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per cent and has potential for cane yield of 40 t/ha or more. Projected uses of sweet sorghum are production of alcohol, syrup and jaggery from the stalk juice. The recovery of alcohol in the pilot run showed 9 per cent of the juice having a brix of 12°. The various quality parameters that are determined along with the... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Soil: It can be sown during June, coinciding with the SWM, September-October during NEM with a rainfall of 500-600 mm well distributed across the growing period and also during summer with assured irrigation. The crop does not prefer high rainfall as high soil moisture or continuous heavy rain after flowering may hampe... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
fertility level is 120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O. Half of N and whole of P and K are applied as basal. Remaining N is to be top-dressed during 25–30 days after germination, following weeding and intercultivation. 630 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Weed management: Atrazine @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha can be applied as pre-emergence ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
noticing the symptoms of foliar diseases, for both transplanted and direct sown crops. Head mould: Spraying Mancozeb 1 kg/ha or Zineb 1 kg/ha or Captan 1 kg/ha + Aureofungin sol 100 g/ha may be done in case of intermittent rainfall during ear head emergence and a week later. Sugary disease: Sowing period to be adjusted... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
: 380 l/t of grain 3. SUGAR BEET Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris Var. Saccharifera L.) is a biennial sugar producing tuber crop, grown in temperate countries. Now, tropical sugar beet varieties are gaining momentum in tropical and sub AGRONOMY oF FIELD CROPS AND BIOFUEL PLANTS 631 tropical countries including Tamil Nadu as a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
conditions prevailing during crop growth period. Climate and soil: Tropical sugar beet requires good sunshine during its growth period. Sugar beet can be grown during October-March with a well-distributed rainfall of 300–350 mm across the growing period. This condition favours vegetative growth and acts as a base for t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
2 cm depth on the top of the ridges at 20 cm apart at one seed per hole. Manures and fertilizers Manures and fertilizers Basal application Top dressing Farm Yard Manure 10 t/acre – Biofertilizers Azospirillum 2 kg/acre (10 pockets) Phosphobacteria 2 kg/acre (10 pockets) – Fertilizers Nitrogen – 15 kg/acre each at 30 an... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
are aphids, tobacco caterpillar and diamond back moth. To control aphids, spray neem oil 3% or dimethoate 2 ml/l with teepol. For tobacco caterpillar, spray endosulfon 2 ml/l or carbaryl 2g/l of water. The major insect pests that affect the sugar beet crop are rhizoctonia wilt, powdery mildew, cercospora leaf spot, and... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
increased rice production. In some countries, fertilizer prices were subsidised, thereby enabling farmers to apply production-maximising doses. During the same period, use of organic manures including green manure, declined substantially. But fossil fuel-based inorganic fertilizers are becoming more expensive. Another ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
greatest hunger, is a costly plant nutrient. This can be cheaply obtained by the inclusion of leguminous crops in rotations and their ploughing under. AGRONOMY oF FIELD CROPS AND BIOFUEL PLANTS 633 A. Definition Crops grown for the purpose of restoring or increasing the organic matter content in the soil are called gre... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
in young orchards with the object of shading the soil surface and preventing the rise of temperature. Otherwise the tender roots of fruit plants may be affected by the high soil temperature. In plantation crops like tea and coffee, Gliricidia is used as shade crop first and then incorporated as green manure. (c) Cover ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
but also result in the release of plant nutrients in available forms of use by the crops. Green manuring improves aeration in the rice soils by stimulating the activities of surface film of algae and bacteria. Many green manure crops have additional use as sources of food, feed and fuel. (i) Soil structure and tilth im... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
when applied to sodic soils continuously for four or five seasons, improves the permeability and helps to leach out the harmful sodic salts. The soil becomes fit for growing crops. Green leaf manure from sources such as Argemone mexicana and Tamarindus indica has a buffering effect when applied to sodic soils. (iv) Imp... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
which have root nodules produced by bacteria or fungi, e.g., Casuarina, Elasagnus and Cycas. They are not as succulent as legumes and hence require more soil moisture and time for decomposition. (iii) Characteristics desirable in legume green manure crops: • Multipurpose • Short duration, fast growing, and high nutrien... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Vitex negundo. Non-conventional green manures: These are leguminous or non-leguminous annuals, shrubs and trees, capable of providing large biomass and can supply considerable quantity of plant nutrients. Initial setback may be seen in crops after the incorporation of organic residues with wide C:N ratio, high lignin c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
which can be used as green manure in India. One such crop is velvet beans (Stizolobium deeringianum). This is an important forage legume widely grown in the tropics and sub-tropics. This crop puts up vigorous growth, accumulating greater biomass and covers the ground fairly well in a short period, smothering weeds and ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
yield of 2 t/ha. Being a photosensitive crop it has to be sown at the right time to get optimum biomass and seed yield. According to studies, Velvet beans accumulated greater biomass during South-west monsoon and North-east monsoon. February was found to be the best month for sowing. Since it has multiple use, its incl... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
those that are protected by local farmers, e.g., Acioa barterii, Chlorophora excelsa, Alchornea cordifolia, Anthonota macrophylla and Dialium guineense in southern Nigeria. Also tropical grasses such as Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum maximum or Tripsacum laxum can produce large biomass and accumulate phosphorus and pota... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
cultivation; these green manures may be left to grow for one or several years, or only during the dry season; 638 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY • Alley cropping, a form of simultaneous fallow in which quickly growing trees, shrubs (usually legumes) or grasses are planted in rows and are regularly cut back; the pruning are use... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
Manure Crops 1. Sesbania speciosa (sithagathi): It is adaptive to different soil conditions and can come up in sandy, loamy, alluvial, clayey and alkaline soils. Though the growth is very slow in the first 30–40 days, it picks up subsequently making rapid growth. It withstands salinity to some extent. It has no serious... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of green matter for the second crop. For this purpose, at the time of raising rice nursery for the first crop, 0.75 kg of seeds of Sesbania may be sown in 2.5 cents of nursery. While transplanting rice seedlings, Sesbania seedlings are also pulled out and planted along the borders of the field. Each plant of Sesbania g... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
It adapts itself to varying conditions of soil and climate. It can be grown even under adverse conditions of drought, water logging, salinity, etc. It comes up even in alkaline soils and corrects alkalinity if grown repeatedly for four-five years. Bacterial nodules are formed in plenty on the roots. The plant has a sof... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
It is a tropical legume, which thrives well under flooded, and water logged conditions, producing aerial nodules on the stem. Due to its profuse stem nodulation, it gives ten times more nodules than most of the legumes. This can be grown either prior to rice crop or in between two rice crops. Though naturally propagate... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
be done 60 DAS to increase branching and seed yield Harvest Incorporate the green matter within 45–50 DAS and seeds can be collected from 100 DAS (3–4 harvest) Yield Green biomass–20 t/ha, Seed–500–600 kg/ha 4. Crotalaria juncea (Sunnhemp): It is a very quick growing green manure-cum-fibre crop. It comes up well in loa... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
grazed by cattle and so no protection is needed in the field. Further, if the crop is continuously raised for 2–4 seasons in the same field, it becomes self sown in the subsequent years and, thereafter, there is no need of any fresh sowing of seeds in the same field. It is suitable for light soils. It does not withstan... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
seed purpose adopt 30 × 10 cm Irrigation Once in 30 days Harvest Incorporate within 60 DAS and for seed collect from 150 DAS Yield Green biomass 3.5–5 t/ha, Seed–400–500 kg/ha 6. Indigofera tinctoria: This is a perennial shrub. It is found wild and in cultivated lands. There are two types, which closely resemble each o... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
large volume of roots in the ground. The luxurious surface growth of the plant protects the soil from the splash effects of raindrops during the monsoon months. The chief merit of Calopogonium as a cover crop, in addition to the ease with which it can be established in a very short period, is that it dries up during th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
of soil but prefers loamy and clayey soils. Initially, adequate soil moisture is essential for its early growth. One or two irrigations given during its growth period will help in producing bumper harvest of forage crop. After this harvest, the crop can be ploughed into the soil. It is able to withstand drought and als... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
It has prostrate stem. It sheds its leaves. It has to be replanted each year. The biomass produced by this plant is more than that of centrosema. 11. Stylosanthes hamata: It is used as a good soil cover and also as forage crop. It is a perennial drought resistant, spreading type. It is capable of growing on sandy soils... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
also gathered for use as green leaf manure. Green leaves have the same effect as green manure on the land and the crop. The common shrubs growing in waste lands are Cassia auriculata, Dodonia viscosa, Calotropis gigantea, etc. Leguminous trees like Pongamia glabra and can be planted in waste lands, for augmenting the s... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the side. When the shrubs are regularly lopped, the height is restricted to 2–3 m and they do not affect the growth of cultivated crops with their shade effect. Glyricidia can be propagated by planting stem cuttings or seedlings raised in nurseries. The establishment of seedling is better compared to stem cutting. The ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
almost in the wild condition. It is a hardy plant. The plant is propagated through seeds. The seeds get dispersed and plants grow naturally without any efforts. When the plants start to flower in off-season, they are cut and applied to the fields. 4. Derris indica (Syn. Pongamia glabra): It is a leguminous, moderate si... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
three lopping of green leaves are taken in a year during favourable seasons. A tree will give as much as 100–150 kg of green matter per lopping. 7. Delonix elata (Vadanarayan): It is a tropical ever green tree, which thrives in all types of soils. Generally, it is propagated by stem cuttings. In a year, 2–3 lopping can... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
strains of Rhizobium bacteria for each legume should be present. It may be that poor and ineffective forms of many of the strains of rhizobia are present in normal soils. They may produce nodules that provide little or no nitrogen. Therefore, it becomes necessary to inoculate the legume seeds with beneficial strains of... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
so that the cereals would be depleting the soil of its nitrogen and the legume would thrive on the atmospheric nitrogen. The requirements for successful nitrogen fixation are proper inoculation with efficient strains of bacteria, adequate supply of available phosphate, lime and moisture, good drainage and a neutral soi... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
AGRONOMY oF FIELD CROPS AND BIOFUEL PLANTS 645 J. Stage of Incorporation When the green manure crops are grown and incorporated in the same field, the best stage of incorporation is the flowering stage of the crop. However, when green-leaf manuring is practised by bringing in the green plants grown elsewhere, no defini... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to the crop and other agronomic practices followed. For example, for sugarcane, sunnhemp is grown along with the main sugarcane crop and the green manure crop is incorporated after about 40 to 50 days growth at the time of earthing up. In the case of plantation crops, green manure grown in the same field or brought fro... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
The green manure applied to soil undergoes a series of chemical changes and only after these biochemical changes the nutrients contained in the plants become available and the Humus is synthesized. Hence, as in the case of any other bulky organic manure, the nutrients become available slowly and steadily for a prolonge... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
chemical and biological properties of the soil will influence the rate and type of decomposition. In general, the decomposition will be rapid in a fertile soil than in a non-fertile soil. Nature of green manure: The composition of the green manure, its age, maturity, etc. will also influence the rate and type of decomp... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
6 O2 BACTERIA → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY In the same way, if starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose are present, they will be converted finally to carbon dioxide and water. This conversion is found to be performed by a group of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes capable of living only under aerated condition. But the variou... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
alkaloids etc., are decomposed by a great variety of micro organisms. AGRONOMY oF FIELD CROPS AND BIOFUEL PLANTS 647 Changes in nitrogen compounds Proteins Hydrolysis Aminization Amino acids Amino acid Ammonification Ammonia Nitrite (Nitrification) Nitrate Polypeptides (peptide and peptones) Therefore, in the aerobic d... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the organisms capable of thriving in the absence of oxygen will develop and they will decompose the various constituents present in the plant body. (a) Changes to carbon compounds: The various compounds are attacked and converted to methane, various organic acids, alcohols and carbon dioxide. For example, if glucose is... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
aerobic decomposition. So in the anaerobic decomposition, the carbon compounds are converted to methane, carbon dioxide, organic acids, the nitrogen compounds into ammonia and gaseous nitrogen and there is the formation of humus to some extent. Carbon nitrogen ratio on decomposition process: Carbon nitrogen ratio is th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
organisms will utilize all the nitrogen. Once the available nitrogen is exhausted, the micro organisms will become inactive and decomposition rate will be retarded. In contrast, when proportionate amounts of both carbon and nitrogen are available, the mineralization will proceed in a normal way. Mature plants have a ve... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
manures. Thus, the C:N ratio is an useful indicator by which the decomposition process, the release of nutrients and other biochemical reactions connected with mineralization can be well understood. N. Farmer Acceptance of Green Manuring If green manure crops are not associated with a direct increase in income, farmers... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
manure crop is not preferred by farmers in intensive cropping system. • In North India, where rice is grown after a wheat crop, the farmers are not able to carry out field operations in the peak summer months of May and June. • As the benefits of green manuring are not as spectacular as those usually derives from direc... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
to the cultivated crops like cereals and legumes. The term fodder is generally applied to nontraditional forage crops used for livestock feed e.g., maize, sorghum, bajra, guar etc. are primarily the grain crops, but also raised as soiling crop (greed fodder, which is cut and fed to cattle). The gap of demand and supply... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
CROPS AND BIOFUEL PLANTS 651 A. Toxic Constituents in Forages (i) Hydrocynic acid (HCN) poisoning: It causes sudden death with in 1–2 hours. Ruminants are more susceptible than horse and pigs. Etiology: It is found in sorghum, cyanodon, Johnson grass and Sudan grass. Young leaves contain more than 500 ppm. Critical lev... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
fodder is important • Supplemental with chalk or superannuated limewater at 1.0 lit/animal may be given along with drinking water. (iv) Mimosine: A toxic amino acid found in subabul and Mimosa pudica. Critical level is < 0.75%. Symptoms: Infertility, goiter, low birth weight and death of newborn. Control: Mixing with o... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
is cultivated throughout the year under irrigation. Varieties: BN 2 – Green fodder yield of 250 t/ha/year NB21 – 225 t/ha/year CO1 – 250–300 t/ha/year CO2 – 350–385 t/ha/year CO3 – 380–400 t/ha; higher foliage, low oxalic acid content (2.8–2.9%) Non-lodging, profuse tillering, more leafy. Seeds: It is multiplied by veg... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
+ cowpea + berseem Water Management: Life irrigation on 3rd day is given and thereafter once in 10 days. Sewage or wastewater can also be used for irrigation. After cultivation: Hand weeding and hoeing is done on 30 DAP (days after planting). Thinning and gap filling is done to maintain plant population. Earthing up is... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
in crude protein (10%), Ca (0.56%) and P (0.33%). The cropping systems like guinea grass + cowpea, guinea grass + velvet bean, guinea grass + lucerne, guinea grass + berseem, guinea grass + desmodium, guinea grass + stylosanthus and guinea grass + rice bean are recommended/ followed. Origin: Tropical and subtropical Af... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
is done to maintain spacing. Earthing up is done once after three cuts. Dried tillers are removed once in a year. Irrigation: Irrigation is given at the time of planting/sowing, followed by life irrigation on 3rd day. Thereafter, irrigation is given once in 10 days or as required. Harvest: First cut is done at 80 DAP a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
50 cm. Plant to a depth of 3 cm on the side of ridges. After cultivation and Irrigation: similar to that of guinea grass. Harvest: First cut is done at 60 DAP and subsequent cuts may be done once in 45 days. Green fodder yield: 200–240 t/ha/year. 4. Blou buffel grass (Cenchrus glaucus) It is a promising green grass, wh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
25 kg/ha should be applied. Seeds and sowing: Seeds are to be sown at a shallow depth (1 cm) and cover with soil. Care is to be taken for the seeds, i.e., seeds are mixed with soil and used to avoid blown away by wind while sowing. After cultivation: One hand weeding is done on 30 DAS. Harvest: First cut is done on 70–... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
country plough for rainfed crop. Field should be prepared in advance taking advantage of early showers. FYM @12.5 t/ha is applied and incorporated. Application of 10 pockets of Azospirillum (2 kg/ha) for irrigated crop is recommended. Ridges and furrows of 6 m long and 30 cm apart are formed and irrigation channels acr... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
DAS and second weeding on 30–40 DAS if necessary. Along with hand weeding, thinning and gap filling is done, maintaining the spacing of 15 cm between plants. Harvesting: If it is a single cut, it should be harvested at 60–65 days (50% flowering) and if it is a multicut variety, the first cut is at 60 DAS and a second c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
DAS 30: – – Seed and sowing: The seed rate is 40 kg/ha and one seed is dibbled in the row to a depth of 4 cm. The recommended spacing is 30 × 15 cm. The seeds are treated with 3 pockets of (600 g) Azospirillum inoculant before sowing. Weed management: Hand weeding is done on 20th day and subsequent weeding if necessary... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
FYM at 25 t/ha is applied as basal and NPK requirement is 50:40:20 kg/ha respectively. 25:40:20 kg NPK/ha is applied as basal prior to sowing and the remaining 25 kg N as top dressing on 25 DAS. Seed and sowing: The seeds are sown to a depth of 2-3 cm and covered or the seeds are broadcasted and covered with country pl... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
a tropical crop and it can be grown in warm humid regions with annual rainfall of >1000 mm. Soil: It needs rich well-drained loamy soil for best growth. Season: It is usually grown in kharif season. Best time of sowing in north India is June 25th to July 15th. It is also grown in rabi season. Sowing: Seed rate is 40 kg... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
and berseem. It will increase intake of fodder by improving fodder availability and capable of replacing concentrates in animal rations and save feeding costs. In India, important leguminous forage crops are: • Annual–summer growing – Cowpea and Stylosanthus hamata • Annual–winter growing – Berseem and Lentil • Perenni... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
required. Irrigation: Irrigation is given immediately after sowing. Life irrigation is given on 3rd day and there after once in 10 days. Harvest: Harvest is done on 50–55 days (50% flowering). Green fodder yield: 20–25 t/ha. 2. Berseem or Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) In India, it is an important rabi forage... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
possible if temperature goes > 27°C. e.g., Pusa Giant (winter hardy and frost resistant) can yield 10-15% more than Mescari. Manuring: Apply FYM 15 t/ha and NPK: 25:60:0 kg/ha as basal. Seeds and sowing: Seed rate is 20–25 kg/ha. For late/early sowing, the seed rate is 30–35 kg/ha. The seeds are treated with rhizobium ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
South America. Season: Irrigated crop can be cultivated through out the year and rainfed crop is raised during June–October. Soils: All types of soils. Field preparations: The field is ploughed once with iron plough and thrice with country plough and makes it to fine tilth. Ridges and furrows are formed at 50 cm apart.... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
America. Varieties: Stylosanthes hamata (perennial) and Stylosanthus scabra (perennial). Season: Irrigated crop can be cultivated through out the year and rainfed crop is raised during June–July/September–October. Field preparation: The field is ploughed 2–3 times to obtain good tilth. Manuring: Application of FYM or c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
(for 3–4 years from the same field). It is cultivated in USA, Canada, Argentina and India. In India, it is mostly grown in irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Origin: South-west Asia. Climate: It thrives best under dry and sunny condition. It can be grown even up to 2... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
legumes and pods rich in proteins and minerals to livestocks. They provide variety of products such as fuel, timber, fiber, human food, medicine etc. and they provide shade for grazing animals. Fodder trees are the source of organic matter to soil and increase soil N besides improving soil structure. The fodder trees c... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
over night in cold water. Irrigation: For better establishment, the soil should be sufficiently moist for 5–6 months. In summer, irrigation once in 6 weeks is adequate. Harvest: For irrigated crop, first cut is done 6 months after sowing and subsequent cut at 45–60 days interval and for rainfed crop, first cut is 2 yea... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
The tree varies much in size, remaining little more than a shrub in some localities, and in others attaining a height of 50–60 ft. or even more, and occasionally a girth of 8–10 ft. Phenology: The young leaves appear from March to May, the old leaves commencing to fall before they appear. Flowering is most general in t... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
(when 3–4 months old). For obtaining bigger plants, seeds are sown in June–July in bigger bags and one year old seedlings can be planted. It’s rotation is 30 years for timber and 15–20 years for tannin; it yields 23.02 m3 wood per ha at the age of 30 years and 8–10 t of pods per ha. 15.14.2 Pasture Management Pastures ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
establishment techniques: (a) Reseeding: Due to poor germination of seeds of Sewan and Marvel grass, the sowing of mixture of seeds of Cenchrus species and Sewan grass is found advantage for large scale development of pasture in arid regions like Rajasthan. (b) Transplanting: The establishment of Sewan grass and Marvel... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
up to 6 sheep/ha in a continuous grazing system. The quality of pasture can be evaluated in terms of number of lambing and lamb weight at birth. The improved pastures produced more number of lambs (2.78) than natural pastures (1.56), because of better quality of forages. (vi) Rotational grazing: It is one in which the ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
inclusion of legume pasture With availability of high fodder yielding varieties of season-bound and perennial fodder crops, there is a glut/abundance of fodder availability during peak-periods of growth (rainy season/monsoon season) and scarcity during other periods. The best way to regulate the supply of palatable and... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the afternoon and before irrigation. • Though the fodder species may be dried as such in the field itself, the best quality hay is made by chaffing into small pieces by hand driven machine or with a power drivers chaff. Either chaffed or unchaffed material is spread evenly in layers and is turned 2–3 times daily. In th... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
loss of carotenes • Leaching—Loss of protein, N free extract minerals and vitamins. Thereby crude protein content increases and digestibility decreases. C. Methods of haymaking (i) Hay curing structures: In some countries, haymaking is done in hay barns, which are specially designed structures in which hot air is circu... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
shades: Hay curing shades of convenient size of 18 m × 9 m × 3 m with a slanting rod supported by pillars are constructed with corrugated asbestos. Chain like fencing of 5 cm × 5 cm mesh and 1–1.2 m in width is arranged length wise in a 4 or 5 tier system. These types of sheds are good for making hay during the monsoon... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
medium in protein content are ideally suited for silage making. High content of soluble carbohydrates provides excellent growth medium for the anaerobic bacteria to form abundant acids, which increases the keeping quality of the silage. Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Guinea grass, Para grass and Napier grass are highly suitable ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
dry matter. In silo pits, the bottom and sides should be carpeted with dry grass or long straw of grasses or cereal crops etc., so as to make 5–6 cm 666 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY thick carpet all around. This carpeting helps to prevent the direct contact between fresh-chaffed material and soil. The fodder to be ensiled sh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
atmospheric ‘N’ with ensiled material, which prevent the anaerobic fermentation. The silage is ready after 2–3 months. A silo pit is opened and the material is removed daily by exposing little surface area to prevent sunlight. The feeding of the silage should be regulated in such a way that the silage is used within a ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
horse gram etc. Silage: It is the product obtained by packing fresh fodder in a suitable container and allowing it to ferment under anaerobic conditions without undergoing much loss of nutrients. Ensiling: The process of making silage. Hay: It can be defined as conversion of green forage in to dry form without affectin... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
instance, residual effect of manures and fertilizers applied and nitrogen fixed by legumes can considerably bring down the production cost if all the crops are considered than individual crops. In this context, cropping systems approach is gaining importune. 16.1 CROPPING SYSTEM It is an important component of a farmin... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
These principles are as follows: • Crops with top roots should be followed by those, which have fibrous root system. This helps in proper and uniform use of nutrients and water from the soil and the roots do not compete with each other. • Leguminous crops should be grown after non-leguminous crops because legumes fix a... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
hosts for insects/pests and disease pathogens. Apart from this, different types of weeds are found associated with various crops, therefore, selection of the same type of crops in rotation encourages weed problems in the field. • An ideal crop rotation is one, which provides maximum employment to the family and farm la... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the end of 2020 A.D., the perceptive land availability will be less than 0.17 ha. And by all possible means like reclaiming the problem soils and wastelands the net area cultivated could be increased to 150 m.ha only. The other estimate shows that the cultivated area may be even reduced because of increasing population... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
with the improvement in technology and economic factors e.g., sugarcane and cotton average shrinks when the prices are more favourable for grain crops and vice-versa. Therefore, a new concept has been evolved which refers to both time and space sequence of crops. It includes the identification of the most efficient cro... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
crops in different regions becomes imperative. 670 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY This could be done with the help of relative yield index (RYI) and relative spread index (RSI) of the crop. Mean yield of the crop in zone RVI 100 Mean all Indian yield = × Per cent area of the crop of the total cultivated area in the zone RSI 10... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the most suitable cropping pattern. The zone, which appears to be inefficient for a crop, should be identified and more efficient crops substituted. Efficient Crop Zone: It is the zone/area where the productivity of a crop is higher and also stable due to prevalence of optimum condition for crop growth and yield. 1. Ri... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
part of India. In Tamil Nadu, cultivation of sorghum is common in: • North-western zone (Salem and Dharmapuri districts) • Western zone (Coimbatore and Erode districts) • Southern zone (Tirunelveli and Madurai districts). Sorghum yields are higher in Southern zone. Some area under sorghum in black soils, are diverted f... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
grown as irrigated crop in Villupuram, Chengelput, Coimbatore and Erode districts. 7. Pulse zone: India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world and accounts 33% of world area and 22% of world production. Nearly 90% of pulses are grown under rainfed condition. In India, potential production of pulses... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
the simplest system of two crops a year in sequence to complex 672 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY intercropping with many crops. Multiple cropped lands can be broadly grouped into lowlands, irrigated uplands, and rainfed uplands. A. Lowland and Irrigated Uplands Rice based cropping systems predominate in lowlands. Number of cr... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
delaying wheat by about 2 months. Short duration green gram or fodder crops can be grown after the harvest of wheat in summer. C. Rainfed Uplands Cropping systems in rainfed uplands predominantly take the form of intercropping in Alfishols, Inseptisols and Entisols during rainy season. Cereal + pigeon pea system (sorgh... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
stability. CROPPING SYSTEM AND FARMING SYSTEM 673 Cropping System Region of Importance Fig. 16.1 Major cropping systems of irrigated areas in India Cotton, rice Wheat Western India Vegetables Potato (of) Mung Maize mustard Late Wheat bean Western and north India Mung bean/pigeonpea Late Wheat Western and north India So... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
two or more crops in sequence on the on the same piece of land in a cropping season. same piece of land in a farming year (June–May) (June–Sept. Kharif) Includes three seasons. (Oct–Jan. Rabi) Intercropping is intensive cropping mainly in Sequential cropping is intensive cropping mainly space dimension. in time dimensi... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
space, (vii) less incidence of insect pests and diseases attack, and (viii) less erosion losses. At the same time, there are several disadvantages of intercropping as (i) the fertilizer management is difficult because the nutrient requirement of the crops is different, (ii) difficulty in harvesting because of different... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
row arrangement. E.g., fodder sorghum + fodder cowpea or pillipesera. I. Sole cropping Vs. Row intercropping Sole cropping: One crop variety grown alone in pure stand at normal density. It is also called solid planting. For example, Sorghum at 45 × 15 cm, groundnut at 30 × 10 cm. Row intercropping: Growing two or more ... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
crop has reached the maturity stage but before the harvest of standing crop or it refers to planting of succeeding crop before the harvest of preceding crop. The planting of succeeding crop may be done before or after flowering, before or after the attainment of reproductive stage, completion of active life cycle, sene... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
system of growing crops of different heights together at the same time on the same piece of land and thus, using land, water and space most efficiently and economically. It is aimed at maximum production per unit area per unit time wherein economic yields of compatible crop species are harvested from different heights.... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
examples could be–coconut + pepper + grasses, coffee + banana + arhar. The other examples are: For example, • Coconut +bajra-napier grass + stylo in Western zone of Tamil Nadu; • Sorghum + red gram + lab lab + pillipesara : Tamil Nadu; • Ground nut + castor + red gram + lab lab. : Tamil Nadu; VI. Alley cropping or Hedg... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
• Creates obstruction for free usage of farm implements and machinery for various cultural operations. For example, cotton + onion/junior hoe. • Acts as alternate hosts for various pests and diseases by harbouring insect pests and diseases. • Hindrance to chemical weed management. 16.3.1.2 Multiple Cropping (a) Concept... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
most profitable crops capable to utilize growth resources and land in best manner, (iii) the crop combinations and in put rations should be compatible with farmer’s skill, enterprise preference, health, age and capital, (iv) assured irrigation facility, (v) local availability of essential inputs like improved seeds, fe... | Agricultural_studies.pdf | Agri life sciences |
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