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as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.329 | 0.87 | ["innovation"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.231505 | [
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Sci Rep . 2025 Mar 3;15:7470. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91750-1 How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings Antje Peters Antje Peters 1 Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch Straße 52, 48149 Münster, Germany 2 Otto... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.231649 | [
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Jendrik Witte Jendrik Witte 1 Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch Straße 52, 48149 Münster, Germany Find articles by Jendrik Witte 1, # , Hanne Helming Hanne Helming 1 Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch St... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.687 | ["education"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.231790 | [
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uroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch Straße 52, 48149 Münster, Germany Find articles by Robert Moeck 1 , Thomas Straube Thomas Straube 1 Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch Straße 52, 48149 Münster, Germany 2 Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.694 | ["education"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.231845 | [
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1 Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch Straße 52, 48149 Münster, Germany 2 Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany Find articles by Sebastian Schindler 1, 2, ✉ Author information Article notes Copy... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.69 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.231899 | [
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Münster, Germany 2 Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ✉ Corresponding author. # Contributed equally. Received 2024 Sep 5; Accepted 2025 Feb 24; Collection date 2025. © The Author(s) 2025 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.85 | ["innovation", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.232303 | [
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n or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC11876303 PMID: 40032962 Abstract Social evaluative feedback informs us about how others perceive us, c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.822 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 425 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235152 | [
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nd simultaneously changes our view of the sender. However, little is known about the neuronal and behavioral responses when receiving incongruent positive or negative social evaluative feedback. This study ( N = 40) investigated how receiving feedback from peers after a real-life interaction modulates behavioral respon... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235258 | [
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he feedback expectation were examined along the whole processing stream. Feedback was manipulated such that one peer provided overly positive feedback and the other overly negative feedback, with random computer feedback as a control condition. Behaviorally, participants updated their feedback expectations according to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.83 | ["war_conflict"] | 470 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235321 | [
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nder towards their positive or negative behavior. Concerning ERPs, separate effects of feedback incongruence based on the feedback expectation or self-view were found during the mid-latency processing stages. Subsequently, both types of incongruence increased late ERP amplitudes, which were also increased when particip... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235391 | [
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ve feedback processing, emphasizing that incongruent feedback elicits mid-latency modulations and subsequent updating processes associated with increased late amplitudes. In addition, we find rapid behavioral changes in the ratings for the senders based on their feedback behavior. Keywords: EEG/ERPs, Social feedback, S... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.824 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235449 | [
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sual system, Human behaviour Introduction Social evaluative feedback is part of our daily social interaction. Positive and social evaluative feedback appears vital to fulfilling the psychological need to belong, which has been crucial to survival in the past 1 . On the other side, negative feedback and not being social... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.85 | [] | 483 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235600 | [
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feedback may or may not agree with the self-view. Deviant feedback creates tension with our striving for self-congruence in the self-view 3 , which requires updating the self-view or the other-view to eliminate discrepancies. Social media amplifies this dynamic. Positive feedback can enhance social sharing and strength... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.852 | ["philosophy"] | 506 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235667 | [
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mediate indicators of approval or disapproval 5 . This instant feedback can influence self-perception, sometimes leading to increased confidence but also to comparison and self-doubt. The visibility and scale of feedback on social media have intensified the influence of social feedback, making it both a powerful tool f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 465 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235724 | [
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life that can even influence neurodevelopment 6 . So far, neuroscientific studies have largely focused on how feedback-senders influence social evaluative feedback processing, identifying relevant characteristics such as expertise 7 or attributed social source of the feedback 8 . However, the feedback sent informs abou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.412 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235837 | [
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what we expect from them and how we think about the sender. Nevertheless, no study has examined how the sender’s behavior affects the feedback-related neuronal responses and updating of the other-view and the feedback expectations. The changes in other-related updating processes are yet unclear. Some behavioral finding... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 495 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235905 | [
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f reciprocal positive behavior 9 or feedback 10 . Negative behavior has been shown to elicit punishment in dilemma games 11 , 12 . Negative social evaluative feedback from others also induces negative assumptions about the sender 13 , reduces sender attractiveness 14 , and the likelihood of reciprocal negative behavior... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.86 | [] | 504 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.235953 | [
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positively biased feedback expectations 17 , 18 . A recent model for predictive processing by Kube and colleagues 19 proposes that healthy people receiving disconfirming information should selectively update their expectations. Having negative expectations but receiving disconfirming positive feedback leads to positive... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.824 | ["philosophy"] | 492 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236005 | [
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tains the original positive expectation 19 – 21 . In studies examining visual social evaluative feedback stimuli, a recent review showed that the examined ERPs toward feedback span from the early P1/N170 components to the Late Positive Potential (LPP) 8 . Studies on social evaluative feedback processing often refer to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict"] | 468 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236054 | [
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. In this paper, we will follow this convention. Based on studies using visual stimuli in general, the suggested functions and related cognitive processes of these ERPs have been described, which can be roughly divided into early, mid-latency, and late ERPs. Early ERPs are suggested to show higher automaticity in respo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.852 | [] | 491 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236095 | [
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, more controlled evaluation processes) 26 , 27 . These early responses to social evaluative feedback stimuli are found in the P1 and N170 range (~ 80 to 100 ms and ~ 120 to 170 ms post feedback) over occipital sensors 8 , 28 , 29 . The P1 and N170 are both strongly influenced by sensory strength 30 – 32 and other low-... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.888 | ["philosophy"] | 503 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236176 | [
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found in studies manipulating attention 36 , 37 . The function of P1 has sometimes been related to the inhibition of irrelevant information 38 , 39 , with mixed results 40 , while the N170 component has been reliably related to the amplified processing of stimuli 30 , 38 . Increases of the P1 or N170 amplitudes can be ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.356 | 0.876 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236225 | [
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meaning that whenever participants are prepared that they will receive important feedback (such as the block-wise instruction about relevant vs. irrelevant senders). Concerning mid-latency ERPs, the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) is observed as differential occipital-temporal negativity when contrasting emotional and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.356 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 503 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236352 | [
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n processes toward relevant information 47 – 49 . Based on findings showing a vulnerability to specific competing tasks, the EPN has been described as a bottleneck in further emotional differentiation 50 , 51 . EPN amplitudes are typically increased for socially relevant vs irrelevant feedback (e.g., ‘human’ vs. ‘compu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.538 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236430 | [
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ivity is observed over frontal sensors, typically scored as a relative negativity for unexpected and/or negative feedback 56 , 57 . In social evaluative feedback studies, more typically, unexpected feedback and, in some studies, unexpected negative feedback increased the FRN amplitude 8 . Among late ERPs, the P3 is div... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 488 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236481 | [
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ntal and the latter with a parietal distribution. While the P3a relates to stimulus novelty, the P3b relates to subsequent and elaborate stimulus processing and updating 58 , 59 . The Late Positive Potential (LPP) is part of the family of late positivities, emerging from approximately 400 ms onwards up to seconds after... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.301 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "economy", "family"] | 473 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236536 | [
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us evaluation and controlled attention processes. While topographies often show a centro-parietal distribution, these vary depending on stimulus types and tasks 24 , 60 and are hypothesized to reflect the activation of broad and distributed brain regions 61 , 62 . The LPP is related to elaborate stimulus processing, in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.828 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 439 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236588 | [
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processing, and information integration 27 , 63 . Findings on social evaluative feedback show that more relevant (e.g., social vs. non-social) senders reliably increase the LPP 8 . Concerning feedback valence (i.e., positive vs. negative social evaluative feedback), valence differences are rarely observed, while, like ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.682 | ["philosophy"] | 431 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236635 | [
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re larger than for neutral feedback 8 , 52 – 55 . This study investigated how social behavior affects feedback processing and behavioral updating of the sender and the feedback expectation. We realized a social interaction of three participants each, after which EEG was measured. Participants received supposedly social... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.85 | ["education"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236695 | [
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back and another providing overly positive feedback. We predicted participants would update their expectations according to the feedback valence, and, importantly, we also expected that sender behavior would influence the updating of the trait adjectives. We tested how social evaluative feedback being incongruent with ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.84 | [] | 482 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236737 | [
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70), mid-latency (EPN, FRN), and late (LPP) ERPs. Importantly, we hypothesized that after participants updated their sender ratings, those trials would be associated with increased LPP amplitudes. Method Participants We determined the sample size based on the most similar previous study that examined ERPs for 40 partic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.563 | 0.846 | ["crisis", "networking", "education"] | 494 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.236793 | [
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student newsletter (ASTA) and personal networks. One participant aborted testing, leading to the final sample of forty native-level German-speaking participants (26 females, 13 males, 1 diverse) with a mean age of 23.88 years ( SD = 2.69). All participants were right-handed, had normal or corrected-to-normal vision, an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.331 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "networking", "philosophy"] | 509 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.237658 | [
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Euros per hour of participation or course credit. The study was approved by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie ethics committee (2021-10-17WV). We confirm that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations at the University of Münster. Material and stimuli We assigned and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.848 | ["education", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.237765 | [
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ncreteness, and self-relevance of personality evaluations in a separate sample of student participants. Linguistic properties were matched using the dlex database 66 . The list assignment to the senders was counterbalanced across participants. Participants were measured with the Beck-Depression-Inventory 67 , the Rosen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.858 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.237811 | [
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, which were assessed as part of a bigger research project. Table 1. Comparison of the four word lists. Variable List 1 (N = 45) List 2 (N = 45) List 3 (N = 45) List 4 (N = 45) F -value (3,176) p -Value Valence 5.21 (2.26) 5.24 (2.33) 5.35 (2.36) 5.43 (2.29) 0.08 0.969 Arousal 3.99 (0.66) 4.07 (0.74) 3.93 (0.78) 4.13 (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.738 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.238379 | [
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62 (1.24) 0.71 0.551 Word length 9.91 (2.00) 9.96 (1.87) 9.96 (1.71) 9.71 (1.84) 0.18 0.912 Word frequency 270 (368) 262 (307) 255 (348) 247 (363) 0.04 0.991 Regularity 107 (240) 107 (173) 101 (208) 135 (255) 0.23 0.877 Open in a new tab Standard deviations appear in parentheses below the means. Valence = 1 highly nega... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.318 | 0.726 | [] | 487 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.238535 | [
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abstract. Word frequency is depicted per million. Procedure The study took place at the Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience (IMPS), where a confederate and two participants who did not know themselves before interacted (see Fig. 1 ). After giving informed consent, the study started with a group con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.706 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 504 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.238606 | [
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4 . Fig. 1. Open in a new tab Experimental Setup. ( Part 1 ) Group conversation of three formerly unknown peers following a structured interview. One of the three was a confederate who was only present for credibility reasons. Each of the two participants evaluated their fellow peers on 90 adjectives and themselves on ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "interview"] | 494 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.238713 | [
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dback from their two peers and computer feedback. A ‘positive peer’ provided more positive feedback (50% congruent, 50% better), a ‘negative peer’ provided more negative feedback (50% congruent, 50% worse), while the computer feedback provided random feedback with the peer-feedback values on different traits. Each tria... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "crisis"] | 431 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.238765 | [
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about their expectations regarding the feedback. After feedback was presented, participants re-evaluated the peer on this trait adjective. After the interaction, participants were prepared in two different EEG rooms for measurement and rated the other two interaction partners on separate trait adjectives. For each peer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.85 | [] | 484 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.239090 | [
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from 1 (not applicable) to 9 (highly applicable). Word lists per peer sender valence were counterbalanced across participants. Then, they rated themselves on the complete set of all 180 adjectives and filled in the questionnaires (see Fig. 1 ). Based on these self-ratings, the subsequent feedback from the ‘positive’ an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.856 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.239179 | [
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participants and random computer feedback as a control condition. Each sender was introduced with alternating blocks of fifteen trials, where each block was cued with an icon (human yellow or blue, counterbalanced, and a computer icon; see Fig. 1 ) and the respective peer surname. In each trial, participants were first... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.866 | ["crisis", "decision_making"] | 487 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.239304 | [
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e scale from 1 to 9) and had up to 5 s to decide. Subsequently, they were shown the supposedly given feedback, and for feedback onset, ERPs were calculated (see Fig. 1 ). Then, participants were asked to re-evaluate the respective peer sender, again self-paced but restricted to 5 s. No trait update was requested for co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.868 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.239355 | [
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t adjectives on which s/he had been rated before. One peer provided overly positive feedback (‘positive peer’; 90 trials, 50% congruent, 50% more positive than the self-rating of the participant). The other peer provided overly negative feedback on the 90 trait adjectives on which s/he had been rated before (‘negative ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.828 | ["crisis"] | 412 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.239938 | [
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egative than the self-rating of the participant). Positive and negative feedback trials deviated equally distributed by 1 to 3 points from the participant’s initial self-evaluation. The feedback ratios and valence deviations were chosen according to a previous study using real interactive behaviour 64 to ensure the cre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.836 | ["ethics", "crisis", "education"] | 473 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240026 | [
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randomly assigned to valence-matched adjectives. The experiment was programmed and run with Matlab (Version R2019b; Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA; http://www.mathworks.com ) using the Psychophysics Toolbox (Version 3.0.15) 38 , 39 . Following the experiment, participants were debriefed. EEG recording and preprocessing EEG... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.323 | 0.684 | ["war_conflict"] | 486 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240081 | [
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m ), according to the 10/20 layout (cf. Fig. 1 ). Electrode offsets were kept below ± 40 microvolt, as recommended, as an indicator of electrode noise. Additionally, four external electrodes measured horizontal and vertical eye movements. A Common Mode Sense active electrode (CMS) and a Driven Right Leg passive electro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.32 | 0.688 | ["war_conflict"] | 442 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240273 | [
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d with BESA software (version 6.0; www.besa.de ). The data was referenced to the average reference and filtered with a 0.1 Hz high-pass forward filter (6 dB/oct) and a 40 Hz low-pass zero-phase filter (24 dB/oct). A predefined source model was applied to the data, combining three topographies accounting for EOG activit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict"] | 469 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240330 | [
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nal sources modeling the different brain regions. The adaptive artifact correction method then performed a principal component analysis (PCA) for segments where the correlation between data and artifact topography exceeded the HEOG (150 µV) or VEOG (250 µV) thresholds. All PCA components explaining more than the minimu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.84 | ["philosophy"] | 472 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240381 | [
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combination of brain and artifact activities 75 . The remaining artifacts were rejected based on an absolute threshold (< 120 µV), signal gradient (< 75 µV/∂T), and low signal (i.e., the SD of the gradient, > 0.01 µV/∂T). Noisy EEG sensors were interpolated using a spline interpolation procedure. The filtered data was ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.854 | ["communication"] | 472 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240429 | [
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eline correction from 100 ms before the stimulus. For ERP analyses, we examined mean amplitudes of the P1 (80–100 ms), N170 (130–170 ms), EPN (270–370 ms), FRN (210–310 ms), and LPP components (400–1000 ms). We identified and averaged the P1, N170, and EPN over symmetrical occipito-temporal sensors (six electrodes: PO7... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.312 | 0.868 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240750 | [
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electrodes: F3, F1, Fz, F2, F4, FC3, FC1, FCz, FC2, FC4, C3, C1, Cz, C2, C4, CP3, CP1, CPz, CP2, CP4, P3, P1, Pz, P2, P4). For statistical analyses of ERP data, see the paragraph below. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using JASP ( https://jasp-stats.org/ ) 76 . For behavioral effects, we tested... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.240896 | [
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aluation after receiving the social evaluative feedback, where negative values index negative and positive values are positive changes, averaged across each block. A Repeated Measures ANOVA with the factors sender (two levels: ‘positive peer’ vs. ‘negative peer’) and block order (six levels; block 1 to block 6) was per... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 493 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241091 | [
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high values correspond to high positive ratings. Average expectation ratings were calculated for each of the six blocks containing 15 trials per sender. A Repeated Measures ANOVA was performed with the factors sender (three levels: ‘positive peer’, ‘negative peer’, ‘computer’) and block order (6 levels: block 1 to bloc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.844 | ["crisis", "philosophy", "ethics"] | 464 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241370 | [
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the first block (15 levels: trial 1 to trial 15). Concerning ERPs, we explored ERP differences among the peers for their congruent and incongruent feedback based both on their self-view and feedback expectations. Here, we performed explorative analysis within the peer sender and the different feedback types based on th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.566 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 495 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241433 | [
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e factors sender (two levels: ‘positive peer’ vs. ‘negative peer’) and feedback type (two levels: self-congruent vs. self-incongruent positive or negative feedback). For feedback expectations, we ran two by three repeated Measure ANOVAs with the factors sender (two levels: ‘positive peer’ vs. ‘negative peer’) and feedb... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.356 | 0.842 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241559 | [
0.0731389969587326,
0.003948525991290808,
0.02652820199728012,
0.007587083615362644,
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0.017798416316509247,
0.07578237354755402,
0.08246223628520966,
0.019986223429441452,
0.04898539558053017,
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0.019232405349612236,
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trial numbers concerning feedback expectations, these numbers differed between categories (see Table 2 ), with some conditions containing low trial numbers, specifically for worse than expected feedback from the ‘positive peer’. Table 2. Trial numbers used for ERP analyses. ‘Negative peer’ ‘Positive peer’ Self-view Sel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.686 | ["crisis"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241766 | [
0.11661546677350998,
0.012859552167356014,
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0.0137204984202981,
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0.007487776689231396,
0.13869808614253998,
0.06752827763557434,
0.005209274590015411,
0.02254440076649189,
0.0359044149518013,
0.019603412598371506,
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3) 8.87 (4.78) Congruent 16.80 (5.01) 20.88 (8.29) Better 24.85 (9.10) 44.44 (12.02) Open in a new tab Standard deviations are displayed in parentheses beyond means. Finally, trials were categorized according to the subsequent updating of the peers, with ERP analyses for the degree of updating by three levels: updating... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.724 | ["crisis"] | 501 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241836 | [
0.08816874027252197,
0.021192200481891632,
0.030916189774870872,
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0.11072882264852524,
0.029390815645456314,
0.0403631329536438,
0.03727980703115463,
0.044914361089468,
-0.004672508221119642,
-0.086540... | ||
SD = 11.15; updating > 1 M = 44.55, SD = 13.94). For completeness, we tested for ERP differences between all trials from peer and computer senders using repeated Measures ANOVAs (see Supplementary Section 1 ). For Repeated Measure ANOVAs, p -values and effect sizes were corrected according to Greenhouse–Geisser wheneve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "crisis", "social_justice"] | 464 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241902 | [
0.10927443206310272,
0.03389141336083412,
0.057919684797525406,
0.012902717106044292,
0.06204646825790405,
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0.09087873995304108,
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0.09519564360380173,
0.03091471455991268,
-0.052171338349580765,
-0.02626... | ||
ile uncorrected degrees of freedom were reported. Post-hoc comparisons used the Bonferroni-Holm procedure. For block order, we used Helmert contrasts to compare the linear trends of each block against all following blocks. Partial eta-squared (η P 2 ) and Cohen’s d were estimated to describe effect sizes 77 . Results B... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.329 | 0.848 | ["social_justice"] | 459 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.241975 | [
-0.0232587531208992,
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0.05518003925681114,
0.025074642151594162,
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0.03618297353386879,
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0.02767888270318508,
0.021001769229769707,
-0.0395... | ||
ver time for the two peer senders (see Fig. 2 A). The ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference for the factor sender ( F (1,39) = 153.23, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.770), no main effect of the block ( F (5,195) = 1.14, p = 0.347, η P 2 = 0.028), and an interaction between the sender and block ( F (5,195) = 2.83,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.656 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242026 | [
-0.021310362964868546,
0.0253301914781332,
0.030507225543260574,
0.025227870792150497,
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0.09336429834365845,
0.06583476811647415,
0.02184758521616459,
0.057051077485084534,
-0.011760099790990353,
0.012432453222572803,
0.0240... | ||
ative peer’ ( t (39) = 11.63, p holm < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.751). Concerning the interaction, while in each block, the ‘positive peer’ was updated more positively than the ‘negative peer’ ( ts > 7.04, ps < 0.001, Cohen’s ds > 1.364), we observed significant linear trends for the first ( F (1,39) = 4.26, p = 0.046, η P ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.321 | 0.752 | [] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242071 | [
-0.0718458965420723,
0.014626679010689259,
0.0041051688604056835,
0.038419656455516815,
0.026124462485313416,
0.00671495171263814,
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0.10508181899785995,
0.0299517884850502,
0.023081082850694656,
0.022015487775206566,
0.029410189017653465,
0.06642783433198929,
-0.039044... | ||
atings for the first two blocks compared to the subsequent blocks. From the third block onwards, no further significant trends were observed ( Fs < 1.86, ps > 0.181). Fig. 2. Open in a new tab Other rating update and feedback expectation ( A ) Other-related updating after receiving feedback over time. Other updating va... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.702 | ["ethics", "war_conflict"] | 459 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242124 | [
-0.06593350321054459,
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0.03505080193281174,
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0.021268051117658615,
0.011472652666270733,
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ive direction and vice versa for positive values. ( B ) Feedback expectation over time for all senders. Rating values range from 1 (most negative) to 9 (most positive). Note: For adjectives with a negative valence, the rating r was inverted (r’ = 10 − r), so high values correspond to high positive ratings. In A and B, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.348 | 0.88 | ["ethics", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 501 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242187 | [
0.007558674085885286,
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0.0032885854598134756,
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0.0065131825394928455,
0.008209607563912868,
0.0595979169011116,
0.01613... | ||
d across the mean of all six blocks (error bars). ( C ) and ( D ) highlight changes in ratings ( C ) and expectations ( D ) for the first 15 trials of the first block. A more detailed look at the first block for the first 15 trials showed a significant difference for the factor sender ( F (1,39) = 135.18, p < 0.001, η ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.35 | 0.68 | ["crisis"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242241 | [
0.04382452741265297,
0.027131516486406326,
0.03443484380841255,
0.029190434142947197,
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0.09397605061531067,
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0.05569174140691757,
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-0.007993360050022602,
-0.0388... | ||
and trial ( F (14,546) = 2.15, p = 0.009, η P 2 = 0.052). This interaction concerning re-ratings was best explained by a linear contrast of increasing differences ( F (1,39) = 19.13, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.329, explaining 57 percent of all variance), while a quadratic contrast, a cubic contrast, and contrasts order 4th t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.722 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242294 | [
0.018358470872044563,
-0.02295578271150589,
0.043050285428762436,
0.07807657122612,
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0.05842020735144615,
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0.06601476669311523,
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0.006545630749315023,
0.004277039784938097,
0.052796684205532074,
-0.02357647381722927,
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time showed significant difference in mean expectation ratings between senders ( F (2,78) = 19.89, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.338; see Fig. 2 B), which was explained by a quadratic ( F (1,39) = 37.03, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.487) but not a linear trend ( F (1,39) = 0.64, p = 0.430, η P 2 = 0.016). Post hoc comparisons found tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.754 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242336 | [
0.02849557437002659,
-0.00555330840870738,
0.03394568711519241,
0.031501512974500656,
0.017353756353259087,
0.010788141749799252,
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0.11126912385225296,
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0.058802008628845215,
0.04787994921207428,
0.03250359743833542,
0.09116943180561066,
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= 0.669), as well as between the ‘positive peer’ and the ‘negative peer’ ( t (39) = 5.81, p holm < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.772), but did not differ between the ‘negative peer’ and the ‘computer’ overall ( t (39) = 0.77, p holm = 0.441, Cohen’s d = -0.103). There was no statistically significant difference in mean expectat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.35 | 0.744 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242398 | [
0.020328983664512634,
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0.0024841788690537214,
0.018885266035795212,
0.0500139556825161,
0.00506887212395668,
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0.1024957224726677,
0.02976183034479618,
0.013589461334049702,
0.037040140479803085,
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0.07615232467651367,
-0.0124... | ||
ender and the factor block ( F (10,390) = 3.23, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.077). Follow-up post-hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference between the ‘positive peer’ and the ‘computer’ for the first block ( t (39) = 3.65, p holm = 0.036, Cohen’s d = 0.653), but not between the two peers ( t (39) = 2.44, p holm = 1.00... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.734 | [] | 473 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242475 | [
-0.028532160446047783,
0.00601345207542181,
0.024258852005004883,
0.0023561923298984766,
0.03969668224453926,
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0.10449469834566116,
0.016280315816402435,
0.029471369460225105,
0.025896966457366943,
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0.016452323645353317,
-0.03... | ||
lock ( ts < 2.26, ps = 1.00, Cohen’s ds < 0.404). From the third block onwards, expectation ratings were more positive for the ‘positive peer’ than the ‘computer’ ( ts > 3.64, ps < 0.036, Cohen’s ds > 0.651) and than the ‘negative peer’ ( ts > 4.44, ps < 0.002, Cohen’s ds > 0.793). The ‘negative peer’ did not differ fr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.734 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242523 | [
0.011370964348316193,
0.0162049587816,
0.04118220508098602,
0.006162094417959452,
0.03755561262369156,
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0.0676763579249382,
0.056679852306842804,
0.06588976830244064,
0.03095211833715439,
0.04411277174949646,
0.053721580654382706,
-0.079235248267... | ||
ositive peer’, ‘computer’, and ‘negative peer’) for the first ( F (1,39) = 9.97, p = 0.003, η P 2 = 0.204) and second block ( F (1,39) = 19.81, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.337), explaining increasing expectation differences during the first two blocks against all subsequent blocks. A more detailed look at the first block for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.724 | ["crisis"] | 447 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242587 | [
0.03154599294066429,
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0.06919610500335693,
0.013229254633188248,
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0.12344007939100266,
0.05678653344511986,
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0.05547045171260834,
0.03180868551135063,
0.028990400955080986,
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(2,78) = 9.00, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.187; see Fig. 2 D), again being significantly more positive for the ‘positive peer’ than the ‘computer’ ( t (39) = 4.16, p holm < 0.001), and the ‘negative peer’ ( t (39) = 2.77, p holm = 0.014), the latter two not differing ( t (39) = 1.39, p holm = 0.169). There was a main effect o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.662 | ["crisis"] | 479 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242636 | [
-0.0035307053476572037,
0.06454827636480331,
0.0514804869890213,
0.021978329867124557,
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0.04219532385468483,
0.053691331297159195,
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0.09169546514749527,
-0.014... | ||
F (28,1092) * = 1.76, p = 0.040, η P 2 = 0.043). This interaction in expectations was best explained by a linear contrast ( F (1,39) = 14.28, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.268, explaining 45 percent of all variance), while models 7th order ( F (1,39) = 6.00, p = 0.019) and 11th order ( F (1,39) = 8.66, p = 0.005) were also sign... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.662 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242695 | [
0.02136247791349888,
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0.07860839366912842,
0.010731312446296215,
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0.003563998034223914,
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0.03412725776433945,
0.06175871565937996,
0.02413944900035858,
0.007526058703660965,
-0.0545972... | ||
= 0.33, p = 0.571, η P 2 = 0.008) and feedback type ( F (1,39) = 0.42, p = 0.520, η P 2 = 0.011), and no interaction between both ( F (1,39) = 0.21, p = 0.647, η P 2 = 0.005). Concerning the analyses based on the indicated feedback expectations, no effect of sender ( F (1,39) = 0.01, p = 0.995, η P 2 < 0.001) and feedb... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.658 | [] | 461 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242738 | [
0.05427142605185509,
0.009536289609968662,
0.03228262811899185,
0.04784233495593071,
0.018562955781817436,
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0.09710627049207687,
0.09550607204437256,
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0.036666739732027054,
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0.03984418138861656,
-0.062... | ||
F (1.63,63.38) = 0.72, p = 0.466, η P 2 = 0.018). Similarly, concerning analyses of trials with a subsequent updating for the peers, there was no main effect for the degree of updating ( F (2,78) = 0.38, p = 0.683, η P 2 = 0.010). N170 For self-view congruence, the N170 showed no main effects of sender ( F (1,39) = 0.3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.658 | ["crisis"] | 477 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242792 | [
0.006280506495386362,
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0.05324195697903633,
0.01210588589310646,
0.061847031116485596,
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0.07361538708209991,
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0.019105086103081703,
0.05894990265369415,
0.0014919626992195845,
-0.02551221288740635,
-0.0710... | ||
ion ( F (1,39) = 2.07, p = 0.158, η P 2 = 0.050). Concerning the analyses based on the indicated feedback expectations, no effect of sender ( F (1,39) = 0.94, p = 0.935, η P 2 = 0.023) and feedback type ( F (2,78)* = 1.29, p = 0.279, η P 2 = 0.032), and no interaction was found ( F (2,78)* = 0.01, p = 0.988, η P 2 < 0.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.662 | ["crisis"] | 477 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.242914 | [
0.010888318531215191,
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0.0373036153614521,
0.06259216368198395,
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0.05864502117037773,
0.03780315816402435,
0.01807105913758278,
0.05782889947295189,
-0.0631573945... | ||
ing ( F (2,78) = 1.39, p = 0.256, η P 2 = 0.034). EPN For the EPN, concerning explorations within self-view congruence of the feedback from the peer senders, no effects of sender ( F (1,39) = 1.93, p = 0.173, η P 2 = 0.047) and feedback type reached significance ( F (1,39) = 0.37, p = 0.549, η P 2 = 0.009), but an inte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.656 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243000 | [
-0.005194556433707476,
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ngruent and congruent feedback of the ‘positive peer’ ( t (39) = − 1.08, p holm = 0.858, Cohen’s d = − 0.065) and of the ‘negative peer’ ( t (39) = 2.04, p holm = 0.226, Cohen’s d = 0.124). Fig. 3. Open in a new tab P1, N170, and EPN effects of ( A ) self-view and ( B ) expectation congruence. ERP waveforms show the ti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.744 | ["philosophy"] | 503 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243070 | [
-0.03508699685335159,
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0.04453808441758156,
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peer’. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Difference plots below contain 95% bootstrap confidence intervals of intra-individual differences. Scalp topographies depict the amplitude differences between the ‘positive peer’ and the ‘negative peer’ regarding their respective incongruent and congruent feedback. Conce... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.708 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243153 | [
0.033114176243543625,
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, feedback type ( F (2,78) * = 2.254, p = 0.129, η P 2 = 0.054), and no interaction ( F (2,78) * = 1.31, p = 0.273, η P 2 = 0.032). At the level of the EPN, no effects for the degree of updating were observed ( F (2,78) = 1.66, p = 0.197, η P 2 = 0.041). FRN For the FRN, for analyses based on the self-view congruence, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.644 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 434 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243204 | [
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(1,39) = 3.11, p = 0.086, η P 2 = 0.074; see Fig. 4 A) and feedback type ( F (1,39) = 0.17, p = 0.682, η P 2 = 0.004), and no interaction ( F (1,39) = 0.03, p = 0.870, η P 2 = 0.001). Fig. 4. Open in a new tab FRN effects of ( A ) self-view and ( B ) expectation congruence. ERP waveforms show the time course for incong... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.65 | ["philosophy"] | 483 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243275 | [
0.008830268867313862,
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0.08445006608963013,
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peer’. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Difference plots below contain 95% bootstrap confidence intervals of intra-individual differences. Scalp topographies depict the amplitude differences between the ‘positive peer’ and the ‘negative peer’ regarding their respective incongruent and congruent feedback. Conce... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.69 | [] | 474 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243323 | [
0.018277984112501144,
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(1,39) = 7.42, p = 0.010, η P 2 = 0.160; see Fig. 4 B) and feedback type ( F (2,78) * = 3.54, p = 0.041, η P 2 = 0.083), but no interaction ( F (2,78) * = 1.43, p = 0.246, η P 2 = 0.035). Post-hoc tests showed a relative negativity for the ‘positive’ as compared to the ‘negative peer’, as well as larger negativity for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.666 | [] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243370 | [
0.00258266506716609,
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d to congruent feedback ( t (39) = − 0.88, p holm = 0.381, Cohen’s d = − 0.066) and between better and worse feedback ( t (39) = 1.73, p holm = 0.174, Cohen’s d = 0.129). At the level of the FRN, no effects of the degree of updating were observed ( F (2,78) = 2.28, p = 0.109, η P 2 = 0.055). LPP For the LPP, congruence... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.638 | [] | 425 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243460 | [
-0.0442790687084198,
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(1,39) = 9.04, p = 0.005, η P 2 = 0.188; see Fig. 5 A) and feedback type ( F (1,39) = 31.37, p < 0.001, η P 2 = 0.446), and no interaction between sender and feedback type ( F (1,39) = 2.81, p = 0.101, η P 2 = 0.067). Post-hoc tests showed a larger positivity for the ‘negative peer’ than the ‘positive peer’ and for inc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.656 | [] | 509 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243511 | [
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as well as ( C ) subsequent other-rating update. ERP waveforms show the time course for incongruent (red and blue lines) and congruent feedback (dark and light grey lines) of the ‘positive peer’ and ‘negative peer’, and between updating levels (purple lines). Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Difference plots b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876303/ | How positive and negative feedback following real interactions changes subsequent sender ratings - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.848 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Performance Management Difficult Conversations | topic | 2026-04-10T16:04:46.243606 | [
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... |
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