Battle of Lake Erie - wikipedia

 Battle of Lake Erie

 Jump to : navigation , search

 Battle of Lake Erie

 Part of the War of 1812

 Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell , painted 1865 , shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara

 Date

 10 September 1813

 Location

 Lake Erie , near Put - in - Bay , Ohio

 Result

 Decisive American victory

 Belligerents

 United States

 United Kingdom

 Commanders and leaders

 Oliver Hazard Perry Jesse Elliot

 Robert Heriot Barclay Robert Finnis

 Strength

 5 schooners

 3 brigs

 1 sloop

 2 ships

 1 brig

 2 schooners

 1 sloop

 Casualties and losses

 27 killed

 96 wounded

 1 brig severely damaged

 41 killed

 93 wounded

 306 captured

 entire squadron captured

 Detroit frontier

 Tippecanoe

 Fort Mackinac ( 1812 )

 Brownstown

 Maguaga

 Fort Dearborn

 Detroit

 Fort Harrison

 Fort Wayne

 Wild Cat Creek

 Mississinewa

 Frenchtown

 Africa Point

 Fort Meigs

 Fort Stephenson

 Lake Erie

 Thames

 Longwoods

 Prairie du Chien

 Campbell Island

 Mackinac Island ( 1814 )

 Lake Huron

 Malcolm 's Mills

 Naval campaigns of the War of 1812

 Atlantic Ocean

 USS Essex vs HMS Alert

 USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere

 Capture of HMS Frolic

 USS United States vs HMS Macedonian

 USS Constitution vs HMS Java

 Sinking of HMS Peacock

 Rappahannock River

 Capture of USS Chesapeake

 Capture of HMS Dominica

 Capture of USS Argus

 Capture of HMS Boxer

 Capture of USS Frolic

 Capture of HMS Epervier

 Sinking of HMS Reindeer

 Sinking of HMS Avon

 Fayal

 Capture of USS President

 Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant

 Capture of HMS Penguin

 Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus

 East Coast

 Chesapeake Bay

 Alexandria

 Baltimore

 Hampden

 Fort Peter

 Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River

 Lake Ontario

 1st Sacket 's Harbor

 York

 Fort George

 2nd Sacket 's Harbor

 Lake Erie

 Fort Oswego

 Lake Huron

 Lake Champlain

 West Indies / Gulf Coast

 La Guaira

 1st Fort Bowyer

 Action of 13 December 1814

 Lake Borgne

 New Orleans

 Fort St. Philip

 2nd Fort Bowyer

 Pacific Ocean

 James Island

 Charles Island

 Nuku Hiva

 Downes Expedition

 Porter Expedition

 Typee Valley

 Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex )

 Seringapatam Mutiny

 Action of 9 May 1814

 The Battle of Lake Erie , sometimes called the Battle of Put - in - Bay , was fought on 10 September 1813 , in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812 . Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy . This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war , which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh . It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812 .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Background

 1.1 1812

 1.2 1813

 1.3 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg

 2 Battle

 3 Casualties

 4 Aftermath

 5 Reconstructions and memorials

 6 Reasons for the American victory

 7 Order of battle

 8 Footnotes

 9 Notes

 10 References

 11 Further reading

 12 External links

 Background ( edit )

 1812 ( edit )

 When the war broke out , the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie . They already had a small force of warships there : the sloop - of - war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter . The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war . These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine , which was a military transport service and not a naval service . Nevertheless , the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels . The only American warship on Lake Erie , the brig Adams , was not ready for service at the start of the war , and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada , Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River . The British Major - General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull 's army at the Siege of Detroit , by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River .

 The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered , renaming her Detroit . Together with the brig Caledonia , which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company , she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October , by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot . Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured . Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy . Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop - rigged Trippe , which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats . While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River , all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock .

 Late in 1812 , Paul Hamilton , the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long - time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins , who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie . Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie , Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake . ( `` Presqu'isle '' is French for `` peninsula '' , literally `` almost an island '' ) . Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there , although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities . Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812 . He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813 where he approved Dobbins 's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel , but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies .

 1813 ( edit )

 In January 1813 , William Jones ( who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy ) ordered the construction of two brig - rigged corvettes at Presque Isle , and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction . Other than their rig and crude construction ( such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter ) , the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet . The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay , and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty . ( The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear - Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard . ) However , the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh , which was expanding as a manufacturing center , and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army .

 Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie , through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell , the Senior Senator from Rhode Island , supplanting Lieutenant Elliot . He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March . Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle , he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey . After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George , he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May . Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara , an operation which took six days , and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle .

 Meanwhile , Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie . Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely . Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland , arriving on 10 June . He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen . When he took command of his squadron , the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen , 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine ( whose quality Barclay disparaged ) , 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers , effectively landsmen , from the 41st Foot . Nevertheless , he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost . He first reconnoitred Perry 's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia , with batteries and redoubts . He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie , hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock . The weather was hazy , and he missed them .

 During July and August , Barclay received two small vessels , the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt , which had been reconstructed at Chatham on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship - rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg . Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813 , supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York . The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns ( 24 - pounder carronades ) intended for Detroit falling into American hands . Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg . Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches , and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes .

 Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo , commanding on Lake Ontario , but received very little . The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier , Major - General Henry Procter , was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors . He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced , and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson , which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors .

 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg ( edit )

 By mid-July , the American squadron was almost complete , although not yet fully manned ( Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty ) . The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July . The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth , with only 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) of water over it , which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships ( although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July ) , but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order . Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather . It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour , or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned . Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar . This was an exhausting task . The guns had to be removed from all the boats , and the largest of them had to be raised between `` camels '' ( barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast ) . When Barclay returned four days later , he found that Perry had nearly completed the task . Perry 's two largest brigs were not ready for action , but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit .

 Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle . Although Perry described some of them as `` wretched '' , at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution , then undergoing a refit in Boston . Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia .

 His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky , where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison 's Army of the Northwest . After twice appearing off Amherstburg , Perry established an anchorage at Put - in - Bay , Ohio . For the next five weeks , Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg . His sailors , Procter 's troops , and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies . After receiving a last - minute reinforcement of two naval officers , three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec under Lieutenant George Bignall , Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry .

 In the days preceding the battle , Perry told his friend , Purser Samuel Hambleton , that he wanted a signal flag , or battle flag , to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy . Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry 's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake , `` Do n't Give up the Ship '' . Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie , and presented it to Perry the day before the battle . The flag would become an icon in American naval history .

 Battle ( edit )

 Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September

 On the morning of 10 September , the Americans saw Barclay 's vessels heading for them , and got under way from their anchorage at Put - in - Bay . The wind was light . Barclay initially held the weather gauge , but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack . Both squadrons were in line of battle , with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line . Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs , his flagship Lawrence and Niagara , into carronade range quickly , but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively . When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12 : 45 , her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped , her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot .

 Astern of Lawrence , Niagara , under Elliot , was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range . It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number , Queen Charlotte , and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia , but Elliot 's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years . Aboard Queen Charlotte , the British ship opposed to Niagara , the commander ( Robert Finnis ) and First Lieutenant were both killed . The next most senior officer , Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine , found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range , and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range .

 Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance , Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck . Four - fifths of Lawrence 's crew were killed or wounded . Both of the fleet 's surgeons were sick with lake fever , so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant , Usher Parsons . When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable , Perry decided to transfer his flag . He was rowed a half mile ( 1 km ) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered . ( It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender , but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant , in blue bearing the motto , `` Do n't give up the ship '' . )

 When Lawrence surrendered , firing died away briefly . Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte , both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded . Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed , leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command . Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward . The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat . Instead , once aboard Niagara , Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action , while he steered Niagara at Barclay 's damaged ships , helped by the strengthening wind .

 Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them , while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern . Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships they could no longer offer any effective resistance . Both ships surrendered at about 3 : 00 pm . The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered .

 Although Perry won the battle on Niagara , he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid .

 Casualties ( edit )

 The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded . The surviving crews , including the wounded , numbered 306 . Captain Barclay , who had previously lost his left arm in 1809 , lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered `` permanently motionless '' . The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded , of whom 2 later died .

 Of the vessels involved , the three most battered ( the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte ) were converted into hospital ships . A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte , further shattering the already battered ships . Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie , Lawrence was restored to service for 1814 , but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks .

 Aftermath ( edit )

 This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 Perry 's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison . Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope , Perry wrote :

 Dear General :

 We have met the enemy and they are ours . Two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop .

 Yours with great respect and esteem , O.H. Perry

 Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy , William Jones :

 Brig Niagara , off the Western Sister , Head of Lake Erie , September 10 , 1813 , 4 P.M.

 Sir : - It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake . The British squadron , consisting of two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop , have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict .

 I have the honor to be , Sir , very respectfully , your obedient servant , O.H. Perry

 Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up , Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg , which was captured without opposition on 27 September . Meanwhile , 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit , which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day . The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle . In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh , who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain , Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September . Lacking supplies , Tecumseh 's Indians had no option but to accompany him . Harrison caught up with Procter 's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames , where Tecumseh was killed , as was his second - in command and most experienced warrior , Wyandot Chief Roundhead .

 The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import . The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war . This accounted for much of the Americans ' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio , Pennsylvania , or Western New York .

 However , an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed , and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes . ( Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock , where they were laid up , following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813 , and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron . )

 After the war , there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action , mostly fought at second hand in the press . On the British side , Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court - martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years .

 Reconstructions and memorials ( edit )

 In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie , as they had `` went to rot . '' In 1875 , Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia , where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition . Later that year , the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire . Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913 , she subsequently fell into disrepair . She was eventually disassembled , and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara , which is now on view in Erie , Pennsylvania .

 The 352 - foot ( 107 m ) high Perry Monument within Perry 's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put - in - Bay , commemorating the men who fought in the battle .

 Another 101 - foot ( 31 m ) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania . It stands next to Presque Isle Bay , where Niagara and Lawrence were built , stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron , and then scuttled after the war .

 Reasons for the American victory ( edit )

 Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as , `` Superior heavy metal '' . Perry 's leadership , particularly in the latter stages of the action , is also mentioned as a factor . The British historian C.S. Forester commented , `` ... it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float , as it was that Perry was not hit . ''

 On the British side , William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit , which was the best - built ship on the lake . However , Detroit was built slowly , in part due to Bell 's perfectionism , and indeed it was the only purpose - built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war . The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before . This building imbalance , given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame , was another important cause of the American victory ( although it might be argued that , even if Barclay had possessed more hulls , he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them ) .

 The court - martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain , his officers and men had `` conducted themselves in the most gallant manner '' and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority , an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action .

 Order of battle ( edit )

 Listed in order of sailing :

 Navy

 Name

 Rig

 Tonnage

 Crew

 Armament

 Commander

 Notes

 Royal Navy

 Chippeway

 Schooner

 70 tons

 15

 1 × 9 - pounder long gun

 Master 's Mate J. Campbell

 captured

 Detroit

 Ship

 490 tons

 150

 1 × 18 - pounder ( on swivel ) 2 × 24 - pounder long guns 6 × 12 - pounder long guns 8 × 9 - pounder long guns 1 × 24 - pounder carronade 1 × 18 - pounder carronade

 Commander Robert Heriot Barclay

 captured

 Hunter

 Brig

 180 tons

 45

 4 × 6 - pounder long guns 2 × 4 - pounder long guns 2 × 2 - pounder long guns 2 × 12 - pounder carronades

 Lieutenant George Bignall

 captured

 Queen Charlotte

 Ship

 400 tons

 126

 1 × 12 - pounder long gun 2 × 9 - pounder long guns 12 × 24 - pounder carronades

 Commander Robert Finnis

 captured

 Lady Prevost

 Schooner

 230 tons

 86

 1 × 9 - pounder long gun 2 × 6 - pounder long guns 10 × 12 - pounder carronades

 Lieutenant Edward Buchan

 captured ( lost rudder )

 Little Belt

 Sloop

 90 tons

 18

 1 × 12 - pounder long gun 2 × 6 - pounder long guns

 Lieutenant John F. Breman

 captured

 Total

 6 warships

 1,460 tons

 450

 330 lb shot from long guns 474 lb shot from carronades

 United States Navy

 Scorpion

 Schooner

 86 tons

 35

 1 × 32 - pounder long gun 1 × 32 - pounder carronade

 Sailing Master Stephen Champlin

 Long gun dismounted ( overcharged )

 Ariel

 Schooner

 112 tons

 36

 4 × 12 - pounder long guns

 Lieutenant John H. Packet

 One gun exploded ( overcharged )

 Lawrence

 Brig

 480 tons

 136

 2 × 12 - pounder long guns 18 × 32 - pounder carronades

 Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry

 surrendered but recaptured

 Caledonia

 Brig

 180 tons

 53

 2 × 24 - pounder long guns 1 × 32 - pounder carronade

 Lieutenant Daniel Turner

 captured from British 9 October 1812

 Niagara

 Brig

 480 tons

 155

 2 × 12 - pounder long guns 18 × 32 - pounder carronades

 Master Commandant Jesse Elliott

 Somers

 Schooner

 94 tons

 30

 1 × 24 - pounder long gun 1 × 32 - pounder carronade

 Lieutenant A.H.M. Conklin

 Porcupine

 Schooner

 83 tons

 25

 1 × 32 - pounder long gun

 Acting Master George Serrat

 Tigress

 Schooner

 82 tons

 35

 1 × 32 - pounder long gun

 Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny

 Trippe

 Sloop

 60 tons

 35

 1 × 24 - pounder long gun

 Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens

 Total

 9 warships

 1,657 tons

 540

 288 lb shot from long guns 1,248 lb shot from carronades

 Footnotes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Perry 's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat . Hannibal Collins , a freed slave , is one of the oarsman .

 Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships , one brig , two schooners and one sloop . `` Perry 's message was inaccurate . ''

 Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages , rig and armament taken from Roosevelt ( 2004 ) , pp. 144 - 145 . Vessels ' commanders from the same source , p. 146

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Copes 1994 , p. 63 .

 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 260 -- 261 .

 Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton , Oct. 9th , 1812 in Dudley ( ed . ) , William S . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History . 1 . pp. 327 -- 331 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )

 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 141 .

 ^ Jump up to : Elting 1995 , p. 90 .

 Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998 , p. 74 .

 Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 136 .

 Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 143 .

 Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 137 .

 Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 166 .

 Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 93 .

 Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 90 .

 Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 108 .

 Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , pp. 167 -- 168 .

 Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 140 .

 Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org , `` Ironsides on the Lake '' .

 Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 96 .

 Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 170 .

 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 147 .

 Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L .

 ^ Jump up to : Forester 2005 , p. 146 .

 Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 100 .

 Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 147 .

 Jump up ^ Earnest A. Cruickshank , The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 1813 in Zaslow 1964 , p. 102 .

 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 148 .

 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 148 -- 149 .

 Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing ( 1869 ) . `` Field Book of the War of 1812 '' . Retrieved 20 December 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Altoff ( 1999 ) Note 129 , p. 97 .

 Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 .

 Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up The Ship , p. 355 .

 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 152 .

 Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain , from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793 , to the Accession of George IV . Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252

 References ( edit )

 Altoff , Gerard T. ( 1999 ) . Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie . Put - in - Bay , OH : The Perry Group . ISBN 978 - 1887794039 .

 Copes , Jan M. ( Fall 1994 ) . `` The Perry Family : A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic '' . Newport History : Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society . Newport , RI : Newport Historical Society . 66 , Part 2 ( 227 ) : 49 -- 77 .

 `` The Dobbins Papers . '' Severance , Frank H. ed . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 ( Buffalo , New York : Buffalo Historical Society , 1905 )

 Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms : A military history of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 .

 Emerson , George D. ( Compiled by ) ( 1912 ) . The Perry 's Victory Centenary -- Report of The Perry 's Victory Centennial Commission , State of New York . Albany : J.B. Lyon Company .

 Forester , C.S. ( 2005 ) . The Age of Fighting Sail : The Story of the Naval War of 1812 . New English Library . ISBN 0 - 939218 - 06 - 2 . ; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book

 Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Donald E. Graves ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 .

 Mahan , Alfred Thayer ( 1840 -- 1914 ) ( 1905 ) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 ( 2 vols . ) ( Boston : Little Brown ) American Library Association .

 Malcomson , Robert ( 1998 ) . Lords of the Lake : The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812 -- 1814 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 08 - 7 .

 Miller , Arthur P. ; Miller , Marjorie L. ( 2000 ) . Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2876 - 5 .

 Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2004 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75419 - 9 .

 Skaggs , David ; Atloff , Gerard ( 1997 ) . A Signal Victory : The Lake Erie Campaign , 1812 -- 13 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 892 - 5 .

 Symonds , Craig ( 2005 ) . Decision at Sea . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517145 - 4 .

 Zaslow , Morris ( ed ) . ( 1964 ) . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto : Macmillan of Canada . ISBN 0 - 7705 - 1242 - 9 .

 Further reading ( edit )

 Axelrod , Alen ; Phillips , Charles . The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography ( New York : MacMillan , 1998 . ) p. 343 . )

 Bancroft , George , 1800 -- 1891 ; Dyer , Oliver , 1824 -- 1907 . ( 1891 ) History of the battle of Lake Erie : and miscellaneous papers ( New York : R. Bonner 's sons ) 292 pp. at American Library Association .

 Barnes , James , 1866 -- 1936 ( 1898 ) The hero of Erie ( Oliver Hazard Perry ) ( microform ) ( 1898 ) New York : D. Appleton and here for other formats .

 Burges , Tristam ( 1770 -- 1853 ) ( 1839 ) Battle of Lake Erie , with notices of Commodore Elliot 's conduct in that engagement ( Providence , Brown & Cady ) at Internet Archive .

 Conners , William James , 1857 -- ; Emerson , George Douglas . ( 1916 ) The Perrys victory centenary . Report of the Perry 's victory centennial commission , state of New York ( Albany , J.B. Lyon Company , Printers ) .

 Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1846 ) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association .

 Jesse D. Elliot , Address of Com . Jesse D. Elliot , U.S.N. , Delivered in Washington County , Maryland , to His Early Companions at Their Request , on 24 November 1843 ( Philadelphia : G.B. Zeiber & co. , 1844 ) .

 Galbreath , Charles Burleigh ( 1858 - 1934 ) : The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History , Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications : Volume 20 ( 1911 ) , pp. 415 -- 456 .

 Hickey , Donald R. ( 1990 ) The War of 1812 : The Forgotten Conflict Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06059 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06059 - 5 .

 Hickey , Donald R. ( 2006 ) Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812 . ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press ) ISBN 0 - 252 - 03179 - 2 .

 Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry , American Library Association .

 Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 6 .

 Mackenzie , Alexander Slidell , 1803 -- 1848 . ( 1915 ) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero , victor of the battle of Lake Erie , his life and achievements ( Akron , Ohio : Superior Printing Co . )

 Mackenzie , Alexander Slidell , 1803 -- 1848 ( 1840 ) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry . ( New York , Harper ) Volume 1 , Volume 2 .

 Niles , John Milton ( Bedford , Mass. : Applewood Books , 1830 ) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry .

 Reid , George . ( 1913 ) Perry at Erie : how Captain Dobbins , Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him . ( Erie , Pennsylvania : Journal publishing company ) .

 Skaggs , David Curtis . ( October 2006 ) Oliver Hazard Perry : honor , courage , and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 302 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 792 - 3 ; ISBN 1 - 59114 - 792 - 1 .

 Skaggs , David Curtis . Perry Triumphant ( April 2009 Volume 23 , Number 2 ) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute .

 James T. White ( 1895 ) p. 288 . National Cyclopaedia of American Biography .

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie .

 United States Navy portal

 Rhode Island portal

 Erie portal

 Ohio portal

 War of 1812 portal

 History of Canada portal

 Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battle of Lake Erie

 `` Log of the Battle of Lake Erie '' by Sailing Master William Taylor

 US Brig Niagara

 Barclay 's court martial records and correspondence

 Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources

 Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie

 `` Erie , Lake , Battle of '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 .

 Conflicts of the War of 1812

 Battles of the War of 1812

 United States

 Washington , D.C.

 Burning of Washington

 Georgia

 Battle of Fort Peter

 Louisiana

 Battle of New Orleans

 Siege of Fort St. Philip

 Maryland

 Battle of Baltimore

 Battle of Bladensburg

 Battle of Caulk 's Field

 Battle of North Point

 Battle of St. Michaels

 Raid on Havre de Grace

 Massachusetts

 Battle of Hampden

 New York

 Battle of Big Sandy Creek

 Battle of Buffalo

 Battle of Ogdensburg

 Battle of Plattsburgh

 Capture of Fort Niagara

 Raid on Black Rock

 Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor

 Ohio

 Battle of Fort Stephenson

 Copus massacre

 Siege of Fort Meigs

 Virginia

 Battle of Craney Island

 Raid on Alexandria

 Skirmish at Farnham Church

 Battle of Rappahannock River

 U.S. territories

 Alabama

 Battles of Fort Bowyer

 Illinois

 Battle of Fort Dearborn

 Battle of Rock Island Rapids

 Siege of Prairie du Chien

 Indiana

 Battle of the Mississinewa

 Battle of Tippecanoe

 Battle of Wild Cat Creek

 Siege of Fort Harrison

 Siege of Fort Wayne

 Michigan

 Battle of Brownstown

 Battle of Frenchtown

 Battle of Mackinac Island

 Battle of Maguaga

 Siege of Detroit

 Siege of Fort Mackinac

 Mississippi

 Battle of Burnt Corn

 Battle of Callabee Creek

 Canoe Fight

 Battle of Holy Ground

 Battle of Horseshoe Bend

 Battle of Talladega

 Battle of Tallushatchee

 Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek

 Fort Mims massacre

 Kimbell -- James Massacre

 Missouri

 Battle of Credit Island

 Battle of the Sink Hole

 British North America

 Lower Canada

 Battle of the Chateauguay

 First Battle of Lacolle Mills

 Second Battle of Lacolle Mills

 Upper Canada

 Battle of Beaver Dams

 Battle of Chippawa

 Battle of Cook 's Mills

 Battle of Crysler 's Farm

 Battle of Fort George

 Battle of Frenchman 's Creek

 Battle of Longwoods

 Battle of Lundy 's Lane

 Battle of Malcolm 's Mills

 Battle of Queenston Heights

 Battle of Stoney Creek

 Battle of the Thames

 Battle of York

 Capture of Fort Erie

 Raid on Elizabethtown

 Raid on Port Dover

 Raid on Gananoque

 Siege of Fort Erie

 Spanish Empire

 Spanish Florida

 Battle of Pensacola

 Naval battles

 Atlantic Ocean

 Capture of HMS Boxer

 Capture of HMS Cyane

 Capture of HMS Epervier

 Capture of HMS Frolic

 Capture of HMS Penguin

 Capture of HMS Dominica

 Capture of USS Argus

 Capture of USS Chesapeake

 Capture of USS President

 Chesapeake Bay Flotilla

 USS Constitution vs HMS Java

 Sinking of HMS Avon

 Battle of Fayal

 Sinking of HMS Peacock

 Sinking of HMS Reindeer

 USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere

 USS United States vs HMS Macedonian

 Caribbean Sea

 Battle of La Guaira

 Great Lakes

 Battle of Lake Erie

 Battle of Fort Oswego

 Engagements on Lake Huron

 Engagements on Lake Ontario

 First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor

 Gulf Coast

 Action of 13 December 1814

 Battle of Lake Borgne

 Pacific Ocean

 Action off James Island

 Action off Charles Island

 Nuku Hiva Campaign

 Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex )

 See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War

 Portal

 definition

 textbooks

 quotes

 source texts

 media

 news stories

 Coordinates : 41 ° 39 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 49 ′ 30 '' W  /  41.66222 ° N 82.82500 ° W  / 41.66222 ; - 82.82500

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&oldid=799568331 '' Categories :

 Conflicts in 1813

 Battles involving Canada

 History of Ohio

 Naval battles of the War of 1812

 Naval battles involving Canada

 Lake Erie

 1813 in Ohio

 September 1813 events

 Hidden categories :

 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list

 Pages using deprecated image syntax

 Articles needing additional references from September 2017

 All articles needing additional references

 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia

 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference

 Coordinates not on Wikidata

 Use dmy dates from May 2011

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Afrikaans

 Català

 Deutsch

 Español

 Français

 한국어

 Magyar

 Bahasa Melayu

 日本 語

 Polski

 Português

 ไทย

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 14 : 22 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: what events occurred in the fighting at seas and near the great lakes


List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia

 List of Test cricket hat - tricks

 Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 .

 In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick .

 A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match .

 Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings .

 In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Test hat - tricks

 2 By team

 3 See also

 4 References

 4.1 General

 4.2 Specific

 Test hat - tricks ( edit )

 Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick .

 Key

 Symbol

 Meaning

 Bowler

 The name of the bowler

 For

 The team for which the bowler was playing

 Against

 The team against which the bowler was playing

 Inn .

 The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved

 Test

 The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams

 Dismissals

 The three players dismissed by the bowler

 Venue

 The venue where the hat - trick was achieved

 Date

 The date on which the hat - trick was achieved

 Ref .

 Reference

 List of Test cricket hat - tricks

 No .

 Bowler

 For

 Against

 Inn .

 Test

 Dismissals

 Venue

 Date

 Ref .

 Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth

 Australia

 England

 1 / 1

 Vernon Royle ( b )

 Francis MacKinnon ( b )

 Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan )

 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne

 2 January 1879

 Bates , Billy Billy Bates

 England

 Australia

 2 / 3

 Percy McDonnell ( b )

 George Giffen ( c and b )

 George Bonnor ( c Walter Read )

 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne

 20 January 1883

 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs

 England

 Australia

 2 / 3

 Walter Giffen ( b )

 Jack Blackham ( lbw )

 Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace )

 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney

 2 February 1892

 Lohmann , George George Lohmann

 England

 South Africa

 1 / 3

 Frederick Cook ( b )

 Bonnor Middleton ( b )

 Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward )

 St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth

 14 February 1896

 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne

 England

 Australia

 3 / 5

 Clem Hill ( b )

 Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren )

 Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji )

 Headingley , Leeds

 30 June 1899

 6

 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble

 Australia

 England

 2 / 5

 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones )

 Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling )

 Sydney Barnes ( c and b )

 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne

 4 January 1902

 7

 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble

 Australia

 England

 5 / 5

 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs )

 Plum Warner ( c and b )

 Dick Lilley ( lbw )

 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne

 8 March 1904

 8

 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews

 Australia

 South Africa

 1 / 3

 Rolland Beaumont ( b )

 Sid Pegler ( lbw )

 Tommy Ward ( lbw )

 Old Trafford , Manchester

 28 May 1912

 9

 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews

 Australia

 South Africa

 1 / 3

 Herbie Taylor ( b )

 Reggie Schwarz ( c and b )

 Tommy Ward ( c and b )

 Old Trafford , Manchester

 28 May 1912

 10

 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom

 England

 New Zealand

 1 / 4

 Tom Lowry ( lbw )

 Ken James ( c Tich Cornford )

 Ted Badcock ( b )

 Lancaster Park , Christchurch

 10 January 1930

 11

 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard

 England

 South Africa

 1 / 5

 Dudley Nourse ( c and b )

 Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames )

 Billy Wade ( b )

 Old Wanderers , Johannesburg

 26 December 1938

 12

 Loader , Peter Peter Loader

 England

 West Indies

 4 / 5

 John Goddard ( b )

 Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman )

 Roy Gilchrist ( b )

 Headingley , Leeds

 25 July 1957

 13

 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline

 Australia

 South Africa

 2 / 5

 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud )

 Hugh Tayfield ( lbw )

 Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson )

 Newlands , Cape Town

 3 January 1958

 14

 Hall , Wes Wes Hall

 West Indies

 Pakistan

 3 / 3

 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw )

 Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers )

 Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b )

 Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore

 29 March 1959

 15

 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin

 South Africa

 England

 2 / 5

 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite )

 Peter Walker ( b )

 Fred Trueman ( b )

 Lord 's , London

 24 June 1960

 16

 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs

 West Indies

 Australia

 4 / 5

 Ken Mackay ( lbw )

 Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers )

 Frank Misson ( b )

 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide

 30 January 1961

 17

 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick

 New Zealand

 Pakistan

 1 / 3

 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee )

 Wasim Raja ( c and b )

 Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth )

 Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore

 9 October 1976

 18

 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh

 West Indies

 Australia

 1 & 2

 1 / 5

 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards )

 Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper )

 Graeme Wood ( lbw )

 Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane

 18 -- 20 November 1988

 19

 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes

 Australia

 West Indies

 1 & 2

 2 / 5

 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy )

 Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide )

 Gordon Greenidge ( lbw )

 WACA , Perth

 3 -- 4 December 1988

 20

 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming

 Australia

 Pakistan

 2 / 3

 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan )

 Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw )

 Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy )

 Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi

 9 October 1994

 21

 Warne , Shane Shane Warne

 Australia

 England

 2 / 5

 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw )

 Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy )

 Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon )

 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne

 29 December 1994

 22

 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork

 England

 West Indies

 4 / 6

 Richie Richardson ( b )

 Junior Murray ( lbw )

 Carl Hooper ( lbw )

 Old Trafford , Manchester

 30 July 1995

 23

 Gough , Darren Darren Gough

 England

 Australia

 5 / 5

 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg )

 Stuart MacGill ( b )

 Colin Miller ( b )

 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney

 2 January 1999

 24

 Wasim Akram

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 3 / 4

 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan )

 Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b )

 Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b )

 Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore

 6 March 1999

 25

 Wasim Akram

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 4 / 4

 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi )

 Chaminda Vaas ( b )

 Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti )

 Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka

 14 March 1999

 26

 Nuwan Zoysa

 Sri Lanka

 Zimbabwe

 2 / 3

 Trevor Gripper ( lbw )

 Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana )

 Neil Johnson ( lbw )

 Harare Sports Club , Harare

 26 November 1999

 27

 Abdul Razzaq

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 2 / 3

 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan )

 Rangana Herath ( lbw )

 Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw )

 Galle International Stadium , Galle

 21 June 2000

 28

 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath

 Australia

 West Indies

 2 / 5

 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting )

 Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill )

 Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer )

 WACA , Perth

 1 December 2000

 29

 Harbhajan Singh

 India

 Australia

 2 / 3

 Ricky Ponting ( lbw )

 Adam Gilchrist ( lbw )

 Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh )

 Eden Gardens , Calcutta

 11 March 2001

 30

 Mohammad Sami

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 3 / 3

 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw )

 Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw )

 Muttiah Muralitharan ( b )

 Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore

 8 March 2002

 31

 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson

 West Indies

 Australia

 1 & 2

 3 / 4

 Brett Lee ( b )

 Stuart MacGill ( b )

 Justin Langer ( lbw )

 Kensington Oval , Bridgetown

 2 -- 5 May 2003

 32

 Alok Kapali

 Bangladesh

 Pakistan

 2 / 3

 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza )

 Danish Kaneria ( lbw )

 Umar Gul ( lbw )

 Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar

 29 August 2003

 33

 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut

 Zimbabwe

 Bangladesh

 1 / 2

 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw )

 Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) )

 Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu )

 Harare Sports Club , Harare

 22 February 2004

 34

 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard

 England

 West Indies

 3 / 4

 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles )

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw )

 Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff )

 Kensington Oval , Barbados

 3 April 2004

 35

 Franklin , James James Franklin

 New Zealand

 Bangladesh

 1 / 2

 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum )

 Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris )

 Tapash Baisya ( b )

 Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka

 20 October 2004

 36

 Irfan Pathan

 India

 Pakistan

 3 / 3

 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid )

 Younis Khan ( lbw )

 Mohammad Yousuf ( b )

 National Stadium , Karachi

 29 January 2006

 37

 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom

 England

 New Zealand

 1 / 3

 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook )

 Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook )

 Jacob Oram ( lbw )

 Seddon Park , Hamilton

 8 March 2008

 38

 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle

 Australia

 England

 1 / 5

 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson )

 Matt Prior ( b )

 Stuart Broad ( lbw )

 Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane

 25 November 2010

 39

 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad

 England

 India

 2 / 4

 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson )

 Harbhajan Singh ( lbw )

 Praveen Kumar ( b )

 Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire

 30 July 2011

 40

 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi

 Bangladesh

 New Zealand

 1 / 2

 Corey Anderson ( lbw )

 BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim )

 Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan )

 Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong

 13 October 2013

 41

 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad

 England

 Sri Lanka

 2 / 2

 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell )

 Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook )

 Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior )

 Headingley , Leeds

 20 June 2014

 42

 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath

 Sri Lanka

 Australia

 2 / 3

 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne )

 Peter Nevill ( lbw )

 Mitchell Starc ( lbw )

 Galle International Stadium , Galle

 5 August 2016

 43

 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali

 England

 South Africa

 3 / 4

 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes )

 Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes )

 Morné Morkel ( lbw )

 The Oval , London

 31 July 2017

 By team ( edit )

 England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) .

 Test hat - tricks by team

 Team

 Hat - tricks

 England

 14

 Australia

 11

 Pakistan

 West Indies

 Bangladesh

 India

 Sri Lanka

 New Zealand

 South Africa

 Zimbabwe

 See also ( edit )

 List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks

 List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks

 References ( edit )

 General ( edit )

 `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Specific ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 .

 Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 .

 Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 .

 Cricket records

 Test records

 By team

 Australia

 Bangladesh

 England

 India

 New Zealand

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 South Africa

 West Indies

 Zimbabwe

 Batting

 Most career runs

 Triple centuries

 Centuries in both innings

 Centuries on debut

 Bowling

 Most career wickets

 Five - wicket hauls on debut

 Double five - wicket hauls on debut

 Hat - tricks

 ODI records

 By team

 Australia

 Bangladesh

 England

 India

 New Zealand

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 South Africa

 West Indies

 Zimbabwe

 Batting

 Most career runs

 Highest individual scores

 Double centuries

 Centuries on debut

 Bowling

 Most career wickets

 Hat - tricks

 Five - wicket haul on debut

 T20I records

 By team

 Australia

 Bangladesh

 England

 India

 Nepal

 New Zealand

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

 South Africa

 West Indies

 Zimbabwe

 Batting

 Centuries

 Bowling

 Five - wicket hauls

 Hat - tricks

 Miscellaneous records

 International Centuries

 Career Five Wicket Hauls

 100 wickets in a season

 Wicket with first ball

 World Cup records

 First - class records

 Batsmen with 100 FC centuries

 FC quadruple centuries

 Ranji Trophy

 List - A records

 Centuries by ground

 Five - wicket hauls by ground

 Twenty20 records

 Under - 19 records

 Women 's cricket

 Test records

 ODI records

 T20I records

 Test centuries

 ODI centuries

 T20I centuries

 Hat - tricks

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories :

 Cricket - related lists

 Test cricket hat - trick takers

 Test cricket records

 Hidden categories :

 All articles with dead external links

 Articles with dead external links from October 2017

 Articles with permanently dead external links

 Articles with hCards

 Featured lists

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 বাংলা

 मराठी

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket


Five Pillars of Islam - wikipedia

 Five Pillars of Islam

 Jump to : navigation , search

 ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Aqidah

 Five Pillars of Islam ( show )

 Shahada

 Salah

 Sawm

 Zakat

 Hajj

 Sunni ( show ) Six articles of belief

 God

 Prophets

 Holy books

 Angels

 The Last Judgement

 Predestination

 Sunni theological traditions

 Ilm al - Kalam

 Ash'ari

 Maturidi

 Sunni Murji'ah

 Traditionalist

 Shi'a ( show ) Twelver

 Principles

 Tawhid

 Adalah

 Prophecy

 Imamah

 Qiyamah

 Practices

 Salah

 Sawm

 Zakat

 Hajj

 Khums

 Jihad

 Commanding what is just

 Forbidding what is evil

 Tawalla

 Tabarra

 Seven pillars of Ismailism

 Walayah

 Tawhid

 Salah

 Zakat

 Sawm

 Hajj

 Jihad

 Other Shia concepts of Aqidah

 Imamate

 Batin

 Sixth Pillar of Islam

 Other schools of theology ( show )

 Khawarij

 Ibadi

 Murji'ah

 Qadariyah

 Muʿtazila

 Sufism

 Including : Jahmi ; Karramiyya ; Alawites & Qizilbash Sevener - Qarmatians , Assassins & Druzes Ajardi , Azariqa , Bayhasiyya , Najdat & Sūfrī Nūkkārī ; Bahshamiyya & Ikhshîdiyya Alevism , Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya Islam portal

 Part of a series on

 Islam

 Beliefs ( show )

 Oneness of God

 Prophets

 Revealed books

 Angels

 Predestination

 Day of Resurrection

 Practices ( hide )

 Profession of faith

 Prayer

 Fasting

 Alms - giving

 Pilgrimage

 Texts and laws ( show )

 Quran

 Sunnah

 Hadith

 Sharia ( law )

 Fiqh ( jurisprudence )

 Kalam ( dialectic )

 History ( show )

 Timeline

 Muhammad

 Ahl al - Bayt

 Sahabah

 Rashidun

 Imamate

 Caliphate

 Spread of Islam

 Culture and society ( show )

 Calendar

 Festivals

 Academics

 Art

 Moral teachings

 Children

 Denominations

 Feminism

 Women

 Madrasa

 Mosque

 Philosophy

 Politics

 Proselytizing

 Animals

 LGBT

 Science

 Demographics

 Economics

 Finance

 Social welfare

 Related topics ( show )

 Criticism of Islam

 Islam and other religions

 Islamism

 Islamophobia

 Glossary

 Islam portal

 The Five Pillars of Islam ( arkān al - Islām أركان الإسلام ; also arkān al - dīn أركان الدين `` pillars of the religion '' ) are five basic acts in Islam , considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life . They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel .

 The Shia , Ahmadiyya and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts , but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name ( see Ancillaries of the Faith , for the Twelvers , and Seven pillars of Ismailism ) . They make up Muslim life , prayer , concern for the needy , self - purification and the pilgrimage , if one is able .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Pillars of Sunni Islam

 1.1 Shahada : Faith

 1.2 Salat : prayer

 1.3 Zakāt : charity

 1.4 Sawm : fasting

 1.5 Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca

 2 Pillars of Shia Islam

 2.1 Twelvers

 2.2 Ismailis

 3 See also

 4 References

 5 Bibliography

 5.1 Books and journals

 5.2 Encyclopedias

 6 External links

 Pillars of Sunni Islam

 The Five Pillars of Islam An artwork depicting the 5 pillars

 Shahada : Faith

 Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God 's messenger . It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic : lā ʾilāha ʾillā - llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu - llāh ( لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله ) `` There is no god but God ( and ) Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam .

 Salat : prayer

 Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying ( making salat ) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan .

 Salat ( ṣalāh ) is the Islamic prayer . Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna ; the names are according to the prayer times : Fajr ( dawn ) , Dhuhr ( noon ) , ʿAṣr ( afternoon ) , Maghrib ( evening ) , and ʿIshāʾ ( night ) . The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise , Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point , Asr is the evening prayer before sunset , Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer . All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah . Muslims must wash before prayer ; this washing is called wudu ( `` purification '' ) . The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including ; bowing with hands on knees , standing , prostrating and sitting in a special position ( not on the heels , nor on the buttocks ) . A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere , such as in offices , universities , and fields . However , the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship .

 Zakāt : charity

 Zakāt or alms - giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth . The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth . The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth . Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so . It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality . Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one 's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy , like debtors or travelers . A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ) , rather than to achieve additional divine reward .

 There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt :

 The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt .

 The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due .

 After the offering , the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means .

 Payment must be in kind . This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income . If a person does not have much money , then they should compensate for it in different ways , such as good deeds and good behavior toward others .

 The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken .

 Sawm : fasting

 Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates ( like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City ) , as was the recorded practice ( Sunnah ) of Muhammad .

 Three types of fasting ( Siyam ) are recognized by the Quran : Ritual fasting , fasting as compensation for repentance ( both from sura Al - Baqara ) , and ascetic fasting ( from Al - Ahzab ) .

 Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan . Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month , and are to be especially mindful of other sins . Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so ) .

 The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God , to express their gratitude to and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and to remind them of the needy . During Ramadan , Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence , anger , envy , greed , lust , profane language , gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better . In addition , all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided .

 Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory , but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic . These include pre-pubescent children , those with a medical condition such as diabetes , elderly people , and pregnant or breastfeeding women . Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women . Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling . Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward , although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance .

 Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca

 The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life . When the pilgrim is around 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) from Mecca , he / she must dress in Ihram clothing , which consists of two white sheets . Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca . After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca , he / she is known as a hajj / hajja ( one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca ) . The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf , touching the Black Stone termed Istilam , traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee .

 The pilgrim , or the haji , is honoured in the Muslim community . Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God , not a means to gain social standing . The believer should be self - aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage . This should lead to constant striving for self - improvement . A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah , and while not mandatory is strongly recommended . Also , they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms - giving feast .

 Pillars of Shia Islam

 Twelvers

 Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al - Din and ten Furu al - Din , i.e. , the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices . The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al - Din , equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars , are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam , and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above . They are :

 Tawhid ( Monotheism : belief in the Oneness of God )

 Adl ( Divine Justice : belief in the Almighty 's justice )

 Nubuwwah ( Prophethood )

 Imamah ( Succession to the Muhammad )

 Mi'ad ( The Day of Judgment and the Resurrection )

 In addition to these Five Pillars , there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform , called the Ancillaries of the Faith ( Arabic : furūʿ al - dīn ) .

 Salah

 Sawm

 Zakat , similar to Sunni Islam , it applies to money , cattle , silver , gold , dates , raisins , wheat , and barley .

 Khums : an annual taxation of one - fifth ( 20 % ) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using . Khums is paid to the Imams ; indirectly to poor and needy people .

 Hajj

 Jihad

 Enjoining good

 Forbidding wrong

 Tawalla : expressing love towards Good .

 Tabarra : expressing disassociation and hatred towards Evil .

 Ismailis

 Main article : Seven pillars of Ismailism

 Isma'ilis have their own pillars , which are as follows :

 Walayah `` Guardianship '' denotes love and devotion to God , the prophets , and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives

 Tawhid , `` Oneness of God '' .

 Salat : Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims , Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer .

 Zakat : with the exception of the Druze , all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers , with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums .

 Sawm : Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting .

 Hajj : For Ismailis , this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages . The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca . The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as `` fleeing from devils and oppressors '' and rarely go to Mecca .

 Jihad `` Struggle '' : `` the Greater Struggle '' and `` the Lesser Struggle '' .

 See also

 Islamic theology

 Sixth Pillar of Islam

 Jewish principles of faith

 References

 Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 .

 Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . United Kingdom : Oxford University . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ `` Five Pillars '' . United Kingdom : Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . Canada : University of Calgary . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . United Kingdom : BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online

 Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` arkan ad - din the five pillars of religion '' . United States : Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 .

 Jump up ^ Hajj

 Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online

 Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer , ' ' Islam ' ' , Info base Publishing , 2009 . Books.Google.fr. 2009 . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438117782 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 .

 Jump up ^ Ridgeon ( 2003 ) , p. 258

 Jump up ^ Zakat , Encyclopaedia of Islam Online

 Jump up ^ Zakat Alms - giving

 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 183 -- 187

 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 196

 Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 35

 Jump up ^ Fasting , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an ( 2005 )

 ^ Jump up to : Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 144 - 145

 Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9

 Jump up ^ Esposito ( 1998 ) , p. 90 , 91

 Jump up ^ Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) , p. 211,213

 Jump up ^ `` For whom fasting is mandatory '' . USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 .

 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184

 Jump up ^ Khan ( 2006 ) , p. 54

 Jump up ^ Islam , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 )

 Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 145 - 147

 ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg ( 2000 ) , p. 237 -- 238

 Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 2005 ) , p. 48

 Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Islamic Beliefs ( the Pillars of Islam ) '' in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al - Qazwini . http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/

 Jump up ^ Walsh , John Evangelist . Walking shadows : Orson Welles , William Randolph Hearst , and Citizen Kane . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press / Popular Press , 2004 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims '' . Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn , missionaries and Rhyaftgan .

 Jump up ^ `` Isma'ilism '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 .

 Bibliography

 Books and journals

 Brockopp , Jonathan ; Tamara Sonn ; Jacob Neusner ( 2000 ) . Judaism and Islam in Practice : A Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21673 - 7 .

 Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 .

 Muhammad Hedayetullah ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 .

 Khan , Arshad ( 2006 ) . Islam 101 : Principles and Practice . Khan Consulting and Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 9772838 - 3 - 6 .

 Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 .

 Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi ` i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi ` ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 .

 Levy , Reuben ( 1957 ) . The Social Structure of Islam . UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09182 - 4 .

 Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) . Islamic teachings : An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam . R. Campbell ( translator ) . Green Gold . ISBN 0 - 922817 - 00 - 6 .

 Arthur Goldschmidt Jr . & Lawrence Davidson ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 .

 Hoiberg , Dale ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Encyclopædia Britannica ( UK ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 .

 Ridgeon , Lloyd ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29796 - 7 .

 Encyclopedias

 P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 .

 Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 .

 External links

 Tenets of Islam

 Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online

 Pillars of Islam . A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam .

 Five Pillars of Islam . Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam .

 Islam topics

 Outline of Islam

 Beliefs

 God in Islam

 Tawhid

 Muhammad

 In Islam

 Prophets of Islam

 Five Pillars

 Shahada

 Salah

 Sawm

 Zakat

 Hajj

 History

 Leaders

 Timeline of Muslim history

 Conquests

 Golden Age

 Historiography

 Sahaba

 Ahl al - Bayt

 Shi'a Imams

 Caliphates

 Rashidun

 Umayyad

 Abbasid

 Córdoba

 Fatimid

 Almohad

 Sokoto

 Ottoman

 Religious texts

 Quran

 Sunnah

 Hadith

 Tafsir

 Seerah

 Denominations

 Sunni

 Shia

 Ibadi

 Black Muslims

 Ahmadiyya

 Quranism

 Non-denominational

 Life

 Culture

 Animals

 Art

 Calendar

 Children

 Clothing

 Holidays

 Mosques

 Madrasas

 Moral teachings

 Music

 Philosophy

 Political aspects

 Qurbani

 Science

 medieval

 Social welfare

 Women

 LGBT

 Islam by country

 Law

 Jurisprudence

 Economics

 Banking

 Economic history

 Sukuk

 Takaful

 Murabaha

 Riba

 Hygiene

 Ghusl

 Miswak

 Najis

 Tayammum

 Toilet

 Wudu

 Marriage

 Sex

 Marriage contract

 Mahr

 Mahram

 Masturbation

 Nikah

 Nikah Mut'ah

 Zina

 Other aspects

 Cleanliness

 Criminal

 Dhabiĥa

 Dhimmi

 Divorce

 Diet

 Ethics

 Etiquette

 Gambling

 Gender segregation

 Honorifics

 Hudud

 Inheritance

 Jizya

 Leadership

 Ma malakat aymanukum

 Military

 POWs

 Slavery

 Sources of law

 Theological

 baligh

 kalam

 Islamic studies

 Arts

 Arabesque

 Architecture

 Calligraphy

 Carpets

 Gardens

 Geometric patterns

 Music

 Pottery

 Medieval science

 Alchemy and chemistry

 Astronomy

 Cosmology

 Geography and cartography

 Mathematics

 Medicine

 Ophthalmology

 Physics

 Philosophy

 Early

 Contemporary

 Eschatology

 Theological

 Other areas

 Astrology

 Creationism ( evolution )

 Feminism

 Inventions

 Liberalism and progressivism

 Literature

 poetry

 Psychology

 Shu'ubiyya

 Conversion to mosques

 Other religions

 Christianity

 Mormonism

 Protestantism

 Hinduism

 Jainism

 Judaism

 Sikhism

 Related topics

 Apostasy

 Criticism of Islam

 Cultural Muslim

 Islamism

 Criticism

 Post-Islamism

 Qutbism

 Salafi movement

 Islamophobia

 Incidents

 Islamic terrorism

 Islamic view of miracles

 Domestic violence

 Nursing

 Persecution of Muslims

 Quran and miracles

 Symbolism

 Islam portal

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Pillars_of_Islam&oldid=817974268 '' Categories :

 Cultural lists

 Five Pillars of Islam

 Commandments

 Islamic terminology

 Hidden categories :

 All articles with dead external links

 Articles with dead external links from July 2016

 Articles with permanently dead external links

 Articles with dead external links from August 2012

 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

 Articles containing Arabic - language text

 Talk

 View source

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Afrikaans

 Armãneashti

 Azərbaycanca

 বাংলা

 Basa Banyumasan

 Башҡортса

 Български

 Bosanski

 Brezhoneg

 Català

 Čeština

 Cymraeg

 Dansk

 Eesti

 Ελληνικά

 Español

 Esperanto

 Euskara

 فارسی

 Français

 Gaeilge

 Galego

 한국어

 Հայերեն

 Hrvatski

 Bahasa Indonesia

 Italiano

 עברית

 Basa Jawa

 ქართული

 Қазақша

 Latina

 Latviešu

 Magyar

 മലയാളം

 مصرى

 Bahasa Melayu

 Nederlands

 日本 語

 Нохчийн

 Norsk

 Norsk nynorsk

 پښتو

 Patois

 Polski

 Português

 Română

 Русский

 Shqip

 සිංහල

 Simple English

 Slovenščina

 Soomaaliga

 کوردی

 Српски / srpski

 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски

 Suomi

 Svenska

 Tagalog

 தமிழ்

 Татарча / tatarça

 తెలుగు

 Тоҷикӣ

 Türkçe

 Українська

 اردو

 Tiếng Việt

 Wolof

 Yorùbá

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 18 : 28 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: what are the five pillars of islam in arabic