Sentencing Reform Act - Wikipedia

 Sentencing Reform Act

 Jump to : navigation , search

 The Sentencing Reform Act , part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 , was a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing . It established the United States Sentencing Commission . It also abolished federal parole , except for persons convicted under federal law before November 1 , 1987 , persons convicted under District of Columbia law , `` transfer treaty '' inmates , persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons , and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program .

 The act was passed by large majorities in both houses of Congress .

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the United States Sentencing Commission '' ( PDF ) . United States Sentencing Commission . United States Sentencing Commission . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Barry L. Johnson . `` Sentencing Reform Act ( 1984 ) '' . eNotes . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LACK OF PAROLE FOR FEDERAL PRISONERS '' ( Archive ) . Families Against Mandatory Minimums . p. 2 / 4 . Retrieved on December 13 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Stith , Kate ; Koh , Steve Y. ( 1993 ) . `` The Politics of Sentencing Reform : The Legislative History of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .

 This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentencing_Reform_Act&oldid=813388767 '' Categories :

 United States federal criminal legislation

 Penal system in the United States

 United States sentencing law

 1984 in law

 1984 in the United States

 United States federal legislation stubs

 Hidden categories :

 Use dmy dates from August 2011

 All stub articles

 Talk

 About Wikipedia

 Add links

 This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 12 : 21 .

 About Wikipedia

Question: what is the sentencing reform act of 1984


Haber process - wikipedia

 Haber process

 Jump to : navigation , search Fritz Haber , 1918

 The Haber process , also called the Haber -- Bosch process , is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today . It is named after its inventors , the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch , who developed it in the first half of the 20th century . The process converts atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) to ammonia ( NH ) by a reaction with hydrogen ( H ) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures :

 N + 3 H → 2 NH ( ΔH ° = − 91.8 kJ ) = > ( ΔH ° = − 45.8 kJ mol )

 Before the development of the Haber process , ammonia had been difficult to produce on an industrial scale with early methods such as the Birkeland -- Eyde process and Frank -- Caro process all being highly inefficient .

 Although the Haber process is mainly used to produce fertilizer today , during World War I it provided Germany with a source of ammonia for the production of explosives , compensating for the Allied trade blockade on Chilean saltpeter .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 2 Process

 2.1 Sources of hydrogen

 2.2 Reaction rate and equilibrium

 2.3 Catalysts

 3 Economic and environmental aspects

 4 See also

 5 References

 6 External links

 History ( edit )

 Main article : History of the Haber process

 Throughout the 19th century the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing . The main source was mining niter deposits . At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demand and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important . The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) , comprising nearly 80 % of the air , however N is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals . Converting N into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally .

 Haber , with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol , developed the high - pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale . They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air , drop by drop , at the rate of about 125 ml ( 4 US fl oz ) per hour . The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF , which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber 's tabletop machine to industrial - level production . He succeeded in 1910 . Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes , in 1918 and 1931 respectively , for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large - scale , continuous - flow , high - pressure technology .

 Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF 's Oppau plant in Germany , reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year . During World War I , the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate . The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile ( Chile saltpetre ) controlled by British companies . Germany had no such resources , so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort . Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid , a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives .

 Process ( edit )

 A historical ( 1921 ) high - pressure steel reactor for production of ammonia via the Haber process is displayed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Germany . scheme of ammoniac reactor

 This conversion is typically conducted at 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 atm ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) and between 400 -- 500 ° C ( 752 -- 932 ° F ) , as the gases ( nitrogen and hydrogen ) are passed over four beds of catalyst , with cooling between each pass so as to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant . On each pass only about 15 % conversion occurs , but any unreacted gases are recycled , and eventually an overall conversion of 97 % is achieved .

 The steam reforming , shift conversion , carbon dioxide removal , and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.5 -- 3.5 MPa ( 25 -- 35 bar ; 360 -- 510 psi ) , and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6 -- 18 MPa ( 60 -- 180 bar ; 870 -- 2,610 psi ) , depending upon which proprietary process is used .

 Sources of hydrogen ( edit )

 The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas . The conversion , steam reforming , is conducted with steam in a high temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst , separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas .

 Reaction rate and equilibrium ( edit )

 Nitrogen ( N ) is very unreactive because the molecules are held together by strong triple bonds . The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond .

 Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis : the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction . At room temperature , the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia , but the reaction does n't proceed at a detectable rate . The obvious solution is to raise the temperature , but because the reaction is exothermic , the equilibrium constant ( using bar or atm units ) becomes 1 around 150 -- 200 ° C ( 302 -- 392 ° F ) . ( See Le Châtelier 's principle . )

 K ( T ) for N 2 + 3 H 2 ⇌ 2 NH

 Temperature ( ° C )

 300

 4.34 × 10

 400

 1.64 × 10

 450

 4.51 × 10

 500

 1.45 × 10

 550

 5.38 × 10

 600

 2.25 × 10

 Above this temperature , the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable at atmospheric pressure , according to the Van ' t Hoff equation . Thus one might suppose that a low temperature is to be used and some other means to increase rate . However , the catalyst itself requires a temperature of at least 400 ° C to be efficient .

 Pressure is the obvious choice to favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product ( see entropy ) , and the pressure used ( 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 bar ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) ) alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a profitable yield .

 Economically , pressure is an expensive commodity . Pipes , valves , and reaction vessels need to be strengthened , and there are safety considerations of working at 20 MPa . In addition , running pumps and compressors takes considerable energy . Thus the compromise used gives a single pass yield of around 15 % .

 Another way to increase the yield of the reaction would be to remove the product ( i.e. ammonia gas ) from the system . In practice , gaseous ammonia is not removed from the reactor itself , since the temperature is too high ; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel . The hot gases are cooled enough , whilst maintaining a high pressure , for the ammonia to condense and be removed as liquid . Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction .

 Catalysts ( edit )

 The most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K O , CaO , SiO , and Al O . The original Haber -- Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst , but it was available in extremely small quantities . Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium . Under Bosch 's direction in 1909 , the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron - based catalyst , which is still used today . Some ammonia production utilizes ruthenium - based catalysts ( the KAAP process ) . Ruthenium forms more active catalysts that allows milder operating pressures . Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite .

 In industrial practice , the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder , which is usually obtained by reduction of high purity magnetite ( Fe O ) . The pulverized iron metal is burnt ( oxidized ) to give magnetite of a defined particle size . The magnetite particles are then partially reduced , removing some of the oxygen in the process . The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite , encased in a shell of wüstite ( FeO ) , which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal . The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction , resulting in a highly porous high surface area material , which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst . Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides , which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area . These oxides of Ca , Al , K , and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen .

 energy diagram

 The reaction mechanism , involving the heterogeneous catalyst , is believed to involve the following steps :

 N ( g ) → N ( adsorbed )

 N ( adsorbed ) → 2 N ( adsorbed )

 H ( g ) → H ( adsorbed )

 H ( adsorbed ) → 2 H ( adsorbed )

 N ( adsorbed ) + 3 H ( adsorbed ) → NH ( adsorbed )

 NH ( adsorbed ) → NH ( g )

 Reaction 5 occurs in three steps , forming NH , NH , and then NH . Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being the slow , rate - determining step . This is not unexpected since the bond broken , the nitrogen triple bond , is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken .

 A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism is Gerhard Ertl .

 Economic and environmental aspects ( edit )

 Further information : Ammonia production § Sustainable ammonia production Industrial fertilizer plant

 When it was first invented , the Haber process needed to compete against another industrial process , the Cyanamide process . However , the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor - intensive than the Haber process .

 The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer per year , mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia , ammonium nitrate , and urea . Three to five percent of the world 's natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process ( around 1 -- 2 % of the world 's annual energy supply ) . In combination with pesticides , these fertilizers have quadrupled the productivity of agricultural land :

 With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice - free continents , rather than under 15 % of the total land area that is required today .

 Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food , the Haber process served as the `` detonator of the population explosion '' , enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to today 's 7 billion . Nearly 80 % of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber - Bosch process . Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50 % , farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats .

 See also ( edit )

 Ammonia

 Ammonia production

 Hydrogen production

 Industrial gas

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : Appl , Max ( 2005 ) , `` Ammonia '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH

 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT . ISBN 9780262693134 .

 ^ Jump up to : Hager , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Alchemy of Air : A Jewish genius , a doomed tycoon , and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ Sittig , Marshall ( 1979 ) . Fertilizer Industry : Processes , Pollution Control , and Energy Conservation . Park Ridge , NJ : Noyes Data Corp . ISBN 0 - 8155 - 0734 - 8 .

 Jump up ^ James , Laylin K. ( 1993 ) . Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901 -- 1992 ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 2690 - 3 .

 Jump up ^ Haber , Fritz ( 2012 ) . Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen ( in German ) ( 1st ed . ) . Paderborn : Salzwasser Verlag . ISBN 9783864448423 .

 Jump up ^ `` Robert Le Rossignol , 1884 -- 1976 : Professional Chemist '' ( PDF ) , ChemUCL Newsletter , UCL Department of Chemistry : 8 , 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 13

 Jump up ^ Patent US 990191

 ^ Jump up to : Hager , T. ( 2008 ). he Alchemy of Air . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ Philip & Phyllis Morris , `` From Fertile Minds '' ( review ) American Scientist , 2001

 Jump up ^ `` Nobel Award to Haber '' . New York Times . 3 February 1920 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .

 Jump up ^ Brown , Theodore L. ; LeMay , H. Eugene , Jr ; Bursten , Bruce E ( 2006 ) . `` Table 15.2 '' . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 10th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 109686 - 9 .

 Jump up ^ Wennerström , Håkan ; Lidin , Sven . `` Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . NobelPrize.org . Swedish Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 .

 Jump up ^ Bozso , F. ; Ertl , G. ; Grunze , M. ; Weiss , M. ( 1977 ) . `` Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces : I. Fe ( 100 ) and Fe ( 111 ) '' . J. Catal. 49 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9517 ( 77 ) 90237 - 8 ... Imbihl , R. ; Behm , R.J. ; Ertl , G. ; Moritz , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe ( 100 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 123 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 140 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 123 ... 129I . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90135 - 2 ... Ertl , G. ; Lee , S.B. ; Weiss , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe ( 111 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 114 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 515 -- 526 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 114 ... 515E . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90702 - 6 ... Ertl , G. ( 1983 ) . `` Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia '' . J. Vac . Sci. Tech . A. 1 ( 2 ) : 1247 -- 1253 . doi : 10.1116 / 1.572299 .

 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 .

 Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2007 '' .

 Jump up ^ Fertilizer statistics . `` ? '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 24 .

 Jump up ^ Smith , Barry E. ( September 2002 ) . `` Structure . Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets '' . Science . 297 ( 5587 ) : 1654 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1076659 . PMID 12215632 .

 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2011 ) . `` Nitrogen cycle and world food production '' ( PDF ) . World Agriculture . 2 : 9 -- 13 .

 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 1999 ) . `` Detonator of the population explosion '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 400 : 415 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 400 ... 415S . doi : 10.1038 / 22672 .

 ^ Jump up to : Howarth , R.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Coastal nitrogen pollution : a review of sources and trends globally and regionally '' . Harmful Algae. 8 : 14 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hal. 2008.08. 015 .

 Jump up ^ Oenema , O. ; Witzke , H.P. ; Klimont , Z. ; Lesschen , J.P. ; Velthof , G.L. ( 2009 ) . `` Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses in agriculture in EU - 27 '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 133 : 280 -- 288 . doi : 10.1016 / j. agee. 2009.04. 025 .

 Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 .

 `` The Haber Process '' . Chemguide.co.uk .

 External links ( edit )

 Haber - Bosch process , most important invention of the 20th century , according to V. Smil , Nature , July 29 , 1999 , p 415 ( by Jürgen Schmidhuber )

 Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes : Fritz Haber

 Nobel e-Museum - Biography of Fritz Haber

 BASF - Fertilizer out of thin air

 Uses and Production of Ammonia

 Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis

 Review of `` Between Genius and Genocide : The Tragedy of Fritz Haber , Father of Chemical Warfare '' by Daniel Charles

 GND : 4816458 - 6

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&oldid=814531681 '' Categories :

 BASF

 Chemical processes

 Industrial processes

 Equilibrium chemistry

 Peak oil

 Catalysis

 History of mining in Chile

 German inventions

 Industrial gases

 Name reactions

 Fritz Haber

 Hidden categories :

 CS1 German - language sources ( de )

 All articles with unsourced statements

 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 বাংলা

 Català

 Čeština

 Dansk

 Deutsch

 Español

 Esperanto

 فارسی

 Français

 Gàidhlig

 ગુજરાતી

 한국어

 हिन्दी

 Hrvatski

 Ido

 Bahasa Indonesia

 Italiano

 עברית

 മലയാളം

 Nederlands

 日本 語

 Norsk

 Norsk nynorsk

 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

 Plattdüütsch

 Polski

 Português

 Română

 Русский

 Simple English

 Slovenščina

 Српски / srpski

 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски

 Suomi

 Svenska

 தமிழ்

 ไทย

 Українська

 اردو

 Tiếng Việt

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 10 : 37 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: where does the nitrogen for this fertilizer come from


Best alternative to a negotiated agreement - wikipedia

 Best alternative to a negotiated agreement

 Jump to : navigation , search

 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 In negotiation theory , the best alternative to a negotiated agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement can not be reached . BATNA is the key focus and the driving force behind a successful negotiator . A party should generally not accept a worse resolution than its BATNA . Care should be taken , however , to ensure that deals are accurately valued , taking into account all considerations , such as relationship value , time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain . These other considerations are often difficult to value , since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations , rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Overview

 2 History

 3 See also

 4 References

 5 External links

 Overview ( edit )

 The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net , but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations . Although a negotiator 's alternative options should , in theory , be straightforward to evaluate , the effort to understand which alternative represents a party 's BATNA is often not invested . Options need to be actual and actionable to be of value , however without the investment of time , options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria . Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options . This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating result . Negotiators also need to be aware of the other negotiator 's BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering .

 Some people may adopt aggressive , coercive , threatening and / or deceptive techniques , this is known as a hard negotiation style ; a theoretical example of this is adversarial approach style negotiation . Others may employ a soft style , which is friendly , trusting , compromising , and conflict avoiding . According to Fisher and Ury , when hard negotiators meet soft negotiators , the hard negotiators usually win their position , but at the cost of potentially damaging the long term relationship between the parties .

 Attractive alternatives are needed to develop a strong BATNA . In the best - selling book Getting to YES : Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In , the authors give 3 suggestions of how to accomplish this :

 Inventing a list of actions one might take if no agreement is reached

 Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives

 Selecting the alternative that sounds best

 In negotiations involving different cultures , all parties need to account for cultural cognitive behaviors and should not let judgments and biases affect the negotiation . The individual should be separate from the objective .

 The purpose here , as Gulliver mentions , is for negotiation parties to be aware .

 Preparation at all levels , including prejudice - free thoughts , emotion - free behavior , bias - free behavior are helpful according to Morris and Gelfand .

 History ( edit )

 BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation ( PON ) , in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES , unwittingly duplicating the game theory concept of a disagreement point from bargaining problems pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier . A Nash Equilibrium is reached among a group of players when no player can benefit from changing strategies if every other player sticks to their current strategy . For example , Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can , taking into account Phil 's decision , and Phil is making the best decision he can , taking into account Amy 's decision . Likewise , a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can , taking into account the decisions of the others .

 See also ( edit )

 Conflict resolution research

 Opportunity cost

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Negotiation Experts

 Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement YArooms

 Jump up ^ Negotiation , Readings , Exercises and Cases , Roy J. Lewicki

 ^ Jump up to : Nolan - Haley , Jaqueline M ( 2001 ) . Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell . Thomson West . pp. 39 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 18014 - 8 .

 ^ Jump up to : Fisher and Ury , Roger and William ( 2011 ) . Getting to YES . Penguin Books . pp. 1 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311875 - 6 .

 Jump up ^ Gulliver , P.H ( 1979 ) . Disputes and Negotiation : A Cross Culture Perspective . Academic Press . p. 287 .

 Jump up ^ Morris , Michael W. ; Gelfand , Michele J. ( 2004 ) . `` Cultural Differences and Cognitive Dynamics : Expanding the Cognitive Perspective on Negotiation '' . In Gelfand , Michele J. ; Brett , Jeanne M. The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture . Stanford University Press . pp. 45 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4586 - 4 .

 Jump up ^ Myerson , Roger B. `` Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory '' ( PDF ) . Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory . Journal of Economic Literature . Retrieved 1 October 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Hawkins and Steiner , Jeff and Neil . `` The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna '' ( PDF ) . Gamed Therory Varied Uses in ADR . Harvard University Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 .

 External links ( edit )

 BATNA Explained by David Venter

 Alternative definition of BATNA

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_alternative_to_a_negotiated_agreement&oldid=819966880 '' Categories :

 Negotiation

 Dispute resolution

 Business terms

 Hidden categories :

 Articles needing more detailed references

 Articles needing additional references from July 2013

 All articles needing additional references

 All articles lacking reliable references

 Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013

 All articles with unsourced statements

 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007

 Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015

 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Deutsch

 Español

 Հայերեն

 Polski

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 08 : 19 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (batna)


Daisy wheel printing - wikipedia

 Daisy wheel printing

 Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Wheel printer .

 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 Metal Daisy Wheel for Xerox & Diablo printers Plastic Daisy Wheel for Qume printers Samples of daisy wheel printer output . Actual print is much crisper than these images The Royal LetterMaster , a budget daisy - wheel printer from the 1980s

 Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems . It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements , each with typically 96 glyphs , to generate high - quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric , but two to three times faster . Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters , word processors and computers from 1972 . The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower .

 By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high - quality text printing . Dot - matrix impact , thermal , or line printers were used where higher speed or image printing were required and poor print quality was acceptable . Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot - based printers -- in particular laser printers -- that could print any characters or graphics , rather than being restricted to a limited character set , became able to produce output of comparable quality . Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 History

 2 Design

 2.1 Bi-directional printing

 2.2 Graphics

 3 Variants

 4 See also

 5 References

 History ( edit )

 In 1889 Arthur Irving Jacobs patented a daisy wheel design ( U.S. Patent 409,289 ) that was used on the Victor index typewriter .

 A.H. Reiber of Teletype Corporation received U.S. Patent 2,146,380 in 1939 for a daisy wheel printer .

 In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer David S. Lee developed the first commercially successful daisy wheel printer , a device that was faster and more flexible than IBM 's golf - ball devices , being capable of 30 cps ( characters per second ) , whereas IBM 's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps .

 Xerox acquired Diablo that same year , following which Lee departed to set up Qume Corporation in 1973 . Xerox 's Office Product Division had already been buying Diablo printers for its Redactron text editors . After 7 years trying to make Diablo profitable , the OPD focused on developing and selling the Diablo 630 which was mostly bought by companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation . The Diablo 630 could produce letter quality output as good as that produced by an IBM Selectric or Selectric - based printer , but at a lower cost . A further advantage was that it supported the entire ASCII printing character set . Its servo - controlled carriage also permitted the use of proportional spaced fonts , where characters occupy a different amount of horizontal space according to their width .

 The Diablo 630 was so successful that virtually all later daisy wheel printers , as well as many dot matrix printers and even the original Apple Laserwriter either copied its command set or could emulate one . Daisy wheel printers from Diablo and Lee 's 1973 company Qume were the dominant high - end output technology for computer and office automation applications by 1980 , though high speed non-impact techniques were already entering the market ( e.g. IBM 6640 inkjet , Xerox 2700 and IBM 6670 laser ) . From 1981 onwards the IBM PC 's introduction of `` Code page 437 '' with 254 printable glyphs ( including 40 shapes specifically for drawing forms ) , and development of Xerox Star - influenced environments such as the Macintosh , GEM and Windows made bit - mapped approaches more desirable , driving cost reductions for laser printing and higher resolution for impact dot matrix printing .

 Xerox later adapted Diablo 's daisy wheel technology into a typewriter that sold for less than $50 . An automated factory was built near Dallas that took less than 30 minutes to assemble a Xerox typewriter . The Xerox typewriter was well received but never achieved the projected sales numbers due to the advent of the PC and word processing software . The typewriter was later modified to be compatible with PCs but the engineering which made it a low cost device reduced its flexibility . By the mid-1980s daisy wheel technology was rapidly becoming obsolete due to the growing spread of affordable laser and inkjet machines , and daisy wheel machines soon disappeared except for the small remaining typewriter market .

 Design ( edit )

 The print - head and daisy wheel on a Xerox / Diablo D - 25 printer .

 The heart of the system is an interchangeable metal or plastic `` daisy wheel '' holding an entire character set as raised characters moulded on each `` petal '' . In use a servo motor rotates the daisy wheel to position the required character between the hammer and the ribbon . The solenoid - operated hammer then fires , driving the character type onto the ribbon and paper to print the character on the paper . The daisy wheel and hammer are mounted on a sliding carriage similar to that used by dot matrix printers .

 Different typefaces and sizes can be used by replacing the daisy wheel . It is possible to use multiple fonts within a document : font changing is facilitated by printer device drivers which can position the carriage to the center of the platen and prompt the user to change the wheel before continuing printing . However , printing a document with frequent font changes and thus requiring frequent wheel changes was a tedious task .

 Many daisy wheel machines offer a bold type facility , accomplished by double - or triple - striking the specified character ( s ) ; servo - based printers advance the carriage fractionally for a wider ( and therefore blacker ) character , while cheaper machines perform a carriage return without a line feed to return to the beginning of the line , space through all non-bold text , and restrike each bolded character . The inherent imprecision in attempting to restrike on exactly the same spot after a carriage return provides the same effect as the more expensive servo - based printers , with the unique side effect that as the printer ages and wears , bold text becomes bolder .

 Like all other impact printers , daisy wheel printers are noisy .

 Bi-directional printing ( edit )

 Most daisy - wheel printers could print a line and then , using built - in memory , print the following line backwards , from right to left . This saved the time that otherwise would have been needed to return the print head to its starting point .

 Graphics ( edit )

 Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing bitmap graphics , there were attempts to enable them to do so . Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots ( formed by the `` period '' character ) . This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement , both horizontally and vertically , and low - end printers were incapable of it . Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images , but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter , all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element .

 Daisy wheel printers are capable of producing simplified graphics in the form of ASCII art .

 As daisy wheel elements are made of plastic to keep mass and manufacturing costs low , using the period character for graphics would cause unacceptably rapid wear , so plastic elements are offered with a metal insert in this position that lasts much longer .

 Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly , without requiring an impact for every single dot . This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact , without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller . However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two - step process with a manual wheel change in - between . As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24 - pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable laser printers in offices , it was never a popular approach .

 Brother Industries manufactured the Twinriter 5 ( 1985 ) and 6 ( 1987 ) printers which tried to overcome the limitation of the missing graphics capabilities of daisy wheel printers by adding a dot matrix print head to the existing daisy wheel print head , with the former being used for letter quality printing and the latter for drafts and for printing symbols which were not present in the daisy wheel character set .

 Variants ( edit )

 Thimble printers are closely related to daisy wheel printers , but instead of a flat wheel the petals were bent to form a cup - shaped `` thimble '' print element . Introduced by NEC in 1977 as their `` Spinwriter '' series , the replaceable thimbles each held 128 characters .

 See also ( edit )

 Apple Daisy Wheel Printer

 Daisy Systems Holland

 Diablo 630

 IBM Wheelwriter

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Merriam Webster On - line '' .

 Jump up ^ Hirahara , Naomi ( 2002 ) . Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 344 - 7 .

 Jump up ^ Strassman , Paul A. ( June 5 , 2008 ) . The Computers Nobody Wanted ; My Years with Xerox . Strassmann , Inc . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 1 - 4276 - 3270 - 7 .

 Jump up ^ Hogan , Thom ( March 1984 ) . `` Creating a letterhead with your daisywheel printer '' . Creative Computing Magazine . 10 ( 3 ) : 202 .

 Jump up ^ Kostopoulos , G.K. ( February 1989 ) . `` Quality graphics for daisy - wheel word processing '' . Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions on . IEEE. 35 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . doi : 10.1109 / 30.24649 . ISSN 0098 - 3063 .

 Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen W. ( November 1985 ) . `` Double duty printers '' . Creative Computing. 11 ( 11 ) : 72 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .

 Jump up ^ King , Steve ( 1987 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Brother Twinriter 6 - Daisy Wheel Drives Us Dotty - A Little Slowly - Dual - Format Printer Saves Spaces , Sacrifies Draft Print Quality '' . Infoworld : 57 -- 60 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .

 Jump up ^ Shannon , L.R. ( 1987 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Peripherals ; Finally , the Right Stuff '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .

 Jump up ^ Cromemco 3355A Printer Operator 's Guide ( PDF ) . Cromemco , Inc . March 1980 . ( Rebadged Model 550 Series Spinwriter )

 Jump up ^ `` NEC Printer Model Information '' . Retrieved 18 February 2009 .

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&oldid=803468432 '' Categories :

 Computer printers

 Impact printers

 Daisy wheel printers

 Hidden categories :

 Articles needing additional references from December 2007

 All articles needing additional references

 All articles with unsourced statements

 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009

 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011

 Talk

 Variants

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Azərbaycanca

 Català

 Deutsch

 Español

 Français

 Gaeilge

 한국어

 Nederlands

 Polski

 Português

 Русский

 Svenska

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 18 : 44 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: differentiate between dot matrix printer and daisy wheel printer


Succession to the British throne - wikipedia

 Succession to the British throne

 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament

 Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 , restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible .

 Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte and younger brother , Prince Louis . Sixth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession .

 The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles .

 The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession . In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Current line of succession

 2 History

 2.1 England

 2.2 Scotland

 2.3 After the union of the crowns

 2.3. 1 Stuarts

 2.3. 2 Hanoverians and Windsors

 2.4 Commonwealth realms

 3 Current rules

 3.1 Marriages

 3.2 Religion

 3.3 Treason

 4 Accession

 5 See also

 6 Notes

 7 References

 8 Sources

 9 External links

 Current line of succession ( edit )

 First six in line from 23 April 2018

 1 . The Prince of Wales

 2 . The Duke of Cambridge

 3 . Prince George of Cambridge

 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge

 5 . Prince Louis of Cambridge

 6 . Prince Henry of Wales

 No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than five thousand .

 The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( Notes and sources below ) and footnotes . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession .

 King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 )

 King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 )

 King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 )

 Queen Elizabeth II ( born 1926 )

 ( 1 ) Charles , Prince of Wales ( b . 1948 )

 ( 2 ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( b . 1982 )

 ( 3 ) Prince George of Cambridge ( b . 2013 )

 ( 4 ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( b . 2015 )

 ( 5 ) Prince Louis of Cambridge ( b . 2018 )

 ( 6 ) Prince Henry of Wales ( Prince Harry ) ( b . 1984 )

 ( 7 ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( b . 1960 )

 ( 8 ) Princess Beatrice of York ( b . 1988 )

 ( 9 ) Princess Eugenie of York ( b . 1990 )

 ( 10 ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( b . 1964 )

 ( 11 ) James , Viscount Severn ( b . 2007 )

 ( 12 ) Lady Louise Windsor ( b . 2003 )

 ( 13 ) Anne , Princess Royal ( b . 1950 )

 ( 14 ) Peter Phillips ( b . 1977 )

 ( 15 ) Savannah Phillips ( b . 2010 )

 ( 16 ) Isla Phillips ( b . 2012 )

 ( 17 ) Zara Tindall ( née Phillips ; b . 1981 )

 ( 18 ) Mia Tindall ( b . 2014 )

 Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( 1930 -- 2002 )

 ( 19 ) David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon ( b . 1961 )

 ( 20 ) Charles Armstrong - Jones , Viscount Linley ( b . 1999 )

 ( 21 ) Lady Margarita Armstrong - Jones ( b . 2002 )

 ( 22 ) Lady Sarah Chatto ( née Armstrong - Jones ; b . 1964 )

 ( 23 ) Samuel Chatto ( b . 1996 )

 ( 24 ) Arthur Chatto ( b . 1999 )

 Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1900 -- 1974 )

 ( 25 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( b . 1944 )

 ( 26 ) Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ( b . 1974 )

 ( 27 ) Xan Windsor , Lord Culloden ( b . 2007 )

 ( 28 ) Lady Cosima Windsor ( b . 2010 )

 ( 29 ) Lady Davina Lewis ( née Windsor ; b . 1977 )

 ( 30 ) Senna Lewis ( b . 2010 )

 ( 31 ) Tāne Lewis ( b . 2012 )

 ( 32 ) Lady Rose Gilman ( née Windsor ; b . 1980 )

 ( 33 ) Lyla Gilman ( b . 2010 )

 ( 34 ) Rufus Gilman ( b . 2012 )

 Prince George , Duke of Kent ( 1902 -- 1942 )

 ( 35 ) Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( b . 1935 )

 ( 36 ) George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews ( b . 1962 )

 Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick ( b . 1988 )

 Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor ( b . 1992 )

 ( 37 ) Lady Amelia Windsor ( b . 1995 )

 Lord Nicholas Windsor ( b . 1970 )

 ( 38 ) Albert Windsor ( b . 2007 )

 ( 39 ) Leopold Windsor ( b . 2009 )

 ( 40 ) Louis Windsor ( b . 2014 )

 ( 41 ) Lady Helen Taylor ( née Windsor ; b . 1964 )

 ( 42 ) Columbus Taylor ( b . 1994 )

 ( 43 ) Cassius Taylor ( b . 1996 )

 ( 44 ) Eloise Taylor ( b . 2003 )

 ( 45 ) Estella Taylor ( b . 2004 )

 ( 46 ) Prince Michael of Kent ( b . 1942 )

 ( 47 ) Lord Frederick Windsor ( b . 1979 )

 ( 48 ) Maud Windsor ( b . 2013 )

 ( 49 ) Isabella Windsor ( b . 2016 )

 ( 50 ) Lady Gabriella Windsor ( b . 1981 )

 ( 51 ) Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( b . 1936 )

 ( 52 ) James Ogilvy ( b . 1964 )

 ( 53 ) Alexander Ogilvy ( b . 1996 )

 ( 54 ) Flora Ogilvy ( b . 1994 )

 ( 55 ) Marina Ogilvy ( b . 1966 )

 ( 56 ) Christian Mowatt ( b . 1993 )

 ( 57 ) Zenouska Mowatt ( b . 1990 )

 Notes and sources

 Mark

 Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession

 1952

 Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952

 Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 27 April 2018 .

 Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 27 April 2018 ) : `` The Line of Succession ''

 Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22

 These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect .

 X

 Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement .

 History ( edit )

 This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

 The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) . It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants .

 However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession .

 England ( edit )

 In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . ''

 Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom .

 Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth . Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland .

 Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament

 When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored .

 Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority . Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . )

 Scotland ( edit )

 The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI .

 After the Union of the Crowns ( edit )

 Stuarts ( edit )

 Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England and Ireland , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament .

 center

 James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King .

 After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights .

 James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 . Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James .

 The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded .

 After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded .

 Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 )

 Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security . The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement .

 Hanoverians and windsors ( edit ) Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education .

 Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 .

 Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about .

 George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937

 In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death . Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and opened ( for the only time ) Parliament in November 1936 . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorize the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . Edward died childless in 1972 .

 Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) .

 Commonwealth realms ( edit )

 Further information : Perth Agreement Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 , passing to the left of the Coronation Chair

 Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms . In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution .

 Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son Tāne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively .

 Current rules ( edit )

 The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation .

 Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible .

 Marriages ( edit )

 The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified . The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown .

 The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act .

 The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue .

 Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid .

 Religion ( edit )

 Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established .

 The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention . Under one interpretation , the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant . Under another interpretation , anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ( `` then ... or afterwards '' ) is forever ineligible to succeed . The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession ; the latter does not . In either case , however , other denominations of faith are not affected ; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne . It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant .

 The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves .

 Treason ( edit )

 Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment .

 Accession ( edit )

 The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign .

 In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom .

 Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth .

 Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age .

 After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king .

 See also ( edit )

 Biography portal

 Royalty portal

 United Kingdom portal

 Accession Declaration Act 1910

 Alternative successions of the English crown

 British prince

 British princess

 Family tree of the British royal family

 Jacobite succession

 List of descendants of George V

 List of heirs to the British throne

 List of heirs to the English throne

 List of heirs of Scotland

 List of monarchs in the British Isles

 Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II

 Posthumous birth

 Royal Succession Act 2013 ( New Zealand )

 Royal Succession Bills and Acts

 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( United Kingdom )

 Succession to the Crown Act 2015 ( Australia )

 Succession to the Throne Act , 2013 ( Canada )

 Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles , linked directly or indirectly -- Wikipedia book

 Notes ( edit )

 Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s . 3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . ''

 Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line .

 Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 .

 Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession .

 Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 .

 Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council .

 Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration .

 References ( edit )

 ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 27 April 2018 .

 ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 .

 Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 .

 Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 .

 Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 .

 Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 .

 Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' .

 Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 .

 Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' .

 Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ )

 Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 .

 Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk

 Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament .

 Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 .

 Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 .

 Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2

 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble

 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2

 Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 .

 Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .

 Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule

 Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... ''

 Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 )

 Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .

 Sources ( edit )

 Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Of The King , and His Title '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .

 Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1995 ) . The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 .

 Bryant , A. ( 1975 ) . A Thousand Years of British Monarchy . London : Collins .

 Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand '' . Waikato Law Review . 7 : 49 -- 72 .

 External links ( edit )

 Text of the Bill of Rights 1689

 Text of the Act of Settlement 1701

 Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 .

 Succession to the British throne

 Legislation

 Succession Act 1533

 Succession Act 1536

 Succession Act 1543

 Coronation Oath Act 1688

 Bill of Rights 1689

 Act of Settlement 1701

 Act of Union 1706

 Accession Declaration Act 1910

 Perth Agreement 2011

 Succession to the Crown Act 2013

 Regency Acts

 Orders of succession

 Monarchies

 Bahrain

 Belgium

 Bhutan

 Brunei

 Denmark

 Japan

 Jordan

 Liechtenstein

 Luxembourg

 Malaysia

 Monaco

 Morocco

 Netherlands

 Norway

 Saudi Arabia

 Spain

 Swaziland

 Sweden

 Thailand

 Tonga

 United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms

 Presidencies

 Argentina

 Austria

 Brazil

 Colombia

 D.R. Congo

 Dominican Republic

 France

 Finland

 Germany

 Iceland

 India

 Indonesia

 Ireland

 Italy

 South Korea

 Mexico

 Pakistan

 Peru

 Philippines

 Poland

 Portugal

 Romania

 Russia

 Sri Lanka

 Taiwan

 United States

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_to_the_British_throne&oldid=838504174 '' Categories :

 British monarchy

 Succession to the British crown

 Constitution of the United Kingdom

 British royalty

 British royal family

 Lines of succession

 Hidden categories :

 All articles lacking reliable references

 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015

 Use dmy dates from November 2011

 Use British English from November 2011

 Articles needing additional references from May 2015

 All articles needing additional references

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Afrikaans

 Bosanski

 Čeština

 Deutsch

 Eesti

 Español

 Français

 한국어

 हिन्दी

 Bahasa Indonesia

 Italiano

 עברית

 Magyar

 Bahasa Melayu

 Nederlands

 日本 語

 Norsk

 Norsk nynorsk

 Polski

 Português

 Română

 Русский

 Scots

 සිංහල

 Simple English

 Suomi

 Svenska

 ไทย

 中文

 21 more

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 12 : 53 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: who will take the throne after the queen dies


Josh Stewart - wikipedia

 Josh Stewart

 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For other uses , see Josh Stewart ( disambiguation ) .

 Josh Stewart

 Stewart at the 2012 New York Comic Con , October 14

 Joshua Regnall Stewart ( 1977 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Diana , West Virginia , U.S.

 Occupation

 Actor

 Years active

 1999 -- present

 Spouse ( s )

 Deanna Brigidi ( 2000 -- 2014 )

 Children

 Joshua Regnall Stewart ( born February 6 , 1977 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Holt McLaren in the FX TV series Dirt and as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , in Criminal Minds . He was also cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC TV series Third Watch and as Barsad in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises .

 Contents

 ( hide )

 1 Early life

 2 Acting career

 2.1 Early career

 2.2 Starring television roles

 2.3 Feature films

 2.4 Directorial debut

 3 Personal life

 4 Filmography

 5 References

 6 External links

 Early Life ( edit )

 Stewart was born in Diana , West Virginia , the son of Margie and Charles Regnall Stewart . His father was a high school physical education teacher as well as a former pastor of the First Baptist Church in Webster Springs and Holly River Baptist Church , and is now pastor at the Redeeming Grace Baptist Church in Webster Springs . His mother is a sixth grade teacher at Webster Springs Elementary . Stewart first attended West Virginia Wesleyan College , then transferred to West Virginia University , where he studied business . After graduating from WVU , he moved to New York to pursue acting .

 Acting career ( edit )

 Early career ( edit )

 Stewart got his start doing local theater at the Landmark Theatre in Sutton , West Virginia , and eventually moved to New York City to study at the T. Schreiber studios . He was a company member of the 13th Street Repertory Theatre . He continued his theater in Los Angeles , performing in Light Bulb and Beacon alongside Robert Forster and Brooke Shields .

 Stewart appeared as an extra in The WB series Dawson 's Creek episode `` To Green , With Love '' . In 2003 he filmed a pilot for a Western for ABC entitled Then Came Jones . In the pilot he played the character of Bill Jenkins .

 Stewart later appeared as Sean Cleary the CSI episode `` Bad to the Bone '' , which aired on April 1 , 2004 . That same year , he also appeared in a commercial for Levi 's 501 Original jeans . Stewart currently has a recurring role in Criminal Minds as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , SSA Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau 's boyfriend and later , husband .

 Starring television roles ( edit )

 Stewart got his break when he was cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC series Third Watch . As Finney , he played the son of IAB captain Cathal `` CT '' Finney .

 After Third Watch was cancelled , Stewart started filming a movie entitled Lenexa , 1 Mile ( released on DVD as Full Count ) , alongside William Baldwin , Michael Beach , Jennifer Hall , Timothy Ryan Hensel , Chris Klein , Austin Nichols , Jason Ritter , Michael Rooker , and Paul Wesley . This was also the directing debut of Jason Wiles . After filming wrapped , Stewart began filming a new television series starring Courteney Cox Arquette entitled Dirt , for the FX Network , where he played the character of Holt McLaren . On June 8 , 2008 , Cox Arquette announced that Dirt had been cancelled . During the 2010 - 2011 season , he appeared as Joshua in ABC 's No Ordinary Family . Most recently Josh Stewart has been on the USA Network series Shooter ( TV series ) ( season 2 ) . He plays opposite Ryan Phillippe 's character Bob Lee Swagger . Josh portrays Solotov , a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled with . A show based on the 2007 film of the same name and the novel `` Point of Impact '' by Stephen Hunter .

 Feature Films ( edit )

 Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008 's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin 's crewmate , Pleasant Curtis . Also that year , he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley 's teacher , Mr. Draper . In 2009 , he had his first feature film starring role , in the horror movie The Collector , playing the part of Arkin , a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife 's debts to loan sharks . In 2010 , he starred , alongside Jamie - Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark , ( originally titled Wake ) inspired by the novel The Shining . He appeared in Christopher Nolan 's final film in his Batman Saga , The Dark Knight Rises as Bane 's right - hand man , Barsad . He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes , The Walking Dead : Cold Storage , which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead . In 2013 , Josh finished filming his directorial debut , The Hunted , in which he also stars . Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci - fi epic Interstellar . The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours .

 Directorial debut ( edit )

 Josh recently completed filming his directorial and writing debut , The Hunted . He co-produced the film along with The Collector producers Brett Forbes and Patrick Rizzotti . The ' found footage ' film revolves around Jake ( Stewart ) and Stevie ( Ronnie Gene Blevins ) who want their own TV show . In an attempt to grab the media 's attention , both Jake and Stevie head to the dense , secluded woods in West Virginia , armed with only their bows and a camera , to find the biggest guy they can . However , as the sun sets over the mountains , they soon realise they are not alone in the woods and something supernatural is hunting them instead . The film screened at TIFF and eOne Films have since picked up the North American distribution rights .

 Personal Life ( edit )

 Stewart has two children with Deanna Brigidi : daughter Ryan Justine ( born 2008 ) and son River Jacob ( born 2010 ) .

 On February 27 , 2012 , Stewart went into cardiac arrest after contracting salmonella . His wife performed CPR for several minutes . Stewart now has an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator in his chest .

 Filmography ( edit )

 Film

 Year

 Film

 Role

 Notes

 2006

 Lenexa , 1 Mile

 T.J. Ketting

 2007

 The Death and Life of Bobby Z

 Monk

 Jekyll

 Tommy

 2008

 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

 Pleasant Curtis

 The Haunting of Molly Hartley

 Mr. Draper

 2009

 The Collector

 Arkin

 Law Abiding Citizen

 Rupert Ames

 Beneath the Dark

 Paul

 2012

 The Dark Knight Rises

 Barsad

 The Collection

 Arkin

 2013

 Event 15

 Sergeant Oldsman

 The Hunted

 Jake

 2014

 Transcendence

 Paul

 Interstellar

 CASE ( voice )

 2016

 The Finest Hours

 Tchuda Southerland

 Discarnate

 Casey Blackburn

 Post-production

 Cold Moon

 Nathan Redfield

 Post-production

 The Neighbor

 2018

 Insidious : The Last Key

 Gerald Rainier

 Television

 Year

 Film

 Role

 Notes

 2000

 Dawson 's Creek

 Extra

 Episode : `` To Green , With Love ''

 2003

 Then Came Jones

 Bill Jenkins

 Pilot , not picked up

 CSI

 Sean Cleary

 Episode : `` Bad to the Bone

 2004 -- 05

 Third Watch

 Officer Brendan Finney

 Main role ( season 6 ) , 20 episodes

 2007 -- 08

 Dirt

 Holt McLaren

 Main role , 20 episodes

 2007 -- present

 Criminal Minds

 Det . William LaMontagne Jr .

 Recurring role , 11 episodes

 2008

 Raising the Bar

 Dan Denton

 Episode : `` Hang Time ''

 ER

 Daniel

 Episode : `` Under Pressure ''

 2009

 CSI : Miami

 Colin Astor

 Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your CSI 's ''

 Southland

 Vid Holmes

 Episode : `` Unknown Trouble ''

 The Mentalist

 Harlan McAdoo

 Episode : `` The Scarlett Letter ''

 Ghost Whisperer

 Robert Wharton

 Episode : `` Living Nightmare ''

 2010 -- 11

 No Ordinary Family

 Joshua

 Recurring role , 14 episodes

 2012

 Grimm

 Bill

 Episode : `` The Bottle Imp ''

 The Walking Dead : Cold Storage

 Chase

 Web series , 4 episodes

 2016

 Lewis and Clark

 Reuben Field

 Pre-production , television miniseries

 2017 - present

 Shooter

 Solotov

 Recurring role

 References ( edit )

 Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart : Credit Listings '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .

 ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Stewart Featured Star on New FX Show Dirt '' . WVWC.edu . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Webster Springs Elementary School '' . Retrieved 29 October 2016 .

 Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart makes directorial debut '' . Daily Athenaeum . West Virginia University . June 25 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Webster County native returns home for directorial debut '' . West Virginia MetroNews . June 9 , 2014 .

 Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Then Came Jones on ABC '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart Levi 's 501 Original jeans TV commercial '' . DailyMotion.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 .

 Jump up ^ `` NBC 's Third Watch Adds Cara Buono and Josh Stewart as Series Regulars and Features Aidan Quinn as Guest Star in Four - Episode Arc Early in New Season '' . TheFutonCritic.com . NBC . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile Cast and Crew Bios '' . MovieTome.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile '' . Jason Wiles.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 .

 Jump up ^ `` ' Dirt ' : FX Cancels Courteney Cox Arquette Series '' . TV Series Finale . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 .

 Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` IFC Midnight Nabs Chad Feehan 's Wake / Beyond the Pale Next for Director '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` SXSW ' 10 : Trailer for ' Shining ' Inspired ' Wake ' - '' . bloody-disgusting.com .

 Jump up ^ `` Marion Cotillard & Gary Oldman CLOSE UP Near InventHelp Filming Scene Dark Knight Rises '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` First Look At Marion Cotillad As Talia al Ghul And More Images Of Hathaway As Selena Kyle '' . YouBentMyWookie . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .

 ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Actor Josh Stewart Joins Chris Pine in ' Finest Hours ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Josh Stewart , who played the villain Barsad in `` The Dark Knight Rises '' ...

 Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Rises , The Collector Actor Directs Horror Film , The Hunted '' . Shock Till You Drop .

 Jump up ^ `` Eagle Rocker Thanks LAFD Dispatcher who Helped Save Her Husband 's Life '' . Eagle Rock , CA Patch . March 31 , 2012 .

 Jump up ^ `` The Secret Fluffiness of Josh Stewart ... - Me In My Place ® - beautiful women at home '' . Me In My Place ® - beautiful women at home .

 De Leon , Kris ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Hot List : Dirt - Josh Stewart '' . BuddyTV.com .

 Fernandez , Jay A. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Junior for Criminal Mind 's J. J '' . TV Guide .

 External links ( edit )

 Biography portal

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Stewart .

 Josh Stewart on IMDb

 Josh Stewart at TV.com

 Josh Stewart at TVGuide.com

 VIAF : 164843430

 LCCN : no2010071231

 ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 579X

 GND : 1064896812

 SUDOC : 158231279

 BNF : cb16224342g ( data )

 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Stewart&oldid=818740580 '' Categories :

 1977 births

 Living people

 Male actors from West Virginia

 American male film actors

 American male television actors

 People from Webster County , West Virginia

 West Virginia University alumni

 21st - century American male actors

 American male voice actors

 20th - century American male actors

 Hidden categories :

 All articles with dead external links

 Articles with dead external links from October 2010

 Articles with dead external links from January 2017

 Articles with permanently dead external links

 Use mdy dates from August 2012

 Articles with hCards

 All articles with unsourced statements

 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

 Talk

 Contents

 About Wikipedia

 Asturianu

 Deutsch

 Español

 فارسی

 Français

 한국어

 Íslenska

 Italiano

 Nederlands

 日本 語

 Português

 Русский

 Simple English

 Svenska

 中文

 Edit links

 This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 08 : 34 .

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .

 About Wikipedia

Question: where is jj's husband on criminal minds