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, TTL helps members to use time more effectively. By allocating time effectively, leaders can reduce unreasonable arrangements. Under their influence, team members can learn how to make time optimization, which can make members be more comfortable with the tasks and have more time to obtain resources besides the work. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.602 | 0.832 | ["philosophy", "management", "leadership"] | 438 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.858734 | [
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ers can perform innovative behaviors more easily. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: TTL is positively correlated with TIP. The Mediating Effect of Team Learning Behavior Team learning behavior (TLB) refers to the collective reaction and course of action in which me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.838 | ["education", "management", "philosophy"] | 449 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.858895 | [
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son and Vermeulen, 2003 ; Widmann et al., 2016 ). Through collective learning, knowledge and skills at the individual level can be interactive, amplified, and pooled, thereby producing common knowledge and skills at the team level. This shared knowledge enables all team members to better participate in solving problems... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.856 | ["education", "management", "philosophy"] | 498 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859021 | [
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2016 ; Widmann et al., 2016 ; Sun et al., 2017 ). TTL can provide more resources to team members and thereby promote TLB. To specify, TTL can stimulate the learning needs of the members. Since team leaders can save more time resources and reduce performance losses caused by time factors via planning time effectively, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.874 | ["management", "education", "leadership", "strategy", "motivation"] | 494 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859150 | [
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nd Nadkarni, 2011 ; Gevers and Demerouti, 2013 ). Moreover, TTL can create a good environment for TLB. According to the literature, the leadership style can influence the team climate, which in turn affects the learning willingness and learning ability of the members, and finally stimulate TLB ( Gladstein, 1984 ; Gibso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859277 | [
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mbers can work in an orderly manner following the coordination ( Durham et al., 1997 ; Gevers and Demerouti, 2013 ). In addition, TTL can improve the learning efficiency of team members and facilitate knowledge sharing within the team through arranging time reasonably and coordinating the time of team members in the wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.88 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859411 | [
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her and Mulder, 2016 ; Widmann et al., 2016 ; Sun et al., 2017 ). Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 2: TLB mediates the relationship between TTL and TIP. The Moderating Effect of Time Pressure TP refers to the subjective perception of the individual that he or she doe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.86 | ["networking"] | 436 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859581 | [
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; Maruping et al., 2015 ; Kocher et al., 2019 ). While long-term TP will affect the health and job performance of members negatively, some scholars believe that short-term TP may have a positive impact on job performance since it will stimulate the work potential of the members ( Baethge et al., 2019 ; Maqbool et al., ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.714 | ["career", "philosophy", "crisis"] | 433 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859709 | [
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lenge TP and hindrance TP ( Chong et al., 2011 ). Challenge TP implies that when employees are completing challenging tasks arranged by their superiors, some challenging factors (e.g., complexity and importance of work) make them feel the pressure of time resource constraints; hindrance TP implies that employees feel t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.698 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 464 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859836 | [
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completing assigned tasks ( Chong et al., 2011 ). Given the positive effects of challenge TP, only this type of TP is considered in this paper. Therefore, TP has two sides. On the one side, appropriate TP can teach team members to deal with urgent and hard tasks, which can benefit them to enhance their work competence ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.728 | ["management", "crisis"] | 483 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.859953 | [
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e, the ability of time management is not natural. When team members are under high TP, they are more likely to seek the help of leaders who have rich experience and the power to decide the task progress. Therefore, it is particularly important to discuss how to help team members relieve TP from the perspective of leade... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.88 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860089 | [
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r, they can save their time resources and use these resources in team learning and knowledge sharing ( Maruping et al., 2015 ; Baethge et al., 2019 ). Moreover, due to the shortage of time resources, leaders will prioritize work tasks and set clear objectives to prevent time from being wasted ( Mohammed and Nadkarni, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.884 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860216 | [
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ader, which can align all the team members at the same time rhythm. This synchronous rhythm can alleviate the psychological pressure of the members greatly, and thus create good conditions for TLB. Furthermore, when TP is high, leaders will keep in close contact with team members to make full use of time resources. Thi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.87 | ["management", "leadership"] | 484 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860340 | [
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( Gladstein, 1984 ; Gibson and Vermeulen, 2003 ). In contrast, when TP is low, the time resources are sufficient, making the average time of each member’s subtask longer and the degree of task refinement lower. The team members may have limited concentration during the work and can hardly learn skills in completing the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.872 | ["management"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860463 | [
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cal burden of not being able to identify priorities, and this has an inhibiting effect on their knowledge sharing and learning behaviors. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 3: TP will positively moderate the relationship between TTL and TLB, that is, under the higher l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.86 | ["education", "management", "innovation", "networking"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860582 | [
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nce to the learning and innovation of team members. Meanwhile, they are also under great TP. Since the Chinese government has paid attention to the development of the new energy industry in recent years, this industry has attracted a large number of high-tech enterprises, which benefits our investigation. The R&D team ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.862 | ["management", "innovation", "economy", "salary", "governance"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860717 | [
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he organization, R&D staff normally have limited time resources. Therefore, the R&D team is a representative research object of this study. The samples were from Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen in China. Before distributing the questionnaire survey, we communicated with senior managers, human resource managers, and t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.844 | ["management", "leadership", "communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 488 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860842 | [
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esponding number of questionnaires for each team. The questionnaire was filled out anonymously by the team members. In the first-stage survey (time 1), the team leader distributed the first part of the questionnaire to collect data including TTL, TP, and demographic variables. A month later (time 2), the team leader di... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.834 | ["management", "leadership"] | 423 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.860993 | [
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team members and finished the measurement of TLB. After another 1 month (time 3), we surveyed team leaders and asked them to fill in the questionnaire of TIP. The questionnaire was sealed immediately after being filled out, and the respondents were numbered to ensure that the questionnaire could be matched successfully... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.854 | ["management", "leadership"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861113 | [
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fective teams and 666 effective questionnaires were obtained, with an effective response rate of 66.60%. Among the evaluated team members, 51.50% were male and 48.50% female. In terms of age, 24.47% were aged 25 or below, 33.03% were aged between 26 and 35, 29.43% were aged between 36 and 45, and 13.07% were aged 45 or... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.7 | ["management", "education"] | 460 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861237 | [
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ere undergraduate, 23.43% were graduate or above. Concerning the number of team members, teams with three or fewer members account for 10.96%, four to five members account for 30.03%, five to seven members account for 36.19%, and eight members or above account for 22.82%. With regards to years of working experience, 47... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.694 | ["management"] | 425 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861359 | [
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for 6–8 years, and 13.51% for more than 8 years. Measures The scales used in this paper are obtained from international authoritative journals and have been recognized by many scholars. All scales involving variables are Likert five-point scale ranging from 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree.” The scale sources... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 483 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861450 | [
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et al. (2001) and Mohammed and Nadkarni (2011) . A sample item is “leaders often remind members of the deadline of important projects.” Time Pressure Five items used by Van Emmerik and Jawahar (2006) were used to measure TP. A sample item is “I think team members are pressed for time.” Team Learning Behavior Four items... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.876 | ["management", "education", "leadership", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 510 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861541 | [
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r’s work to improve performance.” Team Innovation Performance A four-item scale used by Islam et al. (2009) was used to measure TIP. A sample item is “the team’s R&D activities can be completed within the expected time.” Control Variables Based on the research results of Mohammed and Nadkarni (2011) , the gender, age, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.868 | ["management", "philosophy", "innovation", "education"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861626 | [
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lled out by team members and aggregated to the team level, we need to examine intragroup homogeneity and intergroup differences to confirm the validity of data. Therefore, this study uses ICC(1), ICC(2), and R wg to test the appropriateness of aggregating TTL, TP, and TLB of team members into the team level. The result... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.882 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861719 | [
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; ICC(1) = 0.15; ICC(2) = 0.73; R wg = 0.84], TP [ F = 2.36, p < 0.01; ICC(1) = 0.32; ICC(2) = 0.79; R wg = 0.91], and TLB [ F = 2.68, p < 0.01; ICC(1) = 0.26; ICC(2) = 0.75; R wg = 0.82]. Hence, the intragroup correlation coefficients ICC(1) and ICC(2) of TTL, TP, and TLB are all within an acceptable range, indicating... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.734 | ["management"] | 485 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861813 | [
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reports descriptive statistics of each variable. Cronbach’s α values of the four variables are all greater than 0.70, indicating the high reliability of the scales. Moreover, TTL has significant positive correlation with TLB ( r = 0.567, p < 0.01) and TIP ( r = 0.406, p < 0.01), respectively, and TLB has significant po... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.325 | 0.708 | ["ethics"] | 467 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.861913 | [
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sis, it can provide preliminary support. TABLE 1. Mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient matrix. Sex Age Education Scale Working time TTL TP TLB TIP Sex – Age –0.091 – Education 0.053 0.150 – Scale –0.094 0.108** 0.187* – Working age 0.026 –0.129 –0.002 −0.164* – TTL –0.007 –0.039 –0.013 0.054 –0.154 0.86... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.714 | ["education"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862002 | [
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7 –0.075 0.406** 0.504** 0.591** 0.853 Mean 0.485 2.307 1.988 2.709 1.896 3.671 3.740 3.540 3.164 SD 0.501 0.983 0.694 1.290 1.058 0.554 0.667 0.775 0.639 Open in a new tab n1 = 163, n2 = 503, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, two-tail test, the diagonal is the value of Cronbach’s alpha. Measurement Model To verify the discrimina... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.716 | ["education"] | 465 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862087 | [
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ey variables and compares all models ( Table 2 ). The results show that the fitting degree of the four-factor model (χ 2 /df = 1.837, IFI = 0.925, TLI = 0.911, CFI = 0.924, RMSEA = 0.072) is significantly better than that of alternative plausible models, demonstrating that the four-factor model has good discriminating ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.696 | [] | 447 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862169 | [
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l. TABLE 2. Confirmatory factor analysis results. Models Factors x 2 df X 2 /df IFI TLI CFI RMSEA Four–factor model TTL, TP, TLB, TIP 301.268 164 1.837 0.925 0.911 0.924 0.072 Three–factor model TTL + TP, TLB, TIP 376.752 167 2.256 0.885 0.867 0.884 0.088 Two–factor model TTL + TP, TLB + TIP 529.646 169 3.134 0.803 0.7... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.742 | [] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862253 | [
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ding TTL, TP, TLB, and TIP are all from the self-evaluation of members and leaders, it is difficult to eliminate common variance. Hence, we conduct Harman single factor test and find that the first factor without rotation explained only 24.291% of the total variation, accounting for less than 40%. Moreover, Table 2 ill... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "crisis", "education"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862344 | [
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ous common method variation problem in this study ( Podsakoff et al., 2003 ). Hypothesis Testing Main Effect Test This paper uses SPSS 23.0 software to conduct a stepwise regression analysis, and the results are shown in Table 3 . According to M2 and M5, TTL is significantly positively correlated with TLB ( b = 0.782, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.706 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 433 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862440 | [
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supported. TABLE 3. Regression analysis results. TLB TIP M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Control variables Sex –0.043 –0.040 0.031 –0.127 –0.125 –0.107 Age –0.056 0.013 0.012 −0.153* –0.113 + −0.119* Education 0.066 0.076 0.084 –0.046 –0.040 –0.074 Scale 0.054 0.006 0.003 0.068 0.040 0.037 Working age –0.105 + –0.043 0.022 –0.049 –0... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.708 | ["education"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862535 | [
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ctive items TTL×TP 0.115* R 2 0.031 0.332 0.513 0.046 0.193 0.391 ΔR 2 0.301*** 0.181*** 0.147*** 0.198*** Open in a new tab n1 = 163, n2 = 503, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, + p < 0.1. Mediating Effect Test According to M6, there is a significant positive correlation between TLB and TIP ( b = 0.449, p < 0.001).... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.722 | ["war_conflict"] | 470 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862626 | [
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st through the SPSS23.0 software PROCESS plug-in. As shown in Table 4 , the confidence interval (Bia-corrected 95%) for the indirect effect of TTL on TIP through TLB is [0.229, 0.491], excluding 0. This result demonstrates that the mediating effect of TLB between TTL and TIP exists, which verifies hypothesis 2. TABLE 4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.704 | ["war_conflict"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862720 | [
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0.229 0.491 0.227 0.488 Direct effect TTL→TLB→TIP –0.055 0.296 –0.055 0.296 Open in a new tab n1 = 163, n2 = 503, Bootstrapping for 5,000 random sampling. Moderating Effect Test Table 3 shows that the interaction terms of TTL and TP are significantly positively correlated with TLB (M3, b = 0.115, p < 0.05). Moreover, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.74 | [] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862801 | [
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it has no significant effect under low TP (mean − 1 SD) ( b = 0.262, t = 1.463, p = 0.145). Therefore, TTL is more likely to affect TLB under high TP than under low TP, and hypothesis 3 is supported. The simple slope test is shown in Figure 2 . FIGURE 2. Open in a new tab The moderating effect of time pressure. Discuss... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.744 | [] | 504 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862877 | [
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ect of TLB and the moderating effect of TP exist. By analyzing the data from 163 R&D teams of high-tech enterprises, we find that TTL has a significant positive impact on the TLB and TIP. We further find that TLB plays a mediating role in the relationship between TTL and TIP. Finally, TP can positively moderate the rel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.858 | ["networking", "management"] | 449 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.862967 | [
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TTL will have a stronger promoting effect on TLB. Theoretical Implications Our study makes several contributions to the literature. First, this paper extends research frontiers of the theory about leadership by focusing on time management at the team level in the Chinese context. Among previous studies on the influence... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.583 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 475 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863059 | [
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m leaders ( Shamir, 2011 ; Santos et al., 2016 ). Moreover, the existing theory is not convincing enough to explain the relationship between the treatment of TP leaders and team behavior ( Bluedorn and Jaussi, 2008 ; Maruping et al., 2015 ). Our paper incorporates the time factor into the constructs of team leaders, un... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 452 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863156 | [
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y enables teams to work effectively under the TP. The results show that TTL can affect TLB and TIP positively, which reflects the important role of TTL in effective team management. In addition, while China is one of the countries with most populous as well as the fastest economic development where team members often f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.854 | ["management", "leadership"] | 447 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863243 | [
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arce ( Chen and Liu, 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). Therefore, our findings expand the application of temporal leadership in Chinese contexts and enrich the related studies on temporal leadership in different contexts. Second, this paper explores a new path between TTL and TIP. Previous studies mainly take TTL as a direc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "management", "resume", "salary"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863335 | [
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IP ( Mohammed and Nadkarni, 2011 ; Mohammed and Alipour, 2014 ; Maruping et al., 2015 ). Drawing on COR, this paper argues that team leaders can help team members obtain more time resources by planning time of the members and determining the priority of tasks. By this means, team members can devote these time resources... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.864 | ["management", "leadership", "strategy", "innovation", "resume"] | 494 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863430 | [
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and offers new insight into the mechanism of TTL. Third, we find the moderating effect of TP on the relationship between TTL and TLB. The existing literature has often ignored the boundary conditions of the effectiveness of TTL as well as the effect of TP ( Maruping et al., 2015 ; Maqbool et al., 2019 ). However, TP is... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.376 | 0.88 | ["management", "networking"] | 503 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863521 | [
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nd Nadkarni, 2011 ; Mohammed and Alipour, 2014 ). Hence, it is necessary to consider the moderating effect of TP. Based on the COR, this paper takes TP as the boundary condition of the relationship between TTL and TLB. We find that in the case of high TP, TTL has a stronger positive effect on TLB. This finding could pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.858 | ["networking"] | 456 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863622 | [
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s This paper also bears implications in practice. First, leaders should make time management active and effective. Managers tend to focus on people, money, and materials in daily work, while paying less attention to time. Such imbalance will have an inhibiting effect on completing tasks on time and of high-quality. The... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.85 | ["management", "leadership", "salary"] | 482 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863708 | [
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adlines regularly, and help them make time plans. Moreover, leaders should help team members to solve their time problems and improve working efficiency. Making use of saved time to learn new knowledge and share knowledge actively, TIP can be improved. Finally, leaders can exert team TP appropriately. Since moderate TP... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "strategy"] | 507 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863814 | [
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to learn and share new knowledge can promote TIP. Limitations and Future Research Direction Our study also has some limitations. First, although we collect data in three-time points and match the data between team leaders and team members to reduce common method variation, this problem cannot be eliminated. In future s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.842 | ["management", "education", "leadership"] | 468 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863905 | [
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further improve the accuracy of research results. Second, while many scholars call for studies on the mediating mechanism between temporal leadership and innovation performance in the Chinese context, this paper only discusses the mediating role of TLB. In the follow-up research, more key transmission mechanisms such a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.846 | ["management", "leadership", "innovation", "education", "philosophy"] | 501 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.863996 | [
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are facing greater TP than individuals and teams. Therefore, future studies may discuss TP at the organizational level. Fourth, we have only focused on challenge time pressure; however, what the role of hindrance time pressure might play in our theoretical model remains unexplored. Therefore, in future studies, we can ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.856 | ["management", "crisis"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.864091 | [
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onality as the boundary condition in the relationship between TTL and TLB. However, it has not received support. In the future, another personal trait can be discovered to enrich the boundary condition of the above relationship. Data Availability Statement The original contributions presented in the study are included ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.328 | 0.822 | ["networking", "education"] | 423 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.864176 | [
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es can be directed to the corresponding author/s. Ethics Statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Academic Ethics Committee of Yango University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 434 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.864269 | [
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tifiable images or data included in this article. Author Contributions XZ conceived, designed the study, and completed the manuscript in English. ZL participated in drafting the article, revised it critically for important intellectual content, gave many good research advices, and revised the manuscript. XL was respons... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.828 | ["education"] | 446 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.864360 | [
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o the article and approved the submitted version. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Footnotes Funding. This study was supported by the National Social Science F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.708 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "governance", "education"] | 495 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.864450 | [
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supplementary materials included in this article. Data Availability Statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341075/ | How to Solve the Time Dilemma? The Influence of Team Temporal ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.762 | ["education"] | 244 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:26.867000 | [
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You are here: Home / Cognition / What is cognitive load? Share 108 Tweet 180 Share Pin 76 364 Shares Working memory (WM) is the aspect of our brain that manipulates information in the moment. It affects most everything we do in terms of learning. This creates a challenge, because working memory can only process around ... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.425 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "family", "education"] | 452 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.077259 | [
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in working memory lasts only around ten seconds. These conditions set up the phenomenon known as cognitive load. But let’s start at the beginning. Working Memory: Small Capacity and Short Duration The fact that our working memories have a small capacity and a short duration is what we are up against as people who want ... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.394 | 0.86 | ["education"] | 502 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.077643 | [
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erm memory appears to have an unlimited capacity. Information in long-term memory (LTM) is stored in schemas, which are mental structures we use to organize and structure knowledge. Schemas incorporate multiple elements of information into a single element with a specific function. The interaction goes both ways. We co... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.564 | 0.83 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 428 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.077837 | [
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ated into existing knowledge in long-term memory. And existing knowledge in LTM is brought into working memory to help us understand the world. Otherwise, everything would be new all the time! Working Memory is Vulnerable to Overload As you have most likely experienced, sometimes learning involves great effort. That’s ... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.389 | 0.84 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 469 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078007 | [
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subjects and perform increasingly complex tasks. As learning experience designers, we have to be aware of cognitive load, which refers to the total amount of mental activity imposed on working memory in any one instant. What causes too much demand on working memory? One cause comes from an abundance of novel informatio... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.379 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "education"] | 493 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078114 | [
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in working memory that interact with each other. Often, complex learning is based on interacting elements that must be processed simultaneously. For example, learning to drive involves understanding how several elements simultaneously interact, such as considering the pressure required to brake, the amount to turn the ... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.421 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 489 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078179 | [
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ous Cognitive Load Not all cognitive load is bad. But a problem arises when the load exceeds the capacity of the person processing it. Cognitive Load Theory discusses two types of cognitive load: intrinsic and extraneous (or some call it extrinsic). Intrinsic Load. This type of cognitive load refers to the complexity o... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.398 | 0.87 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 510 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078265 | [
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e learning task over which we don’t have control. Extraneous Load. If a learning experience is unnecessarily difficult or confusing, it results in extraneous cognitive load. That is, it uses up cognitive resources that learners could direct at the learning task. It is a result of poor learning design that can have a ne... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.354 | 0.836 | ["education", "crisis", "agents"] | 424 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078350 | [
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e with the construction or automation of schemas. What We Can Do Two things that instructional designers can focus on to free working memory capacity are helping learners construct schemas and helping them automate schemas. Effective instructional design can help people combine elements of lower level schemas into high... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.568 | 0.856 | ["agents", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078426 | [
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working memory capacity available for solving problems and processing information. In addition, one can automate schemas through repeatedly applying them. When we automate schemas, we no longer process them in working memory. Thus, they free working memory capacity for other activities. Some types of schemas that becom... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.407 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078490 | [
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mation or task can be handled more efficiently by working memory. Our job is to facilitate this change in schemas, which ultimately, is what learning is all about. Listen to this interview with John Sweller, the developer of Cognitive Load Theory. You may also want to read: 20 Facts About Working Memory Long-term Memor... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.59 | 0.866 | ["education", "career", "interview"] | 508 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078560 | [
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earning is storing short term memory into schema. I assume that creating exercises that prompt recall, explanation, application, etc. help the student to develop the schema, but also I wonder how we might be able to think of organizing the schema into types of heuristics and algorithms for higher order functioning such... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.356 | 0.858 | ["resume", "education"] | 505 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078631 | [
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n” concept when creating educational experiences? Reply Hello Connie, Thanks for the inspiring article. Can you tell me how to get your fee e-book? Regards, LIL Reply What happens when you fill out the form to get the book? It should send it to you in an email. Please let me know if that’s not working. Best, Connie Rep... | https://theelearningcoach.com/learning/what-is-cognitive-load/ | What is cognitive load? | theelearningcoach.com | unknown | false | 0.375 | 0.884 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Prioritization Time Attention Management | topic | 2026-04-11T19:46:27.078701 | [
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