Reading FC - Wikipedia

 Reading FC

 Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Reading F.C. Women .

 Reading

 Full name

 Reading Football Club

 Nickname ( s )

 The Royals

 Founded

 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 )

 Ground

 Madejski Stadium

 Ground Capacity

 24,161

 Owner

 Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority )

 Chairman

 Sir John Madejski

 Manager

 Jaap Stam

 League

 Championship

 2016 -- 17

 Championship , 3rd

 Website

 Club website

 Home colours

 Away colours

 Current season

 Reading Football Club ( / ˈrɛdɪŋ / ( listen ) RED - ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football .

 Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006 -- 07 season . The club competed in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight .

 The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's co-chairman Sir John Madejski .

 The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006 -- 07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 2 Crest and colours

 3 Stadium

 4 Support

 4.1 Rivalries

 5 Sponsorship

 5.1 Additional kit sponsors

 6 Ownership and finances

 7 Players

 7.1 First - team squad

 7.2 Under - 23 squad

 7.3 Under - 18 squad

 7.4 Out on loan

 8 Records and statistics

 8.1 Notable players

 8.2 Player of the season

 8.3 International players

 8.4 Former players

 9 Club officials

 10 Managers

 11 Women 's team

 12 Honours

 12.1 Managerial

 13 Affiliated clubs

 14 References

 15 Bibliography

 16 External links

 History ( edit )

 Main article : History of Reading F.C. See also : Thames Valley Royals proposal

 Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose - built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write `` without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy '' .

 The team from the 1926 -- 27 season

 Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Reading 's best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926 -- 27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two - legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3 -- 2 at Stamford Bridge .

 When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The club 's record victory , 10 -- 2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners - up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948 -- 49 and 1951 -- 52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The side 's moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 .

 The appointment of Mark McGhee as player - manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty - five - year - old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners - up in the final Division One table -- only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play - off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Gooding 's contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 .

 The last ever competitive match played at Elm Park between Reading and Norwich City in May 1998

 The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all - seater Madejski Stadium , named after Chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000 -- 01 qualifying for the play - offs , losing 2 -- 3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002 -- 03 after finishing runners - up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play - offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell .

 Reading won the 2005 -- 06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English football 's top division for the first time in their history . The 2006 -- 07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship .

 Reading started the 2008 -- 09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play - offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010 -- 11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter - final , where they lost 1 -- 0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the division 's play - offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4 -- 2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011 -- 12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1 -- 0 home win against Nottingham Forest .

 McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012 -- 13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2 -- 1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0 -- 0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high - profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albion 's Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Reading 's expense .

 The summer before the 2014 -- 15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins ' second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6 -- 1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose to 2 -- 1 to Arsenal at Wembley .

 The 2015 -- 16 season saw the departures of long - serving players Adam Federici to AFC Bournemouth , Alex Pearce to Derby County and Jem Karacan to Galatasaray , but the arrivals Stephen Quinn and Paul McShane from Hull City , Orlando Sá from Legia Warsaw and Jonathan Bond from newly promoted Premier League side Watford . The summer spending continued , with goalkeeper Ali Al Habsi joining from recently relegated League 1 side Wigan Athletic , Paolo Hurtado from Paços de Ferreira and Andrew Taylor and Álex Fernández in on loan . The club then signed Lucas Piazon on a season - long loan deal from Chelsea just before the deadline day , as well as the signings of winger Ola John from Benfica and striker Matěj Vydra from Watford , both likewise season - long loan deals . The club would finish 17th that season .

 In the summer leading up to the 2016 -- 17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play - offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0 -- 0 draw after extra time .

 Crest and colours ( edit )

 Reading F.C. crest ( 1987 -- 96 ) A change from 1965 to 1969 saw Reading run out in sky blue

 The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter `` R '' . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet , this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 -- 96 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . In 1995 chairman Sir John Madejski said , `` I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . '' This crest only lasted from 1996 -- 98 when the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998 -- 99 season . It is based on the club colours , blue and white , and includes a crown to represent the County of Berkshire and a Maiwand Lion to represent Reading .

 Stadium ( edit )

 Main articles : Elm Park and Madejski Stadium

 The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878 -- 1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882 -- 1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889 -- 1896 ) .

 Elm Park was Reading 's stadium for 102 years , pictured in 1981

 In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as WB Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to `` rowdyism ( by ) the rougher elements '' . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . £ 20 was donated by JC Fidler , on the proviso that `` no liquors were to be sold '' on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourke 's XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . £ 44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 .

 In 1908 , the club 's annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as `` there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway '' .

 The Madejski Stadium has been Reading 's home ground since 1998

 In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all - seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all - seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for £ 1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part - funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the club 's home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1 -- 0 . Reading began the 1998 -- 99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3 -- 0 . The stadium cost more than £ 50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 season . As a result of the sell - out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility .

 On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolan 's funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the `` Eamonn Dolan Stand '' .

 Support ( edit )

 See also : Supporters ' Trust at Reading Supporters at a Reading match at Elm Park in 1913

 In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the `` player '' registered with squad number 13 as ' Reading Fans ' .

 Rivalries ( edit )

 Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Reading 's biggest rivals . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . With Aldershot Town rejoining the league in 2008 , it remains to be seen whether this traditional rivalry will be re-established . Since Aldershot 's exile , Reading 's main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the `` Didcot Triangle '' . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Reading 's main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United .

 Sponsorship ( edit )

 Period

 Kit manufacturer

 Shirt sponsor

 1976 -- 77

 Umbro

 --

 1977 -- 81

 Bukta

 1981 -- 82

 --

 1982 -- 83

 Reading Chronicle

 1983 -- 84

 Umbro

 Radio 210

 1984 -- 89

 Patrick

 Courage

 1989 -- 90

 Matchwinner

 1990 -- 92

 HAT Painting

 1992 -- 93

 Brooks

 Auto Trader

 1993 -- 96

 Pelada

 1996 -- 99

 Mizuno

 1999 -- 2001

 Westcoast

 2001 -- 04

 Kit @

 2004 -- 05

 Puma

 2005 -- 08

 Kyocera

 2008 -- 15

 Waitrose

 2015 -- 16

 Carabao Daeng ( home ) Thai Airways ( away )

 2016 -- 19

 Carabao Daeng

 Additional kit sponsors ( edit )

 During the 2013 -- 14 season and 2014 -- 15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015 -- 16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016 -- 17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017 -- 18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season .

 Ownership and finances ( edit )

 Reading Football Club ownership structure : 75 % Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 100 % owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai . 25 % Owned by Narin Niruttinanon

 Reading F.C. Directors : Xiu Li Dai , Yongge Dai , Ronald Gourlay , Narin Niruttinanon , Nigel Howe

 Players ( edit )

 As of 8 January 2018

 First - team squad ( edit )

 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

 No .

 Position

 Player

 GK

 Vito Mannone

 DF

 Chris Gunter

 MF

 Joey van den Berg

 5

 DF

 Paul McShane ( captain )

 6

 DF

 Liam Moore

 7

 MF

 Roy Beerens

 8

 MF

 George Evans

 9

 FW

 Joseph Mendes

 10

 MF

 John Swift

 11

 DF

 Jordan Obita

 12

 MF

 Garath McCleary

 14

 FW

 Sone Aluko

 15

 MF

 Callum Harriott

 16

 MF

 David Edwards

 17

 FW

 Modou Barrow

 18

 FW

 Yann Kermorgant

 19

 MF

 Leandro Bacuna

 No .

 Position

 Player

 20

 DF

 Tiago Ilori

 21

 MF

 Stephen Quinn

 22

 MF

 Pelle Clement

 23

 FW

 Jón Daði Böðvarsson

 24

 DF

 Tyler Blackett

 25

 MF

 Adrian Popa

 30

 DF

 Tennai Watson

 31

 GK

 Anssi Jaakkola

 37

 DF

 Axel Andrésson

 38

 MF

 Liam Kelly

 41

 MF

 Ryan East

 42

 MF

 Andy Rinomhota

 43

 GK

 George Legg

 50

 DF

 Omar Richards

 51

 MF

 Tyler Frost

 55

 FW

 Sam Smith

 56

 FW

 Danny Loader

 Under - 23 squad ( edit )

 Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 23s and Academy

 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

 No .

 Position

 Player

 40

 GK

 Liam Driscoll

 45

 FW

 Ben House

 46

 DF

 Teddy Howe

 48

 DF

 Ramarni Medford - Smith

 49

 DF

 Gabriel Osho

 52

 MF

 Joel Rollinson

 54

 MF

 Ade Shokunbi

 57

 DF

 Tom Holmes

 58

 MF

 Jordan Holsgrove

 60

 MF

 Andre Burley

 No .

 Position

 Player

 61

 MF

 Cameron Green

 62

 MF

 Jack Nolan

 64

 MF

 Jack Buchanan

 65

 GK

 Gabe Rosario

 67

 DF

 Akinwale Odimayo

 --

 DF

 Harry Philby

 --

 DF

 Thomas McIntyre

 --

 MF

 Ethan Coleman

 --

 MF

 Samuel Faniyan

 Under - 18 squad ( edit )

 Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 18s and Academy

 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

 No .

 Position

 Player

 --

 GK

 James Hilson

 --

 GK

 Adam Desbois

 --

 DF

 Jamal Balogun

 --

 DF

 Marcel Elva - Fountaine

 --

 DF

 Emmanuel Obamakinwa

 --

 DF

 Joseph Wilson

 --

 DF

 Roberto Nditi

 --

 MF

 Oli Pendlebury

 --

 MF

 Khalid Simmo

 No .

 Position

 Player

 --

 MF

 Thierry Nevers

 --

 MF

 Kosta Sparta

 --

 MF

 Charlie Lawrence

 --

 MF

 Jacob Pemberton

 --

 MF

 Terrance Saydee

 --

 MF

 Jazz Wallace

 --

 FW

 Josh Obioma

 --

 FW

 Leon Okuboyejo

 Out on loan ( edit )

 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

 No .

 Position

 Player

 28

 DF

 Danzell Gravenberch ( at Roeselare on a season long loan )

 35

 DF

 Jake Sheppard ( at Guiseley on a season long loan )

 39

 MF

 Josh Barrett ( at Coventry City on a season long loan )

 59

 FW

 Conor Davis ( at Gosport Borough )

 --

 GK

 Jonathan Bond ( at Peterborough United until end of 2017 / 18 season )

 --

 GK

 Luke Southwood ( at Bath City until end of 2017 / 18 season )

 No .

 Position

 Player

 --

 GK

 Lewis Ward ( at Aldershot Town until 4th March 2018 )

 --

 MF

 Sandro Wieser ( at Roeselare on a season long loan )

 --

 FW

 Yakou Méïte ( at Sochaux on a season long loan )

 --

 FW

 Deniss Rakels ( at Lech Poznań on a season long loan )

 --

 FW

 Andrija Novakovich ( at Telstar on a season long loan )

 Records and statistics ( edit )

 Main article : List of Reading F.C. records and statistics Reading 's progress through the English football league system from 1920 to present .

 Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions .

 The club 's largest win was a 10 -- 2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Reading 's heaviest loss was an 18 -- 0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest - scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6 -- 4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest - scoring League Cup game , Reading 5 -- 7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 .

 The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player is Kevin Doyle , who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951 -- 52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930 -- 31 . The first Reading - based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978 -- 79 , which is a former English league record in itself .

 Reading 's highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1 -- 0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 .

 The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £ 6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010 . The most expensive player Reading have ever bought was Sone Aluko , who cost £ 7.5 million from Fulham on 29 August 2017 .

 Gylfi Sigurðsson will become the first player from the Reading FC academy to feature in a World Cup by being expected to participate with Iceland in the 2018 Russia World Cup .

 Notable players ( edit )

 In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ' `` Player of the Millennium '' to determine the club 's best ever player .

 Pos .

 Player

 Robin Friday

 Trevor Senior

 Steve Death

 Shaka Hislop

 5

 Phil Parkinson

 6

 Alf Messer

 7

 Jimmy Quinn

 8

 Michael Gilkes

 9

 Ronnie Blackman

 10

 Martin Hicks

 Player of the season ( edit )

 Main article : Reading F.C. Player of the Season

 International players ( edit )

 Main article : List of Reading F.C. internationals

 Former players ( edit )

 Main article : List of Reading F.C. players

 Club officials ( edit )

 Board of Directors & Senior Club Staff

 Chief Executive : Ron Gourlay

 Commercial Director : Adam Benson

 Club Secretary : Sue Hewett

 Financial Controller : Bryan Stabler

 Directors : Sir John Madejski ( Co Chairman ) , Sasima Srivikorn ( Co Chairwoman ) , Nigel Howe , Narin Niruttinanon , Sumrith Thanakarnjanasuth , Taweesuk Srisumrid and Theekharoj Piamphongsarn

 Management team

 Director of Football : Brian Tevreden

 First Team Manager : Jaap Stam

 Assistant Manager : Andries Ulderink & Said Bakkati

 First Team Coach : Michael Gilkes

 Goalkeeping Coach : Dave Beasant

 First Team Sports Scientist : Tristan Baker

 First Team Physio : Jon Urwin

 Academy Manager : Lee Herron

 Assistant Academy Manager : David Dodds

 Academy Loan Manager : Mikele Leigertwood

 Kit Manager : Stewart Bannister

 First Team Head Scout : Steve Shorey

 Masseur : Dan Buchanan

 Managers ( edit )

 Main article : List of Reading F.C. managers

 Women 's team ( edit )

 Main article : Reading F.C. Women

 In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Women 's team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Women 's Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Women 's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league .

 Honours ( edit )

 For more details on this topic , see List of Reading F.C. records and statistics .

 English 2nd tier :

 Winners : ( 2 ) 2006 , 2012

 Runners Up : ( 1 ) 1995

 English 3rd tier :

 Winners : ( 3 ) 1926 , 1986 , 1994

 Runners Up : ( 5 ) 1932 , 1935 , 1949 , 1952 , 2002

 English 4th tier :

 Winners : ( 1 ) 1979

 Full Members Cup :

 Winners : ( 1 ) 1988

 London War Cup :

 Winners : ( 1 ) 1941

 Football League Third Division South Cup :

 Winners : ( 1 ) 1938

 FA Cup :

 Semi-finalists : 1927 , 2015

 Quarter Finalists : 1901 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016

 Football League Cup :

 Quarter - finalists : 1996 , 1998

 U21 Premier League Cup

 Winners : ( 1 ) 2013 -- 14

 Highest league finish :

 Premier League 2007 , 8th Place

 Managerial ( edit )

 LMA Manager of the Year

 Steve Coppell 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07

 LMA Championship Manager of the Year

 Brian McDermott 2011 -- 12

 Affiliated clubs ( edit )

 Albion Hurricanes FC ( 2010 -- present )

 Boreham Wood ( 2012 -- present )

 Charlotte United FC ( 2007 -- present )

 Ernakulam Eagles ( 2013 -- present )

 Galatasaray ( 2013 -- present )

 Ocean City Nor'easters ( 2008 -- present )

 South Georgia United ( 2008 -- present )

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Madejski Stadium information '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Reading Football Club '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Discover gems of our heritage Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Reading Chronicle , 10 September 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Reading FC Tour of Italy 1913 '' . November 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 .

 Jump up ^ `` Season 1991 -- 92 '' . Royals ' Record . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Walsall break Reading hearts '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 27 May 2001 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Pardew free to join Hammers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 September 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Coppell seals Reading deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Championship Table 2005 - 06 '' . football365. 11 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 .

 Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Barclays Premier League Table '' . ESPNsoccernet . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Royals need at least a draw on Sunday to have any chance of a European spot '' . Reading Football Club . 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Peace Cup diary '' . BBC Berkshire . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Ive , Ive ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Murty 's big game is hit by relegation '' . Reading Post . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Football League Championship 2008 -- 2009 '' . football365 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` Burnley 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Brendan Rodgers new Reading manager '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` McDermott as Caretaker '' . readingfc.co.uk. 16 December 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC News . 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` League Tables '' . The Football League . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Cardiff 0 -- 3 Reading ( agg 0 -- 3 ) '' . BBC News . 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Wembley tickets sold , season ticket update '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Reading 1 -- 0 Nottingham Forest '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 17 November 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Brian McDermott leaves position as Reading manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Old Reading colours '' . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 14 January 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` Vote to choose the new Royals badge '' . Reading Evening Post . 27 November 1995 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` New crest design '' . onlysport.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 192 )

 ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 193 )

 Jump up ^ Royals Record ( 2011a ) . `` Reading 's Grounds '' . Royals Record . Retrieved 3 June 2011 .

 ^ Jump up to : 1871 ( 2003 ) . `` The Home Grounds of Reading FC '' . 1871 -- The Ultimate Reading FC Website . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .

 ^ Jump up to : Digby ( 2001 , p. 46 )

 Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` READING 0 Norwich City 1 '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` Reading 3 Luton Town 0 ( 22 August 1998 , Madejski Stadium ) '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 13 August 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Stadium pitch has been lengthened '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 .

 Jump up ^ `` Royals ready to extend Madejski '' . BBC Sport. 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 .

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 Jump up ^ `` Waitrose announces two - year extension of Reading FC sponsorship '' . waitrose.presscentre.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` '' เรดดิ ง '' เซ็น `` คารา บา ว แดง '' ส ปอน เซอร์ คา ดอก เสื้อ `` . manager.co.th . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Thai : ภาษา ไทย

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 ^ Jump up to : `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Points record '' . The Football League . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .

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 Jump up ^ `` United stretch lead after Van der Sar record '' . CNN world sport . Cable News Network . 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .

 Jump up ^ van Eijden , Han ( 2011 ) . `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sigurdsson leaving in Club record deal '' . Reading Football Club . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Fae joins for club record fee '' . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2007 .

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 Jump up ^ `` Russian tycoon Anton Zingarevich completes Reading takeover '' . BBC News . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 .

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 Jump up ^ `` Reading : Royals to add four new staff '' . Reading FC Official Website. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Jaap Stam appointed as manager '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading F.C. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 .

 Jump up ^ http://www.readingfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10306~2772976,00.html

 Jump up ^ https://secure.albionhurricanes.org/index.cfm?pg=ReadingFC

 Jump up ^ Partnership with Reading FC `` BWFC . * Borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013

 Jump up ^ `` Charlotte United F.C '' . charlotteunited.com .

 Jump up ^ Ernakulam Eagles sign MoU with Reading -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 29 April 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ Turkish partnership . Readingfc.co.uk ( 27 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 17 July 2013

 Jump up ^ unveils new name : Nor'easters Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Ocean City FC . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 .

 Jump up ^ HOW SOUTH GEORGIA UNITED BECAME A READING FC AFFILIATE CLUB . South Georgia United . Retrieved on 5 June 2014 .

 Bibliography ( edit )

 Digby , Bob ( 2001 ) . It 's a World Thing . Oxford , Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913428 - 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .

 Yeo , Stephen ( 1976 ) . Religion and Voluntary Organisations in Crisis . Abingdon , Oxfordshire : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85664 - 017 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 .

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Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction - wikipedia

 Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

 Jump to : navigation , search

 This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction ( AHTR ) is a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with hemolysis . It occurs very soon after the transfusion , and within 24 hrs post-transfusion . It can occur quickly upon transfusing a few milliliters , or up to 1 -- 2 hours post-transfusion .

 It is also known as an `` immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction '' . This is a medical emergency as it results from rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies ( IgG , IgM ) . It is usually related to ABO blood group incompatibility - the most severe of which often involves group A red cells being given to a patient with group O type blood . Properdin then binds to complement C3 in the donor blood , facilitating the reaction through the alternate pathway cascade . The donor cells also become coated with IgG and are subsequently removed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system ( RES ) . Jaundice and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) may also occur . The most common cause is clerical error ( i.e. the wrong unit of blood being given to the patient ) .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Epidemiology

 2 Types

 2.1 Intravascular haemolysis

 2.2 Extravascular haemolysis

 3 Signs and symptoms

 4 Pathophysiology

 4.1 Immune mediated

 4.2 Non-immune mediated

 5 Diagnosis

 5.1 Differential diagnoses

 6 Management

 7 Prognosis

 8 Epidemiology

 9 References

 Epidemiology ( edit )

 In the USA in 2011 there were 48 episodes of acute hemolysis due to a mismatch in ABO blood type ( 1 in 495,207 blood components transfused ) and 168 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 124,525 blood components transfused ) . In the UK in 2014 there were 18 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 147,972 blood components transfused ) .

 Types ( edit )

 Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions are divided into two types .

 Intravascular haemolysis ( edit )

 The most common cause of this reaction is ABO blood groups incompatibility , secondary to human errors . In this process , the donor 's red blood cells are destroyed by recipient 's preformed antibodies through the activation of complement system . Thus , the donor 's red blood cells break open and releases haemoglobin into the blood . The haemoglobin is then excreted into urine , causes haemoglobinuria . Meanwhile , haemoglobin can also pass through the liver system and process into bilirubin , which accumulates under the skin , causing jaundice . The release of red blood cell debris and the activation of complement system causes uncontrolled clotting ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) and circulatory shock .

 Extravascular haemolysis ( edit )

 In this case , the donor 's red blood cells are recognised and bound to IgG antibodies . Macrophages then recognise these IgG antibodies and engulf these red blood cells , removing the red blood cells from the blood circulation into liver and spleen . These red blood cells are then destroyed by macrophages in these organs . Anti-Rh antibodies most commonly directed this type of reaction . This process is much more controlled when compared with intravascular haemolysis . Liver has adequate capacity in processing the bilirubin . Therefore , jaundice rarely occurs .

 Signs and symptoms ( edit )

 Early signs are fever , low blood pressure , anxiety , and red - colored urine .

 Late signs are generalized bleeding , caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation , and low blood pressure .

 Laboratory assessment is based on a positive Direct Antiglobulin Test ( DAT ) , a decrease in serum haptoglobin , and an increase in blood levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and indirect bilirubin levels .

 Pathophysiology ( edit )

 Immune mediated ( edit )

 This may be caused by preformed IgM anti-A , anti-B or both . It may also be caused by other non-ABO IgG antibodies such as Rh , Kell , or Duffy . The former results in a severe intravascular hemolysis and the latter typically causes extravascular hemolysis . The reactions are mediated by cytokines like TNF , IL - 8 , monocyte chemoattractant protein , IL - 1 etc .

 Non-immune mediated ( edit )

 These occur when RBCs are damaged before transfusion , resulting in hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria . Clinical symptoms are nil or milder .

 Diagnosis ( edit )

 Differential diagnoses ( edit )

 Disseminated intravascular coagulation

 Hemolytic anemia

 Pulmonary edema

 Septic shock

 Management ( edit )

 In case of antibody - mediated acute hemolytic transfusion reactions ,

 Immediately discontinue the transfusion while maintaining venous access for emergency management .

 Anticipate low blood pressure , kidney failure , and DIC .

 Prophylactic measures to reduce the risk of renal failure may include low - dose dopamine , vigorous hydration with intravenous crystalloid solutions ( e.g. , lactated Ringer 's solution or normal saline ) , and osmotic diuresis with mannitol .

 If DIC is documented and bleeding requires treatment , transfusions of frozen plasma , pooled cryoprecipitates for fibrinogen , and / or platelet concentrates may be indicated .

 In case of non-antibody mediated AHR

 This does not require rigorous management .

 Diuresis induced by an infusion of normal saline until the intense red color of hemoglobinuria ceases is usually adequate treatment .

 Prognosis ( edit )

 The major complication is that the hemoglobin , released by the destruction of red blood cells , may cause acute kidney failure ( also known as the `` oliguric phase '' ) . About 20 deaths occur annually in the US due to AHTR .

 Epidemiology ( edit )

 Acute hemolytic , immune mediated ( fatal ) - 1 per 250,000 - 600,000

 Acute hemolytic , immune mediated ( nonfatal ) - 1 per 6000 - 33,000

 Acute hemolytic , nonimmune - Infrequent

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Covin RB , Evans KS , Olshock R , Thompson HW ( 2001 ) . `` Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-Coa '' . Immunohematology. 17 ( 2 ) : 45 -- 9 . PMID 15373591 .

 Jump up ^ Hoffbrand , A.V. ; P.A.H. Moss ; J.E. Pettit ( 2006 ) . Essential Haematology : 5th Edition . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3649 - 9 .

 Jump up ^ Molthan L , Matulewicz TJ , Bansal - Carver B , Benz EJ ( 1984 ) . `` An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-C and a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Ce + e : hemoglobinemia , hemoglobinuria and transient impaired renal function '' . Vox Sang. 47 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1984. tb04138. x . PMID 6438912 .

 Jump up ^ `` The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 21 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Bolton - Maggs , PHB ; Poles , D ; et al . ( The Serious Hazards of Transfusion ( SHOT ) Steering Group ) ( 2015 ) . The 2014 Annual SHOT Report ( 2015 ) ( PDF ) . SHOT . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558648 - 7 - 2 .

 ^ Jump up to : Laura , Dean ( 2005 ) . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Bethesda , United States : National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 4 October 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . p. 954 .

 Jump up ^ `` Transfusion Reactions '' . Retrieved 19 November 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Complications of Transfusion : Transfusion Medicine : Merck Manual Professional '' .

 ( hide )

 Complications of surgical and medical care ( T80 -- T88 , 996 -- 999 )

 Transfusion reactions

 Transfusion hemosiderosis

 TRALI

 TACO

 TA - GvHD

 FNHTR

 Acute / Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

 Vaccine injury

 Eczema vaccinatum

 Other

 Serum sickness

 Malignant hyperthermia

 Herxheimer reaction

 Graft - versus - host disease

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction&oldid=821817747 '' Categories :

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 Complications of surgical and medical care

 Transfusion medicine

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Question: what happens to the rbc in acute hemolytic reaction


National flood insurance program - wikipedia

 National flood insurance program

 Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with National Fire Protection Association . `` NFIP '' redirects here . For the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , see March of Dimes .

 The National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) is a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 ( P.L. 90 - 448 ) . The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection , administered by the government , against losses from flooding , and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings , manufactured homes , or buildings under construction , that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP .

 This NFIP is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods . As of August 2017 , the program insured about 5 million homes ( down from about 5.5 million homes in April 2010 ) , the majority of which are in Texas and Florida . The cost of the insurance program was fully covered by its premiums until the end of 2004 , but has had to steadily borrow funds since ( primarily due to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy ) , accumulating $25 billion of debt by August 2017 .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Implementation

 2 Amendments

 3 Floodplain Status Determination Appeals and Changes

 3.1 Letter of Map Amendment

 3.2 Letter of Map Revision

 4 Criticisms

 5 References

 6 External links

 Implementation ( edit )

 Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between local communities and the federal government that states that if a community will adopt and enforce a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risks to new construction in Special Flood Hazard Areas ( SFHA ) , the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses . The SFHAs and other risk premium zones applicable to each participating community are depicted on Flood Insurance Rate Maps ( FIRMs ) . The Mitigation Division within the Federal Emergency Management Agency manages the NFIP and oversees the floodplain management and mapping components of the Program .

 The intent was to reduce future flood damage through community floodplain management ordinances and provide protection for property owners against potential losses through an insurance mechanism that requires a premium to be paid for the protection . In 2003 , the GAO found that repetitive - loss properties cost the program about $200 million annually . Congress originally intended that operating expenses and flood insurance claims be paid for through the premiums collected for flood insurance policies . NFIP borrows from the U.S. Treasury for times when losses are heavy , and these loans are paid back with interest .

 Between 1978 and year - end 2014 , the U.S. Federal Government has paid more than $51 billion in claims under the National Flood Insurance Program .

 Amendments ( edit )

 The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 , which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs . In 1982 , the Act was amended by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act ( CBRA ) . The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System ( CBRS ) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures . The National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 codified the Community Rating System ( an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains ) within the NFIP . The program was further amended by the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 , with the goal of reducing `` losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made . ''

 The Biggert -- Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 ( Biggert - Waters ) modified the NFIP . At the conclusion of 2011 , as Congress passed Biggert - Waters , the NFIP cumulative debt was over $17 billion . A core principle of Biggert - Waters was to change the NFIP premiums to match actuarial risk - based premiums that better reflected the expected losses and real risk of flooding . These changes included removing discounts to many policies which were being sold below actual actuarial risk targets and eliminating `` grandfathering '' of older rates .

 In January 2014 , the United States Senate passed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 ( S. 1926 ; 113th Congress ) . This bill changed the process used to alter subsidized premiums and reinstated grandfathering of lower rates ; effectively delaying the increases in flood insurance premiums to obtain risk - based premiums under Biggert - Waters and spreading the cost of the lost premiums over all of the remaining policy holders .

 The National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt at the beginning of 2014 as a result of Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Sandy . The passage of the HFIAA described above has concerned insurance and environmental observers that the delay in implementation of actuarial rates will leave taxpayers exposed to additional losses .

 Floodplain status determination appeals and changes ( edit )

 Letter of Map Amendment ( edit )

 Insufficient map topographic detail or accuracy can result in the unwarranted determination of Special Flood Hazard Area ( SFHA ) . An application for a Letter of Map Amendment ( LOMA ) uses an Elevation Certificate ( prepared by a Registered Land Surveyor or Registered Professional Engineer ) to ask FEMA to remove the flood insurance requirement on individual properties .

 Letter of Map Revision ( edit )

 For multiple properties or a larger area , an application for a Letter of Map Revision can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and / or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study . A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill ( LOMR - F ) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans , usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain . A Conditional Letter of Map Revision ( CLOMR ) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill ( CLOMR - F ) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made , especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act .

 Criticisms ( edit )

 This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 Before 1950 flood insurance was part of the standard homeowners ' insurance policy . During the 1950s increasingly high correlation of losses by holders of flood policies of the same company caused many insurance companies to begin excluding flood coverage from standard insurance policies , selling flood insurance separately . Over time , insurance premiums collected were insufficient in covering payouts after major flooding events . In 1968 , the National Flood Insurance Act established the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) , which allows property owners to purchase insurance from the U.S. government that covers certain losses from flooding . This insurance is not set by the market risk valuation . It is less expensive than the private insurance company rate would be . This is accomplished either by the program running a deficit and borrowing money or by subsidies from the national government . Either way , the property owners with NFIP policies are receiving government subsidies to live in areas with high flood risk .

 Property losses stemming from flood damage were largely the responsibility of the property owner , although the consequences were sometimes mitigated through provisions for disaster aid . Today , owners of property in flood plains frequently receive disaster aid and payment for insured losses , which in many ways negates the original intent of the NFIP . Consequently , these policy decisions have escalated losses stemming from floods in recent years , both in terms of property and life .

 Moreover , certain provisions within the NFIP increase the likelihood that flood - prone properties will be occupied by the people least likely to be in a position to recover from flood disasters , which further increases demand for aid . This is an example of adverse selection . Some factors contributing to increased demand for aid are :

 Flood insurance for properties in flood prone areas is mandatory only to secure loans , which makes it somewhat more likely that flood prone properties will be owned by seniors who have paid off their mortgages , or investors who have acquired the property for rental income .

 Flood insurance only covers losses for the owner of the property , and claims are subject to caps , which further increases the likelihood that the property will be occupied by renters rather than the property owner .

 Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent because of the owners ' increased risks and / or costs associated with occupying the property themselves .

 Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent at a discount , which attracts lower income groups , seniors , and infirm groups .

 According to critics of the program , the government 's subsidized insurance plan `` encouraged building , and rebuilding , in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains . '' Stephen Ellis , of the group Taxpayers for Common Sense , points to `` properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program '' without premiums going up .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( March 1986 ) . `` A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 .

 ^ Jump up to : Witkowski , Rachel ; Scism , Leslie ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Harvey Threatens Largest Flood Insurer : The Government '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 .

 Jump up ^ Holladay JS , Schwartz JA . ( 2010 ) . Flooding the Market : The Distributional Consequences of the NFIP . Institute for Policy Integrity .

 Jump up ^ `` How government policy exacerbates hurricanes like Harvey '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 .

 Jump up ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office . ( 2003 ) . Challenges Facing the National Flood Insurance Program

 Jump up ^ Wright , James M. , The Nation 's Response to Flood Disasters : A Historical Account . 1 Apr 2000 .

 Jump up ^ Fema.gov ( retrieved Apr. 13 , 2016 ) http://www.fema.gov/loss-dollars-paid-calendar-year#

 ^ Jump up to : National Research Council of the National Academies ( 2015 ) . `` Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums Report 1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 .

 ^ Jump up to : Uhlenbrock , Kristan ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise , Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Ferraro , Thomas ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` S. 1926 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .

 Jump up ^ < https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/letter-map-amendment-loma

 Jump up ^ `` Letter of Map Revision -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov .

 Jump up ^ `` National Flood Insurance Program & the Endangered Species Act -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov .

 Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming risk : Rethinking flood insurance in a world of rising seas '' ( PDF ) . Union of Concerned Scientists . February 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 .

 ^ Jump up to : hanscom , Greg ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Flood pressure : Climate disasters drown FEMA 's insurance plans '' . Grist . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .

 External links ( edit )

 http://www.floodsmart.gov

 Federal law authorizing NFIP

 Experts : Flood terms mislead public MSNBC

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Question: in us national flood insurance is available for which of the following