from __future__ import annotations

import random
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict, List, Sequence

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import requests
from Bio.Align import substitution_matrices
from Bio.PDB.Polypeptide import protein_letters_3to1

from libs.encoders.protein_encoder import ProteinEncoder
from libs.utils.io_pdb import load_structure

AA_ALPHABET = list("ACDEFGHIKLMNPQRSTVWY")
HYDROPHOBIC = set("AVILMFWY")
POSITIVE = set("KRH")
NEGATIVE = set("DE")


@dataclass
class PeptideBenchmarkConfig:
    target_name: str
    reference_pdb_id: str
    receptor_chain_id: str
    peptide_chain_id: str
    n_variants: int
    random_seed: int
    min_length: int = 8
    max_length: int = 20


def download_pdb(pdb_id: str, out_path: Path) -> Path:
    out_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    url = f"https://files.rcsb.org/download/{pdb_id}.pdb"
    resp = requests.get(url, timeout=60)
    resp.raise_for_status()
    out_path.write_text(resp.text, encoding="utf-8")
    return out_path


def extract_chain_sequence(structure_path: str | Path, chain_id: str) -> str:
    structure = load_structure(structure_path, structure_id="peptide_like")
    model = next(structure.get_models())
    if chain_id not in model:
        raise ValueError(f"Chain `{chain_id}` not found in structure `{structure_path}`")

    seq: List[str] = []
    for residue in model[chain_id].get_residues():
        if residue.id[0] != " ":
            continue
        seq.append(protein_letters_3to1.get(residue.resname.upper(), "X"))
    out = "".join(seq).replace("X", "")
    if not out:
        raise ValueError(f"No peptide/protein residues extracted for chain `{chain_id}` in `{structure_path}`")
    return out


def _seq_identity(a: str, b: str) -> float:
    n = min(len(a), len(b))
    if n == 0:
        return 0.0
    return float(sum(1 for i in range(n) if a[i] == b[i]) / n)


def _blosum62_mean(a: str, b: str) -> float:
    matrix = substitution_matrices.load("BLOSUM62")
    n = min(len(a), len(b))
    if n == 0:
        return 0.0
    scores = []
    for i in range(n):
        aa = a[i]
        bb = b[i]
        if (aa, bb) in matrix:
            scores.append(float(matrix[(aa, bb)]))
        elif (bb, aa) in matrix:
            scores.append(float(matrix[(bb, aa)]))
    if not scores:
        return 0.0
    return float(np.mean(scores))


def _frac(seq: str, residues: Sequence[str]) -> float:
    if not seq:
        return 0.0
    r = set(residues)
    return float(sum(1 for x in seq if x in r) / len(seq))


def _anchor_positions(reference: str) -> List[int]:
    # For alpha-helical MDM2-like peptides anchors often include aromatic/hydrophobic residues.
    ranked = sorted(range(len(reference)), key=lambda i: (reference[i] in {"F", "W", "L", "Y"}, i), reverse=True)
    out = sorted(ranked[:3])
    return out


def _mutate_sequence(reference: str, rng: random.Random, anchor_pos: Sequence[int]) -> str:
    seq = list(reference)
    n_mut = 1 if rng.random() < 0.65 else 2
    for _ in range(n_mut):
        i = rng.randrange(len(seq))
        if i in anchor_pos and rng.random() < 0.8:
            continue
        if seq[i] in HYDROPHOBIC:
            candidates = [x for x in AA_ALPHABET if x in HYDROPHOBIC]
        elif seq[i] in POSITIVE:
            candidates = [x for x in AA_ALPHABET if x in POSITIVE]
        elif seq[i] in NEGATIVE:
            candidates = [x for x in AA_ALPHABET if x in NEGATIVE]
        else:
            candidates = AA_ALPHABET
        seq[i] = rng.choice(candidates)
    return "".join(seq)


def build_peptide_like_dataset(cfg: PeptideBenchmarkConfig, structure_path: Path) -> pd.DataFrame:
    reference_seq = extract_chain_sequence(structure_path, cfg.peptide_chain_id)
    if not (cfg.min_length <= len(reference_seq) <= cfg.max_length):
        raise ValueError(
            f"Reference peptide length {len(reference_seq)} is outside configured bounds "
            f"[{cfg.min_length}, {cfg.max_length}]"
        )

    rng = random.Random(cfg.random_seed)
    anchor_pos = _anchor_positions(reference_seq)

    rows: List[Dict[str, object]] = [
        {
            "ligand_id": "pep_ref_000",
            "sequence": reference_seq,
            "is_reference": True,
            "source": "experimental_reference",
            "parent_reference_id": "pep_ref_000",
        }
    ]
    seen = {reference_seq}
    while len(rows) < max(2, int(cfg.n_variants)):
        s = _mutate_sequence(reference_seq, rng, anchor_pos)
        if s in seen:
            continue
        seen.add(s)
        rows.append(
            {
                "ligand_id": f"pep_var_{len(rows)-1:03d}",
                "sequence": s,
                "is_reference": False,
                "source": "generated_conservative_variant",
                "parent_reference_id": "pep_ref_000",
            }
        )

    df = pd.DataFrame(rows)
    df["sequence_identity_to_ref"] = df["sequence"].map(lambda s: _seq_identity(str(s), reference_seq))
    df["blosum62_to_ref"] = df["sequence"].map(lambda s: _blosum62_mean(str(s), reference_seq))
    return df


def _peptide_features(sequence: str, reference_seq: str, anchor_pos: Sequence[int]) -> Dict[str, float]:
    seq = str(sequence)
    ref = str(reference_seq)
    n = min(len(seq), len(ref))
    anchors = [i for i in anchor_pos if i < n]
    anchor_match = float(np.mean([1.0 if seq[i] == ref[i] else 0.0 for i in anchors])) if anchors else 0.0
    hydrophobic_diff = abs(_frac(seq, list(HYDROPHOBIC)) - _frac(ref, list(HYDROPHOBIC)))
    charge_diff = abs((_frac(seq, list(POSITIVE)) - _frac(seq, list(NEGATIVE))) - (_frac(ref, list(POSITIVE)) - _frac(ref, list(NEGATIVE))))
    len_penalty = abs(len(seq) - len(ref)) / max(1, len(ref))
    return {
        "seq_identity": _seq_identity(seq, ref),
        "blosum62_mean": _blosum62_mean(seq, ref),
        "anchor_match": anchor_match,
        "hydrophobic_fraction": _frac(seq, list(HYDROPHOBIC)),
        "charged_fraction": _frac(seq, list(POSITIVE) + list(NEGATIVE)),
        "hydrophobic_diff_to_ref": hydrophobic_diff,
        "charge_diff_to_ref": charge_diff,
        "length_penalty": len_penalty,
        "aromatic_count": float(sum(1 for x in seq if x in {"F", "W", "Y"})),
    }


def _proxy_affinity_score(features: Dict[str, float], target_extent: float) -> float:
    # Lower is better (affinity-like proxy).
    raw = (
        2.0 * (1.0 - features["seq_identity"])
        + 1.4 * (1.0 - features["anchor_match"])
        + 1.0 * features["hydrophobic_diff_to_ref"]
        + 0.7 * features["charge_diff_to_ref"]
        + 0.8 * features["length_penalty"]
        - 0.06 * features["blosum62_mean"]
    )
    # mild target-structure scaling (keeps pipeline linked to structural context)
    scale = 1.0 + min(0.2, max(0.0, target_extent / 200.0))
    return float(raw * scale)


def run_peptide_like_proxy_benchmark(
    cfg: PeptideBenchmarkConfig,
    structure_path: Path,
) -> Dict[str, pd.DataFrame]:
    ligands_df = build_peptide_like_dataset(cfg, structure_path=structure_path)
    ref_seq = str(ligands_df.loc[ligands_df["is_reference"].astype(bool), "sequence"].iloc[0])
    anchor_pos = _anchor_positions(ref_seq)

    protein_encoding = ProteinEncoder().encode_structure(
        target_id=f"{cfg.target_name}_{cfg.reference_pdb_id}_{cfg.receptor_chain_id}",
        structure_path=structure_path,
    )
    target_extent = float(protein_encoding.structure_features.get("mean_spatial_extent", 0.0))

    feature_rows: List[Dict[str, object]] = []
    rank_rows: List[Dict[str, object]] = []
    for row in ligands_df.itertuples(index=False):
        feats = _peptide_features(str(row.sequence), reference_seq=ref_seq, anchor_pos=anchor_pos)
        score = _proxy_affinity_score(feats, target_extent=target_extent)
        feature_rows.append(
            {
                "ligand_id": str(row.ligand_id),
                "sequence": str(row.sequence),
                "is_reference": bool(row.is_reference),
                **feats,
                "target_mean_spatial_extent": target_extent,
            }
        )
        rank_rows.append(
            {
                "ligand_id": str(row.ligand_id),
                "sequence": str(row.sequence),
                "is_reference": bool(row.is_reference),
                "source": str(row.source),
                "parent_reference_id": str(row.parent_reference_id),
                "sequence_identity_to_ref": float(row.sequence_identity_to_ref),
                "blosum62_to_ref": float(row.blosum62_to_ref),
                "backend_name": "peptide_proxy",
                "backend_mode": "proxy-peptide-like",
                "score_source": "sequence_structural_proxy_v1",
                "quantity_type": "affinity_proxy",
                "fallback_used": False,
                "success": True,
                "docking_score": float(score),
                "final_score": float(score),
                "message": "",
            }
        )

    features_df = pd.DataFrame(feature_rows)
    ranking = pd.DataFrame(rank_rows).sort_values("final_score", ascending=True).reset_index(drop=True)
    ranking["rank"] = np.arange(1, ranking.shape[0] + 1)
    return {
        "ranking_df": ranking,
        "features_df": features_df,
        "ligands_df": ligands_df,
        "protein_features": pd.DataFrame([protein_encoding.structure_features | protein_encoding.sequence_features]),
    }