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 The Curse of Oak Island

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 The Curse of Oak Island

 Genre

 Reality

 Narrated by

 Robert Clotworthy

 Country of origin

 Canada

 Original language ( s )

 English

 No. of seasons

 5

 No. of episodes

 62

 Production

 Executive producer ( s )

 Kevin Burns

 Camera setup

 Multiple

 Running time

 43 minutes

 Production company ( s )

 Prometheus Entertainment

 Distributor

 A&E Networks

 Release

 Original network

 History Canada

 Original release

 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present

 External links

 Website

 Production website

 The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5 , 2014 . The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery , showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Overview

 1.1 Background

 1.2 Theories

 2 Series overview

 3 Production

 4 Episodes

 4.1 Season 1 ( 2014 )

 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 )

 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 )

 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 )

 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 )

 5 References

 6 Further reading

 7 External links

 Overview ( edit )

 The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' .

 Background ( edit )

 The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s .

 Theories ( edit )

 The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern , without evidence , that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit .

 Series overview ( edit )

 Season

 Episodes

 Originally aired

 First aired

 Last aired

 5

 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 )

 February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 )

 10

 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 )

 January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 )

 13

 November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 )

 February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 )

 16

 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 )

 February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 )

 5

 18

 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 )

 March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 )

 Production ( edit )

 Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which began airing on November 7 , 2017 .

 Episodes ( edit )

 Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit )

 No . overall

 No. in season

 Title

 Original air date

 Viewers ( millions )

 `` What Lies Below ''

 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 )

 2.53

 Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal .

 `` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove ''

 January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 )

 2.35

 A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X .

 `` Voices from the Grave ''

 January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 )

 2.33

 As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island .

 `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple ''

 January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 )

 2.72

 A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching .

 5

 5

 `` The Find ''

 February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 )

 2.97

 The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects .

 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit )

 No . overall

 No. in season

 Title

 Original air date

 Viewers ( millions )

 6

 `` Once In , Forever In ''

 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 )

 2.60

 After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground .

 7

 `` Return To The Money Pit ''

 November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 )

 2.15

 The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material . A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island .

 8

 `` The Eight - Pointed Star ''

 November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 )

 2.23

 A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant . Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit .

 9

 `` The Breakthrough ''

 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 )

 2.15

 A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood .

 10

 5

 `` The 90 - Foot Stone ''

 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 )

 2.46

 A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing .

 11

 6

 `` Seven Must Dye ''

 December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 )

 2.90

 Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead .

 12

 7

 `` The Trail of the Templars ''

 December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 )

 2.47

 While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp .

 13

 8

 `` X Marks the Spot ''

 December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 )

 2.72

 Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success .

 14

 9

 `` A Dangerous Dive ''

 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 )

 2.59

 Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island .

 15

 10

 `` The Big Reveal ''

 January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 )

 3.06

 Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole .

 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit )

 No . overall

 No. in season

 Title

 Original air date

 Viewers ( millions )

 16

 `` The Hole Truth ''

 November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 )

 2.26

 Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive .

 17

 `` Pipe Down ''

 November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 )

 2.56

 Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure .

 18

 `` Time to Dig ''

 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 )

 2.60

 Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit .

 19

 `` The Overton Stone ''

 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 )

 3.05

 Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings .

 20

 5

 `` Disappearing Act ''

 December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 )

 3.22

 The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera .

 21

 6

 `` Carved in Stone ''

 December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 )

 2.47

 Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island . A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past .

 22

 7

 `` The Missing Peace ''

 December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 )

 3.40

 Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team .

 23

 8

 `` Phantoms of the Deep ''

 December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 )

 3.30

 The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property .

 24

 9

 `` Columbus Day ''

 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 )

 2.79

 The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island .

 25

 10

 `` Silence in the Dark ''

 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 )

 3.11

 Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team .

 26

 11

 `` Sword Play ''

 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 )

 2.82

 The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit .

 27

 12

 `` Voices from Below ''

 January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 )

 3.17

 The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit .

 28

 13

 `` Secrets and Revelations ''

 February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 )

 3.41

 The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure .

 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit )

 No . overall

 No. in season

 Title

 Original air date

 Viewers ( millions )

 29

 `` Going for Broke ''

 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 )

 2.62

 The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island . A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then - Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island .

 30

 `` Always Forward ''

 November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 )

 2.66

 While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' .

 31

 `` Swamp Things ''

 November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 )

 2.97

 A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little .

 32

 `` No Stone Unturned ''

 December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 )

 2.95

 Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit .

 33

 5

 `` Bullseye ''

 December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 )

 2.82

 A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit .

 34

 6

 `` Circles in Wood ''

 December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 )

 3.44

 A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area .

 35

 7

 `` All That Glitters ''

 December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 )

 3.68

 The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored .

 36

 8

 `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball ''

 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 )

 3.43

 A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery .

 37

 9

 `` Echoes from the Deep ''

 January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 )

 3.35

 A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle .

 38

 10

 `` About Face ''

 January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 )

 3.04

 Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X .

 39

 11

 `` Presidential Secrets ''

 January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 )

 3.20

 The new examination of borehole 10X concludes . Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island .

 40

 12

 `` Hyde Park & Seek ''

 January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 )

 3.15

 A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been .

 41

 13

 `` One Of Seven ''

 February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 )

 3.24

 The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island .

 42

 14

 `` Sticks and Stones ''

 February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 )

 3.20

 Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole .

 43

 15

 `` Blood is Thicker ''

 February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 )

 3.79

 The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame ( Ph. D. - History of Art and Architecture ) .

 Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special .

 44

 16

 `` Drilling Down ''

 February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 )

 1.72

 The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 . A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future .

 Note : This episode is a special .

 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit )

 No . overall

 No. in season

 Title

 Original air date

 Viewers ( millions )

 45

 `` Forever Family ''

 November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 )

 2.95

 A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point .

 46

 `` Dead Man 's Chest ''

 November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 )

 2.98

 The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island .

 47

 `` Obstruction ''

 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 )

 2.85

 Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area .

 48

 `` Close Call ''

 November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 )

 3.36

 Drilling below bedrock , the team discovers a void in the rock . A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist . Drilling is halted for over a week . A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it . Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island . Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun .

 49

 5

 `` Bone Dry ''

 December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 )

 3.16

 An iron spike is found on the beach . Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes . Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing .

 50

 6

 `` Remains of the Day ''

 December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 )

 3.01

 A piece of leather is found . Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash . He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease . The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated .

 51

 7

 `` The Lot Thickens ''

 December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 )

 3.13

 A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure . It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada . A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding . A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found .

 52

 8

 `` Dan 's Breakthrough ''

 January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 )

 3.31

 The team discovers a horseshoe , a piece of shot and another coin . It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family ( Rochefoucauld ) who participated in the Crusades . The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family . The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory . The testing on the human bone fragments ( found in episode 5 ) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD .

 53

 9

 `` The French Connection ''

 January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 )

 3.02

 A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24 . It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house . The team theorizes , without evidence , that there must have been a `` watchtower '' on Lot 24 . In France , the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar . A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect . The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar . The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside - down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar . They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the `` Tree of Life '' and that it is the same as Nolan 's Cross on the island . A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an `` earlier version '' of the `` Tree of Life '' . Based on the information discovered in France , the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again .

 54

 10

 `` The Signs Of A Cross ''

 January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 )

 3.34

 Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented . It is claimed , without any evidence , that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746 . More wood , a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area . The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet . A small lead cross is found at Smith 's Cove . It is theorized , with no supporting evidence , that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600 .

 55

 11

 `` Moving Targets ''

 January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 )

 3.32

 A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith 's Cove . More pottery fragments , another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8 . The team debates the location of the `` Chappel Vault '' .

 56

 12

 `` A Key to the Mystery ''

 January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 )

 3.25

 The team gains access to Fred Nolan 's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them . A folding metal key is examined . Searching for a local dumpsite , the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan . Pottery fragments are found in the trench .

 57

 13

 `` Unhinged ''

 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 )

 3.32

 More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite . A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found . Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross , but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit . She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old ( dating to 1200 BC ) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit . The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet .

 58

 14

 `` The Templar Connection ''

 February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 )

 2.34

 A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island .

 Note : This episode is a special .

 59

 15

 `` Steel Trapped ''

 February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 )

 2.99

 Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold . She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat - la - Canéda in France . A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods . On examination , the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil . The borehole later fills with water . The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole .

 60

 16

 `` Seeing Red ''

 February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 )

 3.02

 An excavation is done at Smith 's cove and wood is found . The team plans for further excavations at Smith 's cove next year . A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector .

 61

 17

 `` A Family Album ''

 February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 )

 1.98

 The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family , descendants of Samuel Ball , William Chappell 's family , the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield . The Blankenship / Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed . The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers ' interest in Oak Island .

 Note : This episode is a special .

 62

 18

 `` Amazing Discoveries ''

 March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 )

 2.89

 The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value . The drilling obstruction in the `` money pit '' borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder .

 References ( edit )

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 Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Marty Lagina 's Wiki : Net Worth , Brother , Wife & Facts to Know '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 .

 Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan .

 Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 .

 Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.16. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca .

 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .

 Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca .

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Gallbladder - Wikipedia

 Gallbladder

 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search

 Gallbladder

 The gallbladder sits beneath the liver .

 Details

 Precursor

 Foregut

 System

 Digestive system

 Artery

 Cystic artery

 Vein

 Cystic vein

 Nerve

 Celiac ganglia , Vagus nerve

 Identifiers

 Latin

 Vesica biliaris , vesica fellea

 MeSH

 A03. 159.439

 Dorlands / Elsevier

 12383343

 TA

 A05. 8.02. 001

 FMA

 7202

 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )

 In vertebrates , the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans , the pear - shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species . It receives and stores bile , produced by the liver , via the common hepatic duct , and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats .

 The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones , formed by material that can not be dissolved -- usually cholesterol or bilirubin , a product of haemoglobin breakdown . These may cause significant pain , particularly in the right upper corner of the abdomen , and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a cholecystectomy . Cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder , has a wide range of causes , including result from the impaction of gallstones , infection , and autoimmune disease .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Structure

 1.1 Microanatomy

 1.2 Variation

 1.3 Development

 2 Function

 3 Clinical significance

 3.1 Gallstones

 3.2 Inflammation

 3.3 Gallbladder removal

 3.4 Cancer

 3.5 Tests

 4 Society and culture

 5 Other animals

 6 History

 7 See also

 8 References

 9 External links

 Structure ( edit )

 The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver , that is grey - blue in life . In adults , the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres ( 2.8 to 3.9 inches ) in length and 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) in diameter when fully distended . The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres ( 1.8 imperial fluid ounces ) .

 The gallbladder is shaped like a pear , with its tip opening into the cystic duct . The gallbladder is divided into three sections : the fundus , body , and neck . The fundus is the rounded base , angled so that it faces the abdominal wall . The body lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver . The neck tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct , part of the biliary tree . The gallbladder fossa , against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie , is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V . The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct . At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct , there is an out - pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as `` Hartmann 's pouch '' .

 Microanatomy ( edit )

 Micrograph of a normal gallbladder wall . H&E stain .

 The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers . The gallbladder wall 's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli , very similar to intestinal absorptive cells . Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria , a muscular layer , an outer perimuscular layer and serosa . Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract , the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae , and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers .

 The mucosa , the inner portion of the gallbladder wall , consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells , with cells possessing small hair - like attachments called microvilli . This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue , the lamina propria . The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called rugae .

 A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa . This is formed by smooth muscle , with fibres that lie in longitudinal , oblique and transverse directions , and are not arranged in separate layers . The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder . A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky -- Aschoff sinuses , deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer . The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue .

 The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder , and the surfaces not in contact with the liver , are covered by a thick serosa , which is exposed to the peritoneum . The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics . The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue .

 Variation ( edit )

 The gallbladder varies in size , shape , and position between different people . Rarely , two or even three gallbladders may coexist , either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct , or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct . Additionally , the gallbladder may fail to form at all . Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist . These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic .

 The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary , with documented variants including gallbladders found within , above , on the left side of , behind , and detached or suspended from the liver . Such variants are very rare : from 1886 to 1998 , only 110 cases of left - lying liver , or less than one per year , were reported in scientific literature .

 An anatomical variation can occur , known as a Phrygian cap , which is an innocuous fold in the fundus , named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap .

 Development ( edit )

 The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube . Early in development , the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac . During the second week of embryogenesis , as the embryo grows , it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines .

 During the fourth week of embryological development , the stomach rotates . The stomach , originally lying in the midline of the embryo , rotates so that its body is on the left . This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach , which will go on to become the duodenum . By the end of the fourth week , the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side , the hepatic diverticulum , which will go on to become the biliary tree . Just below this is a second outpouching , known as the cystic diverticulum , that will eventually develop into the gallbladder .

 Function ( edit )

 1 . Bile ducts : 2 . Intrahepatic bile ducts , 3 . Left and right hepatic ducts , 4 . Common hepatic duct , 5 . Cystic duct , 6 . Common bile duct , 7 . Ampulla of Vater , 8 . Major duodenal papilla 9 . Gallbladder , 10 -- 11 . Right and left lobes of liver . 12 . Spleen . 13 . Esophagus. 14 . Stomach . 15 . Pancreas : 16 . Accessory pancreatic duct , 17 . Pancreatic duct . 18 . Small intestine : 19 . Duodenum , 20 . Jejunum 21 -- 22 . Right and left kidneys . The front border of the liver has been lifted up ( brown arrow ) .

 The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile , also called gall , needed for the digestion of fats in food . Produced by the liver , bile flows through small vessels into the larger hepatic ducts and ultimately though the cystic duct ( parts of the biliary tree ) into the gallbladder , where it is stored . At any one time , 30 to 60 millilitres ( 1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz ) of bile is stored within the gallbladder .

 When food containing fat enters the digestive tract , it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum . In response to cholecystokinin , the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct , eventually draining into the duodenum . The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food , thereby assisting their absorption . Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts , and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin , a product of hemoglobin metabolism , from the body .

 The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder . During gallbladder storage of bile , it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes . This is through the active transport of sodium ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder , which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed .

 Clinical significance ( edit )

 Main article : Gallbladder disease

 Gallstones ( edit )

 Main article : Gallstones

 Gallstones form when the bile is saturated , usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin . Most gallstones do not cause symptoms , with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system . When symptoms occur , severe `` colicky '' pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is often felt . If the stone blocks the gallbladder , inflammation known as cholecystitis may result . If the stone lodges in the biliary system , jaundice may occur ; and if the stone blocks the pancreatic duct , then pancreatitis may occur . Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound . When a symptomatic gallstone occurs , it is often managed by waiting it to be passed naturally . Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones , surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered . Some medication , such as ursodeoxycholic acid , may be used ; and lithotripsy , a procedure used to break down the stones , may also be used .

 Inflammation ( edit )

 Main article : Cholecystitis

 Known as cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones , which is known as cholelithiasis . Blocked bile accumulates , and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation , such as phospholipase . There is also the risk of bacterial infection . An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause pain and fever , and tenderness in the upper , right corner of the abdomen , and may have a positive Murphy 's sign . Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics , particularly cephalosporins and , in severe cases , metronidazole .

 Gallbladder removal ( edit )

 Main article : Cholecystectomy

 A cholecystectomy is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed . It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones , and is considered an elective procedure . A cholecystectomy may be an open procedure , or one conducted by laparoscopy . In the surgery , the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus , and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the biliary tree . About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of indigestion following the procedure , although severe complications are much rarer . About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of postcholecystectomy syndrome .

 Cancer ( edit )

 Main article : Gallbladder carcinoma

 Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life . When cancer occurs , it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder ( adenocarcinoma ) . Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer , and other risk factors include large ( > 1 cm ) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified `` porcelain '' gallbladder .

 Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain , yellowing of the skin ( jaundice ) , and weight loss . A large gallbladder may be able to felt in the abdomen . Liver function tests may be elevated , particularly involving GGT and ALP , with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice . Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder , however As of 2010 the prognosis remains poor .

 Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder , with 1 - 3 % of cancers identified in this way . Gallbladder polyps are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall , and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size ( > 1 cm ) . Cholesterol polyps , often associated with cholesterolosis ( `` strawberry gallbladder '' , a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol. ) Such polyps often cause no symptoms and so are often detected in this way .

 Tests ( edit )

 An ultrasound showing the gallbladder ( central dark area ) with a large gallstone ( white circular area found near the middle ) .

 Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include blood tests and medical imaging . A full blood count may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection . Tests such as bilirubin and liver function tests may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder , and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver , and a lipase or amylase may be elvated if there is pancreatitis . Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile . A CA 19 - 9 level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma .

 Ultrasound is often the first medical imaging test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected . An abdominal X-ray or CT scan is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs . Other imaging options include MRCP ( magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ) , ERCP and percutaneous or intraoperative cholangiography . A cholescintigraphy scan is a nuclear imaging procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder .

 Society and Culture ( edit )

 To have ' gall ' is associated with bold behaviour , whereas to have ' bile ' is associated with bitterness .

 In the Chinese language , the gallbladder ( Chinese : 膽 ) is associated with courage and a myriad of related idioms , including using terms such as `` a body completely ( of ) gall '' ( Chinese : 渾身 是 膽 ) to describe a brave person , and `` single gallbladder hero '' ( Chinese : 孤膽 英雄 ) to describe a lone hero .

 In the Zangfu theory of Chinese medicine , the gallbladder not only has a digestive role , but is seen as the seat of decision - making .

 Other animals ( edit )

 Most vertebrates have gallbladders , but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably . In many species , for example , there are several separate ducts running to the intestine , rather than the single common bile duct found in humans . Several species of mammals ( including horses , deer , rats , and laminoids ) , several species of birds , lampreys and all invertebrates lack a gallbladder altogether .

 The bile from several species of bears is used in Traditional Chinese medicine ; bile bears are kept alive in captivity while their bile is painfully extracted , in an industry characterized by animal cruelty .

 History ( edit )

 Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in Babylonian models found from 2000 BCE , and in ancient Etruscan model from 200 BCE , with models associated with divine worship .

 Diseases of the gallbladder have affected humans since antiquity , with gallstones found in the mummy of Princess Amenen of Thebes dating to 1500 BCE . Some historians believe the death of Alexander the Great may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis . The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century , but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented , particularly in the last two centuries .

 The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the Renaissance , perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables , and less meat . Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones . Courvoisier after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the eponymous Courvoisier 's law stating that in an enlarged , nontender gallbladder , the cause of jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones .

 The first surgical removal of a gallstone ( cholecystolithotomy ) was in 1676 by physician Joenisius , who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring biliary fistula . Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded cholecystotomy , although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit in the mid eighteenth century . German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis . Before this , surgery had focused on creating a fistula for drainage of gallstones . Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal has no gallbladder , humans could survive without one .

 The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s , with consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred . It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of contrast medium and CT scans were used to view the gallbladder . The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by Erich Mühe of Germany in 1985 , although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively .

 See also ( edit )

 Medicine portal

 Enterohepatic circulation

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ph. D. , J.N. ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Control of Gastrointestinal Function '' . In Thomas M. Nosek , Ph. D. Gastrointestinal Physiology . Essentials of Human Physiology . Augusta , Georgia , United State : Medical College of Georgia . pp. p. 30 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 .

 ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 2008 , p. 1187 - 81 .

 Jump up ^ Jon W. Meilstrup ( 1994 ) . Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 4788 - 2 .

 Jump up ^ Nagral , Sanjay ( 2005 ) . `` Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy '' . Journal of Minimal Access Surgery . 1 ( 2 ) : 53 . doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 9941.16527 .

 Jump up ^ Shakelford 's Surgery of Alimentary Tract , ed. 7 . 2013

 ^ Jump up to : Young , Barbara ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ Ross , M. ; Pawlina , W. ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 646 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 .

 Jump up ^ Leeuw , Th. G. ; Verbeek , P.C.M. ; Rauws , E.A.J. ; Gouma , D.J. ( September 1995 ) . `` A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after ( laparoscopic ) cholecystectomy '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 9 ( 9 ) : 998 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00188459 . PMID 7482221 .

 Jump up ^ Segura - Sampedro , JJ ; Navarro - Sánchez , A ; Ashrafian , H ; Martínez - Isla , A ( February 2015 ) . `` Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder . A case report '' . Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva. 107 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 3 . PMID 25659400 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Dhulkotia , A ; Kumar , S ; Kabra , V ; Shukla , HS ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver '' . HPB. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 136518202753598726 .

 Jump up ^ Naganuma , S. ; Ishida , H. ; Konno , K. ; Hamashima , Y. ; Hoshino , T. ; Naganuma , H. ; Komatsuda , T. ; Ohyama , Y. ; Yamada , N. ; Ishida , J. ; Masamune , O. ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder '' . Abdominal Imaging. 23 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s002619900287 . PMID 9437066 .

 Jump up ^ Meilstrup JW ; Hopper KD ; Thieme GA ( December 1991 ) . `` Imaging of gallbladder variants '' . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 157 ( 6 ) : 1205 -- 8 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 157.6. 1950867 . PMID 1950867 .

 ^ Jump up to : Gary C. Schoenwolf ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Larsen 's human embryology ( Thoroughly rev. and updated 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. `` Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 .

 Jump up ^ editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 1163 , 1177 , 1185 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )

 ^ Jump up to : Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 802 -- 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition '' . MSD Manual Professional Edition . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 977 -- 984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 .

 Jump up ^ Neri V ; Ambrosi A ; Fersini A ; Tartaglia N ; Valentino TP ( 2007 ) . `` Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy '' . JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 11 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 8 . PMC 3015719 . PMID 17761085 .

 Jump up ^ nhs.uk , Complications of a gallbladder removal

 Jump up ^ `` Gallbladder Polyps '' . MayoClinic . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Strawberry gallbladder -- cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk .

 Jump up ^ `` HIDA scan - Overview '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .

 Jump up ^ J.A. Simpson ( 1989 ) . The Oxford English dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . gall , bile . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861186 - 8 .

 ^ Jump up to : Yu , Ning ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Metaphor , Body , and Culture : The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage '' . Metaphor and Symbol. 18 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 31 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327868MS1801_2 .

 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2008 . Guanaco : Lama guanicoe , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Strömberg Archived March 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ Higashiyama , H ; Sumitomo , H ; Ozawa , A ; Igarashi , H ; Tsunekawa , N ; Kurohmaru , M ; Kanai , Y ( 2016 ) . `` Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System : A Whole - Organ - Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method '' . The Anatomical Record . 299 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 172 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 23287 . PMID 26559382 .

 Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X .

 Jump up ^ Actman , Jani ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Inside the Disturbing World of Bear - Bile Farming '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 23 October 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Hance , Jeremy ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Is the end of ' house of horror ' bear bile factories in sight ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 October 2017 .

 ^ Jump up to : Eachempati , Soumitra R. ; II , R. Lawrence Reed ( 2015 ) . Acute Cholecystitis . Springer . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 9783319148243 .

 ^ Jump up to : Jarnagin , William R. ( 2012 ) . Blumgart 's Surgery of the Liver , Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book : Expert Consult - Online . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 511 . ISBN 1455746061 .

 ^ Jump up to : Bateson , M.C. ( 2012 ) . Gallstone Disease and its Management . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9789400941731 .

 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Walker ( January -- March 2001 ) . `` The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy '' . Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic surgeons. 5 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 .

 Books

 editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallbladder .

 Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder -- Human Anatomy Online dd , MyHealthScore.com .

 ( hide )

 Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree

 Liver

 Bare area

 Cantlie line

 Ligamentum venosum

 Porta hepatis

 Round ligament

 Lobes of liver

 Caudate

 Quadrate

 Fibrous capsule of Glisson

 Perisinusoidal space

 Liver sinusoid

 Periportal space

 Portal triad

 Lobules of liver

 Liver segment

 Microanatomy

 Hepatocyte

 Hepatic stellate cell

 Kupffer cell

 Biliary tract

 Bile ducts

 Intrahepatic bile ducts

 Bile canaliculus

 Canals of Hering

 Interlobular

 Left hepatic duct

 Right hepatic duct

 Common hepatic duct

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 Cystic duct

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 Ampulla of Vater

 Sphincter of Oddi

 Cells

 Cholecystocyte

 Pancreas

 Gross

 Tail

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 Neck

 Head ( Uncinate process )

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 main

 accessory

 Microanatomy

 Pancreatic islets

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 GND : 4071544 - 9

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 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&oldid=821194740 '' Categories :

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Question: where is gall bladder situated in human body

beneath the liver
beneath the liver
beneath the liver
beneath the liver


Director of the United States Mint - wikipedia

 Director of the United States Mint

 Jump to : navigation , search Seal of the United States Mint .

 The Director of the United States Mint is the head of the United States Mint . The position is currently vacant . Since January 20 , 2017 , the senior career official at the Mint has been Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl .

 The office of Director has existed since the creation of the Mint by the Coinage Act of 1792 . Initially appointed serving at the pleasure of the President of the United States , the Coinage Act of 1873 specified a five - year term for Directors . The Director operates with general directions provided by the United States Secretary of the Treasury .

 Since the resignation of Edmund C. Moy in 2011 the mint has been without an official director . Initially Matthew Rhett Jeppson was nominated by US President Barack Obama to become the mint 's 39th director and was given the temporary title of principal deputy director , however the nomination was never confirmed by the Senate . Jeppson stepped down as principal deputy director in January 2017 , being replaced by Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl .

 List of Directors of the United States Mint ( edit )

 Name

 Assumed Office

 Left Office

 President Appointed By

 David Rittenhouse

 April 1792

 June 1795

 George Washington

 Henry William de Saussure

 July 1795

 October 1795

 Elias Boudinot

 October 1795

 July 1805

 Robert Patterson

 January 1806

 July 1824

 Thomas Jefferson

 Samuel Moore

 July 1824

 July 1835

 James Monroe

 Robert M. Patterson

 May 1835

 July 1851

 Andrew Jackson

 George Nicholas Eckert

 July 1851

 April 1853

 Millard Fillmore

 Thomas M. Pettit

 April 1853

 May 1853

 Franklin Pierce

 James Ross Snowden

 June 1853

 May 1861

 James Pollock

 May 1861

 September 1866

 Abraham Lincoln

 William Millward

 October 1866

 April 1867

 Andrew Johnson

 Henry Linderman

 April 1867

 May 1869

 James Pollock

 May 1869

 March 1873

 Ulysses S. Grant

 Henry Linderman

 April 1873

 December 1878

 Horatio C. Burchard

 February 1879

 June 1885

 Rutherford B. Hayes

 James P. Kimball

 July 1885

 October 1889

 Grover Cleveland

 Edward O. Leech

 October 1889

 May 1893

 Benjamin Harrison

 Robert E. Preston

 November 1893

 February 1898

 Grover Cleveland

 George E. Roberts

 February 1898

 July 1907

 William McKinley

 Frank A. Leach

 September 1907

 August 1909

 Theodore Roosevelt

 A. Piatt Andrew

 November 1909

 June 1910

 William Howard Taft

 George E. Roberts

 July 1910

 November 1914

 Robert W. Woolley

 March 1915

 July 1916

 Woodrow Wilson

 F.H. von Engelken

 September 1916

 March 1917

 Raymond T. Baker

 March 1917

 March 1922

 Frank Edgar Scobey

 March 1922

 September 1923

 Warren G. Harding

 Robert J. Grant

 November 1923

 May 1933

 Calvin Coolidge

 Nellie Tayloe Ross

 May 1933

 April 1953

 Franklin D. Roosevelt

 William H. Brett

 July 1954

 January 1961

 Dwight D. Eisenhower

 Eva Adams

 October 1961

 August 1969

 John F. Kennedy

 Mary Brooks

 September 1969

 February 1977

 Richard Nixon

 Stella Hackel Sims

 November 1977

 April 1981

 Jimmy Carter

 Donna Pope

 July 1981

 August 1991

 Ronald Reagan

 David J. Ryder

 September 1992

 November 1993

 George H.W. Bush

 Philip N. Diehl

 June 1994

 March 2000

 Bill Clinton

 Jay W. Johnson

 May 2000

 August 2001

 Henrietta H. Fore

 August 2001

 August 2005

 George W. Bush

 Edmund C. Moy

 September 2006

 January 2011

 David J. Ryder

 April 2018

 Incumbent

 Donald Trump

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ About the Mint at usmint.gov ( retrieved 20 April 2015 ) .

 Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Rhett Jeppson leaves U.S. Mint as principal deputy director '' . coinworld.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Office '' . US Mint . Retrieved 13 April 2017 .

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_United_States_Mint&oldid=836791366 '' Categories :

 Directors of the United States Mint

 United States Department of the Treasury

 1792 establishments in the United States

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 This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 26 .

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Question: who is the current director of the us mint


Do n't Lose My Number - wikipedia

 Do n't Lose My Number

 Jump to : navigation , search

 `` Do n't Lose My Number ''

 Single by Phil Collins

 from the album No Jacket Required

 B - side

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye ''

 Released

 30 May 1985

 Format

 7 `` , 12 ''

 Recorded

 1984

 Genre

 Pop rock

 Length

 4 : 48

 Label

 Atlantic , Virgin Records

 Songwriter ( s )

 Phil Collins

 Producer ( s )

 Phil Collins , Hugh Padgham

 Phil Collins singles chronology

 `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 )

 `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 )

 `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 )

 `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' is a song by Phil Collins from his third solo album No Jacket Required . The single was not released in the UK , though it peaked at No. 4 in the U.S. in September 1985 . The B - side , `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' was released as a bonus track on the CD for No Jacket Required . In Australia , the single was released with the title `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 2 Music video

 3 Track listing

 3.1 7 `` : Atlantic / 7 - 89536 ( US )

 3.2 7 `` : WEA / 7 - 259001 ( Australia )

 3.3 12 `` : Atlantic / 0 - 86863 ( US )

 3.4 12 `` : WEA / 0 - 259001 ( Australia )

 3.5 CD : WEA International / WPCR 2063 ( Japan )

 4 Charts

 5 Personnel

 6 References

 7 External links

 History ( edit )

 The song is about a young man named Billy whom the singer is hoping to find , and also hoping that Billy still has the singer 's number . The song describes Billy being pursued by some shadowy organization , as he flees from some accidental crime . Collins has said that he actually wrote most of the song during the recordings for his debut solo album , Face Value . Collins also states that the lyrics were improvised , and that he himself does not fully understand what they mean . Stephen Holden of the New York Times also agreed that the lyrics were very `` vague , sketching the outlines of a melodrama but withholding the full story '' .

 Music video ( edit )

 Collins did not know what he would use as a video theme for `` Do n't Lose My Number '' , so he decided to create a video showing his decision process in selecting a theme for it . In the video , Collins talks to various `` directors '' , who all give him bad ideas for the video . Their suggestions allow Collins to parody several other music videos of the time , including videos by David Lee Roth ( `` California Girls '' ) , Elton John ( `` I 'm Still Standing '' ) , The Police ( `` Every Breath You Take '' ) , and The Cars ( `` You Might Think '' ) , as well as movies such as Mad Max 2 and various samurai movies and Westerns .

 Track listing ( edit )

 7 `` : Atlantic / 7 - 89536 ( US ) ( edit )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 )

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )

 7 `` : WEA / 7 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit )

 `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 )

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )

 12 `` : Atlantic / 0 - 86863 ( US ) ( edit )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( LP Version ) ( 4 : 46 )

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )

 12 `` : WEA / 0 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit )

 `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 )

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )

 CD : WEA International / WPCR 2063 ( Japan ) ( edit )

 `` Do n't Lose My Number ( Edit ) '' ( 4 : 11 )

 `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )

 Charts ( edit )

 Chart ( 1985 )

 Peak position

 Australia ( Kent Music Report )

 10

 Canadian Singles Chart

 11

 Dutch Singles Chart

 44

 New Zealand ( RIANZ )

 22

 U.S. Billboard Hot 100

 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

 25

 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks

 33

 Personnel ( edit )

 Phil Collins : vocals , keyboards , drums , LinnDrum

 Daryl Stuermer : guitars

 Lee Sklar : bass

 David Frank : additional keyboards

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( No Jacket Required > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . allmusic . Retrieved 19 September 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins -- ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 16 February 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Best Phil Collins Songs '' . Rolling Stone . 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 7 April 1985 ) . `` Phil Collins : Pop Music 's Answer to Alfred Hitchcock '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 2 November 1986 ) . `` HOME VIDEO ; Recent Releases Of Video Cassettes : Photos and ' White Suit ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 November 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 .

 External links ( edit )

 Phil Collins -- Do n't Lose My Number ( Official Music Video ) on YouTube

 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

 ( hide )

 Phil Collins songs

 Discography

 Face Value

 `` In the Air Tonight ''

 `` I Missed Again ''

 `` If Leaving Me Is Easy ''

 Hello , I Must Be Going !

 `` Thru These Walls ''

 `` You Ca n't Hurry Love ''

 `` I Do n't Care Anymore ''

 `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away ''

 `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning ''

 `` I Cannot Believe It 's True ''

 `` Like China ''

 No Jacket Required

 `` Sussudio ''

 `` One More Night ''

 `` Do n't Lose My Number ''

 `` Take Me Home ''

 Buster

 `` A Groovy Kind of Love ''

 `` Two Hearts ''

 ... But Seriously

 `` Another Day in Paradise ''

 `` I Wish It Would Rain Down ''

 `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven ''

 `` That 's Just the Way It Is ''

 `` Do You Remember ? ''

 `` Hang in Long Enough ''

 Serious Hits ... Live !

 `` Do You Remember ? '' ( live )

 `` Who Said I Would '' ( live )

 Both Sides

 `` Both Sides of the Story ''

 `` Everyday ''

 `` We Wait and We Wonder ''

 Dance into the Light

 `` Dance into the Light ''

 `` It 's in Your Eyes ''

 `` No Matter Who ''

 `` Wear My Hat ''

 `` The Same Moon ''

 ... Hits

 `` True Colors ''

 Tarzan

 `` You 'll Be in My Heart ''

 `` Strangers Like Me ''

 `` Son of Man ''

 `` Two Worlds ''

 Testify

 `` Ca n't Stop Loving You ''

 `` Come with Me ''

 `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do ''

 Brother Bear

 `` Look Through My Eyes ''

 `` No Way Out ''

 Going Back

 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave ''

 `` Going Back ''

 Featured singles

 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''

 `` Easy Lover ''

 `` Hero ''

 `` In the Air Tonite ''

 `` Home ''

 Other singles

 `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) ''

 `` Separate Lives ''

 `` Somewhere ''

 Other songs

 `` The Man with the Horn ''

 `` You Ought to Know ... ''

 Book

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Lose_My_Number&oldid=833447176 '' Categories :

 1985 singles

 Atlantic Records singles

 Phil Collins songs

 Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham

 Song recordings produced by Phil Collins

 Virgin Records singles

 1985 songs

 Songs written by Phil Collins

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 This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 16 : 17 .

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Question: youtube phil collins don't lose my number