BS, including interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors, tocilizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, Ustekinumab Ab, interferon-alpha-2a, and apremilast., CONCLUSIONS: apremilast was effective in treating oral Ulcer, which are the cardinal manifestation of Behçet's syndrome., apremilast, an PPP1R1A gene of phosphodiesterase-4, was effective in a phase 2, double blind, placebo-controlled study., apremilast (Otezla(®)), an oral small molecule PPP1R1A gene of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4), is under development with Celgene Corporation for the treatment of Arthritis, Psoriatic, Psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's syndrome, Dermatitis, Atopic, and Rheumatoid Arthritis., There were two serious adverse events in patients receiving apremilast.