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2910 9. Dharmapuri 9819 7260 15211 363 149 10. Krishnagiri 1645 2572 15391 429 653 11. Erode 19948 5434 44660 17277 1347 12. Coimbatore 5883 11547 19147 1125 236 13. The Nilgiris 11 0 0 5 0 14. Tiruchirappalli 4470 2715 15456 657 598 15. Karur 2842 445 7114 4721 83 16. Perambalur 10721 2794 31755 3610 157 17. Pudukotta...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
933 1996–97 2174 395 165 111 2977 582 902 1997–98 2261 380 169 107 3051 591 868 1998–99 2275 365 154 120 3039 637 858 1999–00 2164 351 158 123 2940 693 759 2000–01 2080 331 129 127 2813 688 699 2001–02 2060 317 125 125 2766 686 663 2002–03 1516 320 102 104 2229 563 502 2003–04 1397 402 159 118 2300 537 592 2004–05 1873...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Rice Sorghum Sorghum Cumbu Cumbu area production area production area production (ha) (t) (ha) (t) (ha) (t) 1. Kancheepuram 101674 307110 2 2 26 44 2. Thiruvallur 66734 199886 187 141 1950 3678 3. Cuddalore 114599 315702 1327 524 3176 4640 4. Villupuram 163696 525850 2004 1444 20439 19546 5. Vellore 29399 90145 12464 1...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
STATE 1872822 5061622 376739 252063 97608 124300 ANNEXURES 749 ANNEXURE-17 Area and Production of Maize and Ragi in Tamil Nadu-district wise (2004–05) Sl. No. Districts Maize Maize Ragi Ragi area (ha) production (t) area (ha) production (t) 1. Kancheepuram 27 42 855 1578 2. Thiruvallur 0 0 199 339 3. Cuddalore 3950 758...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Kancheepuram 0 33 668 3054 82 2. Thiruvallur 1 1427 8230 1190 168 3. Cuddalore 0 664 3489 31563 57 4. Villupuram 0 509 381 15995 457 5. Vellore 2 13774 2210 4380 5189 6. Thiruvannamalai 73 2578 1399 4172 3855 7. Salem 163 1224 3165 3019 2191 8. Namakkal 16 1307 8565 3518 2102 9. Dharmapuri 756 2488 1080 1706 13752 10. ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
2. Thiruvallur 3240 329440 0 0 3. Cuddalore 29734 3549318 1572 1734 4. Villupuram 39444 4511684 5215 9582 5. Vellore 12325 1000691 1885 5114 6. Thiruvannamalai 17231 1596624 2576 5271 7. Salem 6399 583832 14958 28430 8. Namakkal 9476 1306920 3488 5486 9. Dharmapuri 9819 783163 7260 10699 10. Krishnagiri 1645 88236 2572...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
4 7. Salem 29887 35009 1302 858 973 8. Namakkal 48111 51156 667 422 2910 9. Dharmapuri 15211 24621 363 163 149 10. Krishnagiri 15391 23792 429 57 653 11. Erode 44660 82524 17277 13852 1347 12. Coimbatore 19147 24227 1125 392 236 13. The Nilgiris 0 0 5 2 0 14. Tiruchirappalli 15456 26820 657 373 598 15. Karur 7114 14341...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Pradesh 1.37 Tamil Nadu 1.10 Rapeseed and Mustard Rajasthan 4.42 Uttar Pradesh 0.91 Madhya Pradesh 0.85 Soyabean Madhya Pradesh 4.50 Maharashtra 2.53 Rajasthan 0.86 Sunflower Karnataka 0.79 Andhra Pradesh 0.30 Maharashtra 0.21 Total Oilseeds Rajasthan 5.96 Madhya Pradesh 5.72 Gujarat 4.68 754 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY III...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Romania 1411 2479 1757F Russian Federation 19960* 34062 1707F Spain 2218 6290 2836F Syria 1796 4913 2736F Turkey 9400F 19000* 2021F 756 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY U.K. 1837 14288* 7778F U.S.A 21383 63590 2974F Ukraine 2625 3600 1371F 3. Maize World 142685 638043 4472 Argentina 2323 15040 6474F Brazil 12935 47809 3696F Cana...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
66400F Pakistan 1086 52056 47934F Philippines 385* 25835* 67104F U.S.A. 404 31301 77515F 6. Tobacco Leaves World 3938 6195 1573 Argentina 61F 126F 2066F Bangladesh 33F 40F 1212F Brazil 389 648 1666F Bulgaria 38F 60F 1579F Canada 23F 60F 2609F China 1353F 2308* 1706 France 9 24 2768F Greece 57* 121* 2123F India 435* 595...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
1971–72 37.76 43.07 1141 37.2 1972–73 36.69 39.24 1070 39.1 1973–74 38.29 44.05 1151 38.4 1974–75 37.89 39.58 1045 38.8 1975–76 39.48 48.74 1235 38.7 1976–77 38.51 41.92 1089 38.4 1977–78 40.28 52.67 1308 40.2 1978–79 40.48 53.77 1328 41.6 1979–80 39.42 42.33 1074 42.8 1980–81 40.15 53.63 1336 40.7 1981–82 40.71 53.25 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
% of Cumulative Yield total total % of total total total % of total area production production area production production West Bengal 5.78 13.24 14.51 15.81 15.81 2509 5.78 13.79 14.88 17.90 17.90 2574 Andhra Pradesh 3.98 9.12 11.70 12.75 28.55 2939 3.09 7.37 9.60 11.55 29.45 3111 Uttar Pradesh 5.58 12.78 11.13 12.13 4...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
91.79 100.00 2102 41.91 00.00 83.13 100.00 1984 @ Since area/production is low in individual states, yield rate is not worked out. Note: States have been arranged in descending order of percentage share of production during 2005–06. * Provisional. ANNEXURES 761 ANNEXURE-25 All-India Area, Production and Yield of Wheat ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
25.89 69.35 2679 1997–98 26.70 66.35 2485 1998–99 27.52 71.29 2590 1999–2000 27.49 76.37 2778 2000–01 25.73 69.68 2708 2001–02 26.34 72.77 2762 2002–03 25.20 65.76 2610 2003–04 26.60 72.16 2713 2004–05 26.38 68.64 2602 2005–06 26.48 69.35 2619 Note: The yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of produ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
1890 Uttaranchal 0.40 1.51 0.65 0.94 98.57 1633 0.39 1.48 0.80 1.17 98.44 2038 Jammu & Kashmir 0.25 0.94 0.44 0.63 99.21 1790 0.25 0.95 0.47 0.68 99.13 1910 Karnataka 0.25 0.94 0.22 0.32 99.52 858 0.24 0.91 0.18 0.26 99.39 740 Jharkhand 0.06 0.23 0.08 0.12 99.64 1340 0.06 0.23 0.15 0.22 99.61 2381 Assam 0.05 0.19 0.05 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
9.80 523 4.5 1969–70 18.61 9.72 522 4.1 1970–71 17.37 8.11 466 3.6 1971–72 16.78 7.72 460 4.4 1972–73 15.51 6.97 449 3.3 1973–74 16.72 9.10 544 4.0 1974–75 16.19 10.41 643 4.6 1975–76 16.09 9.50 591 4.9 1976–77 15.77 10.52 667 5.1 1977–78 16.32 12.06 739 4.9 1978–79 16.15 11.44 708 4.8 1979–80 16.67 11.65 699 4.9 1980–...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Area–m.ha Production–m.t Yield–Kg./ha 2005–06 2004–05 State Area % of Production % of Cumulative Yield Area % of Production % of Cumulative Yield total total % of total total total % of total area production production area production production Maharashtra 4.74 54.67 3.90 51.11 51.11 824 4.76 52.37 3.62 50.00 50.00 76...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Production Yield % Coverage under (m.ha) (m.t) (kg./ha) irrigation 1950–51 9.02 2.60 288 3.4 1951–52 9.52 2.35 246 3.8 1952–53 10.77 3.19 296 3.3 1953–54 12.20 4.55 373 3.1 1954–55 11.37 3.52 310 3.6 1955–56 11.34 3.43 302 3.6 1956–57 11.25 2.87 255 3.1 1957–58 11.17 3.62 324 2.9 1958–59 11.43 3.87 338 3.0 1959–60 10.7...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
1997–98 9.67 7.64 791 5.9 1998–99 9.30 6.96 748 7.0 1999–00 8.90 5.78 650 8.3 2000–01 9.83 6.76 688 8.0 2001–02 9.53 8.28 869 6.3 2002–03 7.74 4.72 610 9.0 2003–04 10.61 12.11 1141 6.3 2004–05 9.23 7.93 859 NA 2005–06 9.58 7.68 802 NA Note: The yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of production and...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
6.96 1159 20.1 1981–82 5.94 6.90 1162 19.8 1982–83 5.72 6.55 1145 21.7 (Contd.) 770 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under (m.ha) (m.t) (kg./ha) irrigation 1983–84 5.86 7.92 1352 16.9 1984–85 5.80 8.44 1456 17.5 1985–86 5.80 6.64 1146 18.7 1986–87 5.92 7.59 1282 21.2 1987–88 5.56 5.72 1029 2...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
32.25 2955 Bihar 0.65 8.56 1.36 9.25 48.81 2098 0.61 8.21 1.47 10.37 42.63 2386 Madhya Pradesh 0.86 11.33 1.25 8.50 57.31 1450 0.90 12.11 1.25 8.82 51.45 1398 Rajasthan 1.00 13.18 1.10 7.48 64.79 1098 1.04 14.00 1.26 8.89 60.34 1211 Uttar Pradesh 0.81 10.67 1.05 7.14 71.92 1295 0.88 11.84 1.49 10.52 70.85 1705 Maharash...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Coverage under (m.ha) (m.t) (kg./ha) irrigation 1950–51 19.09 8.41 441 9.4 1951–52 18.78 8.42 448 9.7 1952–53 19.84 9.19 463 9.8 1953–54 21.73 10.62 489 9.2 1954–55 21.91 10.95 500 8.8 1955–56 23.22 11.04 476 8.4 1956–57 23.32 11.55 495 7.3 1957–58 22.54 9.56 424 9.1 1958–59 24.31 13.15 541 8.4 1959–60 24.83 11.80 475 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
14.91 634 12.1 1999–00 21.12 13.42 635 16.1 2000–01 20.35 11.08 544 12.5 2001–02 22.01 13.37 607 13.3 2002–03 20.50 11.13 543 14.4 2003–04 23.46 14.91 635 13.6 2004–05 22.76 13.13 577 NA 2005–06 22.39 13.39 598 NA Note: The yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of production and area figures taken i...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
2.81 0.25 1.90 92.84 388 Tamil Nadu 0.53 2.37 0.18 1.35 94.77 337 0.60 2.64 0.25 1.90 94.74 410 West Bengal 0.22 0.98 0.17 1.27 96.04 785 0.23 1.01 0.17 1.29 96.04 740 Jharkhand 0.29 1.30 0.17 1.27 97.31 592 0.27 1.19 0.16 1.22 97.26 586 Haryana 0.19 0.85 0.12 0.90 98.21 622 0.18 0.79 0.15 1.14 98.40 793 Others 0.36 1....	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
7.5 1971–72 7.51 6.18 823 7.3 1972–73 6.99 4.09 585 6.6 1973–74 7.02 5.93 845 9.1 1974–75 7.06 5.11 724 8.2 1975–76 7.22 6.76 935 6.9 1976–77 7.04 5.26 747 5.9 1977–78 7.03 6.09 866 8.1 1978–79 7.43 6.21 835 9.6 1979–80 7.17 5.77 805 12.1 1980–81 6.80 5.01 736 13.3 1981–82 7.43 7.22 972 14.2 1982–83 7.22 5.28 732 14.8 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
% of Production % of Cumulative Yield total total % of total total total % of total area production production area production production Gujarat 1.95 28.93 3.39 42.43 42.43 1734 2.00 29.67 1.89 27.92 27.92 943 Andhra Pradesh 1.88 27.89 1.37 17.15 59.57 728 1.84 27.30 1.64 24.22 52.14 890 Tamil Nadu 0.62 9.20 1.10 13.7...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
408 NA 1953–54 2.24 0.87 389 NA 1954–55 2.44 1.04 425 NA 1955–56 2.56 0.86 336 10.4 1956–57 2.54 1.04 411 13.5 1957–58 2.41 0.93 387 13.0 1958–59 2.45 1.04 426 13.0 1959–60 2.91 1.06 365 12.3 1960–61 2.88 1.35 467 12.1 1961–62 3.17 1.35 425 13.2 1962–63 3.13 1.30 417 13.3 1963–64 3.05 0.92 300 16.1 1964–65 2.91 1.47 50...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
2002–03 4.54 3.88 854 69.2 2003–04 5.43 6.29 1159 67.0 2004–05 7.32 7.59 1038 NA 2005–06 7.28 8.13 1117 NA Note: The yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of production and area figures taken in ‘000 units. NA-Not available. 780 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY ANNEXURE-37 Area, Production and Yield of Rapese...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
100.00 1038 @ Since area/ production is low in individual states, yield rate is not worked out. Note: States have been arranged in descending order of percentage share of production during 2005–06. * Provisional. ANNEXURES 781 ANNEXURE-38 All-India Area, Production and Yield of Soyabean from 1970–71 to 2005–06 Year Are...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
of Production % of Cumulative Yield Area % of Production % of Cumulative Yield total total % of total total total % of total area production production area production production Madhya Pradesh 4.26 55.25 4.50 54.41 54.41 1058 4.49 58.24 3.75 54.51 54.51 835 Maharashtra 2.35 30.48 2.53 30.59 85.01 1077 2.10 27.24 1.89 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
335 1989–90 1.19 0.63 529 1990–91 1.63 0.87 535 1991–92 2.11 1.19 565 1992–93 2.09 1.18 567 1993–94 2.67 1.35 505 1994–95 2.00 1.22 610 1995–96 2.12 1.26 593 1996–97 1.93 1.25 646 1997–98 1.74 0.89 548 1998–99 1.82 0.94 517 1999–00 1.29 0.69 538 2000–01 1.07 0.65 602 2001–02 1.18 0.68 577 2002–03 1.64 0.87 531 2003–04 ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
@ 0.03 1.24 0.06 5.04 100.00 @ All India 2.34 100.00 1.44 100.00 615 2.16 92.31 1.19 100.00 549 @ Since area/ production is low in individual states, yield rate is not worked out. Note: States have been arranged in descending order of percentage share of production during 2005–06. * Provisional. ANNEXURES 785 ANNEXURE-...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under (m.ha) (m.t) (kg./ha) irrigation 1983–84 7.72 6.39 141 29.9 1984–85 7.38 8.51 196 28.5 1985–86 7.53 8.73 197 30.2 1986–87 6.95 6.91 169 31.1 1987–88 6.46 6.38 168 32.0 1988–89 7.34 8.74 202 33.0 1989–90 7.69 11.42 252 34.2 1990–91 7.44 9.84 225 32.9 1991–...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
2.09 12.72 59.34 697 Andhra Pradesh 1.03 11.87 2.11 11.41 78.05 347 1.18 13.59 2.19 13.33 72.67 316 Haryana 0.58 6.68 1.50 8.11 86.16 437 0.62 7.14 2.08 12.66 85.33 568 Rajasthan 0.47 5.41 0.88 4.76 90.92 317 0.44 5.07 0.76 4.63 89.96 297 Madhya Pradesh 0.62 7.14 0.75 4.05 94.97 204 0.58 6.68 0.63 3.83 93.79 185 Karnat...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
1.08 6.19 1032 1971–72 1.11 6.84 1107 1972–73 0.99 6.09 1104 1973–74 1.16 7.68 1188 1974–75 0.98 5.83 1068 1975–76 0.91 5.91 1164 1976–77 1.09 7.10 1173 1977–78 1.16 7.15 1108 1978–79 1.27 8.33 1186 1979–80 1.22 7.96 1177 1980–81 1.30 8.16 1130 1981–82 1.15 8.37 1311 1982–83 1.02 7.17 1265 1983–84 1.05 7.72 1320 (Contd...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
production production West Bengal 0.57 63.33 8.11 74.82 74.82 2566 0.58 64.44 7.93 77.22 77.22 2473 Bihar 0.15 16.67 1.39 12.82 87.64 1692 0.15 16.67 1.18 11.49 88.70 1416 Andhra Pradesh 0.05 5.56 0.46 4.24 91.88 1638 0.05 5.56 0.46 4.48 93.18 1555 Assam 0.06 6.67 0.60 5.54 97.42 1733 0.06 6.67 0.44 4.28 97.47 1243 Ori...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
104.23 46353 69.6 1964–65 2.60 121.91 46838 71.5 1965–66 2.84 123.99 43717 71.1 1966–67 2.30 92.83 40336 71.0 1967–68 2.05 95.50 40665 74.1 1968–69 2.53 124.68 49236 76.9 1969–70 2.75 135.02 49121 75.5 1970–71 2.62 126.37 48322 72.4 1971–72 2.39 113.57 47511 71.8 1972–73 2.45 124.87 50933 75.0 1973–74 2.75 140.81 51163...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
‘000 units. NA Not available. ANNEXURES 793 ANNEXURE-47 Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane during 2004–05 and 2005–06 in major Sugarcane Producing States Area–m.ha Production–(m.t.) Yield–kg./ha 2005–06 2004–05 State Area % of Production % of Cumulative Yield Area % of Production % of Cumulative Yield total total ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
0.48 2.10 0.75 100.00 @ 0.04 1.09 1.19 0.50 100.00 @ All India 4.20 100.00 281.17 100.00 66928 3.66 100.00 237.08 100.00 64752 @ Since area/ production is low in individual states, yield rate is not worked out. Note: States have been arranged in descending order of percentage share of production during 2005–06. * Provi...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
OF AGRONOMY AREEO Agricultural Research, Education, Extension Organization (Iran) ARFSN Asian Rice Farming Systems Network (IRRI) ARS/USDA Agricultural Research Service/United States Department of Agriculture ARTP African Rice Testing Program ASA American Society of Agronomy ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nation...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
capacity OR Continuing Education Center, Philippines CEDA Centre for Economic Development and Administration (Nepal) CEDO Centre for Educational Development Overseas (UK) CERES Crop estimation through resource and environment synthesis CERI Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (OEEC, France) CFTRI Central Foo...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Fingerprinting DAH Days After Harvest DAI Days After Inoculation DANIDA Danish International Development Agency (Copenhagen) DAP Days After Planting DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education (India) ACRONYMS 797 798 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY DAS Days after seeding/sowing DAS-ELISA Double Antibody Sandwich Enz...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Hot Water Treatment I IAA Indole acetic acid IAAE International Association of Agricultural Economics (Headquarters: UK) IAAP Intensive Agricultural Area Program (India) IADP Intensive Agricultural District Program (India) IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute IAS Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Republic of K...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Network on Soil Fertility and Sustainable Rice Farming IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (formerly IBPGR) IPM Integrated Pest Management IPPC International Plant Protection Center (Oregon, USA) ACRONYMS 799 800 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY IPR Intellectual property rights IR Infrared spectrophotometry or ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
MP Matric Potential MS Male Sterile or Mildly susceptible or Moderately susceptible MOA Ministry of Agriculture MW Molecular weight N NARC Nepal Agricultural Research Council or National Agricultural Research Center (Japan) NARP National Agricultural Research Project (India) NARS/s National Agricultural Research System...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Radiation PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Council PAU Punjab Agricultural University (India) Pd Domestic price PDSS Phosphorus Decision Support System PEt Potential Evapotranspiration PFP Partial Factor Productivity PGMS Photosensitive Genetic Male Sterile/Sterility PGR Plant Growth Regulator PhilRice Philippine Ri...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Plant Protection Organization SEARCA South-east Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (Headquarters: Philippines) SLW Specific Leaf Weight SMB Soil Microbial Biomass SMT Soil Moisture Tension SOC Soil Organic Carbon SOM Soil Organic Matter SPAD Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (Japan) ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Climate Research Programme WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WS Wet season wt Weight WTD Water Table Depth WUE Water Use Efficiency ACRONYMS 804 Glossary The glossary given in this part, contain the following list in alphabetic order. For a more complete glossary and acronyms, we recom...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
blackbody is unity. Natural bodies like sun and earth are near perfect black bodies Acre-Foot: A volume of water required to irrigate an area of one acre to a depth of one foot. This is equal to 43,560 c. ft or 1233.5 m3. Acre-Inch: A volume of water necessary to cover an area of one acre of land to a depth of one inch...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
free or attached or share-cropper for a very low wage in without much security of tenure. Agro climatic regions: The grouping of different physical areas within the country into broadly homogeneous zones based on climatic and edaphic factors. Air capacity: The quantity of air in the soil when the soil is at field moist...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
while it is anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Aquifer: Water bearing formation in the ground that will yield enough water. Arid: A climate that is characterized by low rainfall and high rate of evaporation. Arid climate is usually defined as less than 10 inches (25 cm) of precipitation per year, and semi-arid ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
This is known as Mei scaring. Bowen ratio: The ratio of energy fluxes upward as sensible heat to latent energy flux in the same direction (negative when the fluxes are in opposite directions). Buoyancy: The upward force exerted on a volume of fluid (or an object in the fluid) by virtue of density difference between the...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
surface tension, r is the radius of the capillary tube, ρ is the density of the liquid and ; αg is the contact angle between water and soil pore (assumed to be zero). Cell water potential: Water potential is a measure of the free energy status of water. As applied to plant cells, under isothermal equilibrium conditions...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
work. In a simple solution of a non-electrolyte in water, the chemical potential of water depends on the mean free energy per molecule and the concentration of water molecules. Condensation: The physical process by which a vapour becomes a liquid or solid-opposited of evaporation. Conduction: Conduction is the process ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
stream of 1 metre wide and 1 metre deep flowing at a velocity of 1 metre per second. Cyclone: Means closed circulation about a low-pressure centre, which is anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclonic whirls are the ‘Storms’ of middle latitude. In the temperate latitude they produce much of the winter precipita...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
of diffusing particles from higher concentration to lower concentration is called diffusion. It is an essential step in exchange of gasses in respiration and photosynthesis and stomatal transpiration. Disposition of solar radiation: 25% of solar radiation is reflected back to the space by clouds (more by middle and hig...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
and from within the soil, i.e., sloping topography or stream channel (surface drainage) and open ditches, underground tile lines, or pumped wells (artificial drainage). Drizzle: It is “fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops of water (diameter less than 0.8 mm) very close to one another”. In som...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
water needed for evapotranspiration; m. Electrical conductivity (Ec): Ec is the property of the medium of transferring electric charge. It is the reciprocal of electrical resistively and is expressed in reciprocal of Ohms (mhos) per cm at 25°C. Emissivity: Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the radiant energy emitte...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
soil (S) and other miscellaneous M including photosynthesis. Equator: An imaginary circle around the earth, equally distant at all points from both the North pole and the south pole. It divides the earth’s surface into the northern Hemisphere and the southern Hemisphere. GLOSSARY 809 810 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Equivale...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
>10 acres of land respectably. Field application efficiency (Ea): Ratio of water made directly available to the crop and that received at the field inlet. Field capacity (Fc): Depth of water held in the soil in absence of ET after ample irrigation or heavy rain when the rate of downward movement has substantially decre...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
equals or is less than 0.6. Gas constant: The constant factor in the equation of state for perfect gases. The universal gas constant is R = 8.314 × 107 erg mol−1. 0 K−1. Global radiation: The total of direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation received by a unit horizontal surface (essentially less than about 3 m...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature between them. Heat budget: If the total solar radiation reaches the outer limit of the atmosphere, about 32 per cent is reflected by clouds of scattered back to space by suspended particles and it is not used to heat the ai...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
of land to a depth of 1m. 1ha m = 10,000 m3. Hurricane: A violent tropical cyclone with wind speed of 73 or more miles per hour or 134 and more km/h usually accompanied by torrential (very heavy fall) rain, originating usually in West Indian regions. Hydraulic conductivity: Hydraulic conductivity is the proportionality...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
gradient of ground water records the head consumed by friction in the flow in unit distance since in ground water flow the velocity heads are generally negligible. Hydraulic pressure: The pressure in a fluid in equilibrium, which is due solely to the weight of fluid above. GLOSSARY 811 812 A TEXTBOOK OF AGRONOMY Hydros...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
lying outside the red band with wavelength between about 0.8 mm. Insolation: Electro magnetic energy radiated into the space by the sun Intrinsic permeability: Intrinsic permeability is the factor k in the equation V = k dgi/, η where V = flow velocity, d = density of liquid, g = scaler value of acceleration due to gra...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
turbulent flow). Latent heat: It is the energy required to change a substance to a higher state of matter. This same energy is released on the reverse process. Change of state through evaporation and condensation is known as latent heat of evaporation and latent heat of condensation. From water to water vapour takes 60...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
the earth passing through the geographical poles an any given point on the earth’s surface. (Geographical) Microclimate: The pattern of variation in temperature, moisture, etc., over a small area, i.e., the sequence of atmospheric changes with a very small region. Moisture percentage—Dry weight basis: The weight of wat...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
than 4 m mhos/cm (at 25°C). The pH reading of the saturated soil paste is usually greater than 8.5. Oasis effect: Effect of dry fallow surrounds on the micro-climate of a relatively small acreage of land, where an air mass moving into an irrigated area will give up sensible heat. For small field, this may result in a h...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
pan fraction. Pan evaporation (E pan): Rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan mm/day. Peasant: Peasants are rural cultivators. They raise crops and livestock in the countryside, not in greenhouses in the midst of cities. Perched water or perched ground water: Ground water of a limited aqu...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
the logarithm of height in cm of a column of water, which represents the total stress with which water is held by a soil. Piezometer: It is a hallow pipe with opening at the bottom used to measure pressure of ground water at the point of entry. Plank’s law: Plank introduced the ‘particle concept’. The electromagnetic r...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
of forms such as rainfall, snow, hail, fog and dew. Fog, dew and front are condensation forms and are not considered to be precipitation. Common precipitation forms are Rain, Drizzle, Snow, Hail and sleet etc., are the common forms of precipitation. Precipitated moisture falling on the ground takes various forms, which...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
with same speed of as light. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is given by the equation C V λ = Where λ = Wavelength (The shortest distance between consecutive crests in the wave trance) C = Velocity of light (3 × 1010 cm sec−1) V = Frequency means number of vibrations of cycles per second. Rain: It is precip...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
The ratio between the amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air and the amount of water vapour required for saturation under fixed temperature and pressure. Salinisation: The process of accumulation of soluble salts in soil at or when air is saturated at given air temperature; millibar (mb) or mm of Hg. G...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Short-wave radiation: A term used loosely to distinguish solar and diffuse sky radiation from long-wave radiation. Sleet: It refers to precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain and snow. It consists of small pellets of transparent ice, 5 mm or less in diameter. It refers to a frozen rain tha...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
= + Where the ionic concentrations are expressed in milli equivalents (me) per litre. Soil structure: Arrangement of soil particles into aggregates, which occur in a variety of, recognized shapes, sizes and strengths. Soil temperature: In many cases soil temperature is more important to plant life than air temperature....	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
per unit area incident on a spherical shell with a radius of 1.5 × 1013 cm (the mean distance of the earth from the sun) and concentric with the sun, this energy is equal to ( ) 26 1 1 2 13 56 10 cal. Min. S 2.0 langely min . 4 1.5 10 cm − − × = = π × The solar constant (S) is a true constant, but fluctuates by as much...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
• Light is indispensable to photosynthesis • Light affect the production of tillers, the stability, strength and length of culms • It affects the yield, total weight of plant structures, size of the leaves and root development. • Critical stages of plant growth for light • Radiation intensity during the third month of ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
than 280 Lethal effectmost of the plants get killed due to radiation in this band UV ranges have germicidal action. A part of the incident radiation on the surface is absorbed, while a part is reflected and the remaining is transmitted. Solar radiation: The flux of radiant energy from the sun is solar radiation. Heaven...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
= 1) E = σT4 Where, T= (273+°C) because temperature is in Kelvin Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant which is equal to 5.673 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 Storm: A marked atmosphere disturbance characterized by a strong wind, usually accompanied by rain, snow, sleet (rain that freezes as it falls-mixture of rain with snow or hail) or hail ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
property of liquid, which oppose the relative motion among its parts. It is nothing but internal friction that makes resistance to flow of liquid. Water potential: The capability of soil water to do work compared with free-water. The water potential at the surface of free water is taken as zero. GLOSSARY 819 820 A TEXT...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Wet year: If the rainfall exceeds twice the normal deviation at a particular place, that year is said to be a wet year. Wind vane: An instrument used to indicate wind direction. Wind speed (U2): Speed of air movement at 2 m above ground surface in unobstructed surrounding. Means in m/section over the period considered,...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
ICAR, New Delhi. ICAR, 1996. Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. John M.M., 1987. Cotton. Longman Scientific and Technical, New Delhi. Kannaiyan S. and C.Ramasamy, 2002. Agriculture. Science, Agriculture, Policy. TNAU, Coimbatore. Maiti S., M.R.Hegde and S.B.Chattopadhyay, 1988....	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
of South India. Amutha Nilayam Pvt. Ltd., Madras. Subbian P. K., Annadurai, K and S.P. Palaniappan, 2000. Agriculture Facts and Figures, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Thakur C., 1980. Scientific Crop Production Vol. I, Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Thakur C., 1981. Scientific Crop Production Vol. II, Met...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
New Delhi. Doorenbos I and W.O. Fruitt, 1977. Crop water Requirement. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper, Vol-24. Gupta I.C., 1990. Use of saline water in agriculture, Oxford and IBH publishing Co., Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. Hiran K.S., Jaspal Singh and M.S. Acharya, 1990. Irrigation Scheduling. CBS publishers and distribu...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Delhi. Singh R.P. 1996. Sustainable development of Dryland Agriculture in India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. Agricultural Heritage in India Ayachit S.M. (Tr), 2002. Kashyapiya Krishisukti (A treatise on Agriculture by Kashyapa). Agri – History Bulletin No.4. Asian Agri History foundation, Secundrabad . Choudhary S....	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
manual on Agricultural Meteorology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 86 p. NBSS & LUP, 1999. Agro-ecological sub regions of India for planning and development, Publications No.35, NBSS & LUP, Nagpur, 372 p. Pisharoty P.R., 1986. Meteorology for the Indian Farmers, ISRO Publishers, 89 p. Radhakrishna Murthy, V., 2002. Basi...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Delhi. Singh S.S.1997, Crop management under irrigated and rainfed conditions, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Srivastava H.C., S.Bhaskaran, K.K.G.Menon, S.Ramanujam and M.V.Rao, 1984. Pulse production Constraints and opportunities. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Subbiah Mudaliar V.T., 1956. Common ...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Kalyani publishers. Panda S.C., 2003. Cropping and Farming systems, Agro bios publishers, Jodhpur. Soils Kanwar J.S., 1976. Soil Fertility Theory and Practice, ICAR, New Delhi. Mariakulandai A and T.S. Manickam, 1975. Chemistry of fertilizers and manures, Asia Publishing House, New Delhi. Tamhane R.V., D.P. Motiramani,...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Chatterjee B.N. and P.K. Das, 1989. Forage crop production–Principles and Practices, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Cheema S.S., Dhaliwal B.K. and T.S. Sahota, 2000. Theory and Digest Agronomy, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Chidda Singh, 1997. Modern techni...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Israelson O.W. and Hansen, 1962. Irrigation Principles and Practices, Wiley International Edition, New Delhi. John M.M., 1987. Cotton, Longman Scientific and Technical, New Delhi. Maiti S., M.R. Hegde and S.B. Chattopadhyay, 1988. Handbook of annual oil seed crops, Oxford an...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
India. p. 230. Rao V.S., 1983. Principles of Weed Science, Oxford and IBH, Pub. Co. New Delhi. Reddy S.R., 1999. Principles of Agronomy, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Sankaran S. and V.T. Subbiah Mudaliar, 1997. Principles of Agronomy, The Bangalore Printing and publishing Co. Ltd., Bangalore. Singh S.S., 1999. Princi...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
India, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Yadava R.L., 1993. Agronomy of Sugarcane–Principles and Practices, International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow. Yellamanda Reddy, T. and Sankara Reddi, G.H., 1999. Principles of Agronomy, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. SELECTED REFERENCES 828 Index A Aberratio...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Biennial crops 171 Biennials 312 Biofertilizers 446 Bioherbicides 329 Biological pest management 708 Biotic factors 198 Black cotton soils 108 Black soils 256 Blue green algae 530 Broad casting 303 Broad leaved weeds 312 Bronze age 34 Bulk density 248 Bulky organic manures 437 Button shedding 607 C Calciphytes 173 Cana...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Drip or trickle irrigation system 374 Drought 471 Drug crops/medicinal plants 170 Dry farming 455 Dry ice seeding 212 Dry land farming 455 Dry land horticulture 502 Dry lands 171 Dry spells 218 Dry system or upland rice 524 Duration of light 194 E Edaphic factors 196 Edaphology 238 INDEX 831 Effective rainfall 360 Effe...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Herbigation 331 Heterosphere 207 Highly permeable soils 267 History of cotton 95 History of rice 93 History of sugarcane 94 History of wheat 94 Homospheres 207 Hortipasture 502 Humidity 190 Hunter gatherers 32 Hybrid rice 539 Hydrological drought 472 Hydroponic 3 Hygroscopic water 254 I Icar institutes 160 Ice age 32 I...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
Meridian 204 Mesoclimate 203 Mesolithic period or meso stone age 33 Mesozoic era 22 Meteorological drought 472 Microclimate 203 Millets 170 Minimum tillage 291 Mixed farming 6, 707 Mixed intercropping 181 Mixing ratio 191 Monoculture 679 Morphological adaptation 174 Mulching 484, 501 Multi tier or multistoried intercro...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
249 Post-emergence 333 Potential evapotranspiration (PET) 215 Potential yield 20 Pre-emergence 333 Pre-monsoon dry seeding 492 Pre-planting 333 Precipitation 185 Pressurized irrigation methods 369 Primary tillage 287 Primary tillage implements 293 Priming 173 Problem soils 259 Psammophytes 173 Pulses 170 Q Quality of l...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
matter (SMM) 197, 239 Soil moisture constant 417 Soil moisture tension 253 Soil organic matter (SOM) 197, 239 Soil organisms 197 Soil reaction 198 Soil structure 244 Soil surface crusting 269 Soil survey 276 Soil temperature 197 Soil types of India 108 Soil wetness 249 Solar radiation 192 Sorghum poisoning (Sorghum eff...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
50 Vegetable farming 130 Vegetation 203 Vertisol 258 W Warm rain 211 Water drop technique 212 Water resources 8 Water soluble concentrates 333 Water vapour 205 Watershed 506 Weather 202 Weather and climate 202 Weather calendar 226 Weather forecasting 223 Weed management 67 Weeds 308 Weirs 380 Wet lands 171 Wet seeded r...	Agricultural_studies.pdf	Agri life sciences
EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT SMART AGRICULTURE A PREPRINT Alakananda Mitra Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas, USA alakanandamitra@my.unt.edu Sukrutha L. T. Vangipuram Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas, USA lakshmisukruthatirumalavangipuram@my.un...	Systems_technology.pdf	Agri life sciences

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