Trade winds - wikipedia

 Trade winds

 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows )

 The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .

 In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 2 Cause

 3 Weather effects

 4 See also

 5 References

 History ( edit )

 A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail

 The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 .

 The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all .

 By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans .

 Cause ( edit )

 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds

 As part of the Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion .

 The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums .

 As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean .

 Weather effects ( edit )

 Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America .

 During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s .

 See also ( edit )

 Intertropical Convergence Zone

 Winds in the Age of Sail

 Westerly wind burst

 Volta do mar

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 .

 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 .

 Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 .

 Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .

 Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .

 Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 .

 Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .

 Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .

 Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .

 Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .

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High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia

 High School Musical 2

 Jump to : navigation , search

 High School Musical 2

 Promotional poster

 Written by

 Peter Barsocchini

 Directed by

 Kenny Ortega

 Starring

 Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman

 Theme music composer

 David Nessim Lawrence

 Country of origin

 United States

 Original language ( s )

 English

 Production

 Producer ( s )

 Bill Borden Kenny Ortega

 Cinematography

 Daniel Aranyó

 Editor ( s )

 Seth Flaum

 Running time

 104 minutes

 Production company ( s )

 Salty Pictures First Street Films

 Distributor

 Disney - ABC Domestic Television

 Budget

 $7 million

 Release

 Original network

 Disney Channel

 Original release

 August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 )

 Chronology

 Preceded by

 High School Musical

 Followed by

 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year

 High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. , and on Family in Canada .

 In the second installment of the Disney franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself by hiring him at her family 's country club .

 The premiere was seen by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast at the time .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Plot

 2 Cast

 3 Release

 4 Songs

 5 Reception

 6 High School Musical 2 : On Stage !

 7 Awards

 8 References

 9 External links

 Plot

 The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ( `` What Time Is It '' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college .

 Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family 's country club , Lava Springs ( `` Fabulous '' ) , but Sharpay 's summer plans also include pursuing Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces the club 's manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '' ) .

 Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( `` You Are The Music In Me '' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` Humuhumunukunukuapua'a '' ) . )

 Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n't Dance '' ) .

 Troy and Gabriella 's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '' from Troy , he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night 's Talent Show ( `` You Are The Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '' ) .

 When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own Way '' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also seems that they broke up .

 Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It '' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well .

 At Sharpay 's supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '' ) alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks .

 Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '' ) which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus .

 Cast

 Main article : List of High School Musical characters

 Troy Bolton ( Zac Efron ) is Gabriella 's boyfriend , the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team . For this movie , Efron did all of his own singing , whereas , in the first High School Musical , his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley 's voice .

 Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens ) is Troy 's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High . She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay 's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy .

 Ryan Evans ( Lucas Grabeel ) is Sharpay 's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister .

 Sharpay Evans ( Ashley Tisdale ) is Ryan 's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy 's attention and doing anything to help him .

 Chad Danforth ( Corbin Bleu ) is Troy 's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke .

 Taylor McKessie ( Monique Coleman ) is Gabriella 's best friend . She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad . She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team . She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator .

 Thomas Fulton ( Mark L. Taylor ) is the manager of Lava Springs .

 Coach Jack Bolton ( Bart Johnson ) is Troy 's father and East High 's basketball coach .

 Darby Evans ( Jessica Tuck ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board .

 Vance Evans ( Robert Curtis Brown ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's father .

 Ms. Darbus ( Alyson Reed ) is the stern drama teacher at East High .

 Zeke Baylor ( Chris Warren Jr . ) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team .

 Jason Cross ( Ryne Sanborn ) is friends with Troy , Chad , and Zeke and plays on the basketball team .

 Kelsi Nielsen ( Olesya Rulin ) is friends with Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer .

 Martha Cox ( Kaycee Stroh ) is friends with Gabriella , Kelsi , and Taylor .

 Jackie ( Tanya Chisholm ) is one of Sharpay 's friends ( a.k.a. The Sharpettes ) .

 Lucille Bolton ( Leslie Wing Pomeroy ) is Troy 's mother .

 Lea ( Kelli Baker ) is another Sharpette .

 Emma ( McCall Clark ) is another Sharpette .

 Unknown Wildcats player ( Shane Harper ) is the principal dancer .

 Girl At Pool ( Miley Cyrus ) is an unknown dancer at the end ( cameo ) .

 Release

 The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie 's cast . On Saturday , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '' , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel , The 101 .

 Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening number `` What Time Is It '' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly `` You Are The Music In Me '' premiered on July 13 , 2007 .

 On December 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition .

 Songs

 See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack )

 Song

 Chiefly sung by

 Other singers

 Scene

 What Time Is It ?

 Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor

 Wildcats

 East High 's Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria

 What Time Is It ( Reprise )

 Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor

 Wildcats

 East High 's School Grounds

 Fabulous

 Sharpay

 Ryan & Sharpettes

 Lava Springs Pool

 Work This Out

 Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason

 Wildcats and Kitchen Workers

 Lava Springs Kitchen

 You Are the Music in Me

 Troy and Gabriella

 Kelsi and Wildcats

 Lava Springs Dining Room

 Humuhumunukunukuapua'a

 Sharpay and Ryan

 Sharpettes

 Lava Springs Backstage Room

 I Do n't Dance

 Chad and Ryan

 Baseball Players , Wildcats , and Company

 Lava Springs Baseball Field

 You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise )

 Sharpay and Troy

 Sharpettes

 Lava Springs Stage

 Gotta Go My Own Way

 Gabriella

 Troy

 Lava Springs Pool , Locker Room , Grounds

 Bet On It

 Troy

 None

 Lava Springs Golf Course

 Everyday

 Troy and Gabriella

 Wildcats and Company

 Lava Springs Stage

 All for One

 Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor

 Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , Wildcats , Company

 Lava Springs Pool

 Reception

 A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios .

 The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN 's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous record was held by TNT 's January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers .

 In Latin America , the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK 's most viewed program ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing .

 The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today 's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash in innocence '' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing of the movie 's premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about to start up again , while the movie 's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '' award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas .

 High School Musical 2 : on stage !

 Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale .

 Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a '' that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program .

 On May 18 , 2008 , Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2 .

 From July 17 - August 3 , 2008 , Harrell Theatre , in Collierville , Tennessee , was the first community theatre to perform the production , which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast .

 From January 15 - February 15 , 2009 , the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts . The production was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer , who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical .

 From 6 -- 18 April 2009 , the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff .

 Awards

 Year

 Award

 Result

 2007

 American Music Award

 Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) )

 Won

 Bravo Magazine Award

 Bravo Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron )

 Won

 CMA Wild and Young Awards

 Best Single International ( You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston )

 Won

 Family Television Awards

 Best Actor ( Zac Efron )

 Won

 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards

 Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron )

 Won

 So Hot Right Now !

 Won

 Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards

 Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale )

 Won

 Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron )

 Nominated

 People 's Choice Awards

 Favorite Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron )

 Won

 Teen Choice Awards

 Choice TV : Movie

 Won

 2008

 ALMA Award

 Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV Movie ( Kenny Ortega )

 Won

 ASTRA Awards

 Favourite International Program

 Won

 Favourite International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron )

 Nominated

 Cinema Audio Society Awards

 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers )

 Nominated

 Directors Guild of America Award

 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Program ( Kenny Ortega )

 Nominated

 Golden Reel Award

 Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk )

 Won

 Image Award

 Outstanding Children 's Program

 Nominated

 PGA Awards

 Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush )

 Nominated

 Primetime Emmy Award

 Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow )

 Nominated

 Outstanding Children 's Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush )

 Nominated

 Television Critics Association Awards

 Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming

 Nominated

 References

 Jump up ^ Thedisneyblog.com

 Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' aces test '' . Variety .

 Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 .

 ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .

 Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 .

 Jump up ^ Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '' enters interactive semester

 Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release

 Jump up ^ `` ' High School Musical 2 ' Debuts First Song '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .

 Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .

 Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of April 19 '' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , HSM 2 alcanzó cifras récord en Latinoamérica ! ( in Spanish )

 Jump up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '' proves UK ratings hit

 Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )

 Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 .

 Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` ' High School Musical ' sequel holds onto note of innocence '' , August 16 , 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 .

 Jump up ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk

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Question: where did they film high school musical two


List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia

 List of Nobel laureates in Physics

 Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947

 The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Statistics

 2 Laureates

 3 See also

 4 References

 4.1 Notes

 4.2 Citations

 4.3 Sources

 5 External links

 Statistics ( edit )

 The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .

 Laureates ( edit )

 Year

 Laureate

 Country

 Rationale

 1901

 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

 Germany

 `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him ''

 1902

 Hendrik Lorentz

 Netherlands

 `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena ''

 Pieter Zeeman

 Netherlands

 1903

 Antoine Henri Becquerel

 France

 `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity ''

 Pierre Curie

 France

 `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel ''

 Maria Skłodowska - Curie

 Poland France

 1904

 Lord Rayleigh

 United Kingdom

 `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies ''

 1905

 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

 Austria - Hungary Germany

 `` for his work on cathode rays ''

 1906

 Joseph John Thomson

 United Kingdom

 `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases ''

 1907

 Albert Abraham Michelson

 United States Poland

 `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid ''

 1908

 Gabriel Lippmann

 France

 `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference ''

 1909

 Guglielmo Marconi

 Italy

 `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy ''

 Karl Ferdinand Braun

 Germany

 1910

 Johannes Diderik van der Waals

 Netherlands

 `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids ''

 1911

 Wilhelm Wien

 Germany

 `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat ''

 1912

 Nils Gustaf Dalén

 Sweden

 `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys ''

 1913

 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes

 Netherlands

 `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium ''

 1914

 Max von Laue

 Germany

 `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy .

 1915

 William Henry Bragg

 United Kingdom

 `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography

 William Lawrence Bragg

 Australia

 United Kingdom

 1916

 Not awarded World War I

 1917

 Charles Glover Barkla

 United Kingdom

 `` For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy

 1918

 Max Planck

 Germany

 `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta ''

 1919

 Johannes Stark

 Germany

 `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields ''

 1920

 Charles Édouard Guillaume

 Switzerland

 `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys ''

 1921

 Albert Einstein

 Germany Switzerland

 `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ''

 1922

 Niels Bohr

 Denmark

 `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them ''

 1923

 Robert Andrews Millikan

 United States

 `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''

 1924

 Manne Siegbahn

 Sweden

 `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy ''

 1925

 James Franck

 Germany

 `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom ''

 Gustav Hertz

 Germany

 1926

 Jean Baptiste Perrin

 France

 `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium ''

 1927

 Arthur Holly Compton

 United States

 `` for his discovery of the effect named after him ''

 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

 United Kingdom

 `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour ''

 1928

 Owen Willans Richardson

 United Kingdom

 `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him ''

 1929

 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie

 France

 `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons ''

 1930

 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

 India

 `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him ''

 1931

 Not awarded

 1932

 Werner Heisenberg

 Germany

 `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen ''

 1933

 Erwin Schrödinger

 Austria

 `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory ''

 Paul Dirac

 United Kingdom

 1934

 Not awarded

 1935

 James Chadwick

 United Kingdom

 `` for the discovery of the neutron ''

 1936

 Victor Francis Hess

 Austria

 `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation ''

 Carl David Anderson

 United States

 `` for his discovery of the positron ''

 1937

 Clinton Joseph Davisson

 United States

 `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals ''

 George Paget Thomson

 United Kingdom

 1938

 Enrico Fermi

 Italy

 `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons ''

 1939

 Ernest Lawrence

 United States

 `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements ''

 1940

 Not awarded World War II

 1941

 Not awarded World War II

 1942

 Not awarded World War II

 1943

 Otto Stern

 United States

 `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton ''

 1944

 Isidor Isaac Rabi

 United States Poland

 `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ''

 1945

 Wolfgang Pauli

 Austria

 `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle ''

 1946

 Percy Williams Bridgman

 United States

 `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics ''

 1947

 Edward Victor Appleton

 United Kingdom

 `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer ''

 1948

 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett

 United Kingdom

 `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation ''

 1949

 Hideki Yukawa

 Japan

 `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces ''

 1950

 Cecil Frank Powell

 United Kingdom

 `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method ''

 1951

 John Douglas Cockcroft

 United Kingdom

 `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles ''

 Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

 Ireland

 1952

 Felix Bloch

 Switzerland United States

 `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith ''

 Edward Mills Purcell

 United States

 1953

 Frits Zernike

 Netherlands

 `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope ''

 1954

 Max Born

 West Germany

 `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ''

 Walther Bothe

 West Germany

 `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith ''

 1955

 Willis Eugene Lamb

 United States

 `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ''

 Polykarp Kusch

 United States Germany

 `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron ''

 1956

 John Bardeen

 United States

 `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ''

 Walter Houser Brattain

 United States

 William Bradford Shockley

 United States

 1957

 Tsung - Dao Lee

 Republic of China

 `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles ''

 Chen Ning Yang

 Republic of China

 1958

 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov

 Soviet Union

 `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect ''

 Ilya Frank

 Soviet Union

 Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm

 Soviet Union

 1959

 Emilio Gino Segrè

 Italy United States

 `` for their discovery of the antiproton ''

 Owen Chamberlain

 United States

 1960

 Donald Arthur Glaser

 United States

 `` for the invention of the bubble chamber ''

 1961

 Robert Hofstadter

 United States

 `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons ''

 Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer

 West Germany

 `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name ''

 1962

 Lev Davidovich Landau

 Soviet Union

 `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium ''

 1963

 Eugene Paul Wigner

 Hungary United States

 `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles ''

 Maria Goeppert - Mayer

 United States

 `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure ''

 J. Hans D. Jensen

 West Germany

 1964

 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov

 Soviet Union

 `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle ''

 Alexander Prokhorov

 Soviet Union

 Charles Hard Townes

 United States

 1965

 Richard Phillips Feynman

 United States

 `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles ''

 Julian Schwinger

 United States

 Shin'ichirō Tomonaga

 Japan

 1966

 Alfred Kastler

 France

 `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms ''

 1967

 Hans Albrecht Bethe

 United States

 `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars ''

 1968

 Luis Walter Alvarez

 United States

 `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis ''

 1969

 Murray Gell - Mann

 United States

 `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions ''

 1970

 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén

 Sweden

 `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics ''

 Louis Néel

 France

 `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics ''

 1971

 Dennis Gabor

 Hungary United Kingdom

 `` for his invention and development of the holographic method ''

 1972

 John Bardeen

 United States

 `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory ''

 Leon Neil Cooper

 United States

 John Robert Schrieffer

 United States

 1973

 Leo Esaki

 Japan

 `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively ''

 Ivar Giaever

 United States Norway

 Brian David Josephson

 United Kingdom

 `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect ''

 Martin Ryle

 United Kingdom

 `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars ''

 Antony Hewish

 United Kingdom

 Aage Bohr

 Denmark

 `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection ''

 Ben Roy Mottelson

 Denmark

 Leo James Rainwater

 United States

 1976

 Burton Richter

 United States

 `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind ''

 Samuel Chao Chung Ting

 United States

 1977

 Philip Warren Anderson

 United States

 `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems ''

 Nevill Francis Mott

 United Kingdom

 John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

 United States

 1978

 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

 Soviet Union

 `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics ''

 Arno Allan Penzias

 United States

 `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation ''

 Robert Woodrow Wilson

 United States

 1979

 Sheldon Lee Glashow

 United States

 `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current ''

 Abdus Salam

 Pakistan

 Steven Weinberg

 United States

 1980

 James Watson Cronin

 United States

 `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons ''

 Val Logsdon Fitch

 United States

 1981

 Nicolaas Bloembergen

 Netherlands United States

 `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy ''

 Arthur Leonard Schawlow

 United States

 Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

 Sweden

 `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy ''

 1982

 Kenneth G. Wilson

 United States

 `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions ''

 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

 India United States

 `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ''

 William Alfred Fowler

 United States

 `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe ''

 1984

 Carlo Rubbia

 Italy

 `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction ''

 Simon van der Meer

 Netherlands

 1985

 Klaus von Klitzing

 West Germany

 `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect ''

 1986

 Ernst Ruska

 West Germany

 `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope ''

 Gerd Binnig

 West Germany

 `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope ''

 Heinrich Rohrer

 Switzerland

 Johannes Georg Bednorz

 West Germany

 `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials ''

 Karl Alexander Müller

 Switzerland

 1988

 Leon Max Lederman

 United States

 `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino ''

 Melvin Schwartz

 United States

 Jack Steinberger

 United States

 1989

 Norman Foster Ramsey

 United States

 `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks ''

 Hans Georg Dehmelt

 United States Germany

 `` for the development of the ion trap technique ''

 Wolfgang Paul

 West Germany

 1990

 Jerome I. Friedman

 United States

 `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics ''

 Henry Way Kendall

 United States

 Richard E. Taylor

 Canada

 1991

 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes

 France

 `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers ''

 1992

 Georges Charpak

 France Poland

 `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber ''

 1993

 Russell Alan Hulse

 United States

 `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation ''

 Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr .

 United States

 1994

 Bertram Brockhouse

 Canada

 `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter ''

 Clifford Glenwood Shull

 United States

 `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter ''

 1995

 Martin Lewis Perl

 United States

 `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics ''

 Frederick Reines

 United States

 `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics ''

 David Morris Lee

 United States

 `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 ''

 Douglas D. Osheroff

 United States

 Robert Coleman Richardson

 United States

 1997

 Steven Chu

 United States

 `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . ''

 Claude Cohen - Tannoudji

 France

 William Daniel Phillips

 United States

 1998

 Robert B. Laughlin

 United States

 `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations ''

 Horst Ludwig Störmer

 Germany

 Daniel Chee Tsui

 Republic of China United States

 1999

 Gerard ' t Hooft

 Netherlands

 `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics ''

 Martinus J.G. Veltman

 Netherlands

 2000

 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov

 Russia

 `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics ''

 Herbert Kroemer

 Germany

 Jack St. Clair Kilby

 United States

 `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit ''

 2001

 Eric Allin Cornell

 United States

 `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates ''

 Carl Edwin Wieman

 United States

 Wolfgang Ketterle

 Germany

 2002

 Raymond Davis , Jr .

 United States

 `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos ''

 Masatoshi Koshiba

 Japan

 Riccardo Giacconi

 Italy United States

 `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources ''

 2003

 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov

 Russia United States

 `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids ''

 Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg

 Russia

 Anthony James Leggett

 United Kingdom United States

 David J. Gross

 United States

 `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction ''

 Hugh David Politzer

 United States

 Frank Wilczek

 United States

 2005

 Roy J. Glauber

 United States

 `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence ''

 John L. Hall

 United States

 `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique ''

 Theodor W. Hänsch

 Germany

 2006

 John C. Mather

 United States

 `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation ''

 George F. Smoot

 United States

 2007

 Albert Fert

 France

 `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance ''

 Peter Grünberg

 Germany

 2008

 Makoto Kobayashi

 Japan

 `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature ''

 Toshihide Maskawa

 Japan

 Yoichiro Nambu

 Japan United States

 `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ''

 2009

 Charles K. Kao

 Hong Kong United Kingdom United States

 `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication ''

 Willard S. Boyle

 Canada United States

 `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor ''

 George E. Smith

 United States

 Andre Geim

 Russia United Kingdom Netherlands

 `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene ''

 Konstantin Novoselov

 Russia United Kingdom

 2011

 Saul Perlmutter

 United States

 `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae ''

 Brian P. Schmidt

 Australia United States

 Adam G. Riess

 United States

 2012

 Serge Haroche

 France

 `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . ''

 David J. Wineland

 United States

 2013

 François Englert

 Belgium

 `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider ''

 Peter Higgs

 United Kingdom

 2014

 Isamu Akasaki

 Japan

 `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources ''

 Hiroshi Amano

 Japan

 Shuji Nakamura

 Japan United States

 2015

 Takaaki Kajita

 Japan

 `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass ''

 Arthur B. McDonald

 Canada

 2016

 David J. Thouless

 United Kingdom United States

 `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter ''

 F. Duncan M. Haldane

 United Kingdom United States

 John M. Kosterlitz

 United Kingdom United States

 2017

 Rainer Weiss

 Germany United States

 `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves ''

 Kip Thorne

 United States

 Barry Barish

 United States

 See also ( edit )

 List of Nobel laureates

 List of Nobel laureates by country

 List of physicists

 References ( edit )

 Notes ( edit )

 ^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org .

 ^ B . The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient 's birthplace or citizenship .

 ^ C. The citation for each award is quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles linked from the name column .

 Citations ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 9 October 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 .

 Sources ( edit )

 `` All Nobel Laureates in Physics '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 .

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Physics .

 Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

 Official website of the Nobel Foundation

 Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics

 1901 -- 1925

 1901 Röntgen

 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman

 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie

 1904 Rayleigh

 1905 Lenard

 1906 J.J. Thomson

 1907 Michelson

 1908 Lippmann

 1909 Marconi / Braun

 1910 Van der Waals

 1911 Wien

 1912 Dalén

 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes

 1914 Laue

 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg

 1916

 1917 Barkla

 1918 Planck

 1919 Stark

 1920 Guillaume

 1921 Einstein

 1922 N. Bohr

 1923 Millikan

 1924 M. Siegbahn

 1925 Franck / Hertz

 1926 -- 1950

 1926 Perrin

 1927 Compton / C. Wilson

 1928 O. Richardson

 1929 De Broglie

 1930 Raman

 1931

 1932 Heisenberg

 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac

 1934

 1935 Chadwick

 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson

 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson

 1938 Fermi

 1939 Lawrence

 1940

 1941

 1942

 1943 Stern

 1944 Rabi

 1945 Pauli

 1946 Bridgman

 1947 Appleton

 1948 Blackett

 1949 Yukawa

 1950 Powell

 1951 -- 1975

 1951 Cockcroft / Walton

 1952 Bloch / Purcell

 1953 Zernike

 1954 Born / Bothe

 1955 Lamb / Kusch

 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain

 1957 C.N. Yang / T.D. Lee

 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm

 1959 Segrè / Chamberlain

 1960 Glaser

 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer

 1962 Landau

 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen

 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov

 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman

 1966 Kastler

 1967 Bethe

 1968 Alvarez

 1969 Gell - Mann

 1970 Alfvén / Néel

 1971 Gabor

 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer

 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson

 1974 Ryle / Hewish

 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater

 1976 -- 2000

 1976 Richter / Ting

 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck

 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson

 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg

 1980 Cronin / Fitch

 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn

 1982 K. Wilson

 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler

 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer

 1985 von Klitzing

 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer

 1987 Bednorz / Müller

 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger

 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul

 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor

 1991 de Gennes

 1992 Charpak

 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor

 1994 Brockhouse / Shull

 1995 Perl / Reines

 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson

 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips

 1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui

 1999 ' t Hooft / Veltman

 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby

 2001 -- present

 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman

 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi

 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett

 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek

 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch

 2006 Mather / Smoot

 2007 Fert / Grünberg

 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa

 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith

 2010 Geim / Novoselov

 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt

 2012 Wineland / Haroche

 2013 Englert / Higgs

 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura

 2015 Kajita / McDonald

 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz

 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne

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Question: who got the first nobel prize in physics

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen