Beijing - wikipedia

 Beijing

 Jump to : navigation , search `` Peking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beijing ( disambiguation ) and Peking ( disambiguation ) .

 Beijing 北京 市

 Municipality

 Beijing Municipality

 Clockwise from top : Beijing CBD skyline , Tiananmen , Temple of Heaven , National Center for the Performing Arts , and Beijing National Stadium

 Location of Beijing Municipality within China

 Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E  /  39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E  / 39.917 ; 116.383 Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E  /  39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E  / 39.917 ; 116.383

 Country

 China

 Established date

 1045 BCE ( Zhou Dynasty )

 Divisions - County - level - Township - level

 16 districts 289 towns and villages

 Government

 Type

 Municipality

 Party Secretary

 Cai Qi

 Mayor

 Chen Jining

 Congress Chairman

 Li Wei ( zh )

 Conference Chairman

 Ji Lin

 Area

 Municipality

 16,411 km ( 6,336 sq mi )

 Land

 16,801 km ( 6,487 sq mi )

 Urban

 1,368 km ( 528 sq mi )

 Rural

 15,042 km ( 5,808 sq mi )

 Elevation

 43.5 m ( 142.7 ft )

 Population ( 2017 )

 Municipality

 21,707,000

 Density

 1,300 / km ( 3,400 / sq mi )

 Urban

 18,766,000

 Metro ( 2017 )

 24,000,000

 Ranks in China

 Population : 27th ; Density : 4th

 Major ethnic groups

 Han

 95 %

 Manchu

 2 %

 Hui

 2 %

 Mongol

 0.3 %

 Other

 0.7 %

 Time zone

 CST ( UTC + 8 )

 Postal code

 100000 -- 102629

 Area code ( s )

 10

 GDP ( nominal )

 2017

 - Total

 ¥ 2.8 trillion ( $414.8 billion )

 - Per capita

 ¥ 129,032 ( $19,116 ) ( 2nd )

 - Growth

 6.7 %

 HDI ( 2014 )

 0.869 ( 1st ) -- very high

 License plate prefixes

 京 A , C , E , F , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , Y 京 B ( taxis ) 京 G ( outside urban area ) 京 O , D ( police and authorities )

 Abbreviation

 BJ / 京 ( jīng )

 City trees

 Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis )

 Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica )

 City flowers

 China rose ( Rosa chinensis )

 Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium )

 Website

 Beijing Official Website International - eBeijing.gov.cn ( in English ) 首都 之 窗 - 北京 市 政务 门户 网站 ( in Chinese )

 Beijing

 `` Běijīng '' in regular Chinese characters

 Chinese

 北京

 Hanyu Pinyin

 Běijīng

 Postal

 Peking Peiping ( 1368 -- 1403 ; 1928 -- 1937 ; 1945 -- 1949 )

 Literal meaning

 `` Northern Capital ''

 ( show ) Transcriptions

 Standard Mandarin

 Hanyu Pinyin

 Běijīng

 Bopomofo

 ㄅ ㄟ ˇ ㄐ ㄧ ㄥ

 Gwoyeu Romatzyh

 Beeijing

 Wade -- Giles

 Pei - ching

 IPA

 ( pèi. tɕíŋ )

 Wu

 Suzhounese

 Poh - cin

 Hakka

 Romanization

 Bet - gin

 Yue : Cantonese

 Yale Romanization

 Bākgìng or Bākgīng

 IPA

 ( pɐ́k̚. kêŋ ) or ( pɐ́k̚. kéŋ )

 Jyutping

 Bak1ging1

 Southern Min

 Hokkien POJ

 Pak - kian

 Tâi - lô

 Pak - kiann

 Eastern Min

 Fuzhou BUC

 Báe̤k - gĭng

 Beijing ( / beɪˈdʒɪŋ / ; Mandarin : ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's second most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China .

 As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is a megacity rich in history , exemplified in its global influence in politics , economy , education , history , culture , and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state - owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high - speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system .

 The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . Siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics .

 Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state - owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Etymology

 2 History

 2.1 Early history

 2.2 Early Imperial China

 2.3 Ming dynasty

 2.4 Qing dynasty

 2.5 Republic of China

 2.6 People 's Republic of China

 3 Geography

 3.1 Cityscape

 3.2 Architecture

 3.3 Climate

 3.4 Environmental problems

 3.4. 1 Air quality

 3.4. 1.1 Readings

 3.4. 2 Dust storms

 4 Politics and government

 4.1 Administrative divisions

 4.1. 1 Towns

 4.1. 2 Neighborhoods

 4.2 Judiciary and procuracy

 4.3 Diplomatic missions

 5 Economy

 5.1 Sector composition

 5.2 Economic zones

 6 Demographics

 6.1 Metropolitan area

 7 Culture

 7.1 Places of interest

 8 Religion

 8.1 Chinese folk religion and Taoism

 8.2 Buddhism

 8.3 Islam

 8.4 Christianity

 9 Media

 9.1 Television and radio

 9.2 Press

 10 Sports

 10.1 Events

 10.2 Venues

 10.3 Clubs

 11 Transportation

 11.1 Rail and high - speed rail

 11.2 Roads and expressways

 11.3 Air

 11.4 Public transit

 11.5 Taxi

 11.6 Bicycles

 12 Defense and aerospace

 13 Nature and wildlife

 14 See also

 15 References

 16 Further reading

 17 External links

 Etymology

 See also : Names of Beijing

 Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters 北 for north and 京 for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) . The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization .

 The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京 , which appears on automobile license plates in the city . The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is `` BJ '' .

 History

 Main article : History of Beijing

 Early History

 The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District , where Peking Man lived . Homo erectus fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago . Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently , about 27,000 years ago . Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality , including in Wangfujing , located in downtown Beijing .

 The first walled city in Beijing was Jicheng , the capital city of the state of Ji and was built in 1045 BC . Within modern Beijing , Jicheng was located around the present Guang'anmen area in the south of Xicheng District . This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital .

 Early Imperial China

 The Tianning Pagoda , built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty .

 After the First Emperor unified China , Jicheng became a prefectural capital for the region . During the Three Kingdoms period , it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao 's Wei Kingdom . The AD 3rd - century Western Jin demoted the town , placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou .

 During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu , Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom .

 After China was reunified during the Sui dynasty , Jicheng , also known as Zhuojun , became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal . Under the Tang dynasty , Jicheng as Youzhou , served as a military frontier command center . During the An - Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang , local military commanders founded their own short - lived Yan dynasties and called the city Yanjing , or the `` Yan Capital . '' Also in the Tang dynasty , the city 's name Jicheng was replaced by Youzhou or Yanjing . In 938 , after the fall of the Tang , the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao dynasty , which treated the city as Nanjing , or the `` Southern Capital '' , one of four secondary capitals to complement its `` Supreme Capital '' , Shangjing ( modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia ) . Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period , including the Tianning Pagoda .

 Miaoying Temple and its White Stupa in Dadu which was built by Kublai Khan

 The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122 , which gave the city to the Song dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China . In 1153 , the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their `` Central Capital '' , or Zhongdu . The city was besieged by Genghis Khan 's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later . Two generations later , Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu ( or Daidu to the Mongols , commonly known as Khanbaliq ) , a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to the northeast of the Zhongdu ruins . The construction took from 1264 to 1293 , but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper . The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present - day Chang'an Avenue to the northern part of Line 10 subway . Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng .

 Ming dynasty

 One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City , which was built by Emperor Yongle in Ming dynasty .

 In 1368 , soon after declaring the new Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty , the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it . Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia , however , Dadu was renamed to Beiping as used to supply the military garrisons in the area . And under the Hongwu Emperor 's feudal policies it was given to Zhu Di , one of his sons , who was created `` Prince of Yan '' .

 The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang 's heir led to a succession struggle on his death , one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era . Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian ( modern Nanjing ) alienated many there , he established his fief as a new co-capital . The city of Beiping became Beijing ( northern capital ) or Shuntian in 1403 . The construction of the new imperial residence , the Forbidden City , took from 1406 to 1420 ; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city 's major attractions , such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen . On 28 October 1420 , the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed . Beijing became the empire 's primary capital and Yingtian , also called Nanjing ( southern capital ) , became the co-capital . ( A 1425 order by Zhu Di 's son , the Hongxi Emperor , to return the primary capital to Nanjing was never carried out : he died , probably of a heart attack , the next month . He was buried , like almost every Ming emperor to follow him , in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing 's north . )

 By the 15th century , Beijing had essentially taken its current shape . The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times , when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place . It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th , 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci 's chapel ; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site .

 The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty , but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later .

 Qing dynasty

 Summer Palace is one of the several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area Chongwenmen , a gate to the inner walled city , c. 1906

 Dorgon established the Qing dynasty as a direct successor of the Ming ( delegitimising Li Zicheng and his followers ) and Beijing became China 's sole capital . The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but , in large part , the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged . Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced , but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals . Signage was bilingual or Chinese . This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber . Northwest of the city , Qing emperors built several large palatial gardens including the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace .

 During the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces captured the outskirts of the city , looting and burning the Old Summer Palace in 1860 . Under the Convention of Peking ending that war , Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city . In 1900 , the attempt by the `` Boxers '' to eradicate this presence , as well as Chinese Christian converts , led to Beijing 's reoccupation by foreign powers . During the fighting , several important structures were destroyed , including the Hanlin Academy and the ( new ) Summer Palace .

 Republic of China

 A large portrait of Chiang Kai - shek was displayed above Tiananmen Gate after WWII .

 The fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like Sun Yat - sen originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing . After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution , the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new Republic of China . Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power , declaring himself emperor in 1915 . His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies . Following the success of the Kuomintang 's Northern Expedition , the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928 . On 28 June the same year , Beijing 's name was returned to Beiping ( written at the time as `` Peiping '' ) .

 On July 7 , 1937 , the 29th Army and the Japanese army in China exchanged fire at the Marco Polo Bridge near the Wanping Fortress southwest of the city . The Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War , World War II as it is known in China . During the war , Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937 and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , a puppet state that ruled the ethnic - Chinese portions of Japanese - occupied northern China . This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing .

 People 's Republic of China

 Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949

 In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign . On 1 October that year , Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People 's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen . He restored the name of the city , as the new capital , to Beijing , a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference just a few days earlier .

 In the 1950s , the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods , with heavy industries in the west and residential neighborhoods in the north . Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road .

 A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games .

 During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 , the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city 's government fell victim to one of the first purges . By the fall of 1966 , all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao . In April 1976 , a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed . In October 1976 , the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cultural Revolution came to an end . In December 1978 , the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the `` policy of reform and opening up . ''

 Since the early 1980s , the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Ring Roads . According to one 2005 newspaper report , the size of newly developed Beijing was one - and - a-half times larger than before . Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts , while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China . In recent years , the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization , such as heavy traffic , poor air quality , the loss of historic neighborhoods , and a significant influx of migrant workers from less - developed rural areas of the country . Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history , principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The city has also hosted major international events , including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics .

 Geography

 Main article : Geography of Beijing Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Jingshan , the highest point in the old walled city of Beijing . Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north of the city .

 Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain , which opens to the south and east of the city . Mountains to the north , northwest and west shield the city and northern China 's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes . The northwestern part of the municipality , especially Yanqing County and Huairou District , are dominated by the Jundu Mountains , while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills . The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes . Mount Dongling , in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei , is the municipality 's highest point , with an altitude of 2,303 metres ( 7,556 ft ) .

 Major rivers flowing through the municipality , including the Chaobai , Yongding , Juma , are all tributaries in the Hai River system , and flow in a southeasterly direction . The Miyun Reservoir , on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River , is the largest reservoir within the municipality . Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou , which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route , and the South -- North Water Transfer Project , constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin .

 The urban area of Beijing , on the plains in the south - central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres ( 130 -- 200 feet ) , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality 's area . The city spreads out in concentric ring roads . The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs . Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing , directly to the south of the Forbidden City , the former residence of the emperors of China . To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai , the residence of China 's current leaders . Chang'an Avenue , which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square , forms the city 's main east - west axis .

 Cityscape

 The skyline of the Imperial Palace , viewed from the Jingshan Hill

 Architecture

 See also : List of tallest buildings in Beijing

 Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing . First , there is the traditional architecture of imperial China , perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen ( Gate of Heavenly Peace ) , which remains the People 's Republic of China 's trademark edifice , the Forbidden City , the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven . Next , there is what is sometimes referred to as the `` Sino - Sov '' style , with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed , which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s . Finally , there are much more modern architectural forms , most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters , in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts .

 Since 2007 , buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice , for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013 . The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year .

 In the early 21st century , Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions , exhibiting various modern styles from international designers , most pronounced in the CBD region . A mixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone , which mixes the old with the new . Beijing 's current completed tallest building is the 330 - meter China World Trade Center Tower III , but will be surpassed by the 528 - meter China Zun in 2018 when it is completed . Both buildings are in the Beijing CBD .

 Beijing is famous for its siheyuans , a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared by the surrounding buildings . Among the more grand examples are the Prince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching - ling . These courtyards are usually connected by alleys called hutongs . The hutongs are generally straight and run east to west so that doorways face north and south for good Feng Shui . They vary in width ; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time . Once ubiquitous in Beijing , siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing , as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high - rise buildings . Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences . Many complain , however , that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can not be replaced , and these properties are often government owned .

 The Taihedian Square inside the Forbidden City

 Climate

 Beijing has a monsoon - influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwa ) , characterized by hot , humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon , and cold , windy , dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone . Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe , accompanied by rapidly warming , but generally dry , conditions . Autumn , like Spring , is a season of transition and minimal precipitation . The monthly daily average temperature in January is − 3.7 ° C ( 25.3 ° F ) , while in July it is 26.2 ° C ( 79.2 ° F ) . Precipitation averages around 570 mm ( 22 in ) annually , with close to three - fourths of that total falling from June to August . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 % in July to 65 % in January and February , the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 27.4 ° C ( − 17.3 ° F ) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 ° C ( 107.4 ° F ) on 24 July 1999 ( unofficial record of 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) was set on 15 June 1942 ) .

 ( show ) Climate data for Beijing ( normals 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1951 -- present )

 Month

 Jan

 Feb

 Mar

 Apr

 May

 Jun

 Jul

 Aug

 Sep

 Oct

 Nov

 Dec

 Year

 Record high ° C ( ° F )

 14.3 ( 57.7 )

 19.8 ( 67.6 )

 29.5 ( 85.1 )

 33.5 ( 92.3 )

 41.1 ( 106 )

 40.6 ( 105.1 )

 41.9 ( 107.4 )

 38.3 ( 100.9 )

 35.0 ( 95 )

 31.0 ( 87.8 )

 23.3 ( 73.9 )

 19.5 ( 67.1 )

 41.9 ( 107.4 )

 Average high ° C ( ° F )

 1.8 ( 35.2 )

 5.0 ( 41 )

 11.6 ( 52.9 )

 20.3 ( 68.5 )

 26.0 ( 78.8 )

 30.2 ( 86.4 )

 30.9 ( 87.6 )

 29.7 ( 85.5 )

 25.8 ( 78.4 )

 19.1 ( 66.4 )

 10.1 ( 50.2 )

 3.7 ( 38.7 )

 17.9 ( 64.1 )

 Average low ° C ( ° F )

 − 8.4 ( 16.9 )

 − 5.6 ( 21.9 )

 0.4 ( 32.7 )

 7.9 ( 46.2 )

 13.6 ( 56.5 )

 18.8 ( 65.8 )

 22.0 ( 71.6 )

 20.8 ( 69.4 )

 14.8 ( 58.6 )

 7.9 ( 46.2 )

 0.0 ( 32 )

 − 5.8 ( 21.6 )

 7.2 ( 45.0 )

 Record low ° C ( ° F )

 − 22.8 ( − 9 )

 − 27.4 ( − 17.3 )

 − 15 ( 5 )

 − 3.2 ( 26.2 )

 2.5 ( 36.5 )

 9.8 ( 49.6 )

 15.3 ( 59.5 )

 11.4 ( 52.5 )

 3.7 ( 38.7 )

 − 3.5 ( 25.7 )

 − 12.3 ( 9.9 )

 − 18.3 ( − 0.9 )

 − 27.4 ( − 17.3 )

 Average precipitation mm ( inches )

 2.7 ( 0.106 )

 4.9 ( 0.193 )

 8.3 ( 0.327 )

 21.2 ( 0.835 )

 34.2 ( 1.346 )

 78.1 ( 3.075 )

 185.2 ( 7.291 )

 159.7 ( 6.287 )

 45.5 ( 1.791 )

 21.8 ( 0.858 )

 7.4 ( 0.291 )

 2.8 ( 0.11 )

 571.8 ( 22.51 )

 Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm )

 1.8

 2.3

 3.3

 4.3

 5.8

 9.7

 13.6

 12.0

 7.6

 5.0

 3.5

 1.7

 70.6

 Average relative humidity ( % )

 44

 44

 46

 46

 53

 61

 75

 77

 68

 61

 57

 49

 56.8

 Mean monthly sunshine hours

 194.1

 194.7

 231.8

 251.9

 283.4

 261.4

 212.4

 220.9

 232.1

 222.1

 185.3

 180.7

 2,670.8

 Percent possible sunshine

 65

 65

 63

 64

 64

 59

 47

 52

 63

 64

 62

 62

 60

 Source : China Meteorological Administration , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System , all - time record high , May record high

 Environmental problems

 Beijing has a long history of environmental problems . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing 's urban extent quadrupled , which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions , but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally , even if emissions of human society are not included . For example , surface albedo , wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased , whereas ground and near - surface air temperatures , vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased . Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems , which lead to health issues of many inhabitants . In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China , in total 600 million people . After this `` pollution shock '' air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China . After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution , for example by lowering the share of coal from 24 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2017 , while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources .

 Air quality

 Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest .

 Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog . These photographs , taken in August 2005 , show the variations in Beijing 's air quality .

 In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city 's air , nearly 17 billion USD was spent . Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games , including halting work at all construction sites , closing many factories in Beijing permanently , temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions , closing some gas stations , and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days ( based on their license plate numbers ) , reducing bus and subway fares , opening new subway lines , and banning high - emission vehicles . The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas - powered buses , one of the largest fleets in the world . Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard .

 Coal burning accounts for about 40 % of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . Since 2012 , the city has been converting coal - fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons . In 2011 , the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal , 73 % of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry . Much of the city 's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions . Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015 . Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011 , more than all of Germany , of which only 30 % were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making . Power plants in the coal - mining regions of Shanxi , Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi , where coal consumption has tripled since 2000 , and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing . Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia , respectively rank from first to fourth , among Chinese provinces by coal consumption . There were four major coal - fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter . The first one ( Gaojing Thermal Power Plant ) was shut down in 2014 . Another two were shut in March 2015 . The last one ( Huaneng Thermal Power Plant ) would be shut in 2016 . Between 2013 and 2017 , the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015 .

 The government sometimes uses cloud - seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events , such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area . More recently , however , the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road , as in the case of `` APEC blue '' and `` parade blue , '' short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , respectively . During and prior to these events , Beijing 's air quality improved dramatically , only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after .

 Beijing air quality is often poor , especially in winter . In mid-January 2013 , Beijing 's air quality was measured on top of the city 's US embassy at a PM2. 5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter , which went off the US Environmental Protection Agency 's air quality index . It was widely reported , originally through a Twitter account , that the category was `` crazy bad '' . This was later changed to `` beyond index '' .

 On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city . Later in the month another smog `` red alert '' was issued .

 According to Beijing 's environmental protection bureau 's announcement in November 2016 , starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars wil be banned from being driven whenever Smog `` red alerts '' are issued in the city or neighboring regions .

 Readings

 Due to Beijing 's high - level of air pollution , there are various readings by different sources on the subject . Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau ( BJEPB ) . The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) and ozone levels on Twitter . Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria , the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy .

 Air pollution in Beijing in 2016 , measured by Air Quality Index Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Dust storms

 Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city ; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects . In the first four months of 2006 alone , there were no fewer than eight such storms . In April 2002 , one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea .

 Politics and government

 Main article : Politics of Beijing

 Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , led by the Beijing CPC Secretary ( Chinese : 北京 市委 书记 ) . The local CPC issues administrative orders , collects taxes , manages the economy , and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People 's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government .

 Government officials include the mayor ( Chinese : 市 长 ) and vice-mayor . Numerous bureaus focus on law , public security , and other affairs . Additionally , as the capital of China , Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions , including the National People 's Congress .

 Administrative divisions

 Main articles : List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township - level divisions of Beijing

 Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative county - level subdivisions including 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . On 1 July 2010 , Chongwen and Xuanwu were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng , respectively . On 13 November 2015 Miyun and Yanqing were upgraded to districts .

 Administrative divisions of Beijing

 Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Pinggu Huairou Yanqing Miyun

 Color key

 Inner city inside the 2nd Ring Road ( former city walls )

 Urban area between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road

 Inner suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road

 Outer suburbs areas within city limits .

 Division code

 Division

 Area in km

 Population 2010

 Seat

 Postal code

 Subdivisions

 Subdistricts

 Towns

 Townships

 Ethnic townships

 Residential communities

 Villages

 110000

 Beijing

 16411.0

 19,612,368

 Dongcheng / Tongzhou

 100000

 128

 167

 19

 2538

 3857

 110101

 Dongcheng

 40.6

 919,253

 Jingshan Subdistrict

 100000

 17

 216

 110102

 Xicheng

 46.5

 1,243,315

 Jinrong Street Subdistrict

 100000

 15

 259

 110105

 Chaoyang

 470.8

 3,545,137

 Chaowai Subdistrict

 100000

 21

 20

 358

 5

 110106

 Fengtai

 304.2

 2,112,162

 Fengtai Subdistrict

 100000

 14

 254

 73

 110107

 Shijingshan

 89.8

 616,083

 Lugu Subdistrict

 100000

 9

 130

 110108

 Haidian

 426.0

 3,280,670

 Haidian Subdistrict

 100000

 22

 5

 603

 84

 110109

 Mentougou

 1331.3

 290,476

 Dayu Subdistrict

 102300

 9

 124

 179

 110111

 Fangshan

 1866.7

 944,832

 Gongchen Subdistrict

 102400

 14

 6

 108

 462

 110112

 Tongzhou

 870.0

 1,184,256

 Beiyuan Subdistrict

 101100

 10

 40

 480

 110113

 Shunyi

 980.0

 876,620

 Shengli Subdistrict

 101300

 6

 19

 61

 449

 110114

 Changping

 1430.0

 1,660,501

 Chengbei Subdistrict

 102200

 15

 180

 303

 110115

 Daxing

 1012.0

 1,365,112

 Xingfeng Subdistrict

 102600

 14

 64

 547

 110116

 Huairou

 2557.3

 372,887

 Longshan Subdistrict

 101400

 12

 27

 286

 110117

 Pinggu

 1075.0

 415,958

 Binhe Subdistrict

 101200

 14

 23

 275

 110118

 Miyun

 2335.6

 467,680

 Gulou Subdistrict

 101500

 18

 57

 338

 110119

 Yanqing

 1980.0

 317,426

 Rulin Subdistrict

 102100

 11

 34

 376

 ( show ) Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations

 English

 Chinese

 Pinyin

 Beijing Municipality

 北京 市

 Běijīng Shì

 Dongcheng District

 东 城区

 Dōngchéng Qū

 Xicheng District

 西 城区

 Xīchéng Qū

 Chaoyang District

 朝阳 区

 Cháoyáng Qū

 Fengtai District

 丰台 区

 Fēngtái Qū

 Shijingshan District

 石景山 区

 Shíjǐngshān Qū

 Haidian District

 海淀 区

 Hǎidiàn Qū

 Mentougou District

 门头沟 区

 Méntóugōu Qū

 Fangshan District

 房 山区

 Fángshān Qū

 Tongzhou District

 通州 区

 Tōngzhōu Qū

 Shunyi District

 顺义 区

 Shùnyì Qū

 Changping District

 昌平 区

 Chāngpíng Qū

 Daxing District

 大兴 区

 Dàxīng Qū

 Huairou District

 怀柔 区

 Huáiróu Qū

 Pinggu District

 平谷 区

 Pínggǔ Qū

 Miyun District

 密云 区

 Mìyún Qū

 Yanqing District

 延庆 区

 Yánqìng Qū

 Jump up ^ Including `` area '' ( 地区 ) .

 Jump up ^ Including other township related subdivisions .

 Shichahai , in the Xicheng District , is traditionally considered one of Beijing 's most beautiful and charming scenic areas . Towns Main article : List of township - level divisions of Beijing

 Beijing 's 16 county - level divisions ( districts ) are further subdivided into 273 lower third - level administrative units at the township level : 119 towns , 24 townships , 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts . Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include ( but are not limited to ) :

 Changping 昌平

 Huairou 怀柔

 Miyun 密云

 Liangxiang 良 乡

 Liulimiao 琉璃 庙

 Tongzhou 通州

 Yizhuang 亦庄

 Tiantongyuan 天通苑

 Beiyuan 北 苑

 Xiaotangshan 小 汤山

 Several place names in Beijing end with mén ( 门 ) , meaning `` gate '' , as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall . Other place names end in cūn ( 村 ) , meaning `` village '' , as they were originally villages outside the city wall .

 Neighborhoods

 This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( October 2017 )

 The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction Main article : Neighborhoods in Beijing

 Neighborhoods may extend across multiple districts . Major neighborhoods in urban Beijing include :

 Qianmen 前门

 Tian'anmen 天安门

 Di'anmen 地 安 门

 Chongwenmen 崇文 门

 Xuanwumen 宣武 门

 Fuchengmen 阜 成 门

 Xizhimen 西直门

 Deshengmen 德 胜 门

 Andingmen 安定 门

 Sanlitun 三里屯

 Dongzhimen 东直门

 Chaoyangmen 朝阳 门

 Yongdingmen 永定 门

 Zuo'anmen 左 安 门

 You'anmen 右 安 门

 Guangqumen 广 渠 门

 Guang'anmen 广安 门

 Huashi 花市

 Xibianmen 西 便门

 Hepingmen 和平 门

 Fuxingmen 复兴 门

 Jianguomen 建国 门

 Gongzhufen 公主 坟

 Fangzhuang 方 庄

 Guomao 国贸

 Hepingli 和平 里

 Ping'anli 平安 里

 Beixinqiao 北新 桥

 Jiaodaokou 交 道口

 Kuanjie 宽 街

 Wangjing 望京

 Wangfujing 王府 井

 Dengshikou 灯 市 口

 Wudaokou 五道口

 Xidan 西单

 Dongdan 东单

 Zhongguancun 中关村

 Panjiayuan 潘 家园

 Beijing CBD 北京 商务 中心 区

 Yayuncun 亚运村

 Shifoying 石 佛 营

 Judiciary and procuracy

 The judicial system in Beijing consists of the Supreme People 's Court , the highest court in the country , the Beijing Municipal High People 's Court , the high people 's court of the municipality , three intermediate people 's courts , one intermediate railway transport court , 14 basic people 's court ( one for each of the municipality 's districts and counties ) , and one basic railway transport court . The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People 's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian , Shijingshan , Mentougou , Changping and Yanqing . The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People 's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng , Xicheng , Fengtai , Fangshan and Daxing . The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People 's Court in Laiguangying , is the newest of the three intermediate people 's courts and opened on 21 August 2013 . It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang , Tongzhou , Shunyi , Huairou , Pinggu and Miyun . Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people 's procuratorate .

 Diplomatic missions

 Main article : List of diplomatic missions in China

 About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing , which are concentrated in Jianguomenwai , Sanlitun and Liangmaqiao in Chaoyang District .

 Economy

 Main article : Economy of Beijing Xidan is one of the oldest and busiest shopping area in Beijing .

 As of 2016 , Beijing ' nominal GDP was US $ 386.45 billion ( CN ¥ 2.57 trilion ) , about 3.45 % of the country 's GDP and ranked 12th among province - level administrative units ; its nominal GDP per capita was US $17,795 ( CN ¥ 118,198 ) and ranked the 1st in the country .

 Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital , Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world .

 Historical GDP of Beijing for 1978 -- present ( SNA2008 ) ( purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan , as Int'l . dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 )

 year

 GDP

 GDP per capita ( GDPpc ) based on mid-year population

 Reference index

 GDP in millions

 real growth ( % )

 GDPpc

 exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY

 CNY

 USD

 PPP ( Int'l $ . )

 CNY

 USD

 PPP ( Int'l $ . )

 USD 1

 Int'l $. 1 ( PPP )

 2016

 2,566,910

 386,449

 733,214

 6.8

 118,198

 17,795

 33,762

 6.6423

 3.5009

 2015

 2,368,570

 380,285

 667,297

 6.9

 109,602

 17,597

 30,878

 6.2284

 3.5495

 2014

 2,194,410

 357,233

 618,074

 7.4

 102,870

 16,746

 28,974

 6.1428

 3.5504

 2013

 2,033,010

 328,265

 568,372

 7.7

 97,178

 15,691

 27,168

 6.1932

 3.5769

 2012

 1,835,010

 290,695

 516,788

 8.0

 89,778

 14,222

 25,284

 6.3125

 3.5508

 2011

 1,662,790

 257,446

 474,337

 8.1

 83,547

 12,935

 23,833

 6.4588

 3.5055

 1,444,160

 213,333

 436,223

 10.4

 75,572

 11,164

 22,827

 6.7695

 3.3106

 2009

 1,241,900

 181,804

 393,317

 10.0

 68,405

 10,014

 21,664

 6.8310

 3.1575

 2008

 1,139,200

 164,029

 358,600

 9.0

 66,098

 9,517

 20,807

 6.9451

 3.1768

 2007

 1,007,190

 132,455

 334,071

 14.4

 61,470

 8,084

 20,389

 7.6040

 3.0149

 2006

 831,260

 104,275

 288,863

 12.8

 52,963

 6,644

 18,405

 7.9718

 2.8777

 2005

 714,140

 87,178

 249,787

 12.3

 47,127

 5,753

 16,484

 8.1917

 2.8590

 2000

 321,280

 38,809

 118,148

 12.0

 24,517

 2,962

 9,016

 8.2784

 2.7193

 1995

 150,770

 18,054

 55,239

 12.0

 12,690

 1,520

 4,649

 8.3510

 2.7294

 1990

 50,080

 10,470

 29,414

 5.2

 4,635

 969

 2,722

 4.7832

 1.7026

 1985

 25,710

 8,755

 18,342

 8.7

 2,643

 900

 1,886

 2.9366

 1.4017

 1980

 13,910

 9,283

 9,301

 11.8

 1,544

 1,030

 1,032

 1.4984

 1.4955

 1978

 10,880

 6,462

 10.5

 1,257

 747

 1.6836

 Sector Composition

 The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a popular destination among locals and visitors

 The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector ( services ) , which generated 76.9 % of output , followed by the secondary sector ( manufacturing , construction ) at 22.2 % and the primary sector ( agriculture , mining ) at 0.8 % .

 The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services , wholesale and retail , information technology , commercial real estate , scientific research , and residential real estate each contributing at least 6 % to the city 's economy in 2013 .

 The single largest sub-sector remains industry , whose share of overall output has shrunk to 18.1 % in 2013 . The mix of industrial output has changed significantly since 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly - polluting , energy and water resource intensive enterprises would be relocated from the city in five years . The relocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005 . In 2013 , output of automobiles , aerospace products , semiconductors , pharmaceuticals , and food processing all increased .

 In the farmland around Beijing , vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation . In 2013 , the tonnage of vegetable , edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain . In 2013 , overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons .

 Economic zones

 Main article : List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing The skyline of Beijing CBD Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District

 In 2006 , the city government identified six high - end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth . In 2012 , the six zones produced 43.3 % of the city 's GDP , up from 36.5 % in 2007 . The six zones are :

 Zhongguancun , China 's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city , is home to both established and start - up tech companies . As of the second quarter of 2014 , of the 9,895 companies registered in one of the six zones , 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun .

 Beijing Financial Street , in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen , is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies . The country 's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank , bank regulator , securities regulator , and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood .

 Beijing Central Business District ( CBD ) , is actually located to the east of downtown , near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai . The CBD is home to most of the city 's skyscraper office buildings . Most of the city 's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD .

 Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area , better known as Yizhuang , is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District . It has attracted pharmaceutical , information technology , and materials engineering companies .

 Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northwest of the city . In addition to logistics , airline services , and trading firms , this zone is also home to Beijing 's automobile assembly plants .

 Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment , sports , tourism and business convention center .

 Shijingshan , on the western outskirts of the city , is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel - making . Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs .

 Less legitimate enterprises also exist . Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods ; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city , often marketed to expatriates and international visitors .

 Demographics

 Main article : Demographics of Beijing

 Historical population

 Year

 Pop .

 ± % p.a.

 1953

 2,768,149

 --

 1964

 7,568,495

 + 9.57 %

 1982

 9,230,687

 + 1.11 %

 1990

 10,819,407

 + 2.00 %

 2000

 13,569,194

 + 2.29 %

 19,612,368

 + 3.75 %

 2013

 21,150,000

 + 2.55 %

 2014

 21,516,000

 + 1.73 %

 Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions .

 In 2013 , Beijing had a total population of 21.148 million within the municipality , of which 18.251 million resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 million lived in rural villages . Within China , the city ranked second in urban population after Shanghai and the third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing . Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world , a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years , especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world .

 About 13 million of the city 's residents in 2013 had local hukou permits , which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing . The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government .

 The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7 % from the previous year and continued a decade - long trend of rapid growth . The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million . The population gains are driven largely by migration . The population 's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441 % , based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52 . The gender balance was 51.6 % males and 48.4 % females .

 Working age people account for nearly 80 % of the population . Compared to 2004 , residents age 0 -- 14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.96 % to 9.5 % in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12 % to 9.2 % .

 According to the 2010 census , nearly 96 % of Beijing 's population are ethnic Han Chinese . Of the 800,000 ethnic minorities living in the capital , Manchu ( 336,000 ) , Hui ( 249,000 ) , Korean ( 77,000 ) , Mongol ( 37,000 ) and Tujia ( 24,000 ) constitute the five largest groups . In addition , there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents , 500 Macau residents , and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing . A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students , business travellers and tourists are not counted as registered residents .

 From 2000 to 2010 , the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled from 16.8 % to 31.5 % . About 22.2 % have some high school education and 31 % had reached middle school .

 In 2017 the Chinese Government implemented population controls for Beijing and Shanghai . Latest statistics show that from this policy , Beijings ' population declined by 20,000

 Metropolitan area

 The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have , as of 2010 , a population of 24.9 million .

 Culture

 The Beijing Ancient Observatory A scene from a Peking opera Royal collection of the Forbidden City

 People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect , which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese . This speech is the basis for putonghua , the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan , and one of the four official languages of Singapore . Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province , which surrounds Beijing Municipality .

 Beijing or Peking opera ( 京剧 , Jīngjù ) is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation . Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture , Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song , spoken dialogue , and codified action sequences involving gestures , movement , fighting and acrobatics . Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect .

 Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking . Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the best known dish . Fuling Jiabing , a traditional Beijing snack food , is a pancake ( bing ) resembling a flat disk with a filling made from fu ling , a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine . Teahouses are common in Beijing .

 The cloisonné ( or Jingtailan , literally `` Blue of Jingtai '' ) metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality , and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China . Cloisonné making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base - hammering , copper - strip inlay , soldering , enamel - filling , enamel - firing , surface polishing and gilding . Beijing 's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patterns and images carved into its surface , and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include `` carved lacquer '' and `` engraved gold '' .

 Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife , which has flourished in recent decades , breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class . Today , Houhai , Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing 's nightlife hotspots .

 Places of interest

 See also : Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ( Beijing ) and List of Beijing landmarks

 ... the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view -- in the famed Forbidden City and in the city 's lush pavilions and gardens ...

 -- National Geographic Qianmen Avenue , a traditional commercial street outside Qianmen Gate along the southern Central Axis

 At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City , the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum , which contains imperial collections of Chinese art . Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens , parks and scenic areas , notably Beihai , Shichahai , Zhongnanhai , Jingshan and Zhongshan . These places , particularly Beihai Park , are described as masterpieces of Chinese gardening art , and are popular tourist destinations with tremendous historical importance ; in the modern era , Zhongnanhai has also been the political heart of various Chinese governments and regimes and is now the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council . From Tiananmen Square , right across from the Forbidden City , there are several notable sites , such as the Tiananmen , Qianmen , the Great Hall of the People , the National Museum of China , the Monument to the People 's Heroes , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . The Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace both lie at the western part of the city ; the former , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family .

 Beijing 's Temple of Heaven Ancient Hutongs outside Qianmen Gate

 Among the best known religious sites in the city is the Temple of Heaven ( Tiantan ) , located in southeastern Beijing , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits for annual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest . In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth ( Ditan ) , while the Temple of the Sun ( Ritan ) and the Temple of the Moon ( Yuetan ) lie in the eastern and western urban areas respectively . Other well - known temple sites include the Dongyue Temple , Tanzhe Temple , Miaoying Temple , White Cloud Temple , Yonghe Temple , Fayuan Temple , Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple . The city also has its own Confucius Temple , and a Guozijian or Imperial Academy . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , built in 1605 , is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing . The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing , with a history stretching back over a thousand years .

 Inside the Forbidden City

 Beijing contains several well - preserved pagodas and stone pagodas , such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Temple , which was built during the Liao dynasty from 1100 to 1120 , and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple , which was built in 1576 during the Ming dynasty . Historically noteworthy stone bridges include the 12th - century Lugou Bridge , the 17th - century Baliqiao bridge , and the 18th - century Jade Belt Bridge . The Beijing Ancient Observatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties . The Fragrant Hills ( Xiangshan ) is a popular scenic public park that consists of natural landscaped areas as well as traditional and cultural relics . The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000 species of plants , including a variety of trees , bushes and flowers , and an extensive peony garden . The Taoranting , Longtan , Chaoyang , Haidian , Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city . The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents , including the Chinese giant panda .

 There are 144 museums and galleries ( as of June 2008 ) in the city . In addition to the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City and the National Museum of China , other major museums include the National Art Museum of China , the Capital Museum , the Beijing Art Museum , the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution , the Geological Museum of China , the Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China .

 Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing , but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming dynasty , the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors , which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality , containing a wealth of discoveries , among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris . There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China , most notably Badaling , Jinshanling , Simatai and Mutianyu .

 Religion

 Religion in Beijing ( 2010s )

 Chinese religion or not religious and atheists ( 86.26 % ) Buddhism ( 11.2 % ) Islam ( 1.76 % ) Christianity ( 0.78 % ) A Temple of the Goddess in Gubeikou . Fire God Temple in Di'anmen .

 The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city . As the national capital , the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state - sponsored institutions of the leading religions . In recent decades , foreign residents have brought other religions to the city . According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city , equal to 11.2 % of the total population . According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 , Christians constitute 0.78 % of the city 's population . According to a 2010 survey , Muslims constitute 1.76 % of the population of Beijing .

 Rear hall of the Capital City God Temple of Beijing .

 Chinese folk religion and Taoism

 Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities , many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s . Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven ( 祭 天 jìtiān ) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s .

 There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( 娘娘 Niángniáng ) in the city , one of them near the Olympic Village , and they revolve around a major cult center at Mount Miaofeng . There are also many temples consecrated to the Dragon God ( 龙 神 Lóngshén ) , to the Medicine Master ( 药 王 Yàowáng ) , to Divus Guan ( 关 帝 Guāndì ) , to the Fire God ( 火 神 Huǒshén ) , to the Wealth God ( 财神 Cáishén ) , temples of the City God ( 城隍 神 Chénghuángshén ) , and at least one temple consecrated to the Yellow Deity of the Chariot Shaft ( 轩辕 黄帝 Xuānyuán Huángdì ) in Pinggu District . Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association , such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake , while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals . A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu ( possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine ) within 2020 , and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world .

 The national Chinese Taoist Association and Chinese Taoist College have their headquarters at the White Cloud Temple of Quanzhen Taoism , which was founded in 741 and rebuilt numerous times . The Beijing Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in the city . The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the Lüzu Temple near Fuxingmen .

 Buddhism

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 The tomb pagodas at Tanzhe Temple Yonghe Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism .

 11 % of the population of Beijing practices Buddhism . The Buddhist Association of China , the state 's supervisory organ overseeing all Buddhist institutions in mainland China , is headquartered in the Guangji Temple , a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in what is now Fuchengmennei . The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple , which dates to the Yuan dynasty over 700 years ago . The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou . The Fayuan Temple , which dates to the Tang dynasty 1300 years ago , is the oldest temple in urban Beijing . The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen is the city 's only Buddhist nunnery .

 The West Yellow Temple originally dates to the Liao dynasty . In 1651 , the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing . Since then , this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth , Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas . The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the Yonghe Temple , which was decreed by the Qing Emperor Qianlong in 1744 to serve as the residence and research facility for his Buddhist preceptor of Rölpé Dorjé the third Changkya ( or living Buddha of Inner Mongolia ) . The Yonghe Temple is so - named because it was the childhood residence of the Yongzheng Emperor , and retains the glazed tiles reserved for imperial palaces .

 The Lingguang Temple of Badachu in the Western Hills also dates to the Tang dynasty . The temple 's Zhaoxian Pagoda was first built in 1071 during the Liao dynasty to hold a tooth relic of the Buddha . The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation . A new pagoda was built in 1964 . The six aforementioned temples : Guangji , Guanghua , Tongjiao , West Yellow , Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area .

 In addition , other notable temples in Beijing include the Tanzhe Temple ( founded in the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) is the oldest in the municipality ) , Tianning Temple ( oldest pagoda in the city ) , Miaoying Temple ( famed for Yuan - era white dagoba ) , the Wanshou Temple ( home to the Beijing Art Museum ) and Big Bell Temple .

 Buddhist temples in Beijing

 Badachu

 Bailin Temple

 Big Bell Temple

 Changchun Temple

 Cheng'en Temple

 Dahui Temple

 Dajue Temple

 Fahai Temple

 Fayuan Temple

 Guanghua Temple

 Guangji Temple

 Hongluo Temple

 Jietai Temple

 Miaoying Temple

 Tanzhe Temple

 Temple of Azure Clouds

 Tianning Temple

 Wanshou Temple

 Wofo Temple

 Xifeng Temple

 Yonghe Temple

 Yunju Temple

 Zhenjue Temple

 Zhihua Temple

 Islam

 Niujie Mosque

 Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China , whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque , the oldest and most famous mosque in the city . The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries . Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque , founded in 1346 ; the Huashi Mosque , founded in 1415 ; Nan Douya Mosque , near Chaoyangmen ; Jinshifang Street Mosque , in Xicheng District ; and the Dongzhimen Mosque . There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian , Madian , Tongzhou , Changping , Changying , Shijingshan and Miyun . The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District .

 Christianity

 Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 .

 Catholicism

 In 1289 , John of Montecorvino came to Beijing as a Franciscan missionary with the order from the Pope . After meeting and receiving the support of Kublai Khan in 1293 , he built the first Catholic church in Beijing in 1305 . The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( CPCA ) , based in Houhai is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China . Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include :

 the Nantang or Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception also known as the Xuanwumen Church , which was founded in 1605 and whose current Archbishop Joseph Li Shan is one of the few bishops in China to have the support of both the Vatican and the CPCA .

 the Dongtang or St. Joseph 's Church , better known as the Wangfujing Church , founded in 1653 .

 the Beitang or Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 .

 the Xitang or Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel also known as the Xizhimen Church , founded in 1723 .

 The National Seminary of Catholic Church in China is located in Daxing District .

 Protestantism

 The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century . Protestant missionaries also opened schools , universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions . Most of Beijing 's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and afterwards rebuilt . In 1958 , the 64 Protestant churches in the city are reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three - Self Patriotic Movement .

 Eastern Orthodox

 There were a significant amount of Orthodox Christians in Beijing . Orthodox has come to Beijing along with Russian prisoners from Albazino conflicts in the 17th century . In 1956 , Viktor , the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union , and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it . In 2007 , Russian embassy has rebuilt a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing .

 Media

 Television and Radio

 The China Central Television Headquarters building

 Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10 , and China Central Television , China 's largest television network , maintains its headquarters in Beijing . Three radio stations feature programmes in English : Hit FM on FM 88.7 , Easy FM by China Radio International on FM 91.5 , and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774 . Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stations serving the city .

 Press

 The well - known Beijing Evening News ( Beijing Wanbao , 北京 晚报 ) , covering news about Beijing in Chinese , is distributed every afternoon . Other newspapers include Beijing Daily , The Beijing News ( Xin Jing Bao , 新 京 报 ) , the Beijing Star Daily , the Beijing Morning News , and the Beijing Youth Daily ( Beijing Qingnian Bao ) , as well as English - language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today . The People 's Daily , Global Times and the China Daily ( English ) are published in Beijing as well .

 Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English - language periodicals Time Out Beijing , City Weekend , Beijing This Month , Beijing Talk , That 's Beijing , and The Beijinger .

 Sports

 Main articles : Sport in Beijing and Football in Beijing

 Events

 Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Games Tai chi ( Taijiquan ) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park

 Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events , the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games . Single - sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon ( annually since 1981 ) , China Open of Tennis ( 1993 -- 97 , annually since 2004 ) , ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) , WPBSA China Open for Snooker ( annually since 2005 ) , Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing ( since 2011 ) , 1961 World Table Tennis Championships , 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships , the 2004 AFC Asian Cup ( football ) , and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy ( football ) . Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics .

 Beijing 's LeSports Center will be one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup .

 The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1979 , respectively , and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao . Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants ' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999 .

 In November 2013 , Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . On 31 July 2015 , the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city .

 Venues

 Major sporting venues in the city include the National Stadium , also known as the `` Birds ' Nest '' , National Aquatics Center , also known as the `` Water Cube '' , National Indoor Stadium , all in the Olympic Green to the north of downtown ; the MasterCard Center at Wukesong west of downtown ; the Workers ' Stadium and Workers ' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao , northeast of downtown . In addition , many universities in the city have their own sport facilities .

 Clubs

 Professional sports teams based in Beijing include :

 China Baseball League

 Beijing Tigers

 Chinese Basketball Association

 Beijing Ducks

 Beikong Fly Dragons

 Women 's Chinese Basketball Association

 Beijing Shougang

 Kontinental Hockey League

 HC Kunlun Red Star

 Chinese Super League

 Beijing Guoan

 Beijing Renhe

 China League One

 Beijing BG

 China League Two

 Beijing BIT

 Chinese Women 's National League

 Beijing BG

 The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association , formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team , kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood , California in 2005 .

 China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing , one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored .

 Transportation

 Main article : Transport in Beijing Mobikes jamming sidewalks in Beijing Beijing Railway Station , one of several rail stations in the city Traffic jam in the Beijing CBD Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway , which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world . An articulated Beijing bus . Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue . Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections .

 Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with five ring roads , nine expressways , eleven National Highways , nine conventional railways , and two high - speed railways converging on the city .

 Rail and high - speed rail

 Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China 's railway network . Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to : Shanghai ( Jinghu Line ) , Guangzhou ( Jingguang Line ) , Kowloon ( Jingjiu Line ) , Harbin ( Jingha Line ) , Baotou ( Jingbao Line ) , Qinhuangdao ( Jingqin Line ) , Chengde ( Jingcheng Line ) , Tongliao , Inner Mongolia ( Jingtong Line ) , Yuanping , Shanxi ( Jingyuan Line ) and Shacheng , Hebei ( Fengsha Line ) . In addition , the Datong -- Qinhuangdao Railway passes through the municipality to the north of the city .

 Beijing also has three high - speed rail lines : the Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway , which opened in 2008 ; the Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2011 ; and the Beijing -- Guangzhou High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2012 .

 The city 's main railway stations are the Beijing Railway Station , which opened in 1959 ; the Beijing West Railway Station , which opened in 1996 ; and the Beijing South Railway Station , which was rebuilt into the city 's high - speed railway station in 2008 . As of 1 July 2010 , Beijing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily , Beijing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163 . The Beijing North Railway Station , first built in 1909 and expanded in 2009 , had 22 trains .

 Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East Railway Station and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic . The Fengtai Railway Station has been closed for renovation . In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing , there are over 40 railway stations .

 From Beijing , direct passenger train service is available to most large cities in China . International train service is available to Mongolia , Russia , Vietnam and North Korea . Passenger trains in China are numbered according to their direction in relation to Beijing .

 Roads and expressways

 Further information : Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing

 Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of China as part of the National Trunk Road Network . Nine expressways of China serve Beijing , as do eleven China National Highways . Beijing 's urban transport is dependent upon the five `` ring roads '' that concentrically surround the city , with the Forbidden City area marked as the geographical centre for the ring roads . The ring roads appear more rectangular than ring - shaped . There is no official `` 1st Ring Road '' . The 2nd Ring Road is located in the inner city . Ring roads tend to resemble expressways progressively as they extend outwards , with the 5th and 6th Ring Roads being full - standard national expressways , linked to other roads only by interchanges . Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward . A final outer orbital , the Capital Ring Expressway ( G95 ) , is being built and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei .

 Within the urban core , city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital . Many of Beijing 's boulevards and streets with `` inner '' and `` outer '' are still named in relation to gates in the city wall , though most gates no longer stand . Traffic jams are a major concern . Even outside of rush hour , several roads still remain clogged with traffic .

 Beijing 's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems . The authorities have introduced several bus lanes , which only public buses can use during rush hour . In the beginning of 2010 , Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles . By the end of 2010 , the government forecast 5 million . In 2010 , new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week .

 Towards the end of 2010 , the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams , including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour . More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather .

 Air

 Beijing 's primary airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK ) about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the city centre . The airport is the second busiest airport in the world after Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . After renovations for the 2008 Olympics , the airport now boasts three terminals , with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world . Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive at and depart from Capital Airport . It is the main hub for Air China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Airlines . The airport links Beijing with almost every other Chinese city with regular air passenger service .

 The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Beijing ; it is a roughly 40 - minute drive from the city centre during good traffic conditions . Prior to the 2008 Olympics , the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to the airport , as well as a light rail system , which now connects to the Beijing Subway .

 Other airports in the city include Liangxiang , Nanyuan , Xijiao , Shahe and Badaling . These airports are primarily for military use and are less well known to the public . Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passenger airline . A second international airport , to be called Beijing Daxing International Airport , is currently being built in Daxing District , and is expected to be open by September 2018 .

 As of 1 January 2013 , tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72 - hour visa - free stay in Beijing . The 45 countries include Singapore , Japan , the United States , Canada , all EU and EEA countries ( except Norway and Liechtenstein ) , Switzerland , Brazil , Argentina and Australia . The programme benefits transit and business travellers with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane 's arrival . Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours .

 Public transit

 The Beijing Subway , which began operating in 1969 , now has 22 lines , 370 stations , and 608 km ( 378 mi ) of lines . It is the second longest subway system in the world and first in annual ridership with 3.66 billion rides delivered in 2016 . In 2013 , with a flat fare of ¥ 2.00 ( 0.31 USD ) per ride with unlimited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express , the subway was also the most affordable rapid transit system in China . The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and is expected to reach 30 lines , 450 stations , 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) in length by 2020 . When fully implemented , 95 % of residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be able to walk to a station in 15 minutes . The Beijing Suburban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality .

 On 28 December 2014 , the Beijing Subway switched to a distance - based fare system from a fixed fare for all lines except the Airport Express . Under the new system a trip under 6 km will cost ¥ 3.00 ( 0.49 USD ) , an additional ¥ 1.00 will be added for the next 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) and the next 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) . For every 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) after the original 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) an additional ¥ 1.00 is added . For example , a 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) trip would cost ¥ 8.00 .

 There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city , including four bus rapid transit lines . Standard bus fares are as low as ¥ 1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard .

 Taxi

 Metered taxi in Beijing start at ¥ 13 for the first 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , ¥ 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) and ¥ 1 per ride fuel surcharge , not counting idling fees which are ¥ 2.3 ( ¥ 4.6 during rush hours of 7 -- 9 am and 5 -- 7 pm ) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour ( 7.5 mph ) . Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras , Hyundai Sonatas , Peugeots , Citroëns and Volkswagen Jettas . After 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) , the base fare increases by 50 % ( but is only applied to the portion over that distance ) . Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles . Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue , with another color of Prussian blue , hunter green , white , umber , tyrian purple , rufous , or sea green . Between 11 pm and 5 am , there is also a 20 % fee increase . Rides over 15 km ( 9 mi ) and between 23 : 00 and 06 : 00 incur both charges , for a total increase of 80 % . Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver . The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver .

 Bicycles

 Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets . Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined , bicycles are still an important form of local transportation . Large numbers of cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city , and most of the main roads have dedicated bicycle lanes . Beijing is relatively flat , which makes cycling convenient . The rise of electric bicycles and electric scooters , which have similar speeds and use the same cycle lanes , may have brought about a revival in bicycle - speed two - wheeled transport . It is possible to cycle to most parts of the city . Because of the growing traffic congestion , the authorities have indicated more than once that they wish to encourage cycling , but it is not clear whether there is sufficient will to translate that into action on a significant scale . Recently , cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity thanks to the emergence of a large number of dockless app based bikeshares such as Mobike , Bluegogo and Ofo .

 Defense and aerospace

 Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard welcomes South Korean president Park Geun - hye in June 2013 .

 The command headquarters of China 's military forces are based in Beijing . The Central Military Commission , the political organ in charge of the military , is housed inside the Ministry of National Defense , located next to the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing . The Second Artillery Corps , which controls the country 's strategic missile and nuclear weapons , has its command in Qinghe , Haidian District . The headquarters of the Beijing Military Region , one of seven nationally , is based further west in Gaojing . The Beijing Military Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as well as the 27th , 38th and 65th Armies , which are based in Hebei .

 Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the PLA National Defence University and Academy of Military Science , military hospitals such as the 301 , 307 and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , and army - affiliated cultural entities such as the 1 August Film Studios and the PLA Song and Dance Troupe .

 The China National Space Administration , which oversees country 's space program , and several space - related state owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC are all based in Beijing . The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center , in Haidian District tracks the country 's manned and unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives .

 Nature and Wildlife

 Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of 1,339.7 km ( 517.3 sq mi ) . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard , leopard cat , wolf , red fox , wild boar , masked palm civet , raccoon dog , hog badger , Siberian weasel , Amur hedgehog , roe deer , and mandarin rat snake . The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander , Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District . The Beijing Milu Park south of the city is home to one of the largest herds of Père David 's deer , now extinct in the wild . The Beijing barbastelle , a species of vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007 , is endemic to Beijing . The mountains of Fangshan are also habitat for the more common Beijing mouse - eared bat , large myotis , greater horseshoe bat and Rickett 's big - footed bat .

 Each year , Beijing hosts 200 - 300 species of migratory birds including the common crane , black - headed gull , swan , mallard , common cuckoo and the endangered yellow - breasted bunting . In May 2016 , Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu ( Haidian ) , Hanshiqiao ( Shunyi ) , Yeyahu ( Yanqing ) were tagged and have been traced to far as India , Kenya and Mozambique . In the fall of 2016 , the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month - long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets . Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia , Eurasian siskin , crested myna , coal tit and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild .

 The city flowers are the Chinese rose and chrysanthemum . The city trees are the Chinese arborvitae , an evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree , also called the Chinese scholar tree , a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family . The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang dynasty , 1,300 years ago .

 See also

 Beijing portal

 China portal

 2045 Peking -- the name of an asteroid

 Beijing city fortifications

 Historical capitals of China

 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group

 List of hospitals in Beijing

 List of mayors of Beijing

 List of twin towns and sister cities in China

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 Jump up ^ Haw , Stephen . Beijing : A Concise History . Routledge , 2007 . p. 136 .

 Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing -- Historical Background '' . The Economist. 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Brian Hook , Beijing and Tianjin : Towards a Millennial Megalopolis , p. 2

 Jump up ^ 元 大都 土 城 遗址 公园 . Tuniu.com ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 23

 Jump up ^ `` An Illustrated Survey of Dikes and Dams in Jianghan Region '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Heaven '' . China.org. 13 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Robert Hymes ( 2000 ) . John Stewart Bowman , ed . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11004 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ `` Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall '' . Beijing This Month . 1 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Rosenburg , Matt T. `` Largest Cities Through History '' . About.com . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 33

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- History -- The Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 98

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 119 -- 120

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 133 -- 134

 Jump up ^ MacKerras & Yorke 1991 , p. 8

 Jump up ^ `` Incident on 7 July 1937 '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 166

 Jump up ^ Cheung , Andrew ( 1995 ) . `` Slogans , Symbols , and Legitimacy : The Case of Wang Jingwei 's Nanjing Regime '' . Indiana University . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 168

 Jump up ^ `` `` 毛 主席 八 次 接见 红 卫兵 的 组织 工作 '' 中国 共产党 新闻 网 7 April 2011 ( in Chinese )

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 217

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 255

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 252

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 149

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 249 -- 250

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 255 -- 256

 Jump up ^ Picture Power : Tiananmen Standoff BBC News .

 Jump up ^ `` Election '' . IOC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Business Buide to Beijing and North - East China ( 2006 -- 2007 ed . ) . Hong Kong : China Briefing Media . 2006 . p. 108 . ISBN 988 - 98673 - 3 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Shen , Wei ( 16 February 2004 ) . `` Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing 's Hutongs '' . China Daily . Retrieved 27 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Amy Stone ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Farewell to the Hutongs : Urban Development in Beijing '' . Dissent magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 253

 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Beijing 's urban makeover : the ' hutong ' destruction '' . Open Democracy . Retrieved 27 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . People 's Daily . March 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Extreme Temperatures Around the World '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 .

 Jump up ^ 中国 地面 国际 交换 站 气候 标准 值 月 值 数据 集 ( 1971 - 2000 年 ) ( in Chinese ) . China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System . December 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Burt , Christopher C. `` UPDATE June 1 : Record May Heat Wave in Northeast China , Koreas '' . Wunderground . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 .

 Jump up ^ J.R. McNeill , Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the 20th - Century World . New York : Norton , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029509 - 2 .

 Jump up ^ Mark Z . Jacobson , Son V. Nghiem , Alessandro Sorichetta , Natasha Whitney , Ring of impact from the mega-urbanization of Beijing between 2000 and 2009 . In : Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres 120 , Issue 12 , ( 2015 ) , 5740 -- 5756 , doi : 10.1002 / 2014JD023008 .

 Jump up ^ Peter Sheehan , Enjiang Cheng , Alex English , Fanghong Sun , China 's response to the air pollution shock . In : Nature Climate Change 4 , ( 2014 ) , 306 -- 309 , doi : 10.1038 / nclimate2197 .

 Jump up ^ David G. Streetsa , Joshua S. Fub , Carey J. Jangc , Jiming Haod , Kebin Hed , Xiaoyan Tange , Yuanhang Zhange , Zifa Wangf , Zuopan Lib , Qiang Zhanga , Litao Wangd , Binyu Wangc , Carolyne Yua , Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games < ( 1 ) > accessed 23 April 2012

 ^ Jump up to : `` Green Olympics Effort Draws UN Environment Chief to Beijing '' . Sundance Channel . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing petrol stations to close '' . BBC News . 15 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics , Paper Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` Only ' green ' vehicles permitted to enter Beijing '' . Autonews.gasgoo.com. 22 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` China : Beijing launches Euro 4 standards '' . Automotiveworld.com. 4 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .

 ^ Jump up to : James West , Mother Jones . 18 January 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to switch from coal to gas to go green '' . China Daily . 8 March 2012 .

 ^ Jump up to : Li Jing , `` Beijing 's air quality will worsen without coal control , Greenpeace says '' . South China Morning Post . 5 February 2013 .

 Jump up ^ `` Detecting the Heavy Metal Concentration of PM2. 5 in Beijing '' , Greenpeace.org. 8 June 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : Chang , Lyu ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Beijing shuts two more coal - fired power plants '' . The China Daily . Retrieved 31 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Stanway , David ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Beijing shuts big coal - fired power plant to ease smog - Xinhua '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Demick , Barbara ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Communist China celebrates 60th anniversary with instruments of war and words of peace '' . Los Angeles Times .

 Jump up ^ Liu , Charles ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` '' Parade Blue '' Joins `` APEC Blue '' as Distant Memories as Nasty Air Returns to Beijing `` . The Nanfang .

 Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Beijing Air Pollution Off the Charts '' . The New York Times .

 Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` As Beijing Shuts Down Over Smog Alert , Worse - Off Neighbors Carry On '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing issues second red alert for choking smog '' . ABC News . ABC . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Reuters ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing to ban polluting cars during smog alerts '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 2 December 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 首页 '' . Beijing Municipal Web . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : Barbara Demick ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` U.S. Embassy air quality data undercut China 's own assessment '' . Los Angeles Times . ( login required )

 Jump up ^ `` China says it made rain to wash off sand '' . MSNBC. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm '' . BBC News . 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Weaver , Lisa Rose ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Administration and society -- Government '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .

 Jump up ^ 国家 统计 局 统计 用 区划 代码 Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ 《 保定 经济 统计 年鉴 2011 》

 Jump up ^ shi , Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong ; council , Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people 's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state ; population , Department of ; statistics , employment statistics national bureau of ( 2012 ) . Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang , zhen , jie dao zi liao ( Di 1 ban . ed . ) . Beijing Shi : Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6660 - 2 .

 Jump up ^ 《 中国 民政 统计 年鉴 2012 》

 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 第 三 中级 人民 法院 、 北京 市 人民 检察院 第 三 分院 同日 成立 '' Xinhua Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 6 August 2013

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 高级 人民 法院 关于 我 市 中级 人民 法院 管辖 调整 有关 问题 的 规定 ( 暂行 ) '' 2 August 2013

 ^ Jump up to : Historical GDP of Beijing published on Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2017 , ALSO see Beijing'GDP Revison ( Chinese ) ( 10 October 2017 )

 Jump up ^ `` Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued , what to expect next ? '' August 2013

 Jump up ^ Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO ( October 2017 ) data ; Exchange rate of CN ¥ to US $ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange , published on China Statistical Yearbook .

 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 国家 统计 局 北京 调查 总队 , `` 北京 市 2013 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 '' , 北京 市 统计 局 13 February 2014

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 五 年 淘汰 140 余 家 `` 三 高 '' 企业 北京 商 报 17 November 2010

 Jump up ^ `` Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation '' . People 's Daily Online . 23 October 2005 .

 Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Beijing abandons Mao 's dream of workers ' paradise '' . The Daily Telegraph . London .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 六 大 功能 区 Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 涂露芳 , 六 大 功能 区 创造 北京 四 成 多 GDP 北京 日报 9 October 2013 Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 统计 局 六 大 高端 产业 功能 区 主要 经济 指标

 Jump up ^ `` Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` ShiJingShan '' . Beijing Economic Information Center . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Pirates weave tangled web on ' Spidey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters. 27 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 .

 Jump up ^ 北京 市 2014 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region ( 2004 ) in China Statistics 2005 '' . Retrieved 5 July 2010 .

 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 情况

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 少数 民族 人口 状况 30 May 2011

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 在 北京 外国 人 数量 或 已 达 20 万 人 超过 市 人口 总数 1 % 9 October 2010

 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai

 Jump up ^ CNBC.com , Justina Crabtree ; special to ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` A tale of megacities : China 's largest metropolises '' . CNBC . slide 4

 Jump up ^ `` Jingxi '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Chinese Cloisonné Enamelware '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Beijing Lights Up the Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing , Places of a Lifetime '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 29 December 1986 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beihai Park Behind Behai park locates Hou Hai , which is one of the most popular visited tourist places . Hou hai is the largest of the three lakes , along with Qianhai ( lit . the `` Front Lake '' ) and Xihai ( lit . the `` Western Lake '' ) , that comprise Shichahai , the collective name for the three northern-most lakes in central Beijing . Since the early 2000s , the hutong neighborhood around Houhai has become known for its nightlife as many residences along the lake shore have been converted into restaurants , bars , and cafes `` . UNECO World Heritage . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 .

 Jump up ^ Littlewood , Misty and Mark Littlewood ( 2008 ) . Gateways to Beijing : a travel guide to Beijing . Armour Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 182 . ISBN 981 - 4222 - 12 - 7 .

 Jump up ^ `` Summer Palace , an Imperial Garden in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Temple of Heaven : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) ( 北京 地区 博物馆 名录 ( 截止 2008 年 6 月 ) ) 6 January 2009

 Jump up ^ `` About Beijing '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing 's Museums & Galleries '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 10 December 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .

 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 的 宗教 文化 china.com.cn 11 July 2008

 Jump up ^ Lai , Hongyi . China 's Governance Model : Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism . Routledge , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 85952 - 9 . p. 167

 Jump up ^ China General Social Survey ( CGSS ) 2009 . Report by : Xiuhua Wang ( 2015 , p. 15 ) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ Min Junqing . The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China . JISMOR , 8 . 2010 Islam by province , page 29 . Data from : Yang Zongde , Study on Current Muslim Population in China , Jinan Muslim , 2 , 2010 .

 Jump up ^ 平谷 轩辕 山 国际 旅游 区 概念 性 规划 .

 Jump up ^ 2020 世界 休闲 大会 战略 规划 -- -- 北京 平谷 旅游 发展 重大 项目 储备 规划 Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ...

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 道教 协会 协会 简介

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 伊斯兰 教 简介 Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2016

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 清真寺 文物 等级 Accessed 4 April 2016

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 部分 清真寺 介绍 Accessed 4 April 2016

 Jump up ^ Eric Widmer , The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century , pp23 , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78129 - 5 Google Books

 Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games '' . insidethegames.biz .

 Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing '' .

 Jump up ^ Some 350,000 residents were expected to be relocated to make room for the constructions of stadiums for the 2008 Summer Games . Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . p. 106 . ISBN 1844670228 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics Bird 's Nest ready '' . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . chinabandy.org .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 火车 站 大全 '' Last Accessed 8 August 2011

 Jump up ^ `` Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Automobile numbers could be capped '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 May 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end '' . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 .

 Jump up ^ `` To Tackle Traffic Jam , Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota , Limits Out - of - Towners '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com .

 Jump up ^ `` China plans to build world 's biggest airport near Beijing '' . In.news.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` 首都 新 机场 跑道 呈 三 纵 一 横 分布 规划 7 条 跑道 '' . news.carnoc.com . Retrieved 12 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing grants three - day visa - free access '' . TTGmice. 6 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` Beijing 72 - hour Visa - free '' ChinaTour.Net Accessed 6 June 2014

 Jump up ^ `` 30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020 '' . China Daily . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to Increase Public Transportation Fare Prices Next Month '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Campaign to boost cycling in Beijing '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 10 March 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Ofo , Mobike , BlueGogo : China 's Messy Bikeshare Market '' . What 's on Weibo . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .

 Jump up ^ 北京 市 自然 保护 区 名录 ( 截至 2011 年底 ) 24 August 2012

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 一 级 保护 野生 动物 Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 16 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2013

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Accessed 4 April 2013

 Jump up ^ Michael Rank , Wild leopards of Beijing , Danwei.org 31 July 2007

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Accessed 5 April 2013 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 70 年 解密 大足 鼠 耳 蝠 吃 鱼 14 April 2007 Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 : 候鸟 翱翔 野鸭 湖 Xinhua 16 November 2016

 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 开始 `` 清 网 行动 '' 保护 候鸟 森林 公安 公布 举报 电话 , 北京 晚报 30 October 2016

 Jump up ^ Beijing Cuckoo Project Accessed 28 November 2016

 Jump up ^ `` With a Cuckoo 's Journey from China , a Mystery is Solved , and Cheers Go Up '' N.Y. Times 11 November 2016

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 集中 一个 月 打击 非法 捕 售 鸟 抓获 36 名 违法 者 '' 新 京 报 31 October 2016

 ^ Jump up to : `` 首都 之 窗 - 北京 市 政务 门户 网站 - 市 花 市 树 '' . eBeijing.gov.cn . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 .

 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 市 树 -- -- 国 槐 18 February 2004 Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine .

 Further reading

 Cotterell , Arthur . ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China : An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 .

 Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Palo Alto , California , United States : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

 Li , Lillian ; Dray - Novey , Alison ; Kong , Haili ( 2007 ) . Beijing : From Imperial Capital to Olympic City . New York City , United States : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6473 - 4 .

 Bonino , Michele ; De Pieri , Filippo ( 2015 ) . Beijing Danwei : Industrial Heritage in the Contemporary City . Berlin : Jovis . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86859 - 382 - 2 .

 Cammelli , Stefano Storia di Pechino e di come divenne capitale della Cina , Bologna , Il Mulino , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 15 - 09910 - 5

 Chen , Gaohua : The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty . ( Dadu or Khanbaliq ) . Silkroad Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4332 - 44 - 6 ( Print ) ; ISBN 978 - 981 - 4339 - 55 - 1 ( eBook )

 Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 7th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2007 .

 Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 6th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 782 - 6 .

 MacKerras , Colin ; Yorke , Amanda ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China . Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38755 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .

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 Photograph of The approach to Peking -- outside the walls taken in 1890 by Sir Henry Norman

 Preceded by Lin'an ( Song dynasty )

 Capital of China ( as Dadu of Yuan ) 1264 -- 1368

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 Anshan *

 Fushun *

 Benxi *

 Dandong

 Jinzhou

 Yingkou

 Fuxin

 Liaoyang

 Panjin

 Tieling

 Chaoyang

 Huludao

 Jilin

 Changchun *

 Jilin

 Siping

 Liaoyuan

 Tonghua

 Baishan

 Songyuan

 Baicheng

 Heilongjiang

 Harbin *

 Qiqihar *

 Jixi

 Hegang

 Shuangyashan

 Daqing

 Yīchun

 Jiamusi

 Qitaihe

 Mudanjiang

 Heihe

 Suihua

 Jiangsu

 Nanjing *

 Wuxi *

 Xuzhou *

 Changzhou

 Suzhou *

 Nantong

 Lianyungang

 Huai'an

 Yancheng

 Yangzhou

 Zhenjiang

 Tàizhou

 Suqian

 Zhejiang

 Hangzhou *

 Ningbo *

 Wenzhou

 Jiaxing

 Huzhou

 Shaoxing

 Jinhua

 Quzhou

 Zhoushan

 Tāizhou

 Lìshui

 Anhui

 Hefei *

 Wuhu

 Bengbu

 Huainan *

 Ma'anshan

 Huaibei

 Tongling

 Anqing

 Huangshan

 Chuzhou

 Fùyang

 Sùzhou

 Lu'an

 Bozhou

 Chizhou

 Xuancheng

 Fujian

 Fúzhou *

 Xiamen *

 Putian

 Sanming

 Quanzhou

 Zhangzhou

 Nanping

 Longyan

 Ningde

 Jiangxi

 Nanchang *

 Jingdezhen

 Píngxiang

 Jiujiang

 Xinyu

 Yingtan

 Ganzhou

 Jí'ān

 Yíchun

 Fǔzhou

 Shangrao

 Shandong

 Jinan *

 Qingdao *

 Zibo *

 Zaozhuang

 Dongying

 Yantai

 Weifang

 Jĭning

 Tai'an

 Weihai

 Rizhao

 Laiwu

 Linyi

 Dezhou

 Liaocheng

 Binzhou

 Heze

 Henan

 Zhengzhou *

 Kaifeng

 Luoyang *

 Pingdingshan

 Anyang

 Hebi

 Xinxiang

 Jiaozuo

 Puyang

 Xuchang

 Luohe

 Sanmenxia

 Nanyang

 Shangqiu

 Xinyang

 Zhoukou

 Zhumadian

 Hubei

 Wuhan *

 Huangshi

 Shiyan

 Yichang

 Xiangyang

 Ezhou

 Jingmen

 Xiaogan

 Jinzhou

 Huanggang

 Xianning

 Suizhou

 Hunan

 Changsha *

 Zhuzhou

 Xiangtan

 Hengyang

 Shaoyang

 Yueyang

 Changde

 Zhangjiajie

 Yiyang

 Chenzhou

 Yongzhou

 Huaihua

 Loudi

 Guangdong

 Guangzhou *

 Shaoguan

 Shenzhen *

 Zhuhai

 Shantou

 Foshan

 Jiangmen

 Zhanjiang

 Maoming

 Zhaoqing

 Huizhou

 Meizhou

 Shanwei

 Heyuan

 Yangjiang

 Qingyuan

 Dongguan

 Zhongshan

 Chaozhou

 Jieyang

 Yunfu

 Guangxi

 Nanning *

 Liuzhou

 Guilin

 Wuzhou

 Beihai

 Fangchenggang

 Qinzhou

 Guigang

 Yùlin

 Baise

 Hezhou

 Hechi

 Laibin

 Chongzuo

 Hainan

 Haikou *

 Sanya

 Sansha

 Danzhou

 Sichuan

 Chengdu *

 Zigong

 Panzhihua

 Luzhou

 Deyang

 Mianyang

 Guangyuan

 Suining

 Neijiang

 Leshan

 Nanchong

 Meishan

 Yibin

 Guang'an

 Dazhou

 Ya'an

 Bazhong

 Ziyang

 Guizhou

 Guiyang *

 Liupanshui

 Zunyi

 Anshun

 Bijie

 Tongren

 Yunnan

 Kunming *

 Qujing

 Yuxi

 Baoshan

 Zhaotong

 Lìjiang

 Pu'er

 Lincang

 Tibet

 Lhasa *

 Shigatse

 Chamdo

 Nyingchi

 Shannan

 Shaanxi

 Xi'an *

 Tongchuan

 Baoji

 Xianyang

 Weinan

 Yan'an

 Hanzhong

 Yúlin

 Ankang

 Shangluo

 Gansu

 Lanzhou *

 Jiayuguan

 Jinchang

 Baiyin

 Tianshui

 Wuwei

 Zhangye

 Pingliang

 Jiuquan

 Qingyang

 Dingxi

 Longnan

 Qinghai

 Xining *

 Haidong

 Ningxia

 Yinchuan *

 Shizuishan

 Wuzhong

 Guyuan

 Zhongwei

 Xinjiang

 Ürümqi *

 Karamay

 Turpan

 Hami

 Taiwan

 ( none )

 Other cities ( partly shown below )

 Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level )

 ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot

 Xilinhot )

 Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang

 Enshi , Hubei

 Jishou , Hunan

 ( Sichuan : Xichang

 Kangding

 Barkam )

 ( Guizhou : Xingyi

 Kaili

 Duyun )

 ( Yunnan : Chuxiong

 Mengzi

 Wenshan

 Jinghong

 Dali

 Mangshi

 Shangri - La

 Lushui )

 ( Gansu : Linxia

 Hezuo )

 ( Qinghai : Yushu

 Delingha )

 ( Xinjiang : Changji

 Bole

 Korla

 Yining

 Artux

 Aksu

 Kashgar

 Hotan

 Tacheng

 Altay )

 Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level )

 Jiyuan , Henan

 ( Hubei : Xiantao

 Qiánjiang

 Tianmen

 Shennongjia )

 ( Hainan : Wuzhishan

 Qionghai

 Wenchang

 Wanning

 Dongfang )

 ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi

 Aral

 Tumxuk

 Wujiaqu

 Beitun

 Tiemenguan

 Shuanghe

 Kokdala

 Kunyu )

 Former Prefecture - level cities

 Chaohu , Anhui

 Yumen , Gansu

 Dongchuan , Yunnan

 Shashi , Hubei

 ( Sichuan : Fuling

 Wanxian )

 ( Jilin : Meihekou

 Gongzhuling )

 Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed )

 Qian'an , Hebei

 Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia

 Erenhot , Inner Mongolia

 Golmud , Qinghai

 County - level cities by Province

 Hebei

 Xinji

 Jinzhou

 Xinle

 Zunhua

 Qian'an *

 Wu'an

 Nangong

 Shahe

 Zhuozhou

 Dingzhou

 Anguo

 Gaobeidian

 Botou

 Renqiu

 Huanghua

 Hejian

 Bazhou

 Sanhe

 Shenzhou

 Shanxi

 Gujiao

 Lucheng

 Gaoping

 Jiexiu

 Yongji

 Hejin

 Yuanping

 Houma

 Huozhou

 Xiaoyi

 Fenyang

 Inner Mongolia

 Holingol

 Manzhouli *

 Yakeshi

 Zhalantun

 Ergun

 Genhe

 Fengzhen

 Ulanhot *

 Arxan

 Erenhot *

 Xilinhot *

 Liaoning

 Xinmin

 Wafangdian

 Zhuanghe

 Haicheng

 Donggang

 Fengcheng

 Linghai

 Beizhen

 Gaizhou

 Dashiqiao

 Dengta

 Diaobingshan

 Kaiyuan

 Beipiao

 Lingyuan

 Xingcheng

 Jilin

 Yushu

 Dehui

 Jiaohe

 Huadian

 Shulan

 Panshi

 Gongzhuling

 Shuangliao

 Meihekou

 Ji'an

 Linjiang

 Fuyu

 Taonan

 Da'an

 Yanji

 Tumen

 Dunhua

 Hunchun

 Longjing

 Helong

 Heilongjiang

 Shangzhi

 Wuchang

 Nehe

 Hulin

 Mishan

 Tieli

 Tongjiang

 Fujin

 Fuyuan

 Suifenhe

 Hailin

 Ning'an

 Muling

 Dongning

 Bei'an

 Wudalianchi

 Anda

 Zhaodong

 Hailun

 Jiangsu

 Jiangyin

 Yixing

 Xinyi

 Pizhou

 Liyang

 Changshu

 Zhangjiagang

 Kunshan

 Taicang

 Qidong

 Rugao

 Haimen

 Dongtai

 Yizheng

 Gaoyou

 Danyang

 Yangzhong

 Jurong

 Jingjiang

 Taixing

 Xinghua

 Zhejiang

 Jiande

 Lin'an

 Yuyao

 Cixi

 Fenghua

 Rui'an

 Yueqing

 Haining

 Pinghu

 Tongxiang

 Zhuji

 Shengzhou

 Lanxi

 Yiwu

 Dongyang

 Yongkang

 Jiangshan

 Wenling

 Linhai

 Longquan

 Anhui

 Chaohu

 Jieshou

 Tongcheng

 Tianchang

 Mingguang

 Ningguo

 Fujian

 Fuqing

 Changle

 Yong'an

 Shishi

 Jinjiang

 Nan'an

 Longhai

 Shaowu

 Wuyishan

 Jian'ou

 Zhangping

 Fu'an

 Fuding

 Jiangxi

 Leping

 Ruichang

 Gongqingcheng

 Lushan

 Guixi

 Ruijin

 Jinggangshan

 Fengcheng

 Zhangshu

 Gao'an

 Dexing

 Shandong

 Zhangqiu

 Jiaozhou

 Jimo

 Pingdu

 Laixi

 Tengzhou

 Longkou

 Laiyang

 Laizhou

 Penglai

 Zhaoyuan

 Qixia

 Haiyang

 Qingzhou

 Zhucheng

 Shouguang

 Anqiu

 Gaomi

 Changyi

 Qufu

 Zoucheng

 Xintai

 Feicheng

 Rongcheng

 Rushan

 Laoling

 Yucheng

 Linqing

 Henan

 Gongyi

 Xingyang

 Xinmi

 Xinzheng

 Dengfeng

 Yanshi

 Wugang

 Ruzhou

 Linzhou

 Weihui

 Huixian

 Qinyang

 Mengzhou

 Yuzhou

 Changge

 Yima

 Lingbao

 Dengzhou

 Yongcheng

 Xiangcheng

 Jiyuan *

 Hubei

 Daye

 Danjiangkou

 Yidu

 Dangyang

 Zhijiang

 Laohekou

 Zaoyang

 Yicheng

 Zhongxiang

 Yingcheng

 Anlu

 Hanchuan

 Shishou

 Honghu

 Songzi

 Macheng

 Wuxue

 Chibi

 Guangshui

 Enshi *

 Lichuan

 Xiantao *

 Qianjiang *

 Tianmen *

 Hunan

 Liuyang

 Liling

 Xiangxiang

 Shaoshan

 Leiyang

 Changning

 Wugang

 Miluo

 Linxiang

 Jinshi

 Yuanjiang

 Zixing

 Hongjiang

 Lengshuijiang

 Lianyuan

 Jishou *

 Guangdong

 Lechang

 Nanxiong

 Taishan

 Kaiping

 Heshan

 Enping

 Lianjiang

 Leizhou

 Wuchuan

 Gaozhou

 Huazhou

 Xinyi

 Sihui

 Xingning

 Lufeng

 Yangchun

 Yingde

 Lianzhou

 Puning

 Luoding

 Guangxi

 Cenxi

 Dongxing

 Guiping

 Beiliu

 Jingxi

 Yizhou

 Heshan

 Pingxiang

 Hainan

 Wuzhishan *

 Qionghai *

 Wenchang *

 Wanning *

 Dongfang *

 Sichuan

 Dujiangyan

 Pengzhou

 Qionglai

 Chongzhou

 Jianyang

 Guanghan

 Shifang

 Mianzhu

 Jiangyou

 Emeishan

 Langzhong

 Huaying

 Wanyuan

 Barkam *

 Kangding *

 Xichang *

 Guizhou

 Qingzhen

 Chishui

 Renhuai

 Xingyi *

 Kaili *

 Duyun *

 Fuquan

 Yunnan

 Anning

 Xuanwei

 Tengchong

 Chuxiong *

 Mengzi *

 Gejiu

 Kaiyuan

 Mile

 Wenshan *

 Jinghong *

 Dali *

 Ruili

 Mangshi *

 Lushui *

 Shangri - La *

 Tibet

 ( none )

 Shaanxi

 Xingping

 Hancheng

 Huayin

 Gansu

 Yumen

 Dunhuang

 Linxia *

 Hezuo *

 Qinghai

 Yushu *

 Golmud *

 Delingha *

 Ningxia

 Lingwu

 Qingtongxia

 Xinjiang

 Changji *

 Fukang

 Bole *

 Alashankou

 Korla *

 Aksu *

 Artux *

 Kashgar *

 Hotan *

 Yining *

 Kuytun

 Korgas

 Tacheng *

 Wusu

 Altay *

 Shihezi *

 Aral *

 Tumxuk *

 Wujiaqu *

 Beitun *

 Tiemenguan *

 Shuanghe *

 Kokdala *

 Kunyu *

 Taiwan

 ( none )

 Notes

 * Indicates this city has already occurred above .

 Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead .

 All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province .

 Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 )

 Rank

 Name

 Province

 Pop .

 Rank

 Name

 Province

 Pop .

 Shanghai Beijing

 Shanghai

 Shanghai

 20,217,700

 11

 Foshan

 Guangdong

 6,771,900

 Chongqing Guangzhou

 Beijing

 Beijing

 16,858,700

 12

 Nanjing

 Jiangsu

 6,238,200

 Chongqing

 Chongqing

 12,389,500

 13

 Shenyang

 Liaoning

 5,890,700

 Guangzhou

 Guangdong

 10,641,400

 14

 Hangzhou

 Zhejiang

 5,849,500

 5

 Shenzhen

 Guangdong

 10,358,400

 15

 Xi'an

 Shaanxi

 5,399,300

 6

 Tianjin

 Tianjin

 10,007,700

 16

 Harbin

 Heilongjiang

 5,178,000

 7

 Wuhan

 Hubei

 7,541,500

 17

 Dalian

 Liaoning

 4,222,400

 8

 Dongguan

 Guangdong

 7,271,300

 18

 Suzhou

 Jiangsu

 4,083,900

 9

 Chengdu

 Sichuan

 7,112,000

 19

 Qingdao

 Shandong

 3,990,900

 10

 Hong Kong

 Hong Kong

 7,055,071

 20

 Zhengzhou

 Henan

 3,677,000

 Capitals of Asia

 Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics

 North and Central Asia

 South Asia

 Southeast Asia

 West and Southwest Asia

 Ashgabat , Turkmenistan

 Astana , Kazakhstan *

 Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan

 Dushanbe , Tajikistan

 Moscow , Russia *

 Tashkent , Uzbekistan

 East Asia

 Beijing , China

 Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China )

 Macau , Macau ( China )

 Pyongyang , North Korea

 Seoul , South Korea

 Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC )

 Tokyo , Japan

 Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia

 Kabul , Afghanistan

 Dhaka , Bangladesh

 Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK )

 Islamabad , Pakistan

 Kathmandu , Nepal

 Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka

 Malé , Maldives

 New Delhi , India

 Thimphu , Bhutan

 Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei

 Bangkok , Thailand

 Dili , East Timor

 Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia )

 Hanoi , Vietnam

 Jakarta , Indonesia *

 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia

 Manila , Philippines

 Naypyidaw , Myanmar

 Phnom Penh , Cambodia

 Singapore

 Vientiane , Laos

 West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia )

 Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates

 Amman , Jordan

 Ankara , Turkey *

 Baghdad , Iraq

 Baku , Azerbaijan *

 Beirut , Lebanon

 Cairo , Egypt *

 Doha , Qatar

 Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine †

 Kuwait City , Kuwait

 Manama , Bahrain

 Muscat , Oman

 Nicosia , Cyprus *

 North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus *

 Riyadh , Saudi Arabia

 Sana'a , Yemen

 Stepanakert , Artsakh *

 Sukhumi , Abkhazia *

 Tbilisi , Georgia *

 Tehran , Iran

 Tskhinvali , South Ossetia *

 Yerevan , Armenia *

 * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem .

 Summer Olympic Games host cities

 1896 : Athens

 1900 : Paris

 1904 : St. Louis

 1908 : London

 1912 : Stockholm

 1916 : None

 1920 : Antwerp

 1924 : Paris

 1928 : Amsterdam

 1932 : Los Angeles

 1936 : Berlin

 1940 : None

 1944 : None

 1948 : London

 1952 : Helsinki

 1956 : Melbourne

 1960 : Rome

 1964 : Tokyo

 1968 : Mexico City

 1972 : Munich

 1976 : Montreal

 1980 : Moscow

 1984 : Los Angeles

 1988 : Seoul

 1992 : Barcelona

 1996 : Atlanta

 2000 : Sydney

 2004 : Athens

 2008 : Beijing

 2012 : London

 2016 : Rio de Janeiro

 2020 : Tokyo

 2024 : Paris

 2028 : Los Angeles

 Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II

 Summer Paralympic Games host cities

 1960 : Rome

 1964 : Tokyo

 1968 : Tel Aviv

 1972 : Heidelberg

 1976 : Toronto

 1980 : Arnhem

 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville

 1988 : Seoul

 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid

 1996 : Atlanta

 2000 : Sydney

 2004 : Athens

 2008 : Beijing

 2012 : London

 2016 : Rio de Janeiro

 2020 : Tokyo

 2024 : Paris

 2028 : Los Angeles

 Winter Olympic Games host cities

 1924 : Chamonix

 1928 : St. Moritz

 1932 : Lake Placid

 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen

 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II

 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II

 1948 : St. Moritz

 1952 : Oslo

 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo

 1960 : Squaw Valley

 1964 : Innsbruck

 1968 : Grenoble

 1972 : Sapporo

 1976 : Innsbruck

 1980 : Lake Placid

 1984 : Sarajevo

 1988 : Calgary

 1992 : Albertville

 1994 : Lillehammer

 1998 : Nagano

 2002 : Salt Lake City

 2006 : Turin

 2010 : Vancouver

 2014 : Sochi

 2018 : Pyeongchang

 2022 : Beijing

 2026 : TBD

 2030 : TBD

 Winter Paralympic Games host cities

 1976 : Örnsköldsvik

 1980 : Geilo

 1984 : Innsbruck

 1988 : Innsbruck

 1992 : Albertville

 1994 : Lillehammer

 1998 : Nagano

 2002 : Salt Lake City

 2006 : Turin

 2010 : Vancouver

 2014 : Sochi

 2018 : PyeongChang

 2022 : Beijing

 Host cities of Asian Games

 Summer

 1951 : Delhi

 1954 : Manila

 1958 : Tokyo

 1962 : Jakarta

 1966 : Bangkok

 1970 : Bangkok

 1974 : Tehran

 1978 : Bangkok

 1982 : Delhi

 1986 : Seoul

 1990 : Beijing

 1994 : Hiroshima

 1998 : Bangkok

 2002 : Busan

 2006 : Doha

 2010 : Guangzhou

 2014 : Incheon

 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang

 2022 : Hangzhou

 Winter

 1986 : Sapporo

 1990 : Sapporo

 1996 : Harbin

 1999 : Kangwon

 2003 : Aomori

 2007 : Changchun

 2011 : Astana - Almaty

 2017 : Sapporo

 Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics

 1983 : Helsinki

 1987 : Rome

 1991 : Tokyo

 1993 : Stuttgart

 1995 : Gothenburg

 1997 : Athens

 1999 : Seville

 2001 : Edmonton

 2003 : Saint - Denis

 2005 : Helsinki

 2007 : Osaka

 2009 : Berlin

 2011 : Daegu

 2013 : Moscow

 2015 : Beijing

 2017 : London

 2019 : Doha

 2021 : Eugene

 World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas

 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Shanghai 3 Jakarta 4 Delhi 5 Seoul - Incheon

 6 Karachi 7 Guangzhou 8 Beijing 9 Shenzhen 7 Mexico City

 11 São Paulo 12 Lagos 13 Mumbai 14 Cairo 15 New York

 16 Osaka 17 Moscow 18 Wuhan 19 Chengdu 20 Dhaka

 World 's fifty most - populous urban areas

 Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin )

 Jakarta ( Jabodetabek )

 Delhi

 Manila ( Metro Manila )

 Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon )

 Shanghai

 Karachi

 Beijing

 New York City

 Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo )

 São Paulo

 Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico )

 Mumbai

 Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin )

 Moscow

 Dhaka

 Greater Cairo

 Los Angeles

 Bangkok

 Kolkata

 Greater Buenos Aires

 Tehran

 Istanbul

 Lagos

 Shenzhen

 Rio de Janeiro

 Kinshasa

 Tianjin

 Paris

 Lima

 Chengdu

 Greater London

 Nagoya ( Chūkyō )

 Lahore

 Chennai

 Bangalore

 Chicago

 Bogotá

 Ho Chi Minh City

 Hyderabad

 Dongguan

 Johannesburg

 Wuhan

 Taipei - Taoyuan

 Hangzhou

 Hong Kong

 Chongqing

 Ahmedabad

 Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley )

 Quanzhou

 VIAF : 312565158

 LCCN : n79076155

 GND : 4075971 - 4

 BNF : cb11957264c ( data )

 NDL : 00646810

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing&oldid=838137684 '' Categories :

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 Metropolitan areas of China

 North China Plain

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