Honey bee - wikipedia

 Honey bee

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 Honey bees Temporal range : Oligocene -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg

 Western honey bee carrying pollen back to the hive

 Scientific classification

 Kingdom :

 Animalia

 Clade :

 Euarthropoda

 Class :

 Insecta

 Order :

 Hymenoptera

 Family :

 Apidae

 Subfamily :

 Apinae

 Tribe :

 Apini Latreille , 1802

 Genus :

 Apis Linnaeus , 1758

 Species

 † Apis lithohermaea

 † Apis nearctica

 Subgenus Micrapis :

 Apis andreniformis

 Apis florea

 Subgenus Megapis :

 Apis dorsata

 Subgenus Apis :

 Apis cerana

 Apis koschevnikovi

 Apis mellifera

 Apis nigrocincta

 A honey bee ( or honeybee ) is any member of the genus Apis , primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial , colonial nests from wax . In the early 21st century , only seven species of honey bee are recognized , with a total of 44 subspecies , though historically six to eleven species are recognized . The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination . Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees . Some other types of related bees produce and store honey , including the stingless honey bees , but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees . The study of bees , which includes the study of honey bees , is known as melittology .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Etymology and name

 2 Origin , systematics and distribution

 2.1 Genetics

 2.2 Micrapis

 2.3 Megapis

 2.4 Apis

 2.5 Borneo honey bee

 2.6 Eastern honey bee

 2.7 Western honey bee

 2.8 Africanized bee

 3 Living and fossil honey bees ( Apini : Apis )

 4 Life cycle

 4.1 Life cycle

 4.2 Winter survival

 5 Pollination

 6 Nutrition

 7 Parasites

 7.1 Galleria mellonella

 7.1. 1 Management

 8 Beekeeping

 8.1 Colony collapse disorder

 9 Bee products

 9.1 Honey

 9.2 Beeswax

 9.3 Pollen

 9.4 Bee bread

 9.5 Propolis

 9.6 Royal jelly

 10 Sexes and castes

 10.1 Drones

 10.2 Workers

 10.3 Queens

 11 Defense

 12 Competition

 13 Communication

 14 Symbolism

 15 Gallery

 16 See also

 17 Notes

 18 References

 19 Further reading

 20 External links

 Etymology and name ( edit )

 The genus name Apis is Latin for `` bee '' .

 Although modern dictionaries may refer to Apis as either honey bee or honeybee , entomologist Robert Snodgrass asserts that correct usage requires two words , i.e. honey bee , as it is a kind or type of bee , whereas it is incorrect to run the two words together as in dragonfly or butterfly , because the latter are not flies . Honey bee , not honeybee , is the listed common name in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System , the Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database , and the Tree of Life Web Project . Nonetheless , compounds gradually solidify in the orthography of natural languages in ways that do not always comply with prescription .

 Origin , systematics and distribution ( edit )

 Distribution of honey bees around the world Morphology of a female honey bee

 Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in South and Southeast Asia ( including the Philippines ) , as all the extant species except Apis mellifera are native to that region . Notably , living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge ( Apis florea and Apis andreniformis ) have their center of origin there .

 The first Apis bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene - Oligocene boundary ( 34 mya ) , in European deposits . The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus , only that the bees were present in Europe by that time . Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia , the suspected region of honey bee origin , and fewer still have been thoroughly studied .

 No Apis species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of A. mellifera by Europeans . Only one fossil species is documented from the New World , Apis nearctica , known from a single 14 million - year - old specimen from Nevada .

 The close relatives of modern honey bees -- e.g. bumblebees and stingless bees -- are also social to some degree , and social behavior seems a plesiomorphic trait that predates the origin of the genus . Among the extant members of Apis , the more basal species make single , exposed combs , while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs , which has greatly facilitated their domestication .

 Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and beeswax by humans indigenous to their native ranges . Only two species have been truly domesticated : Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica . A. mellifera has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the Egyptian pyramids , and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range .

 Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini . Today 's honey bees constitute three clades : Micrapis ( dwarf honey bees ) , Megapis ( giant honey bee ) , and Apis ( domestic honey bees and close relatives ) .

 Genetics ( edit )

 Main article : Apis mellifera

 The genome of Apis has been mapped .

 The chromosome counts of female bees for the three clades are :

 Clade

 Micrapis

 16

 Megapis

 16

 Apis

 32

 Drones ( males ) are produced from unfertilized eggs , so they represent only the DNA of the queen that laid the eggs , i.e. have only a mother . Drones of all bee genera have 1 N chromosome counts -- half of those shown above .

 Workers and queens ( both female ) result from fertilized eggs , so have both a mother and a father . Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis , a modified form of parthenogenesis , controls sex differentiation . The sex allele is polymorphic , and so long as two different variants are present , a female bee results . If both sex alleles are identical , diploid drones are produced . Honey bees detect and destroy diploid drones after the eggs hatch .

 Queens typically mate with multiple drones on more than one mating flight . Once mated , they lay eggs and fertilize them as needed from sperm stored in the spermatheca . Since the number of sex alleles is limited at a regional level , a queen will most likely mate with one or more drones having sex alleles identical with one of the sex alleles in the queen . The queen , then , typically produces a percentage of diploid drone eggs .

 Micrapis ( edit )

 Apis florea and Apis andreniformis are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia . They make very small , exposed nests in trees and shrubs . Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin , so the hive and swarms can be handled with minimal protection . They occur largely sympatrically , though they are very distinct evolutionarily and are probably the result of allopatric speciation , their distribution later converging .

 Given that A. florea is more widely distributed and A. andreniformis is considerably more aggressive , honey is , if at all , usually harvested from the former only . They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees , maybe diverging in the Bartonian ( some 40 million years ago or slightly later ) from the other lineages , but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the Neogene . Apis florea have smaller wing spans than its sister species . Apis florea are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers , which is black .

 Megapis ( edit )

 One species is recognized in the subgenus Megapis . It usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs , on cliffs , and sometimes on buildings . They can be very fierce . Periodically robbed of their honey by human `` honey hunters '' , colonies are easily capable of stinging a human being to death if provoked .

 Apis dorsata , the giant honey bee , is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia .

 A. d. binghami , the Indonesian giant honey bee , is classified as the Indonesian subspecies of the giant honey bee or a distinct species ; in the latter case , A. d. breviligula and / or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species .

 A. d. laboriosa , the Himalayan giant honey bee , was initially described as a distinct species . Later , it was included in A. dorsata as a subspecies based on the biological species concept , though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a separate species . Essentially restricted to the Himalayas , it differs little from the giant honey bee in appearance , but has extensive behavioral adaptations that enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures . It is the largest living honey bee .

 Apis ( edit )

 Eastern Apis species include three or four species , including A. koschevnikovi and A. cerana . The genetics of the western honey bee A. mellifera are unclear . The domesticated species are A. cerana indica and A. mellifera

 Borneo honey bee ( edit )

 The reddish Koschevnikov 's bee ( Apis koschevnikovi ) from Borneo is clearly a distinct species ; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave - nesting honey bees .

 Eastern honey bee ( edit )

 Apis cerana , the eastern honey bee proper , is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia . It was domesticated as subspecies A. c. indica and kept in hives in a fashion similar to A. mellifera , though on a more limited , regional scale .

 It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean A. c. nuluensis and Apis nigrocincta from the Philippines to satisfaction ; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species , but that A. cerana is still paraphyletic , consisting of several separate species .

 Western honey bee ( edit )

 The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa . This bee is pictured in Tanzania .

 A. mellifera , the most common domesticated species , was the third insect to have its genome mapped . It seems to have originated in eastern tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and eastwards into Asia to the Tien Shan range . It is variously called the European , western , or common honey bee in different parts of the world . Many subspecies have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments ; in addition , hybrid strains , such as the Buckfast bee , have been bred . Behavior , color , and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another .

 A. mellifera phylogeny is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species . It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the Late Miocene . This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave - nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by desertification in the Middle East and adjacent regions , which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites , eventually causing gene flow to cease .

 The diversity of A. mellifera subspecies is probably the product of a largely Early Pleistocene radiation aided by climate and habitat changes during the last ice age . That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia -- including hybridization and introductions -- has apparently increased the speed of its evolution and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many A. mellifera subspecies .

 Apis mellifera is not native to the Americas , so was not present upon the arrival of the European explorers and colonists . However , other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples . In 1622 , European colonists brought the dark bee ( A. m. mellifera ) to the Americas , followed later by Italian bees ( A. m. ligustica ) and others . Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times . Escaped swarms ( known as `` wild '' bees , but actually feral ) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains , usually preceding the colonists . Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains ; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s , and by ship to California in the early 1850s .

 An African bee in Tanzania

 Africanized bee ( edit )

 Main article : Africanized bee

 Africanized bees ( known colloquially as `` killer bees '' ) are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies A. m. scutellata ; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus , but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers . Originating by accident in Brazil , they have spread to North America and constitute a pest in some regions . However , these strains do not overwinter well , so are not often found in the colder , more northern parts of North America . The original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued ( though not as intended ) . Novel hybrid strains of domestic and redomesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields . They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil .

 Living and fossil honey bees ( Apini : Apis ) ( edit )

 Tribe Apini Latreille

 Genus Apis Linnaeus ( s . lato )

 henshawi species group ( † Priorapis Engel , † Synapis Cockerell )

 † A. vetusta Engel

 † A. henshawi Cockerell

 † A. petrefacta ( Říha )

 † A. miocenica Hong

 † A. `` longtibia '' Zhang

 † A. `` Miocene 1 ''

 armbrusteri species group ( † Cascapis Engel )

 † A. armbrusteri Zeuner

 † A. nearctica , sp . Nov .

 florea species group ( Micrapis Ashmead )

 A. florea Fabricius

 A. andreniformis Smith

 dorsata species group ( Megapis Ashmead )

 † A. lithohermaea Engel

 A. dorsata Fabricius

 mellifera species group ( Apis Linnaeus s . stricto )

 mellifera subgroup

 A. mellifera Linnaeus ( Apis Linnaeus s . strictissimo )

 cerana subgroup ( Sigmatapis Maa )

 A. cerana Fabricius

 A. nigrocincta Smith

 A. koschevnikovi Enderlein

 Life cycle ( edit )

 As in a few other types of eusocial bees , a colony generally contains one queen bee , a fertile female ; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees , or fertile males ; and tens of thousands of sterile female worker bees . Details vary among the different species of honey bees , but common features include :

 Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb , produced and shaped by the worker bees . Using her spermatheca , the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying , usually depending on into which cell she is laying . Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid , while females ( queens and worker bees ) develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid . Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees , later switching to honey and pollen . The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly , which will develop into a queen bee . The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell , and pupating .

 Young worker bees , sometimes called `` nurse bees '' , clean the hive and feed the larvae . When their royal jelly - producing glands begin to atrophy , they begin building comb cells . They progress to other within - colony tasks as they become older , such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers , and guarding the hive . Later still , a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager .

 Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of `` dancing '' ( known as the bee dance or waggle dance ) to communicate information regarding resources with each other ; this dance varies from species to species , but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior . If the resources are very close to the hive , they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the `` round dance '' .

 Honey bees also perform tremble dances , which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers .

 Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a drone congregation area , and mate with multiple drones before returning . The drones die in the act of mating . Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony .

 Colonies are established not by solitary queens , as in most bees , but by groups known as `` swarms '' , which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees . This group moves en masse to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance . Once the swarm arrives , they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood . This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus , though several groups of vespid wasps also found new nests by swarming ( sometimes including multiple queens ) . Also , stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees , but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site , and this worker force is not a true `` swarm '' .

 Life cycle ( edit )

 A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies the queen

 Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells

 Eggs and larvae

 Drone pupae

 Emergence of a black bee ( A. m. mellifera )

 Winter survival ( edit )

 In cold climates , honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a `` winter cluster '' . The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster , shivering to keep the center between 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) at the start of winter ( during the broodless period ) and 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) once the queen resumes laying . The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold . The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8 -- 9 ° C ( 46 -- 48 ° F ) . The colder the weather is outside , the more compact the cluster becomes . During winter , they consume their stored honey to produce body heat . The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity , but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms ( 33 to 110 lb ) . In addition , certain bees , including the Western honey bee as well as Apis cerana , are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter . During the summer , however , this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields .

 Pollination ( edit )

 Main articles : Pollination management and List of crop plants pollinated by bees

 Species of Apis are generalist floral visitors , and pollinate a large variety of plants , but by no means all plants . Of all the honey bee species , only A. mellifera has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants . The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars . Bees collect 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) of pollen per year per hive .

 Nutrition ( edit )

 Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar . Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees . Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4 - 4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66 - 74 % protein . The rearing of one larva requires 125 - 187.5 mg pollen or 25 - 37.5 mg protein for proper development . Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids , ten of which are considered essential to honey bees : methionine , tryptophan , arginine , lysine , histidine , phenylalanine , isoleucine , threonine , leucine , and valine . Of these amino acids , honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine , isoleucine , and valine , however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing . In addition to these amino acids , some B vitamins including biotin , folic acid , nicotinamide , riboflavin , thiamine , pantothenate , and most importantly , pyridoxine are required to rear larvae . Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August . Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood .

 A forager collecting pollen

 Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8 % to 18.9 % . Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis . Fat - soluble vitamins A , D , E , and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared . Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24 - methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they can not directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols . Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food .

 Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose . The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules . Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development .

 Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis , prepare liquid brood food , and to cool the hive through evaporation . A colony 's water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content . Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited , foragers will collect water from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive .

 Parasites ( edit )

 Galleria mellonella ( edit )

 Larval stages of G. mellonella parasitize both wild and cultivated honeybees . Eggs are laid within the hive , and the larva that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain honeybee larva and their honey stores . The tunnels they create are lined with silk , which entangles and starves emerging bees . Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted . Finally , both G. mellonella adults and larvae can be vectors for pathogens that can infect honeybees , including the Israeli acute paralysis virus ( IAPV ) and the black queen cell virus ( BQCV ) .

 Management ( edit )

 Temperature treatments are possible , but also distorts wax of the honeycombs . Chemical fumigants , particularly CO , are also used .

 Beekeeping ( edit )

 Main article : Beekeeping

 Two species of honey bee , A. mellifera and A. cerana indica , are often maintained , fed , and transported by beekeepers . Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees , moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide , revising the historical role of the self - employed beekeeper , and favoring large - scale commercial operations .

 Colony collapse disorder ( edit )

 Main article : Colony collapse disorder

 Since 2007 , abnormally high die - offs ( 30 -- 70 % of hives ) of European honey bee colonies have occurred in North America . This has been dubbed `` colony collapse disorder '' ( CCD ) and was at first unexplained . It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than a single pathogen or poison , possibly including neonicotinoid pesticides or Israeli acute paralysis virus .

 Bee products ( edit )

 Honey ( edit )

 Main article : Honey

 Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar , process it , and store the substance into honey combs . All living species of Apis have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption . A. mellifera and A. cerana are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes .

 Beeswax ( edit )

 Main article : Beeswax

 Worker bees of a certain age secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomens . They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb . As with honey , beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes .

 Pollen ( edit )

 Main article : Bee pollen

 Bees collect pollen in their pollen baskets and carry it back to the hive . In the hive , pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood - rearing . In certain environments , excess pollen can be collected from the hives of A. mellifera and A. cerana . It is often eaten as a health supplement . It also has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for hand pollination .

 Bee bread ( edit )

 Worker bees combine pollen , honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread . The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage . Bee bread is eaten by nurse bees ( younger workers ) who then produce the protein - rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands .

 Propolis ( edit )

 Main article : Propolis

 Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds , sap flows or other botanical sources , which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive . Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits ( tincture of Propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy ) , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals . Propolis is also used in wood finishes , and gives a Stradivarius violin its unique red color .

 Royal jelly ( edit )

 Main article : Royal jelly

 Royal jelly is a honey - bee secretion used to nourish the larvae . It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits . On the other hand , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals .

 Sexes and castes ( edit )

 Sexes and roles in a colony of honey bees

 Honey bees have three castes : drones , workers , and queens . Drones are male , while workers and queens are female .

 Drones ( edit )

 Honey bees have a haplodiploid system of sex determination . Main article : Drone ( bee )

 Males , or drones , are typically haploid , having only one set of chromosomes , and primarily exist for the purpose of reproduction . They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker . Diploid drones may be produced if an egg is fertilized but is homozygous for the sex - determination allele . Drones take 24 days to develop , and may be produced from summer through to autumn , numbering as many as 500 per hive . They are expelled from the hive during the winter months when the hive 's primary focus is warmth and food conservation . Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights . They do not defend the hive or kill intruders , and do not have a stinger .

 Workers ( edit )

 Main article : Worker bee

 Workers have two sets of chromosomes . They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm . Workers typically develop in 21 days . A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees . Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones . Their duties change upon the age of the bee in the following order ( beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell ) : feed brood , receive nectar , clean hive , guard duty , and foraging . Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors , such as `` undertaking '' ( removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive ) .

 Workers have morphological specializations , including the pollen basket ( corbicula ) , abdominal glands that produce beeswax , brood - feeding glands , and barbs on the sting . Under certain conditions ( for example , if the colony becomes queenless ) , a worker may develop ovaries .

 Queens ( edit )

 Main article : Queen bee

 Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larvae an exclusive diet of a food called `` royal jelly '' . Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days ; they differ in physiology , morphology , and behavior from worker bees . In addition to the greater size of the queen , she has a functional set of ovaries , and a spermatheca , which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated . Apis queens practice polyandry , with one female mating with multiple males . The highest documented mating frequency for an Apis queen is in Apis nigrocincta , where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen . The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker 's sting , and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax . Once mated , queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day . They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate behavior of workers , and helps swarms track the queen 's location during the swarming .

 Defense ( edit )

 Main article : Bee sting Apis cerana japonica forming a ball around two hornets : The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets .

 All honey bees live in colonies where the workers sting intruders as a form of defense , and alarmed bees release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees . The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species ( and virtually all other Hymenoptera ) by the possession of small barbs on the sting , but these barbs are found only in the worker bees . The sting and associated venom sac of honey bees are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged ( autotomy ) , and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion , which allows it to keep delivering venom once detached . The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus . The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose ; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site . The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee 's abdomen . The honey bee 's venom , known as apitoxin , carries several active components , the most abundant of which is melittin , and the most destructive is phospholipase A2 .

 This complex apparatus , including the barbs on the sting , is thought to have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates , as the barbs do not usually function ( and the sting apparatus does not detach ) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue . While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between joints in the exoskeleton of other insects ( and is used in fights between queens ) , in the case of Apis cerana japonica , defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps ( e.g. Asian giant hornet ) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees , which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ( `` balling '' ) . Previously , heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps , but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect . This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective , an action known to beekeepers as ' balling the queen ' , named for the ball of bees formed .

 Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee . In the case of those honey bee species with open combs ( e.g. , A. dorsata ) , would - be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a `` Mexican wave '' that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived , and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings . In cavity dwelling species such as Apis cerana , Apis mellifera , and Apis nigrocincta , entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic . Another act of defense against nest invaders , particularly wasps , is `` body shaking , '' a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen , performed by worker bees .

 Competition ( edit )

 With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping , domesticated bees and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available . European bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies , particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defense year round due to their tropical origin . In the United Kingdom , honey bees are known to compete with Bombus hortorum , a bumblebee species , because they forage at the same sites . To resolve the issue and maximize both their total consumption during foraging , bumblebees forage early in the morning , while honey bees forage during the afternoon .

 Communication ( edit )

 Main article : Bee learning and communication

 Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors , as is common in insects . They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location ( typically a nutritional source , e.g. , flowers or water ) . The dance language is also used during the process of reproductive fission , or swarming , when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites .

 The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species ; for example , the two smallest species , Apis andreniformis and A. florea , dance on the upper surface of the comb , which is horizontal ( not vertical , as in other species ) , and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting .

 Apis mellifera carnica honey bees use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae .

 There has been speculation as to honeybee consciousness .

 Symbolism ( edit )

 Main article : Bee ( mythology )

 The bee was revived as a symbol of government by Emperor Napoleon I of France . Both the Hindu Atharva Veda and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience . The priestess at Delphi was the `` Delphic Bee '' . The Quran has a chapter titled `` The Bee '' . A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society , from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil and Seneca ; in Erasmus and Shakespeare ; in Marx and Tolstoy . Honey bees , signifying immortality and resurrection , were royal emblems of the Merovingians . The bee also is the heraldic emblem of the Barberini . The state of Utah is called the `` Beehive State '' , the state emblem is the beehive , the state insect is the honey bee , and a beehive and the word `` industry '' appear on both the state flag and seal .

 Gallery ( edit )

 Foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board

 Eastern honey bee ( A. cerana ) in Hong Kong

 Giant honey bee ( A. dorsata )

 Honey bee visiting flowers

 A colony of giant honey bees on their comb

 Play media

 Pollinating flowers

 Genus Apis

 See also ( edit )

 Bees and toxic chemicals

 Honey bee life cycle

 More Than Honey -- a 2012 Swiss documentary film about honey bees

 Honeybee Starvation

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Work by Lechner in 2013 showed approximately 50 sex alleles in a population of Apis mellifera and estimated worldwide total number of sex alleles in A. mellifera between 116 and 145 . There are likely more sex alleles in Apis cerana given wider distribution and larger number of geographical races . Honeybees are highly sensitive to inbreeding in part because duplication of the sex allele causes significant numbers of diploid drone eggs to be laid and subsequently destroyed as they hatch .

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : Michael S. Engel ( 1999 ) . `` The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apis ) '' . Journal of Hymenoptera Research . 8 : 165 -- 196 .

 Jump up ^ `` Bees - Facts About Bees - Types of Bees - PestWorldforKids.org '' . pestworldforkids.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 .

 Jump up ^ Douglas Harper ( 2006 ) . `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 .

 Jump up ^ Robert E. Snodgrass ( 1984 ) . Anatomy of the Honey Bee . Cornell University Press . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9302 - 1 .

 Jump up ^ `` ITIS '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Tree of Life Web Project '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 .

 Jump up ^ Deborah R. Smith ; Lynn Villafuerte ; Gard Otisc ; Michael R. Palmer ( 2000 ) . `` Biogeography of Apis cerana F. and A. nigrocincta Smith : insights from mtDNA studies '' ( PDF ) . Apidologie. 31 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 279 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2000121 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 29 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel ; I.A. Hinojosa - Diaz ; A.P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 .

 ^ Jump up to : Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.02. 017 . PMID 16182149 . Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Corrigendum to `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' `` . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 ( 1 ) : 315 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02. 002 .

 Jump up ^ Lechner , Sarah ; Ferretti , Luca ; Schöning , Caspar ; Kinuthia , Wanja ; Willemsen , David ; Hasselmann , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` Nucleotide Variability at Its Limit ? Insights into the Number and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Sex - Determining Specificities of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 ( 2 ) : 272 -- 287 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / mst207 .

 ^ Jump up to : Wongsiri , S. , et al. `` Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand . '' Bee World 78.1 ( 1997 ) : 23 - 35 .

 Jump up ^ Nathan Lo ; Rosalyn S. Gloag ; Denis L. Anderson ; Benjamin P. Oldroyd ( 2009 ) . `` A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines , A. breviligula Maa , and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India , A. indica Fabricius , are valid species '' . Systematic Entomology. 35 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009. 00504. x .

 Jump up ^ mostly domesticated or more accurately , `` managed ''

 Jump up ^ Head RJ ( 2008 ) . `` A Brief Survey of Ancient Near Eastern Beekeeping ; A Final Note '' . The FARMS Review .

 Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel , Ismael A. Hinojosa - Díaz & Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 4 . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 .

 Jump up ^ James L. Gould ; Carol Grant Gould ( 1995 ) . The Honey Bee . Scientific American Library . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 6010 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ `` What do bees do in the winter ? '' . Retrieved 12 March 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Oldroyd , Benjamin P. ; Wongsiri , Siriwat ( 2006 ) . Asian Honey Bees ( Biology , Conservation , and Human Interactions ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674021940 .

 Jump up ^ `` Facts about Honeybees '' . Back Yard Beekeepers Association . 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : Brodschneider , Robert ; Crailsheim , Karl ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Nutrition and health in honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 294 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010012 . ISSN 0044 - 8435 .

 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Leroy M ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Pyridoxine Requirement of the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera ) For Brood Rearing '' . Apidologie . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760105 .

 Jump up ^ Karasov , William H. ; Martinez del Rio , Carlos ( 2008 ) . Physiological Ecology : How Animals Process Energy , Nutrients , and Toxins . Princeton . pp. 63 -- 66 .

 Jump up ^ Kuhnholz , Susanne ( 1997 ) . `` The Control of Water Collection in Honey Bee Colonies '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology . doi : 10.1007 / s002650050402 .

 ^ Jump up to : Kwadha , Charles A. ; Ong'amo , George O. ; Ndegwa , Paul N. ; Raina , Suresh K. ; Fombong , Ayuka T. ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth , Galleria mellonella '' . Insects. 8 ( 2 ) : 61 . doi : 10.3390 / insects8020061 .

 Jump up ^ Bryony , Bonning ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Honey Bee Disease Overview '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103 : s2 - s4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jip. 2009.07. 015 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 .

 Jump up ^ McDonald - Gibson , Charlotte . `` ' Victory for bees ' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Colony Collapse Disorder '' . Beeologics . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Crane E ( 1990 ) . `` Honey from honeybees and other insects '' . Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 ( sup1 ) : 100 -- 105 . doi : 10.1080 / 03949370.1991. 10721919 .

 Jump up ^ Sanford , M.T. ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L . ) '' . Apidologie. 7 : 197 -- 207 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760301 .

 Jump up ^ Gillott , Cedric ( 1995 ) . Entomology . Springer . p. 79 .

 Jump up ^ Simone - Finstrom , Michael ; Spivak , Marla ( May -- June 2010 ) . `` Propolis and bee health : The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 311 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Propolis : MedlinePlus Supplements '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . January 19 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Gambichler T ; Boms S ; Freitag M ( April 2004 ) . `` Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians '' . BMC Dermatol. 4 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 5945 - 4 - 3 . PMC 416484 . PMID 15090069 .

 Jump up ^ Jung - Hoffmann , L ( 1966 ) . `` Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene '' . Z Bienenforsch. 8 : 296 -- 322 .

 Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion '' ( PDF ) . EFSA Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 2083 . 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products : FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee - derived products '' . Food and Drug Administration . Apr 5 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Leung , R ; Ho , A ; Chan , J ; Choy , D ; Lai , CK ( March 1997 ) . `` Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community '' . Clin. Exp . Allergy. 27 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2222.1997. tb00712. x . PMID 9088660 .

 Jump up ^ `` Bee castes '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Started : Honey Bee Biology '' . University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Worker , drone and queen bees '' . PerfectBee LLC. 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Harbo JR , Rinderer TE ( 1980 ) . `` Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees '' . Beesource Beekeeping . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Morphology of a honeybee : worker '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Hadisoesilo , Soesilawati . `` The Comparative Study of Two Species of Cavity - Nesting Honey Bees of Sulawesi , Indonesia '' ( PDF ) .

 Jump up ^ C.H. Thawley . `` Heat tolerance as a weapon '' . Davidson College . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Michio Sugahara ; Fumio Sakamoto ( 2009 ) . `` Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets '' . Naturwissenschaften. 96 ( 9 ) : 1133 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 009 - 0575 - 0 . PMID 19551367 .

 Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Honeybee mobs overpower hornets '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Giant Honeybees Use Shimmering ' Mexican Waves ' To Repel Predatory Wasps - ScienceDaily

 Jump up ^ Radloff , Sara E. ; Hepburn , H. Randall ; Engel , Michael S. ( 2011 ) . Honeybees of Asia . Berlin : Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3642164217 .

 Jump up ^ Hudewenz , Anika ; Klein , Alexandra - Maria ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve '' . Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 ( 6 ) : 1275 -- 1283 . doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 013 - 9609 - 1 . ISSN 1366 - 638X .

 Jump up ^ Johnson , Brian R. ; Nieh , James C. ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition '' . Journal of Insect Behavior . 23 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 471 . doi : 10.1007 / s10905 - 010 - 9229 - 5 . ISSN 0892 - 7553 . PMC 2955239 . PMID 21037953 .

 Jump up ^ Thompson , Helen ; Hunt , Lynn ( 1999 ) . `` Extrapolating from Honeybees to Bumblebees in Pesticide Risk Assessment '' . Ecotoxicology : 147 -- 166 . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ Tarpy , David ( 2016 ) . `` The Honey Bee Dance Language '' . NC State Extension .

 Jump up ^ Rogers , Lesley J. ; Elisa Rigosi ; Elisa Frasnelli ; Giorgio Vallortigara ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` A right antenna for social behaviour in honeybees '' . Scientific Reports . Macmillan Publishers . 3 . doi : 10.1038 / srep02045 .

 Jump up ^ Jessica Shugart . `` Honeybees use right antennae to tell friend from foe '' . Science News . Retrieved 12 March 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Gorman , James ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Do Honeybees Feel ? Scientists Are Entertaining the Idea '' -- via NYTimes.com .

 Jump up ^ `` The symbols of empire '' . Napoleon.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` O Asvins , lords of brightness , anoint me with the honey of the bee , that I may speak forceful speech among men ! Atharva Veda 91 - 258 , quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat ( Anthea Bell , tr . ) The History of Food , 2nd ed. 2009 : 14 .

 Jump up ^ Virgil , Georgics , book IV .

 Jump up ^ Bee Wilson ( 2004 ) . The Hive : The Story of the Honeybee . London : John Murray . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6598 - 7 .

 Jump up ^ `` Utah State Motto and Emblem '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 .

 Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 601 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 501 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Section 1a - 8 '' . Utah Code 67 State Officers and Employees . 2017 .

 Further reading ( edit )

 Adam , Brother . In Search of the Best Strains of Bees . Hebden Bridge , W. Yorks : Northern Bee Books , 1983 .

 Adam , Brother . Bee - keeping at Buckfast Abbey . Geddington , Northants : British Bee Publications , 1975 .

 Aldersey - Williams , H. Zoomorphic : New Animal Architecture . London : Laurence King Publishing , 2003 .

 Alexander , P. Rough Magic : A Biography of Sylvia Plath . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 .

 Allan , M. Darwin and his flowers . London : Faber & Faber , 1977 .

 Alston , F. Skeps , their History , Making and Use . Hebden Bridge , W. Yorks : Northern Bee Books , 1987 .

 Barrett , P . The Immigrant Bees 1788 to 1898 , 1995 .

 Barrett , P. William Cotton .

 Beuys , J. Honey is Flowing in All Directions . Heidelberg : Edition Staeck , 1997 .

 Bevan , E. The Honey - bee : Its Natural History , Physiology and Management . London : Baldwin , Cradock & Joy , 1827 .

 Bill , L. For the Love of Bees . Newton Abbot , Devon : David & Charles , 1989 .

 Bodenheimer , F.S. Insects as Human Food The Hague : Dr. W. Junk , 1951 .

 Brothwell , D. , Brothwell , P. Food in Antiquity . London : Thames & Hudson , 1969 .

 Engel , Michael S. & Grimaldi , David ( 2005 ) : Evolution of the Insects . Cambridge University Press .

 Kak , Subhash C. ( 1991 ) : The Honey Bee Dance Language Controversy . The Mankind Quarterly Summer 1991 : 357 -- 365 . HTML fulltext

 Lanman , Connor H. The Plight of the Bee : The Ballad of Man and Bee . San Francisco , 2008 .

 Lindauer , Martin ( 1971 ) : Communication among social bees . Harvard University Press .

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis ( insect ) .

 Look up honey bee in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .

 Beediseases Dr. Guido Cordoni 's Honey bee Diseases Website

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 Local Honey for Allergies

 Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide

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 Taxon identifiers

 Wd : Q102857

 ADW : Apis

 BugGuide : 3079

 EoL : 104135

 Fauna Europaea : 164774

 GBIF : 1334757

 ITIS : 154395

 NCBI : 7459

 LCCN : sh85061857

 GND : 4025825 - 7

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Firestone tire and Rubber company - wikipedia

 Firestone tire and Rubber company

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 Firestone Tire and Rubber Company

 Type

 Subsidiary

 Industry

 Manufacturing

 Founded

 Akron , Ohio , United States ( August 3 , 1900 ; 117 years ago ( 1900 - 08 - 03 ) )

 Founder

 Harvey Firestone

 Headquarters

 200 4th Ave S , Nashville , Tennessee , United States

 Area served

 Worldwide

 Key people

 Gordon Knapp ( CEO and President )

 Bill Thompson ( COO )

 Products

 Tires

 Revenue

 US $ 2.09 billion ( 2004 )

 Number of employees

 40,000

 Parent

 Bridgestone ( 1988 -- present )

 Website

 firestone.com

 The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is an American tire company founded by Harvey Samuel Firestone in 1900 to supply pneumatic tires for wagons , buggies , and other forms of wheeled transportation common in the era . Firestone soon saw the huge potential for marketing tires for automobiles . The company was a pioneer in the mass production of tires . Harvey Firestone had a friendship with Henry Ford . Firestone used this relationship to become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles , and was also active in the replacement market .

 In 1988 , the company was sold to the Japanese Bridgestone Corporation .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 1.1 Early - to - mid-20th century

 1.2 Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone

 2 In motorsport

 3 Corporate troubles

 3.1 Great American streetcar scandal

 3.2 Firestone 500 tread separation problem

 3.3 Liberian rubber plantation

 3.4 Ford Explorer rollover problem

 4 Television advertisement jingle

 5 Other brands

 6 See also

 7 References

 8 External links

 History ( edit )

 Early - to - mid-20th century ( edit )

 The First Firestone store Firestone newspaper ad from 1919 , explaining the benefits of their cord tire .

 Firestone was originally based in Akron , Ohio , also the hometown of its archrival , Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , and another two mid-sized competitors , General Tire and Rubber and BF Goodrich . Founded on August 3 , 1900 , the company initiated operations with 12 employees . Together , Firestone and Goodyear were the largest suppliers of automotive tires in North America for over 75 years . In 1906 Henry Ford chose Firestone for Model T original equipment tires .

 In 1918 , Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Canada was incorporated in Hamilton , Ontario and in 1922 , the first Canadian - made tire rolled off the line on September 15 . During the 1920s , Firestone produced the Oldfield tire , named for racing driver Barney Oldfield .

 In 1926 , the company opened one of the world 's biggest rubber plantations in Liberia , West Africa , spanning more than 1 million acres . 1926 was also the year that the company opened its first Firestone Complete Auto Care store ( Firestone Complete Auto Care is a division of Firestone that offers automotive maintenance and repair ) .

 In 1927 , Henry Ford and tire maven Harvey Firestone took a trip to Los Angeles to select locations for their new factories . Friends say Ford wanted to be near the ocean and picked Long Beach and suggested Firestone go to South Gate , California . The tiny community southeast of Downtown was mostly agriculture at the time and Firestone found 40 acres of beanfield to house his new manufacturing plant . Architects Curlett and Beelman created a spectacular four - storey Italianate complex , with its own power plant and gorgeous polychrome murals by Gladding McBean depicting the tire and rubber - making process . A year after the plant opened in 1928 it doubled in size . By 1954 , when they added the Corporal guided missile to their offerings , the plant was nearly a million square feet . The town grew around Firestone , they named the main boulevard through town after Harvey , and Los Angeles became the number one tire market in the country . By the mid-1970s Ford and GM had massive layoffs as Firestone and other manufacturers opened new plants in non-union locales like Wilson , North Carolina . After much downsizing the end came in 1980 when 1,300 workers were laid off and the plant closed . East Los Angeles College has proposed a new satellite campus at the site .

 In 1928 the company built a factory in Brentford , England , a longtime Art Deco landmark on a major route into the city . This closed in 1979 .

 In 1936 the company opened a plant in Memphis , Tennessee . With a work force exceeding 3,000 employees , the Memphis plant was the largest tire manufacturer in the company 's worldwide operation . On July 1 , 1963 , the company celebrated the production of 100 million tires in Memphis . The plant was closed in 1982 .

 During World War II the company was called on by the U.S. Government to make artillery shells , aluminum kegs for food transport and rubberized military products . Firestone ranked 55th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . In the 1940s , Firestone was given a defense contract to produce plastic helmet liners . While outproduced by Westinghouse Electric they still made a fair amount for the M1 Helmet .

 Corporal Missile

 In 1951 , Firestone was given the defense contract for the MGM - 5 Corporal missile . Firestone was given a total of US $ 6,888,796 for the first 200 Missiles . This missile was known as the `` Embryo of the Army '' and was a surface - to - surface guided missile which could deliver a high - explosive warhead up to 75 nautical miles ( 139 km ) . It was later modified to be able to carry a nuclear payload for use in the event of Cold War hostilities in Eastern Europe . This missile was replaced in 1962 by the MGM - 29 Sergeant system .

 In 1961 , Firestone acquired the Dayton Tire division from the Dayco Corporation .

 Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone ( edit )

 Firestone Firehawk 700 195 / 55 R 15 ( 2017 ) Firestone operates a chain of repair shops which perform maintenance on cars . A service representative in Berkeley Heights , New Jersey .

 In late 1979 , Firestone brought in John Nevin , the ex-head of Zenith Electronics , as president to save the hemorrhaging company from total collapse . It was more than a billion dollars in debt at the time , and losing 250 million dollars a year . Nevin closed nine of the company 's seventeen manufacturing plants , including six in one day . He relocated the company from its ancestral home in Akron to Chicago . He spun off non-tire related businesses , including the Firestone Country Club . It was considered a deliberate plan to boost the stock price , and it paid off . In 1988 , after discussions with Pirelli , Nevin negotiated the sale of the company to the Japanese company Bridgestone . Bridgestone Corporation Japan was able to buy the company for much less than it had been worth a decade and a half earlier . The combined Bridgestone / Firestone North American operations are now based in Nashville , Tennessee . In 2008 , the companies celebrated a 20 - year anniversary of the merger , and changed the tire division name to Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations , LLC . In 2012 , Bridgestone Americas opened a $100 million technical center in Akron .

 Firestone tires used for the Indianapolis 500 race .

 Apart from tires , several companies and divisions operate with the Firestone brand in its name . These companies include Firestone Building Products , LLC , Firestone Industrial Products , LLC , Firestone Complete Auto Care , Firestone Natural Rubber Company and Firestone Specialty Products . Firestone Building Products and Firestone Industrial Products are headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana and operate in 23 U.S. states and ten countries , with 11,000 employees worldwide . The company reports annual sales of more than $2.5 billion .

 In 1972 , Firestone received a ten - year import `` concession '' by the Kenyan government to secure Firestone 's investment in a domestic tire plant , which gave it a virtual monopoly . This included both general price and foreign exchange controls . When the 10 - year period came to an end in 1979 , Firestone retaliated by increasing production , making entry less attractive . Headquarters eventually canceled expansion and failed negotiations lead to no further investments .

 In motorsport ( edit )

 The 1911 Indianapolis 500 auto race was won by a car running Firestone tires . Firestone - shod cars won all editions of the race from 1920 to 1966 . The company also provided tires to Formula One from 1950 to 1974 . Citing rising costs as the cause , Firestone announced its withdrawal from professional motorsport in August 1974 with the exception of Formula 5000 and Formula One . The change was forecast to reduce Firestone 's annual race testing budget from between $6 and $8 million dollars to around $500,000 . Shortly afterwards , Firestone extended this to a complete withdrawal by the end of the 1974 season . The manufacturer returned in 1995 to the CART series with technical assistance from Bridgestone . Goodyear retired after 1999 , thereby leaving Firestone as the single supplier of the IndyCar Series as of 2017 .

 Corporate troubles ( edit )

 A service manager explains periodic recommended engine part replacements .

 Great American streetcar scandal ( edit )

 In 1950 , Firestone along with General Motors and Standard Oil were charged and convicted of criminal conspiracy for their part in the Great American streetcar scandal . The scandal included purchasing streetcar systems throughout the United States and dismantling and replacing them with buses .

 Firestone 500 tread separation problem ( edit )

 Radial tires were introduced to the U.S. market by rivals Goodrich and Michelin in the late 1960s , and Firestone lacked their own radial tire . The first radial tire developed and produced by Firestone was the ill - fated Firestone 500 Radial . Manufacturing of the new tire was performed on equipment designed to manufacture bias - ply tires .

 During the 1970s , Firestone experienced major problems with the Firestone 500 radial . The Firestone 500 steel - belted radials began to show signs of separation of the tread at high speeds . While the cause was never proved , it is believed that the failure of bonding cements , used by Firestone to hold the tread to the tire carcass , may have allowed water to penetrate the tire which in turn may have caused the internal steel wire to corrode . In March 1978 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) announced publicly a formal investigation into defects of the Firestone 500 . The NHTSA investigation found that the tread separation problem was most probably a design defect affecting all Firestone 500 's .

 In 1973 , only two years after the 500 's debut , Thomas A. Robertson , Firestone 's director of development wrote an internal memo stating `` We are making an inferior quality radial tire which will subject us to belt - edge separation at high mileage '' . Firestone introduced strict quality control measures in an attempt to fix the inherent problems , however they were not successful in totally eliminating the basic faults . In 1977 a recall of 400,000 tires produced at the problematic Decatur plant was initiated . Firestone was considered to be less than cooperative with the NHTSA during the agency 's investigation into the Firestone 500 . Firestone blamed the problems on the consumer , stating underinflation and poor maintenance .

 On October 20 , 1978 , Firestone recalled over 7 million Firestone 500 tires , the largest tire recall to date . Congressional hearings into the 500 also took place in 1978 . The tire was found to be defective and the cause of 250 deaths . In May 1980 after finding that they knew the tires were defective , the NHTSA fined Firestone $500,000 USD , which at that time was the largest fine imposed on any U.S. corporation and the largest civil penalty imposed since passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Act . Multiple lawsuits were settled out of court and the constant negative publicity crippled the company 's sales and share price .

 Harvard Business School and Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania taught classes and wrote papers on the issues of misjudgments and poor decision - making by the management of Firestone . After years of bad publicity and millions paid out in compensation to victims , Firestone was losing vast amounts of money , and its name was severely damaged .

 Liberian Rubber plantation ( edit )

 Latex collection Main article : Firestone Natural Rubber Company

 Firestone established the Firestone Natural Rubber plantation in Harbel , Liberia in 1926 . From 1926 until the outbreak of the First Liberian Civil War in 1990 , the Firestone Natural Rubber Company was the largest plantation of its kind in the world . In September 1990 , rebel NPFL forces ( led by Charles Taylor , who would later be convicted of war crimes ) executed sitting Liberian president Samuel Doe and seized the Harbel plantation . Firestone had to evacuate its American workers as a result . In June 1991 , Firestone sent a delegation to Monrovia in an attempt to restart operations in Harbel . After a month of waiting , the delegation was brought to meet Taylor , and after a further six months of negotiations the company signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) with the National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government 's Ministry of Finance in January 1991 . This MOU provided for taxes to be paid by Firestone to the Taylor government , and for the Taylor government to provide protection to Firestone 's employees and assets in Liberia . Firestone resumed operations in March 1992 , but once again had to halt in October that same year as hostilites escalated . Over this period , the company had paid $2.3 million in taxes to the Taylor government , which some say helped legitimize Taylor 's Greater Liberia government and finance and enable its attack on ECOMOG controlled Monrovia . Operations did not fully restart until 2003 at the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War . Since the end of the war , Firestone has invested over $100 million in restoring and rebuilding its facilities in Liberia .

 The company 's ventures in Liberia have been the subject of considerable scrutiny and criticism , including a 2005 Alien Tort Claims Act case brought in California by the International Labor Rights Fund and a 2014 investigative report by ProPublica entitled `` Firestone and the Warlord '' , and a PBS Frontline documentary by the same name .

 Ford Explorer rollover problem ( edit )

 Main article : Firestone and Ford tire controversy

 In 1996 , several state agencies in Arizona began experiencing major issues with Firestone tires on Explorers . According to news reports , various agencies demanded new tires , and Firestone conducted an investigation of the complaints , tested the tires and tried to assert that the tires had been abused or under - inflated .

 On September 6 , 2000 , in a statement before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Transportation subcommittee the president of the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen , Joan Claybrook , stated :

 ... There are a number of parallels between this recall in 2000 and the 1978 recall of the Firestone 500 ... there was a documented coverup by Firestone of the 500 defect , spurred by the lack of a Firestone replacement tire . When the coverup was disclosed , the top management of the company was replaced as Firestone was severely damaged in reputation and economically . But a key difference is that the Firestone 500 was used on passenger cars , which rarely rolled over with tire failure . NHTSA documented 41 deaths with the 500 , a recall , involving seven million tires .

 The report went on to indicate that Ford also had been complicit , stating that The Ford Motor Company had instructed Firestone to add a nylon ply to the tires it manufactured in Venezuela for additional strength and that Ford had made suspension changes to the Explorer model available in Venezuela . Ford did not specify adding the nylon ply for U.S. - made Firestone tires nor did it change the Explorer suspension on U.S. models at this time .

 Ford Explorer

 An abnormally high failure rate in Firestone 's Wilderness AT , Firestone ATX , and ATX II tires resulted in multiple lawsuits , as well as an eventual mandatory recall . In 2001 Bridgestone / Firestone severed its ties to Ford citing a lack of trust . The lack of trust stemmed from concerns that Ford had not heeded warnings by Bridgestone / Firestone relating to the design of the Ford Explorer . In 2006 , Firestone announced renewed efforts to recall tires of the same model recalled in 2000 after the tires were linked to recent deaths and injuries . According to Firestone 's last filing with the National Highway Transportation Administration , only 90,259 of more than 2.5 million recalled tires were confirmed as removed from service . In November 2013 , two recalled Wilderness AT tires were found in Atlanta , Georgia . One of the tires was offered for sale as new at a used tire retail shop .

 Some outside observers have speculated about the blame worthiness of both parties . Firestone 's tires being prone to tread separation and failure , and the SUVs being especially prone to rolling over if a tire fails at speed compared to other vehicles . A subsequent NHTSA investigation of real world accident data showed that the Ford Explorer SUVs in question were no more likely to roll over than any other SUV , after a tread separation .

 Television advertisement jingle ( edit )

 Early Firestone Advertisement

 Where the Rubber Meets the Road is an advertisement jingle that was frequently used in the 1960s and 1970s , especially on televised sporting events . The jingle was sung by Don Rondo .

 Wherever wheels are rolling ,

 No matter what the load ,

 The name that 's known is Firestone

 Where the rubber meets the road

 Other brands ( edit )

 Bridgestone / Firestone also produces tires under the Fuzion brand name . Fuzion is a tire manufactured in China for Bridgestone / Firestone as a budget replacement tire .

 Makes include the Fuzion UHP Sport A / S , SUV , and Touring .

 See also ( edit )

 Bridgestone

 Firestone - Apsley Rubber Company

 Formula One tires

 Tom Gegax

 IndyCar Series

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Newton , James ( June 1989 ) . Uncommon Friends : Life with Thomas Edison , Henry Ford , Harvey Firestone , Alexis Carrel , and Charles Lindbergh . Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 692620 - 1 .

 Jump up ^ `` A Global Dream '' . Bridgestone Americas . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` History of Bridgestone / Firestone '' . Bridgestone / Firestone Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Firestone 8000 Tire Order by Ford Ford Chooses Firestone for Model T

 Jump up ^ Canada manufactures first Firestone tire Archived 2010 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Firestone Canada Incorporated

 Jump up ^ Chris Nichols ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) . `` DispL. A. Case # 52 : L.A. 's First Firestone Tire - Los Angeles Magazine '' . Lamag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ Lost Memphis Firestone Tire & Rubber Company

 Jump up ^ Firestone Closings

 Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619

 Jump up ^ `` Corporal '' . Redstone Arsenal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` Old & Dangerous ? '' . Tire Review Online . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` Tire industry loses two giants '' . Tire Business . 2006 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ Stephen Koepp ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) . `` The Companies '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ Firestone Diversified Products

 ^ Jump up to : Robert Bates . Markets and States in Tropical Africa : University of California Press , 1981 . p. 68

 ^ Jump up to : Stopford , Strange and Henley . Rival States , Rival Firms : Competition for world market shares , Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge , 1991 , p. 148

 Jump up ^ `` Firestone Cutback Likely '' . The Kingsport Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 14 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ `` Andretti Dream Threatened '' . The Los Angeles Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 30 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . development , production and service of U.S Auto Club championship and Formula racing cars will be phased out by the end of the 1974 season . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1999 ) . Year 501 : the Conquest Continues . South End Press . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 444 - 2 .

 Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jags.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ `` Forewarnings of Fatal Flaws '' . Time . 1979 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` Timeline of key events in the history of Ford and Firestone '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Firestone 's Second Big Tire Blowout '' . Wharton School of University of Pennsylvania . 2000 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ Donald N. Sull ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` The Dynamics of Standing Still : Firestone Tire & Rubber and the Radial Revolution '' . Harvard Business School . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` Joint Committees Deliver Opening Statements at Congressional Hearing on Firestone Recall '' . CNN . 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Stricter Rules for Tire Safety Were Scrapped by Reagan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` A bumpy road for the radial - ply tire '' . USA Today . 2000 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

 ^ Jump up to : Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Intro '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .

 Jump up ^ `` Liberia Profile - Timeline '' . BBC - British Broadcasting Company .

 Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 3 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .

 Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 4 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .

 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber .

 Jump up ^ Fienstein A ( 2011 ) The shadow world : Inside the global arms trade . New York , USA : Farrar , Straus and Giroux

 Jump up ^ `` Investing in Liberia '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber .

 Jump up ^ `` Firestone Claim '' . socialfunds.com .

 Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.propublica.org . ProPublica .

 Jump up ^ `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.pbs.org . PBS Frontline .

 Jump up ^ `` Statement of Joan Claybrook On Firestone Tire Defect and Ford Explorer Rollovers Before the Transportation Subcommittee United States Senate Committee on Appropriations '' . Public Citizen. 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 .

 Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Firestone severs ties to Ford '' . CNN .

 Jump up ^ NHTSA Recall Campaign 01T - 016 Q4 Vehicle Safety Recall Quarterly Report Information , January 25 , 2008 ( Amended March 26 , 2009 ) ( from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration )

 ^ Jump up to : Channel 2 Investigation Finds Recalled Tires for Sale , November 4 , 2013 Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ `` Firestone Jingle '' ( QuickTime ) . Firestone . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .

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