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ell-being was higher in male employees than in their female counterparts. This finding suggests that perceptions of well-being tend to be higher in male employees compared with female employees when leaders demonstrate high levels of transformational leadership behaviors. This result contradicts previous findings that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.647 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 433 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807304 | [
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omen’s work satisfaction than that of men [ 25 ]. This disparity may have arisenbecause the study participants from previous research were mainly engineering and/or computing employees, whereas the samples of the present study comprised of employees working in the service industry-related sectors. Furthermore, the curr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education", "economy"] | 501 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807391 | [
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luence followers’ work outcomes [ 64 , 65 , 66 ]. In the present study, the higher level of perceived positive well-being of male employees compared to female employees may have resulted from male employees’ perceptions about effective transformational leadership behaviors demonstrated by their leaders. A previous stud... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.648 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 414 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807461 | [
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ifferent views about effective leadership [ 66 ]. In particular, more male than female employees described effective leadership as exemplifying fairness, equality, and honesty. Similarly, when workers were asked how leadership could be implemented in order to facilitate employee effectiveness in the workplace, more mal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "social_justice"] | 434 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807517 | [
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uality, fairness, and honesty in their followers. In contrast, more female than male employees stated that leaders should offer support and developmental opportunities, and provide contingent rewards, in order to enhance their work efficiency. In this case, male employees’ perceptions of effective leadership in terms o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 433 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807601 | [
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influence element of transformational leadership. In contrast, female employees’ perceptions of effective leadership, as characterized by developmental and supportive behaviors, aligned with the individualized consideration element of transformational leadership and transactional leadership behaviors. Following this no... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.567 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807665 | [
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nal leadership behaviors that male employees perceived as being effective and facilitating their work efficiency—in this case, idealized behavior—were highly aligned with how the leader valued and personified this leadership behavior (i.e., placing high value on commitment, honor, and integrity) to their followers [ 67... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807724 | [
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y recognized as important were less exemplified by their leader. Given this finding, this study provides additional support to the leadership literature on transformational leadership as an effective form of leadership for enhancing the well-being of employees, in general, and those in the service industry, in particul... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy", "networking", "economy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807782 | [
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ting factor in the relationship between transformational leadership and well-being. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, the effect of transformational leadership on the well-being of employees differed between service industry sectors; that is, the well-being of non-healthcare employees was more significantly en... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "economy"] | 442 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807838 | [
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en leaders displayed transformational leadership. The higher perception of well-being among employees outside the healthcare sector may be attributable to employees’ level of interaction with their leaders [ 27 ]. According to social exchange theory [ 68 ], the interaction between two entities involves a cost–benefit a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "salary", "philosophy"] | 444 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.807909 | [
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e cost, the interaction may commence or continue. Following this assumption, transformational leaders may have engaged in higher-quality interactions and demonstrated more frequent transformational leadership behaviors to non-healthcare employees (e.g., bank employees, teachers). As a result of these positive leadershi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808013 | [
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[ 24 ], consequently affecting employees’ well-being in the workplace. Conversely, given that the main duties of healthcare workers involve taking care of patients, interacting with the leader may be perceived as being less important than connecting with patients. Hence, healthcare employees’ positive well-being was re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.561 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808095 | [
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ransformational leadership on employees’ well-being, and underscores that the employees’ service sector significantly moderates this relationship. 4.3. Convergence between Themes/Concepts and Statistical Results Comparing the findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies related to transformational leadership... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.668 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808153 | [
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n and conceptualization of transformational leadership in quantitative studies. The well-being theme and the relevant concepts connected to it denote the importance of well-being in the workplace, and the manner in which well-being is conceptualized and assessed as an outcome variable in the quantitative studies that w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808282 | [
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bles, as defined and measured in quantitative studies. It is unclear why these two concepts are strongly connected with the well-being theme; however, trust (in one’s management or leader) has been shown to be associated with transformational leadership [ 69 , 70 ], whereas mindfulness has been found to be negatively c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 436 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808369 | [
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associated with psychological well-being [ 71 ]. Hence, although these two concepts may not be directly congruent with the manner in which well-being is characterized in quantitative studies, trust appears to have an indirect link with well-being given its connection with transformational leadership, and therefore serv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 426 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808429 | [
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ransformational leadership and well-being [ 26 ]. By comparison, mindfulness may be regarded as a coping strategy to maintain or enhance psychological well-being, or as a safeguarding strategy against stress [ 71 ]. An interesting finding is the appearance of the word “nurse” as a relevant concept included within the h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808494 | [
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ssified under the healthcare sector, who were mostly nurses. This finding highlights the manner in which researchers generally personify healthcare professionals as nurses. Another noteworthy result from the qualitative analysis is that no words related to gender (e.g., female, male) emerged as a relevant concept perta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.601 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 479 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808565 | [
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of examining this variable in our meta-analysis. This demonstrates how qualitative reports, which are mostly excluded from many systematic reviews and meta-analyses, may provide valuable information that can help researchers identify other factors that may be interesting to explore quantitatively, so that we can furthe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808634 | [
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rs who display transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) are mindful about their employees’ gender and workplace setting. Specifically, they should be mindful of how female employees and healthcare employees perceive effective... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808711 | [
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being can assist leaders in terms of the transformational leadership behaviors they need to regulate (either by reducing or increasing the behavior’s frequency). Subsequently, when leaders demonstrate the appropriate behaviors that are congruent with the effective leadership behaviors identified by followers, followers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808771 | [
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endence and value their privacy, leaders should ensure provision of a higher degree of intellectual stimulation but slightly restrain showing individualized consideration. Similarly, when healthcare employees, particularly nurses, are assigned to a high-risk area in the hospital, such as intensive care or a highly comm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "strategy", "networking"] | 471 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808827 | [
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to promote positive relationships with followers. Such actions would help reduce the employees’ stress and anxiety during work, and thereby enhance their well-being. 4.5. Limitations This investigation only analyzed the direct effect of transformational leadership on employees’ well-being based on previous studies that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808880 | [
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leadership on employees’ well-being is not yet viable due to the insufficient availability of empirical studies. Future studies identifying the relative effects of each dimension of transformational leadership on employees’ well-being and other work outcomes are warranted in order to for us to further understand which ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.683 | 0.812 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 415 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.808934 | [
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or undermine work-related outcomes in employees. Since only studies published in scientific journals were included, publication bias is anticipated to a certain extent [ 72 , 73 ]. This point may be noticed in the asymmetric result of the funnel plot. However, as previously noted, this asymmetric result is likely due t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.868 | ["ethics"] | 510 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809007 | [
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ve 75% which indicate high degrees of statistical heterogeneity [ 73 ]. Nonetheless, when conducting meta-analysis studies, it is suggested to utilize all possible resources when searching for articles (both published and unpublished), and when examining and interpreting findings, in order to avoid publication bias. Fi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.844 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809092 | [
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ower-, or organization-related factors, such as leaders’ gender and experience, employee personality profiles, and other industries (e.g., sport, manufacturing), in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of transformational leadership on followers’ outcomes. 5. Conclusions This study made severa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.666 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 461 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809167 | [
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moderate to large effects on employee well-being. Second, the influence of transformational leadership can be moderated by employees’ gender and service sector. Third, the application of a mixed-model approach, which we termed the Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique (HDST), is a novel and promising procedure that can provi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "resume", "philosophy"] | 486 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809227 | [
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lts drawn from both lexical and statistical data. More studies using this approach are encouraged for researchers who are examining both qualitative and quantitative studies. Supplementary Materials The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph19138189/s1 , Suppl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.668 | ["philosophy"] | 460 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809285 | [
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S2: Funnel plot of standard error by Fishers’ Z. Supplementary File S3: List of qualitative studies [ 17 , 70 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Click here for additional data file. (587KB, zip) Author Contributions H.-D.K... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.664 | [] | 475 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809343 | [
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e initial draft to the final manuscript). H.-D.K. analyzed the textual and statistical data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement Not applicable. Data Availability Statement Not applicable. Conflicts ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.696 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "philosophy"] | 504 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809417 | [
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be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Funding Statement This research received no external funding. Footnotes Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. References 1. Evanoff B.A., Strickland J.R., Dale A.M., Hayibor L., Page E... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9266046/ | Transformational Leadership and Psychological Well-Being of Service-Oriented Staff: Hybrid Data Synthesis Technique - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.694 | ["war_conflict"] | 509 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:25.809471 | [
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of perceived transformational leadership [ 44 ]. In this study, we could not trace directly whether employees rate male or female supervisors, but most of the supervisors in the study company were men (>86%). It might be the case that men in this study were more likely to be influenced by transformational leadership an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.183867 | [
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24, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria * Correspondence: lara.lindert@mhb-fontane.de ; Tel.: +49-178-848-1550 Roles Lara Lindert : Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Project administration Sabrina Zeike : Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision Kyung-Eun (Anna) C... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.826 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.183931 | [
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Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2022 Dec 30;20(1):676. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010676 Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Psychological Wellbeing: A Longitudinal Study Lara Lindert Lara Lindert 1 Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.834 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.183959 | [
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rch, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Project administration Find articles by Lara Lindert 1, 2, * , Sabrina Zeike Sabrina Zeike 3 vivalue Health Consulting GmbH, Friesenplatz 4, 50672 Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.692 | ["strategy", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.183977 | [
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Anna) Choi 2 Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany 4 Health Services Research, MIAAI, Danube Private University (DPU) GmbH, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.696 | ["education", "strategy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.183994 | [
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nd Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Eupener Str. 129, 50933 Cologne, Germany Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition Find articles by Holger Pfaff 1 Editor: Jean-Bap... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.832 | ["education", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184024 | [
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Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Eupener Str. 129, 50933 Cologne, Germany 2 Center for Health Services Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany 3 vivalue Health Consulti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184041 | [
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oject administration, Funding acquisition Jean-Baptist du Prel : Academic Editor Received 2022 Oct 3; Revised 2022 Dec 21; Accepted 2022 Dec 27; Collection date 2023 Jan. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.848 | ["innovation", "management"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184063 | [
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rs play a key role in realizing a humane organization of work. Transformational leadership aims to identify and examine leadership behaviors that strengthen employees’ awareness of the importance and values of task outcomes by articulating a vision for the future, providing a realistic action plan, and giving individua... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "ethics", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184081 | [
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different settings, while others did not find such associations. As research based on longitudinal data remains rare, this study builds on longitudinal data from two employee surveys conducted in 2015 and 2018 in a medium-sized German company. In this study, transformational leadership t0 and gender had a significant i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 431 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184098 | [
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wellbeing ∆ , social capital ∆ , and age did not. Psychological wellbeing t0 and social capital ∆ had a significant impact on psychological wellbeing t1 , but transformational leadership ∆ , age, and gender did not. Therefore, it is worthwhile for companies to invest in social capital and focus on gender aspects at wor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184117 | [
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to conduct mental risk assessments to identify “red flags” and implement suitable measures. Keywords: social capital, leadership research, mental health, mental risk assessment 1. Introduction Work has many beneficial aspects, including regular income, social participation, and experiencing a sense of purpose. However,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "management"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184134 | [
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., by computer monitoring and managers), high performance requirements and evaluations, uncontrollable changes, and job insecurity, as well as accident risks and health hazards [ 1 ]. It is already well examined that work factors have an impact on the psychological wellbeing of employees [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Nonetheless, men... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "management", "career"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184150 | [
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d the associated shortage of skilled workers, the mental health of employees is crucial from an economic point of view: it is becoming increasingly important for companies to maintain the health of employees and employ workers for as long as possible [ 6 ]. Although this need is acknowledged, many companies—notably sma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.362 | 0.832 | ["education"] | 424 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184166 | [
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th investing in employees’ wellbeing (SME) [ 7 ]. This is despite the fact that SMEs are particularly affected by demographic change, due to issues such as missing resources (e.g., for demographic management strategies) [ 8 ]. Regarding limited financial possibilities, it is vital for SMEs to use the available money in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.858 | ["management", "career"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184183 | [
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work aspects with employees’ psychological wellbeing. 1.1. Psychological Wellbeing “Mental health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, to realize their abilities, to learn well and work well, and to contribute to their communities” [ 10 ]. The JD-R model [ 9 ] is widely... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.884 | ["career"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184206 | [
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etical models (e.g., Karasek’s job-demand-control model [ 20 ]) [ 21 ]. The authors of a meta-analytic review based on longitudinal studies concluded that the JD-R model provides a valuable theoretical framework regarding employees’ wellbeing [ 22 ]. According to the model, there are several resources and demands that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "career"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184229 | [
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ip, such as social capital or social support from colleagues and supervisors (e.g., information provided by supervisor, high quality relationship with supervisor, constructive feedback) [ 2 , 9 ]. The role of managers in shaping cooperation with employees, providing feedback on work and performance, transparently commu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.828 | ["philosophy", "management", "decision_making", "networking"] | 464 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184257 | [
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rucial elements in a humane organization of work. Leadership style may function either as a resource or a stressor [ 2 ]. 1.2. Transformational Leadership Northouse [ 23 ] defines leadership as “a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.” Traditional views on leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.651 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 412 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184276 | [
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invited to participate in the surveys (total sample). Both surveys were supported by the company’s Human Resource Management by announcing the employee survey in the different departments and encouraging participation. In 2015, the employees received a paper-based questionnaire from their direct supervisors. Sealed col... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.824 | ["management"] | 450 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184292 | [
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used on transactional leadership behavior [ 24 ]. Leaders who follow a transactional leadership style focus on employees’ performance (task completion, compliance) and reward or discipline them in this regard [ 25 ]. In the late 80s, transformational leadership has moved in the focus of science [ 24 ]. Transformational... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.668 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict", "strategy", "ethics"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184314 | [
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articulating a vision for the future, providing a realistic action plan to reach necessary goals, and giving individualized support to employees. In doing so, leaders can influence employees’ values, beliefs and attitudes so that their performance exceeds the minimum requirements according to their employment contracts... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "ethics", "career"] | 420 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184331 | [
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widely used concept in work and health research. Given the requirements of the modern working world, rapid change due to increasing digitization, and unforeseen events (e.g., the SARS-CoV-II pandemic), psychological wellbeing and transformational leadership play a crucial role. Jamal et al. [ 18 ] found that employees’... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 469 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184347 | [
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oyee burnout during organizational change [ 27 ]. Most of the research on transformational leadership and psychological wellbeing is in line with the JD-R model and has concentrated on a leader-centric view that focusses on leadership style impacting employees’ psychological wellbeing. Several studies have revealed ass... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184363 | [
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care workers [ 28 , 29 ] or municipal employees [ 30 ]. A meta-analysis revealed strong associations between transformational leadership and positive mental health (e.g., wellbeing) [ 31 ]. In contrast, Eisele’s cross-sectional design [ 32 ] found no significant impact of transformational leadership on employees’ wellb... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 435 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184380 | [
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leadership on psychological wellbeing over time. In addition to this leader-centric view, the follower-centric view has recently gained attention. The latter does not focus on leadership style influencing employee’s wellbeing but on employees’ mind-set being relevant for the evaluation of leadership behavior/style, whi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.844 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184410 | [
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een job characteristics and employees’ wellbeing. Male employees in this study perceived better transformational leadership than female employees did. Previous studies found that the effectiveness of transformational leadership depends on the gender dyad of employee and supervisor, that male employees are more likely t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "career", "education"] | 499 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184428 | [
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acteristics in explaining their reactions [ 30 , 34 , 35 ]. Results of longitudinal studies indicate that employees’ wellbeing predicts transformational leadership [ 30 , 33 ]. However, Perko et al. [ 30 ] assert that transformational leadership and psychological wellbeing can be seen as antecedents for “favourable or ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "career"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184445 | [
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eciprocal relationships between job characteristics and employees’ wellbeing is still needed [ 22 ]. Furthermore, although relevant research exists on the relationship between transformational leadership and psychological wellbeing, longitudinal studies on this topic are still rare and clarification is needed on how em... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy", "career"] | 432 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184467 | [
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ved transformational leadership [ 30 , 36 , 37 ]. Research on this topic is also crucial for practitioners: in the case of a reciprocal relationship, organizations should focus on how leaders affect the psychological wellbeing of their employees while taking into account that employees’ psychological wellbeing might ex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.538 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184488 | [
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urveys in 2015 (t0) and 2018 (t1) in a medium-sized German company and examines the relationship between perceived transformational leadership and employees’ psychological wellbeing (see Figure 1 ). Considering the existing research and its partly contradictory results and based on the assumption of Perko et al. [ 30 ]... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.664 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184506 | [
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ing perceived transformational leadership on employees’ psychological wellbeing is examined. Following the leader-centric view, we assume the following: Figure 1. Open in a new tab Conceptual model. H1. The difference in perceived transformational leadership over time significantly impacts psychological wellbeing at t1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.661 | 0.682 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 496 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184523 | [
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nificantly impacts the leadership score at t1. 2. Materials and Methods This study builds on longitudinal data from an employee survey in a medium-sized German company in the lighting industry. Two surveys were conducted in 2015 and 2018 using paper-based questionnaires in 2015 and a web-based survey tool (LimeSurvey) ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.607 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "economy", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184539 | [
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to identify and prevent or mitigate possible risks to the mental health of their employees [ 38 ]. The employee surveys were supported by the company, as such surveys comply with German employer obligations regarding mental risk assessment. Survey results in 2015 were used to reveal “red flags” in order to subsequently... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.868 | ["communication", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184564 | [
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urn their questionnaires (sealed in an envelope). Employees who could not return the questionnaire personally due to illness or vacation received it by mail. An enclosed prepaid envelope could be sent directly to the evaluating institute (also anonymous). In 2018, the survey was conducted using a web-based survey tool.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.318 | 0.862 | [] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184587 | [
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ect supervisor an access key in a sealed envelope from the evaluating institute. This access key was known to the recipient alone. For employees with no access to a PC, rooms with PCs were provided. The survey took half an hour to complete, and employees were allowed to complete it during working hours. Study informati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.868 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184612 | [
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able to participate in the online survey in 2018 (via a PDF link). Both surveys were available in German, and study participation was voluntary. Data were collected and analyzed anonymously. All participants provided consent and agreed with data analyses and scientific publications by the University of Cologne in anony... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.842 | ["education", "ethics", "resume", "philosophy"] | 468 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184635 | [
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logne, Medical Faculty (application No. 20-1075). Of the 582 employees in 2015, 408 answered and returned the questionnaire (response rate 70.1%). Of the 537 employees in 2018, 430 participated in the online survey (response rate 80.1%). To match individuals’ data over time, employees could voluntarily generate a perso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.686 | ["resume", "family", "philosophy"] | 450 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184651 | [
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... | ||
the first letter of your mother’s first name?”). With the help of personal codes in both surveys, we were able to link the data of 127 employees from 2015 (response rate 21.8%) to 2018 (response rate 23.6%) (see Figure 2 ). To include as many cases as possible in the analyses, missing values for all items were imputed ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.292 | 0.734 | ["education", "ethics", "family"] | 505 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184668 | [
0.012310695834457874,
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dy sample. Table 1. Descriptions of study sample. N % age 16–29 years 18 14.2 30 to 39 years 27 21.3 40 to 49 years 40 32.3 ≥50 years 38 29.9 missing 3 2.4 gender Male 81 65.4 female 42 33.1 missing 2 1.6 N M SD Median (min/max) Transformational leadership t0 127 3.47 0.631 3.50 (1.33/4.67) Transformational leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.724 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184684 | [
0.09426800161600113,
0.06407326459884644,
0.0137587646022439,
0.05719542130827904,
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.00 (1.00/25.00) Social capital t0 127 2.60 0.536 2.67 (1.00/4.00) Social capital t1 127 2.77 0.485 2.83 (1.67/4.00) Open in a new tab Notes: M = mean value; SD = standard deviation. 2.2. Measures To measure the psychological wellbeing of employees, we used the German version of the WHO (Five) Well-Being Index (WHO-5) ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.348 | 0.7 | [] | 473 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184702 | [
0.0920880138874054,
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for measuring subjective psychological wellbeing. The WHO-5 comprises five questions focusing on individuals’ last two weeks—for example “Over the last two weeks I have felt cheerful and in good spirits.” All items were answered using a six-point scale from 0 (never) to 5 (the whole time). A raw value of 0 indicates th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.311 | 0.872 | ["ethics", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 508 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184719 | [
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n [ 40 ]. Items were used in their original form. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.854 in 2015 and 0.872 in 2018. Transformational leadership was measured by six items following Podsakoff et al.—for example “Always gives me positive feedback when I perform well” [ 24 , 26 ]. In this study, all six items were in German and could ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.718 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "education"] | 458 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184736 | [
0.015439941547811031,
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n this study was 0.785 in 2015 and 0.753 in 2018. As a confounding variable we referred to the validated SOCAPO-E instrument ( social capital ), which was aimed initially at employees in healthcare organizations [ 41 ]. It comprises six items based on Bauman’s concept of community [ 42 ] (including mutual understanding... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.858 | ["management", "ethics", "negotiation", "war_conflict", "education"] | 464 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184752 | [
0.008345791138708591,
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r hospital, there is unity and agreement” [ 41 ]. In this study, “In our hospital” was replaced by “In our company.” All items could be answered on a four-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). In healthcare settings, the SOCAPO-E was associated with such factors as job satisfaction and burnout [... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.704 | ["negotiation", "career", "education"] | 455 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184769 | [
0.045224376022815704,
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er were considered as confounding variables. 2.3. Data Analysis We conducted paired t -tests to test for changes in transformational leadership, psychological wellbeing, and social capital over time. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to test whether (H1) differences (∆) in psychological wellbeing over ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184788 | [
0.029470300301909447,
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0.04237589240074158,
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eadership significantly impacted psychological wellbeing at t1. In model I, we focused on transformational leadership t1 as the dependent variable and psychological wellbeing ∆ as the independent variable. As confounding variables, we considered transformational leadership t0 , social capital ∆ , age, and gender. In mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 452 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184804 | [
0.036981549113988876,
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0.07434194535017014,
0.036273304373025894,
0.009816228412091732,
0.0100... | ||
ational leadership ∆ as the independent variable. As confounding variables, we considered psychological wellbeing t0 , social capital ∆ , age, and gender. Before multiple linear regression analyses were conducted, we checked for multi-collinearity. Missing values were imputed by mean of each item, ranging from 1 to 7 i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184826 | [
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ere female, with 35.5% under and 62.2% 40 years and older (see Table 1 ). Social capital increased over time with t(126) = −3.985, p < 0.001. No significant decrease or increase was found for psychological wellbeing (t(126) = −0.546, p > 0.05) and perceived transformational leadership (t(126) = 1.343, p > 0.05). Accord... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 471 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184846 | [
0.054234784096479416,
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gical wellbeing in 2015 (14.85) and 2018 (15.09). Before conducting multiple linear regression analyses, we checked for multi-collinearity. The results showed no multi-collinearity of variables (see Table 2 and Table 3 ). Table 2. Correlations between variables, model I. Variable N 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) Leadership t0 12 - 0.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.557 | 0.726 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184866 | [
0.056116733700037,
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075 0.134 (4) Social capital ∆ 123 - 0.054 0.026 (5) Age 123 - 0.013 (6) Gender 123 - Open in a new tab Notes: Pearson correlation r and α values (in the diagonal) are shown; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; Age was considered as bivariate variable. Table 3. Correlations between variables, model II. Variable N 1 2 3 4 5 6 (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.75 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 511 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184891 | [
0.1096387431025505,
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0.06164545565843582,
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3) Leadership ∆ 123 - 0.213 * −0.027 −0.190 * (4) Social capital ∆ 123 - 0.054 0.026 (5) Age 123 - 0.013 (6) Gender 123 - Open in a new tab Notes: Pearson correlation r and α values (in the diagonal) are shown; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; Age was considered as bivariate variable. Model I showed significant ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.726 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 444 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184907 | [
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0.014443391934037209,
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0.028541358187794685,
0.11779915541410446,
0.011581351049244404,
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0.... | ||
48, p < 0.001) and gender (β = −0.283, p < 0.01). Psychological wellbeing ∆ (β = 0.005, p > 0.05), social capital ∆ (β = 0.134, p > 0.05), and age (β = 0.022, p > 0.05) had no significant impact on the perceived transformational leadership t1 (see Table 4 ). Table 4. Multiple linear regression analysis, model I. Determ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.73 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184933 | [
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dership t0 0.548 (0.073) 0.569 <0.001 *** 0.403 0.693 0.365 (0.338) Psychological wellbeing ∆ 0.005 (0.010) 0.044 0.581 −0.014 0.024 Social capital ∆ 0.134 (0.110) 0.098 0.225 −0.083 0.351 Age 2 0.022 (0.094) 0.017 0.815 −0.164 0.208 Gender −0.283 (0.096) −0.219 0.004 ** −0.473 −0.093 Open in a new tab Notes: SE = stan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.736 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184953 | [
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iables (age group 1 = 16 to 39 years, group 2 = 40 to ≥ 50 years). In model II, significant results were revealed for the determinant factors psychological wellbeing t0 (β = 0.547, p < 0.001) and social capital ∆ (β = 2.739, p < 0.01). Transformational leadership ∆ (β = −0.119, p > 0.05), age (β = −0.761, p > 0.05) and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.573 | 0.732 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 477 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184969 | [
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5. Multiple linear regression analysis, model II. Determinant Factors 1 Regression Coefficient B (SE) Beta p Value 95% Confidence Interval R 2 (Adjusted) Lower Value Upper Value Psychological wellbeing t0 0.547 (0.082) 0.540 <0.001 *** 0.384 0.710 0.298 (0.268) Transformational leadership ∆ −0.119 (0.693) −0.014 0.864 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.71 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.184989 | [
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103 0.198 −0.568 2.716 Open in a new tab Notes: SE = standard error; ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. 1 dependent variable: psychological wellbeing t1 . 2 Age was, due to small group sizes, considered as bivariate variables (age group 1 = 16 to 39 years, group 2 = 40 to ≥ 50 years). 4. Discussion In this study, changes in p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 420 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.185011 | [
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impact on perceived transformational leadership. Furthermore, changes in perceived transformational leadership over time had no significant impact on employees’ psychological wellbeing. Hence, we found no evidence to support the follower- or the leader-centric view and cannot support Hypotheses 1 and 2. However, the re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 457 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.185027 | [
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leadership on psychological wellbeing, over time. Moreover, Eisele [ 32 ] found no predictive power for transformational leadership on employees’ wellbeing but found it for devious leadership. Regarding leadership behavior, it might be the case that devious, rather than transformational leadership, had a significant im... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.668 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.185043 | [
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eived transformational leadership is not a significant factor, but the social climate in the company as a whole might play a more crucial role. This finding aligns with previous studies that found predictive validity of social capital (SOCAPO-E) on burnout and wellbeing [ 41 ]. Furthermore, this result supports the und... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 431 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.185060 | [
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rship in this study might slightly support the follower-centric view [ 30 ], as individual characteristics of employees were found to be relevant for perceived transformational leadership. However, it might not be gender itself that was relevant in this case, but underlying gender mechanisms. For example, referring to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9819424/ | Transformational Leadership and Employees' Psychological ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "career", "war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Transformational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-15T09:33:26.185079 | [
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0.04515824466943741,
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0.0... |
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