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of the conditional reward to their subordinates. Transactional leadership can therefore fail if leaders fail to fulfill their end of the exchange. This leadership style works best in a context of specific goals and short-term circumstances. [ 7 ] The benefits of an ideal form of transactional leadership include: Reward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.446 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "motivation", "salary", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601107 | [
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and penalties, with an emphasis on productivity Streamlined structure: ideal for environments where structure and systems need to be reproduced (e.g., high volume manufacturing) Alignment of ideals in large organizations Emphasis on transparency and fairness Disadvantages of transactional leadership include: Rewards re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.478 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "motivation", "innovation", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601181 | [
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or individuals who innovate/demonstrate initiative (creativity is limited or non-existent) Impersonal work environment Little to no room for flexibility with goals and objectives Focus on quantitative output and short-term, baseline performance rather than quality and longevity Criticism only in the face of flailing pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.544 | 0.686 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "innovation", "career"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601235 | [
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ed at predicting specific job needs, while transformational leadership seems to be better for managing organizational behavior . [ 8 ] Maslow's hierarchy of needs [ edit ] Main article: Maslow's hierarchy of needs Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs , transactional leadership works at the basic levels of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.506 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "career"] | 413 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601290 | [
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aders focus on the lower levels of the hierarchy. Transactional leaders use an exchange model, with rewards being given for good work or positive outcomes. Conversely, people with this leadership style also can punish poor work or negative outcomes, until the problem is corrected. [ 9 ] One way that transactional leade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.605 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601380 | [
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asks completed by managing each portion individually. Transactional leaders are concerned with processes rather than forward-thinking ideas. Transactional leaders are generally split into three dimensions: contingent reward, management-by-exception: active, and management-by-exception: passive. [ 11 ] The type of leade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.408 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "management"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601430 | [
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ahead of time, or to keep subordinates working at a good pace at different times throughout completion. Contingent rewards are also given when the employee engages in any desired behavior. [ 11 ] Often, contingent punishments are handed down on a management-by-exception basis, in which the exception is something going ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.361 | 0.848 | ["management", "leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601480 | [
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inually monitors each subordinate's performance and takes immediate corrective action when something goes wrong. [ 13 ] Management-by-exception: passive leaders do not monitor employee performance and wait for serious issues to come up before taking any corrective actions. [ 13 ] In addition to the three dimensions of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.618 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management"] | 422 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601532 | [
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rship is recognized, the laissez-faire dimension. Laissez-faire leadership indicates a lack of leadership and a complete hands-off approach with employees. [ 13 ] With transactional leadership being applied to the lower-level needs and being more managerial in style, it is a foundation for transformational leadership w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.643 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601588 | [
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in the test taker's leadership style that help identify transactional vs transformational leaders. [ 14 ] Individuals who score above 6/12 on contingent reward and management by exception exhibit tendencies to manage using positive and negative reinforcement, transactional management strategies. Theory Y and Theory X [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.64 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 424 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601652 | [
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lso be compared with these two leadership styles. Theory X can be compared with Transactional Leadership where managers need to rule by fear and consequences. In this style and theory, negative behavior is punished and employees are motivated through incentives. [ citation needed ] Theory Y and Transformational Leaders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.466 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 486 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601704 | [
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kers. Leaders assume the best of their employees. They believe them to be trusting, respectful, and self-motivated. The leaders help to supply the followers with tool they need to excel. [ citation needed ] Examples [ edit ] Coaches of athletic teams provide one example of transactional leadership. These leaders motiva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.494 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "motivation", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601757 | [
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lling to risk pain and injury to obtain the results that the leader is asking for. Another example of transactional leadership is former US Senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy , and his ruthless style of accusing people of being Soviet spies during the Cold War . By punishing for deviation from the rules and reward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.595 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 425 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601826 | [
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ators, McCarthy promoted results among followers. [ citation needed ] This leadership style is especially effective in crisis situations, and another example of this type of leadership was Charles de Gaulle . Through this type of reward and punishment he was able to become the leader of the free French in a crisis situ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.617 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "crisis", "management", "war_conflict"] | 482 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601893 | [
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t References [ edit ] ^ Downton, James V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process . Free Press. ^ Burns, James MacGregor (1978). Leadership . New York: Harper & Row. ^ Bass, Bernard M. (2014). Transformational Leadership (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 5. ^ a b Bass, Bernard M; Avolio, Bru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.655 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 478 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.601953 | [
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– 121. ^ a b Rowold, Jens; Schlotz, Wolff (2009). "Transformational and transactional leadership and followers' chronic stress". Leadership Review . 9 (1): 35– 48. ^ Kuhnert, K. W.; Lewis, P. (1987). "Transactional and Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/Developmental Analysis". The Academy of Management Review... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.666 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management"] | 500 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602022 | [
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best". Organizational Dynamics . 13 (3): 26– 40. doi : 10.1016/0090-2616(85)90028-2 . ^ Afsar, Bilal; Badir, Yuosre F.; Saeed, Bilal B.; Hafeez, Shakir (2017). "Transformational and transactional leadership and employee's entrepreneurial behavior in knowledge–intensive industries". The International Journal of Human Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.622 | 0.66 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 419 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602073 | [
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0/09585192.2016.1244893 . ^ Bass, Bernard (2008). Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research & Managerial Applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Free Press. pp. 50, 623. ^ Hargis, Michael B.; John D. Wyatt; Chris Piotrowski (1 September 2011). "Developing Leaders: Examining the Role of Transactional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.671 | 0.686 | ["leadership", "management", "resume", "philosophy"] | 457 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602122 | [
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nal . 29 (3): 51– 66. ^ a b Aamodt, M. G. (2016). Industrial/organizational psychology: an applied approach (8,2). Australia: Cengage Learning. ^ a b Bass, Bernard (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations . New York, NY: The Free Press. pp. 14, 121– 124. ISBN 978-0-02-901810-1 . ^ a b c Bass, B.M. (1996).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.682 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "crisis", "war_conflict", "education"] | 478 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602186 | [
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Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. ^ Batista-Foguet, Joan Manuel (July 22, 2021). "Measuring leadership an assessment of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" . PLOS ONE . 16 (7) e0254329. Bibcode : 2021PLoSO..1654329B . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0254329 . PMC 8297756 . PMID 34293007 . ^ Carthen, Ja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.618 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 480 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602271 | [
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e original on 2012-03-16 . Retrieved 2012-03-18 . Further reading [ edit ] Afsar, Bilal; Badir, Yuosre F.; Saeed, Bilal Bin; Hafeez, Shakir (2017). "Transformational and transactional leadership and employee's entrepreneurial behavior in knowledge–intensive industries". The International Journal of Human Resource Manag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.623 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 457 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602325 | [
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Peter; Hackett, Rick D.; Allen, Joyce S. (1995). "Further assessments of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership". Journal of Applied Psychology . 80 (4): 468– 478. doi : 10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.468 . Howell, Jane M.; Avolio, Bruce J. (1993). "Transformational leadership, transac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.667 | 0.678 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "innovation"] | 493 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602388 | [
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Journal of Applied Psychology . 78 (6): 891– 902. doi : 10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891 . Schultz; Schultz, Duane (2010). Psychology and Work Today . New York: Prentice Hall. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-205-68358-1 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transactional_leadership&oldid=1335297901 " Category : Le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.586 | 0.676 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602438 | [
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s Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership | en.wikipedia.org | cc_by_sa | false | 0.487 | 0.73 | [] | 104 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.602483 | [
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Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2022 Jul 4;19(13):8189. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19138189 Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique Hyun-Duck Kim Hyun-Duck Kim 1 Department of Sport Marketing, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; kimgolf@kmu.ac.k... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.834 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.801725 | [
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egu 42601, Korea Find articles by Angelita Bautista Cruz 2, * Editor: Robbert Huijsman Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Sport Marketing, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; kimgolf@kmu.ac.kr 2 Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Kore... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.838 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 503 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.801919 | [
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Collection date 2022 Jul. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9266046 PMID: 35805846 Abstract Leaders p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 457 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802055 | [
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e or undermine the well-being of their employees. This study aimed to meta-analyze the relationship between transformational leadership and well-being in the service industry, and how employees’ gender and service sector moderated the strength of this relationship. This study used a convergent mixed-method approach. Pu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "economy", "philosophy"] | 434 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802144 | [
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ses were utilized to search for relevant studies. Textual data were analyzed using a text data-mining technique (Leximancer) to determine the relevant themes and concepts. Statistical data were examined through a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine their effect sizes. The qualitative results outline the major them... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.842 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802236 | [
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ose working outside of the health-care service sector was positively higher when employees’ leaders showed transformational leadership. In general, the findings from the qualitative and quantitative data converge. The findings confirm the positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee well-being... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "networking", "education"] | 490 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802325 | [
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when analyzing both lexical and statistical data. Keywords: transformational leadership, mixed-method research, service industry employees, nurse, Leximancer, systematic meta-analysis, psychological health 1. Introduction People working in various service industries provide their clients or customers intangible service... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.808 | ["leadership", "management", "economy", "philosophy"] | 450 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802391 | [
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s in managing, saving, and investing their money. Chefs cook high-quality and delicious meals and waiters courteously serve the dishes to customers. Healthcare workers provide assistance to patients and/or people with medical conditions and respond quickly during emergency situations [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. These occupation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.348 | 0.842 | ["management", "crisis"] | 458 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802461 | [
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rder to satisfy the requirements of the services. In addition, as a result of the changing landscape of service work, wherein consumers are more demanding in terms of the quantity and quality of services, the sector is characterized by labor shortages, high turnover rates, organizational changes focused on technology, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.838 | ["economy"] | 447 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802537 | [
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selecting, analyzing, and synthesizing data (that is, text data and numerical statistic results) to make novel inferences from the data-mining and meta-analysis findings. This methodological procedure is divided into two phases in terms of synthesizing data. The authors term the Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique (HDST). ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.305 | 0.7 | [] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802593 | [
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to adapt to and cope with additional work loads. Fulfilling the required duties and responsibilities, while maintaining first-rate worker–customer interactions, are work demands that place great stress on workers. The stressful work demands often experienced by workers can potentially lead to unpleasant emotional and p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.846 | [] | 504 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802670 | [
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outcomes regarding workers’ well-being may occur. It is therefore important that organizations provide a conducive working environment for their workers by identifying the various work demands that can cause severe stress on service-oriented workers, and immediately reduce these stressors to safeguard workers’ well-bei... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.392 | 0.814 | [] | 423 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802726 | [
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comprises both positive and negative definitions. More positively, it is defined as employees’ subjective experiences of pleasure and positive feelings of vitality [ 8 , 9 ], such as contentment, satisfaction, serenity, personal growth, and learning vigor [ 9 ]. In contrast, it is negatively defined as the subjective e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.856 | ["ethics", "career", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802788 | [
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an be conceptualized as job satisfaction, morale, job-related stress or tension, job-related depression, and job-related burnout [ 11 , 12 ]. Hence, the level of perceived satisfaction, stress, depression, or burnout of employees in various service-oriented occupations is dependent on the degree or frequency of positiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.834 | ["career", "ethics"] | 483 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802853 | [
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ctions with customers, co-workers, and superiors. The manner in which employees respond to these experiences determines their well-being. Several factors have been shown to affect the well-being of occupational workers in various service-oriented industries. These factors include age [ 1 ], career goals [ 6 ], organiza... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "career"] | 442 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.802915 | [
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and leadership behavior [ 1 , 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Studies about leader behaviors in the workplace have shown various influence on service-oriented staff’s psychological state. For instance, leadership behaviors that disregard employees’ concerns, avoid responsibility and accountability, and ignore open communication ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803026 | [
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of mathematical connectedness among words [ 32 ]. The data-mining analysis conducted in Phase 1 verified a total of 13 significant themes across the selected articles, among which “leadership” had the strongest significance in terms of hit count and connectedness, followed by “well-being”, “health”, “work”, “effect/eff... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "education"] | 439 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803133 | [
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onomy were negatively correlated with exhaustion [ 18 ]. Nurses reported a lower perceived overall mental health status when their leaders did not provide guidance, lacked involvement, and provided few work-related instructions [ 19 ]. In contrast, human resources employees had higher perceived well-being when their le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "innovation", "networking"] | 476 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803216 | [
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ositive leader–follower relationships [ 7 , 16 ]. Healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients conveyed higher levels of perceived psychological well-being when their leaders emphasized the value of safety in the workplace and provided clear information about safety-related events and injury risks associated with th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803280 | [
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lity of life when they thought their leaders provided them with motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration, and when leaders displayed idealized leadership attributes and behaviors. The above findings show that leadership behaviors (that is, the behavior of managers or supervisors) can negativel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "networking"] | 486 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803339 | [
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tyles and/or behaviors and employees’ well-being. Further, this underscores positive leadership as a significant element in employees’ work-related outcomes. Theoretical Background and Literature Review Transformational leadership is a well-known theoretical approach in explaining the importance of positive leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803429 | [
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lowers to accomplish tasks and/or goals by providing inspiration, challenges, empowerment, and consideration to their followers. This positively changes followers’ trust, values, and perceptions, leading to higher levels of performance and motivation. Transformational leadership has four components: (1) idealized influ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.68 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy", "ethics", "crisis"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803489 | [
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in the workplace; (2) inspirational motivation relates to the frequency with which transformational leaders motivate followers by providing values and a vision about the goals to be accomplished; (3) intellectual stimulation relates to the frequency with which transformational leaders encourage followers to think outsi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy", "strategy", "ethics"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803551 | [
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al leaders show their concern and support for followers’ needs by genuinely listening to followers’ aspirations and difficulties within and even outside the workplace. Given that transformational leaders demonstrate positive behaviors that stimulate intellectual capacity, cultivate relationships, and encourage competen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "motivation", "crisis", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803611 | [
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r assigned tasks, tend to be positively affected. Further, followers’ positive perceptions of work-related outcomes can lead to better well-being. In contrast, if leaders’ behaviors do not exemplify transformational leadership and followers perceive this, it can result in negative attitudes toward the leader and work e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803668 | [
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nsformational leadership and employee outcomes [ 11 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], several researchers have attempted to summarize previous findings using different approaches. These attempts aimed to further understand the impact of transformational leadership on employees’ work-related well-being. For instance, one stud... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 469 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803743 | [
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iors on employee stress and affective well-being. It was found that transformational leadership was associated with lower stress levels and positive affective well-being in employees. Notably, the authors conducted their review process by identifying, screening, extracting, tabulating, synthesizing, and analyzing the r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 503 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803796 | [
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s, and the reporting of findings may vary [ 22 ]. Hence, a methodological approach that can more efficiently and effectively code and synthesize the vast amounts of information and data from published studies may provide new insights. It may also reduce or even eliminate researcher bias, offer deeper interpretations, o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.83 | ["philosophy"] | 415 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803842 | [
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tor and outcome variables relevant to this topic. Other authors focused on summarizing the relevant previous studies using quantitative statistical data and analyzed them via meta-analysis [ 23 , 24 ]. Montano et al. [ 23 ] found negative associations between transformational leadership and burnout, stress, and affecti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 447 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803888 | [
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eadership and positive well-being. Teetzen et al. [ 24 ] found significant positive associations between transformational leadership and employees’ affective–motivational well-being and pleased–relaxed well-being. They also reported that transformational leadership was negatively associated with the depressed–exhaustiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.648 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.803956 | [
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eloping employees’ well-being, but also the manner in which work-related factors may mediate this relationship. However, these meta-analyses did not consider other situational or personal variables that may moderate the effects of transformational leadership and employee well-being. These considerations are important w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 459 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804018 | [
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al leadership and well-being is deemed pertinent. For instance, a significant difference between the genders was found in the relationship between transformational leadership and career satisfaction [ 25 ], suggesting that employees’ personal characteristics are an important factor that may influence the transformation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "career"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804082 | [
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ional leadership and well-being have not explored the possibility that the service industry of the employees may be a moderating factor. According to Sivanathan et al. [ 26 ], organizational and/or occupational identity are potential variables that can affect the relationship between transformational leadership and wel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "economy"] | 504 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804156 | [
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entification with the organization or occupation. Organizational identity is described as an employee’s level of perceived cohesion with their organization, whereas occupational identity is an individual’s sense of cohesion with their occupational group [ 26 ]. Although employees’ well-being may be positively affected ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804214 | [
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fication with their occupation or organization can be impacted by leadership behaviors through leaders’ interaction level with their employees [ 27 ]. Therefore, the employees’ gender and service sector are variables worthy of investigation to further understand how work-related variables moderate the relationship betw... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 463 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804274 | [
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been examined in previous meta-analysis studies. Understanding how the impact of transformational leadership on employees’ well-being may differ between male and female employees, and between the healthcare and non-healthcare service sectors, may extend our theoretical knowledge regarding transformational leadership an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804348 | [
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en transformational leadership and work-related outcomes. Further, the findings may assist leaders, managers, and occupational psychologists in creating intervention programs to enhance leaders’ transformational leadership skills, which, in turn, would facilitate the enhancement of employees’ well-being. The mixed-meth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804408 | [
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and textual data, thereby providing more robust and in-depth inferences about the relevant variables. Thus, this study offers a novel research procedure for understanding transformational leadership and well-being by comparing textual and statistical data derived from qualitative and quantitative research method databa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy", "networking", "economy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804466 | [
0.07504884153604507,
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eadership and well-being in the service industry using a mixed-method approach. To address the research questions, a combination of data-mining and meta-analysis were adopted, to increase the breadth and depth of our understanding of the data, as suggested by Schoonenboom and Johnson [ 29 ]. The following research ques... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "communication", "economy", "education", "philosophy"] | 479 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804526 | [
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ta on transformational leadership and well-being? (2) What is the overall effect size (ES) of the relationship between transformational leadership and well-being? (3) Does gender moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and well-being? (4) Does the service sector of employees moderate the relations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 472 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804717 | [
0.028061391785740852,
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tative studies show convergence or divergence? 2. Materials and Methods Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been adopted by an increasing number of scholars in the field of healthcare. This indicates that most systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been retrospective, without thoughtful considerations of empir... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804806 | [
0.0969526395201683,
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g the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), and Scopus. The two authors of the study conducted the initial search strategy from the given databases concurrently using a range of combined related keywords, such as “psychological well-being”, “psychologic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "economy", "education"] | 474 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804876 | [
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ransformational leader”, “staff”, and “employee”. In addition to the keywords, the year of publication was set from 2000 to 2021 to search for potential articles. Studies were included if they were: (1) written in the English language; (2) had both psychological well-being and transformational leadership as focal study... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.633 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 456 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.804946 | [
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re search, 89 published articles were identified. Reference lists of the preliminary searched articles were also checked for articles that could be relevant to the present study. Then, the authors independently searched and retrieved relevant documentation by screening content according to the inclusion criteria. Docum... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.325 | 0.852 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805003 | [
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se; (2) an article was a duplicate of a graduate thesis or dissertation; (3) the full text of each article was inaccessible; (4) sample participants (followers) were not within the service industry; and (5) there was a disagreement regarding the selection of the article because of its relevance. In terms of (5), the au... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.692 | ["negotiation", "economy"] | 442 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805131 | [
-0.029286304488778114,
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teria but were not able to achieve 80% consensus. Per the selection criteria, a total of 44 relevant articles conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods were selected for Phase 1 of the analysis. The included articles were transformed into an analyzable format for further data synthesis and analysis (see... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.688 | ["philosophy"] | 420 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805214 | [
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details of text data coding and analysis. 2.1.2. Data-Mining Analysis The initially collected text data of the 44 articles were examined utilizing a text data-mining technique with the Leximancer software, version 5.0 (Leximancer Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia). This software supports the visualization of text data... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.291 | 0.694 | ["war_conflict"] | 480 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805291 | [
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s and concepts are connected or grouped together. One of the significant advantages of this data mining technique is its ability to visualize focal text data topics. Visualizing the text data helps to understand the text data’s inherent structure [ 31 ]. Leximancer has been widely accepted as a text analytical tool tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.846 | [] | 459 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805363 | [
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s, and semantic and relational extraction [ 32 ]. The visual outcome resulting from the concept and theme-mapping algorithm of this analytic tool is based on the theoretical framework of Bayesian decision theory [ 33 , 34 ]. Leximancer’s concept map is able to present the relative co-occurrence of words and phrases as ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.86 | ["decision_making", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805434 | [
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sformed or grouped as “themes” within relative keywords [ 31 , 32 ]. To understand Leximancer’s concept map, the following features are important: colors of the clusters represent the level of importance of each theme (that is, ranging from warm colors such as red and orange (higher connectedness to the theme), to cool... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.72 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805490 | [
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map of the program (for more information, refer to the Leximancer user guide, release 5.0). 2.2. Phase 2. Meta Analytic Review Phase 2 Coding Data for Meta-Analytic Review In Phase 2 of this study, a meta-analysis of the selected articles was carried out to extensively explore the text data retrieved from Phase 1. Meta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.322 | 0.864 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 488 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805576 | [
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es on equivalent subjects or domains [ 33 , 35 ]. This analytic method is known as the analysis of analyses, and is able to generate a general ES and confidence interval for the cumulative evidence of two or more studies [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The focal statistical index from a meta-analysis is the ES, which represents the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.317 | 0.886 | ["education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805636 | [
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ted by the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [ 40 ]. From the initial pool of 44 articles, studies that used qualitative design were excluded. A total of 16 studies (having a total of 28,687 samples) qualified for meta-analysis under Phase 2 (see Figure 2 and Supplementary File S1 ). Impor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.347 | 0.856 | [] | 503 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805689 | [
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et population) and service sector (healthcare vs. non-healthcare industry). The procedural details of Phases 1 and 2 are presented in Figure 2 . Prior to the actual meta-analysis, heterogeneity was examined using the funnel plot. Results showed that the effect estimates extracted from each study were mostly positioned ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.86 | ["ethics", "economy", "education"] | 510 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805747 | [
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and 0, respectively (see Supplementary File S2 ). Similarly, the forest plot showed variations in results among studies ( Figure 3 ). These findings verified the assumption of heterogeneity and, therefore, a random-effects model was selected to analyze relevant data [ 41 , 42 ]. Procedures and formulas for conducting r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 508 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805806 | [
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alytic studies related to leadership [ 44 , 45 ]. Relevant statistical data, such as correlations and sample sizes obtained from the quantitative studies, were computed using the comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA) to estimate ES values and 95% credibility intervals [ 36 ]. An ES greater than or equal to 0.4 is ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.728 | ["leadership", "ethics", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805880 | [
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ynthesis Technique for the Phase 1 and 2 analyses. Note: TRL = transformational leadership; PWB = psychological well-being; n = total sample size; k = total number of relations (correlation coefficient values) among independent variables and dependent variables. Figure 3. Open in a new tab Forest plot of studies includ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 445 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805940 | [
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, 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. 3. Results 3.1. Results of the Data-Mining Analysis As described in the methodology section, this study’s analyses were performed in two phases. We first analyzed the selected articles on transformational leadership and psychological well-being utilizing data-mining technology. This pro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.805995 | [
0.013962955214083195,
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the selected articles were revealed through a semantic extraction process. The common themes and concepts are presented in Figure 4 . Figure 4. Open in a new tab Theme and concept map for the selected articles on transformational leadership and psychological well-being. The relative size of each theme circle is the bou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 470 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806049 | [
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olors (blue, green) denote less important themes. Leximancer data-mining software provides a graphical representation (also called a “concept/cluster map”) of the themes and concepts of a text data source. The concept map shows differences in the size and color around “words”. The colors and dot sizes indicate the rele... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.279 | 0.83 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 413 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806117 | [
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cted articles are presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Thematic and conceptual analysis results from the selected articles on transformational leadership and psychological well-being. Theme Hit Count Connectivity Concepts Relevancy Rate (%) Leadership 4171 105,907 Leadership 100 Well-being 2849 60,022 Transformational 100 H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.626 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806210 | [
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12,343 Health 26 Nurses 467 11,794 Employees 25 Staff 268 11,394 Relationship/s 23 Sample 227 5165 Research 22 Transformational 416 4874 Job 20 Review 171 2655 Positive 19 Approach 141 1800 Performance 19 Avolio 125 748 Psychological effect 19 Practice 111 551 Model/s 18 Open in a new tab Note. The relevancy rate is th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.846 | ["philosophy", "networking", "career"] | 442 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806271 | [
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t from the analysis of each national origin. 3.2. Results of the Meta-Analysis After confirming the significant themes and conceptual structures in the selected articles, the authors carried out a systematic review of the articles through a meta-analysis. The procedural details of the data coding for this meta-analysis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.86 | [] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806344 | [
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nal, one was longitudinal, one was time-lagged, and one was a meta-analysis. Participants’ perceptions of their leaders’ transformational leadership were measured via the actual or adopted version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (seven studies) [ 58 ], Global Transformational Leadership Scale (four studies)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806405 | [
0.020060712471604347,
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hors to measure transformational leadership [ 61 , 62 ]. Well-being as an outcome measure was defined and evaluated differently among the studies. These well-being outcomes were job-related well-being (e.g., quality of work life), job stress, emotional exhaustion, positive emotions, physical and mental well-being, enga... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806462 | [
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n studies), whereas other service-oriented employees worked in education, customer service, banking, insurance, retail, and IT institutions or companies (nine studies). Results of the meta-analysis showed moderate to large effects in the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and psychological well-b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806537 | [
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... | ||
95% CIs = 0.184, 0.401; k = 12; p < 0.05) than males (ES = 0.382; 95% CIs = 0.158, 0.568; k = 7; p < 0.05). With regard to the service sector, the ES of transformational leadership on well-being was lower in healthcare employees (ES = 0.265; 95% CIs = 0.169, 0.355; k = 11; p < 0.05) than in non-healthcare service emplo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.742 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806598 | [
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leadership behavior and employees’ psychological well-being for different genders and service sectors. Moderator Gender k ES −95%CI +95%CI Z Q df( Q ) I 2 Gender Ratio Overall 19 0.328 0.198 0.447 4.766 1720.919 18 98.954 Female 12 0.297 0.184 0.401 5.035 132.091 11 91.672 Male 7 0.382 0.158 0.568 3.253 1409.612 6 99.5... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.71 | ["leadership"] | 475 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806654 | [
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8 3.852 1413.906 7 99.504 Open in a new tab Note. k = number of correlations; Q = homogeneity statistic; CI = confidence interval; ES = weighted random effect size. 4. Discussion 4.1. Data-Mining from Qualitative Studies The current study examined the relationship between transformational leadership and employee well-b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 486 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806712 | [
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outcome variables using a mixed-method approach. Based on the qualitative data processed using Leximancer, the results showed three major themes emerged from the relationship between transformational leadership and well-being, namely, leadership, well-being, and health. The leadership theme comprised concepts such as t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806773 | [
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gest a general idea of how leadership is depicted; that is, the leaders’ styles of influencing or supporting followers to achieve outcomes [ 63 ]. The second major theme is well-being, to which pertinent concepts such as relationships, employee, positive, organizational, effects, satisfaction, stress, mindfulness, nega... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806859 | [
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es how well-being is examined in an organization and conceptualized as an outcome variable within the transformational leadership literature; that is, well-being is related to either a positive (satisfaction, engagement) or negative (stress) psychological state experienced by employees in the workplace. The third major... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.806918 | [
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ture, life, care, and nurses, which indicate the work setting (healthcare) and participants (nurses) that were investigated in the included studies. Other minor themes also emerged but with fewer concepts linking them with other themes, such as Avolio, model, analysis, scale, review, and staff. The conception of Avolio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807005 | [
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d the transformational leadership theory, and the value and impact of these authors in the field of organizational and positive psychology, in general, and in the area of leadership in particular, are highlighted in the included studies. Overall, based on the lexical data from the consolidated qualitative and quantitat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.698 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807077 | [
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variables are strongly related with one another, and underscores how leadership can either develop or undermine the well-being of service-oriented employees. 4.2. Meta-Analysis from Quantitative Studies The findings showed that the impact of transformational leadership has a positive and moderate effect on employees’ w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.646 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "crisis", "economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807149 | [
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e employees to think for themselves, and build sincere relationships with employees, they tend to promote employees’ positive well-being. In turn, this highlights the importance of transformational leadership in developing greater levels of well-being, and even work effectiveness, in employees. This finding is consiste... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807243 | [
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0.00719... |
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