Homestead Acts - wikipedia

 Homestead Acts

 Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Homesteading . Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut

 The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land , typically called a `` homestead , '' at no cost . In all , more than 270 million acres of public land , or nearly 10 % of the total area of the U.S. , was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders ; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River .

 An extension of the Homestead Principle in law , the Homestead Acts were an expression of the `` Free Soil '' policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms , as opposed to Southern slave - owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor , thereby shutting out free white men .

 The first of the acts , the Homestead Act of 1862 , opened up millions of acres . Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could apply . Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible . The 1866 Act explicitly included black Americans and encouraged them to participate , but rampant discrimination slowed black gains . Historian Michael Lanza argues that while the 1866 law pack was not as beneficial as it might have been , it was part of the reason that by 1900 one fourth of all Southern black farmers owned their own farms .

 Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries . The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction . The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees -- the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement . The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a full section ( 640 acres ) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska . An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862 , the Enlarged Homestead Act , was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres . Another amended act , the national Stock - Raising Homestead Act , was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved , this time to 640 acres .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Background

 2 History

 2.1 Donation Land Claim Act of 1850

 2.2 Homestead Act of 1862

 2.3 Southern Homestead Act of 1866

 2.4 Timber Culture Act of 1873

 2.5 Kinkaid Amendment of 1904

 2.6 Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909

 2.7 Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916

 2.8 Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930

 3 Homesteading requirements

 4 In practice

 5 End of homesteading

 6 Criticism

 7 Related acts in other countries

 7.1 Canada

 7.2 New Zealand

 7.3 Elsewhere in the British Empire

 8 In popular culture

 9 See also

 10 Notes

 11 References

 12 Further reading

 13 External links

 Background ( edit )

 Land - grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern Republicans before the Civil War , but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern Democrats who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave - owners . The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress , but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan , a Democrat . After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 ( and their representatives had left Congress ) , the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln ( May 20 , 1862 ) . Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act .

 Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Homesteading was discontinued in 1976 , except in Alaska , where it continued until 1986 . About 40 % of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land .

 History ( edit )

 Donation land claim Act of 1850 ( edit )

 Main article : Donation Land Claim Act

 The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory , then including the modern states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and parts of Wyoming . Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854 , and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855 .

 Homestead Act of 1862 ( edit )

 Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act , 1862

 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Homestead Act ( 1862 )

 The `` yeoman farmer '' ideal of Jeffersonian democracy was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840 -- 1850s , with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of `` virtuous yeomen '' . The Free Soil Party of 1848 -- 52 , and the new Republican Party after 1854 , demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers , rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto marginal lands . Southern Democrats had continually fought ( and defeated ) previous homestead law proposals , as they feared free land would attract European immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west . After the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861 , the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act .

 The intent of the first Homestead Act , passed in 1862 , was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 . Its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson , George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley .

 The homestead was an area of public land in the West ( usually 160 acres or 65 ha ) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years . The law ( and those following it ) required a three - step procedure : file an application , improve the land , and file for deed of title . Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government ( including freed slaves after the fourteenth amendment ) and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household , could file an application to claim a federal land grant . The occupant had to reside on the land for five years , and show evidence of having made improvements .

 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ( edit )

 Main article : Southern Homestead Act of 1866

 Enacted to allow poor tenant farmers and sharecroppers in the south become land owners in the southern United States during Reconstruction . It was not very successful , as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford .

 Timber Culture Act of 1873 ( edit )

 Main article : Timber Culture Act

 The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres of trees over a period of several years . This quarter - section could be added to an existing homestead claim , offering a total of 320 acres to a settler . This offered a cheap plot of land to homesteaders .

 Kinkaid amendment of 1904 ( edit )

 Main article : Kinkaid Act

 Recognizing that arid lands west of the 100th meridian , which passes through central Nebraska , required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family , Congress passed the Kinkaid Act which granted larger homestead tracts , up to 640 acres , to homesteaders in western Nebraska .

 Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ( edit )

 Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low - lying alluvial land along rivers had been homesteaded , the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909 . To enable dryland farming , it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres ( 130 ha ) given to farmers who accepted more marginal lands ( especially in the Great Plains ) , which could not be easily irrigated .

 A massive influx of these new farmers , combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology , led to immense land erosion and eventually the Dust Bowl of the 1930s .

 Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ( edit )

 Main article : Stock - Raising Homestead Act

 In 1916 , the Stock - Raising Homestead Act was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of public land for ranching purposes .

 Subsistence homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 ( edit )

 Main article : Subsistence Homesteads Division

 Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's program of Subsistence Homesteading implemented in the 1930s under the New Deal .

 Homesteading requirements ( edit )

 The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements . A homesteader had to be the head of the household or at least twenty - one years old . They had to live on the designated land , build a home , make improvements , and farm it for a minimum of five years . The filing fee was eighteen dollars ( or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land ) .

 Immigrants , farmers without their own land , single women , and former slaves could all qualify . The fundamental racial qualification was that one had to be a citizen , or have filed a declaration of intention to become a citizen , and so the qualification changed over the years with the varying legal qualifications for citizenship . African - Americans became qualified with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 . South Asians and East Asians who had been born in the United States became qualified with the decision of United States v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 , but little high - quality land remained available by that time . For immigrants the fundamental qualification was that they had to be permitted to enter the country ( which was usually co-extensive with being allowed to file a declaration of intention to become a citizen ) . During the 1800s , the bulk of immigrants were from Europe , with immigrants from South Asia and East Asia being largely excluded , and ( voluntary ) immigrants from Africa were permitted but uncommon .

 In practice ( edit )

 Settlers found land and staked their claims , usually in individual family units , although others formed closer knit communities . Often , the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house .

 The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon , large land rushes , such as the Oklahoma Land Runs of the 1880s and 90s .

 End of homesteading ( edit )

 Dugout home from a homestead near Pie Town , New Mexico , 1940

 The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ended homesteading ; by that time , federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands . The only exception to this new policy was in Alaska , for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986 .

 The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of land on the Stony River in southwestern Alaska . He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988 . He is the last person to receive title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts .

 Criticism ( edit )

 The homestead acts were much abused . Although the intent was to grant land for agriculture , in the arid areas east of the Rocky Mountains , 640 acres ( 260 ha ) was generally too little land for a viable farm ( at least prior to major federal public investments in irrigation projects ) . In these areas , people manipulated the provisions of the act to gain control of resources , especially water . A common scheme was for an individual , acting as a front for a large cattle operation , to file for a homestead surrounding a water source , under the pretense that the land was to be used as a farm . Once the land was granted , other cattle ranchers would be denied the use of that water source , effectively closing off the adjacent public land to competition . That method was also used by large businesses and speculators to gain ownership of timber and oil - producing land . The federal government charged royalties for extraction of these resources from public lands . On the other hand , homesteading schemes were generally pointless for land containing `` locatable minerals , '' such as gold and silver , which could be controlled through mining claims under the Mining Act of 1872 , for which the federal government did not charge royalties .

 The government developed no systematic method to evaluate claims under the homestead acts . Land offices relied on affidavits from witnesses that the claimant had lived on the land for the required period of time and made the required improvements . In practice , some of these witnesses were bribed or otherwise colluded with the claimant .

 Although not necessarily fraud , it was common practice for the eligible children of a large family to claim nearby land as soon as possible . After a few generations , a family could build up a sizable estate .

 The homesteads were criticized as too small for the environmental conditions on the Great Plains ; a homesteader using 19th - century animal - powered tilling and harvesting could not have cultivated the 1500 acres later recommended for dry land farming . Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written , but reveal that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains .

 According to Hugh Nibley , much of the rain forest west of Portland , Oregon was acquired by the Oregon Lumber Company by illegal claims under the Act .

 Nonetheless , in 1995 , a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed that `` Nineteenth - century U.S. land policy , which attempted to give away free land , probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country . ''

 Related Acts in other countries ( edit )

 Canada ( edit )

 Similar laws were passed in Canada :

 The Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed The Free Grants and Homestead Act in 1868 , which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the Province of Canada in The Public Lands Act of 1860 . It was extended to include settlement in the Rainy River District under The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in The Public Lands Act , which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the Canadian Forces . The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951 , and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961 .

 The Parliament of Canada passed the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the Northwest Territories . Its application was restricted after the passage of the Natural Resources Acts in 1930 , and it was finally repealed in 1950 .

 The Legislative Assembly of Quebec did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act ( which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860 ) , but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure , and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation . Later known as the Settlers Protection Act , it was repealed in 1984 .

 Newfoundland and Labrador provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977 , with continuous use for agricultural , business or residential purposes during that time . Similar programs continued to operate in Alberta and British Columbia until 1970 . In the early 21st century , some land is still being granted in the Yukon Territory under its Agricultural Lands Program .

 New Zealand ( edit )

 Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land , the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was ' waste land ' and belonged to the Crown without purchase . Most New Zealand provinces had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877 . The 1877 Land Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead , with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board . There was similar legislation in Westland . It gave up to 75 acres ( 30 ha ) , with settlers just paying the cost of a survey . They had to live there for five years , build a house and cultivate a third of the land , if already open , or a fifth if bush had to be cleared . The land was forfeited if they did n't clear enough bush . This contributed to rapid deforestation .

 Elsewhere in the British Empire ( edit )

 Similar in intent , the British Crown Lands Acts were extended to several of the Empire 's territories , and many are still in effect , to some extent , today . For instance , the Australian selection acts were passed in the various Australian colonies following the first , in 1861 , in New South Wales .

 In popular Culture ( edit )

 Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in Kansas , and later Dakota Territory .

 Willa Cather 's novels , O Pioneers ! and My Ántonia , feature families homesteading on the Great Plains .

 Oscar Micheaux 's novel , The Homesteader : a Novel ( 1917 ) , is a semi-autobiographical story of an African American homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century .

 Kirby Larson 's young adult novel , Hattie Big Sky , explores one woman 's attempts to `` improve '' on her family 's homestead before the deadline to retain her rights .

 The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma is based in the Oklahoma land rush .

 The 1962 Elvis Presley musical film , Follow That Dream , adapted from Pioneer , Go Home ! ( 1959 ) , features a family that homesteads in Florida .

 The movie Far and Away , starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman , centers on the main characters ' struggle to `` obtain their 160 acres . ''

 The miniseries Centennial , depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town .

 The 1953 movie Shane depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who harasses , threatens and terrorizes them , calling them `` pig farmers , '' `` sod busters , '' `` squatters '' and other taunts and insults . When the rancher gets violent , the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims . A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action .

 The 2016 film The Magnificent Seven , loosely adapted from the 1960 film of the same name , features Sam Chisolm , an African American U.S. Marshal raised on a homestead in Lincoln , Kansas . His family had been lynched in 1867 by former Confederate Army soldiers , hired by a robber baron to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the American frontier .

 See also ( edit )

 Desert Land Act

 Land Act of 1804

 Forty acres and a mule

 Russian Homestead Act

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Melvin L. Oliver ; Thomas M. Shapiro ( 1997 ) . Black Wealth / white Wealth : A New Perspective on Racial Inequality . pp. 14 -- 15 .

 Jump up ^ `` Homestead National Monument : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov

 Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Homesteading by the Numbers '' , accessed February 5 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Eric Foner ; Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ; 1970 .

 Jump up ^ Charles C. Bolton ; Poor Whites of the Antebellum South : Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi ; 1993 ; p. 67 .

 Jump up ^ Phillips ; p. 2000 .

 Jump up ^ McPherson ; p. 193 .

 Jump up ^ McPherson ; pp. 450 -- 451 .

 Jump up ^ Trefousse ; p. 42 .

 Jump up ^ McElroy ; p. 1 .

 Jump up ^ `` Horace Greeley '' Archived December 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Tulane University ; August 13 , 1999 ; retrieved 11 - 22 - 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Paul Wallace Gates , `` Federal Land Policy in the South 1866 - 1888 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1940 ) 6 # 3 pp : 303 - 330 . in JSTOR

 ^ Jump up to : Realty and Resource Protection / bmps. Par. 41235. File. dat / Split % 20Estate % 20Presentation % 202006. pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals : What Does it Mean to You ? , a 2006 Bureau of Land Management presentation

 Jump up ^ Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap ( September 2001 ) . `` U.S. Land Policy , Property Rights , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' . FEEM Working Paper No . 69.2001 . FEEM . SSRN 286699 -- via Social Science Electronic Publishing . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )

 Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Homesteader '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN HISTORY The Homestead Act - Creating Prosperity in America '' . Legends of America . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` About the Homestead Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` Was Homesteading only for White People ? '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .

 Jump up ^ `` You Can , But You Ca n't ! '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 '' . Florida Homestead Services . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ( paragraphs. 3 , 6&13 ) ( Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act )

 Jump up ^ Cobb , Norma ( 2000 ) . Arctic Homestead : The True Story of a Family 's Survival and Courage ... St. Martin 's Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28379 - 2 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Last Homesteader '' . National Park Service . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 .

 ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap . `` Small Farms , Externalities , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' , Journal of Political Economy , Volume : 112 ( 3 ) . -- pp. 665 -- 94 . -- 21 November 2003

 Jump up ^ See Nibley , Hugh . Approaching Zion ( The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley , Vol 9 ) , p. 469 . Nibley 's grandfather , Charles W. Nibley made his fortune in Oregon lumber , among other resources .

 Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 , 145 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) .

 Jump up ^ The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 , S.O. 1868 , c. 8

 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act of 1860 , S.C. 1860 , c. 2

 Jump up ^ The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , S.O. 1886 , c. 7

 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act , S.O. 1913 , c. 6 , Part II

 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1948 , S.O. 1948 , c. 72 , s . 2

 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1951 , S.O. 1951 , c. 71 , s . 1

 Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1960 - 61 , S.O. 1960 - 61 , c. 71 , s . 3

 Jump up ^ An Act to Encourage Settlers , S.Q. 1868 , c. 20

 Jump up ^ Settlers Protection Act , L.R.Q. , c . P - 38

 Jump up ^ Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles , L.Q. 1982 , c. 13 ( in French )

 Jump up ^ Lands Act , S.N.L. 1991 , c. 36 , s . 36 , discussed at `` Squatter 's Rights '' . NL Department of Environment and Conservation .

 Jump up ^ Tristin Hopper ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Last Homesteaders : How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon 's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms '' . The National Post .

 Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 1 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Provincial District of Auckland -- The Land Act , 1877 NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .

 Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 3 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .

 Jump up ^ `` Crown Lands Guide NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .

 References ( edit )

 McElroy , Wendy ( 2001 ) . `` The Free - Soil Movement , Part 1 '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2002 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 .

 McPherson , James M. ( 1998 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516895 - X .

 Further reading ( edit )

 Dick , Everett , 1970 . The Lure of the Land : A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal .

 Gates , Paul W. , 1996 . The Jeffersonian Dream : Studies in the History of American Land Policy and Development ' .

 Hyman , Harold M. , 1986 . American Singularity : The 1787 Northwest Ordinance , the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts , and the 1944 G.I. Bill .

 Lause , Mark A. , 2005 . Young America : Land , Labor , and the Republican Community .

 Phillips , Sarah T. , 2000 , `` Antebellum Agricultural Reform , Republican Ideology , and Sectional Tension . '' Agricultural History 74 ( 4 ) : 799 -- 822 . ISSN 0002 - 1482

 Patterson - Black , Sheryll . `` Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier . '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 1976 ) : 67 - 88 . in JSTOR

 Raban , Jonathan , 1996 . `` Bad Land . ''

 Richardson , Heather Cox , 1997 . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War .

 Robbins , Roy M. , 1942 . Our Landed Heritage : The Public Domain , 1776 -- 1936 .

 Shanks , Trina R.W. `` The Homestead Act : A major asset - building policy in American history . '' in Michael Sherraden ( 2005 ) . Inclusion in the American Dream : Assets , Poverty , and Public Policy . Oxford UP . pp : 20 - 41 .

 Smith , Sherry L. `` Single women homesteaders : the perplexing case of Elinore Pruitt Stewart . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1991 ) : 163 - 183 . in JSTOR , with additional citations

 Smith , Henry Nash . Virgin Land : The American West as Symbol and Myth . New York : Vintage , 1959 .

 Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31742 - 0 .

 External links ( edit )

 Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article Homestead .

 Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Homestead and Exemption Laws .

 U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline

 Homestead Act . -- Library of Congress

 Text of 1862 Homestead Act

 Homestead National Monument of America . -- National Park Service

 Homestead Act of 1862 . -- National Archives and Records Administration

 `` Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act : A Colorado Success Story '' . -- National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan . -- National Park Service

 Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula - an exhibit from the University of Washington Library

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IRS penalties - wikipedia

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 Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal , state , and local tax matters . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is primarily responsible for charging these penalties at the Federal level . The IRS can assert only those penalties specified imposed under Federal tax law . State and local rules vary widely , are administered by state and local authorities , and are not discussed herein .

 Penalties may be monetary or may involve forfeiture of property . Criminal penalties may include jail time , but are imposed only by a federal judge after a defendant is convicted . Most monetary penalties are based on the amount of tax not properly paid . Penalties may increase with the period of nonpayment . Some penalties are fixed dollar amounts or fixed percentages of some measure required to be reported . Excise taxes used as penalties are imposed in the Code sections relating to particular kinds of transactions . Some penalties may be waived or abated where the taxpayer shows reasonable cause for the failure .

 Penalties apply for failures to file income tax returns or information returns , or for filing incorrect returns . Some penalties may be very minor . Penalties apply for certain types of errors on tax returns , and may be substantial . Some penalties are imposed as excise taxes on particular transactions . Certain other penalties apply for other types of failures . Certain acts may result in forfeiture of property of the taxpayer .

 There are over 150 kinds of civil penalties in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code , ranging in severity which is reflected in the amount of the applicable fines .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Underestimate and late payment penalties

 2 Penalties for failure to timely file returns or timely pay tax

 3 Accuracy related penalties

 4 Penalties in connection with information returns

 5 100 % penalty on unpaid withholding taxes

 6 Penalties for failure to provide foreign information

 7 Excise taxes as penalties

 8 Tax fraud penalties

 9 Tax adviser penalties

 10 Judicial appeal of penalties

 11 Further reading

 12 References

 Underestimate and late payment penalties ( edit )

 Taxpayers are required to have withholding of tax or make quarterly estimated tax payments before the end of the tax year . Because accurate estimation requires accurate prediction of the future , taxpayers sometimes underestimate the amount due . The penalty for paying too little estimated tax or having too little tax withheld is computed with interest on the amount that should have been , but was not , paid .

 Where a taxpayer has filed an income or excise tax return that shows a balance due but does not pay that balance by the due date of the return ( without extensions ) , a different charge applies . This charge has two components : an interest charge , computed as described above , and second a penalty of 0.5 % per month applied to the unpaid balance of tax and interest . The 0.5 % penalty is capped at 25 % of the total unpaid tax .

 The underestimate penalty and interest on late payment are automatically assessed .

 Penalties for failure to timely file returns or timely pay tax ( edit )

 Penalty for Failure to Timely File Return : If a taxpayer is required to file an income or excise tax return and fails to timely do so , a late filing penalty may be assessed . The penalty is 5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) the return is late , up to a maximum of 25 % . A minimum penalty of $205 may apply for returns over 60 days late . The minimum penalty is the lesser of $205 or 100 % of the tax due on the return .

 Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay Tax : If a taxpayer fails to pay the balance due shown on the tax return by the due date ( even if the reason of nonpayment is a bounced check ) , there is a penalty of 0.5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) , up to a maximum of 25 % .

 Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay After Issuance of Notice : If a taxpayer fails to pay any additional tax assessed by the IRS ( usually as a result of an audit ) the taxpayer may be liable for a penalty equal to 0.5 % for each month ( or partial month ) during which the failure continues , if the amount is not paid within 21 calendar days after the date of an IRS notice demanding the payment .

 If both the failure to file and the failure to pay penalties apply during the same month , then the failure to file penalty is reduced by 0.5 % each month .

 The 25 % cap above applies to the 5 % late filing penalty and the 0.5 % late payment penalty together . The late filing penalty may be waived or abated on showing of reasonable cause for failure . The failure to file penalty is imposed and starts to accrue interest from the due date of the return . The failure to pay penalty is imposed when a taxpayer pays the taxes after payment was due , computed from the date prescribed for paying the tax .

 The Internal Revenue Service advises that if the taxpayer wants to compute the penalty for failure to timely file and the penalty for failure to timely pay the tax shown on the return , or the interest , and to pay those items at the time the return is filed , the taxpayer can `` identify and enter the amount in the bottom margin '' on the second page of Form 1040 . The IRS advises that the taxpayer `` not include interest or penalties ( other than the estimated tax penalty ) '' in the `` Amount Owed '' line of the form .

 Accuracy related penalties ( edit )

 If amounts reported on an income tax return are later adjusted by the IRS and a tax increase results , an additional penalty may apply . This penalty of 20 % or 40 % of the increase in tax is due in the case of substantial understatement of tax , substantial valuation misstatements , transfer pricing adjustments , or negligence or disregard of rules or regulations . For example , a valuation overstatement can result in a 30 % penalty on the amount of tax owed . Special rules apply for each of these types of errors under which the penalty may be waived .

 Penalties in connection with information returns ( edit )

 Certain types of returns , called `` information returns , '' do not require payment of tax . These include forms filed by employers to report wages ( Form W - 2 ) and businesses to report certain payments ( Form 1099 series instructions ) . The penalty for failures related to these forms is a dollar amount per form not timely filed , and the amount of penalty increases with the degree of lateness . The current maximum penalty for these forms is $50 . Many of the forms must be filed electronically , and filing on paper is considered non-filing .

 Late filing of returns of partnership income ( Form 1065 ) can result in penalties of $195 per month per partner , up to a maximum of 12 months . Similar penalties may apply to an income tax return ( Form 1120S ) for an S corporation return .

 100 % penalty on unpaid withholding taxes ( edit )

 Employers are required to withhold income and social security taxes from wages paid to employees , and to pay these amounts promptly to the government . A penalty of 100 % of the amount not paid over ( plus liability for paying the withheld amounts ) may be collected without judicial proceedings from each and every person who had custody and control of the funds and did not make the payment to the government . This applies to company employees and officers as individuals , as well as to companies themselves . There have been reported cases of the IRS seizing houses of those failing to pay over employee taxes .

 Penalties for failure to provide foreign information ( edit )

 Taxpayers who are shareholders of controlled foreign corporations must file Form 5471 with respect to each such controlled foreign corporation . Penalties for failure to timely file are $10,000 to $50,000 per form , plus possible loss of foreign tax credits . U.S. corporations more than 25 % owned , directly or indirectly , by foreign persons must file Form 5472 to report such ownership and all transactions with related parties . Failure to timely file carries a $10,000 penalty per required form . This penalty may be increased by $10,000 per month per form for continued failure to file . In addition , taxpayers who fail to report changes in foreign taxes used as credits against Federal income tax may be subject to penalties .

 U.S. citizen or resident taxpayers ( including entities ) who are beneficiaries of a foreign trust or make transfers of property to a foreign trust must report information about the transfer and the trust or corporation . Failure to timely report on Form 3520 or Form 3520 - A may result in penalties of up to 35 % . Similar transferors to foreign corporations failing to file Form 926 may face penalties of 10 % of the value of the transfer , up to $100,000 .

 Excise taxes as penalties ( edit )

 Federal excise taxes are imposed on a variety of goods and services . Some of these taxes require purchase of tax stamps or other evidence of advance payment of tax . Some require collection of the tax by retailers . An assortment of penalties apply to manufacturers and retailers not complying with the particular rules .

 In addition , certain penalties are imposed in the form of an excise tax . Pension and benefit plans must pay a tax for a variety of failures . Charities and private foundations must pay an excise tax on prohibited transactions and other failures .

 Tax fraud penalties ( edit )

 Intentional filing of materially false tax returns is a criminal offence . A person convicted of committing tax fraud , or aiding and abetting another in committing tax fraud , may be subject to forfeiture of property and / or jail time . Conviction and sentencing is through the court system . Responsibility for prosecution falls to the U.S. Department of Justice , not the Internal Revenue Service .

 Penalties may be assessed against tax protesters who raise arguments that income tax laws are not valid , or who otherwise file frivolous returns or court petitions .

 Tax adviser penalties ( edit )

 Penalties also apply to people who promote tax shelters or who fail to maintain and disclose lists of reportable transactions their customers or clients for those transactions . These monetary penalties can be severe .

 Judicial appeal of penalties ( edit )

 Most penalties are subject to judicial review . However , the courts rarely modify assessment of the penalties and interest for underestimate or late payment .

 Further reading ( edit )

 Meldman , Robert E. , Federal Taxation Practice and Procedure , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8080 - 1647 - 2 , Chapters 9 and 18

 Shafiroff , Ira L. , Internal Revenue Service Practice and Procedure Deskbook , Kindle edition ( no ISBN ) , or hardcover ISBN 978 - 0 - 87224 - 109 - 1

 Pratt , Kulsrud , et al , Federal Taxation , 2006 Edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 7593 - 5175 - 2 , pages 2 -- 6 through 2 - 15 .

 Willis , Hoffman , et al , South - Western Federal Taxation , 2009 Edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 66052 - 4 , pages 26 -- 13 through 26 - 19 .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Most of the penalty rules are in Chapters 68 through 75 of the Internal Revenue Code , sections 6651 through 7344 . 26 USC Subtitle F .

 Jump up ^ Alan J. Tarr , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) & Pamela Jensen Drucker , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) , Civil Tax Penalties , U.S. Income Portfolios , Vol. 634 ( 2d ed. 2012 ) , Bloomberg BNA .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6654 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 3 ) .

 Jump up ^ See IRS Tax Topic 653 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 1 ) .

 Jump up ^ IRC § 6651 ( a ) ( 1 )

 Jump up ^ IRC § 6651 ( a ) ( 2 )

 Jump up ^ `` 1040 ( 2015 ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6662 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6721 .

 Jump up ^ 26 CFR 301 - 6721 - 1 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( ii ) .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6698 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6699 .

 Jump up ^ Technically , the Form 1120S is an income tax return , not an information return .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 3101 - 3406 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6672 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 3504 .

 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. St. Clair , 45 Amer . Fed . Tax Rep. 2d 80 - 1528 , 80 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9364 , ( N.D. Texas 1980 ) , in which the court upheld seizure of the taxpayer 's personal residence for failure to pay over withholding taxes payable by the company .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038A .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6689 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6677 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038B .

 Jump up ^ Subtitle D of 26 USC .

 Jump up ^ Manufacturers Taxes , IRS

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 4971 - 4980G

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 4911 , 4912 and 26 USC 4940 - 4948 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 7301 - 7328 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 7201 - 7217 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6702 26 USC 6673 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6700 .

 Jump up ^ 26 USC 6707A .

 Jump up ^ See the discussions in IRS Publication 5 .

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Question: who may be affected by monetary penalties imposed by the irs


Where No Man Has Gone Before - wikipedia

 Where No Man Has Gone Before

 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the episode of Star Trek . For the Star Trek quotation , see Where no man has gone before . For the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode , see Where No One Has Gone Before .

 `` Where No Man Has Gone Before ''

 Star Trek : The Original Series episode

 Episode no .

 Season 1 Episode 3

 Directed by

 James Goldstone

 Written by

 Samuel A. Peeples

 Featured music

 Alexander Courage

 Cinematography by

 Ernest Haller

 Production code

 Original air date

 September 22 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 22 )

 Guest appearance ( s )

 Gary Lockwood -- Lt. Cmdr . Gary Mitchell

 Sally Kellerman -- Dr. Elizabeth Dehner

 Lloyd Haynes -- Alden

 Andrea Dromm -- Yeoman Smith

 Paul Carr -- Lt. Lee Kelso

 Paul Fix -- Dr. Mark Piper

 Episode chronology

 ← Previous `` Charlie X ''

 Next → `` The Naked Time ''

 List of Star Trek : The Original Series episodes

 `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' is the second pilot episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek . It was produced in 1965 after the first pilot , `` The Cage '' , was rejected by NBC . Reportedly , Lucille Ball , who owned Desilu Productions ( where the pilot was produced ) , persuaded NBC management to consider a second pilot , thereby exercising a special option agreement it had with Desilu , because she liked Gene Roddenberry and believed in the project . The episode was eventually broadcast third in sequence on September 22 , 1966 , and re-aired on April 20 , 1967 . On July 12 , 1969 , it was the first episode to be shown in the United Kingdom by the BBC .

 `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' was written by Samuel A. Peeples , directed by James Goldstone , and filmed in July 1965 . It was the first episode of Star Trek to feature William Shatner as Captain James Kirk , James Doohan as Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( later called `` Scotty '' ) , and George Takei as Lt. Sulu ( the ship 's physicist , whose character became helmsman in subsequent episodes ) . The episode title was adopted as the final phrase in the opening voice - over which characterizes the series and has entered popular culture .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Plot

 2 Production

 3 Original cut

 4 Continuity

 5 Sequels and adaptations

 6 Reception

 7 References

 8 External links

 Plot ( edit )

 The starship USS Enterprise is on an exploratory mission to leave the galaxy . En route , a damaged ship 's recorder of the SS Valiant , an Earth spaceship lost 200 years earlier , is found . Its record is incomplete , but it reveals that the Valiant had been swept from its path by a `` magnetic space storm , '' and that the crew had frantically searched for information about extra-sensory perception ( ESP ) in the ship 's library computer . The recording ends with the captain of the Valiant apparently giving a self - destruct order .

 Kirk decides that they need to know what happened to the Valiant , and the Enterprise crosses the edge of the galaxy where it encounters a strange barrier which damages the ship 's systems and warp drive , forcing a retreat . At the same time , nine crewmembers are killed and both helmsman Gary Mitchell and ship 's psychiatrist Dr. Elizabeth Dehner are knocked unconscious by the barrier 's effect . When he awakens , Mitchell 's eyes glow silver , and he begins to display remarkable psychic powers .

 Mitchell becomes increasingly arrogant and hostile toward the rest of the crew , declaring that he has become godlike , enforcing his desires with fearsome displays of telepathic and telekinetic power . Science Officer Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) comes to believe that Valiant crew members may have experienced the same phenomenon , and destroyed the ship to keep the power from spreading . He advises Kirk that Mitchell may have to be killed before his powers develop further , but Kirk angrily disagrees .

 Alarmed that Mitchell may take over the Enterprise , Kirk decides to maroon him on an unmanned lithium - cracking facility on the remote planet of Delta Vega . Once there , the landing party tries to confine Mitchell , but his powers have become too great . He kills navigator Lt. Lee Kelso and escapes by knocking out Kirk and Spock , taking with him Dr. Dehner , who has now developed similar powers .

 Kirk follows and appeals to Dr. Dehner 's humanity for help . Before Mitchell can kill Kirk , the doctor attacks and weakens him . Mitchell fatally injures Dehner , but before he can recover from the effort , Kirk uses a phaser rifle to create a rock slide , killing Mitchell .

 Back on the Enterprise , Kirk makes a log entry that both Dehner and Mitchell gave their lives `` in performance of duty '' . He explains to Spock that he wants his friend 's service record to end positively : `` He did n't ask for what happened to him '' . Spock admits to feeling sympathy for Mitchell too , and Kirk comments that there is hope for him .

 Production ( edit )

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 The original pilot of Star Trek , `` The Cage '' , was rejected in February 1965 by NBC executives . The show had been sold to them as a `` Wagon Train to the stars '' , and they thought the first pilot did not match the adventure format they had been promised and was `` too cerebral '' for the general audience . However , NBC , having been persuaded by Desilu management ( and reportedly by Lucille Ball herself ) , maintained sufficient interest in the format to order a second pilot episode in March 1965 .

 Roddenberry wrote two story outlines , `` The Omega Glory '' and `` Mudd 's Women . '' He wrote the teleplay for the former , and gave the latter to Stephen Kandel . Roddenberry asked long - time associate and veteran scriptwriter Samuel Peeples to submit ideas for another . Peeples came up with the premise and episode title for `` Where No Man Has Gone Before , '' and was assigned to write it .

 Kandel had fallen ill and his script was not finished in time ; the other two were submitted to NBC for consideration . NBC preferred `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' as a pilot . `` Mudd 's Women '' was later made as the second episode in regular production , and `` The Omega Glory '' was made towards the end of the second season .

 While `` The Cage '' has a running time of approximately 63 minutes , `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' ran just over 55 minutes , with additional footage and formatting later cut to reduce it to the usual series running time of around 50 minutes ( excluding commercials ) .

 Casting took place in June 1965 . Jeffrey Hunter was unwilling to reprise his role as Captain Christopher Pike . Lloyd Bridges and Jack Lord were considered , but William Shatner was finally cast as Pike 's replacement , Captain James Kirk . The character of Number One , the female second - in - command , was dropped on the insistence of the NBC network , and Science Officer Spock was given Number One 's unemotional demeanor . NBC was worried about Leonard Nimoy 's `` satanic '' appearance and pressured for his removal . As Roddenberry later explained at conventions , he felt he had a strong enough negotiating position to save one character , but not both . Roddenberry went on to muse that , had he done it the other way around , he could not have then married the losing actor .

 Apart from Captain Kirk , the episode introduced two other regular characters to the show : James Doohan , a friend of director James Goldstone , was cast as the Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( the name chosen after Doohan had tried various accents , and had decided that an engineer ought to be Scottish ) and George Takei was cast as Ship 's Physicist Sulu , who would become the helmsman in the regular series . Lieutenant Uhura and Dr. Leonard McCoy do not feature ; the ship 's doctor is instead Mark Piper ( Paul Fix ) . Piper was intended as a regular ; DeForest Kelley , who played McCoy in the series proper , had been considered for the role .

 Gary Lockwood , as Lt. Commander Gary Mitchell , had starred in the title role of Roddenberry 's earlier series on NBC , The Lieutenant ; Sally Kellerman was cast as Dr. Elizabeth Dehner . Both actors needed silver eyes , which were produced by an expert contact lens fabricator who sandwiched wrinkled tinfoil between two sclera contact lenses which covered the entire eye . These were outdated even in the 1960s and dangerous to the health of the actors ' eyes . Although Kellerman could insert and remove the prosthetics easily with no discomfort , Lockwood found them almost impossible to use . He needed to raise his face and sight along his nose in order to see through tiny holes in the foil . He was able to use this to enhance his performance as the mutating Mitchell , the unusual gaze giving him an arrogant and haughty demeanor .

 Other cast members included Paul Carr as Navigator Lee Kelso , Lloyd Haynes as Communications Officer Alden and Andrea Dromm as Yeoman Smith ( Alden and Smith were intended to be regulars in the show , but were replaced by Uhura and Janice Rand , respectively ) . The episode also is the first time long - running background actor Eddie Paskey appeared ; his character would later be identified as Lt. Leslie .

 The costumes from the first pilot were used in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' with the exception of the insignias in two respects - the outlines were gold in first pilot but black in the second , and the insignia symbols for engineering and sciences were reversed compared to both the pilot and the series proper . Completely new uniforms and insignias would be unveiled when the series was green - lighted , with the colors altered and black collars introduced . Most of the Enterprise sets were also reused from `` The Cage '' , while Sickbay was the only major set constructed for the episode . Like `` The Cage '' , the episode was shot at Desilu 's Culver City studios .

 The episode was directed by James Goldstone . Ernest Haller , who had won the Oscar for Best Color Cinematography on the movie Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , served as director of photography for the episode . He had been brought in out of semi-retirement at Goldstone 's recommendation at the last minute , after attempts to locate a cameraman had proved problematic . Robert H. Justman was credited as assistant director .

 Shooting started on July 19 , 1965 , several days later than originally scheduled . During the filming of this episode , a wasp 's nest high in the rafters of the studio was somehow disturbed , and many cast and crew members suffered stings as a result . As this happened on a Friday , the weekend break allowed time for the swelling to go down ; Shatner , however , required additional makeup to hide the stings during shooting the following Monday . Filming finished late on July 28 , 1965 ; the final footage filmed was part of the fight between Kirk and Mitchell . While the schedule allowed seven days to shoot the episode , it required nine , which was Justman 's original estimate . The episode cost around $300,000 , around half the money spent on making `` The Cage '' .

 In a 1988 TV special , series creator Gene Roddenberry said that , as with the first pilot , this one still had a lot of science - fiction elements in it , but at least it ended with Kirk in a bare - knuckle fistfight with Mitchell and that 's what sold NBC on Star Trek .

 Original cut ( edit )

 Post-production on the episode was delayed by Roddenberry 's involvement in another pilot , Police Story . Post-production finished in January 1966 and the episode was presented to NBC for approval ( which finally came in February 1966 ) ; this original version ( production number 02a ) differed from the later final broadcast cut ( production number 02b , airing on September 22 , 1966 ) in that each of the four acts had on - screen titles ( `` Act I '' , `` Act II '' , etc . ) , as well as an epilogue , in the manner of Quinn Martin 's television productions . It also featured a much longer opening narration by Shatner . In some places alternate musical scores were used . In total almost 5 minutes of footage was removed to accommodate the original series 50 - minute network broadcast format , allowing for commercials .

 The studio did not retain a print of this original `` alternate '' version , and it was officially thought to be lost , though many fans knew that it existed somewhere , having purchased a poor quality VHS tape at a convention . In 2009 , a German film collector discovered a print of it and brought it to the attention of CBS / Paramount , which then released it under the title `` Where No Fan Has Gone Before '' -- The Restored , Unaired Alternate Pilot Episode as part of the TOS season 3 box set on Blu - ray ; it has not yet been released on DVD .

 The original `` alternate '' version also remains unaired ( in both normal or still undone remastered form ) , thus still awaiting canon status ( both in contrast to TOS 's earlier other concept - as - pilot episode 's version , `` The Cage '' -- later reworked into the two - part `` The Menagerie '' of the original run of TOS , which was finally broadcast in 1988 during the original run and in the regular time slot of Star Trek : The Next Generation ) .

 The episode in its original `` alternate '' version was known to the public before the aired version , having been shown ( receiving a standing ovation ) at the 24th Worldcon in Cleveland , Ohio , on September 3 , 1966 -- shortly before the premiere broadcast of Star Trek on NBC .

 Continuity ( edit )

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 The episode 's title is the first usage of the phrase `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' in Star Trek . The phrase would be incorporated into the opening credits sequence in following episodes , as part of the `` Space : The Final Frontier ... '' speech given by Captain Kirk . The phrase would also be used ( with `` man '' changed to the gender - neutral `` one '' ) , in the credits voice - over of Star Trek : The Next Generation . That series also referred to it with the title of one of its episodes , `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' . It was also referred to in the final episode of Star Trek : Enterprise as part of a voice - over spoken by Picard , Kirk , and Archer .

 Kirk 's middle initial is given as `` R . '' in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and is seen clearly on the gravestone fashioned by Mitchell for Kirk ; subsequent episodes use `` James T. Kirk '' . His middle name was revealed to be `` Tiberius '' in `` Bem '' , an episode from the animated series , and in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . Various suggestions have been made to explain this discrepancy ; Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper trilogy speculates this results from an in - joke between Mitchell and Kirk . Roddenberry cited human error on Mitchell 's part .

 The episode contains the first stardate ( 1312.4 ) and makes the first reference to the Academy , at which Kirk taught Mitchell . The `` lithium crystals '' mentioned in the episode would later be renamed to the fictional `` dilithium crystals '' . The episode opens with Kirk and Spock playing a game of three - dimensional chess .

 Sequels and adaptations ( edit )

 The episode was adapted into a short story by James Blish for Star Trek 8 , published in 1972 . It also became the second in Bantam 's series of Fotonovels , published in 1977 .

 The Galactic Barrier is later associated with the Q , in the 1994 novel Q - Squared by Peter David , and Greg Cox 's 1998 Q Continuum trilogy .

 Gary Mitchell does not appear again in the show . Several books , including Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper , Vonda N. McIntyre 's Enterprise : The First Adventure , and Margaret Wander Bonanno 's Strangers from the Sky , feature the Mitchell character in adventures set before the events of the episode . The 2005 Star Trek : Vanguard book Harbinger is set immediately after the events of `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and features a troubled Kirk musing on his friend 's death . Friedman 's Stargazer book The Valiant features two people who claim to be descended from the Valiant 's crew .

 Reception ( edit )

 Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a ' B + ' rating , describing it as `` an awkward episode '' but that `` it 's not without its charms . ''

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : Asherman , Allan ( 1987 ) . The Star Trek Compendium . Titan Books . ISBN 0 - 907610 - 99 - 4 .

 ^ Jump up to : Alexander , David ( 1994 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 .

 ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen E & Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . Ballatine Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 363 - 3 .

 ^ Jump up to : Solow , Herbert F. and Justman , Robert H. ( 1996 ) . Inside Star Trek : The Real Story . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00974 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )

 Jump up ^ `` Mr Leslie Facts '' . eddiepaskey.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 .

 ^ Jump up to : Where No Man Has Gone Before . DVD technical commentary ( Okuda , Michael and Denise ) .

 Jump up ^ Leao , Gustavo ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Article with pictures of original `` alternate '' version `` . TrekWeb.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Never before aired ' Star Trek ' pilot to be released '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek - ' These Are the High - Def Voyages ... ' : Season 3 Blu - ray Disc Announced ! * * * UPDATE : PACKAGING * * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek : The Original Series -- Season 3 Blu - ray Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Ward , Dayton . `` Annotations to Star Trek : Mere Anarchy : Things Fall Apart '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 .

 Jump up ^ Okuda , Michael ; Okuda , Denise ; Mirek , Debbie ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 .

 ^ Jump up to : Ayers , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Voyages of the Imagination : The Star Trek Fiction Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 0349 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ Roby , Steve . `` Complete Starfleet Library : 1977 '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 .

 Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 .

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 Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` Where No Man Has Gone Before ''

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Question: where no man has gone before episode cast


The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia

 The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother )

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 Tracy McConnell

 How I Met Your Mother character

 The Mother appearing in `` The Locket ''

 First appearance

 `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen )

 Last appearance

 `` Last Forever ''

 Created by

 Carter Bays Craig Thomas

 Portrayed by

 Cristin Milioti

 Information

 Aliases

 The Mother

 Gender

 Female

 Spouse ( s )

 Ted Mosby

 Significant other ( s )

 Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend )

 Children

 Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie )

 Nationality

 American

 Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .

 The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans .

 An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Casting

 2 Character history

 2.1 Name

 3 Death

 4 Notes

 5 References

 Casting ( edit )

 During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call .

 They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer .

 Character history ( edit )

 The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 .

 The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love .

 In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college .

 On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom .

 Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time .

 Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band .

 In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar .

 In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding .

 The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after .

 The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey .

 In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger .

 In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door .

 In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date .

 In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton .

 Name ( edit )

 The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy .

 Death ( edit )

 See also : Last Forever

 In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' .

 A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 .

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 .

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone .

 Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK .

 Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly .

 ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast .

 Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast .

 ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS .

 ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923

 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640

 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 .

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 How I Met Your Mother

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Question: who turned out to be the mother on how i met your mother

Tracy McConnell
Tracy McConnell
Tracy McConnell
Tracy McConnell
Tracy McConnell


List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia

 List of Australian capital cities

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 There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1913 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital .

 Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction . In the case of the states and internal territories , their capital cities also happen to be the most populous city in their respective jurisdiction .

 The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine .

 WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin

 State and Territory Capitals of Australia

 Jurisdiction

 Capital

 City Population

 State / Territory Population

 Date of statehood

 Capital since

 Image

 Australia and Australian Capital Territory

 Canberra

 435,019

 403,468

 Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution

 1913

 View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background

 New South Wales

 Sydney

 5,029,768

 7,759,274

 1788

 1788

 Skyline of the Sydney central business district

 Victoria

 Melbourne

 4,725,316

 6,179,249

 1851

 1851

 The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River

 Queensland

 Brisbane

 2,360,241

 4,848,877

 1859

 1860

 Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground

 Western Australia

 Perth

 2,022,044

 2,558,951

 1829

 1829

 View of Perth CBD skyline

 South Australia

 Adelaide

 1,324,279

 1,713,054

 1836

 1836

 View of Adelaide Skyline .

 Tasmania

 Hobart

 224,462

 517,588

 1825

 1826

 View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock

 Northern Territory

 Darwin

 145,916

 245,740

 Has not attained Statehood

 1911

 View of Darwin CBD

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule .

 Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web

 Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument

 Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument

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Question: list of states of australia and their capitals