Windows Defender - wikipedia

 Windows Defender

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 Windows Defender

 A component of Microsoft Windows

 Windows Defender Antivirus , as appears in the Windows 10 Creators Update

 Details

 Type

 Antivirus software on Windows 8 and later ; formerly spyware removal software

 Included with

 Windows Vista and later , Windows Server 2016

 Also available for

 Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

 Support status

 Same as the version of Windows with which it is integrated

 Related components

 Microsoft Security Essentials

 Windows Defender Security Center

 Windows Defender , officially called Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update , is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows.It was first released as a free antispyware program download for Windows XP , shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7 and made into a full antivirus program replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Basic features

 2 History

 2.1 Beta

 2.2 General availability

 2.3 Conversion to antivirus

 3 Advanced features

 4 Windows Vista - specific functionality

 5 Windows Defender Offline

 6 Mitigated security vulnerability

 7 See also

 8 References

 9 External links

 Basic features ( edit )

 Before Windows 8 , Windows Defender protected against spyware . It included a number of real - time security agents that monitored several common areas of Windows for changes which might have been caused by spyware . It also included the ability to easily remove installed ActiveX software. Windows Defender featured integrated support for Microsoft SpyNet that allows users to report to Microsoft what they consider to be spyware , and what applications and device drivers they allow to be installed on their system . Protection against viruses was added in Windows 8 ; Windows Defender in Windows 8 resembles Microsoft Security Essentials ( MSE ) and uses the same virus definitions .

 In Windows 10 , Windows Defender settings are controlled by the Settings app , and the Settings button opens the Settings app . In the Windows 10 Anniversary Update , toast notifications appear to announce the results of a scan , even if no viruses are found . The same update introduced a new flat logo .

 History ( edit )

 Beta ( edit )

 Microsoft AntiSpyware Beta 1 ( Version 1.0. 701 )

 Windows Defender is based on GIANT AntiSpyware , which was originally developed by GIANT Company Software , Inc . The company 's acquisition was announced by Microsoft on December 16 , 2004 . While the original GIANT AntiSpyware supported older Windows versions , support for the Windows 9x line of operating systems was later dropped .

 The first beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware was released on January 6 , 2005 and was basically a repackaged GIANT AntiSpyware . More builds were released in 2005 , with the last Beta 1 refresh released on November 21 , 2005 .

 At the 2005 RSA Security conference , Chief Software Architect and co-founder of Microsoft , Bill Gates , announced that Windows Defender ( which was known as Microsoft AntiSpyware prior to November 4 , 2005 ) would be made available free of charge to all validly licensed Windows 2000 , Windows XP , and Windows Server 2003 users to help secure their systems against the increasing malware threat .

 Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) was released on February 13 , 2006 . It featured the program 's new name and a significant user interface redesign . The core engine was rewritten in C++ , unlike the original GIANT - developed one , which was written in Visual Basic . This improved the application 's performance . Also , since beta 2 , the program works as a Windows service , unlike earlier releases , which enables the application to protect the computer even when a user is not logged on . Beta 2 also requires Windows Genuine Advantage validation . However , Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) did not contain some of the tools found in Microsoft AntiSpyware ( Beta 1 ) ; Microsoft removed the System Inoculation , Secure Shredder and System Explorer tools found in MSAS ( Beta 1 ) as well as the Tracks Eraser tool , which allowed users to easily delete many different types of temporary files related to Internet Explorer 6 , including HTTP cookies , web cache , and Windows Media Player playback history . Microsoft later released German and Japanese versions of Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) .

 General availability ( edit )

 On October 24 , 2006 , Microsoft released Windows Defender . It supports Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 ; however , unlike the betas , it does not run on Windows 2000 .

 Conversion to antivirus ( edit )

 Windows Defender was released with Windows Vista and Windows 7 , serving as their built - in antispyware component . In Windows Vista and Windows 7 , Windows Defender was superseded by Microsoft Security Essentials , an antivirus product from Microsoft which provided protection against a wider range of malware . Upon installation , Microsoft Security Essentials disabled and replaced Windows Defender . In Windows 8 , Microsoft upgraded Windows Defender into an antivirus program very similar to Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows 7 and using the same virus definition updates . MSE itself does not run on Windows versions beyond 7 . In Windows 8 and Windows 10 , Windows Defender is on by default . It switches itself off upon installation of a third party anti-virus package .

 Starting with Windows 10 , Microsoft began to transfer the control of Windows Defender out of its native client . Initially , its `` Settings '' dialog box was replaced by dedicated page in the Settings app . In Windows 10 Creators Update , Windows Defender is renamed Windows Defender Antivirus to distinguish it from Windows Defender Security Center . The latter has become the default avenue to interface with Windows Defender . While there is no shortcut on the Start menu for Windows Defender 's native client , it can still run .

 Advanced features ( edit )

 Windows Defender successfully blocks the EICAR test file

 Real - time protection

 In the Windows Defender options , the user can configure real - time protection options .

 Browser integration

 Integration with Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge enables files to be scanned as they are downloaded to detect malicious software inadvertently downloaded . Although it does not integrate with non-Microsoft web browsers , Windows Defender scans for malicious downloaded files as part of its real - time protection .

 Windows 10 's Anniversary Update introduced Limited Periodic Scanning , which optionally allows Windows Defender to scan a system periodically if another antivirus app is installed . It also introduced Block at First Sight , which uses machine learning to predict whether a file is malicious .

 Windows Vista - specific functionality ( edit )

 Windows Defender had additional functionality in Windows Vista which was removed in subsequent versions of Windows .

 Security agents

 Security agents monitor the computer for malicious activities .

 Auto Start -- Monitors lists of programs that are allowed to automatically run when the user starts the computer

 System Configuration ( settings ) -- Monitors security - related settings in Windows

 Internet Explorer Add - ons -- Monitors programs that automatically run when the user starts Internet Explorer

 Internet Explorer Configurations ( settings ) -- Monitors browser security settings

 Internet Explorer Downloads -- Monitors files and programs that are designed to work with Internet Explorer

 Services and Drivers -- Monitors services and drivers as they interact with Windows and programs

 Application Execution -- Monitors when programs start and any operations they perform while running

 Application Registration -- Monitors tools and files in the operating system where programs can register to run at any time

 Windows Add - ons -- Monitors add - on programs for Windows

 Software Explorer

 The Advanced Tools section allows users to discover potential vulnerabilities with a series of Software Explorers . They provide views of startup programs , currently running software , network connected applications , and Winsock providers ( Winsock LSPs ) . In each Explorer , every element is rated as either `` Known '' , `` Unknown '' or `` Potentially Unwanted '' . The first and last categories carry a link to learn more about the particular item , and the second category invites users to submit the program to Microsoft SpyNet for analysis by community members . The Software Explorer feature has been removed from Windows Defender in Windows 7 .

 Notification of startup programs that run as an administrator

 Windows Defender in Windows Vista automatically blocks all startup items that require administrator privileges to run ( this is considered suspicious behavior for a startup item ) . This automatic blocking is related to the User Account Control functionality in Windows Vista , and requires users to manually run each of these startup items each time they log in if they desire the item to run at startup .

 User interface

 In Windows Vista , it is possible to close the window and have the program run in the system tray while a scan is running . However , in Windows 7 , this functionality was removed and the window must remain open while a scan is running .

 Windows Defender offline ( edit )

 Windows Defender Offline ( formerly known as Standalone System Sweeper Beta ) is a bootable standalone antimalware program that runs from a bootable disk and is designed to scan infected systems while their operating systems are offline . Since Windows 10 Anniversary Update , offline functionality is integrated into the regular Windows Defender program .

 Mitigated Security vulnerability ( edit )

 On 5 May 2017 , Tavis Ormandy , a vulnerability researcher for Google , discovered a security vulnerability in the JavaScript analysis module ( NScript ) of Microsoft Antimalware Engine ( MsMpEngine ) that impacted Windows Defender , Microsoft Security Essentials and System Center Endpoint Protection . By 8 May 2017 , Microsoft had released a patch to all affected systems . Ars Technica commended Microsoft for its unprecedented patching speed and said that the disaster had been averted .

 See also ( edit )

 Security and safety features new to Windows Vista

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender '' . Download Center . Microsoft . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` What is Windows Defender ? '' . Computer Hope . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Shultz , Greg . `` Windows Defender : Past , present , and future '' . Retrieved 13 June 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` How to Remove an Active - X Control in Windows '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .

 Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update

 ^ Jump up to : Thurrot , Paul ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Windows Anti-Spyware Preview : Paul Thurott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Acquires Anti-Spyware Leader GIANT Company '' . PressPass . Microsoft . December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Gates Highlights Progress on Security , Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation '' . PressPass . Microsoft Corporation . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 14 February 2006 ) . `` Windows Defender Beta 2 Review : Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender : Startseite '' ( in German ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` マイクロソフト セキュリティ At Home '' ( in Japanese ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` Finally , Microsoft Ships Windows Defender '' . Windows IT Pro . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials Public Beta '' . Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Hau , Kevin ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials '' . Microsoft Answers . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Marius , Marius Oiaga ( 30 August 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0 and 2.0 Disable Windows Defender '' . Softpedia . SoftNews NET SRL . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Windows 8 Consumer Preview : Set Up Windows 8 with the Web Installer

 Jump up ^ `` Protect your PC '' . Support ( 12 ed . ) . Microsoft . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Lich , Brian ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Windows Defender Antivirus in the Windows Defender Security Center app '' . docs.microsoft.com . Microsoft .

 Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Quick Tip : Use the Old Windows Defender in Windows 10 Creators Update '' . Softpedia . SoftNews .

 Jump up ^ Williams , Wayne ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How to get the classic Windows Defender back on Windows 10 Creators Update '' . BetaNews .

 Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update

 Jump up ^ http://betanews.com/2016/11/18/windows-10-block-at-first-sight-protection-in-windows-defender/

 Jump up ^ `` Using Software Explorer in Windows Defender '' . Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Dennis ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Software Explorer keeps unneeded apps from auto - starting '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Windows 7 Annoyances '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Error message when you start a Windows Vista - based computer : ' Windows has blocked some startup programs ' '' . Support . Microsoft . September 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Microsoft Standalone System Sweeper

 Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender Offline '' . Microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 1 January 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline '' Microsoft . Accessed 4 October 2016

 Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Massive vulnerability in Windows Defender leaves most Windows PCs vulnerable '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast .

 Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Advisory 4022344 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . 8 May 2017 .

 External links ( edit )

 Microsoft Security Portal

 ( hide )

 Microsoft security products

 Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product .

 For Windows

 Windows Firewall ( 2001 )

 Baseline Security Analyzer ( 2004 )

 Malicious Software Removal Tool ( 2005 )

 Windows Defender ( 2006 )

 Microsoft SmartScreen ( 2006 )

 Microsoft Security Essentials ( 2009 )

 Microsoft Safety Scanner ( 2011 )

 For Windows Server

 Exchange Online Protection ( 2007 )

 System Center Data Protection Manager ( 2007 )

 Identity Manager ( 2010 )

 Discontinued

 MSAV ( 1993 )

 Threat Management Gateway ( 1997 )

 OneCare Safety Scanner ( 2006 )

 Unified Access Gateway ( 2007 )

 Windows Live OneCare ( 2006 )

 RootkitRevealer ( 2006 )

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Question: what is windows defender and what does it do


List of dates for Easter - wikipedia

 List of dates for Easter

 Jump to : navigation , search

 Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years ( 1998 -- 2038 in Gregorian dates )

 Year

 Western

 Eastern

 1998

 April 12

 April 19

 1999

 April 4

 April 11

 2000

 April 23

 April 30

 April 15

 2002

 March 31

 May 5

 2003

 April 20

 April 27

 April 11

 2005

 March 27

 May 1

 2006

 April 16

 April 23

 2007

 April 8

 2008

 March 23

 April 27

 2009

 April 12

 April 19

 April 4

 2011

 April 24

 2012

 April 8

 April 15

 2013

 March 31

 May 5

 2014

 April 20

 2015

 April 5

 April 12

 2016

 March 27

 May 1

 2017

 April 16

 2018

 April 1

 April 8

 2019

 April 21

 April 28

 2020

 April 12

 April 19

 2021

 April 4

 May 2

 2022

 April 17

 April 24

 2023

 April 9

 April 16

 2024

 March 31

 May 5

 2025

 April 20

 2026

 April 5

 April 12

 2027

 March 28

 May 2

 2028

 April 16

 2029

 April 1

 April 8

 2030

 April 21

 April 28

 2031

 April 13

 2032

 March 28

 May 2

 2033

 April 17

 April 24

 2034

 April 9

 2035

 March 25

 April 29

 2036

 April 13

 April 20

 2037

 April 5

 2038

 April 25

 This is a list of dates for Easter . The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , Maundy Thursday , the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur . Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar . The accompanying table provides both sets of dates , for recent decades and forthcoming years -- see the computus article for more details on the calculation .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Earliest Easter

 1.1 Western ( Gregorian )

 1.2 Orthodox ( Julian )

 2 Latest Easter

 2.1 Western ( Gregorian )

 2.2 Orthodox ( Julian )

 3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date

 4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter

 5 Public holidays

 6 References

 7 External links

 Earliest Easter ( edit )

 Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit )

 In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday , March 21 ( the equinox ) . Therefore , the following day , March 22 , was Easter . It will not fall as early again until 2285 , a span of 467 years . The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 ( March 23 ) occurred in 1845 , 1856 , 1913 and 2008 , and will occur again in 2160 -- a 11 , 57 , 95 and 152 - year gap , respectively .

 Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit )

 The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4 , 1915 and April 4 , 2010 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar .

 Latest Easter ( edit )

 Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit )

 In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday , April 25 . The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday , March 20 ; because it came before the vernal equinox , the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday , April 18 . Consequently , Easter was the following Sunday ( April 25 ) . Easter will not fall as late again until 2038 -- a span of 95 years . The second latest date for Easter , April 24 , occurred in 2011 . The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095 -- 152 and 84 years , respectively . However between years 5121 and 6482 , Easter will be no later than April 24 .

 Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit )

 The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8 , 1983 , and May 8 , 2078 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar . Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet ; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar .

 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date ( edit )

 Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days , Easter 2014 fell on the same date . According to the Western ( Gregorian ) calendar , the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox ( March 20 ) fell on Monday , April 14 , 2014 . The following Sunday , April 20 , was , therefore , Easter Day .

 According to the Orthodox ( Julian ) calendar ( which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar ) , the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21 . However , in the Gregorian Calendar , this is April 3 . The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on ( Julian ) Tuesday , April 2 , 2014 ( Gregorian April 15 ) . The following Sunday , ( Julian ) April 7 , is , therefore , Easter Day ( Gregorian April 20 ) .

 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter ( edit )

 Both calendars ( Gregorian and Julian ) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars . However , because of the 13 - day difference , any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar . Conversely , any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar .

 Beginning March 14 , 2100 ( February 29 , 2100 , in the Julian Calendar ) , the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days .

 Public holidays ( edit )

 This section needs expansion with : details of Easter holidays in other countries ; this section currently only mentions those with a four - day weekend . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 )

 In Hungary , the United Kingdom except Scotland , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Germany , Switzerland and New Zealand , Easter comprises two public holidays , Good Friday and Easter Monday , making a four - day weekend . The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other , fixed , public holidays .

 In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011 , the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday , causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday . ( In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . ) In 2011 , a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton ; consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks ( including two in one week ) , creating two consecutive four - day weekends ( Friday 22 -- Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April -- Monday 2 May ) , with a three - day working week in between ( Tuesday 26 -- Thursday 28 April ) .

 In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008 , Saint Patrick 's Day ( Monday 17 March ) fell six days before Easter ( Sunday 23 March ) , creating a three - day week ( Tuesday 18 -- Thursday 20 March ) . This will next happen in 2035 , when Saint Patrick 's day falls on Saturday , so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March , again six days before Easter .

 Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar , saints ' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week ; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008 ; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday . In Ireland , the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead .

 In Australia , ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April . In 2000 and 2011 , this created a five - day weekend over Easter : in 2000 , Easter Monday fell on 24 April , with Easter Tuesday , 25 April , then being ANZAC Day ; in 2011 , ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April , which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April . In 2003 and 2014 , ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday , and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday , and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday ; the consequence is three - day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend .

 Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States . In North Carolina , however , it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987 .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Irish bishops move St. Patrick 's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week '' . Catholic News Agency . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 .

 Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php

 Jump up ^ `` Easter Monday in the United States '' . TimeandDate.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .

 External links ( edit )

 http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html -- has a much larger list of dates

 A chronology since Council Nicaea `` Date of Easter Sunday '' Father Kevin Michael Laughery , as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 ( last updated Tuesday , November 4 , 2008 )

 Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=835274731 '' Categories :

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Question: when is the next time easter falls on april 11th


Thunderstorm - wikipedia

 Thunderstorm

 Jump to : navigation , search `` Electrical storm '' redirects here . For other uses , see Electrical storm ( disambiguation ) . `` TSTM '' redirects here . For the musical ensemble , see Thirty Seconds to Mars . For other uses , see Thunderstorm ( disambiguation ) .

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 A typical thunderstorm over a field

 A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction .

 Warm , moist updraft from a thunderstorm associated with a southward - moving frontal boundary -- taken from Texarkana , Texas looking north .

 Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm , moist air , sometimes along a front . As the warm , moist air moves upward , it cools , condenses , and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature , water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice , reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell . Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth 's surface . As the droplets fall , they collide with other droplets and become larger . The falling droplets create a downdraft as it pulls cold air with it , and this cold air spreads out at the Earth 's surface , occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms .

 Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts .

 There are four types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell cluster , multi-cell lines , and supercells . Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe . Mesoscale convective systems formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes . Dry thunderstorms , with no precipitation , can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the cloud - to - ground lightning that accompanies them . Several means are used to study thunderstorms : weather radar , weather stations , and video photography . Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century . Beyond the Earth 's atmosphere , thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and , probably , Venus .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Life cycle

 1.1 Cumulus stage

 1.2 Mature stage

 1.3 Dissipating stage

 2 Classification

 2.1 Single - cell

 2.2 Multi-cell clusters

 2.3 Multicell lines

 2.4 Supercells

 2.5 Severe thunderstorms

 2.6 Mesoscale convective systems

 3 Motion

 3.1 Back - building thunderstorm

 4 Hazards

 4.1 Cloud - to - ground lightning

 4.2 Hail

 4.3 Tornadoes and waterspouts

 4.4 Flash flood

 4.5 Downburst

 4.6 Thunderstorm asthma

 5 Safety precautions

 5.1 Preparedness

 5.2 Safety

 6 Frequent occurrences

 7 Energy

 8 Studies

 9 Mythology and religion

 10 Outside of Earth

 11 See also

 12 References

 13 Further reading

 14 External links

 Life cycle ( edit )

 Stages of a thunderstorm 's life . See also : Cloud

 Warm air has a lower density than cool air , so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom ( this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon ) . Clouds form as relatively warmer air , carrying moisture , rises within cooler air . The moist air rises , and , as it does so , it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses . When the moisture condenses , it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization , which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud 's ascension . If enough instability is present in the atmosphere , this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder . Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds . Generally , thunderstorms require three conditions to form :

 Moisture

 An unstable airmass

 A lifting force ( heat )

 All thunderstorms , regardless of type , go through three stages : the developing stage , the mature stage , and the dissipation stage . The average thunderstorm has a 24 km ( 15 mi ) diameter . Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere , each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes .

 Cumulus stage ( edit )

 The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage . During this stage , masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere . The trigger for this lift can be solar illumination , where the heating of the ground produces thermals , or where two winds converge forcing air upwards , or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation . The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude , which appear as cumulus clouds . As the water vapor condenses into liquid , latent heat is released , which warms the air , causing it to become less dense than the surrounding , drier air . The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection ( hence the term convective precipitation ) . This process creates a low - pressure zone within and beneath the forming thunderstorm . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth 's atmosphere .

 Mature stage ( edit )

 Anvil - shaped thundercloud in the mature stage over Swifts Creek , Victoria

 In the mature stage of a thunderstorm , the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther . Often this ' cap ' is the tropopause . The air is instead forced to spread out , giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape . The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus . The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles . As these fall , they melt to become rain . If the updraft is strong enough , the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail . While updrafts are still present , the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it , creating downdrafts as well . The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds . During this stage , considerable internal turbulence can occur within , which manifests as strong winds , severe lightning , and even tornadoes .

 Typically , if there is little wind shear , the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and ' rain itself out ' , but , if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction , the downdraft will be separated from the updraft , and the storm may become a supercell , where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours .

 Dissipating stage ( edit )

 A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction

 In the dissipation stage , the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft . If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development , this stage occurs rather quickly , approximately 20 -- 30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm . The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm , hit the ground and spread out . This phenomenon is known as a downburst . The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm , the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate . Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions , which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm , moist air , and kills the thunderstorm 's further growth . The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary . This can cause downbursts , a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through , as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs , resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes .

 Classification ( edit )

 Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes

 There are four main types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell , squall line ( also called multi-cell line ) and supercell . Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ( `` wind shear '' ) . Single - cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20 -- 30 minutes .

 Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters / lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear , normally greater than 25 knots ( 13 m / s ) in the lowest 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) of the troposphere , which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather . The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms , most commonly associated with large hail , high winds , and tornado formation . Precipitable water values of greater than 31.8 millimetres ( 1.25 in ) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes . Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres ( 1.45 in ) . Upstream values of CAPE of greater than 800 J / kg are usually required for the development of organized convection .

 Single - cell ( edit )

 Main article : Air - mass thunderstorm A single - cell thunderstorm over Wagga Wagga .

 This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft . Also known as air - mass thunderstorms , these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales . They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter . Within a cluster of thunderstorms , the term `` cell '' refers to each separate principal updraft . Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation , as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development . Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability ; hence the term `` air mass thunderstorm '' . When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them , it is known as a pulse severe storm . Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space , making them difficult to forecast . Single - cell thunderstorms normally last 20 -- 30 minutes .

 Multi-cell clusters ( edit )

 Main article : Multicellular thunderstorm A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the Space Shuttle Challenger .

 This is the most common type of thunderstorm development . Mature thunderstorms are found near the center of the cluster , while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side . Multicell storms form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more squall lines . While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes , the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time . They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries , such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure . These type of storms are stronger than the single - cell storm , yet much weaker than the supercell storm . Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate - sized hail , flash flooding , and weak tornadoes .

 Multi-cell lines ( edit )

 Main article : Squall line See also : List of derecho events

 A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold front . In the early 20th century , the term was used as a synonym for cold front . The squall line contains heavy precipitation , hail , frequent lightning , strong straight line winds , and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts . Severe weather in the form of strong straight - line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo , within the portion of the line that bows out the most . Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern , or LEWP , where mesoscale low pressure areas are present . Some bow echoes in the summer are called derechos , and move quite fast through large sections of territory . On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines , a wake low can form , which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy , which are sometimes associated with a heat burst . This kind of storm is also known as `` Wind of the Stony Lake '' ( Traditional Chinese : 石 湖 風 -- shi2 hu2 feng1 , Simplified Chinese : 石 湖 风 ) in southern China .

 Supercells ( edit )

 Main article : Supercell A supercell thunderstorm over Chaparral , New Mexico . The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil - shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern Nebraska , United States .

 Supercell storms are large , usually severe , quasi-steady - state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ( `` wind shear '' ) , and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts ( i.e. , where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft ) with a strong , rotating updraft ( a `` mesocyclone '' ) . These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud ( or anvil ) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere , and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide . Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather . These storms can produce destructive tornadoes , sometimes F3 or higher , extremely large hailstones ( 10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter ) , straight - line winds in excess of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , and flash floods . In fact , research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm . Supercells are the strongest type of thunderstorm , even stronger than the most severe thunderstorms .

 Severe thunderstorms ( edit )

 A thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour ( 58 mph ) , hail is 25 millimetres ( 1 in ) in diameter or larger , or if funnel clouds or tornadoes are reported . Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm , a tornado warning is issued in place of a severe thunderstorm warning . A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe , or will soon turn severe . In Canada , a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) in one hour , or 75 millimetres ( 3 in ) in three hours , is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms . Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell . However , multicell , supercell , and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather .

 Mesoscale convective systems ( edit )

 See also : Mesoscale convective system MCC moving through New England : August 2 , 2006 0600 UTC

 A mesoscale convective system ( MCS ) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones , and normally persists for several hours or more . A mesoscale convective system 's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape , and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones , squall lines , lake - effect snow events , polar lows , and Mesoscale Convective Complexes ( MCCs ) , and they generally form near weather fronts . Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day . The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America , Europe , and Asia , with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours .

 Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs , generally within the warm season between spring and fall . More intense systems form over land than over water . One exception is that of lake - effect snow bands , which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water , and occurs from fall through spring . Polar lows are a second special class of MCS . They form at high latitudes during the cold season . Once the parent MCS dies , later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex ( MCV ) . Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall .

 Motion ( edit )

 Thunderstorm line viewed in reflectivity ( dBZ ) on a plan position indicator radar display

 The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth 's surface than stronger thunderstorms , as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall . Organized , long - lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector . If the gust front , or leading edge of the outflow boundary , races ahead of the thunderstorm , its motion will accelerate in tandem . This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation ( HP ) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation ( LP ) . When thunderstorms merge , which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other , the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell . The stronger the mean wind , the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion . On weather radar , storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan .

 Back - building thunderstorm ( edit )

 A back - building thunderstorm , commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side ( usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere ) , such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction . Though the storm often appears stationary on radar , or even moving upwind , this is an illusion . The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new , more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side , replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind . When this happens , catastrophic flooding is possible . In Rapid City , South Dakota , in 1972 , an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area , resulting in devastating flash flooding . A similar event occurred in Boscastle , England , on 16 August 2004 .

 Hazards ( edit )

 Each year , many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning . While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer , they can occur at just about any time of the year .

 Cloud - to - ground lightning ( edit )

 See also : Lightning strike and Wildfire A return stroke , cloud - to - ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm .

 Cloud - to - ground lightning frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations . One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the wildfires they are capable of igniting . Under a regime of low precipitation ( LP ) thunderstorms , where little precipitation is present , rainfall can not prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat . Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion . In areas with a high frequency for cloud - to - ground lightning , like Florida , lightning causes several fatalities per year , most commonly to people working outside .

 Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning . Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7 . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid ( pH 5.6 in distilled water ) , but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals . Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena , caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen , can result in the production of acid rain , if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation , thus creating acid rain . Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds . In ecosystems , acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil , resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms .

 Hail ( edit )

 Main article : Hail Hailstorm in Bogotá , Colombia .

 Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm . Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration . Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards ( known as orographic lifting ) , thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely . One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India , which reported one of the highest hail - related death tolls on record in 1888 . China also experiences significant hailstorms . Across Europe , Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail .

 In North America , hail is most common in the area where Colorado , Nebraska , and Wyoming meet , known as `` Hail Alley . '' Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours , with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September . Cheyenne , Wyoming is North America 's most hail - prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season . In South America , areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá , Colombia .

 Hail can cause serious damage , notably to automobiles , aircraft , skylights , glass - roofed structures , livestock , and most commonly , farmers ' crops . Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft . When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres ( 0.5 in ) in diameter , planes can be seriously damaged within seconds . The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft . Wheat , corn , soybeans , and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage . Hail is one of Canada 's most costly hazards . Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history . One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund , Uttarakhand , India . The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora , Nebraska , United States .

 Tornadoes and waterspouts ( edit )

 In June 2007 , the town of Elie , Manitoba was struck by an F5 tornado . Main articles : Tornado and Waterspout

 A tornado is a violent , rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud ( otherwise known as a thundercloud ) or , in rare cases , the base of a cumulus cloud . Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel , whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust . Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph ( 64 and 177 km / h ) , are approximately 75 metres ( 246 ft ) across , and travel several kilometers ( a few miles ) before dissipating . Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph ( 480 km / h ) , stretch more than 1,600 metres ( 1 mi ) across , and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres ( dozens of miles ) .

 The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused . An EF0 tornado , the weakest category , damages trees but not substantial structures . An EF5 tornado , the strongest category , rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers . The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes . Doppler radar data , photogrammetry , and ground swirl patterns ( cycloidal marks ) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating .

 Formation of numerous waterspouts in the Great Lakes region . ( North America ) A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm

 Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes , characterized by a spiraling funnel - shaped wind current that form over bodies of water , connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds . Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes , or more specifically , non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water . These spiralling columns of air are frequently developed within tropical areas close to the equator , but are less common within areas of high latitude .

 Flash Flood ( edit )

 Main article : Flash flood

 Flash flooding is the process where a landscape , most notably an urban environment , is subjected to rapid floods . These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding and are frequently ( though not always ) associated with intense rainfall . Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow - moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it . Flash floods are most common in densely populated urban environments , where few plants and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water . Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure , such as bridges , and weakly constructed buildings . Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water . Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced . Soil erosion can occur as well , exposing risks of landslide phenomena .

 Downburst ( edit )

 Main article : Downburst Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest Monroe County , Wisconsin .

 Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms . Downburst winds are generally very powerful , and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes , due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight - horizontal characteristic . Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable , incomplete , or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings . Agricultural crops , and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged . Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash . Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds . Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it , due to their higher density . When these downdrafts reach the surface , they spread out and turn into the destructive straight - horizontal winds .

 Thunderstorm asthma ( edit )

 Main article : Thunderstorm asthma

 Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm . During a thunderstorm , pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind . While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose , the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs , triggering the asthma attack .

 Safety precautions ( edit )

 See also : Emergency management and Tornado preparedness

 Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully ; however , any thunderstorm can become severe , and all thunderstorms , by definition , present the danger of lightning . Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before , during , and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage .

 Preparedness ( edit )

 Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm . Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness ( as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year ) . Preparing a family emergency plan , for example , can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly . Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees , which can be blown over in high winds , can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury .

 The National Weather Service ( NWS ) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur :

 Know the names of local counties , cities , and towns , as these are how warnings are described .

 Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area .

 Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm .

 Cancel or reschedule outdoor events ( to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits ) .

 Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place .

 Get inside a substantial building or hard - topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives .

 If you hear thunder , get to the safe place immediately .

 Avoid open areas like hilltops , fields , and beaches , and do n't be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring .

 Do n't shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms .

 If in the woods , put as much distance between you and any trees during thunderstorms .

 If in a group , spread out so that you increase the chances for survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a lightning strike .

 Safety ( edit )

 While safety and preparedness often overlap , `` thunderstorm safety '' generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm . The American Red Cross recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress :

 Take action immediately upon hearing thunder . Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning .

 Avoid electrical appliances , including corded telephones . Cordless and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm .

 Close and stay away from windows and doors , as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind .

 Do not bathe or shower , as plumbing conducts electricity .

 If driving , safely exit the roadway , turn on hazard lights , and park . Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal .

 The NWS stopped recommending the `` lightning crouch '' in 2008 as it does n't provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike .

 Frequent occurrences ( edit )

 See also : United States rainfall climatology A mild thunderstorm over Niagara Falls , Ontario .

 Thunderstorms occur throughout the world , even in the polar regions , with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas , where they may occur nearly daily . At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth . Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth , a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java . Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin , Caracas , Manila and Mumbai . Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe , and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones . In temperate regions , they are most frequent in spring and summer , although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year . They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water . Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures .

 Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states . These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes . Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States , but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas , particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California . In spring and summer , they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime . In the Northeast , storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest , but with less frequency and severity . During the summer , air - mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida .

 Energy ( edit )

 See also : Sprite ( lightning ) , Upper - atmospheric lightning , and St. Elmo 's fire How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space

 If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known , then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 5 × 10 kg of water vapor are lifted , and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10 joules . This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone , and more energy than that released during the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima , Japan in 1945 .

 The Fermi Gamma - ray Burst Monitor results show that gamma rays and antimatter particles ( positrons ) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms . It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in terrestrial gamma - ray flashes ( TGF ) . TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning . The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays . About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide , but mostly go undetected .

 Studies ( edit )

 In more contemporary times , thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity . Every spring , storm chasers head to the Great Plains of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping . Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms . More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors , such as the Doppler on Wheels , vehicles with mounted automated weather stations , weather balloons , and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather . Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud - to - ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres ( 820 ft ) of their point of origin .

 Mythology and religion ( edit )

 Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations . Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus , who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus . Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird , who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit . The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight Jötnar , with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mjölnir . Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms . Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle 's original work , called Meteorologica , that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God . These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century .

 Martin Luther was out walking when a thunderstorm began , causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk .

 Outside of Earth ( edit )

 Thunderstorms , evidenced by flashes of lightning , on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice , suggesting that a similar mechanism may act as on Earth . ( Water is a polar molecule that can carry a charge , so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning . ) These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on the Earth . The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior . The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing lightning ; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth .

 See also ( edit )

 Barber 's pole

 Continuous gusts

 Convective storm detection

 Hector ( cloud )

 Severe thunderstorm warning and Severe thunderstorm watch

 Thundersnow

 Tornado warning

 Tornado watch

 Training ( meteorology )

 References ( edit )

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 Further reading ( edit )

 Burgess , D.W. , R.J. Donaldson Jr. , and P.R. Desrochers , 1993 : Tornado detection and warning by radar . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards , Geophys . Monogr. , No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 203 -- 221 .

 Corfidi , S.F. , 1998 : Forecasting MCS mode and motion . Preprints 19th Conf . on Severe Local Storms , American Meteorological Society , Minneapolis , Minnesota , pp. 626 -- 629 .

 Davies , J.M. , 2004 : Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells . Weather Forecast. , 19 , 714 -- 726 .

 Davies , J.M. , and R.H. Johns , 1993 : Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes . Part I : Helicity and mean shear magnitudes . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards ( C. Church et al. , Eds . ) , Geophysical Monograph 79 , American Geophysical Union , 573 -- 582 .

 David , C.L. 1973 : An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms . Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms . Denver , Colorado , American Meteorological Society , 223 -- 225 .

 Doswell , C.A. , III , D.V. Baker , and C.A. Liles , 2002 : Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential : A case study . Weather Forecast. , 17 , 937 -- 954 .

 Doswell , C.A. , III , S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns ( 1993 ) : Tornado forecasting : A review . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards ( C. Church et al. , Eds ) , Geophys . Monogr . No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 557 -- 571 .

 Johns , R.H. , J.M. Davies , and P.W. Leftwich , 1993 : Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes . Part II : Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction and Hazards , Geophys . Mongr. , No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 583 -- 590 .

 Evans , Jeffry S. , : Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings . NOAA.gov

 J.V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson , Atmospheric Thermodynamics , published by D. Reidel Publishing Company , Dordrecht , the Netherlands , 1973

 M.K. Yau and R.R. Rogers , Short Course in Cloud Physics , Third Edition , published by Butterworth - Heinemann , January 1 , 1989 , EAN 9780750632157 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3215 - 1

 External links ( edit )

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunderstorm .

 Anatomy of a thunderstorm

 Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology

 Air traffic control display at an airport of aircraft avoiding thunderstorm

 ( hide )

 Meteorological data and variables

 General

 Adiabatic processes

 Advection

 Buoyancy

 Lapse rate

 Lightning

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 Surface weather analysis

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 Convective inhibition ( CIN )

 Convective instability

 Convective momentum transport

 Convective temperature ( T )

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 Free convective layer ( FCL )

 Helicity

 K Index

 Level of free convection ( LFC )

 Lifted index ( LI )

 Maximum parcel level ( MPL )

 Bulk Richardson number ( BRN )

 Temperature

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 Equivalent temperature ( T )

 Forest fire weather index

 Haines Index

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 Sea surface temperature ( SST )

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 Vapor pressure

 Virtual temperature

 Wet - bulb temperature

 Wet - bulb potential temperature

 Wind chill

 Pressure

 Atmospheric pressure

 Baroclinity

 Barotropicity

 Pressure gradient

 Pressure - gradient force ( PGF )

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Question: how far from the heavy rain of a thunder storm can lightning strike