Vascular tissue - wikipedia

 Vascular tissue

 Jump to : navigation , search Cross section of celery stalk , showing vascular bundles , which include both phloem and xylem . Detail of the vasculature of a bramble leaf . This article is about vascular tissue in plants . For transport in animals , see Circulatory system .

 Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue , formed of more than one cell type , found in vascular plants . The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem . These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally . There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue : the vascular cambium and the cork cambium . All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant .

 The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender . Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water , minerals , and nutrients throughout the plant , it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes . The individual cells of phloem are connected end - to - end , just as the sections of a pipe might be . As the plant grows , new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant . The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue , maintaining its connection throughout the plant . The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long , discrete strands called vascular bundles . These bundles include both xylem and phloem , as well as supporting and protective cells . In stems and roots , the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem . In the stems of some Asterales dicots , there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well .

 Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium . This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem . This growth increases the girth of the plant , rather than its length . As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells , the plant will continue to grow more stout . In trees and other plants that develop wood , the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth . Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem , woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem . The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss . Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth .

 In leaves , the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll . The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf ( usually the upper side ) , and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf . This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top , since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface .

 See also ( edit )

 Xylem

 Phloem

 Cork cambium

 Vascular cambium

 Vascular plant

 Stele ( biology )

 Circulatory system

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Question: where is most vascular tissue found in plants


Most common words in English - wikipedia

 Most common words in English

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 Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English . Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus ( OEC ) , a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language . A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier .

 In total , the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words . The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples , such as literary works , novels , academic journals , newspapers , magazines , Hansard 's Parliamentary Debates , blogs , chat logs , and emails .

 Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus , which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s . The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967 . Their findings were similar , but not identical , to the findings of the OEC analysis .

 According to The Reading Teacher 's Book of Lists , the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one - third of all printed material in English , and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English . According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English , all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo - Saxon origin .

 Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms , while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme ( the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary ) . For example , the lexeme be ( as in to be ) comprises all its conjugations ( is , was , are , were , etc . ) , and contractions of those conjugations . Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50 % of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 100 most common words

 1.1 Parts of speech

 1.1. 1 Nouns

 1.1. 2 Verbs

 1.1. 3 Adjectives

 1.1. 4 Prepositions

 1.1. 5 Others

 2 See also

 2.1 Word lists

 3 References

 4 External links

 100 most common words

 Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus ( a large collection of texts in the English language ) , the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below .

 The table also includes frequencies from other corpora , note that as well as usage differences , lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of `` to '' from the use as a particle . Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank .

 Word

 Parts of speech

 OEC rank

 COCA rank

 Dolch level

 the

 Article

 Pre-primer

 be

 Verb

 primer

 to

 Preposition

 7 , 9

 Pre-primer

 of

 Preposition

 Grade 1

 and

 Conjunction

 5

 Pre-primer

 Article

 6

 5

 Pre-primer

 in

 Preposition

 7

 6 , 128 , 3038

 Pre-primer

 that

 Conjunction et al .

 8

 12 , 27 , 903

 primer

 have

 Verb

 9

 8

 primer

 Pronoun

 10

 11

 Pre-primer

 it

 Pronoun

 11

 10

 Pre-primer

 for

 Preposition

 12

 13 , 2339

 Pre-primer

 not

 Adverb et al .

 13

 28 , 2929

 Pre-primer

 on

 Preposition

 14

 17 , 155

 primer

 with

 Preposition

 15

 16

 primer

 he

 Pronoun

 16

 15

 primer

 as

 Adverb , conjunction , et al .

 17

 33 , 49 , 129

 Grade 1

 you

 Pronoun

 18

 14

 Pre-primer

 do

 Verb , noun

 19

 18

 primer

 at

 Preposition

 20

 22

 primer

 this

 Determiner , adverb , noun

 21

 20 , 4665

 primer

 but

 Preposition , adverb , conjunction

 22

 23 , 1715

 primer

 his

 Possessive pronoun

 23

 25 , 1887

 Grade 1

 by

 Preposition

 24

 30 , 1190

 Grade 1

 from

 Preposition

 25

 26

 Grade 1

 they

 Pronoun

 26

 21

 primer

 we

 Pronoun

 27

 24

 Pre-primer

 say

 Verb et al .

 28

 19

 primer

 her

 Possessive pronoun

 29 , 106

 42

 Grade 1

 she

 Pronoun

 30

 31

 primer

 or

 Conjunction

 31

 32

 Grade 2

 an

 Article

 32

 ( a )

 Grade 1

 will

 Verb , noun

 33

 48 , 1506

 primer

 my

 Possessive pronoun

 34

 44

 Pre-primer

 one

 Noun , adjective , et al .

 35

 51 , 104 , 839

 Pre-primer

 all

 Adjective

 36

 43 , 222

 primer

 would

 Verb

 37

 41

 Grade 2

 there

 Adverb , pronoun , et al .

 38

 53 , 116

 primer

 their

 Possessive pronoun

 39

 36

 Grade 2

 what

 Pronoun , adverb , et al .

 40

 34

 primer

 so

 Conjunction , adverb , et al .

 41

 55 , 196

 primer

 up

 Adverb , preposition , et al .

 42

 50 , 456

 Pre-primer

 out

 Preposition

 43

 64 , 149

 primer

 if

 Conjunction

 44

 40

 Grade 3

 about

 Preposition , adverb , et al .

 45

 46 , 179

 Grade 3

 who

 Pronoun , noun

 46

 38

 primer

 get

 Verb

 47

 39

 primer

 which

 48

 58

 Grade 2

 go

 Verb , noun

 49

 35

 Pre-primer

 me

 Pronoun

 50

 61

 Pre-primer

 when

 51

 57 , 136

 Grade 1

 make

 Verb , noun

 52

 45

 can

 53

 37 , 2973

 like

 54

 74 , 208 , 1123 , 1684 , 2702

 time

 55

 52

 no

 56

 93 , 699 , 916 , 1111 , 4555

 just

 Adjective

 57

 66 , 1823

 him

 Pronoun

 58

 68

 know

 Verb , noun

 59

 47

 take

 Verb , noun

 60

 63

 people

 Noun

 61

 62

 into

 62

 65

 year

 Noun

 63

 54

 your

 Possessive pronoun

 64

 69

 good

 Adjective

 65

 110 , 2280

 some

 66

 60

 could

 Verb

 67

 71

 them

 68

 59

 see

 Verb

 69

 67

 other

 70

 75 , 715 , 2355

 than

 71

 73 , 712

 then

 72

 77

 now

 73

 72 , 1906

 look

 Verb

 74

 85 , 604

 only

 75

 101 , 329

 come

 Verb

 76

 70

 its

 Possessive pronoun

 77

 78

 over

 Preposition

 78

 124 , 182

 think

 79

 56

 also

 80

 87

 back

 81

 108 , 323 , 1877

 after

 Preposition

 82

 120 , 260

 use

 Verb , noun

 83

 92 , 429

 two

 84

 80

 how

 85

 76

 our

 Possessive pronoun

 86

 79

 work

 Verb , noun

 87

 117 , 199

 first

 88

 86 , 2064

 well

 Adverb

 89

 100 , 644

 way

 90

 84 , 4090

 even

 91

 107 , 484

 new

 Adjective et al .

 92

 88

 want

 93

 83

 because

 94

 89 , 509

 any

 95

 109 , 4720

 these

 96

 82

 give

 Verb

 97

 98

 day

 98

 90

 most

 99

 144 , 187

 us

 Pronoun

 100

 113

 Parts of speech

 The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech . The list labeled `` Others '' includes pronouns , possessives , articles , modal verbs , adverbs , and conjunctions .

 Nouns

 time

 person

 year

 way

 day

 thing

 man

 world

 life

 hand

 part

 child

 eye

 woman

 place

 work

 week

 case

 point

 government

 company

 number

 group

 problem

 fact

 Verbs

 be

 have

 do

 say

 get

 make

 go

 know

 take

 see

 come

 think

 look

 want

 give

 use

 find

 tell

 ask

 work

 seem

 feel

 try

 leave

 call

 Adjectives

 good

 new

 first

 last

 long

 great

 little

 own

 other

 old

 right

 big

 high

 different

 small

 large

 next

 early

 young

 important

 few

 public

 bad

 same

 able

 Prepositions

 to

 of

 in

 for

 on

 with

 at

 by

 from

 up

 about

 into

 over

 after

 Others

 the

 and

 that

 it

 not

 he

 as

 you

 this

 but

 his

 they

 her

 she

 or

 an

 will

 my

 one

 all

 would

 there

 their

 See also

 Languages portal

 Basic English

 Frequency analysis , the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters

 Letter frequencies

 Oxford English Corpus

 Swadesh list , a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical - comparative linguistics

 Zipf 's law , a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table

 Word lists

 Dolch Word List , a list of frequently used English words

 General Service List

 Word lists by frequency

 References

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Oxford English Corpus : Facts about the language '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . What is the commonest word ? . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Oxford English Corpus '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 .

 Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words .

 Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Mother Tongue : English and How It Got That Way , Harper Perennial , 2001 , page 58

 Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer . June 22 , 2006 . Time after time after time ... Language Log . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 .

 Jump up ^ `` Word frequency : based on 450 million word COCA corpus '' . www.wordfrequency.info . Retrieved 11 April 2018 .

 External links

 Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_common_words_in_English&oldid=835929341 '' Categories :

 Lists of English words

 Hidden categories :

 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

 Talk

 Article

 Talk

 View source

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 עברית

 Simple English

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 16 : 50 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: how common is the word in the english language


The Black stallion ( film ) - wikipedia

 The Black stallion ( film )

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 The Black Stallion

 1979 poster

 Directed by

 Carroll Ballard

 Produced by

 Fred Roos

 Francis Ford Coppola

 Tom Sternberg

 Screenplay by

 Melissa Mathison

 Jeanne Rosenberg

 William D. Wittliff

 Based on

 The Black Stallion by Walter Farley

 Starring

 Kelly Reno

 Mickey Rooney

 Teri Garr

 Music by

 Carmine Coppola

 Cinematography

 Caleb Deschanel

 Edited by

 Robert Dalva

 Production company

 American Zoetrope

 Distributed by

 United Artists

 Release date

 October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 )

 Running time

 118 minutes

 Country

 United States

 Language

 English

 Budget

 $2.7 million

 Box office

 $37.8 million

 The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children 's novel The Black Stallion by Walter Farley . But the film starts in 1946 , five years after the book was published . It tells the story of Alec Ramsey , who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with a wild Arabian stallion whom he befriends . After being rescued , they are set on entering a race challenging two champion horses .

 The film is adapted by Melissa Mathison , Jeanne Rosenberg and William D. Wittliff . It is directed by Carroll Ballard . The movie stars Kelly Reno , Mickey Rooney , Teri Garr , Hoyt Axton , and the Arabian horse Cass Ole . The film features music by Carmine Coppola , the father of Hollywood producer Francis Ford Coppola , who was the executive producer of the film .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Plot

 2 Cast

 2.1 Horses

 3 Awards and honors

 3.1 Academy Awards

 3.2 Golden Globe Awards

 3.3 British Academy Awards

 3.4 LA Film Critics Awards

 3.5 Others

 4 Sequel , prequel and television series

 5 See also

 6 References

 7 External links

 Plot ( edit )

 In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa , where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter . Captivated by the horse , Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes , but he is caught by the horse 's supposed owner , who tells him in Arabic to stay away from Shetan and shoves the boy away .

 Later in their cabin , Alec 's father shows Alec his winnings from a card game and gives him a pocket knife and a small statue of Bucephalus , and tells the story of how Alexander the Great became Bucephalus ' master . Later that night , Alec is thrown out of his bunk ; he grabs his knife and his Bucephalus statue and joins his father on the other side of the cabin . His father puts Alec into a life jacket and they struggle with the rest of the passengers to get on deck . The ship is in flames and has started to sink . Alec 's father leaves him by the compartment holding The Black to go help the crew . In the chaos , Alec opens the compartment hatch but is attacked by Shetan 's owner who cuts Alec 's life jacket off him so he can take it for himself . Alec 's father rescues Alec from his attacker but the life jacket is lost and father & son are separated . The black stallion breaks free from his compartment and then jumps into the sea . Alec himself is swept overboard by a gigantic wave . Once in the water , he swims toward the stallion and managed to grab hold of the ropes that were previously restraining the stallion .

 Alec wakes on the shore of a deserted island and starts to explore . He finds the stallion caught in his restraints with the ropes stuck between the rocks . With his knife , Alec manages to free the stallion once again and the stallion runs away . For a time , the two keep their distance . Alec discovers means to survive by catching fish and seaweed . As Alec suddenly faces a cobra eye to eye , the Black comes to the rescue and kills the snake , only to run off again .

 By now , Alec decides to try to get closer to the horse and offer him some seaweed . The hungry stallion finds himself unable to resist , but visibly struggles with his distrust for humans . Eventually , the hunger wins and he takes Alec 's offer ; their bond has been sealed and the two are now inseparable . Alec even manages to ride the unbroken horse , after many times falling off the horse . One day , a fishing ship arrives , rescuing both Alec and the stallion .

 Back home in Flushing , NY , Alec is given a hero 's welcome . The Black has a temporary home in Alec 's backyard , but a garbage man not knowing that there is a wild horse in the backyard is chased by the Black , who races off down the street after being spooked by a passing car . Alec chases after him through every part of town , but loses track of him . The next day , Alec meets Snoe ( and Napoleon ) who tell him where the Black is . Alec finds the stallion in the barn of Henry Dailey , a retired jockey and racehorse trainer , who apparently spent all night catching the Black . Henry allows Alec to keep the Black in his barn .

 When Alec wonders how fast the Black is , Alec and Henry decide to train the Black for the racetrack , while Henry teaches Alec how to be a jockey . The Black surprises Henry with his speed . Henry immediately starts plotting to get the Black into a match race between two of the country 's current champions , to be held at Santa Anita , California . To do that , he sets up a secret demonstration at night where the press can witness his speed , keeping the identity of Alec and the Black secret . The news about the mystery horse is soon widespread and the Black is entered into the race .

 The race is the most anticipated horse - racing event of the year . Before the two champions and the Black enter the starting gate , the Black gets into a fight with one of his opponents , wounding his leg . Alec does not see the wound until he is in the gate . As he dismounts , the bell rings and the horses take off . Alec desperately tries to stay on his horse and trying to stop him . He falls behind , but the Black wo n't stop . When Alec regains his balance , the Black is well on his way to catch up with his opponents . Alec now encourages the Black to run as fast as he can , remembering the wild rides on the island , as they catch up . The Black eventually wins by two lengths .

 Cast ( edit )

 Kelly Reno as Alec Ramsay

 Mickey Rooney as Henry Dailey

 Teri Garr as Mrs. Ramsay , Alec 's mother

 Hoyt Axton as Mr. Ramsay , Alec 's father

 Clarence Muse as Snoe

 Michael Higgins as Jim Neville

 Ed McNamara as Jake

 Doghmi Larbi as Arab

 John Burton as Jockey No. 1

 John Buchanan as Jockey No. 2

 Kristen Vigard as Becky

 Fausto Tozzi as Rescue Captain

 John Karlsen as Archeologist

 Leopoldo Trieste as Priest

 Frank Cousins as African Chieftain

 Don Hudson as Zaurog

 Marne Maitland as Drake Captain

 Tom Dahlgren as Veterinarian

 Horses ( edit )

 Cass Ole , a champion Arabian stallion , was featured in most of the movie 's scenes , with Fae Jur , another black Arabian stallion , being his main double . Fae Jur 's main scene is the one where Alec is trying to gain the trust of the Black on the beach . Two other stunt doubles were used for running , fighting and swimming scenes .

 El Mokhtar , an Egyptian Arabian racehorse , was the producers ' first choice to portray the Black , but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners , who declined any offers . He does appear in The Black Stallion Returns , alongside Cass Ole , by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar 's services .

 Napoleon was portrayed by Junior , who previously appeared in National Lampoon 's Animal House as Trooper , Niedermeyer 's horse .

 Awards and honors ( edit )

 Academy Awards ( edit )

 The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards :

 Mickey Rooney was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role .

 Robert Dalva was nominated for Best Film Editing .

 In addition , Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing .

 Golden Globe Awards ( edit )

 Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original Score at the Golden Globe Awards . He later won the award in this category for his score of Apocalypse Now .

 British Academy Awards ( edit )

 Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards .

 La film Critics Awards ( edit )

 The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography ( Caleb Deschanel ) and Best Music ( Carmine Coppola ) .

 Others ( edit )

 The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography .

 In 2002 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

 Also , the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists :

 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated

 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated

 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 64

 Sequel , prequel and television series ( edit )

 The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel , The Black Stallion Returns , which also starred Reno . There was also a television series called The Adventures of the Black Stallion which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox . In 2003 , a 50 - minute prequel called The Young Black Stallion , was shot and released for IMAX theaters .

 See also ( edit )

 The Black Stallion books

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` The Black Stallion , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Junior '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 .

 Jump up ^ Cannady , Sheryl ( 2002 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 .

 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .

 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .

 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .

 External links ( edit )

 Official website

 The Black Stallion on IMDb

 The Black Stallion at AllMovie

 The Black Stallion at Rotten Tomatoes

 The Black Stallion at Box Office Mojo

 The Black Stallion at the TCM Movie Database

 The Black Stallion by Walter Farley

 Books

 The Black Stallion book series

 Films

 The Black Stallion ( 1979 )

 The Black Stallion Returns ( 1983 )

 The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 )

 Television

 The Adventures of the Black Stallion ( 1990 - 1993 )

 Related

 Cass Ole

 El Mokhtar

 Docs Keepin Time

 Films directed by Carroll Ballard

 The Black Stallion ( 1979 )

 Never Cry Wolf ( 1983 )

 Nutcracker : The Motion Picture ( 1986 )

 Wind ( 1992 )

 Fly Away Home ( 1996 )

 Duma ( 2005 )

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The Proud Family ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia

 The Proud Family ( soundtrack )

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 The Proud Family

 Soundtrack album by Various Artists

 Released

 April 20 , 2004 August 16 , 2005 ( Re-release )

 Genre

 Soul , hip hop , hip hop soul

 Label

 Walt Disney

 The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name . A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show , popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys , Jhené Aiko , India Arie , and Solange Knowles & Destiny 's Child ( who perform the theme song ) , and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays .

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Question: who sings the theme song for the proud family

Destiny 's Child
Solange Knowles
Destiny 's Child
Destiny 's Child
Solange Knowles
Solange Knowles