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derived tools (GAEZ, AEZ-WIN) • Soil Potential Ratings & Storie Index, Fertility Capability Classification, Soil Productivity Index • ALES • DSSAT, LRIMS • FESLM • Guidelines for Participatory Land Use Planning/ Negotiated Territorial Planning • LESA • PNTD • IGETI • RRA • VGGT • Other 14. Please explain why these tool... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
tools did or did not meet your needs. 19. Please select the most important criteria that makes a tool useful to meet your needs. Answer options: • Facilitates easy access to information • Facilitates integration of different scales and levels of planning • Facilitates integration of all stakeholders' perspectives • Pro... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
tools? Answer options: • Biophysical data (soil, current land use, climate, topography, water, resources, etc.) • Socio-economic data (population, tenure, demography, market, cost/benefit, gender etc.) 25. Do you recognize more gaps in the land-use planning decisionsupport tools regarding: Answer options: • Availabilit... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
Agricultural Land-Use Statistics http://kids.fao.org/agromaps/ AgroMetShell Software for crop yield forecasting http://www.hoefsloot.com/agrometshell.htm ALES Automated Land Evaluation System http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/dgr2/ research/ales/alesprog.htm AQUACROP Crop-Water Productivity Model of FAO http://www.fao... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
systems and poverty http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1860e/ y1860e00.htm FUTURE_LAND The Future of Our Land. Guidelines for Integrated Planning for Sustainable Management of Land Resources http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x3810e/ x3810e00.htm GAEZ Global Agro-Ecological Zones http://www.fao.org/nr/gaez/en/ GLADA Global Asse... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
Assessment Planning (LEAP) http://leap.silvacom.com/ LEFSA Land Evaluation and Farming Systems Analysis for Land-use Planning http://edepot.wur.nl/297638 LESA Land Evaluation and Site Assessment https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ detail/national/landuse/?cid=nrcs143_008438 LocClim Local Climate Estimator http:/... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
development approach in community planning in the Philippines http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y8999t/ y8999t06.htm PVIDEO Participatory Video http://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/filming-for-changewhen-farmers-get-behind-the-camera/ RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3241e/w3241e09. htm SEDLAC Socio-Economic Data... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
World Food Studies Simulation Model http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/ Research-Institutes/Environmental-Research/ Facilities-Products/Software-and-models/ WOFOST.htm g g Land resource planning for sustainable land management Current and emerging needs in land resource planning for food security, sustainable live... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
scales be undertaken to bring together lessons and experiences in tools and approaches for LRP and to identify the main gaps and opportunities. This consultation process should lead to the formulation, with partners, of a strategy for the development, testing and validation of updated LRP tools in pilot countries with ... | land_resource_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
DESIGNING FAIR, COST-OPTIMAL AUCTIONS BASED ON DEEP LEARNING FOR PROCURING AGRICULTURAL INPUTS THROUGH FARMER COLLECTIVES Mayank Ratan Bhardwaj, Bazil Ahmed and Prathik Diwakar Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru {mayankb, bazilahmed, prathikd}@iisc.ac.in Ganesh Ghalme Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad ganeshg... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
a popular pesticide procurement to demonstrate the efficacy of these auctions. 1 Introduction Sourcing the right quality and quantity of agricultural inputs (agri-inputs for short) such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, farm equipment, and human resources is a critical aspect of agricultural operations. This is a unive... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
the crops from being destroyed. Fertilizers are any materials of natural or synthetic origin that are applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. The Context and Need: In many emerging economies, most of the farmers are small or marginal, holding less than 5 acres of land. Their economic condition is... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
launch farmer collectives or farmer cooperatives (FCs) to help out the small and marginal farmers in various input and output operations. In particular, FCs would be extremely helpful for reducing the input burden on the farmer through bulk procurement of inputs, after collecting information on the input requirements o... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
the strategic tactics of intermediaries. Since the intermediaries offer credit to the farmers for sourcing the inputs, the intermediaries are able to wield their influence in the marketing and selling of the produce as well. In the process, the farmers end up on the losing side. The FCs play a key role in streamlining t... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
insulated from the transactions and further, the quality levels of agri-inputs are assured. Since scientifically designed auction mechanisms can promote honest behavior and healthy competition among suppliers [3], we propose to develop a suitable procurement auction (also called reverse auction) mechanism for bulk procu... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
The most powerful version of IC is dominant strategy incentive compatibility (DSIC), which means bidding true values is best irrespective of the bids of the other players. 2. Individual rationality (IR) Individual rationality ensures that the suppliers obtain non-negative utility by participating in the auction. The mo... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
discounts from suppliers. This final requirement points to using auctions where the suppliers can specify volume discounts as a part of their bids. Volume discount auctions or quantity discount auctions, which are very relevant to this work are covered in [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. In a volume discount auction, the buyer wishes t... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
to ensure that the auction is dominant strategy incentive compatible and maximizes social welfare. Their auction also takes into account certain business constraints such as minimum number of winning suppliers and maximum number of winning suppliers. Their auction is based on the methods described in [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] an... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
by farmer collectives. We demonstrate the efficacy of these mechanisms through thought experiments in Sections 3 and 4. In Section 3, we conduct experiments on data that are synthetically generated based on real-world observations of the volume discounts offered by different suppliers. In Section 4, we describe two real... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
of the items allocated to them. In a procurement auction, on the other hand, this means that no seller would accept a payment lower than their valuation for the items they are selling. For the procurement auction setting, the network requires a subtle modification (see Section 2.3) to satisfy the IR condition. The secon... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
⌊m k ⌋for some predefined k. The volume discount bidding is implemented as follows. First, each supplier i submits a volume discount bid in the form of a vector b(i) = (b(i) 1 , b(i) 2 , · · · , b(i) k ) of k intervals (See Remarks subsection below for details). Then, given the vector of bids b = (b(1), · · · , b(n)) as... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
as a function of her private valuations v(i), allocation a, and payment p, and is given by ui(v(i); b) = pi(b) − ai(b) X j=1 v(i) ⌈j/ℓ⌉ (1) 4 Fair and Optimal Auctions using Deep Learning We now recall some definitions. A mechanism is DSIC if no agent can gain utility by misrepresenting its valuations, regardless of the... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
mechanism is defined as ri = Ev∼F[max b [ui(v(i); b) −ui(v(i); (v(i), b(−i)))]]. (5) The regret is computed empirically, which adequately approximates the real regret [13]. Remarks: • The mechanism solicits volume discount bids from each supplier. These bids represent each agent’s valuation for a single unit from each ‘... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
Recall Example 1 where we had the supply curve: ((1-500: 20), (501-1500: 18), (1501-2500: 16)). Here m = 2500. Suppose k = 5. We will have ℓ= 500. The intervals would be [1, 500], [501, 1000], [1001, 1500], [1501, 2000], [2001, 2500]. Let the first supplier’s WTS be v(1) = (20, 18, 18, 16, 16). If 1800 items are acquire... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
cost + penaltyregret + LagrangianLoss cost = n X i=1 pi(b) LagrangianLoss = n X i=1 λ(i) regret˜ri penaltyregret = ρregret n X i=1 ˜r2 i Here, ˜ri is the empirical regret. We compute ˜ri by using another optimizer over the bids, coming from the same distribution as F, which maximizes the utility for agent i. To approxi... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
envy for supplier i, given the valuation tuple v = (v(1), ..., v(n)) is ei(v) = max h∈[n][(ph(b) − ah(b) X j=1 v(i) ⌈j/ℓ⌉)] −ui(v(i); v) (7) We minimize envy by adding a term for envy in our Lagrangian loss, along with an envy penalty. loss = cost + penaltyregret + penaltyenvy + LagrangianLoss cost = n X i=1 pi(b) Lagr... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
that the allocation tuple is a probability vector. This is multiplied by m to ensure that the allocations across the agents sum up to exactly m. The output of the payment network is a payment multiplier tuple, ˆp = (ˆp1, ..., ˆpn), which, when multiplied by the total WTS of the allocation, gives the payment tuple, i.e.... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
get projected in the constrained region to satisfy other required properties of the auction. The above idea for empirical regret computation is the same as the one proposed in [13]. 2.5 Some Notes on the Methodology Versatility: The methodology presented in this paper is versatile in the sense of its ability to model t... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
DSIC and IR. 1. A standard VCG auction (satisfies SWM) 2. A VCG auction subject to a limit on the minimum number of winning suppliers (satisfies SWM and BUS) 8 Fair and Optimal Auctions using Deep Learning 3. A cost minimizing volume discount auction (satisfies OPT) 4. A cost minimizing volume discount auction with envy m... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
multiple of the minimum interval size. We assume a base price of US $ 5 per unit, and a minimum profit margin that ranges from 10% to 30%. Recall that the base price plus the minimum profit margin is the willingness to sell of the supplier. The volume discounts typically range from 1% at the first discounted interval to a... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
is the most desirable. It has a cost higher than that of a VCG auction but lower than that of a VCG auction with a limit on the number of winning suppliers. Auction (6) clearly will have a cost lower than that of a VCG auction with envy minimization and limited number of winning suppliers. As expected, Auction (3) (cos... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
the FCs can play a key role in streamlining the supply of inputs to the farmers and counter the intermediaries. 9 Fair and Optimal Auctions using Deep Learning 4.1 Procurement of Chili Pepper Seeds Our first case study is on chili pepper. This is inspired by the study presented in [9]. There are numerous varieties of ch... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
respective base values for different parameters. These results are computed using a trained model, but on data generated separately from the data used for training the model. In all cases, the interval size, l, was fixed to be 100. The base prices for A and B are $17.11 and $14.47 respectively. The minimum profit margin ... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
of 250 grams. A typical small farmer may need several packets of pesticides (say 5 to 10). We assume 1000 farmers in the FC and a requirement of 5000 packets to be sourced from 5 suppliers who offer volume discounts. Let S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 be the five suppliers. The following are the supply curves of these suppliers... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
envy minimization and business constraints are both important and we go for Auction (6). The deep learning based methodology thus enables the best option to be exercised, with the direct benefit of reduction of cost to farmers and the indirect benefit of assured quality of pesticide procured. Auction Type Cost (in US $) ... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
does pose a few challenges. A key challenge is to convince the farmer collective and the farmers that these mechanisms will indeed work. This is directly connected to the explainability of these mechanisms. We are currently working on this. Acknowledgments The first author would like to thank the Government of India, Mi... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
Auctions using Deep Learning [8] Raghav Kumar Gautam, N. Hemachandra, Y. Narahari, Hastagiri Prakash, Datta Kulkarni, and Jeffrey D. Tew. An optimal mechanism for multi-unit procurement with volume discount bids. International Journal of Operational Research, 6(1):70—91, 2009. [9] Mayank Ratan Bhardwaj, Azal Fatima, In... | production_management.pdf | Agricultural management |
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338719333 RANGELAND MANAGEMENT Book · October 2018 CITATIONS 0 READS 41,819 1 author: Deepak Gautam Institute of forestry Tribhuvan University 66 PUBLICATIONS 407 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following thi... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
Rangeland Prairies are considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrub lands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, grasses, herbs, and shrubs rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type. Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and f... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
support growth of most plants. Tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra means treeless mountain tract. In tundra, the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra. The eco-tone (or ecol... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
(Approximately extended up to 1000 m) • Poorly drained clay. • Dominated by the grasses like Saccharum, Imperata cylindrical, Eulaliopsis binata etc. • Some grasses are 2 m tall, found in Rapti valley of Chitwan NP and Suklaphanta. • Lantana Camera (banmara) is gradually replacing many palatable species. • Warm tempera... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
e.g lower mustang, humla,jumla. • Mostly dominated by pinus spp. and rhododendron spp. in upper temperate regions. Sub-alpine rangelands (Approximately extended from 3000-4000m) • Dominated by Abies spp. and Rhododendron spp. including betula and juniper. • Caragana spp. are low spiny shrubs rarely exceeding 1.5 m high... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
below: Land types Availability of Resource Cropland • Terrace, raisers, bunds and fallow lands • Crop residue, grass, weeds, leaf fodder • 33% of the total feed stuffs Rangeland • Alpine, meadow, steppe, open grazing lands • 30%of the total feed Forestland • Leaf fodder and grasses • 20% of the total feed Wasteland • W... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
of National GDP and >24% of Agriculture GDP (NPC, 1993) 2. Economic importance: Production of milk, meat and wool 3. Cultural importance: Worship for religious purposes 4. Draft power: Pulling carts and carrying goods and things 5. Provides fuel: dried dung and biogas. 6. Recreational values: keeping dogs, cats, rabbit... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
Reduced seed sizes and numbers d. Vegetative reproduction: • Reduces the photosynthesis plant tissues Hindering food synthesis process. o Reduced size of the rhizomes, bulbs, culms etc. • Effect of frequent early grazing affects on rhizomes production. e. Root system: • Reduced photosynthesis decreases nutrient upt... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
resistance capacity of the plants reduces the probability of defoliation. (a) Avoidance mechanisms: A mechanism in which plant start to produce large no of small tillers, reduced leaf number, leaf blade areas. This reduces the amount of biomass removed by herbivorous and plants stated to avoid by animals. (b) Tolerance... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia Tundra all subarctic grasslands Grassland categories according to climatic zones (NBS, 2002) Zone Remarks Tropical Grasslands grazed almost all the year round. Subtropical Non-palatable species such as ferns, stinging nettle, and Eupatorium species are becoming dominant becau... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
burning of the land is prohibited by laws. Grazing: Heavy grazing seriously weakens the pressure species particularly, legumes and encourages the weed to develop better. It retarded photosynthesis process resulting in reduced manufacture of food, nutrient uptake and plant vigor. Lang clearing: Clearing is accomplished ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
was previously vegetated. Removal of past vegetation may be caused by natural or human disturbances such as fire, logging, cultivation, or hurricanes, grazing etc. Succession after disturbance imposed on the path of primary succession (allogenic succession). Progressive succession: It is a succession where the communit... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
example of this is when plant secretes toxins in the soil, thus inhibiting the establishment and growth of other species. SUCCESSIONAL RESPONSE OF GRAZING Desirable (Decreaser): Highly productive and palatable species that provide good environmental protection. Less Desirable (Increaser): Species which are less product... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
point, but with continued overuse, they also weaken and die. These species are termed "increasers" or "less desirable". Only unpalatable species and grazing evasive species can survive such a system of overgrazing and eventually these will invade and they are termed "invaders" or "undesirable". Invaders are less produc... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
animals are differentially attracted by a particular species. Preference refers to the selection of plants by animals. Relative preferences indicate proportional choice among two or more foods. Preference is a combination of learned and genetically programmed. Palatability and preference have been used as synonyms (Ivi... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
following factors: (a) Nutrients content: Protein (b) Taste: Salty, bitter, sour, sweet (c) Moisture content: (d)Mineral content: (e) Essential oil: (f) Fiber or lignin content (g) Texture Rejection level of four animals Salty: Cattle> sheep> normal goats> pigmy goats Sour: Cattle> Sheep> normal goats> Pigmy goat Bitte... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
systematic list of something. Range inventory is the process of gathering and analyzing information of Physical characteristic of range or rangeland and Biological characteristic of range or rangeland. Rangeland information is obtained by observation or from public and private records. Information collected in the inve... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
the classification of shrubs (tall and low) and herbs (forbs and graminoids), which are forage for livestock and wildlife. Vegetation inventories: (a) To find out the absolute or relative abundance of plant species (c) Data quantified by: Numeration, volume or weight Vegetation inventory range samples consist of: (i) a... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
may be many species of vegetation that cannot be recognized and identified that may be specific to the area under study. They should be brought to the highly specialized person for their identification. Consult with expert of Department of plant resources. GENERAL OBSERVATION In this method overall condition of rangela... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
general visualization. So it required a lot of experience to be close to the correctness. This is also subjective method, may vary with surveyor. In this method, several circular or rectangular quadrants are used and each of them is estimated individually to have the estimate of overall area. Point/Frame/Hit method: It... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
A metallic tape of 100 ft or as required Sample area is surveyed. Plant species to be estimated and identified. Transacts are drawn randomly holding two ends of the tape It is stretched at a uniform height Plant foliage intercepted by the transact is recorded. DENSITY For comment and suggestions: deepakgautam... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
X days of grazing) Grazing Capacity: The maximum animal number that can graze each year on a given area of rangeland for a specific numbers of days of the year without inducing a downward trend of forage biomass production, and forage and soil quality. Carrying capacity: The maximum number of individual animals that ca... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
a large enough area to cater for social needs (Furstenburg 2002). LIMITATION OF CARRYING CAPACITY CONCEPT Possibilities of Under utilize (lower production year) Possibilities of over utilize of the forest resources (higher production year) Not suitable when animals to be grazed, its distribution, and the season t... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
that is capable of producing forage. Range-condition classification is based upon ecological concept of plant succession and climax. Range vegetation can be classified as climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors. The main factors responsible for depletion of range condition are: Early grazing Over grazing Selective ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
Class 1 No soil loss, well dispersed accumulation of litter and older litter Rating 20 Class 2 Soil movement slight, noticed of rill erosion, no accumulation of past litter Rating 17 Class 3 Soil loss more noticeable, top soil loss, rill marks and poorly dispersed litter Rating 7 Class 4 Advance stage of erosion, activ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
Good Over 40 pts. Fari 30-40 Poor 15-29 For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com Very Poor Less than 15 3. Site Potential approach SN Range condition Vegetation type Percent compositon 1 Excellent Palatable grass, herbs, forbs, browse 75-100 2 Good Above species in less amounts 50-75 3 Fair Above species ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
ecological principles of competition/succession. It includes 1. Increase production (quality/quantity) of species. 2. Balance species by inducing succession towards desirable direction. 3. Effective utilization of forage production. 4. Increase productivity of range depended animals ( both livestock and wildlife) How t... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
and grasses: combination of goat and cattle will be best. Strategies for range improvement 1. Balance the number of animals to be grazed with the carrying capacity of the area. 2. To allow the livestock which are best suited for the existing vegetation. 3. Proper distribution of the grazing animals over the entire gras... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
time. After a long period of continuous grazing with high stocking rate pasture deteriorates is the common. It changes the species composition /succession (favourable for thorn like plants). This is common practice in Nepal. Advantages: (a) Requires less management (b) Capital costs are minimal Disadvantages: • Lower f... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
grow fully, root systems are allowed to develop and self sown seeds established. This practice is beneficial for improving degraded pasture and for the conservation of endangered range vegetation. For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com DEFERRED ROTATIONAL GRAZING SYSTEM: It consists of dividing the graz... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
controlled) grazing, on the other hand, increases pounds of animal production per acre. FIRE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL (controlled burning): The controlled burning is recognized practice in the management of rangelands. But the practice has great diversity of opinions and has become a controversial subject. In range managem... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
the dry season. e. It facilitates the movement of livestock by controlling/destroying the bushes. f. It controls pests and pathogens and increases the soil ph. Some results of burning in the grassland: a. The root and shoot production in Dichanthium grassland of Varansi has increased after burning (Pandey, 1971). b. To... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
period of scarcity or accidently eaten by them, when mixed with the main crops it reduces the forage value of the crop. Methods of weeds control: 1. Cultural control: The establishment of competitive and desirable vegetations prevents or slows down the invasion by weeds which are the key component of successful weeds m... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
applied directly to the foliage part of the growing plants. (b) Non-selective herbicides are those which kill the above ground parts of most of the plants that are treated. To destroy the roots of perennial weeds, trans-located herbicides may be used which move with in the plants. Some of the trans-located herbicides a... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
ascending to the high elevations in March for grazing and they start moving down in August and reach at 2000m elevation. Herds of animal migrate from one place to another throughout the year. In this system alpine pasture utilizes during monsoon and crop stubble of the fallow land utilize during winter. During upward a... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
value animal like milking buffalos and exotic or crossbreed animals are kept under this system. TRANSHUMANCE SHEEP HEARDING SYSTEM This system is followed in the High hill and Himalayan areas (Mustang, Dolpa, Jumla and Humla). Animals are moved to different area throughout the year. The flock migrates from lower hills ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
to house. It also depends on Community wealth, Individuals family income and Available rangeland and forage resources. Death from cold and starvation during harsh winter is common for the livestock in the Himalayan area. In the last twenty years, however the number of horses kept by the people of Mustang has continued ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
High labour requirement and minimum Net return (b) The size of the herds depends upon the labor availability. (c) One herder can take care of approx 500 heads. (d) Sheep and goats are generally looked after by either children or by old people incapable for doing other operations. 5.Poor productivity potential of indige... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
inter-dependent, being part of same system. Average land holding of the farmer in the country is around 0.5 ha which can barely meet staple food that required for the families. The situation continues to deteriorate, stressed by continues reduction in size of landholding, shortage of traditional forms of forest litter ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
it mostly focuses on fodder (trees, shrubs and pasture). Each farm family gains access to approx.1 ha of forestland for improve fodder production. Forage and Pasture Intervention on Community Forestry 1. Protection from Grazing to Facilitate the Natural Regeneration of Indigenous and Naturalized Exotic Fodder and Pastu... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
full sunshine are known as sun plants Skiophytes: Those that are shade tolerant, as shade pants SECONDARY GROWTH FOREST It is found beneath the primary layer of trees and are less dominant. It consists of herbs, shrubs and small trees. It’s determined by the amount of available light and moisture. They may attain promi... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
as 33 tree species are lopped for tree fodder in the central Himalayan at an elevation of 300 – 3100 m. Tree leaf fodder is available between OctJuly. FODDER FOR TERAI FOR MIDHILLS SN Botanical Name Nepali Name SN Botanical Name Nepali Name 1 Albizzia procera Seto siris 4 Brassiopsis hainla Chuletro 2 Dalbergia sissoo ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
nutrients in the topsoil in the first years of production. Many forage species grows well under low soilPH. From the mineral point of view, the non-fertilizer, option is not enhancing the sustainability of the intervention on the long run. Species selected should have following character apart from the general characte... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
fraxinifolius 9 Toona ciliate Tooni 7 Eucalytus camaldulensis FOR HIGH MOUNTAIN 8 Gmelina arborea Gamari 1 Abies pindrow Gobre salla 9 Albizzia lebbeck Kalo siris 2 Abies spectibilis Talis patra 10 Albizzia procera Seto siris 3 Cedrus deodara Drodar 11 Largerstromia parviflora Bot dhangero 4 Cupressus torulosa Raj sall... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
activity Residues of small insects, medium biotic activity Present of earth worms C/N Ration >20 C/N ration 10-20 C/N Ratio < 12 PH 3.5-4.5 Ph 5 PH 5-7 Erica, Rhododendron, coniferous spp Deciduous tree Grass and Crop residues 7. FORAGE MANAGEMENT IN CONTEXT OF THE FARMING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Different forage developme... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
be sown with forage species. Forage should be raise on terrace risers Leguminous forage/cover crops should be promoted under citrus and other trees Under sowing/ relay cropping of forage legumes in annual crops such as finger millet will be effective Hedgerows of multi-purpose tree legumes should be promoted. ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
A series of small dams are used to control gullies or large flows. Dams may be constructed from materials available at the site. After sedimentation and filling to a stable extent, extensive planting with suitable species. In case of Kharbari, if it contains some palatable species, these should be used for grazing for ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
role. Crop By products Quantity (000 ton) Percent Rice straws 4400 59.8 Maize Stover 1800 22.4 Wheat straw 1200 14.3 Millet straw 240 3.0 Barley straw 43 0.5 Total 9843 In general crop by products are inferior in quantity. They contain high fiber low protein. How to improve quality: (a) Treating with urea (b) Ammonia t... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock. It is also fed to pets such as rabbits and pigs. Hay is fed For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com when or where there is not enough pasture or rangeland due to weather (such as during the winter) ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
hay: Any grass and legume which can be easily dried quicker, like oats, cynodon, berseem, Pennisetum, Heteropogan SILAGE: It is defined as the product obtained by packing fresh fodder in a suitable container and allowing it to ferment under anaerobic condition with out undergoing much loss of nutrients. It can be stora... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
of air Continue up to 1 foot above ground level Cover with plastic again and plaster with mud. Temperature ensiled place will be 30-38 0c Take care not to allow airs and water in the silage pit. In North America, Australia, North-Western Europe, and frequently in New Zealand, silage is placed in large heaps on ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
as during the winter) or when lush (green) pasture by itself is too rich for the health of the animal. It is also fed during times when an animal is unable to access pasture, such as when animals are kept in a stable. Good quality hay is green and not too coarse, and includes plant heads and leaves as well as stems. Th... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
leaf is at its maximum when the grass is mowed in the For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com field. The cut material is allowed to dry so that the bulk of the moisture is removed but the leafy material is still robust enough to be picked up from the ground by machinery and processed into storage in bale... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become unfavorable. Silage is fermented, high-moisture fodder that can be fed to ruminants (cud-chewing animals like cattle and sheep) or used as a bio-fuel feedstock for anaerobic digesters. It is fermente... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
and collected manually using a knife and horse drawn wagon, and fed into a stationary machine called”silo filler" that would chop the stalks and blow them up a narrow tube to the top of a tower silo. Current technology uses mechanical forage harvesters that collect and chop the plant material, and deposit it in trucks ... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
lactic acid bacteria, and the most common is Lactobacillus For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com plantarum. Other bacteria used in inoculants include Lactobacillus buchneri, Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus species. Pollution and waste: The fermentation process of silo or pit silage releases liquid... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
a risk of injury by machinery or from falls. When a silo is filled, fine dust particles in the air can become explosive because of their large aggregate surface area. Also, fermentation presents respiratory hazards. The ensiling process produces "silo gas" during the early stages of the fermentation process. Silage gas... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
SYSTEM For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com Important linkage exists between forestry and farming. Forestry support agriculture and livestock husbandry. It is importance to understand this linkage in the context of forestry development and to future forestry activities to fulfill the needs of the loca... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
that ruminants are the best way to accumulate capital and are important for the maintenance of crop production. The common premise is that ruminant production and productivity is low and that is mainly due to shortage of feed. Very litter importance is given in the government programme to resolve these issues. For comm... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
animals • Marketing of animals product • Lack of extension education to the farmers • Lack of trained manpower in this field • Infrastructure and incentives POLICY RECOMMENDATION TO OVERCOME LIMITATION For comment and suggestions: deepakgautamiof@gmail.com Any activities, which try to address the above problem, may hav... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
used as grazing. • Fodder: Herbaceous palatable plants mostly used by cut and carry system. • Herbage: Both palatable and non-palatable fodder and forage. • Browse: Palatable leaves or shoots/twig. • Range analysis: The critical study of range classes in individual form. • Defoliation: Removal of leaves or live parts o... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
gryllus, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Cymbopogon pendulus, Cymbopogon stracheyi, Cynodon dactylon, Cynogolossum zeylanicum, Cyperus niveus, Cyperus rotundus, Desmodium heterocarpon, Desmodium microphyllum, Digitaria longiflora, Digitaria setigera, Dimeria fuscescens, Dryopteris fillix-mass, Elephantopus scaber, Eleusine ind... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
pallidefusca, Stipa roylei, Themeda anathera, Themeda quadrivalvis, Themeda triandra, Trisetum clarkei, Trisetum spicatum. Sub-alpine Agrostis inaequiglumis, Agrostis pilosula, Anthoxanthum hookeri, Artemisia stricta, Bromus grandis, Bromus himalaicus, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Calamagrostis emodensis, Chrysopogo... | RANGELAND_MANAGEMENT.pdf | Agriculture and forestry |
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