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of the degree of ethical climate in their school. Other variables that have the potential to intervene in the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate include: moral competency, moral identity, leader-member exchange, among others. Future research might examine whether these variables serve as the un... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.658 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615067 | [
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ze of teachers that may not be representative of the general population of teachers within Nigeria. Thus, we are unable to generalise from the current results beyond the specific sample used in this study. Although, the use of homogeneous sample appears to enhance the internal validity of our results, we encourage futu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.836 | ["education"] | 442 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615160 | [
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organisations in order to enhance generalisation. Finally, given that all our data were gathered from the same source, there is possibility that our results may have been contaminated by same source bias. Same source bias might be avoided in future research by obtaining data from different sources based not only on sel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.862 | [] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615297 | [
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with same source bias and common method variance by adopting procedural remedies [ 45 ]. For the procedural remedies, we collected data by allowing time lag between the antecedent, mediator, and criterion variable, assured the participants of the confidentiality of their responses, separated the scales used for measuri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.549 | 0.826 | ["philosophy"] | 423 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615406 | [
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he scales and encourage them to respond honestly. Implications of findings The findings of this study have important theoretical and practical implications for the organisational ethics literature and stakeholders in the education sector. First, the observation that ethical leadership was significantly linked to both p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615527 | [
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or unethical climate [ 47 , 60 ], ethics training for head teachers based on the tenets of social learning theory might be beneficial in increasing perceived leader integrity and ethical climate. Mayer et al. [ 36 ] enthuse that such training might include topics such as “communicating the importance of ethics, rewardi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.49 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 482 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615594 | [
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lly] and serving as ethical role models” (p. 10). Also, during selection process, schools may test for integrity, moral standards, and concern for others with the use of integrity tests, structured interview questions, and in-basket exercises that are designed to tap ethical dilemmas which may increase the chances of s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.663 | 0.862 | ["ethics", "education", "career", "leadership", "interview"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615647 | [
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hool especially for job applicants and job incumbents. This stems from the fact that the decision on whether or not to work for a particular organisation by job applicants is based in part on ethical concerns [ 50 , 58 ]. Thus, a school characterised by unethical practices might not attract teachers that are ethically ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.87 | ["ethics", "career", "education", "decision_making"] | 504 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615702 | [
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could attract teachers with high ethical conduct. Hence, head teachers and their subordinates in schools might want to consider boosting their ethical image by maintaining high ethical standards in their dealings and thus, attracting ethically upright teachers. For job incumbents, perceiving their head teacher as someo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.86 | ["ethics", "career", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615752 | [
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t they are being surrounded by an ethical climate. Such incumbents are also likely to convey the image of the school to the society. However, the type of image conveyed will depend in part whether the school operates on ethical or unethical foundation. Conclusion The current study extends the social learning theory [ 7... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership", "networking"] | 455 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615831 | [
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p between ethical leadership and ethical climate. Several conclusions can be drawn from the findings of this study. First, the study provides support for ethical leadership as an important factor in teachers’ perception of their leaders’ integrity. Second, the study also evinced that perceived leader integrity was posi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.673 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 423 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615887 | [
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ership was positively related to ethical climate. One can say with high level of certainty that the finding that ethical leadership was positively related to ethical climate may be generalised to non-teaching contexts such as, financial, legal, manufacturing, management, engineering, medical among others, where similar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.826 | ["ethics", "leadership", "management"] | 438 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615980 | [
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organisational contexts (e.g., [ 16 , 35 , 49 ]). And lastly, perceived leader integrity mediated the positive relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate. Thus, in addition to other studies (e.g., [ 48 , 60 ]) that provided evidence for moderating role of perceived leader integrity and related construc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.84 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 483 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.616345 | [
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ethical leadership–ethical climate relationship. As such, a head teacher who demonstrates ethical behaviour can be seen by the subordinates as someone with integrity which in turn influences their perception regarding the ethical climate in their school. This study therefore offers insights relevant to ethical conducts... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership", "networking"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.616436 | [
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eption of their head teachers’ integrity and ethical climate of their school. However, these were contrary to earlier studies that showed no significant difference between male and female employees of manufacturing firms within the United States in rating their supervisors’ integrity (e.g., [ 38 ]) and no significant d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.834 | ["ethics", "education"] | 431 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.616534 | [
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rception of ideal ethical climate (e.g., [ 21 ]). Although the samples in these studies differed from those of the current study, more studies involving different occupational groups are, however, needed to substantiate and explicate the role of gender in perception of leader integrity and ethical climate before a firm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.806 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 338 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.616598 | [
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ionship between EL and employee job satisfaction. Moreover, the study investigates the mediating effect of media richness (MR), perceived organizational transparency (OT) on EL, and ES. In addition, the study used a convenient sampling technique for collecting the data from 276 employees working in the service sector o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.824 | ["education", "career"] | 425 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832255 | [
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influencing employee cognition and satisfaction. In line with the statement, the research indicates that leaders’ moral characteristics demonstrate high consideration for employee well-being, subsequently nurturing employee workplace satisfaction ( Moon and Jung, 2018 ). In addition, moral leaders hold a powerful posit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 467 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832436 | [
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ls to share moral knowledge with their employees. High MR enables the leaders to send personalized messages to the employees regarding organizational matters and activities. Organizations utilize multiple communication channels for connecting with its stakeholder (i.e., business partners, employees, and customers). In ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.654 | ["communication", "leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 424 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832582 | [
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ics of respondents who participate in this study. In the gender section, 161 respondents are men with 60.3%, while 106 respondents are women with 39.7%. Regarding age, 20 respondents age between 19 and 30 years with 7.5%, 78 respondents age between 31 and 40 years with 29.2%, 63 respondents age between 41 and 50 years ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.31 | 0.704 | ["education"] | 440 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832725 | [
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29 respondents age more than 60 years with 10.9%. In the education section, 38 individuals are intermediated with 14.2%, 93 individuals have bachelor’s degree with 34.8%, 100 individuals have master’s degree with 37.5%, and 36 individuals have MPhil/other degrees with 13.5%. Moreover, in marital status, 46 individuals ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.704 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832812 | [
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Front Psychol . 2022 May 18;13:885515. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885515 The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency Kaimeng Guo Kaimeng Guo 1 Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "communication", "philosophy", "ethics", "networking"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832871 | [
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ent of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China Edited by: Awais Farid, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China Reviewed by: Muhammad Ibrahim Abdullah, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan; Kashif Iqbal, Wuxi University, China ✉ *Corresponden... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.694 | ["education", "communication"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832927 | [
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ceived 2022 Feb 28; Accepted 2022 Mar 25; Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Guo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owne... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.836 | ["innovation"] | 444 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.832985 | [
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d, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9158423 PMID: 35664219 Abstract Ethical leadership (EL) is a vital component driving firms’ practice, significantly affecting employee satisfaction (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.657 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "career", "education"] | 430 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833072 | [
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damental tool guiding the data collection method. The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between EL, ES, MR, and perceived OT. The MR and perceived OT have significant mediating effects between EL and ES. The study is beneficial for the service sector of Macau to plan the strategies for their emp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.866 | ["education", "networking", "governance"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833149 | [
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cher to search the new aspects of EL in organizations for future research direction. Keywords: ethical leadership, media richness, perceived organizational transparency, organization sustainability, psychology, employee satisfaction Introduction In today’s business world, moral ethics have gained considerable popularit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "leadership", "management", "salary"] | 506 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833246 | [
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sperity to bringing colossal individual benefits. The developing notion has brought immense advantages for worldwide businesses, compelling them to adopt moral and ethical considerations as an essential tool for organization’s welfare. Perhaps, to fulfill the progressing demand of workplace ethics, the study demands bo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.665 | 0.834 | ["ethics", "leadership", "salary", "education"] | 469 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833316 | [
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ng the global socio-economic boom ( Deal, 2018 ). Comprehensively, EL refers to adopting moral conduct, causing an individual to initiate the two-way relationship, communication, and decision-making ( Brown et al., 2005 ). Ethical leadership enhances organizational performance by integrating moral values into organizat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833383 | [
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havior, conduct, and actions ( Rabie and Abdul Malek, 2020 ). In particular, the resilience of leaders’ character requires consistency with moral virtues. Good leadership demands not only managers’ expertise, knowledge, and strategic power but also leaders’ moral character. Given the statement, the moral characteristic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "ethics", "strategy", "management", "education"] | 416 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833477 | [
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e, visionary, and honest ( Sharma et al., 2019 ). Nonetheless, this moral aspect empowers the employees’ behavior, thus influencing their motivation, performance, and satisfaction. Moral leadership is a unique concept assisting the employees’ work, subsequently raising employee satisfaction (ES). Employee satisfaction ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.67 | ["leadership", "ethics", "strategy", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 438 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833568 | [
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employees’ achievement ( Teimouri et al., 2018 ). Ethical leadership vigorously accelerates employees’ productivity, thereby reporting greater satisfaction ( Freire and Bettencourt, 2020 ). The comprehensive effect of EL extends far beyond influencing employee behavior to satisfy the individual’s needs and desires. The... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 471 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833666 | [
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contentment ( Kaffashpoor and Sadeghian, 2020 ). Moreover, firms’ communication also plays an integral role in increasing the followers’ satisfaction. In this perspective, media richness (MR) is a crucial factor driving organizational communication. MR alludes to the leaders’ ability to integrate innovation (e.g., info... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.664 | ["communication", "philosophy", "leadership", "innovation"] | 439 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833795 | [
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and messages (i.e., verbal and non-verbal cues). In particular, the study shows that MR strengthens an organization’s communication network, thereby fostering workplace interactions, cognition, and satisfaction ( Sheer, 2020 ). The study suggests that leaders choose the most effective communication media channel for su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.682 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy", "leadership", "networking"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.833875 | [
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us affecting the stakeholders’ attitude (e.g., actions, motivation, and satisfaction) ( Losada-Otálora and Alkire, 2019 ). Consequently, maintaining OT in business practices (e.g., information sharing and communication) is vital for successful business functioning. OT refers to the firm’s intention of sharing the busin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.68 | ["philosophy", "communication", "motivation"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834013 | [
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s practices, attributes, procedures, and actions. The study states that the organization is responsible for sharing truthful, honest, correct, and accurate knowledge ( Sarfraz et al., 2019 ; Shah et al., 2019 ; Schnackenberg et al., 2021 ). Hence, the management should promote higher disclosure of information, awarenes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.844 | ["education", "philosophy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834101 | [
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erstanding EL as a fundamental phenomenon influencing the employees’ satisfaction. This underlying mechanism stretches beyond the boundary of traditional management to the moral configuration of leadership, potentially increasing ES. Hence, comprehensive study reviews on EL require consolidation as the prior studies la... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "networking", "management", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834196 | [
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d ES is limited ( Moon and Jung, 2018 ; Ajaz et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, despite the increasing role of novel technology, the research states that MR ( Ishii et al., 2019 ) and OT (i.e., leadership knowledge sharing) had also remained silent under the moral lens of EL ( Bavik et al., 2018 ). Significantly, to fill the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.722 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 477 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834285 | [
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ntally in the light of moral leadership theories. It also investigates the direct impact of EL on MR and OT. Moreover, the study framework explains the connection between MR and OT with employee job satisfaction. Finally, it highlights the mediating role of MR and OT, bridging the nexus between EL and ES. In particular... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.856 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "ethics", "networking"] | 460 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834345 | [
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foundation on the effect of EL on ES, MR, and OT. Potentially, this study is a unique contribution to bridging the prior research gaps. Therefore, based on this statement, EL in the hospitality sector has gained most researchers’ attention, thus elevating its need for investigation ( Kabene et al., 2006 ). Leaders play... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 503 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834424 | [
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rformance satisfaction ( Shafique et al., 2018 ). Accordingly, this study holds paramount importance by allowing future researchers to investigate the fundamental relationship between EL and employee job satisfaction. Furthermore, the prior literature states that EL had explored various times in context to several medi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.566 | 0.696 | ["ethics", "networking", "career", "education", "philosophy"] | 477 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834493 | [
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and behavior outcomes ( Khan N. et al., 2018 )]. Hence, this unique study highlights two significant variables leading to improved job satisfaction. Perhaps, this study has a broad scope in the management and psychological literature. It develops a solid foundation, highlighting the increasing demand for moral practice... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "management", "ethics", "education", "career"] | 481 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834550 | [
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viding a clear picture of morality in leadership. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this novel study integrates the dispersed literature on EL under one roof. Perhaps, to cover the literature deficiency, the study provides the management experts with essential knowledge about the dynamic nature of moral leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.826 | ["education", "leadership", "ethics", "management", "philosophy"] | 411 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834609 | [
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ly, this study had divided into various sections. This article begins by briefly introducing the study variables in the light of relevant theoretical studies. Then, the “Literature review” section (i.e., literature review) gains the reader’s attention by proposing a set of testable hypotheses, formulating the direct an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.842 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834738 | [
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d the “Results” section significantly illustrates the study outcomes. Finally, the “Discussion” section discusses the study outputs, and the “Conclusion” section concludes the research article. Literature Review Significantly, the evolution of modern leadership and advancement in communication technologies have shaped ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "education", "communication"] | 454 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834819 | [
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ous advantages for the leaders and the employees. Accordingly, the “Literature review” section aims to investigate the fundamental relationships in the light of the moral leadership perspective. Along with this, it also presents the role of the leaders in developing a favorable working climate, work practices, and beha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "economy"] | 476 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834869 | [
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eview in the following terms: EL, ES, MR, and OT. All the variables and terminologies had demonstrated in the same series in the section below. Ethical Leadership and Employee Satisfaction Over the years, EL has received massive popularity from scholars, researchers, and managers, essentially ensuring the application o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "ethics", "management", "resume"] | 510 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.834919 | [
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ative conduct and actions ( Brown et al., 2005 ). Its definition establishes a distinct association among the workers, potentially improving their work satisfaction. Given the illustration, the research indicates that advanced leadership enhances organizational outcomes by reporting increased employees’ commitment and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.682 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career"] | 458 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835038 | [
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cs is a vital component driving firms’ practices. Leadership ethics develop a critical guide for the organizations’ members, thus encouraging them to follow moral cues. Ethical leaders support the integration of moral principles, thus making leadership integrity, fairness, and empowerment improve ES. The positive conse... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.566 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 443 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835118 | [
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ttitude in employees, guiding their work actions. EL effectively influences employee actions by tapping into the employees’ values. The employee-leader congruence makes the employee practice moral values, thereby promoting ES in the workplace. Given the explanation, the research reveals that leaders exhibiting high eth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.656 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "leadership", "career"] | 474 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835212 | [
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ah et al., 2018 ; Freire and Bettencourt, 2020 ). Indeed, ethical leaders play an instrumental role in enhancing the employees’ work behavior. Ethical leaders motivate individuals to work harder toward the organization’s development ( Charoensap et al., 2019 ; Sarfraz et al., 2022 ). Given the articulation, the study s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "ethics", "motivation", "war_conflict", "education"] | 485 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835311 | [
-0.015752026811242104,
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allenging environment ( Cleveland et al., 2019 ). In particular, leaders’ ethical conduct is an effective predictor of ES. The literature concludes that EL positively influences the employees’ behavior, satisfaction, and performance ( Shafique et al., 2018 ). Consequently, based on these research findings, we have sugg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835424 | [
0.045109864324331284,
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innovative media tools have become crucial for sharing moral information with employees. With the increasing leadership ethics, the prior literature indicates that the accelerating media channels foster moral teachings, thus shaping the leadership attributes ( Roman et al., 2019 ; Mohsin et al., 2022 ). Recently, the g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 416 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835491 | [
-0.005295909475535154,
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e technological tools guiding business practices. At present, the developing significance of media channels has enabled businesses to incorporate novel digital technologies for establishing an effective communication network. This complementary mode of connection significantly benefits today’s employees, leading the me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.812 | ["networking", "leadership", "communication", "salary", "philosophy"] | 452 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835571 | [
0.049515314400196075,
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ediate results to the organization’s performance. The moral leadership style empowers the workers to benefit from the increasing advantages of MR, thereby supporting the organization’s communication process ( Bhatti et al., 2020 ). The unique communication technologies make the MR play a critical role in improving an o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "communication", "philosophy", "education"] | 455 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835685 | [
-0.007807022426277399,
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foster the organization’s communication process. The most effective media-enriched communication channels include email, Facebook, Twitter, and Google Docs ( Aritz et al., 2018 ). Given the articulation, the research shows that the more efficient the media channel is, the more ethical leaders influence team cohesion th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.852 | ["communication", "ethics", "leadership", "management"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835782 | [
0.011275515891611576,
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king in real space, thereby radically affecting people’s behavior, actions, and communication. EL influences organizational communication, thereby developing a moral-ethical climate. The moral character of ethical leaders empowers the employees by providing them with an environment where they can practice moral teachin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.645 | 0.83 | ["ethics", "leadership", "communication", "education"] | 472 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835858 | [
0.02947346866130829,
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ing employees about business ethics ( Wu, 2021 ). However, MR depends on the choice of the leader who prefers to cascading down the ethical information to the low-level workers. The research suggests that social media applications are the most popular sites for generating, consuming, and dismembering information across... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.856 | ["ethics", "philosophy", "leadership", "decision_making", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.835930 | [
0.0022396196145564318,
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R, thereby proposing the following hypothesis: H2: EL has a positive and significant impact on MR. Ethical Leadership and Organizational Transparency Due to the rapid globalization, organizations today are functioning in an environment where consumers’ demands are constantly changing, escalating its intensity on the or... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 502 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836008 | [
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siness initiatives in response to market changes. Undoubtedly, in recent times, OT has become a critical instrument for leaders in adapting to changing environments. Ethical leadership shapes the organization’s culture, leading the business transparency to reduce business uncertainty ( Metwally et al., 2019 ). Accordin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 488 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836089 | [
0.0003438508720137179,
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o its stakeholder ( Schnackenberg et al., 2021 ). Significantly, to maintain information transparency, moral leaders should look after the interest of both the internal and external stakeholders. Integrity, one of the crucial leadership traits, effectively motivates the leaders to share truthful information with firms’... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "ethics", "motivation"] | 422 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836146 | [
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value and employee behavior ( Ete et al., 2021 ). In particular, this accountability dimension of data transparency assists the employees’ actions by communicating the change information to the intended user ( Yue et al., 2019 ). Consistently, leaders’ characteristics had been constructed around the virtue of fairness,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy", "communication"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836204 | [
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grity develop an open communication system, guiding the individual moral behavior. In particular, knowledge sharing is a significant aspect of guiding the employees’ behavior. Given the illustration, the study shows that ethical leaders provide moral information to employees, thus making OT enhance employees’ performan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.824 | ["ethics", "education", "philosophy", "leadership", "communication"] | 443 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836283 | [
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ve, knowledge flow is vital for business success. Perhaps, to improve individual’s performance, the leaders should provide ethical teaching to the employees by adopting different media channels. In recent years, various platforms have enhanced the flow of moral knowledge to the employees (e.g., social media and Faceboo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.84 | ["education", "leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 462 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836341 | [
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nected to the employees ( Braojos et al., 2019 ). Arguably, EL cannot function without an effective communication structure. A transparent communication network encourages the leaders to develop a two-way communication process, thus enhancing the firm’s communication ( Jiang and Luo, 2018 ). Ethical leaders play an act... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.844 | ["communication", "leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836411 | [
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nfluence of moral leadership, thereby devastatingly affecting the organization’s outcome and employees’ behavior ( Halbusi et al., 2021 ). Undoubtedly, leaders play a significant role in building the organization’s ethical climate with maintaining OT. Consequently, the literature suggests the following hypothesis: H3: ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836465 | [
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new technologies have rapidly emerged as an efficient tool for reaching the employee. Advanced media technologies have ensured the development of managerial communication between leaders and employees. Social media channels significantly facilitate the organization’s communication process, thereby enhancing the individ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.348 | 0.832 | ["communication", "leadership", "management", "career", "education"] | 497 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836523 | [
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( Lee et al., 2018 ) and employees’ satisfaction. Given the statement, the new influx of MR influences the organization’s communication with fostering ES ( Chen and Chang, 2018 ). In addition, concerning management literature, ES alludes to the pleasant feeling of happiness. The firm’s communication ensures the potenti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.852 | ["communication", "management"] | 510 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836578 | [
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gers should take care of the employee preference. Media choices influence the employees’ satisfaction. Complex media platforms are hard to operate by employees. In the illustration, the study shows that media channels, such as email and telephonic calls, are fundamental tools driving employees’ satisfaction ( Erjavec e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.86 | ["management", "decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836648 | [
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selecting the best media tool ( Verčič, 2019 ), subsequently enhancing employees’ satisfaction. Fundamentally, scholars and professionals have potentially recognized the significant role of MR in enhancing employees’ job satisfaction. MR plays a crucial role in setting the tone of the firm’s communication process. Cons... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.842 | ["career", "communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836864 | [
0.007538020610809326,
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online platforms) increases individuals’ job satisfaction, thereby improving task accomplishment ( Fleischmann et al., 2020 ). Certainly, MR nurtures the employees’ morale and satisfaction. It ensures the exchange of verbal and non-verbal signals, messages, and texts with the end user ( Mehra and Nickerson, 2019 ). It ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.67 | ["ethics", "career", "philosophy"] | 415 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.836954 | [
-0.041574690490961075,
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h the stakeholders (i.e., internal and external). The increased MR helps the individual acquire the essential data for accomplishing the work task. Hence, the study shows that the improved relatedness of media channels positively increases ES ( Khan I. U. et al., 2018 ). Therefore, the literature concludes the followin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.708 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837014 | [
0.09111917018890381,
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the technological advancement in information technology has fostered EL to bring colossal benefits to individuals. At present, organizations have embraced novel technologies for performing business functions. The progressing globalization has massively compelled the organizational leaders to connect with the employees ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.826 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "ethics", "networking", "salary"] | 505 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837085 | [
-0.03288919851183891,
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behavior in speeding up the business performance. Leaders’ communication behavior is an essential component in supporting individual outcomes. Ethical leaders use multiple communication methods to convey the organization’s vision, messages, and teachings, thus establishing a positive leader-subordinate relationship. Et... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.8 | ["leadership", "communication", "ethics", "strategy", "networking"] | 437 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837191 | [
0.024323610588908195,
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ly enhancing organizational communication and ES. Accordingly, the study states that firms’ embracing technological innovation builds an immediate leader-employee connection, thereby improving employee trust and satisfaction ( Tkalac Verčič and Špoljarić, 2020 ). The prior study shows that social media has become a vit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.834 | ["communication", "education", "leadership", "crisis", "innovation"] | 468 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837318 | [
-0.05042792484164238,
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yees’ ability to respond to workplace challenges. It establishes a leader-follower connection, thereby fostering employees’ satisfaction ( Bhatti et al., 2020 ). In the EL paradigm, MR strengthens individual work outcomes by improving job satisfaction ( Chen et al., 2021 ). Employee satisfaction is highly dependent on ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "crisis", "networking"] | 459 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837444 | [
0.013635707087814808,
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ommunication with leaders ( Aritz et al., 2018 ). In EL, a leader’s goal is to fulfill employees’ needs (i.e., information). Accordingly, moral leadership supported by computer-mediated technologies satisfies the employee’s desires for interpersonal communication ( Braun et al., 2019 ). Therefore, by focusing on the co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "communication", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837506 | [
0.05846899002790451,
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influencing their employees’ satisfaction ( Özden et al., 2019 ). Indeed, the study shows that ethical leaders promote adopting novel technologies for building a positive communication network that increases ES ( Mehra and Nickerson, 2019 ). Perhaps, based on the previous studies, the literature suggests that MR should... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.838 | ["networking", "leadership", "communication", "ethics", "education"] | 457 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837589 | [
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ntly mediates the relationship between EL and ES. Organizational Transparency and Employee Satisfaction In today’s digital world, OT has become the top priority of management leaders. It alludes to data sharing with creating an open organizational structure to promote business culture. Transparency is a fundamental att... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.557 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 485 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837910 | [
-0.00645185261964798,
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one cannot meet the interest of the stakeholders. Therefore, management must understand the role of maintaining transparency in catering to the employee demand for information ( Mappamiring et al., 2020 ) for directing the business practices, procedures, and activities. Firms’ accountability refers to their obligation ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.838 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 499 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.837982 | [
0.03679822385311127,
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anization presents workers with transparent data. The study shows that OT strengthens the employees’ engagement, thus fostering employee performance and satisfaction ( Hofmann and Strobel, 2020 ). Indeed, OT is a powerful driver of ES. ES largely depends on the information available to them. Information transparency en... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.822 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 438 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838052 | [
0.0012486641062423587,
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mation, thus assisting the employees’ activities. Concerning the firms’ communication, exposure to false and inadequate data creates confusion for employees, thus making it difficult for them to manage the flooding of unnecessary and overburdened data ( Yue et al., 2019 ). To perform the work task, the firm must provid... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.854 | ["philosophy", "communication", "crisis", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838130 | [
0.014719820581376553,
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it becomes hard for the employees to meet the performance standards, subsequently decreasing workers’ morale and workplace satisfaction. Hence, the organizations need to take care of data transparency for gaining optimum individual results (i.e., work satisfaction) ( Ridwan et al., 2018 ). Moreover, the study shows tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "communication", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838179 | [
-0.014598404988646507,
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for the leaders to boost employee enthusiasm and job satisfaction ( Sariwulan et al., 2019 ). Hence, based on the reviews of previous scholars, we have developed the following hypothesis: H5: OT has a positive and significant impact on ES. The Mediating Role of Organizational Transparency Along with the transition from... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "management", "career"] | 466 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838276 | [
-0.03066740185022354,
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ncept of OT, thus improving the business culture. EL plays a critical role in formulating business transparency in the communication network. Business information assists the employees in altering their behaviors, conducts, and actions. The organization’s morality holds a high potential for promoting openness and trans... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.828 | ["philosophy", "ethics", "communication", "networking"] | 453 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838820 | [
-0.006875807885080576,
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rkers, thus fulfilling their desire for progress. Given the statement, the study shows that EL is the direct way to increase OT and ES ( Moslehpour et al., 2018 ). The leadership characteristics emphasize adopting ethical principles, thus developing an environment for accelerating employee career satisfaction ( Moon an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "ethics", "strategy", "career", "education"] | 478 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838886 | [
0.011613274924457073,
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0.004195739049464464,
0.0419730506837368,
0.036173999309539795,
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d work satisfaction ( Özturk and Senanur, 2021 ). Organizational transparency is critical to developing an ethical climate in the organization. EL ensures the establishment of moral and transparent business practices, procedures, and communications, subsequently achieving individual outcomes. The ethical environment en... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "communication"] | 436 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.838938 | [
-0.039680954068899155,
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ponse between EL and ES ( Halbusi et al., 2021 ). Indeed, for an organization’s success, maintaining business transparency has become vital for leaders. The common goal of the organizations is to accelerate the employees’ satisfaction and morale. Therefore, to achieve this goal, leaders’ should create value for their e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 462 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839006 | [
-0.004809580277651548,
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ment and satisfaction ( Meynhardt et al., 2020 ). Accordingly, the research states that the influence of ethical leaders on ES ensures the creation of the organization’s ethical culture, substantially internalizing the moral beliefs to satisfy the employees’ needs ( Taştan and Davoudi, 2019 ). Therefore, the prior lite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "networking", "leadership", "education"] | 510 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839057 | [
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e direct relationship between EL, MR, OT, and ES. Moreover, the study also examines the mediating relationship between MR and OT and between EL and ES. The data are collected by the service sector of Macau. First-line managers, middle-level managers, senior-level managers, and executives working in the service industry... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.836 | ["education", "management", "networking", "economy"] | 429 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839173 | [
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urement scale of EL from the study by Elçi et al. (2012) , and the four-item MR measurement scale was adopted from the study of Ben Sedrine et al. (2020) . The four-item measurement scale of OT was adopted from the study of Rawlins (2008) . The four-item ES measurement scale was adopted from the study by Chi and Gursoy... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 430 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839236 | [
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data were collected by employees electronically. A total of 350 questionnaires are distributed to respondents and 290 questionnaires are received back; after checking the data, 267 questionnaires are finalized with a 76% response rate to analyze the data. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 478 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839292 | [
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1 individuals are first-line managers with 4.1%, 107 individuals are middle-level managers with 40.1%, 111 individuals are senior-level managers with 41.6%, and 29 individuals are executives with 10.9%. TABLE 1. Demographic characteristics. Items Frequency ( N = 267) (%) Gender Male 161 60.3 Female 106 39.7 Age 19–30 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.718 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839348 | [
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3.5 Marital Status Single 46 17.2 Married 221 82.8 Position Accountant 9 3.4 First line manager 11 4.1 Middle level Manager 107 40.1 Senior level manager 111 41.6 Executive level 29 10.9 Open in a new tab Common Method Bias This research also applied the common method bias using Harman’s single-factor approach ( Figure... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.561 | 0.718 | ["management", "education"] | 480 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839406 | [
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od bias in this study ( Podsakoff et al., 2003 ). Table 2 provides the detail of the assessment measurement model that shows the reliability and validity analysis. Cronbach’s alpha, loadings, and composite reliability should be greater than 0.70 ( Tabassum et al., 2020 ), and the study meets the reliability threshold c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.354 | 0.706 | ["education"] | 476 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839531 | [
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); the study meets the threshold criteria of 0.5. The reliability has been shown in this study. Figure 2 shows the graphic demonstration of the assessment measurement model. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab Conceptual framework. TABLE 2. Reliability and validity analysis. Construct Items Loading A CR AVE Ethical leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.72 | ["leadership", "education", "ethics"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839585 | [
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s MR_1 0.816 0.879 0.878 0.644 MR_2 0.842 MR_3 0.812 MR_4 0.736 Organizational employee OrgT_1 0.787 0.870 0.870 0.626 OrgT_2 0.746 OrgT_3 0.820 OrgT_4 0.809 Employee satisfaction ES_1 0.851 0.881 0.881 0.649 ES_2 0.763 ES_3 0.807 ES_4 0.799 Open in a new tab FIGURE 2. Open in a new tab Graphical representation of asse... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.71 | ["communication"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839658 | [
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to measure the discriminant validity, namely, Fornell–Larcker and HTMT. The Fornell–Larcker method shows that the values on the diagonal represent the square root of the AVE, while the off diagonals are correlations. HTMT is the most reliable method to analyze the discriminant validity that should be less than 0.85 ( H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.68 | ["ethics"] | 414 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839709 | [
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nificant mediating relationship between EL→MR→ES. Hypotheses 5a confirmed that the beta value is 0.12 and the t -value is 0.044; there is a significant mediating relationship between EL→OrgT→ES. Figure 3 demonstrates the pictorial representation of the structural equation model. TABLE 6. Hypothesis testing mediation ef... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.702 | ["networking", "ethics", "communication"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839797 | [
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ant validity analysis (Fornell–Larcker and HTMT). Constructs 1 2 3 4 Ethical leadership 0.789 0.685 0.553 0.557 Media richness 0.687 0.806 0.579 0.539 Organizational employee 0.554 0.58 0.803 0.341 Employees satisfaction 0.557 0.54 0.343 0.791 Open in a new tab Values on the diagonal represent the square root of the av... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9158423/ | The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Media Richness and Perceived Organizational Transparency - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.839956 | [
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