Kylo Ren - wikipedia

 Kylo Ren

 Jump to : navigation , search `` Kylo '' redirects here . For the web browser , see Kylo ( web browser ) .

 Kylo Ren Ben Solo

 Star Wars character

 Kylo Ren 's costume displayed on a mannequin

 First appearance

 The Force Awakens ( 2015 )

 Created by

 Lawrence Kasdan

 J.J. Abrams

 Michael Arndt

 Portrayed by

 Adam Driver

 Voiced by

 Adam Driver ( Disney Infinity 3.0 , Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises ) Matthew Wood ( Star Wars Battlefront II ) Roger Craig Smith ( Star Wars Battlefront II )

 Information

 Full name

 Ben Solo

 Species

 Human

 Gender

 Male

 Occupation

 Supreme Leader of the First Order

 Master of the Knights of Ren

 Former Jedi Padawan

 Affiliation

 First Order

 Knights of Ren

 New Jedi Order ( formerly )

 Family

 Han Solo ( father )

 Leia Organa ( mother )

 Relatives

 Luke Skywalker ( maternal uncle )

 Anakin Skywalker ( maternal grandfather )

 Padmé Amidala ( maternal grandmother )

 Bail Organa ( adopted maternal grandfather )

 Breha Organa ( adopted maternal grandmother )

 Shmi Skywalker ( maternal great - grandmother )

 Homeworld

 Chandrila

 Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he is portrayed by Adam Driver . Kylo Ren is the chosen name of Ben Solo , the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa . Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi , he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather , Darth Vader . Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren , as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order , an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire . He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film 's sequel , Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Concept and creation

 2 Character

 3 Appearances

 3.1 Feature films

 3.1. 1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 )

 3.1. 2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 )

 3.2 Related works and promotional material

 3.3 Novels

 4 Reception

 5 Family tree

 6 References

 7 External links

 Concept and creation ( edit )

 After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012 , the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt , with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas . According to director Abrams , the First Order is inspired by ODESSA , a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II .

 Driver 's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . Kylo Ren was first seen , but still not named , in the 88 - second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28 , 2014 , wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard . The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm - designed Topps - style trading card mockup in December 2014 . A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo .

 In an interview with Time , The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren 's mask be designed to be memorable for a child . After numerous attempts to gain Abrams ' approval , the final design was selected . Kaplan said :

 I do n't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what , but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it . Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action . You know , if he 's standing in front of fire you see that , so it almost brings you into the mask .

 Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it 's from , but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask . ''

 According to other cast members , Driver is a method actor , which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes . Driver explained that his goal was `` to forget you 're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that 's filled with moments and problems '' , because from the perspective of the characters living within the film 's universe , `` Darth Vader is real '' .

 Ren 's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo , the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi . Additionally , critics have noted a resemblance between Ren 's character design and that of Revan , the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic .

 Character ( edit )

 Abrams told Empire in August 2015 , `` Kylo Ren is not a Sith . He works under Supreme Leader Snoke , who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force . '' Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character , `` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as `` a hot - headed , radicalised Dark Side jihadi , whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper '' . Abrams noted , `` The lightsaber is something that he built himself , and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character . '' The Telegraph also explains that Ren 's wild and erratic temper and `` angsty '' instability make him dangerous . Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren 's use of the Force as `` formidable '' , citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air , immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will .

 Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` I 've written four Star Wars movies now , and there 's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays . I think you 're going to see something that 's brand new to the saga , '' noting that the character is `` full of emotion '' . Abrams explained , `` I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he is n't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache - twirling bad guy . He is a little bit more complex than that . '' Driver said in December 2015 that , despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader , Ren is `` unlike any villain the franchise has seen before '' . He explained :

 I feel there 's a recklessness about him that 's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side . You normally think of order , and structure , and full commitment and no hesitation ... he 's just a little bit more unpolished . It 's in his costume , in his lightsaber -- how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment ; that it could just blow up . That 's kind of like a big metaphor for him .

 Appearances ( edit )

 Model of Kylo 's cross-bladed lightsaber on display at Star Wars Launch Bay at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( 2015 ) .

 Feature films ( edit )

 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens

 Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as the commander of the First Order , a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire . After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates for the location of Luke Skywalker , Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron , who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa . Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid , BB - 8 , with the map . Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn , who later finds BB - 8 , and the scavenger Rey . Finn , Rey , and BB - 8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon , and are soon intercepted by the ship 's former owner , Han Solo , and his co-pilot Chewbacca .

 It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia , and was once one of Luke 's Jedi pupils . He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order 's Supreme Leader Snoke . He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke 's new Jedi Academy . However , Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader , whose burnt helmet is in Ren 's possession . Arriving at the Maz Kanata castle , Ren captures Rey , who he senses has seen the map . While interrogating her with the Force , he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself , though unaware of it . Rey finds herself able to experience Ren 's emotions and confronts him on his fear that he will never be as powerful as Vader . She later uses the `` Jedi mind trick '' to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape . Han arrives at the First Order 's battle station , Starkiller Base , as part of the Resistance 's plan to destroy it .

 After Han plants explosives to destroy the base , he confronts Ren , calling him by his real name , Ben , and implores him to abandon the dark side , warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy . Ren refuses and kills his father , enraging Chewbacca , Han 's copilot , who fires , injuring Ren . As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base , a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them . Finn fights Ren with Luke 's recovered lightsaber , but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him . Rey then takes up the lightsaber and , using the Force , begins to overcome Ren , as well as striking him on the face with the lightsaber , leaving Ren with a scar on the right side of his face . Before the duel is finished , they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base . Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training .

 The last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi

 Ren 's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi , specifically through his conversations with Rey , with whom he connects through the Force . Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side . Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke , who orders Ren to kill her . However , Ren uses the Force to ignite a lightsaber at Snoke 's side and cut him in half , killing him . Ren beseeches Rey to join him in creating a new order , separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke . When Rey refuses , Ren declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order , and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait . Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half , but Luke remains standing ; `` Luke '' is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch - To , serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order . When Luke vanishes , the First Order storms the base , but Resistance has already evacuated ; he shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance .

 Related works and promotional material ( edit )

 He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add - on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game , with an Infinity character figurine available separately . He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars : Force Arena .

 Hasbro has released a 3 ⁄ - inch ( 9.5 cm ) Kylo Ren action figure , and a 6 - inch ( 15 cm ) figure in their Black Series line . He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle ( 2015 ) and Battle on Takodana ( 2016 ) , as well as a Lego Buildable Figure . The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises .

 In January 2016 , Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars / Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live , with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named `` Matt '' to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him .

 Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II , voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith , masked and unmasked respectively . In the game , Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka 's location ( who possess the map to Luke Skywalker ) using his Force abilities . When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka 's location , Kylo leaves him for Hask , Del 's former comrade in Inferno Squad .

 Novels ( edit )

 Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster .

 In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End , Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic . Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars : Phasma .

 Reception ( edit )

 Adam Driver received positive reviews for his performance as Kylo Ren .

 Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver 's performance have been positively received . Many complimented Ren 's conflicted nature and depth , as well as his costume design , and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike , saying , `` He is gorgeously cruel , spiteful and capricious -- and unlike the Vader of old , he is given to petulant temper tantrums , with his lightsaber drawn . '' Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver 's performance `` spectacular '' , noting that `` his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one - dimensional , and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater . '' Collin wrote , `` To describe Kylo Ren as this film 's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams , Kasdan and Arndt , and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him . '' Comparing the character to the one - note Vader of the 1977 film , Leon calls Ren `` a living battleground between darkness and light , making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we 've ever seen in Star Wars ... ( which ) makes him a far more interesting villain . '' Abrams told Entertainment Weekly , `` it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role , because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted , `` Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex , a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` The bald - faced attempt to clone Vader , one of the greatest badasses in film history , is clankingly obvious , but Driver , masked and unmasked , gives him hypnotic and haunting contours . '' Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask . Leon , however , argued :

 But that face -- that of a normal , vulnerable young man -- is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams ' reimagining of A New Hope . Rather than pure evil , Ren is something far more familiar : He is human . Just like the real - life young men with minds clouded by fear , hate , and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being `` evil '' enough -- are all signs of Ren 's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light .

 Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal . In January 2018 , Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire .

 Family tree ( edit )

 Main article : Solo family

 ( hide )

 Skywalker family tree

 Aika Lars

 Cliegg Lars

 Shmi Skywalker

 Jobal Naberrie

 Ruwee Naberrie

 Beru Whitesun

 Owen Lars

 Anakin Skywalker

 Padmé Amidala

 Bail Organa

 Breha Organa

 Luke Skywalker

 Leia Organa

 Han Solo

 Ben Solo

 References :

 Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 )

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker .

 Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 .

 Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa .

 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( Little Golden Book ) . Golden Books . April 12 , 2016 . ISBN 9780736434911 .

 Jump up ^ Dennis , Catrina ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Legacy of My Mother : 5 Women Who Changed the Star Wars Galaxy '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Watch the Incredible Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : Star Wars Teaser Beats Age of Ultron In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Reasons The New Star Wars Trailer Was The Perfect First Look At The Force Awakens '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars The Force Awakens trailer : 5 things we 've learned from the EPIC Episode VII trailer '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens Trailer Unmasks a Stormtrooper , Teases Villain '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens character names revealed ( in coolest way possible ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Digital Trading Cards '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver 's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars : The Force Awakens Photos '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` How Kylo Ren 's Terrifying Mask Was Designed to Be Unforgettable to Kids '' . Time . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Kylo Ren 's shroud is pulled back at last , but ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : Kylo Ren Backstory Explained '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide ( Kylo Ren / Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren ) '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Kylo Ren Looks An Awful Lot Like This Other Star Wars Character '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Chung , Frank ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Who is the new Star Wars villain ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` 14 things Star Wars fans will love about The Force Awakens '' . The Telegraph . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emo Kylo Ren : Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Polarizing Villain '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver : why Kylo Ren is nothing like Vader '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity : The Force Awakens Dated , Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens lets John Boyega play with himself '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Play Set for Disney Infinity 3.0 Edition Now Available '' . StarWars.com . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Infinity adds to Force Awakens experience '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Compendio , Chris ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kylo Ren and Rey Finally Join Mobile Game Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked peek at Hasbro 's Kylo Ren , Captain Phasma and 10 more The Force Awakens action figures '' . Blastr . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Myatt , D. Martin . `` 03 Kylo Ren from Hasbro 's The Black Series '' . Rebelscum.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 75104 - 1 : Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw663 : Kylo Ren ( 75104 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 75139 - 1 : Battle on Takodana '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw717 : Kylo Ren ( 75139 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 75117 - 1 : Kylo Ren '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens characters to appear in new LEGO Star Wars series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` LEGO Star Wars : The Resistance Rises to Debut on Disney XD February 15 '' . Oh My Disney . February 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` This New Animated Lego Star Wars Short Looks Legit '' . Wired . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Poe Dameron Stages a Daring Rescue in the First The Force Awakens Lego Short '' . io9 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver on ' SNL ' : 3 Sketches You Have to See '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Mroz , Guillaume ( @ guillaume_mroz ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry , incomplete information : Matthew Woods : Masked Kylo Ren Roger Craig Smith : Unmasked Kylo Ren '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter .

 Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter I '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . ISBN 9781101965504 .

 Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Everything That Aftermath : Empire 's End Reveals About the New Star Wars Universe '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review ( Or How I Might Just Like Kylo Ren ) '' . thebiglead.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Force Awakens Thrilling If Not Familiar Adventure '' . thereeldeal.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Kylo Ren After The Force Awakens ? The Villian Could Make A Return '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- ' a spectacular homecoming ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 22 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Let 's Discuss the Ending of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens Rings Up Eight Saturn Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Kylo Ren Voted Seventh - Greatest Movie Villain '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kylo Ren .

 Kylo Ren in the StarWars.com Databank

 Kylo Ren on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki

 Kylo Ren on IMDb

 Star Wars characters

 List of The Clone Wars characters

 List of Rebels characters

 List of Legends characters

 Characters

 Canon

 Admiral Ackbar

 Padmé Amidala

 Cassian Andor

 Wedge Antilles

 Cad Bane

 Darth Bane

 BB - 8

 Jar Jar Binks

 C - 3PO

 Lando Calrissian

 Chewbacca

 Lieutenant Connix

 Poe Dameron

 Count Dooku

 Jyn Erso

 Boba Fett

 Jango Fett

 Finn

 Saw Gerrera

 Greedo

 Tag Greenley

 General Grievous

 Jabba the Hutt

 General Hux

 Kanan Jarrus

 Qui - Gon Jinn

 K - 2SO

 Maz Kanata

 Obi - Wan Kenobi

 Orson Krennic

 Princess Leia

 Darth Maul

 Nien Nunb

 Bink Otauna

 Palpatine

 Captain Phasma

 Admiral Piett

 R2 - D2

 Kylo Ren

 Rey

 Captain Rex

 Bodhi Rook

 Bail Organa

 Luke Skywalker

 Supreme Leader Snoke

 Han Solo

 Ahsoka Tano

 Grand Moff Tarkin

 Grand Admiral Thrawn

 Rose Tico

 Darth Vader

 Asajj Ventress

 Iden Versio

 Watto

 Wicket W. Warrick

 Mace Windu

 Yoda

 Legends

 Mara Jade

 Kyle Katarn

 KOTOR characters

 HK - 47

 Kreia

 Revan

 Starkiller

 Jacen Solo

 Organizations

 Force - users

 Jedi

 Sith

 Military

 Battle droid

 Clone trooper

 Stormtrooper

 Rogue Squadron

 Families

 Skywalker family

 Solo family

 Bands

 Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes

 Max Rebo Band

 Species

 Bantha

 Ewok

 Hutt

 Sarlacc

 Tusken Raiders

 Wookiees

 Other

 Droid

 Mandalorian

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kylo_Ren&oldid=822171546 '' Categories :

 Fictional characters introduced in 2015

 Fictional commanders

 Fictional dictators

 Fictional henchmen

 Fictional kidnappers

 Fictional mass murderers

 Fictional patricides

 Fictional telekinetics

 Fictional telepaths

 Fictional torturers and interrogators

 Star Wars characters

 Extraterrestrial supervillains

 Hidden categories :

 Use mdy dates from December 2015

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Български

 Català

 Čeština

 Dansk

 Deutsch

 Español

 فارسی

 Français

 한국어

 Italiano

 עברית

 ქართული

 Magyar

 Nederlands

 日本 語

 Norsk

 Polski

 Português

 Русский

 Scots

 Simple English

 Српски / srpski

 Suomi

 Svenska

 ไทย

 Türkçe

 Українська

 Tiếng Việt

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 20 : 31 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: where does kylo ren's name come from


OPEC - wikipedia

 OPEC

 Jump to : navigation , search

 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC )

 Flag

 Headquarters

 Vienna , Austria

 Official language

 English

 Type

 International cartel

 Membership

 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show )

 Algeria

 Angola

 Ecuador

 Equatorial Guinea

 Gabon

 Iran *

 Iraq *

 Kuwait *

 Libya

 Nigeria

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia *

 United Arab Emirates

 Venezuela *

 * founding member

 Leaders

 Secretary General

 Mohammed Barkindo

 Establishment

 Baghdad , Iraq

 Statute

 September 1960

 In effect

 January 1961

 Currency

 Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl )

 Website OPEC.org

 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / ˈoʊpɛk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of February 2018 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna , Austria . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies .

 OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf .

 The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply .

 Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Membership

 1.1 Current member countries

 1.2 Lapsed members

 1.3 Observers

 1.4 Leadership and decision - making

 1.5 International cartel

 1.6 Conflicts

 2 Market information

 2.1 Publications and research

 2.2 Crude oil benchmarks

 2.3 Spare capacity

 3 History and impact

 3.1 Post-WWII situation

 3.2 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries

 3.3 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion

 3.4 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo

 3.5 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID

 3.6 1975 hostage siege

 3.7 1979 -- 1980 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut

 3.8 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions

 3.9 2003 -- 2011 volatility

 3.10 2008 production dispute

 3.11 2014 -- 2017 oil glut

 3.12 2017 - 2018 Production cut

 4 See also

 5 References

 6 External links

 Membership ( edit )

 Current member countries ( edit )

 As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members :

 Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member .

 Country

 Region

 Membership Years

 Population ( 2016 est . )

 Area ( km )

 Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 )

 Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 )

 Algeria

 North Africa

 1969 --

 40,606,052

 2,381,740

 1,348,361

 12,200,000,000

 Angola

 Southern Africa

 2007 --

 28,813,463

 1,246,700

 1,769,615

 8,423,000,000

 Ecuador

 South America

 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 --

 16,385,068

 283,560

 548,421

 8,273,000,000

 Equatorial Guinea

 Central Africa

 2017 --

 1,221,490

 28,051

 227,000

 1,100,000,000

 Gabon

 Central Africa

 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 --

 1,979,786

 267,667

 210,820

 2,000,000,000

 Iran

 Middle East

 1960 --

 80,277,428

 1,648,000

 3,990,956

 157,530,000,000

 Iraq

 Middle East

 1960 --

 37,202,572

 437,072

 4,451,516

 143,069,000,000

 Kuwait

 Middle East

 1960 --

 4,052,584

 17,820

 2,923,825

 101,500,000,000

 Libya

 North Africa

 1962 --

 6,293,253

 1,759,540

 384,686

 48,363,000,000

 Nigeria

 West Africa

 1971 --

 185,989,640

 923,768

 1,999,885

 37,070,000,000

 Qatar

 Middle East

 1961 --

 2,569,804

 11,437

 1,522,902

 25,244,000,000

 Saudi Arabia

 Middle East

 1960 --

 32,275,687

 2,149,690

 10,460,710

 266,578,000,000

 United Arab Emirates

 Middle East

 1967 --

 9,269,612

 83,600

 3,106,077

 97,800,000,000

 Venezuela

 South America

 1960 --

 31,568,179

 912,050

 2,276,967

 299,953,000,000

 OPEC Total

 478,498,000

 12,150,695

 35,221,740

 1,209,103,000,000

 World Total

 7,618,511,000

 510,072,000

 80,622,287

 1,650,585,000,000

 OPEC Percent

 6 %

 2 %

 44 %

 73 %

 ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 U.S. gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves .

 ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 .

 Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi .

 Lapsed members ( edit )

 Country

 Region

 Membership Years

 Population ( 2016 est . )

 Area ( km )

 Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 )

 Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 )

 Indonesia

 Southeast Asia

 1962 -- 2008 , Jan - Nov 2016

 261,115,456

 1,904,569

 833,667

 3,692,500,000

 For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut .

 Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity .

 Observers ( edit )

 Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies .

 Leadership and decision - Making ( edit )

 OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC

 The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' .

 International cartel ( edit )

 At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law :

 International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments .

 OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action .

 OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful .

 Conflicts ( edit )

 OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness .

 Market Information ( edit )

 As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning .

 Publications and research ( edit )

 Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member

 In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas .

 Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' .

 Crude oil benchmarks ( edit )

 Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil )

 A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements .

 The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) .

 North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil .

 Spare capacity ( edit )

 The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . ''

 In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . ''

 History and impact ( edit )

 Post-WWII situation ( edit )

 In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power .

 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit )

 In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil .

 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit )

 OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building )

 The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , Pérez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges .

 During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies .

 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit )

 An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis

 In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom .

 The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term .

 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit )

 Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development

 OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 .

 In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations .

 1975 hostage siege ( edit )

 Main article : OPEC siege

 On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kröcher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed .

 Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumédienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began .

 Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders .

 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit )

 Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut

 In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . ''

 To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase .

 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit )

 See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015

 Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied .

 In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties .

 Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway .

 In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . ''

 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit )

 See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008

 Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals .

 In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . ''

 2008 production dispute ( edit )

 Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 )

 The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . ''

 On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 .

 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit )

 See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share

 During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 .

 In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview :

 Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers .

 A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up .

 As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties .

 2017 - 2018 production cut ( edit )

 As OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . ''

 In December 2017 , Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8 million barrels / day until the end of 2018 .

 See also ( edit )

 List of country groupings

 List of intergovernmental organizations

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . Lloyd 's List . 12 December 2014 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . US Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Crude Oil Proved Reserves 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Statute '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sudan awaiting decision on its OPEC membership application : minister '' . Sudan Tribune . 22 October 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing : Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Hayler , William B. ; Keever , John M. ( 2003 ) . American Merchant Seaman 's Manual . Cornell Maritime Press . p. 14.3 . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 549 - 9 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador Set to Leave OPEC '' . The New York Times . 18 September 1992 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Gabon Plans To Quit OPEC '' . The New York Times . 9 January 1995 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia to withdraw from OPEC '' . BBC . 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .

 ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Fergus ; Asmarini , Wilda ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC , again '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Go NOPEC '' . Slate . Retrieved 21 August 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 18 September 2003 ) . `` Is Bremer a Price Fixer ? Letting Iraq 's oil minister attend an OPEC meeting may violate the Sherman Antitrust Act '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Iraq to Attend Next OPEC Ministerial Meeting '' . Arab News . 17 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` 127th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC : Fifty Years Regulating Oil Market Roller Coaster '' . Inter Press Service . 14 September 2010 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC discord fuels further oil price drop '' . The Financial Times . 7 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Gülen , S. Gürcan ( 1996 ) . `` Is OPEC a Cartel ? Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Tests '' ( PDF ) . The Energy Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.5547 / issn0195 - 6574 - ej - vol17 - no2 - 3 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )

 Jump up ^ `` The Global Energy Scene '' ( PDF ) . OPEC Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) : 24 -- 41 . June -- July 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Browning , Edgar K. ; Zupan , Mark A. ( 2004 ) . `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma and Cheating by Cartel Members '' . Microeconomics : Theory & Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 394 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 0471678717 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Colgan , Jeff ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` OPEC , the Phantom Menace '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 November 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Van de Graaf , Thijs ( 2016 ) . `` Is OPEC dead ? Oil exporters , the Paris agreement and the transition to a post-carbon world '' . Energy Research & Social Science . doi : 10.1016 / j. erss. 2016.10. 005 .

 Jump up ^ Farah , Paolo Davide ; Cima , Elena ( September 2013 ) . `` Energy Trade and the WTO : Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel '' . Journal of International Economic Law . 16 ( 3 ) : 707 -- 740 . SSRN 2330416 .

 Jump up ^ Weil , Dan ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` If OPEC Is a Cartel , Why Is n't It Illegal ? '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Joelson , Mark R. ; Griffin , Joseph P. ( 1975 ) . `` The Legal Status of Nation - State Cartels Under United States Antitrust and Public International Law '' . The International Lawyer. 9 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 645 . JSTOR 40704964 .

 Jump up ^ Learsy , Raymond J. ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` NOPEC ( ' No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act ' ) : A Presidential Issue and a Test of Political Integrity '' . Huffington Post . Varied forms of a NOPEC bill have been introduced some 16 times since 1999 , only to be vehemently resisted by the oil industry .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi '' . Middle East Economic Survey . 57 ( 51 / 52 ) . 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Saudis Vow to Ignore OPEC Decision to Cut Production '' . The New York Times . 11 September 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Palley , Thomas I. ( December 2003 ) . `` Lifting the Natural Resource Curse '' . Foreign Service Journal .

 Jump up ^ Ross , Michael L. ( May 2015 ) . `` What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse ? '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 18 : 239 -- 259 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - polisci - 052213 - 040359 .

 Jump up ^ Kessler , Oren ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` The Middle East 's Conflicts Are About Religion '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 17 March 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Motadel , David ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` ' Defending the Faith ' in the Middle East '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Mattar , Philip , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) '' . Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale / Macmillan Reference USA . ISBN 978 - 0028657691 .

 Jump up ^ `` History of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative '' . JODI . Retrieved 23 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` World Oil Outlook '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Oil markets explained '' . BBC News . 18 October 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Razavi , Hossein ( April 1989 ) . The new era of petroleum trading : spot - oil , spot - related contracts , and futures markets ( PDF ) . The World Bank . pp. 65 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 1199 - 9 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Basket Price '' . OPEC . Retrieved 6 January 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Brent crude and other oil price benchmarks '' . Reuters. 5 April 2011 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Energy & Financial Markets : What Drives Crude Oil Prices ? '' . US Energy Information Administration . 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` ' Effective ' OPEC Spare Capacity : Reality - Based Data '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 13 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 3 billion barrel cushion '' . Oil Market Report . International Energy Agency . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . May 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 .

 ^ Jump up to : Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 499 -- 503 . ISBN 978 - 0671502485 .

 Jump up ^ Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 32 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 .

 Jump up ^ Vassiliou , M.S. ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Scarecrow Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0810862883 .

 Jump up ^ Styan , David ( 2006 ) . France and Iraq : Oil , Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1845110451 .

 Jump up ^ Citino , Nathan J. ( 2002 ) . From Arab Nationalism to OPEC : Eisenhower , King Sa'ud , and the Making of US - Saudi Relations . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34095 - 5 .

 Jump up ^ Skeet , Ian ( 1988 ) . OPEC : Twenty - Five Years of Prices and Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 24 .

 ^ Jump up to : Denning , Liam ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` How OPEC Won the Battle and Lost the War '' . Bloomberg News .

 Jump up ^ `` Angola , Sudan to ask for OPEC membership '' . Associated Press . 3 December 2006 .

 Jump up ^ Kumins , Lawrence ( 1975 ) . `` Oil and the Economy '' . Energy Shock : 189 .

 ^ Jump up to : Maugeri , Leonardo ( 2006 ) . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99008 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Vol . XXXIV : Energy Diplomacy and Global Issues , Document 266 . US Department of State . 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` British Economics and Trade Union politics 1973 -- 1974 '' . The National Archives ( UK ) . January 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Europe car ban becoming a real traffic stopper '' . Chicago Tribune . 26 November 1973 .

 Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . Basic Books . pp. 313 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time . 18 February 1974 .

 Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 .

 Jump up ^ Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - Termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . pp. 60 -- 62 .

 Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) '' . The History Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Horton , Sarah ( October 2000 ) . `` The 1973 Oil Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Envirothon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Oil Shock : The role of OPEC '' . Socialism Today ( 51 ) . October 2000 .

 Jump up ^ Aven , Petr ; Nazarov , Vladimir ; Lazaryan , Samvel ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Twilight of the Petrostate '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2 June 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Kuwait Fund . Retrieved 23 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Oweiss , Ibrahim M. ( 1990 ) . `` Economics of Petrodollars '' . In Esfandiari , Haleh ; Udovitch , A.L. The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History . Darwin Press . pp. 179 -- 199 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Ben ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis ' Checkbook Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . OFID . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Agreement Establishing the OPEC Fund for International Development '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 27 May 1980 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Intergovernmental Organizations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 April 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Patrick . `` Carlos the Jackal : Trail of Terror '' . truTV . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )

 Jump up ^ Follain , John ( 1998 ) . Jackal : The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist , Carlos the Jackal . Arcade Publishing . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1559704663 .

 Jump up ^ Anderson , Gary ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` ' Carlos the Jackal ' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 April 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 10 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )

 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Oil Prices Pass Record Set in ' 80s , but Then Recede '' . The New York Times .

 Jump up ^ Denning , Liam ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` It 's Saudi Arabia 's World . Big Oil Just Lives In It '' . Bloomberg News .

 Jump up ^ Toth , Ferenc L. ; Rogner , Hans - Holger ( January 2006 ) . `` Oil and nuclear power : Past , present , and future '' ( PDF ) . Energy Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 .

 Jump up ^ `` Renewables in Global Energy Supply : An IEA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . January 2007 .

 Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy : World Invests $244 billion in 2012 , Geographic Shift to Developing Countries '' ( Press release ) . United Nations Environment Programme. 12 June 2013 .

 Jump up ^ Bromley , Simon ( 2013 ) . American Power and the Prospects for International Order . John Wiley & Sons . p. 95 . ISBN 9780745658414 .

 ^ Jump up to : Robert , Paul ( 2004 ) . The End of Oil : The Decline of the Petroleum Economy and the Rise of a New Energy Order . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 23977 - 1 .

 Jump up ^ Hershey Jr. , Robert D. ( 30 December 1989 ) . `` Worrying Anew Over Oil Imports '' . The New York Times .

 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor ( April 2007 ) . `` The Soviet Collapse : Grain and Oil '' ( PDF ) . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold , while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms . As a result , the Soviet Union lost approximately $20 billion per year , money without which the country simply could not survive .

 Jump up ^ McMaken , Ryan ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well , that had it not been for Soviet oil sales , it 's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier .

 Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Libya orders oil cuts of 270K bpd '' . Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts .

 Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times .

 Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry .

 Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 .

 Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News .

 Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Testimony '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs .

 Jump up ^ Tuttle , Robert ; Galal , Ola ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Oil Ministers See Demand Rising '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` 149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Owen , Nick A. ; Inderwildi , Oliver R. ; King , David A. ( August 2010 ) . `` The status of conventional world oil reserves : Hype or cause for concern ? '' . Energy Policy . 38 ( 8 ) : 4743 -- 4749 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2010.02. 026 .

 Jump up ^ Al - Naimi , Ali ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Saudi oil policy : stability with strength '' . Saudi Embassy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )

 Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil '' . Bloomberg News .

 Jump up ^ Frei , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Washington diary : Oil addiction '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Basket Daily Archives '' . OPEC . Retrieved 21 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Krassnov , Clifford ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` US Oil Prices Fall Below $80 a Barrel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2014 .

 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grant ; Rascouet , Angelina ; Mahdi , Wael ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` OPEC Wo n't Cut Production to Stop Oil 's Slump '' . Bloomberg News .

 Jump up ^ `` Inside OPEC room , Naimi declares price war on US shale oil '' . Reuters. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Country Analysis Brief : Libya '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Despite Climate Concerns , OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can '' . The New York Times . 5 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News .

 Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times .

 Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Russia backs gradual , managed exit from oil cuts with OPEC '' . Reuters. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 .

 External links ( edit )

 Energy portal

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to OPEC .

 Official website

 The OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) official website

 ( hide )

 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC )

 Algeria

 Angola

 Ecuador

 Equatorial Guinea

 Gabon

 Iran

 Iraq

 Kuwait

 Libya

 Nigeria

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 United Arab Emirates

 Venezuela

 List of Secretaries General

 OPEC Fund for International Development

 OPEC Reference Basket

 Heads of state of OPEC member states

 Bouteflika

 Lourenço

 Moreno

 Obiang

 Bongo

 Khamenei

 Masum

 Sabah

 Sarraj

 Buhari

 Tamim

 Salman

 Khalifa

 Maduro

 Acting heads of state shown in italics .

 Petroleum industry

 Petroleum

 Primary energy

 Benchmarks

 Argus Sour

 Bonny Light

 Brent

 Dubai

 Indian Basket

 Indonesian

 Isthmus - 34 Light

 Japan Cocktail

 OPEC Reference Basket

 Tapis

 Urals

 West Texas Intermediate

 Western Canadian Select

 Data

 Natural gas

 Consumption

 Production

 Reserves

 Imports

 Exports

 Price

 Petroleum

 Consumption

 Production

 Reserves

 Imports

 Exports

 Price ( of gasoline and diesel )

 Exploration

 Core sampling

 Geophysics

 Integrated asset modelling

 Petroleum engineering

 Reservoir simulation

 Seismic to simulation

 Petroleum geology

 Petrophysics

 Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion )

 Seismic source

 Drilling

 Blowout

 Completion ( Squeeze job )

 Differential sticking

 Directional drilling ( Geosteering )

 Drilling engineering

 Drilling fluid ( invasion )

 Drill stem test

 Lost circulation

 Measurement

 Tracers

 Underbalanced drilling

 Well logging

 Production

 Petroleum fiscal regime

 Concessions

 Production sharing agreements

 Artificial lift

 Pumpjack

 Submersible pump ( ESP )

 Gas lift

 Downstream

 Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR )

 Steam injection

 Gas reinjection

 Midstream

 Petroleum product

 Pipeline transport

 Refining

 Upstream

 Water injection

 Well intervention

 XT

 History

 1967 Oil Embargo

 1973 oil crisis

 1979 energy crisis

 1980s oil glut

 1990 oil price shock

 2000s energy crisis

 2010s oil glut

 Founders

 History of the petroleum industry

 Nationalization

 OPEC

 GECF

 Seven Sisters

 Standard Oil

 Oil market timelines

 Provinces and fields

 List of natural gas fields

 List of oil fields

 East Midlands Oil Province

 East Texas

 Gulf of Mexico

 Niger Delta

 North Sea

 Permian Basin

 Persian Gulf

 Prudhoe Bay Oil Field

 Russia

 Venezuela

 Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

 Other topics

 Acronyms

 Oil shale gas

 Peak oil

 mitigation

 timing

 People

 Petrocurrency

 Petrodollar recycling

 Shale band

 Shale gas

 Swing producer

 Unconventional oil

 heavy crude

 oil sands

 oil shale

 Companies and organisations

 Major petroleum companies

 Supermajors

 BP

 Chevron

 Eni

 ExxonMobil

 Royal Dutch Shell

 Total

 National oil companies

 ADNOC ( UAE )

 CNOOC ( China )

 CNPC ( China )

 Ecopetrol ( Colombia )

 Gazprom ( Russia )

 Iraq National Oil Company

 Indian Oil Corporation

 KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan )

 Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

 Lotos ( Poland )

 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

 NIOC ( Iran )

 NISOC ( Iran )

 OGDCL ( Pakistan )

 ONGC ( India )

 PDVSA ( Venezuela )

 PKN Orlen ( Poland )

 Pemex ( Mexico )

 Pertamina ( Indonesia )

 PetroBangla ( Bangladesh )

 Petrobras ( Brazil )

 PetroChina

 Petronas ( Malaysia )

 Petrovietnam

 PTT ( Thailand )

 Qatar Petroleum

 Rosneft ( Russia )

 Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia )

 Sinopec ( China )

 SOCAR ( Azerbaijan )

 Sonangol ( Angola )

 Sonatrach ( Algeria )

 Statoil ( Norway )

 TPAO ( Turkey )

 YPF ( Argentina )

 Energy trading

 Glencore

 Gunvor

 Mercuria

 Naftiran Intertrade

 Trafigura

 Vitol

 Other

 Anadarko

 Apache

 BG Group

 Cenovus Energy

 Compañía Española de Petróleos

 ConocoPhillips

 Devon

 Galp Energia

 Hess

 Husky Energy

 Imperial Oil

 JXTG Holdings

 Lukoil

 Marathon Oil

 Occidental

 OMV

 Port Harcourt Refining Company

 Reliance Industries

 Repsol

 Suncor Energy

 Surgutneftegas

 TNK - BP

 Tullow Oil

 Tüpraş

 Major services companies

 Amec Foster Wheeler

 Baker Hughes

 Cameron

 CGG

 CH2M Hill

 Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

 China Oilfield Services

 Enbridge

 Ensco

 GE Oil & Gas

 Halliburton

 Nabors Industries

 Naftiran Intertrade

 National Oilwell Varco

 Petrofac

 Saipem

 Schlumberger

 Snam

 Subsea 7

 TransCanada

 Transocean

 Weatherford

 Wood Group

 Other

 International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

 International Energy Agency

 International Petroleum Exchange

 OPEC

 Society of Petroleum Engineers

 World Petroleum Council

 Commons

 VIAF : 125519550

 ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 6718

 GND : 75351 - 8

 SUDOC : 111165520

 BNF : cb12024345m ( data )

 NLA : 35401025

 NDL : 00639099

 NKC : uk2011659074

 BNE : XX87122

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&oldid=834259589 '' Categories :

 OPEC

 Cartels

 History of the petroleum industry

 Intergovernmental commodity organizations

 International energy organizations

 Petroleum economics

 Petroleum organizations

 Petroleum politics

 Organisations based in Vienna

 Organizations established in 1960

 20th century in Baghdad

 Hidden categories :

 CS1 maint : Unfit url

 All articles with dead external links

 Articles with dead external links from February 2018

 Articles with permanently dead external links

 Good articles

 Use dmy dates from February 2013

 Interlanguage link template link number

 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Afrikaans

 Alemannisch

 አማርኛ

 Aragonés

 Asturianu

 Azərbaycanca

 تۆرکجه

 বাংলা

 Bân - lâm - gú

 Башҡортса

 Беларуская

 Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )

 Български

 Bosanski

 Brezhoneg

 Català

 Čeština

 Cymraeg

 Dansk

 Deutsch

 Eesti

 Ελληνικά

 Español

 Esperanto

 Euskara

 فارسی

 Fiji Hindi

 Føroyskt

 Français

 Frysk

 Furlan

 Gaeilge

 Galego

 한국어

 Հայերեն

 हिन्दी

 Hrvatski

 Ido

 Ilokano

 Bahasa Indonesia

 Íslenska

 Italiano

 עברית

 Basa Jawa

 ಕನ್ನಡ

 Къарачай - малкъар

 ქართული

 Қазақша

 Kiswahili

 Kreyòl ayisyen

 Kurdî

 Latina

 Latviešu

 Lëtzebuergesch

 Lietuvių

 Magyar

 Македонски

 Malagasy

 മലയാളം

 मराठी

 مصرى

 مازِرونی

 Bahasa Melayu

 Монгол

 မြန်မာဘာသာ

 Nederlands

 नेपाल भाषा

 日本 語

 Нохчийн

 Norsk

 Norsk nynorsk

 Occitan

 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча

 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

 پنجابی

 پښتو

 Patois

 Piemontèis

 Polski

 Português

 Română

 Русиньскый

 Русский

 Саха тыла

 Scots

 Shqip

 Sicilianu

 Simple English

 Slovenčina

 Slovenščina

 Soomaaliga

 کوردی

 Српски / srpski

 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски

 Basa Sunda

 Suomi

 Svenska

 Tagalog

 தமிழ்

 Tarandíne

 Татарча / tatarça

 ไทย

 Türkçe

 Українська

 اردو

 ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche

 Vèneto

 Tiếng Việt

 Võro

 Winaray

 ייִדיש

 粵語

 Zazaki

 Žemaitėška

 中文

 Kabɩyɛ

 108 more

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 23 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: how many countries are a part of opec