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we avoid many of the problems of selection bias. Just as memory problems are a hallmark of aging (and so it is natural to study memory processes in aging), problems with risk taking are characteristic of adolescence, and thus it is natural to study these problems in adolescence. One might say that adolescents are the “... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.844 | ["education", "llm"] | 454 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.928260 | [
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Dev Rev . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 1. Published in final edited form as: Dev Rev. 2008 Mar;28(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2008.01.002 Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making Valerie F Reyna Valerie F Reyna 1 Departments of Human Development and Psychology; Center for Behavioral Economi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.706 | ["decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.928635 | [
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le University and Department of Human Development, Cornell University Find articles by Susan E Rivers 2 Author information Copyright and License information 1 Departments of Human Development and Psychology; Center for Behavioral Economics and Decision Research, Cornell University 2 Department of Psychology, Yale Unive... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.674 | ["education", "philosophy", "communication", "decision_making"] | 456 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.928769 | [
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ng this article should be addressed to Valerie F. Reyna, Departments of Human Development and Psychology, Cornell University, B44 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: vr53@cornell.edu . Phone: (607) 319-0655. Fax: (607) 255-9856 PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC2352159 NIHMSID: NIHMS44010 PMID: 19255598 T... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.854 | ["communication", "decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.928880 | [
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king, as the contributions to this special issue attest. If we contemplate the risks and consequences of smoking, substance use, reckless driving, violent crime, and unprotected sex, we cannot help but conjure up an image of the stereotypical, irrational risk taker: the adolescent. Statistics confirm that adolescents a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.856 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929022 | [
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h as smoking and unhealthy eating, and a host of other risk-taking behaviors that pose challenges for the law, public health, clinical psychology, and public policy ( Reyna & Farley, 2006 ). Therefore, it is not surprising that the articles contained in this issue on risk and rational decision making focus on adolescen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.868 | ["decision_making", "crisis", "governance"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929086 | [
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tal differences between adolescents and other age groups, the implications of this body of work are far-reaching. Each contributor has articulated a theoretical framework that is guiding the science of risky behavior in new directions, albeit from varied perspectives (e.g., emphasizing cognitive, social, emotional, pub... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.329 | 0.836 | [] | 505 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929132 | [
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entified key theoretical and policy implications. Theories of adult behavior must take account of these perspectives or leave themselves open to the obvious criticisms that they are (a) incomplete because they ignore the origins of behavior and (b) irrelevant because they ignore major causes of death and human sufferin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.848 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929182 | [
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implications for theories of reasoning, judgment, and decision making, especially neurobiological and dual-process theories. Adolescent Risk Taking and the Science of Judgment and Decision Making Before moving on to the specific contributions to this issue, we want to say a word or two about how research on adolescent ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929235 | [
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a field at the intersection of important problems in law, medicine, economics, and business. Major thinkers in this field have been awarded Nobel prizes for their work, including Maurice Allais, Herbert Simon, and Daniel Kahneman. As these lists suggest, research has focused most particularly on risk and uncertainty. T... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.856 | ["governance", "war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929295 | [
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rizes work appearing in prominent adult journals (e.g., Psychological Science , Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , and Psychonomic Bulletin & Review ), mainly concerns the psychology of the college sophomore. That is, it consists of experiments conducted with young adults that are aim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.852 | ["economy", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929343 | [
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problem as well as other games and gambling tasks. The other approach is aimed at understanding the processes that control the behavior of various subject populations for whom risk is part of their “job description” (i.e., who are engaged in risk taking as a matter of course): insurers, stock traders, emergency-room ph... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.563 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "crisis", "career", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 491 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929391 | [
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race car drivers, mountain climbers, and others. Although studying these populations tells us about risk taking, the problem is that these categories of people might be peculiar in some way. Being in these roles is the result of a self-selection (and other-selection) process; only peculiar people might get into these r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 458 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929439 | [
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hom risk taking is a preoccupation of daily life. Moreover, as the articles in this special issue demonstrate, it is possible to conduct high-quality research that takes both approaches to doing science: Laboratory studies can be, and have been, conducted with adolescent samples, but studies have also been conducted th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.832 | ["economy"] | 433 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929485 | [
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g, drug taking, and sexually transmitted disease. Thus, the work in this issue is an example of an approach that combines the best of both worlds: basic science, including basic theories that apply to adult decision making, and applied science, including real-world risk taking. It is also an example of a special approa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.87 | ["decision_making"] | 498 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929569 | [
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ned path to adolescent risk taking (incorporating assumptions from the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior) and “a social reaction path that is image-based and involves more heuristic processing.” Although intention is the product of the reasoned path, willingness is the product of the reactive path. Proto... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.822 | ["philosophy"] | 412 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929625 | [
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nderstanding this fundamentally human phenomenon. Behavioral Decision Making Framework As an inheritor of the dominant expectancy-value approach in judgment-and-decision-making, and a pioneer in research on adolescent risky decision making, it is fitting to begin with the work of Baruch Fischhoff. In this issue, Fischh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.84 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929672 | [
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iding a clear-eyed analysis of the components of this competence. Readers will find this article very useful; it is a succinct yet comprehensive description of an approach that has produced empirical breakthroughs concerning both adult and adolescent risky decision making. Among these findings is the noteworthy and now... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.854 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929726 | [
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continues to be believed by many practitioners and policy makers despite the evidence against it (e.g., Quadrel, Fischhoff, & Davis, 1993 ; see also Millstein & Halpern-Felsher, 2002 ). Table 1 in Fischhhoff's article provides additional evidence against the invulnerability hypothesis, showing that adolescents overesti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.834 | [] | 456 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929767 | [
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rom Bruine de Bruin, Parker, & Fischhoff, 2007 ). Although overestimation of risks is not an invariant finding, nevertheless, these findings join a growing number of findings showing that adolescents do not believe that they are immortal, but, on the contrary, they envision an unduly premature death (see also Reyna & F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.36 | 0.862 | ["strategy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929818 | [
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s' inability to skillfully use numerical response scales rather than to their real beliefs (“mortality judgments are anomalous”). It is a measure of how far the debate has shifted, however, that we are discussing the degree to which adolescents' overestimation, as opposed to underestimation, of risk is real. A great va... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.838 | ["decision_making"] | 459 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929864 | [
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framework, as Fischhoff (2008) well illustrates. Furthermore, guidance is provided on proper assessment of these components, namely, how to assess subjective probabilities (what adolescents believe) and values (what adolescents want or prefer). Fischhoff explains how values can be extracted through decision analysis if... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.822 | ["ethics", "decision_making"] | 454 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929910 | [
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social categories (e.g., smokers or non-smokers). Similar to the concept of gist in fuzzy-trace theory (derived from earlier cognitive constructs such as prototypes and schemas), images also have positive or negative valences. The more favorable an image (e.g., of smokers), the more willing adolescents seem to be to ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.304 | 0.676 | [] | 417 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929949 | [
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y are not (e.g., the value elicitation approach). Although subjective probabilities and values constitute the basic building blocks of the behavioral decision-making framework, Fischhoff shows how social and affective factors can have influences on behavior via these constructs. Thus, this approach is powerful but rela... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.425 | 0.84 | ["decision_making", "ethics"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.929997 | [
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mmodates multiple factors—and more factors could be added--that possibly influence how adolescents discount future outcomes (analogous to Frederick, Loewenstein, & O'Donoghue's, 2002 , seven proposed factors; Table 2, Fischhoff). As Fischhoff concludes, “From a behavioral decision research perspective, there can be no ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.828 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930056 | [
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and associates (2008) is descended from expectancy-value approaches, in particular, the theories of reasoned action and of planned behavior. In addition to beliefs and values, the latter theories include perceptions of control, social norms, and self-efficacy in determining behavioral intentions, which are then used to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.842 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930103 | [
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the prototype-willingness model emphasize the “less deliberative modes of decision making.” The concept of “willingness” captures, in part, what is meant by less deliberative modes of decision making. Willingness appears to be a more sensitive measure than either intention or expectation. Adolescents will divulge that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.854 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930148 | [
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and willingness is associated with a greater tendency to take risks. Although earlier deliberative models had multiple components, they assumed a single mode of analytical processing. Analytical processing could be engaged in well or poorly, and it was assumed to be subject to a “garbage in-garbage out” constraint on r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930194 | [
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so lead to poor decisions, as in the behavioral decision-making framework. But a single kind of thinking was assumed. In contrast, the prototype-willingness model is a dual-process model, a feature shared by Casey, Getz, and Galvan's (2008) developmental cognitive neuroscience approach, by Steinberg's (2008) social neu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930241 | [
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n risky behaviors (e.g., smoking). Gerrard et al. (2008) offer an encyclopedic overview of evidence gathered to-date in the tradition of theories of reasoned action and related models, such as the prototype-willingness model, especially with respect to developmental issues. Their model is more encompassing than interna... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.353 | 0.844 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930310 | [
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ffects prototype favorability) and accessibility to alcohol and drugs in neighborhoods (which affects risk opportunity). Not surprisingly, willingness is more strongly tied to risk taking in environments in which substances and other temptations are accessible. As Gerrard et al. so pithily put it, “When few substances ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.846 | [] | 501 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930352 | [
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sky activities occur, as Steinberg (2008) argues. However, as we shall discuss, behavioral decision-making and dual-process theories differ from neurobiological approaches in their emphasis on interventions, on changing the individual as well as changing the environment. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Framework C... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.824 | ["decision_making"] | 454 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930409 | [
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ved from recent human imaging and animal studies. Three kinds of neuroimaging evidence are reviewed: structural MRI, which is used to measure the size and shape of brain structures; functional MRI which is used to measure patterns of brain activity; and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which is used to trace connectivity... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.286 | 0.84 | ["crisis"] | 447 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930466 | [
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ake this material accessible to a broad audience. Behavioral researchers looking for a readable and integrative overview of research on risk taking and the adolescent brain, written by experts in the field, will find that this article fills the bill. Moreover, it is apparent from this overview that research in behavior... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.852 | [] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930512 | [
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s of development—and for understanding the challenges that human biology poses for public health interventions. As Casey et al. (2008) discuss, there is broad consensus among developmental researchers that cognitive control (inhibition) increases with age across childhood and adolescence, and that this increase is asso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.824 | ["crisis"] | 433 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930563 | [
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of cognitive control is distilled by Casey et al. into a statement that is redolent with implications for social, emotional, cognitive, and biological development: “A cornerstone of cognitive development is the ability to suppress inappropriate thoughts and actions in favor of goal-directed ones, especially in the pres... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.852 | ["governance", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930611 | [
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cement that are not directly tied to this ability. Casey et al. (2008) rely on emerging neurobiological evidence concerning developmental differences, knitting disparate sources of evidence together. Dual processes are substantiated, in part, by findings showing differential development across brain regions: Although t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.822 | [] | 480 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930652 | [
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e, subcortical regions mature relatively quickly. Neuroimaging studies of reward-related processing have homed in on a subcortical region called the nucleus accumbens, a portion of the basal ganglia involved in the anticipation of rewards. Recent research has shown that adolescents have enhanced accumbens activity in r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930780 | [
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ompetition between immature, top-down control from the prefrontal cortex and heightened activation in subcortical reward areas (reflecting heightened responsiveness to rewards; see Figure 1 in Casey et al.). Top-down control in adolescence is further undermined by delayed functional connectivity between these prefronta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930847 | [
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ssociated with greater activation in the nucleus accumbens. The flip side of cognitive control is impulsivity (i.e., difficulty with inhibition), which was also found to differ across age. Impulsivity, however, was not associated with accumbens activation. This pattern of findings is consistent with recent work showing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.317 | 0.854 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930908 | [
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n, Green, Hanson, Holt, & Estle, 2003 ; see also Reyna & Farley, 2006 ). Therefore, although words such as “impulsive” and “risk-seeking” have been used almost interchangeably to describe adolescent behavior, Casey et al. review evidence supporting the conclusion that “these constructs rely on different cognitive and n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.848 | ["economy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.930959 | [
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from effects of gonadal hormones at puberty (on the proliferation of receptors for oxytocin, implicated in social bonding) to neuroimaging of anger (that individuals who are susceptible to peer influence may be unusually aroused by anger in others but less able to inhibit their responses). He ties this variegated evide... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.822 | [] | 418 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931004 | [
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used to explain and predict risk taking in children, adolescents, and adults—and to design interventions to reduce unhealthy behaviors ( Reyna, in press ; Rivers et al.). Emotion is an important factor that defines, guides, and, at times, disrupts that gist-based intuition. Conclusions: Settled Issues and Open Question... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.846 | ["decision_making", "family"] | 469 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931053 | [
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ognitive control against socio-emotional systems. (Risk taking decreases because of the former and it increases because of the latter.) Like Casey et al. (2008) , Steinberg premises his dual-process approach on the observation that risk-taking appears to increase between childhood and adolescence, and to later decrease... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.852 | ["family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931101 | [
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that children ought to be more risk-seeking than adolescents (assuming that all other factors are equal, such as risk opportunity). Steinberg (2008) argues that logical reasoning and basic information-processing abilities of adolescents are comparable to those of adults, and thus “the factors that lead adolescents to e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.848 | ["philosophy", "family"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931165 | [
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ble to maturation in the cognitive control system, according to Steinberg, the earlier maturing “socio-emotional system” leads to increased reward seeking (and, hence, risk taking) in adolescence. Relatively little research has been conducted on reasoning and information processing in adolescents, but the research that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.696 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931225 | [
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is not necessarily tapped in decision making even by adults ( Reyna & Brainerd, 1994 ). Steinberg, then, focuses on the key question: What factors interfere with the ability to express that competence, especially in adolescence? Like Gerrard et al. (2008) and Casey et al. (2008) , Steinberg points to a “socio-emotional... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.359 | 0.868 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931278 | [
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taking is provided by results of a study on simulated driving conducted with adolescents (mean age 14), youths (mean age 20), and adults (mean age 34). Subjects performed the driving task alone or in the presence of friends ( Gardner & Steinberg, 2005 ). In the task, a yellow traffic light signals that a wall will appe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.866 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 458 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931335 | [
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they also run the risk of crashing into the wall. The mere presence of friends “doubled risk-taking among the adolescents, increased it by fifty percent among the youths, but had no effect on the adults.” As Steinberg (2008) discusses, recent research with adolescents shows that social stimuli, such as peer acceptance ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.325 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931385 | [
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=935) confirmed that measures reflecting sensation-seeking and reward sensitivity increased from mid-childhood (age 10) until mid-adolescence (age 13 to 16). Tantalizing pilot data suggest that the presence of peers in the simulated driving task also activates reward circuitry. Such results are interpreted as showing t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931446 | [
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e riskier.” The mechanisms underlying social rewards in the brain are not entirely understood but Steinberg (2008) provides a cogent description of the working of the dopaminergic system. As Steinberg states, “dopamine plays a critical role in the brain's reward circuitry.” Therefore, remodeling of the dopaminergic sys... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931494 | [
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plausibly implicated in changes in responsiveness to rewards during adolescence. Steinberg also provides an extremely thoughtful discussion of diverging views as to whether adolescents pursue rewards because they experience stimuli as less rewarding (the “reward deficiency syndrome”) or as more rewarding, relative to c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.83 | ["war_conflict", "family"] | 470 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931552 | [
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ty when exposed to emotional stimuli than adults. Instead, it is the coordination (through improved connectivity) between cortical and subcortical limbic regions—the dance between affect and thinking--that may develop ( Finucane, Peters, & Slovic, 2003 ; see also Rivers et al., below). Fuzzy-trace Theory Many dual-proc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.834 | ["decision_making"] | 456 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931599 | [
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, instead, because they react rather than decide. As we have seen, this view is variously enshrined in theory as the social reactivity path ( Gerrard et al., 2008 ), the socio-emotional system ( Steinberg, 2008 ), and the subcortical limbic system (which includes connected brain areas; Casey et al, 2008 ). Fuzzy-trace ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.333 | 0.858 | ["decision_making"] | 497 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931646 | [
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es ( Reyna & Mills, 2007 ; Rivers et al., 2008 ). However, according to this theory, the “other” dual process that opposes reactivity (or inhibition) is not solely analytical. (Fuzzy-trace theory remains a dual-process theory of reasoning because there are two qualitatively different reasoning modes; inhibition is not ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.856 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931723 | [
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ormation or experience) analytical mode of risky decision making, a gist-based intuitive mode is assumed. This gist-based intuitive mode operates on simple, bottom-line representations of the meaning of information or experience (see Reyna & Brainerd, 1995 ; Rivers et al., 2008 ). In this article, Rivers et al. describ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.846 | ["communication", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931772 | [
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ence (positive-negative), arousal (excited-calm), feeling states (moods), and discrete emotions (e.g., anger vs. sadness). Rivers et al. (2008) review the tenets of fuzzy-trace theory, which have been supported by empirical tests, including tests of mathematical models used to separately estimate gist-based, verbatim-b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.842 | [] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931815 | [
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sk taking in adolescence ( Reyna & Farley, 2006 ; see also Romer, 2003), but it has also led to new predictions and findings concerning adolescent risk taking that are discussed. A key finding is that risk taking in the laboratory and in real life has been found to often be analytical and intentional, that it involves ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.698 | ["salary", "economy"] | 429 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931862 | [
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nefits, and trading them off against one another. Thus, adolescents' conscious, reflective ratings of personal perceptions of risks and benefits often predict their behavior (see Reyna & Farley, 2006 ). Although risk takers might regret negative outcomes, they do not necessarily recant their perceptions of risks and be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.848 | ["decision_making", "salary"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.931911 | [
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al” inasmuch as adolescents are pursuing their goals in accordance with their beliefs and values. However, according to fuzzy-trace theory, this kind of intentional, calculated risk taking is supplanted in mature adults by a simpler meaning-based approach that involves getting the core “gist” of important decisions, wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.848 | ["decision_making", "ethics"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932002 | [
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pecific gist-based processing and that younger adolescents' behavior can be explained by specific verbatim-based processing (e.g., Mills et al., in press ; Reyna, 1996 ; Reyna & Ellis, 1994 ). As Rivers et al. (2008) discuss, strong emotions permeate adolescent risk taking. A central conclusion to emerge from this revi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.359 | 0.842 | ["communication", "salary"] | 478 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932055 | [
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and benefits and, hence, determining risk taking. Research has long shown that valence is encoded automatically and persists over time in memory, hallmarks of gist representations ( Osgood, Suci, & Tannebaum, 1957 ; Zajonc, 1980 ). Valence, derived from experience, supplies intuitions that protect adults from harm (e.g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.854 | ["communication", "salary", "llm", "education"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932112 | [
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d knowledge” that unsupervised parties are “fun” and are likely to encode them positively when faced with a decision (similar to images in prototype-willingness theory; see Figure 1 in Rivers et al.). Young children lack the experience to know much about what an unsupervised party entails, engendering a neutral reactio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.322 | 0.854 | ["education", "decision_making", "family"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932161 | [
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y likening the behavior to other obvious risks (such as driving drunk or having unprotected sex).” There is an abundant literature on valence (or affect) the details of which support interpretation in terms of gist representations (see also Reyna & Brainerd, in press ). Rivers et al. (2008) also review research on mood... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.32 | 0.848 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 492 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932209 | [
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and the relation between arousal and inhibition. This research indicates that emotions conceived as valence, arousal, feeling states, or discrete emotions infiltrate the decision process in different ways. Emotions interfere with adolescents' ability to recognize the gist that danger is present; to reliably retrieve th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.846 | ["communication", "decision_making", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 511 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932264 | [
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ile, newly acquired gist representations rather than competing low-level, verbatim surface details (e.g., the irrelevant detail that the teens at an unsupervised party have never gotten in trouble before). Emotions also warrant gist interpretations of decision situations and pre-load responses to risk (e.g., anger enco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.83 | ["communication", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 445 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932323 | [
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ts of such situations ( Lerner & Keltner, 2001 ). Emotions bias information processing to focus either on those gist interpretations or on the verbatim facts. In short, “a full account of risk taking must encompass the role of emotion, in particular, the mechanisms through which it affects decision making.” According t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.86 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932372 | [
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n Making agree on a number of fundamental issues. First, they agree that adolescent risk taking is a crucially important health and public policy issue, and they each provide disturbing statistics to support this view. Sunstein (2008), a leading scholar of public policy, reinforces that point (and suggests “tools that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.86 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932420 | [
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has only recently begun to attract a concerted intellectual effort. To be sure, there are longstanding efforts to describe the extent of the problem, as exemplified by the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and other similar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.854 | ["networking", "social_justice", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932470 | [
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to build a foundation of knowledge relevant to juvenile justice—but the problems of adolescent risk taking far outstrip the confines of the legal system. Medicine, education, transportation, and mental health are among the areas in which adolescent risk taking exacts an enormous toll in economic costs and human lives. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.854 | ["decision_making", "education", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932530 | [
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orous theories of adult judgment and decision making, has been rare. Such research is essential, in our view, to make the scientific advances that will break the causal chain that produces adolescent mortality and morbidity. The articles in this issue are an excellent first wave in what we hope will be a flood of theor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.866 | ["decision_making", "motivation"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932578 | [
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s important practical problem; the research programs represented in these articles are models of the kind of research that is needed. We have also argued that their scientific significance goes beyond adolescence. The influence of theories of adolescent risk taking and theories of adult judgment and decision making oug... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.842 | ["decision_making"] | 465 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932638 | [
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egarding a large domain of real-life risk taking. These articles also illustrate the kind of integrative approaches that are rapidly becoming standard science. Perhaps that is no where better illustrated than the resonant concept of “social meaning” discussed by Sunstein (2008), described as the “social signals that ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.349 | 0.852 | [] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932680 | [
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hes in this issue, from the socio-emotional system to the brain's responsiveness to rewards (which can sometimes be socially determined). Sunstein reminds us that social meaning is malleable, that even primary reinforcers, such as sex and hunger, are shaped by social context and interpretation, and images and gist all ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.343 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932726 | [
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s Sunstein notes, “Steinberg is not surprised that educational programs often have so little effect in reducing adolescent risk-taking.” In Steinberg's (2008) view, adolescent risk taking “is likely to be normative, biologically driven, and, to some extent, inevitable.” Casey et al. (2008) do not explicitly declare suc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.848 | ["education"] | 490 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932788 | [
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2008) , Gerrard et al. (2008) , and Rivers et al. (2008) , each of whom is actively engaged in behavioral interventions. It goes without saying that there are many open questions that pertain to effective interventions, including the possibility that behavioral interventions might affect biological maturation and that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.848 | [] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932839 | [
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on prescription, and on whether characterizing rationality falls in the purview of the theory. Fischhoff's (2008) behavioral decision making framework takes an explicit approach to rationality, applying the triumvirate of descriptive, prescriptive, and normative considerations and harkening back to the axioms of subjec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.84 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932887 | [
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tionality, appealing to evidence about developmental precedence: what develops earlier vs. what develops later, after considerable practice at a task (although both coherence, logical consistency, and correspondence, good outcomes, of decisions figure in the larger theory). The behavioral decision making framework and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.333 | 0.84 | ["decision_making", "salary"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932948 | [
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is better or worse, overall, for adolescent risk taking (e.g., compared to processing the core gist of a decision). Although Gerrard et al. (2008) operate within the expectancy-value framework, similar to Fischhoff, they focus on the reduction of very real harms, such as those due to smoking. Both Steinberg (2008) and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.686 | ["decision_making", "rhetoric"] | 439 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.932999 | [
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biological maturation might have adaptive value. Despite its notorious subtlety, the issue of which decisions are good or bad, and how to tell, is one that we must continue to grapple with if research on adolescent rationality is to be relevant to public policy. Footnotes Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.317 | 0.854 | ["decision_making"] | 466 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.933075 | [
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e providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2352159/ | Current Theories of Risk and Rational Decision Making - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:48.933133 | [
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notes Copyright and License information 1 Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 2 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 3 Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway 4 Business School, Nord Univer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9932909/ | Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.69 | ["education", "leadership", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:49.143110 | [
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mmunicate best practice advice about barriers and facilitating factors involved in functional team behavior ( Roberts et al., 2021 ). From enhanced team training we expect the explicit focus on simulation and training to be of high relevance for local public and private sector organizations that increasingly rely on di... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9932909/ | Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.567 | 0.832 | ["management"] | 441 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:49.143266 | [
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mployees or solve their core mission assignments. Thus, this simplified conceptual framework will also have an impact on societal preparedness by providing an empirical basis for selection, education, and training of crisis management teams. Fi | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9932909/ | Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.77 | ["management", "crisis", "education"] | 244 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:49.143324 | [
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Front Psychol . 2023 Feb 2;14:1041387. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1041387 Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda Jarle Eid Jarle Eid 1 Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 2 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Find articles by ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9932909/ | Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.675 | 0.854 | ["education", "leadership", "crisis"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:49.143379 | [
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r Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Find articles by Anita Lill Hansen 2, 3 , Natalia Andreassen Natalia Andreassen 4 Business School, Nord University Business School, Bodø, Norway Find articles by Natalia Andreassen 4 , Roar Espevik Roar Espevik 1 Center for C... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9932909/ | Developing local crisis leadership – A research and training agenda - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.704 | ["education", "leadership", "crisis"] | 512 | Crisis Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T06:45:49.143464 | [
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