Languages of Africa - wikipedia

 Languages of Africa

 Jump to : navigation , search The traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Nilo - Saharan Niger -- Congo Bantu Khoisan Indo - European Austronesian

 The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families :

 Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout Western Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel .

 Austronesian languages are spoken in Madagascar .

 Indo - European languages are spoken in South Africa and Namibia ( Afrikaans , English , German ) and are used as lingua francas in the former colonies of Britain ( English ) , former colonies of France ( French ) , former colonies of Portugal ( Portuguese ) , former colonies of Spain ( Spanish ) and the current Spanish territories of Ceuta , Melilla and the Canary Islands ( Spanish ) .

 Khoe languages are concentrated in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia and Botswana .

 Niger -- Congo languages ( Bantu and non-Bantu ) cover West , Central , Southeast and Southern Africa .

 Nilo - Saharan languages ( unity debated ) are spoken from Tanzania to Sudan and from Chad to Mali .

 There are several other small families and language isolates , as well as languages that have yet to be classified . In addition , Africa has a wide variety of sign languages , many of which are language isolates ( see below ) .

 The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated ( depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect ) at between 1,250 to 2,100 , and by some counts at `` over 3,000 '' , Nigeria alone has over 500 languages ( according to the count of SIL Ethnologue ) , one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world .

 Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication . Arabic , Somali , Berber , Amharic , Oromo , Igbo , Swahili , Hausa , Manding , Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people . Twelve dialect clusters ( which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties ) are spoken by 75 percent , and fifteen by 85 percent , of Africans as a first or additional language . Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio , in newspapers and in primary - school education , and some of the larger ones are considered national languages , only a few are official at the national level . The African Union declared 2006 the `` Year of African Languages '' .

 Contents

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 1 Language groups

 1.1 Afroasiatic languages

 1.2 Nilo - Saharan languages

 1.3 Niger -- Congo languages

 1.4 Other language families

 1.4. 1 Austronesian

 1.4. 2 Indo - European

 1.4. 3 Small families

 1.4. 4 Creole languages

 1.4. 5 Unclassified languages

 1.4. 6 Sign languages

 2 Language in Africa

 2.1 Official Languages

 2.2 Cross-border languages

 2.3 Language change and planning

 2.4 Demographics

 3 Linguistic features

 3.1 Phonological

 3.2 Syntactic

 3.3 Semantic

 4 Number of speakers

 5 See also

 5.1 General

 5.2 Works

 5.3 Classifiers

 6 Notes

 7 References

 8 External links

 Language groups ( edit )

 Clickable map showing the traditional language families , subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa

 Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large language families : Afroasiatic , Nilo - Saharan and Niger -- Congo . Another hundred belong to small families such as Ubangian ( sometimes grouped within Niger - Congo ) and the various families called Khoisan , or the Indo - European and Austronesian language families mainly spoken outside Africa ; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500 years ago , respectively . In addition , the languages of Africa languages include several unclassified languages and sign languages .

 The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the Capsian culture , the Nilo - Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic / Neolithic , the Niger - Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African hoe - based farming traditions and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern Wilton industries . More broadly , the Afroasiatic family is tentatively grouped within the Nostratic superfamily , and the Nilo - Saharan and Niger - Congo phyla form the Niger - Saharan macrophylum .

 Afroasiatic languages ( edit )

 Main article : Afroasiatic languages

 Afroasiatic languages are spoken throughout North Africa , the Horn of Africa , West Asia and parts of the Sahel . There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 350 million people . The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the Berber languages , Semitic languages , Chadic languages and the Cushitic languages . The Afroasiatic Urheimat is uncertain . However , its most extensive sub-branch , the Semitic languages ( including Arabic , Amharic and Hebrew among others ) , seems to have developed in the Arabian peninsula . The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afroasiatic family of languages that is spoken outside Africa .

 Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include Arabic ( a Semitic language , and a recent arrival from West Asia ) , Somali ( Cushitic ) , Berber ( Berber ) , Hausa ( Chadic ) , Amharic ( Semitic ) and Oromo ( Cushitic ) . Of the world 's surviving language families , Afroasiatic has the longest written history , as both the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egyptian are members .

 Nilo - Saharan languages ( edit )

 Main article : Nilo - Saharan languages

 Nilo - Saharan languages consist of a hundred diverse languages . The family has a speech area that stretches from the Nile Valley to northern Tanzania and into Nigeria and DR Congo , with the Songhay languages along the middle reaches of the Niger River as a geographic outlier . Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated , and among linguists , support for the proposal is sparse . The languages share some unusual morphology , but if they are related , most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor . The inclusion of the Songhay languages is questionable , and doubts have been raised over the Koman , Gumuz and Kadu branches .

 Some of the better known Nilo - Saharan languages are Kanuri , Fur , Songhay , Nobiin and the widespread Nilotic family , which includes the Luo , Dinka and Maasai . The Nilo - Saharan languages are tonal .

 Niger -- Congo languages ( edit )

 Main article : Niger -- Congo languages

 The Niger -- Congo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages . One of its salient features is an elaborate noun class system with grammatical concord . A large majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba and Igbo , Ashanti and Ewe language . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu phylum , which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family ( see Niger -- Congo B ( Bantu ) in the map above ) .

 The Niger -- Kordofanian language family , joining Niger -- Congo with the Kordofanian languages of south - central Sudan , was proposed in the 1950s by Joseph Greenberg . Today , linguists often use `` Niger -- Congo '' to refer to this entire family , including Kordofanian as a subfamily . One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger -- Congo . Mande has been claimed to be equally or more divergent . Niger -- Congo is generally accepted by linguists , though a few question the inclusion of Mande and Dogon , and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of Ubangian .

 Other language families ( edit )

 Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent .

 Austronesian ( edit )

 Malagasy belongs to the Austronesian family . It is the national language of Madagascar .

 Indo - European ( edit )

 Afrikaans is Indo - European , as is most of the vocabulary of most African creole languages . Afrikaans evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect ) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa , where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century . Most Afrikaans speakers live in South Africa . In Namibia it is the lingua franca and in Botswana and Zimbabwe it is a minority language of roughly several ten thousand people . Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans .

 Since the colonial era , Indo - European languages such as Afrikaans , English , French , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish have held official status in many countries , and are widely spoken , generally as lingua francas . ( See African French and African Portuguese . ) German was once used in Germany 's colonies there from the late 1800s until World War I , when Britain and France took over and revoked German 's official status . Despite this , German is still spoken in Namibia , mostly among the white population . Although it lost its official status in the 1990s , it has been redesignated as a national language . Indian languages such as Gujarati are spoken by South Asian expatriates exclusively . In earlier historical times , other Indo - European languages could be found in various parts of the continent , such as Old Persian and Greek in Egypt , Latin and Vandalic in North Africa and Modern Persian in the Horn of Africa .

 Small families ( edit )

 The three small Khoisan families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family . In addition , there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families . ( The questionable branches of Nilo - Saharan were covered above , and are not repeated here . )

 Mande , some 70 languages , including the major languages of Mali and Guinea . These are generally thought to be divergent Niger -- Congo , but debate persists .

 Ubangian , some 70 languages , centered on the languages of the Central African Republic ; may be Niger -- Congo

 Khoe , around 10 languages , the primary family of Khoisan languages of Namibia and Botswana

 Sandawe , an isolate of Tanzania , possibly related to Khoe

 Kx'a , a language of Southern Africa

 Tuu , or Taa - ǃKwi , two surviving languages

 Hadza , an isolate of Tanzania

 Bangime , a likely isolate of Mali

 Jalaa , a likely isolate of Nigeria

 Laal , a possible isolate of Chad

 Khoisan is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000 -- 400,000 people . There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other : Khoe , Tuu and Kx'a , which are found mainly in Namibia and Botswana , as well as Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania , which are language isolates . A striking feature of Khoisan languages , and the reason they are often grouped together , is their use of click consonants . Some neighbouring Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) have clicks as well , but these were adopted from Khoisan languages . The Khoisan languages are also tonal .

 Creole languages ( edit )

 Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past , a substantial proportion of the world 's creole languages are to be found in Africa . Some are based on Indo - European languages ( e.g. Krio from English in Sierra Leone and the very similar Pidgin in Nigeria and parts of Cameroon ; Cape Verdean Creole in Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau Creole in Guinea - Bissau and Senegal , both from Portuguese ; Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles and Mauritian Creole in Mauritius , both from French ) ; some are based on Arabic ( e.g. Juba Arabic in the southern Sudan , or Nubi in parts of Uganda and Kenya ) ; some are based on local languages ( e.g. Sango , the main language of the Central African Republic ) ; while in Cameroon a creole based on French , English and local African languages known as Camfranglais has started to become popular .

 Unclassified languages ( edit ) Further information : Category : Unclassified languages of Africa

 A fair number of unclassified languages are reported in Africa . Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data ; among the better - investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are :

 possibly Afroasiatic : Ongota , Gomba

 possibly Nilo - Saharan : Shabo

 possibly Niger -- Congo : Jalaa , Mbre , Bayot

 possibly Khoe : Kwadi

 unknown : Laal , Mpre

 Of these , Jalaa is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate .

 Less - well investigated languages include Irimba , Luo , Mawa , Rer Bare ( possibly Bantu ) , Bete ( evidently Jukunoid ) , Bung ( unclear ) , Kujarge ( evidently Chadic ) , Lufu ( Jukunoid ) , Meroitic ( possibly Afroasiatic ) , Oropom ( possibly spurious ) and Weyto ( evidently Cushitic ) . Several of these are extinct , and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming . Hombert & Philippson ( 2009 ) list a number of African languages that have been classified as language isolates at one point or another . Many of these are simply unclassified , but Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families , including isolates . Beside the possibilities listed above , there are :

 Aasax or Aramanik ( Tanzania ) ( South Cushitic ? contains non-Cushitic lexicon )

 Imeraguen ( Mauritania ) - Hassaniyya Arabic restructured on an Azêr ( Soninke ) base

 Kara ( Fer ? ) ( Central African Republic )

 Oblo ( Cameroon ) ( Adamawa ? Extinct ? )

 Roger Blench notes a couple additional possibilities :

 Defaka ( Nigeria )

 Dompo ( Ghana )

 Sign languages ( edit ) See also : List of sign languages § Africa

 Many African countries have national sign languages , such as Algerian Sign Language , Tunisian Sign Language , Ethiopian Sign Language . Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages , such as Adamorobe Sign Language in Ghana . Tanzania has seven , one for each of its schools for the Deaf , all of which are discouraged . Not much is known , since little has been published on these languages

 Sign language systems extant in Africa include the Paget Gorman Sign System used in Namibia and Angola , the Sudanese Sign languages used in Sudan and South Sudan , the Arab Sign languages used across the Arab Mideast , the Francosign languages used in Francophone Africa and other areas such as Ghana and Tunisia , and the Tanzanian Sign languages used in Tanzania .

 Language in Africa ( edit )

 Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent , African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact , language expansion , language shift and language death . A case in point is the Bantu expansion , in which Bantu - speaking peoples expanded over most of Sub-Equatorial Africa , displacing Khoi - San speaking peoples from much of Southeast Africa and Southern Africa and other peoples from Central Africa . Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century , which led to the extension of Arabic from its homeland in Asia , into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa .

 Trade languages are another age - old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape . Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication ( lingua franca ) . Of particular importance in this respect are Berber ( North and West Africa ) , Jula ( western West Africa ) , Fulfulde ( West Africa ) , Hausa ( West Africa ) , Lingala ( Congo ) , Swahili ( Southeast Africa ) , Somali ( Horn of Africa ) and Arabic ( North Africa and Horn of Africa ) .

 After gaining independence , many African countries , in the search for national unity , selected one language , generally the former colonial language , to be used in government and education . However , in recent years , African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity . Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism .

 Official languages ( edit )

 Official languages in Africa :

 Afrikaans

 Portuguese

 Arabic

 Spanish

 English

 Swahili

 French

 other languages

 Besides the former colonial languages of English , French , Portuguese and Spanish , the following languages are official at the national level in Africa ( non-exhaustive list ) :

 Afroasiatic

 Arabic in Comoros , Chad , Djibouti , Egypt , Eritrea , Mauritania , Somalia , Sudan , Tunisia , Algeria , Libya and Morocco

 Berber in Morocco and Algeria

 Amharic in Ethiopia

 Somali in Somalia

 Tigrinya in Eritrea

 Austronesian

 Malagasy in Madagascar

 Indo - European

 Afrikaans

 Niger - Congo

 Chewa in Malawi and Zimbabwe

 Comorian in the Comoros

 Kinyarwanda in Rwanda

 Kirundi in Burundi

 Sesotho in Lesotho , South Africa and Zimbabwe

 Setswana / Tswana in Botswana and South Africa

 Shona , Sindebele in Zimbabwe

 Sepedi in South Africa

 Ndebele in South Africa

 Swahili in Tanzania , Kenya , Rwanda and Uganda

 Swati in Swaziland and South Africa

 Tsonga in South Africa

 Venda in South Africa

 Xhosa in South Africa

 Zulu in South Africa

 Creoles

 Mauritian Creole in Mauritius

 Sango in the Central African Republic

 Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles

 Cross-border languages ( edit )

 The colonial borders established by European powers following the Berlin Conference in 1884 -- 1885 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities . In a sense , `` cross-border languages '' is a misnomer -- the speakers did not divide themselves . Nevertheless , it describes the reality of many African languages , which has implications for divergence of language on either side of a border ( especially when the official languages are different ) , standards for writing the language , etc . Some notable cross-border languages include Berber ( which stretches across much of North Africa and some parts of West Africa ) , Somali ( stretches across most of the Horn of Africa ) , Swahili ( spoken in the African Great Lakes region ) , Fula ( in the Sahel and West Africa ) and Luo languages ( in Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , South Sudan and Sudan ) .

 Some prominent Africans such as former Malian president and former Chairman of the African Commission , Alpha Oumar Konaré , have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity .

 Language change and planning ( edit )

 Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents . In addition to the ( likely modest ) impact of borders , there are also cases of dialect levelling ( such as in Igbo and probably many others ) , koinés ( such as N'Ko and possibly Runyakitara ) and emergence of new dialects ( such as Sheng ) . In some countries , there are official efforts to develop standardized language versions .

 There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered endangered languages .

 Demographics ( edit )

 Further information : Demographics of Africa

 Of the 1 billion Africans ( in 2009 ) , about 17 percent speak an Arabic dialect . About 10 percent speak Swahili , the lingua franca of Southeast Africa ; about 5 percent speak a Berber dialect ; and about 5 percent speak Hausa , which serves as a lingua franca in much of the Sahel . Other important West African languages are Yoruba , Igbo and Fula . Major Horn of Africa languages are Amharic , Oromo and Somali . Important South African languages are Zulu , Xhosa and Afrikaans .

 English , French and Portuguese are important languages in Africa . About 130 million , 115 million and 30 million Africans , respectively , speak them as either native or secondary languages . Portuguese has become the national language of Angola . Through ( among other factors ) sheer demographic weight , Africans are increasingly taking ownership of these three world languages and having an ever greater influence on their development and growth .

 Linguistic features ( edit )

 Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa , whereas others are less common . Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all African languages . Instead , some may be due to language contact ( resulting in borrowing ) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background .

 Phonological ( edit )

 Some widespread phonetic features include :

 certain types of consonants , such as implosives ( / ɓa / ) , ejectives ( / kʼa / ) , the labiodental flap and in southern Africa , clicks ( / ǂa / , / ŋǃa / ) . True implosives are rare outside Africa , and clicks and the flap almost unheard of .

 doubly articulated labial - velar stops like / k͡pa / and / ɡ͡ba / are found in places south of the Sahara .

 prenasalized consonants , like / mpa / and / ŋɡa / , are widespread in Africa but not common outside it .

 sequences of stops and fricatives at the beginnings of words , such as / fsa / , / pta / and / dt͡sk͡xʼa / .

 nasal stops which only occur with nasal vowels , such as ( ba ) vs. ( mã ) ( but both ( pa ) and ( pã ) ) , especially in West Africa .

 vowels contrasting an advanced or retracted tongue , commonly called `` tense '' and `` lax '' .

 simple tone systems which are used for grammatical purposes .

 Sounds that are relatively uncommon in African languages include uvular consonants , diphthongs and front rounded vowels

 Tonal languages are found throughout the world but are predominantly used in Africa . Both the Nilo - Saharan and the Khoi - San phyla are fully tonal . The large majority of the Niger -- Congo languages is also tonal . Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic , Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic . The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels , High ( H ) and Low ( L ) . Contour tones do occur , and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable . Tone melodies play an important role , meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ( `` melodies '' ) from the segments that bear them . Tonal sandhi processes like tone spread , tone shift , downstep and downdrift are common in African languages .

 Syntactic ( edit )

 Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb ' to surpass ' . The Niger -- Congo languages have large numbers of genders ( noun classes ) which cause agreement in verbs and other words . Case , tense and other categories may be distinguished only by tone .

 Semantic ( edit )

 Quite often , only one term is used for both animal and meat ; the word nama or nyama for animal / meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages .

 Number of speakers ( edit )

 The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa :

 Language

 Family

 Native speakers ( L1 )

 Official status per country

 Afrikaans

 Indo - European

 7,200,000

 South Africa

 Akan

 Niger -- Congo

 11,000,000

 None . Government sponsored language of Ghana

 Amharic

 Afroasiatic

 21,800,000

 Ethiopia

 Arabic

 Afroasiatic

 150,000,000 but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties

 Algeria , Chad , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Eritrea , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Somalia , Sudan , Tunisia

 Berber

 Afroasiatic

 56,000,000 ( estimated ) ( including separate unintelligible varieties )

 Morocco , Algeria

 Chewa

 Niger -- Congo

 9,700,000

 Malawi , Zimbabwe

 English

 Indo - European

 6,500,000 ( estimated )

 see List of territorial entities where English is an official language

 French

 Indo - European

 700,330 ( estimated )

 see List of territorial entities where French is an official language

 Fulani

 Niger -- Congo

 25,000,000

 Gikuyu

 Niger -- Congo

 6,600,000

 Hausa

 Afroasiatic

 34,000,000

 Nigeria , Niger

 Igbo

 Niger -- Congo

 18,000,000

 Kinyarwanda

 Niger -- Congo

 9,800,000

 Rwanda

 Kirundi

 Niger -- Congo

 8,800,000

 Burundi

 Kongo

 Niger -- Congo

 5,600,000

 recognised national language of Angola

 Lingala

 Niger -- Congo

 5,500,000

 national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Luganda

 Niger - Congo

 4,130,000

 native language of Uganda

 Luo

 Nilo - Saharan ( probable )

 4,200,000

 Malagasy

 Austronesian

 18,000,000

 Madagascar

 Mauritian Creole

 Indo - European

 1,135,000

 native language of Mauritius

 Mossi

 Niger -- Congo

 7,600,000

 Recognised regional language in Burkina Faso

 Ndebele

 Niger -- Congo

 1,090,000

 Statuatory national language in South Africa

 Northern Sotho

 Niger -- Congo

 4,600,000

 South Africa

 Oromo

 Afroasiatic

 26,000,000

 Ethiopia

 Portuguese

 Indo - European

 13,700,000 ( estimated )

 Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Equatorial Guinea , Mozambique , São Tomé and Príncipe

 Sesotho

 Niger -- Congo

 5,600,000

 Lesotho , South Africa , Zimbabwe

 Shona

 Niger -- Congo

 14,200,000 incl . Manyika , Ndau ( 2000 -- 2006 )

 Zimbabwe

 Somali

 Afroasiatic

 16,600,000

 Somalia

 Spanish

 Indo - European

 2,700,000

 Equatorial Guinea

 Swahili

 Niger -- Congo

 15,000,000

 official in Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda national language of Democratic Republic of Congo

 Tigrinya

 Afroasiatic

 7,000,000

 Eritrea

 Tshiluba

 Niger -- Congo

 6,300,000 ( 1991 )

 national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Tswana

 Niger -- Congo

 5,800,000

 South Africa , Botswana

 Umbundu

 Niger -- Congo

 6,000,000

 recognised national language of Angola

 Xhosa

 Niger -- Congo

 7,600,000

 South Africa , Zimbabwe

 Yoruba

 Niger -- Congo

 28,000,000

 Zulu

 Niger -- Congo

 10,400,000

 South Africa

 See also ( edit )

 Africa portal

 Language portal

 General ( edit )

 Languages of the African Union

 Writing systems of Africa

 Journal of West African Languages

 Works ( edit )

 Polyglotta Africana

 The Languages of Africa

 Classifiers ( edit )

 Karl Lepsius

 Wilhelm Bleek

 Carl Meinhof

 Diedrich Westermann

 Joseph Greenberg

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Heine , Bernd ; Heine , Bernd , eds. ( 2000 ) . African Languages : an Introduction . Cambridge University Press .

 Jump up ^ Epstein , Edmund L. ; Kole , Robert , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Language of African Literature . Africa World Press . p. ix . ISBN 0 - 86543 - 534 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Africa is incredibly rich in language -- over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts , and many creoles , pidgins , and lingua francas .

 Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Nigeria '' . Ethnologue Languages of the World .

 Jump up ^ `` HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2004 .

 Jump up ^ African Union Summit 2006 Khartoum , Sudan . SARPN .

 Jump up ^ Language , Volume 61 , Issues 3 - 4 . Linguistic Society of America . 1985 . p. 695 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Blench , Roger ( 2006 ) . Archaeology , Language , and the African Past . Rowman Altamira . p. 108 . ISBN 0759104662 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco , A Glossary of Historical Linguistics ( 2007 , University of Utah Press )

 Jump up ^ P.H. Matthews , Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics ( 2007 , 2nd edition , Oxford )

 Jump up ^ K. Pithouse , C. Mitchell , R. Moletsane , Making Connections : Self - Study & Social Action , p. 91

 Jump up ^ J.A. Heese ( 1971 ) . Die herkoms van die Afrikaner , 1657 -- 1867 ( The origin of the Afrikaner ) ( in Afrikaans ) . Cape Town : A.A. Balkema . OCLC 1821706 . OL 5361614M .

 Jump up ^ Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans - G.G. Kloeke ( 1950 )

 Jump up ^ The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation : a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects - Wilbert Heeringa , Febe de Wet ( 2007 )

 Jump up ^ Standaard Afrikaans ( PDF ) . Abel Coetzee . Afrikaner Pers. 1948 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ Jean - Marie Hombert & Gérard Philippson. 2009 . `` The linguistic importance of language isolates : the African case . '' In Peter K. Austin , Oliver Bond , Monik Charette , David Nathan & Peter Sells ( eds ) . Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2 . London : SOAS .

 Jump up ^ CIA -- The World Factbook .

 Jump up ^ According to article 7 of The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. : `` The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali ( Maay and Maxaatiri ) and Arabic . The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian . ''

 Jump up ^ `` The languages of South Africa '' . southafrica.info .

 Jump up ^ African languages for Africa 's development ACALAN ( French & English ) .

 Jump up ^ The Economist , `` Tongues under threat '' , 22 January 2011 , p. 58 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Embassy of the Republic of Angola - Culture '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 -- Home language '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 2 February 2010 .

 ^ Jump up to : Nationalencyklopedin `` Världens 100 största språk 2007 '' The World 's 100 Largest Languages in 2007

 Jump up ^ `` Amharic '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Arabic '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Berber '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Chichewa '' .

 Jump up ^ `` English '' .

 Jump up ^ `` French '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 .

 Jump up ^ William Edmiston ; Annie Dumenil ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . La France contemporaine . Cengage Learning . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 80441 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ `` Gikuyu '' .

 Jump up ^ Ethnologue ( 2009 ) cites 18 , 5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991 ; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006 , 0.8 million in Benin in 2006 , and just over 1 million in other countries .

 Jump up ^ `` Ibo - Language Information & Resources '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Kongo '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Luganda '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Dholuo '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Malagasy '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Morisyen '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Ndebele '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 20 September 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Northern '' .

 Jump up ^ `` The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Southern '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Shona ( S. 10 ) '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Somali '' . SIL International . 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 .

 Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. ; Kwesi Yankah ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X .

 Jump up ^ `` Tigrigna '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Luba - Kasai '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Tswana '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Umbundu '' .

 References ( edit )

 Childs , G. Tucker ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to African Languages . Amsterdam : John Benjamin .

 Chimhundu , Herbert ( 2002 ) . Language Policies in Africa . ( Final report of the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa . ) Revised version . UNESCO .

 Cust , Robert Needham ( 1883 ) . Modern Languages of Africa .

 Ellis , Stephen ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . Africa Now : People - Policies - Institutions . The Hague : Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( DGIS ) .

 Elugbe , Ben ( 1998 ) `` Cross-border and major languages of Africa . '' In K. Legère ( editor ) , Cross-border Languages : Reports and Studies , Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages , National Institute for Educational Development ( NIED ) , Okahandja , 23 -- 27 September 1996 . Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan .

 Ethnologue. com 's Africa : A listing of African languages and language families .

 Greenberg , Joseph H. ( 1983 ) . ' Some areal characteristics of African languages . ' In Ivan R. Dihoff ( editor ) , Current Approaches to African Linguistics , Vol. 1 ( Publications in African Languages and Linguistics , Vol. 1 ) , Dordrecht : Foris , 3 - 21 .

 Greenberg , Joseph H. ( 1966 ) . The Languages of Africa ( 2nd edition with additions and corrections ) . Bloomington : Indiana University .

 Heine , Bernd and Derek Nurse ( editors ) ( 2000 ) . African Languages : An Introduction . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

 Webb , Vic and Kembo - Sure ( editors ) ( 1998 ) . African Voices : An Introduction to the Languages and Linguistics of Africa . Cape Town : Oxford University Press Southern Africa .

 Wedekind , Klaus ( Oxford University Press .

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Question: how many languages do they speak in africa


Anderson Paak - Wikipedia

 Anderson Paak

 Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Anderson Park .

 Anderson . Paak

 Paak in Rockaway Beach , 2015

 Background information

 Birth name

 Brandon Paak Anderson

 Also known as

 Breezy Lovejoy ( 2009 -- 12 )

 ( 1986 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Oxnard , California , United States

 Genres

 Hip hop

 R&B

 funk

 soul

 Occupation ( s )

 Singer

 songwriter

 rapper

 record producer

 Instruments

 Vocals

 drums

 percussion

 keyboards

 Years active

 2009 -- present

 Labels

 Stones Throw

 Steel Wool

 OBE

 ArtClub

 Empire

 Aftermath

 Associated acts

 NxWorries

 Knxwledge

 Dr. Dre

 Earl Sweatshirt

 KAYTRANADA

 Watsky

 Dean

 Website

 www.andersonpaak.com

 Brandon Paak Anderson ( born February 8 , 1986 ) , better known by his stage name Anderson Paak ( stylized as Anderson . Paak ) , is an American singer , songwriter , drummer , rapper and record producer from Oxnard , California . He released his debut album , O.B.E. Vol. 1 in 2012 , under the pseudonym Breezy Lovejoy . He went on to release Venice in 2014 , under his current moniker . Paak followed with Malibu , in 2016 , which received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the Grammy Awards . Apart from his solo career , Paak is also one - half of NxWorries , alongside record producer Knxwledge . He is accompanied by the band The Free Nationals , who play a variety of instruments such as electric guitar , bass , piano , keyboards , and drums , and also serve as backing vocalists .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Early life

 2 Career

 3 The Free Nationals -- Band members

 4 Discography

 4.1 Albums

 4.2 Extended plays

 4.3 Singles

 4.4 Guest appearances

 5 Awards and nominations

 5.1 BET Hip Hop Awards

 5.2 Grammy Awards

 5.3 Soul Train Music Awards

 6 References

 7 External links

 Early Life ( edit )

 Paak was born in Oxnard , California in 1986 . He is half - African American . At the age of seven , Paak witnessed his estranged father attack his mother : `` My little sister and I went out front , and my pops was on top of my mom . There was blood in the street . He was arrested , and that was the last time I saw him . I think he did 14 years . ''

 Career ( edit )

 Paak began producing music from his bedroom as a teenager , while attending Foothill Technology High School . His first experiences performing were as a drummer at his family 's church where he met and married his first wife . After a few years , they divorced , and when Paak was teaching at a music school , he met his second wife , a music student from South Korea . In 2011 , prior to being a successful working musician , Paak was working at a marijuana farm in Santa Barbara . He was let go without warning , becoming homeless together with his wife and infant son .

 In 2011 , Paak had started earning acceptance in the Los Angeles music world as he worked on his debut album . Shafiq Husayn of Sa - Ra helped Paak recover financially from losing his job in Santa Barbara by employing him as an assistant , videographer , editor , writer and producer . He completed O.B.E. Vol. 1 and released the album in mid-2012 . He became the drummer for American Idol contestant Haley Reinhart .

 Paak performing in July 2016

 On November 27 , 2013 , Paak produced and recorded Cover Art , an all - covers EP . Paak was inspired by the white artists of the 1950s who achieved commercial success by remaking songs written by black blues and R&B singers , while hardly ever compensating the original artists . Cover Art reversed the process and transformed folk and rock classics from white musicians into a mold of soul , jazz , hip hop , and R&B . The album was released by the independent Hellfyre Club and OBE labels . Paak was the lead producer for Watsky 's 2014 album All You Can Do and is featured on three of its tracks .

 On October 28 , 2014 , Paak released Venice , his debut album as Anderson . Paak , on OBE and Steel Wool . Paak performed on six songs on Dr. Dre 's 2015 album Compton and two on The Game 's The Documentary 2 . In October 2015 , he announced that he had recorded material with ScHoolboy Q and 9th Wonder . Paak released his second album , Malibu , on January 15 , 2016 , to critical acclaim .

 In January 2016 , he indicated that he had been recording with Flying Lotus . On January 30 , 2016 , Paak spoke with Scott Simon of NPR 's Weekend Edition Saturday in an interview entitled : `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' about his tumultuous background as a child of mixed - race parents , the significance of `` . '' ( dot ) Paak , his apprenticeship with Dr. Dre and how all of these influences shaped his music . On January 30 , Paak announced via Twitter he has signed to Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment .

 In 2016 , Paak was named one of the XXL Freshman , along with Lil Dicky , Desiigner , Dave East , Denzel Curry , Lil Yachty , G Herbo , Lil Uzi Vert , 21 Savage , & Kodak Black . He said he always sends his ideas to Dr. Dre and the two work very fast .

 The Free Nationals -- Band members ( edit )

 Anderson Paak -- lead vocals , drums

 Jose Rios -- guitarist , backing vocals

 Ron Tnava Avant -- keyboards , backing vocals

 Kelsey Gonzales -- bass guitar

 Callum Connor -- DJ , drums

 Discography ( edit )

 Albums ( edit )

 List of studio albums , with selected chart positions

 Title

 Album details

 Peak chart positions

 US

 US R&B

 US Vinyl

 AUS

 CAN

 FRA

 NL

 NZ

 SWI

 O.B.E. Vol. 1 ( as Breezy Lovejoy )

 Released : June 26 , 2012

 Label : Jakarta Records

 Format : LP , digital download

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 Lovejoy ( as Breezy Lovejoy )

 Released : October 31 , 2012

 Label : Self - released

 Format : Digital download

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 Venice

 Released : October 28 , 2014

 Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Empire

 Format : CD , LP , digital download

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 --

 Malibu

 Released : January 15 , 2016

 Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Art Club , Empire

 Format : CD , LP , digital download

 79

 9

 17

 85

 88

 92

 18

 39

 33

 Yes Lawd ! ( with Knxwledge as NxWorries )

 Released : October 21 , 2016

 Label : Stones Throw Records

 Format : CD , LP , digital download

 59

 5

 48

 --

 --

 82

 --

 --

 Extended plays ( edit )

 List of extended plays , with selected details

 Title

 Details

 Violets Are Blue ( as Breezy Lovejoy )

 Released : February 14 , 2010

 Label : Block Cheddar

 Format : Digital download

 Cover Art

 Released : December 4 , 2013

 Label : Hellfyre Club

 Format : Digital download

 The Anderson . Paak EP ( with Blended Babies )

 Released : September 28 , 2015

 Label : BBMG

 Format : Digital download

 Link Up & Suede ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries )

 Released : December 4 , 2015

 Label : Stones Throw Records

 Format : CD , digital download

 Singles ( edit )

 List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name

 Title

 Year

 Peak chart positions

 Certifications

 Album

 US

 US R&B

 `` Drugs ''

 2014

 --

 --

 Venice

 `` Miss Right ''

 --

 --

 `` Suede '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries )

 2015

 --

 --

 Link Up & Suede

 `` The Season / Carry Me ''

 --

 --

 Malibu

 `` Am I Wrong '' ( featuring ScHoolboy Q )

 --

 --

 `` Link Up '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries )

 --

 --

 Link Up & Suede

 `` Room in Here '' ( featuring The Game )

 --

 --

 Malibu

 `` Come Down '' ( featuring T.I. )

 2016

 --

 --

 `` -- '' denotes a title that did not chart , or was not released in that territory .

 Guest appearances ( edit )

 List of guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name

 Title

 Year

 Other performer ( s )

 Album

 `` Do Thangs ''

 2009

 Afro Classics

 The Classic EP

 `` The Follow Through ''

 `` Sing My Song ''

 Verbs

 The Progress EP 2 : Fuck Yea Man

 `` Cell Phone ''

 2011

 Dumbfoundead

 DFD

 `` Bitch ''

 `` No More Sunny Days ''

 `` Body High ''

 2012

 Love Everyday EP

 `` Wine ''

 Take the Stares

 `` Fuck It ''

 `` Drinking Alone ''

 `` Much Better ''

 Verbs

 The Progress EP 3 : Manifest Awesome

 `` Dreaming Out Loud ''

 Mike B .

 Dear Michael , You 're Welcome

 `` Summer Breeze ''

 2013

 EOM

 ForAllWeKnow

 `` I 'm on It ''

 `` AimShootReload ''

 `` Prelection ''

 Jose Rios

 To Live and Grow in LA

 `` Sweet Day ''

 `` Feels Good ''

 Wax

 Continue

 `` Too Much to Ask ''

 2014

 Nocando

 Jimmy the Burnout

 `` Stand for Something ''

 Watsky

 All You Can Do

 `` Ink Do n't Bleed ''

 `` Hand Over Hand ''

 `` My Supernova ''

 Tiron & Ayomari

 A Sucker for Pumps : Limited Edition

 `` It 's Better for You ''

 Shafiq Husayn

 N / A

 `` A Day Trip to the Nightosphere ''

 Milo

 A Toothpaste Suburb

 `` Realla ''

 Tokimonsta

 Desiderium

 `` New Days ''

 Kush Mody

 Creature Comforts and a Collection of Songs

 `` Freight Train ''

 `` Locked ''

 `` Sexy Sadie ''

 `` Get Along ''

 2015

 EOM

 Sunrain

 `` Green Light ''

 Jonwayne

 Jonwayne Is Retired

 `` Til It 's Done ''

 DJ Premier , BMB Spacekid

 N / A

 `` Shifty ''

 Mike Gao

 `` Own Life ''

 Vindata

 Through Time and Space ...

 `` Liberation ''

 Sir

 Seven Sundays

 `` Cold Crush ''

 Jose Rios

 Jose Rios

 `` All in a Day 's Work ''

 Dr. Dre , Marsha Ambrosius

 Compton

 `` Issues ''

 Dr. Dre , Ice Cube , Dem Jointz

 `` Deep Water ''

 Dr. Dre , Kendrick Lamar , Justus

 `` For the Love of Money ''

 Dr. Dre , Jon Connor , Jill Scott

 `` Animals ''

 Dr. Dre

 `` Medicine Man ''

 Dr. Dre , Eminem , Candice Pillay

 `` Magnus Carlsen ''

 The Game

 The Documentary 2.5

 `` Crenshaw / 80s and Cocaine ''

 The Game , Sonyae Elise

 `` The Strip ''

 MED , Blu , Madlib

 Bad Neighbor

 `` Bloomingdales ''

 White Boiz

 Neighborhood Wonderful

 `` Worlds to Run ''

 Busdriver

 Thumbs

 `` Unique ''

 GoldLink

 And After That , We Did n't Talk

 `` Put It Down ''

 Tokimonsta

 Fovere

 `` Found in You ''

 N / A

 `` Put My Hands on You ''

 Dean

 `` Church '' ( West Coast Remix )

 BJ the Chicago Kid

 `` Dance Off ''

 2016

 Macklemore , Ryan Lewis , Idris Elba

 This Unruly Mess I 've Made

 `` IT G MA Remix ( josh pan Opus ) ''

 Keith Ape

 N / A

 `` Dapper ''

 Domo Genesis

 Genesis

 `` Glowed Up ''

 Kaytranada

 99.9 %

 `` Blessings ( Reprise ) ''

 Chance the Rapper

 Coloring Book

 `` Money on Me ''

 Snakehips

 Money on Me

 `` Blank Face ''

 ScHoolboy Q

 Blank Face LP

 `` No Slaves ''

 Knox Brown

 Searching

 `` Responsibilities ''

 Thane , BJ the Chicago Kid

 Topia

 `` Dang ! ''

 Mac Miller

 The Divine Feminine

 `` Movin Backwards ''

 A Tribe Called Quest

 We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service

 `` OooWee ''

 Rapsody

 Crown / Laila 's Wisdom

 `` It Do n't Matter ''

 2017

 Moonbase

 N / A

 `` New LA ''

 SiR , King Mez

 Her Too

 `` Nobody '' ''

 Rapsody , Black Thought , Moonchild

 Laila 's Wisdom

 Awards and nominations ( edit )

 BET hip hop Awards ( edit )

 The BET Hip Hop Awards are an annual awards show , airing on BET , showcasing hip hop performers , producers and music video directors .

 Year

 Nominee / work

 Award

 Result

 Ref .

 2016

 Anderson . Paak

 Best New Hip Hop Artist

 Nominated

 Grammy Awards ( edit )

 The Grammy Awards are annual awards presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English - language music industry .

 Year

 Nominee / work

 Award

 Result

 Ref .

 2017

 Anderson . Paak

 Best New Artist

 Nominated

 Malibu

 Best Urban Contemporary Album

 Nominated

 Soul Train music Awards ( edit )

 The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show which previously aired in national television syndication , and honors the best in Black music and entertainment .

 Year

 Nominee / work

 Award

 Result

 Ref .

 2016

 Anderson . Paak

 Best New Artist

 Nominated

 Centric Certified Award

 Won

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Munday , Matt ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : ' If Dre had called five years ago , I do n't think I 'd have been ready ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson . Paak hits big time in L.A. after struggling up the road but a world away in Oxnard '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 July 2017 .

 Jump up ^ Reeves , Mosi ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` 10 New Artists You Need To Know : November 2014 -- Anderson Paak '' . Rolling Stone .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Anderson . Paak More Than Makes Up for Lost Time on ' Malibu ' '' . spin.com .

 Jump up ^ `` R&B Singer Anderson Paak Has a Curious New Project '' . laweekly.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Martins , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : Dr. Dre 's Golden Child Goes From Protege to Solo Star '' . Billboard Magazine .

 Jump up ^ Breakfast Club Power 105.1 FM ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) , Anderson . Paak Interview With The Breakfast Club ( 7 - 28 - 16 ) , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07

 ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Jeff ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` R&B singer Anderson Paak has a curious new project '' . LA Weekly .

 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Tomorrow with Anderson . Paak & The Free Nationals ( LIVE ) '' . theecho.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Cover Art '' . hellfyreclub.bandcamp.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Life After Dre : Anderson . Paak on `` Compton , '' Style & His New Album - DJBooth `` . DJBooth.net . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 .

 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - Gilles Peterson , Ed Motta and Anderson . Paak '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 .

 Jump up ^ `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 .

 Jump up ^ `` Andy $ ide $ tick on Twitter : `` Aftermath gets the last laugh 💨 🍃 🍂 🍃 '' . Twitter . 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 .

 Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak describes relationship with Dr. Dre '' . Retrieved 19 November 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/6845246/anderson-paak/chart?f=1177

 Jump up ^ Anderson Paak peaks in Australia :

 Yes Lawd ! `` Discography Anderson . Paak '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 .

 Malibu : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 408 '' . auspOp . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 .

 Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Discografie Anderson . Paak '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Discography Anderson . Paak '' . New Zealand Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .

 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/come-down-feat.-t.i.-single/id1115957129

 Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` BET Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! Online News . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees - GRAMMY.com '' . GRAMMY.com . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Soul Train Awards : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .

 External links ( edit )

 Official website

 ( hide )

 Anderson Paak

 Studio albums

 Venice ( 2014 )

 Malibu ( 2016 )

 Collaborative EPs & albums

 Link Up & Suede ( 2015 )

 Yes Lawd ! ( 2016 )

 Singles

 `` Suede ''

 `` Link Up ''

 Related

 NxWorries

 Knxwledge

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Paak&oldid=822288617 '' Categories :

 1986 births

 Living people

 21st - century American singers

 African - American male rappers

 African - American record producers

 American record producers

 African - American songwriters

 American songwriters

 Aftermath Entertainment artists

 American hip hop singers

 American rhythm and blues singer - songwriters

 American musicians of Korean descent

 American rappers of Asian descent

 Musicians from Oxnard , California

 Neo soul singers

 People from Oxnard , California

 Singers from Los Angeles

 Songwriters from California

 West Coast hip hop musicians

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 About Wikipedia

Question: when does the soul train music awards come on tv


Easter Bunny - wikipedia

 Easter Bunny

 Jump to : navigation , search

 Easter Bunny

 A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny

 Grouping

 Legendary creature

 Sub grouping

 Animal

 Mythology

 Folkloric figure and symbol of Easter

 Other name ( s )

 Easter Rabbit , Easter Hare

 Country

 Germany

 Habitat

 Grass

 The Easter Bunny ( also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare ) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter , depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs . Originating among German Lutherans , the `` Easter Hare '' originally played the role of a judge , evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide . The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes . In legend , the creature carries colored eggs in his basket , candy , and sometimes also toys to the homes of children , and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays . The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau 's De ovis paschalibus ( ' About Easter Eggs ' ) in 1682 , referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Symbols

 1.1 Rabbits and hares

 1.2 Eggs

 2 Association with Ēostre

 2.1 Transformed bird

 3 See also

 4 References

 5 External links

 Symbols

 Rabbits and hares

 The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art . In ancient times , it was widely believed ( as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus , and Aelian ) that the hare was a hermaphrodite . The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child . It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity , as in the three hares motif . Eggs , like rabbits and hares , are fertility symbols of antiquity . Since birds lay eggs and rabbits and hares give birth to large litters in the early spring , these became symbols of the rising fertility of the earth at the Vernal Equinox .

 Rabbits and hares are both prolific breeders . Female hares can conceive a second litter of offspring while still pregnant with the first . This phenomenon is known as superfetation . Lagomorphs mature sexually at an early age and can give birth to several litters a year ( hence the saying , `` to breed like rabbits '' or `` to breed like bunnies '' ) . It is therefore not surprising that rabbits and hares should become fertility symbols , or that their springtime mating antics should enter into Easter folklore .

 Eggs

 Main articles : Easter egg and Egg decorating

 In addition , Orthodox churches have a custom of abstaining from eggs during the fast of Lent . The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them , and begin eating them to break the fast . As a special dish , they would probably have been decorated as part of the celebrations . Later , German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter , though they did not continue the tradition of fasting . Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color , bringing the spring into the homes , and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs . Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red , the color of blood , in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and , of the renewal of life in springtime ) . Some also use the color green , in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long - dead time of winter . The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter , known as pysanky , dates to ancient , pre-Christian times . Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures .

 The idea of an egg - giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century . Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the `` Osterhase '' ( sometimes spelled `` Oschter Haws '' ) . Hase means `` hare '' , not rabbit , and in Northwest European folklore the `` Easter Bunny '' indeed is a hare . According to the legend , only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter .

 Dreihasenfenster ( Window of Three Hares ) in Paderborn Cathedral in Paderborn , Germany

 Marshmallow bunnies and candy eggs in an Easter basket

 A bunny and decorated Easter eggs

 A chocolate Easter Bunny

 Chocolate Easter Bunny molds from Alsace Musée du pain d'épices

 Association with Ēostre

 In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , Jacob Grimm states `` The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me , but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara '' . This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton and Charles J Billson . In 1961 Christina Hole wrote , `` The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre ( or Eostre ) , a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn . '' The belief that Ēostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare ( 1993 ) .

 The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states `` ... there is no shred of evidence '' that hares were sacred to Ēostre , noting that Bede does not associate her with any animal .

 Transformed bird

 Sarah Ben Breathnach in Mrs Sharp 's Traditions ( 1990 ) provides an origin story for the Easter Bunny : `` According to legend , Eostre 's favorite animal was a large handsome bird , which in a fit of anger she turned into a hare . '' Another version of this story , in which Ēostre transforms the bird into a hare in an act of mercy , was written by Jean - Andrew Dickmann and appeared in Cricket magazine . Both Breathnach and Dickmann present their respective ' transformed bird ' stories as if they were legend , though no earlier version of either has been attested .

 See also

 Domestic and pet rabbits

 Easter Bilby

 Ēostre

 Mad as a March hare

 Osterfuchs ( Easter Fox ) ( in German )

 Rabbits in the arts

 Rabbits in culture and literature

 The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs

 References

 Jump up ^ Cross , Gary ( 2004 ) . Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children 's Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195348133 .

 Jump up ^ Easter Bunny - What Does He Have To Do With Easter ? , occultcenter.com

 Jump up ^ Franck von Franckenau , Georg ( 1682 ) . Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster - Eyern . Satyrae Medicae . XVIII . Heidelberg . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 .

 ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris ( 2004 ) . `` What does the Symbol Mean ? '' . Three Hares Project . Retrieved 20 April 2014 .

 Jump up ^ Marta Powell Harley . `` Rosalind , the hare , and the hyena in Shakespeare 's As You Like It '' . Shakespeare Quarterly .

 Jump up ^ `` Sir Thomas Browne ( 1646 ; 6th ed. , 1672 ) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III : xvii ( pp. 162 - 166 ) '' .

 Jump up ^ `` Three Hares as representation of the Trinity '' . Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 .

 Jump up ^ Heller , Steven ( April 2014 ) . `` Seeing Rabbits '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 68 Issue 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ Martinez - Gomez , Margarita ( September 2004 ) . `` Overlapping litters and reproductive performance in the domestic rabbit '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 82 Issue 4 ) . Physiology & Behavior . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Susan ; John Seidensticker ( 2011 ) . Rabbits : The Animal Answer Guide . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 9789 - 0 . p. 122 .

 Jump up ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes ! by Bridget Haggerty - Irish Culture & Customs , World Cultures European , paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent . Accessed 3 / 1 / 08

 Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Lucie L. ( March 2005 ) . `` DYED IN Tradition '' . Academic Search Complete ( Issue 329 ) . Vegetarian Times . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9 , 2008

 Jump up ^ Hallett , Vicky ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Egg - cellent art '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 134 Issue 10 ) . U.S. News & World Report . access - date = requires url = ( help )

 Jump up ^ `` Gruß vom Osterhasen : Oschter Haws Song : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE '' . Germanworldonline.com. 2011 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 .

 Jump up ^ Easter Symbols Archived 2008 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . from Lutheran Hour Ministries . Accessed 2 / 28 / 08

 Jump up ^ Charles Isaac Elton ( 1890 ) , Origins of English History

 Jump up ^ Charles J Billson ( 1892 ) , Folk - Lore vol 3 issue 4

 Jump up ^ Christina Hole ( 1961 ) Easter and its Customs

 Jump up ^ Attenborough , Sir David ( Presenter ) ( April 12 , 1993 ) . Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare ( Television ) . United Kingdom : BBC .

 Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson and Stephen Roud ( 2000 ) , A Dictionary of English Folklore

 Jump up ^ Sarah Ben Breathnach ( 1990 ) , Mrs Sharp 's Traditions : Reviving Victorian Family Celebrations of Comfort and Joy

 Jump up ^ Jean - Andrew Dickmann ( 2002 ) , The Coming of Eostre , Cricket magazine vol 29 issue 7

 External links

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Bunny .

 Charles J. Billson . `` The Easter Hare '' . Folk - Lore . Vol. 3 , No. 4 ( December 1892 ) .

 On the Bunny Trail : In Search of the Easter Bunny , Stephen Winick , Folklife Today , March 22 , 2016

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Question: where did the easter eggs and bunny come from