DisasterQA.csv

Question,Answer Choices,Answer,
Which one of the following is a primary role of an emergency manager?,"a. Incident commander.
b. Joint Information Center coordinator.
c. Program coordinator.
d. Shelter manager.",c,
What would the emergency manager's role in mass care be?,"a. Distributing emergency supplies.
b. Ensuring the proper organization provides meals.
c. Inspecting temporary housing facilities.
d. Supervising physical security for congregate shelters.",b,
You are leading and influencing when you are doing all of the following except __________:,"a. Encouraging someone else to assume the leadership role in the group.
b. Establishing partnerships with neighboring communities to share resources.
c. Inviting other members of the emergency management team to discuss common goals.
d. Telling them that it is your way or not at all.",d,
Effective delegation involves __________.,"a. Determining that all credit goes to the team leader.
b. Ensuring that all tasks are equally distributed.
c. Ensuring that the person has the necessary authority to do the job properly.
d. Guaranteeing all employees have a chance to do the same task.",c,
What should a leader do when setting up implementation structures to facilitate change?,"a. Focus on interim systems because there will be time later to deal with long-term impact.
b. Consider primarily long-term impacts because the short-term will take care of itself.
c. Include representatives of all key stakeholder groups.
d. Place the greatest emphasis on how the change will impact the highest levels of management.",c,
"During times of change, it is important for leaders to ____________:","a. Make sure that they put the right spin on the situation, especially when things are going badly.
b. Discourage stakeholders from expressing their misgivings.
c. Explain the situation once, then move on - don't dwell on it.
d. Communicate first through actions, then words.",d,
Airing your concerns about taking on a new commitment is likely to:,"a. Build trust.
b. Erode trust.
c. Expand your capacity to trust.
d. Reduce your responsibility but enhance your authority.",a,
"Demonstrating conviction, courage, compassion, and community can:","a. Be used by a transformational leader to build trust.
b. Diminish your capacity for trusting others.
c. Make you vulnerable to your adversaries.
d. Undermine or erode trust.",a,
"The emergency manager's role for media relations is to:
","a. Ensure plans for this function are in place and up-to-date.
b. Make all contacts with the media.
c. Review and approve all releases.
d. Serve as the primary spokesperson.",a,
"If the community already has an emergency operations plan, the emergency manager should:","a. Assume the plan is probably outdated, and proceed to develop a new one.
b. Consider this part of the job done, and focus on other activities.
c. Coordinate a unified effort with all those responsible to keep the plan updated.
d. Let the people responsible for the various sections decide when and if changes are needed.",c,
"Documentation is a legal and administrative requirement for an emergency management organization. As an emergency manager, you will document which of the following records, except:","a. incident records.
b. mutual aid activities.
c. routine staffing records.
d. situation reports.",c,
Anticipated emergency operations is a budget item consisting of estimates for emergencies that may occur during the budget cycle. What type of data may be needed to support these estimates?,"a. Emergency operations plan.
b. Exercise training plan.
c. Historical records.
d. Weather reports.",c,
How is risk defined?,"a. A predicted impact that a hazard would have on people, services, and specific facilities in a community.
b. A specific point of vulnerability.
c. The magnitude, duration, seasonal pattern, and speed of onset of a hazard.
d. Typical weather patterns for a community.",a,
"Frequency, magnitude and potential intensity, and probable spatial extent are all factors to consider when developing a(n):","a. Hazard profile.
b. Impact estimate.
c. Jurisdiction analysis.
d. Resource assessment.",a,
Mutual aid and assistance agreements may provide ________ when invoked.,"a. Change of command
b. Unity of command
c. Policy decisions
d. Equipment such as bulldozers or dump trucks",d,
Standby contracts establish the price as that which is/was in effect:,"a. on the day before the emergency event.
b. on the day of the emergency event.
c. on the day after an emergency event.
d. do not establish price for the resources provided during an emergency.",a,
Which one of the following objectives is considered short-term?,"a. The Chamber of Commerce will work with local businesses to implement the economic revitalization strategies developed and approved by the community leaders.
b. City departments will work with the whole community to develop permanent housing solutions for people and their families who were left homeless by the wildland fires.
c. City departments will work with local businesses to establish temporary or interim infrastructure to support business reopenings.
d. The public health department will work with local hospitals to rebuild disrupted/damaged health care facilities damaged by the earthquake to current medical standards.",c,
Which one of the following exercise objectives follows the SMART format?,"a. Deliver an approved points of distribution delivery route to the designated incident commander.
b. Demonstrate the ability to assemble, supply, and support a complete flash flood response team to pre-position for imminent response.
c. Emergency management staff will initiate and complete a call-back of EOC personnel within 30 minutes of notification as described in the Emergency Operations Plan.
d. Finance staff will identify and begin working on short-term financial objectives.",c,
Which section of the emergency operations plan addresses resource needs and availability?,"a. Administration, Finance and Logistics.
b. Direction, Control, and Coordination.
c. Organization and Assignment of Responsibilities.
d. Situation and Assumptions.",a,
Specifying safety procedures in an incident plan is an example of which one of the following risk control measures?,"a. Eliminating the hazardous operation.
b. Engineering controls.
c. Administrative controls.
d. Using personal protective equipment.",c,
Which of the following is a prevention technique or activity?,"a. Conducting background investigations on personnel who have access to critical infrastructure.
b. Developing plans and making other preparations to save lives and safeguard the environment.
c. Identifying shelter locations and needed supplies.
d. Multi-objective planning by the whole community for local floodway development.",a,
A sound prevention strategy is based on which of the following factors?,"a. Installing and maintaining warning systems.
b. Strengthening zoning and building codes.
c. Training on emergency protective measures.
d. Updating immunization and quarantine policies.",d,
Which of the following defines mitigation?,"a. Activities designed for a community to adapt to changing conditions and to withstand and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies.
b. Activities designed to ensure the entity or jurisdiction is optimally prepared to prevent an imminent terrorist attack.
c. Activities that safeguard the jurisdiction against all types of threats and hazards, including acts of terrorism as well as manmade or natural disasters.
d. Activities to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to persons or property, or to lessen the actual or potential effects of an incident.",d,
The emergency manager plays a unique role in helping to mitigate the community's threats and hazards. Which of the following is a key responsibility?,"a. Enforce zoning and building codes.
b. Increase awareness about the public's role in mitigation.
c. Obtain insurance to reduce risk.
d. Uphold Federal regulations intended to reduce hazard losses and provide resources to achieve these goals.",b,
Which of the following is NOT a recommended emergency communication action?,"a. Coordinate emergency messages with those of other authorities and across the various media.
b. Create message templates based on your local threats and hazards that you can use when an emergency arises.
c. Include in warning messages the protective behavior expected of the public.
d. When issuing an urgent warning message, include as much detailed background information as possible.",d,
Which system is the method of operating during an incident that allows multiple public information officers (PIOs) to coordinate information and integrate messages to avoid confusing the public?,"a. Incident Command System.
b. Joint Information System.
c. National Incident Management System.
d. Warning, Notification, and Communications System.",b,
"During your research of the Whole Community's communication needs, you discover there are people with both functional and access needs. As the message originator, how would you ensure effective communication messages meet their needs?","a. Design the message content using nonstandard language formats and technical terminology for translation using audio by text-to-speech equipment.
b. Present the least important information first and build your case to the most important.
c. Provide ample text and audio to explain images or maps so that message recipients can understand the meaning of what is being conveyed graphically.
d. Use abbreviations to keep the message content short and concise.",c,
Communications is one of the core functions of emergency management. What is the definition of this function?,"a. Ensures that warning information is available to the public and pre-scripted messages have been prepared for identified threats and hazards.
b. Includes providing information to the whole community before, during, and after an emergency
c. Includes the systems and procedures that emergency personnel use to communicate with each other (i.e., not with the public) during emergencies.
d. Includes the systems and procedures that emergency personnel use to communicate with the public (i.e., not with responders and other emergency personnel) during emergencies.",c,
An incident command system provides for a common organizational structure that enables effective and efficient incident management. It is designed to ensure which of the following?,"a. Achievement of the entity's strategic objectives.
b. Efficient use of resources.
c. Health and safety of the Whole Community.
d. Use of specific agency or organizational codes and acronyms.",b,
"Which of the following serves as a critical link in the emergency response chain, enabling incident commanders to focus on the needs of the incident while promoting problem solving at the lowest practical level?","a. Emergency Operations Center.
b. Emergency Operations Plan.
c. Incident Command System.
d. Multiagency Coordination Center.",a,
"Which component of an emergency management program establishes the overall authority, roles, and functions performed by an entity during incidents?","a. Emergency Management Policy or Local Ordnance.
b. Emergency Operations Plan (EOP).
c. Strategic Plan.
d. Whole Community Strategic Themes.",b,
What section of the Emergency Operations Plan describes emergency response procedures for each threat or hazard that an entity's plan addresses?,"a. Annexes.
b. Basic Plan.
c. Hazard-Specific Annexes/Appendices.
d. Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA).",c,
An entity's workforce consists of different ages and cultural groups as well as some with access and functional needs. Which of the following methods allow the entity to effectively communicate emergency messages with this diverse group?,"a. Ensure the message is written at the eighth grade reading level.
b. Limit the use of alternative types of communications.
c. Provide the information in multiple formats.
d. Use the dominant language and one other language.",c,
"As the emergency manager, you are developing methodologies to inform employees and their families following the occurrence of an event. Which group of methodologies or channels will reach the most diverse group of people?","a. Automated notification systems, call centers, and call lists.
b. Instant messaging, message boards, and email.
c. Radio and television, social media, and meetings.
d. Twitter, Snapchat, and Facebook.",c,
How does the emergency manager and planning team develop a better understanding of the Whole Community?,"a. Analyze past after action reports on recent community disaster events.
b. Learn how social activity is organized on a normal basis.
c. Review the community's land use maps.
d. Study the predominant foreign language.",b,
"Under the Whole Community approach to emergency management, citizens and private individuals in the community have critical roles to play. Which of the following lists some of their roles in building and sustaining a secure and resilient community?","a. Developing business continuity plans.
b. Providing emergency shelters.
c. Reducing hazards in and around their homes.
d. Speaking another language.",c,
The local emergency manager has the responsibility for coordinating emergency management programs and activities. Under which one of the following does the emergency manager develop and carry out public awareness and education programs?,"a. Conducting all hazards threat/hazard and risk assessments (THIRA).
b. Coordinating a review of all local emergency- and disaster-related authorities.
c. Facilitating the emergency planning process.
d. Managing resources before, during, and after a major emergency or disaster.",d,
"In emergency management, communication responsibilities are typically quite varied. One responsibility is educating the community on emergency preparedness. Which of the following activities would you include in the community education program?","a. Engage the community in dialogues about disaster recovery options.
b. Inform the community about emergency plans, issues, and events.
c. Issue alerts and warnings to the community.
d. Train the community on the entity's communications systems.",b,
"The local emergency plan was recently revised. From the following list, which type of exercise should the emergency manager use to teach or orient the participants on the revised plan?","a. Game.
b. Seminar.
c. Tabletop.
d. Workshop.",b,
Your emergency management plan has been in effect and the responsible individuals and agencies attended various seminars and a tabletop exercise. Now you want to evaluate the ability of multiple agencies to coordinate their response activities. Which one of the following exercises would you develop?,"a. Drill
b. Full-scale
c. Functional
d. Game",c,
There are four design elements used for creating an emergency management exercise. Which of the following design elements provides the storyline that drives the exercise?,"a. Objectives
b. Purpose.
c. Scenario.
d. Scope.",c,
Our needs assessment indicated the local hazard materials team recently received new equipment and updated their standard operating procedures. Which one of the following exercise objectives supports the jurisdiction's needs and follows the SMART format?,"a. Assess the capability of the jurisdiction to respond to an unknown chemical release.
b. Assess the capability of the local hazardous material team to detect, identify, monitor, and respond to the effects of an unknown chemical release.
c. Detect, identify, monitor, and respond to the effects of an unknown chemical release occurring at 2:00 a.m.
d. Detect, identify, monitor, and respond to the effects of a chlorine chemical release occurring at the regional water treatment plant.",b,
"Which of the following exercise documents contain distinct, chronologically sequenced modules, with each module representing a specific time segment of the overall scenario?","a. Exercise Evaluation Guides (EEGs)
b. Exercise Plan (EXPLAN)
c. Master Scenario Events List (MSEL)
d. Situation Manual (SITMAN)",d,
Which of the following exercise documents contain a checklist of critical tasks to be completed by the players during the exercise?,"a. Exercise Evaluation Guides (EEGs)
b. Exercise Plan (EXPLAN)
c. Master Scenario Events List (MSEL)
d. Situation Manual (SITMAN)",a,
Which of the following exercises usually require additional logistical considerations?,"a. Discussion-based.
b. Operations-based.
c. Seminars.
d. Workshops.",b,
Exercise players participate in all but which one of the following exercise meetings?,"a. Debriefings.
b. Facilitated/moderated discussions.
c. Guided presentations.
d. Hotwash.",a,
The Exercise Planning Team appoints a Lead Evaluator to organize and manage the exercise evaluation activities. Which of the following people would best fulfill the Lead Evaluator position?,"a. Business owner.
b. Deputy police chief.
c. Mitigation section planner.
d. Public works supervisor.",b,
Which statement is true regarding the Exercise Evaluation Plan (EvalPlan)?,"a. The EvalPlan is a stand-alone formal document for all types of exercises.
b. The EvalPlan is a stand-alone formal document only for discussion-based exercises.
c. The EvalPlan is a stand-alone formal document only for operations-based exercises.
d. The EvalPlan is a document that helps exercise evaluators understand their roles and responsibilities.",d,
"Which of the following exercise tools (documents) contains measureable steps that, when implemented, lead to improved response capabilities?","a. Exercise Evaluation Guides.
b. Exercise Evaluation Plan.
c. Improvement Plan.
d. Situation Manual.",c,
Who identifies each area for improvement listed in the Improvement Plan matrix?,"a. Evaluators.
b. Exercise Participants.
c. Observers.
d. Stakeholders.",a,
Which of the following describes the goal of exercise data analysis?,"a. To allow evaluators to review results of the HOTWASH and participant feedback forms.
b. To demonstrate the successful performance of the exercise objectives.
c. To evaluate the ability of exercised functions to perform target capabilities.
d. To prepare the draft After Action Report and Improvement Plan.",c,
In what step of the Four-Step Data Analysis process do the evaluators identify discrepancies between what happened and what was supposed to happen and then explore the source of these discrepancies identified?,"a. Identifying issues
b. Determining root causes
c. Developing recommendations for improvement
d. Identifying lessons learned.",b,
The Improvement Plan Matrix lists each area for improvement. By whom and when are they identified?,"a. By evaluators during the exercise.
b. By evaluators in the After Action Report.
c. By stakeholders during the exercise.
d. By stakeholders during the AAR Conference.",b,
What is the outcome of the facilitated discussion held during the After Action Conference?,"a. Draft After Action Report
b. Finalized After Action Report
c. Improvement Plan
d. Improvement Plan Matrix",d,
How often should an emergency manager perform a review of his or her program?,"a. After every policy change.
b. Annually.
c. In conjunction with each after-action review.
d. On a regularly scheduled basis.",d,
Does an emergency manager need to conduct further reviews of the emergency management program if thorough after action reviews are conducted following each major incident response?,"a. No, the after action review covered everything in the program.
b. No, one program review is all that is required.
c. Yes, the after action review covered the core emergency management functions.
d. Yes, the after action review did not cover the emergency management program functions.",d,
How do emergency management program evaluators identify issues for corrective action recommendations?,"a. Comparing exercise or performance objectives to actual performance.
b. Conducting a Controller/ Evaluator debriefing following an exercise.
c. Conducting routine inspections of equipment, supplies, and training.
d. Reviewing all the After Action Reports.",a,
Which of the following is a concrete and actionable corrective action?,"a. Conduct additional training for all primary and secondary EOC staff.
b. Develop procedures to implement the EOC secondary communications system.
c. Obtain more references for use in the EOC during actual incident response.
d. Update the local policy on Active Shooter response and recovery.",b,
"National Preparedness Goal emphasizes five mission areas rather than the four phases of emergency management. Response, recovery, and mitigation are common to both. What are the other two mission areas called?","a. Planning and Preparedness
b. Preparedness and Protection
c. Preparedness and Prevention
d. Prevention and Protection",d,
Which is the only position that is always staffed in Incident Command System (ICS) applications?,"a. Incident Commander.
b. Operations Section Chief.
c. Public Information Officer.
d. Safety Officer.",a,
Incident Action Plans (IAPs) provide a coherent means to communicate the overall incident objectives in the context of both operational and support activities. Incident Action Plans (IAPs) depend on __________ to accomplish response tactics.,"a. common terminology
b. integrated communications
c. management by objectives
d. organizational resources",c,
"According to the National Incident Management System (NIMS), when should managers plan and prepare for demobilizing resources no longer needed for the incident?","a. At the same time that they begin the resource mobilization process.
b. After the Operations Section Chief completed all the IAP objectives.
c. When the Resource Unit Leader no longer has a use for the resource.
d. While preparing the emergency operations plan.",a,
"The National Incident Management System (NIMS) provides a set of ___________ organizational structures, as well as requirements for processes, procedures, and systems designed to improve interoperability.","a. complicated.
b. rigid.
c. simple.
d. standardized.",d,
What principle(s) represent the foundation for the Whole Community approach to emergency management?,"a. Strengthen what works in communities on a daily basis
b. Engage and empower all parts of the community
c. Understands and meets the actual needs of the community
d. All of the above",d,
"According to the Incident Command system (ICS), who directs tactical operations when the Operations Section has been activated?","a. Deputy Incident Commander.
b. Emergency Operations Center.
c. Incident Commander.
d. Operations Section Chief.",d,
Which one of the actions listed below is primarily a state / tribal responsibility for disaster response?,"a. Provide immediate aid.
b. Request a Presidential Disaster Declaration.
c. Serves as the first line of defense in emergencies.
d. Warns and advises citizens.",b,
"According to the National Disaster Recovery Framework, when does the recovery process begin?","a. After the response teams begin demobilizing.
b. Concurrently with the response after the lifesaving actions are completed.
c. When the senior executive for the jurisdiction/entity declares the recovery begins.
d. With pre-disaster preparedness and includes a wide range of planning activities.",d,
What is a Joint Information Center (JIC)?,"a. A central location from which emergency operations are coordinated.
b. A central location where disaster victims can rest and obtain food.
c. A central location at the incident scene where responders can be debriefed about the incident.
d. A central location, where the Public Information Officers provide updates to the media.",d,
"Which of the following social media tools allow the emergency manager and community members to connect directly with each other for two-way communication before, during and after an incident?","a. Blog.
b. Social networking site.
c. Media sharing site.
d. Wiki.",b,
"During the response to a major disaster event, you want to get a message out to the public regarding evacuations and sheltering options. Because your jurisdiction borders another country, you need to ensure that your message is immediate and available globally. Which of the following communications platforms or tools should you use?","a. Local AM radio.
b. Major daily newspapers.
c. Social media sites.
d. Press release.",c,
The Improvement Plan Matrix lists each area for improvement. By whom and when are they identified?,"a. By evaluators during the exercise.
b. By evaluators in the After Action Report.
c. By stakeholders during the exercise.
d. By stakeholders during the AAR Conference.",b,
"Which of the following presents an integrated set of guidance, programs, and processes that enables thewhole community to meet the National Preparedness Goal","a. State Training and Exercise System
b. National Preparedness System
c. Community Response System
d. Incident Command System",b,
A document describing how a community will respond to a wide variety of potential hazards is:,"a. An emergency operations plan
b. A standard operating procedure
c. An implementing instruction
d. A support document",a,
"In the National Preparedness Goal, which of the following is not a Mission Area:","a. Prevention
b. Response
c. Planning",c,
"Which Mission Area includes those capabilities necessary to avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism:","a. Prevention
b. Protection
c. Mitigation",a,
"Conducting a systematic process engaging the whole community, as appropriate, in the development of executable strategic, operational, and/or tactical-level approaches to meet defined objectives is part of planning for which Mission Area:","a. Prevention
b. Protection
c. Mitigation",b,
"Assessing risk and disaster resilience so that decision-makers, responders, and community members can take informed action to reduce their entity's risk and increase their resilience is part of which Mission Area:","a. Prevention
b. Protection
c. Mitigation",c,
"Conducting the appropriate measures to ensure the protection of the health and safety of the public and workers, as well as the environment, from all-hazards in support of responder operations and the affected communities is part of which Mission Area:","a. Response
b. Recovery
c. Reaction",a,  
The Chernobyl disaster of 1986 in Ukraine was a case of,"a. Epidemic disaster
b. Toxic gas disaster
c. Nuclear disaster
d. None of the above",c,
Which of the following is seasonally related hazard?,"a. Earthquake
b. Volcanic Eruption
c. Terrorist Attack
d. None of the above",d,
Disaster Management includes:,"a. Mitigation
b. Reconstruction
c. Rehabilitation
d. All of the above",d,
Which of the following should be practiced during LPG leakage? ,"a. Open windows
b. Close windows
c. Hide under chair
d. Switch on the light",a,
Which of the following is the objective of pre-disaster management?,"a. Collect information
b. Participation of people
c. First aid
d. Mock drill",a,
Which of the following should not be practiced in case of snake bite?,"a. Cut wound
b. Cover the wound with sterile bandage
c. Do not suck the blood out
d. Do not apply medicine",a,
What are the effects of dry famine?,"a. Loss of life
b. Collapse of building
c. Soil erosion
d. Water logging",a,
Production and use of harmful chemicals is under ban in ________ countries,"a. Developing countries
b. Developed countries
c. Third world countries
d. All of these",b,
Populations and their movements through time are a component of:,"a. Physical vulnerability
b. Environmental vulnerability
c. Social vulnerability
d. Economic vulnerability",a,
Insurance is an example of:,"a. Risk likelihood
b. Risk avoidance
c. Risk acceptance
d. Risk transfer",d,
All are the principle of emergency management except?,"a. Coordination
b. Inflexibility
c. Comprehension
d. Progression
e. Risk driven",b,
Which of the following is wrong?,"a. Disaster may be hazard
b. Hazard is the product of risk and vulnerability
c. Hazard is any negative event require external assistance
d. Hazard by itself might be devastating.
e. all",e,
"The primarily concerned and other categories’ indirect impact of hazard among the
following","a. Social
b. Health
c. Environment
d. Economic",b,
Among the following disease one does not notified by IHR 2005?,"a. Smallpox
b. Poliomyelitis due to wild-type
c. Poliovirus human influenza caused by a new subtype
d. SARS
e. None",e,
Slow occurrences and multi casual among the following natural disaster,"a. Conflict
b. Earthquake
c. Volcano Eruption
d. Outbreak
e. Shipwreck",d,
According to disaster pattern from least to the most severe is,"a. Outbreak, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
b. Endemic, outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic
c. Endemic, outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic
d. Endemic, epidemic, outbreak and pandemic
e. Endemic, outbreak, pandemic and epidemic",b,
Natural disasters generally involve which of the following?,"a. Events with a single clear-cut cause
b. Events that involve overlapping natural causes
c. Events wholly caused by the activities of man
d. Events that are unaffected by the activities of man
e. Events that always involve interaction between closely related processes",b,
Common cause of tsunami:,"a. Undersea earthquake
b. Funnel-shaped air spirals
c. Strong winds accompanied by rain, snow and thunder
d. Volcanic eruption through magma
e. Displacement of convectional air current.",a,
Among the following types of hazard which one is more common?,"a. Biological
b. Physical
c. Chemical
d. Ergonomic
e. Mechanical",a,
Commonly used type of epidemiological study design for disaster among the following,"a. Cohort
b. Experimental
c. Case control
d. Cross Sectional
e. Ecological",c,
More frequent type of disaster in Ethiopia among the following,"a. Drought
b. Flood
c. Pest infestation
d. Outbreak
e. Conflict",a,
The total amount of water requirement per liter for single cholera patient per day is,"a. 80
b. 60
c. 40
d. 100
e. 50",b,
"All people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food for a healthy and active life, this is termed as","a. Nutritional security
b. Food aid
c. Food security
d. Food safety
e. all",c,
"The emergency threshold of under-five child death rate as standard uses below _____ per
day.","a. 1/100,0000
b. 2/10,000
c. 2/1000
d. 5/100,000
e. 0.02/1000",e,
What activity takes place during the mitigation phase of a disaster cycle?,"a. Conducting a rapid needs assessment
b. Conducting an inventory of available resources
c. Evaluating the safety of building codes
d. Conducting epidemiologic studies
e. C and D",e,
During what phase of the disaster cycle does an epidemiologist play the most limited role?,"a. Preparedness
b. Response
c. Recovery
d. Mitigation",d,
What is an indicator of significant public health effects during disasters?,"a. Disease incidence
b. Disease prevalence
c. Mortality rate
d. Case-fatality rate",c,
"Conducting a rapid needs assessment more commonly occurs during which phase of the
disaster cycle?","a. Preparedness
b. Response
c. Recovery
d. Mitigation
e. All",b,
What is the recommended sampling method for conducting rapid need assessment?,"a. Stratified sampling
b. Two-stage cluster sampling
c. Simple random sampling
d. Systematic sampling",b,
Among the following one odd accordingly the disaster classification,"a. Wildfires
b. Car accident
c. Avalanches
d. Monsoons
e. Blizzard",b,
All are the objectives of rapid need assessments in disaster setting except?,"a. Describe the effects of the disaster on health
b. Determine the critical health needs and assess the impact of the disaster
c. Characterize the population residing in the affected area
d. Produce individual -based information and estimates for decision-makers
e. Evaluate the effectiveness of relief efforts through a follow-up assessment",d,
"A systematic approach to characterizing the risks posed to individuals and populations by
potentially adverse exposures is:","a. Risk assessment
b. Exposure assessment
c. Vulnerability assessment
d. Hazard assessment
e. B and C",a,
"_________ is the identification of a public health threat by closely and frequently
monitoring identified indicators and predicting the risk it poses on the health of the public
and the health system.","a. Early warning
b. Public health emergency preparedness
c. Public health emergency mitigation
d. Public health emergency response
e. Public health emergency recovery",a,
All of the following the predisposing factor for drought except?,"a. Widespread and persistent atmospheric calm areas known as subsidence
b. Localized subsidence induced by mountain barriers
c. Absence of rainmaking disturbances
d. Presence of humid airstreams",d,
All of the following are the component of early warning system except?,"a. Risk knowledge
b. Communication
c. Monitoring and warning service
d. Response capacity
e. None",e,
Of the following one is direct health effect of disaster?,"a. Vector-borne disease
b. Mental stress
c. Drowning
d. Carbon monoxide poisoning
e. Worsening of chronic disease",c,
What activity takes place during the response phase of the disaster cycle?,"a. Conducting surveillance of health problems
b. Conducting an inventory of available resources
c. Training of health personnel
d. Conducting epidemiologic studies",a,
Which of the following does not describe an epidemiologist’s role in a disaster?,"a. Identify disaster-related outcomes
b. Determine risk factors for affected population groups
c. Rebuild damaged infrastructures and restore health systems
d. Conduct rapid needs assessments",c,
"Oil spills, radiation emergencies from nuclear blasts, and bioterrorism are all examples of
what kind of disaster?","a. Natural disaster
b. Technological disaster
c. Complex emergency
d. Human-induced disaster
e. B and D",e,
At what point does a natural or technological/human-induced event become a disaster?,"a. If management of disaster possible through local government
b. If management of disaster require external assistance
c. If management of disaster cannot require external assistance
d. A and C",b,
"Among the following, all are the challenges or considerations for disaster epidemiology
except?","a. Absence of baseline data and Logistical constraints
b. Difficulty in obtaining denominator data
c. Damage or disruption to the local healthcare infrastructure
d. Coordination of data collection efforts
e. None",e,
"Conducting an outcomes assessment of a particular triage method after a natural disaster is an
example of:","a. An evaluation study
b. A rapid needs assessment
c. An epidemiologic study
d. . A case-control study",a,
"All of the following activities on maintenance phase of communication during disaster
except?","a. Provide background and encompassing information
b. Explain emergency recommendations
c. Listen to stakeholder and audience
d. Persuade the public to support public policy and resource allocation
e. All",d,
Which of the following is a disadvantage of Syndromic surveillance?,"a. Small outbreaks are not detected
b. Data collection is through automated means
c. Early, real-time information gathering
d. Health department staff burden is low for data collection",a,
"________ integrates signs and symptoms, primary complaints or presumptive
diagnoses, or other characteristics of the disease, rather than specific clinical or laboratory
diagnostic criteria.","a. Sentinel surveillance
b. Syndromic surveillance
c. Ad hoc surveillance
d. Mortality surveillance",b,
"__________ is an epidemiology tool that assess health effects, monitors the effectiveness
of relief efforts, responds to public concerns and media inquiries, and assists in planning for
future disasters.","a. Disaster epidemiology
b. Rapid needs assessments
c. Disaster surveillance
d. Disaster response
e. Disaster mitigation",c,
"The sub division of public health emergency management that used for rapid assessment of
outbreaks, outbreak investigations, implementing control and prevention measures, and
monitoring of the interventions is termed as:","a. Public health preparedness
b. Public health mitigation
c. Public health response 
d. Public health reconstruction
e. Public health Resilience",c,
All are parts of risk management except:,"a. Avoid the risk
b. Reduce the likelihood of the occurrence and the consequences.
c. Transfer the risk
d. Accept/Retain the risk.
e. None",e,
All are parts of the description of hazard except,"a. Intensity
b. Frequency and Extent
c. Time frame
d. Manageability
e. None",e,
All are not a component of Minimum standards in disaster response except?,"a. Health services
b. Water, sanitation, and hygiene promotion
c. Food security, nutrition and food aid
d. Shelter, settlement and non-food items
e. All",e,
All of the following acceptable Case fatality rates except?,"a. Cholera: _< 1%
b. Shigella dysentery: _<1%
c. Typhoid: _<1%
d. Meningococcal meningitis: _<2%
e. None",d,
Which of the following is NOT an interview tip when conducting rapid need assessment?,"a. Convey a sense of empathy and respect
b. Give respondents time to answer questions
c. Prefill answers to questions when you have heard the respondent previously answer the
question
d. Ask questions in the same manner for each interview",c,
"Of which type of response rate describe as proportion of households at which contact was
attempted and agreed to complete an interview?","a. Contact rate
b. Cooperation rate
c. Completion rate
d. All",a,
All of the following are the weaknesses of Ethiopia’s early warning system except?,"a. Capacity limitation in the sub division
b. No complete power in the sub division
c. Lack of credibility and trust report
d. Gap b/n response and early warning
e. None",e,
All of the following are the focus of Disaster epidemiology except:,"a. Prevent or reduce the morbidity and mortality resulting from disasters
b. Assess basic needs of affected populations
c. Provide first-response to affected populations
d. Inform resource allocation plans for the response phase of a disaster cycle",c,
All are not the scope of rapid need assessment except?,"a. Provide direct services to residents such as cleanup or home repair
b. Deliver food, medicine, medical services, or other resources to the affected area
c. Determine why people are not returning to their community
d. Establish current population estimates.
e. None",e,
Among the following risk score which one is require immediate attention?,"a. 20
b. 10
c. 6
d. 3
e. A and D",a,
"According to the risk matrix, the incident of likelihood impact of medium risk over two years is:","a. >0.05%
b. >0.005%
c. >5%
d. >50%
e. >0.5%",c,
The reconstruction phase of disaster management refers to:,"a. Operations to restore basic social functions
b. The full resumption of socio-economic activities plus preventive measures
c. plan to minimize the hazard, vulnerability and long and short effects of a disaster
d. The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster
e. The capacity to absorb stress or destructive forces through resistance or adaptation",b,
All of the following hazards related to wind except?,"a. Hurricane
b. Blizzards
c. Drought
d. Tornadoes
e. Solar flare",e,
Among the following which one true?,"a. All emergency are disaster
b. All disaster are emergency
c. All hazard are disaster
d. All disaster are Vulnerability
e. B and D",e,
"All the features below, except one, are common to current complex emergencies?","a. Increased mortality
b. High levels of violence against civilians
c. High food insecurity
d. High number of battle-deaths
e. Large population displacement",d,
The fundamental principles of Control of Communicable Diseases are,"a. Rapid Assessment
b. Surveillance
c. Outbreak Control
d. Disease Management
e. All",e,
All of the following activities done pre and during disaster phase except?,"a. Identifying urgent needs & matching resources
b. Conducting disaster surveillance
c. Conducting epidemic investigations
d. Identifying risk factors for death & injury",d,
Among the following which activities perform during emergency phase of disaster?,"a. Conducting disaster damage assessment
b. Conducting descriptive & analytical studies
c. Planning medical & public health response to future disasters
d. Conducting long-term follow-up of rehabilitation/reconstruction activities",a,
Among the following which activities perform in the post disaster phase?,"a. Conducting post-disaster epidemiologic studies
b. Prioritizing relief efforts
c. Conducting rapid field investigations
d. Evacuating vulnerable areas",a,
All of the following epidemiology apply on disaster except,"a. Evaluation epidemiology
b. Analytic epidemiology
c. Surveillance epidemiology
d. None",d,
How many household interviews during disaster study for sampling methods?,"a. 7
b. 30
c. 210
d. 25",c,
Priority diseases targeted in PHEM surveillance depends on all the following except:,"a. High epidemic potential
b. Required internationally under IHR2005
c. Targeted for eradication/elimination
d. Major Public Health Importance
e. Have available effective control and prevention measures
f. None",f,
Meningitides epidemic occurs if:,"a. In an area with pop. >30,000 : 5 cases/100,000 pop./week
b. In an area with pop. >30,000: 10/100,000 pop./week
c. In an area with pop. <30,000 : 2 /10,0000cases/week
d. In an area with pop. <30,000: 5 cases/week
e. Doubling in number of cases over 3 weeks period
f. All except A and C",f,
"Which one of the following statements about the public health surveillance cycle is
true?","a. Clinical diagnosis is outside the surveillance cycle
b. Communication is outside the surveillance cycle
c. Action is outside the surveillance cycle
d. The surveillance cycle includes diagnosis, communication, and action",d,
A _________ are markers that indicate when something should happen or change,"a. Alert
b. Threshold
c. Notification
d. Verification
e. Investigation
f. Rumors",b,
A flash flood is a flood that: ,"a. Is caused by heavy rain rather than from the flooding of a river
b. Occurs in urban areas
c. Occurs suddenly and unexpectedly and for a short duration
d. Is caused by the blocking of drains.",c,
"The process of identifying the probability of occurrence of a natural hazard of a given
intensity at a specific location based on an analysis of natural processes and site
conditions is termed as:","a. Risk assessment
b. Exposure assessment
c. Vulnerability assessment
d. Hazard assessment
e. B and C",d,
Hazard matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",g,
Vulnerability matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",d,
Mitigation matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",c,
Disaster matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",f,
Preparedness matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",a,
Resilience matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",b,
Emergency matches to: ,"a. Plan to respond
b. Coping capacity /capacity to recover
c. Long term risk reduction
d. An event require external assistance
e. Give immediate attention
f. An event have negative impact
g. Exposure to danger",e,
Covid 19 is a:,"a. Climatological
b. Biological Disaster
c. Terrorist Attack
d. Metrological Disaster",b,
A disease that becomes widespread and even global is referred to as:,"a. Epidemic
b. Pandemic
c. Spanish flu
d. Hyperendemic",b,
Which of the following is a geological disaster?,"a. Tsunami
b. Storm surge
c. Flood
d. Wild Fire",a,
What should one do during a landslide?,"a. Move near to a river or valley
b. Climb trees or poles
c. Move to higher regions
d. Move inside buildings",c,
Volcanoes are generally found where:,"a. Intra plates pull apart or come together
b. Tectonic plates pull apart or come together
c. Earth's crust pull apart or come together
d. None of these",b,
What is the Ring of Fire?,"a. Belt of volcanoes in the Pacific Region
b. Belt of volcanoes in the mid continental region
c. Belt of volcanoes in the mid atlantic region
d. None of these",a,
A large amount of sliding ice and snow on a mountain commonly due to an earthquake is called:,"a. Flood
b. Avalanche
c. Landslide
d. Earthquake",b,
Which of the following is not a man made hazard?,"a. Leakage of Toxic waste
b. Wars and Civil strife
c. Drought
d. Environmental Pollution",c,
The extent to which an area is likely to be damaged by a hazard's impact is:,"a. Capacity
b. Vulnerability
c. Risk
d. Hazard Assessment",b,
Landslides often occur in,"a. Desert region
b. Forest region
c. Hilly region
d. Tundra region",c,
Tsunamis can occur only during:,"a. Evening
b. Afternoon
c. Anytime
d. Morning",c,
What is a drought?,"a. No rainfall for a long period
b. Heavy rainfall for a period
c. Moderate rainfall for a period
d. None",a,
The level of risk of a disaster depends on:,"a. Nature of the hazard
b. Vulnerability of elements affected
c. Economic value of affected elements
d. All of the above",d,
Tornadoes are common in:,"a. India
b. USA
c. Bangladesh
d. China",b,
Which instrument records earthquake waves?,"a. Climograph
b. Seismograph
c. Hythergraph
d. None",b,
"In disaster management, mitigation measure involves:","a. Governmental action and administration
b. Community action and administration
c. Military action and administration
d. None",b,
Vulnerability analysis comes in which part of Disaster management?,"a. Response
b. Preparedness
c. Mitigation
d. Recovery",c,
Which is a common factor of wildlife hazard?,"a. Lightning
b. Volcanic Eruption
c. El-nino
d. All of the above",d,
Which of the following rates the magnitude of an earthquake?,"a. Seismograph
b. Wind Vane
c. Richter Scale
d. Rain Gauge",c,
Which group of people is most vulnerable during a disaster?,"a. Women, children, elders
b. Men, women, boys
c. Men, boys, elders
d. None",a,
Dams reduce flooding by:,"a. Protecting river banks from erosion
b. Providing storage for flood water
c. Increasing downstream velocity of flood water
d. Trapping sediment behind the dams so it can't be deposited downstream",b,
Which theory of disaster management addresses organizational preparedness and response to disasters?,"a. Hab falls theory of resource conservation
b. Problem solving task model
c. Structure-Functional Theory
c. Theory of Traumatogenic forces",c,
Vulnerability index for Covid 19 domains includes:,"a. Socioeconomic
b. Epidemiological
c. Demographic
d. All of the above",d,
The conversion of productive land to arid land is known as:,"a. Deforestation
b. Deformation
c. Landform
d. Desertification",d,
The Greenhouse Effect:,"a. Decrease in surface temperature
b. Rise in surfcae temperature
c. Caused by Oxygen shortage
d. Cools the environment",b,
Biggest threat toward sustainable development is:,"a. Climate change
b. Pollution
c. Melting polar ice caps
d. Population growth",a,
"_____ is defined as planned, government policy induced land transformations.","a. Zoning
b. Migrating
c. Surveying
d. Land use change",d,
Global Warming refers to:,"a. Climate change
b. Ecological change
c. Atmosphere change
d. None of the above",a,
Indigenous knowledge is also known as:,"a. Generic knowledge
b. Global knowledge
c. Secondary knowledge
d. Local knowledge",d,
The aim of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevent to:,"a. Human induced climate change
b. Impacts of human induced climate change
c. Options for adaptation and mitigation
d. All of the above",d,
"A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical, and _____ processes that affect the climate system.","a. Biochemical
b. Biological
c. Biotic
d. None of the above",b,
Which of the following are flood prevention and mitigation strategies?,"a. Construction of flood protection embankments
b. Deforestation
c. Relocating of population
d. All of the above",a,
What might happen because of global warming?,"a. More reflected sunrise off the ice pack
b. Melting polar ice caps
c. Lower sea levels
d. Continuous rainfall",b,
Paris Agreement deals with:,"a. Flood avoidance
b. Cyclone avoidance
c. Dangerous Climate change avoidance
d. Earthquake avoidance",c,
SRES report was published by:,"a. NGO
b. WHO
c. IPCC
d. All of the above",c,
What is a major reason for the Kyoto Protocol's fail?,"a. It was made in Jaoan
b. Because of increased Carbon emissions
c. It tried to stop China from building factories
d. All of these",b,
Possible human solutions for limiting global warming and climate change are:,"a. Being more energy efficient
b. Using renewable energy
c. Removing carbon from fossil fuels
d. All of the above",d,
Earth fill dams are also known as:,"a. Concrete dam
b. Embankment
c. Dry Dam
d. Saddle Dam",b,
The first phase of environmental health management begins:,"a. Long before a disaster strikes
b. When a disaster strikes
c. Within the first three hours after the disaster has struck
d. After the warning period",a,
Developing and practicing an emergency plan occurs during which phase of disaster management?,"a. Preparedness
b. Mitigation
c. Response
d. Recovery",a,
A disaster management team should include?,"a. Awareness generation team
b. First aid team
c. Search and Rescue team
d. All of the above",d,
Efffective hazard management relies most on:,"a. Government agencies
b. Emergency responses
c. Predisaster planning
d. Volcanoes",c,
Disasters and Hazards are commonly classified as:,"a. Physical and chemical
b. Physical and human
c. Social and cultural
d. Natural and Human induced",d,
The primary goal of a disaster preparedness plan is:,"a. To protect the population
b. To protect valuable resources
c. To keep communication lines open
d. To protect environmental health personnel",a,
During which stage are suspended solids removed in the sewage treatment process?,"a. Final treatment
b. Primary treatment
c. Secondary treatment
d. Tertiary treatment",b,
Which of the following describes Municipal Solid Waste?,"a. Toxic
b. Non-toxic
c. Non-hazardous
d. Hazardous",c,
Waste management comprises which of the following?,"a. Waste collection
b. Waste segregation
c. Waste transportation
d. All of the above",d,
The United Nations Disaster Management Team is responsible for solving disaster problems in:,"a. Asia
b. Australia
c. Africa
d. All Continents",d,
Disaster relief is also known as:,"a. Emergency management
b. Society management
c. Public management
d. Welfare management",a,
_____ is the collection of data that does not involve physical contact:,"a. GPS
b. Fieldwork
c. Remote-sensing
d. None of the above",c,
_____ provides a tool for efficient storage and manipulation of remotely sensed data for scientific information:,"a. GIS
b. Mitigation
c. Vulnerability
d. All of the above",a,
Which country has the highest risk of flood?,"a. India
b. Bangladesh
c. Pakistan
d. Srilanka",b,
Which is an example of an anthropogenic hazard?,"a. Chemical explosion
b. Earthquake
c. Flood
d. Wildfire",a,
_____ occurs when an extreme rainfall event creates a flood independent of an overflowing water body:,"a. Coastal flood
b. Pluvial flood
c. Fluvial flood
d. None of the above",b,
_____ produced when high winds from hurricanes and other storms push water onshore is the leading cause of coastal flooding.,"a. Drought
b. Climate change
c. Wildfire
d. Storm surge",d,
_____ occurs when excessive rainfall over an extended period of time causes a river to exceed its capacity.,"a. Cyclone
b. Tsunami
c. Fluvial flood
d. None of the above",c,
Which tool is used for monitoring Disaster Management?,"a. Seismograph
b. Strain Gauged
c. GIS and Remote Sensing
d. None of the above",c,
_____ is the uncontrollable fire that occurs in wild land areas.,"a. Epidemic
b. Flood
c. Volcanic Eruption
d. Wildfire",c,
An active volcano Mauna Loa is located in:,"a. Hawaii, USA
b. Brazil
c. Japan
d. None of the above",a,
Which disease appeared as a public health concern in the last quarter of the 20th century?,"a. HIV
b. Ebola virus
c. E coli
d. All of the above",d,
Zika virus is related to which disease?,"a. Dengue
b. Yellow fever
c. Japanese encephalitis
d. All of the above",d,
Which volcano is known for the most destructive eruption in recorded history?,"a. Mount Kilimanjaro
b. Mauna Loa
c. Krakatoa
d. Mount St Helens",c,
Volcanic erupted material inside the earth is called:,"a. Lava
b. Magma
c. None of the above",b,
The International Tsunami Information Center is located in:,"a. Honolulu
b. Goa
c. Jakarta
d. Puducherry",a,
Cyclones occuring in the North Atlantic ocean are called:,"a. Typhoon
b. Hurricane
c. Tornado
d. None of the above",b,
The vector of the zika virus is:,"a. Aedes egypti
b. Aedes albopictus
c. Both a and b
d. Different species of mosquitos",c,
The Richter Scale is between:,"a. 0 and 6
b. 0 and 9
c. 1 and 5
d. 1 and 12",b,
The level of harm by a hazard is governed by:,"a. Magnitude of hazard
b. Frequency of hazard
c. Internsity at impact point
d. All of the above",d,
Which of the following is not an atmospheric hazard:,"a. Human epidemic
b. Hail
c. Heavy rainfall
d. Hurricanes",a,
The point of earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is called:,"a. Focus
b. Epicenter
c. Fracture
d. Fault",b,
The India National Institute of Disaster Management is located at:,"a. New Delhi
b. Hyderabad
c. Punjab
d. Manipur",a,
"In India, the disaster management act was made in:","a. 2006
b. 2005
c. 2003
d. 2009",b,
"A clear concise document outlining preventive and preparatory measures in the event of a disaster, to minimize the effects is called:","a. Disaster plan
b. Disaster guide
c. Disaster manual
d. Disaster record",a,
"During 2000 to 2009, 85% of affected people belonged to:","a. Asia Pacific Region
b. African Region
c. Japan Region
d. Australian Region",a,
"In India, the state disaster management authorithy is headed by:","a. Governor
b. Chief Minister
c. Chief Secretary of the State
d. None of the above",b,
"In India, the central organization of central government for integrating disaster management activities is:","a. Ministry of home affairs
b. Ministry of broadcasting
c. Ministry of rural development
d. Ministry of urban affairs",a,
Which Indian agency forecasts Cyclones?,"a. Indian Meteorological
b. Indian National Center for Oceanic Information Services
c. Central Water Commission
d. None of the above",a,
The National Disaster Management Authorithy is headed by:,"a. Prime Minister of India
b. President of India
c. Governor of States
d. Chief Minister of States",a,
Which of the following is a man-made disaster,"a. Terrorism
b. Major fire
c. Pollution
d. All of the above",d,
Floods can be prevented by:,"a. Reforestation
b. Cutting the forest
c. Tilling the land
d. Removing the top soil",a,
The word disaster comes from:,"a. Greek
b. Latin
c. French
d. German",a,
High vulnerability and high hazard are associated with:,"a. Low risk disaster
b. Medium risk disaster
c. High risk disaster
d. None of the above",c,
Which of the following is not part of the disaster response cycle?,"a. Preparedness
b. Response
c. Construction
d. Recovery",c,
Which of the following is known as a seismic wave?,"a. Tsunami
b. Hurricane
c. El Nino
d. Typhoon",a,
The Latur earthquake occured in which year?,"a. 1991
b. 1992
c. 1993
d. 1994",c,
Which wave of the earthquake produces rolling effects along the surface?,"a. P wave
b. S wave
c. L wave
d. None of the above",b,
Which is known as the light house of the Mediterranean sea?,"a. Vesuvius
b. Stromboli
c. Krakatoa
d. Popa",b,
Which country is the most fire prone in the world?,"a. Uganda
b. Canada
c. Australia
d. India",c,
______ is when a large number of people in a community get a disease at the same time?,"a. Influx
b. Black death
c. Epidemic
d. Pandemic",c,
"In India, Cyclones are tracked through which satellite?","a. INSAT
b. IRS
c. Ocean SAT
d. None of the above",a,
The intensity of an earthquake is measured by:,"a. Modified Mercalli scale
b. Richter scale
c. Seismograph
d. None of the above",a,
Tuberculosis generally affects which organ?,"a. Kidney
b. Stomach
c. Lungs
d. Skin",c,
Hurricanes are common in:,"a. India
b. Bangladesh
c. USA
d. Australia",c,
The most calm part of a tropical cycle is:,"a. Limb
b. Eye
c. Periphery
d. None of the above",b,
The word Tsunami is derived from:,"a. French
b. Latin
c. Japanese
d. Greek",c,
Which of the following is an example of a Civil war?,"a. Kargil war
b. World war 1
c. Syrian war
d. None of the above",c,
What are wild fires in North America are called?,"a. Bush fires
b. Brush fires
c. Forest fires
d. None of the above",a,
Which is the most landslide prone area in India?,"a. Ganges valley river
b. South Indian plateau
c. Himalaya and north eastern hill
d. None of the above",c,
The two atomic bombs dropped in Japan by the USA were during which war?,"a. World War 1
b. World War 2
c. Gulf War 1
d. Gulf War 2",b,
The twin tower of world trade center in the USA was destroyed by a terrorist attack in which year?,"a. 2000
b. 2001
c. 2008
d. None of the above",b,
"In the northern hemisphere, the wind of the tropical cyclone blows in which direction?","a. Anticlockwise
b. Clockwise
c. Straight
d. None of the above",a,
Tropical cyclones rarely develop within 5 degrees of the equator because coriolis effect is:,"a. Weakest
b. Moderate
c. Strongest
d. None of the above",a,
"The Indian Meteorological Department calls a storm a ""Super Cyclone"" when the wind blows in which range?","a. More than 120 km/hour
b. More than 100 km/hour
c. More than 220 km/hour
d. None of the above",c,
"During volcanic eruption, the extreme risk zone is within a distance:","a. Up to 100 meters
b. 100 to 300 meters
c. 300 meters to 3 kilometers
d. None of the above",a,
What is a lahar?,"a. Magma
b. Lava
c. Volcanic mud flow
d. None of the above",c,
Which is the only active volcano in India?,"a. Volcano Popa
b. Volcano Etna
c. Volcano of Barren Island
d. None of the above",c,
Which of the following is a non precipitation flood?,"a. Coastal flood
b. Cloud burst flood
c. Flash flood
d. None of the above",a,
What is the highest volcanic mountain in the world?,"a. Mauna Lao
b. Cotopaxi
c. Vesuvius
d. None of the above",b,
What percent of India's area is drought prone?,"a. 8%
b. 30%
c. 15%
d. None of the above",b,
What is the ultimate consequence of war?,"a. Decline in human population
b. Outbreak of diseases and epidemics
c. Rise in refugees
d. All of the above",d,
What percent of India's area is flood prone?,"a. 30%
b. 20%
c. 12%
d. 10%",c,
What percent of India's area is cyclone prone?,"a. 15%
b. 10%
c. 8%
d. 20%",c,
What is Mount Vesuvius an example of?,"a. Active Volcano
b. Dormant Volcano
c. Extinct Volcano
d. None of the above",a,
What is the Sahel region of West Africa is known for?,"a. Recurring drought
b. Food crisis
c. Famine
d. All of the above",d,
What is meant by the term doldrums?,"a. Environmental condition caused by El Nino
b. Environmental condition found on equatorial calm over sea
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above",b,
Contingency Action Plan (CAP) are actions to be taken during:,"a. Calmness
b. Confusion
c. Corruption
d. Calamity",d,
"In India, the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste are regulated under the:","a. Pollution Prevention Act
b. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
c. Environment Act-Central Pollution Control Board
d. Toxic Substances Control Act",b,
"In which earthquake, the stones on the roads of Shillong India were said to have vibrated as peas on a drum?","a, Cachar Earthquake
b. Latur Earthquake
c. Great Earthquake of Assam
d. Bhuj Earthquake",c,
The toxic gas released from the Bhopal Gas Tragedy was:,"a. Potassium Isocyanate
b. Sodium Isocyanate
c. Methyl Isocyanate
d. Methyl Isothiocyanate",c,
A majority of cyclones that occur on the Indian coastline occur in the:,"a. Bay of Bengal
b. Costal area of South India
c. Coastal area of West India
d. None of the above",a,
"In India, which satellite tracks cyclones?","a. IRS
b. Ocean SAT
c. INSAT
d. None of the above",c,
"The Tsunami that killed over 250,000 people in south Asia in 2004 was caused by:","a. Hurricane
b. Earthquake
c. Volcanic Explosion
d. Tropical Storm",b,
About how much of Indian land is prone to earthquakes?,"a. 52%
b. 54%
c. 59%
d. 60%",c,
The Bhopal Gas disaster was :,"a. Natural Disaster
b. Manmade Disaster
c. None of the above",b,
When did the Bhopal Gas disaster occur?,"a. 1986
b. 2003
c. 1984
d. 2009",c,
Which one of the following frequency regions is a part of sun’s radiation?,"A. Ultraviolet frequency region
B. Visible frequency region
C. Infrared frequency region
D. Radio frequency region
E. All of these",E,
"The instruments which provide electromagnetic radiation of specified wave length or a band of wave lengths to illuminate the earth surface, are called:","A. sensors
B. passive sensors
C. active sensors
D. None of the above",C,
"Due to pertubation of the orbit, satellite orbit parameters are frequently updated on measurements carried out by its:","A. six ground stations
B. five ground stations
C. four ground stations
D. three ground stations",B,
Coherence of two electromagnetic waves takes place if their phase difference is:,"A. constant in time
B. constant in space
C. constant in time and space
D. None of these",C,
Which one of the following statements is correct?,"A. Snow albedo falls at all wave length with the increase of grain size
B. The effect of grain size on reflection is maximum in the near-IR region
C. The effect of grain size on reflection is low in the visible region of the spectrum
D. All of these",D,
The refractive index of the ocean water:,"A. increases with salinity
B. increases with temperature
C. decreases with salinity
D. decreases with temperature",A,
"The arrangement of terrain features which provides attributes: the shape, size and texture of objects, is called:","A. spectral variation
B. spatial variation
C. temporal variation
D. None of these",B,
Electromagnetic radiation:,"A. produces a time varying magnetic field and vice versa
B. once generated, remains self-propagat-ing.
C. is capable to travel across space
D. consists of magnetic and electric fields
E. All of the above",E,
Which one of the following residual biases involves the GPS accuracy?,"A. Satellite dependent baises due to uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the satellite.
B. Receiver-depandent biases due to clock stability with line
C. Signal propagation baises due to the sphere and troposphere propogation.
D. All the above",D,
Which one of the following errors is produced by platform characteristics of the sensor?,"A. altitude variation
B. altitude
C. orbit drift
D. All of these",D,
The coherence length over which there is a strong relationship between amplitudes is:,"A. directly proportional to the bandwidth
B. inversely proportional to the bandwidth
C. the square of the bandwidth
D. none of these",B,
Rayleigh’s criteria for a rough surface is:,"A. h > λ/Δ cos θ
B. h = λ/8 cos θ
C. h > λ/8 cos θ
D. h < λ/8 cos θ",C,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave, is called, the wave length
B. The wave length is measured in metres and a fraction of a metre
C. The wave length is generally denoted by λ
D. The length of the crest from the mid point, is called amplitude
E. All of these",E,
"The basic requirement of any sensor system, is:","A. radiometric resolution
B. spatial resolution
C. spectral resolution
D. temporal resolution
E. All of these",E,
Which one of the following helps to identify the objects on the earth surface?,"A. atmospheric window
B. signature
C. radiometric error
D. None of these",B,
The spectral region of the electromagnetic radiation which passes through the atmosphere without much attenuation is known as:,"A. ozone hole
B. atmospheric window
C. ozone window
D. black hole",B,
A perfect black body:,"A. is a diffuse emitter
B. absorbs all the radiations of every wave lengths
C. emits power of every wave length
D. All the above",D,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. When the electric field oscillates in the direction of the electric vector, a plane polarised wave is formed.
B. When the electric vector is in the plane of incidence, vertical polarisation is formed.
C. When the electric vector is at right angles to the plane of incidence, horizontal polarization wave is formed.
D. The plane containing the incident ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence is called the plane of incidence.
E. All of these",E,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. Phase of a wave is expressed as a fraction of a period with respect to a refrence
B. Phase is usually specified by angular measure with one period being 360°
C. The reference for finding the phase of a wave is taken from the previous passage through zero from the negative to the positive direction.
D. All of these",D,
The value of energy quantum for radiation of any frequency is proportional to:,"A. the frequency
B. the reciprocal of the energy
C. the square of the frequency
D. the square root of the frequency",A,
"A and B are two towers of equal height diametrically opposite on either side of the nadir point, at 3 km and 5 km distances. Which one of the following statements is correct?","A. Height displacement of A will be less than that of B
B. Height displacement of B will be less than that of A
C. Height displacement of A and B is equal
D. Height displacement of A and B will be towards each other",A,
"Remote sensing techniques makes use of the properties of ______ emitted, reflected or diffracted by the sensed objects:","A. electric waves
B. soundwaves
C. electromagnetic waves
D. wind waves",C,
The most widely used antenna in GPS is:,"A. Parabolid antenna
B. Microstrip antenna
C. Horn antenna
D. Slotted antenna",B,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. The interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the target
B. The emission of electromagnetic radiation from the target
C. both (a) and (b)
D. Neither (a) nor (b)",C,
"“An Electromagnetic wave falls on to a boundary between two loss less homogeneous media with different refractive indices, a part of the wave is reflected back to the incident medium and the rest is transmitted on to the second media”. This phenomenon is known as:","A. Fresnel reflection
B. Fresnel refraction
C. Snell’s law
D. None of these",A,
"Arrange the following in order:
1. Generation of an output to the user
2. Detection of the GPS signal
3. Processing the data in the built-in-computer
4. Decoding the GPS signal.","A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 2, 3, 4, 1
C. 2, 4, 3, 1
D. 3, 1, 2 , 4",C,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. Topology describes the geometric characteristic of objects which do not change under transformations and are independent of any coordinate system
B. Topological characteristics of an object are independent of scale measurement
C. The three elements of topology are adjacency, containment, and connectivity
D. All of these",D,
Which of the following determines the reflectance of a vegetation canopy?,"A. Solar zenith angle
B. Azimuth angle
C. Look angle
D. Number and arrangement of leaves
E. All of these",E,
A reduction of nitrogen nutrient in plants:,"A. affects leaf colour
B. reduces pigment concentration
C. increase the visible reflectivity
D. All of these",D,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. The surface defined by the locus of points having same phase, is called a wave front.
B. The wave whose surface of constant phase are parallel planes, is known as a plane wave.
C. The relative phase difference between the waves is important and not the absolute phase of a point on the wave
D. All of these",D,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. Topology describes the geometric characteristic of objects which do not change under transformations and are independent of any coordinate system
B. Topological characteristics of an object are independent of scale measurement
C. The three elements of topology are adjacency, containment, and connectivity
D. All of these",D,
Which one of the following parameters is considered to determine the reflectance of a vegetation canopy?,"A. Solar zenith angle
B. Azimuth angle
C. Look angle
D. Number and arrangement of leaves
E. All of these",E,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. The function of an information system is to improve ones ability to make decisions
B. The information system is the chain of operations
C. A map is a collection of stored, analysed data, its stored information is suitability used in making decisions
D. All the above",D,
"The interaction of the electromagnetic radiation produced with a specific wave length to illuminate a target on the terrain for studying its scattered radiance, is called:","A. passive remote sensing
B. active remote sensing
C. neutral remote sensing
D. None of these",B,
The normal altitude of GPS satellite is about:,"A. 16,200 km
B. 20,200 km
C. 24,400 km
D. 36,100 km",B,
Orbital radius of GPS satellites is approximately:,"A. 15,200 km
B. 26,600 km
C. 18,400 km
D. 36,000 km",B,
Which one of the following statement is incorrect regarding the electromagnetic radiation?,"A. These are produced by the motion of electric charge
B. The oscillation of charged particles sets up changing electric fields.
C. The changing electric fields induce the changing magnetic fields in the surrounding medium.
D. None of these",D,
"Consider the following statements regarding the satellite imaging :
1. The satellite orbit is fixed in the inertial space
2. During successive across-track imaging, the earth rotates beneath the sensor
3. The satellite images a skewed area
Which one of the following statements is/are correct?","A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 3
C. 2, 3
D. 1, 2",A,
Which one of the following statements is correct?,"A. π radians equal to 180°.
B. The cone subtended by an area on the sphere at the centre, is called the solid angle.
C. The solid angle is equal to the ratio of the area on the sphere and the square of the radius of the sphere.
D. The unit of the solid angle is steradian (Sr)
E. All of these",E,
Formation of snow occurs if the cloud temperature is:,"A. just above the freezing point
B. at the freezing point
C. below the freezing point
D. None of these",C,
"In case of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic radiation,","A. angle of incidence = angle of refraction
B. angle of incidence = angle of reflection
C. angle of refraction = sum of the angles of incidence and refraction
D. All the above",B,
"For interpolation of satellite data used for monitoring dynamic changes that occure on the earth surface, the most suitable orbit for the satellite is :","A. circular orbit
B. sun-synchronous orbit
C. near polar orbit
D. None of these",B,
The altitudinal distance of a geostationary satelite from the earth is about:,"A. 26, 000 km
B. 30, 000 km
C. 36, 000 km
D. 44, 000 km",C,
Geodimeter is based on:,"A. propogation of modulated light waves
B. propogation of infrared radiation
C. the visible light as carrier with frequency of the order of 5 x 1014Hz
D. high frequency radio waves.",A,
A passive sensor uses:,"A. sun as the source of energy
B. flash light as a source of energy
C. its own source of energy
D. None of these",A,
The infrared portion of EMR lies between:,"A. 0.4 – 0.7 μm
B. 0.5 mm to lm
C. 0.7 – 1.3 μm
D. 0.7 to 14 μm",D,
"Who coined the term, ‘Remote sensing’?","A. Evelyn L. Pruitt, a geographer
B. Gaspard Felix Tournachon, a French scientist
C. Wilbur Wright, an Italian sciencist
D. None of these",A,
"For C band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with Doppler band width of 1300 Hz, the coherence length lcoh is:","A. 130 km
B. 230 km
C. 250 km
D. 500 km",B,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. A graphical representation of spectral reflectance versis the various growth stages of a crop, depicts a phenologic pattern
B. The changes in the polarisation of the radiation reflected or emitted by an object, is known as polarisation variation.
C. The degree of polarisation is a characteristic of the object which helps in the identification of the object.
D. Signatures only provide  statistical nature and are not completely deterministic
E. All of these",E,
The optical property of a water body depends on:,"A. absorption by the disolved material
B. absorption by the suspended particulate matter
C. scattering by the surpended particulate matter
D. All of these",D,
Crop Acreage and Production Estimation (CAPE) was funded and taken up in 1983 by:,"A. USA
B. European Union
C. Russia
D. India",D,
"The ratio of the total solar radiant energy returned by a planetary body to the total radiant energy incident on the body, the called:","A. reflectance
B. reflectance factor
C. albedo
D. none of these",C,
"Spatial variation in horizontal and vertical directions, is caused due to:","A. physical weathering of rocks
B. chemical weathering of rocks
C. biological’weathering of rocks
D. All of these",D,
Critical angle of electromagnetic radiation takes place if:,"A. angle of incidence is equal to angle of refraction
B. angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction
C. angle of incidence is equal to 90°
D. angle of refraction is equal to 90°",D,
Which one of the following geometric errors of satellite sensors is random?,"A. scan skew
B. panoramic distortion
C. earth rotation
D. altitude variation",D,
‘A time varrying electric field produces a magnetic field.’ This phenemenon is called:,"A. Hertz’s law
B. Ampere Maxwell’s law
C. Faraday’s law
D. Kirchoff s law",B,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. Frequency is the number of wave crests passing a fixed point in one second
B. Frequency of a wave is measured in Hertz (Hz)
C. Amplitude of a wave is the height of its crust from the mid-point.
D. The square of the amplitude is proportional to the energy transported by the wave.
E. All of these",E,
Which one of the following quantities forms the basis of radiometery?,"A. Radiant energy (Q)
B. Radiant flux (φ)
C. Radiant intensity (I)
D. Radiance (L)
E. All of these",E,
The maximum sun’s radiation occurs around:,"A. 0.4 μm wave length
B. 0.55 μ wave length
C. 0.7 μ wave length
D. None of these",B,
Which one of the following attributes is not associated with digital maps?,"A. south arrow
B. color
C. legends
D. symbology",A,
"DGPS is based on the concept that bais errors in the position of locations in a given local area, are same if their distances are within:","A. 25 km
B. 50 km
C. 75 km
D. 100 km
E. 1250 km",D,
The reflectance from a surface is called specular reflection if it follows:,"A. Snells’s law
B. Lambert’s cosine law
C. Planktan’s law
D. All of these",A,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. An increase of phytoplankon decreases the back scattering in the green region
B. An increase of phytoplankton increases the back scattering in the green region
C. An increase of phytoplankton absorbs the bule region rapidly
D. Phytoplankton contains photosyn-thetically active pigment.",A,
Which one of the following factors does not affect the scale of the air photographs?,"A. focal length
B. flying height
C. ground elevation
D. None of these",D,
"While propagating through homogeneous, isotropic media:","A. directions of both the fields are orthogonal
B. both the fields are at right angles to the direction of propagation.
C. both (a) and (b)
D. niether (a) nor (b)",C,
"The changes in the reflectivity/emis-sivity with time, is called:","A. spectral variation
B. spatial variation
C. temporal variation
D. None of these",C,
Identification of crops is affected by:,"A. the spectral characteristics of the sensor
B. the spatial characteristics of the sensor
C. the radio metric characteristics of the sensor
D. All of these",D,
"In sun light, water rich in phytoplanktons appears:","A. red
B. green
C. brown
D. blue",B,
The semi-infinite snow albedo is proportional to the square root of the grain radius:,"A. in the 0.2 to 0.4 μm wave length region
B. in the 0.4 to 0.8 μm wave length region
C. in the 0.8 to 1.2 μm wave length
D. None of these",B,
"Depending upon the nature of the targeted object and the wave length of the electromagnetic radiation incident on it, the radiation gets:","A. reflected
B. absorbed
C. re-radiated
D. transmitted through
E. All of these",E,
"In which part of the reflective optical infrared region, the effect of multiple leaves in vegetation canopy is maximum?","A. The near-IR (0.7 – 1.3 μm) region
B. The visible (0.4 – 0.7 μm) region
C. The short wave IR (1.3 – 2.7 μm) region
D. In all the above region",A,
The energy transported by the electromagnetic wave is proportional to:,"A. the altitude of the wave
B. the square of the altitude of the wave
C. the cube of the altitude of the wave
D. the square roof of the amplitude",B,
"“All bodies at temperatures above absolute zero degree emit electromagnetic radiation at different wave length”, is known as:","A. Plank’s law
B. Planktan’s law
C. Lambert’s cosine law
D. None of these",A,
"Which one of the following is incorrect statement? While passing through the atmosphere, the solar radiation:","A. remains unaffected
B. gets scattered
C. gets absorbed partially
D. None of these",A,
The leaf area index (LAI) is:,"A. one sided leaf area per unit area of the ground
B. two sided leaf area per -unit area of the ground
C. the average of the two sided area per unit area of the ground
D. None of these",A,
In sun-light water poor in phyto plank tons appears:,"A. deep blue
B. red
C. green
D. yellow",A,
Which one of the following statements is not correct?,"A. GIS technology is the same as traditional mapping
B. GIS technology is a tool box for processing maps and fundamental concepts for spatial measurement
C. GIS technology contains analytic capabilities for overlaying maps
D. GIS technology is capable to study the environmental surrondings",A,
"With the increase of turbidity, the muddy water appears brown due to the shift of the upward radiance peak towards:","A. red
B. green
C. yellow
D. blue",A,
Remote sensing techniques are being usefully employed for the purpose of:,"A. improving natural resource management
B. land use
C. protection of the environment
D. All of these",D,
Which one of the following can travel through empty space:,"A. sound waves
B. water waves
C. electromagnetic waves
D. spring waves",C,
"The main functional blocks of a mul-tispectral scanner (MSS) are given below:
1. Video processor
2. Dispersive system
3. Detector
4. Signal conditioner
5. Collecting optics

Which one of the following sequences is correct?","A. 1, 4, 5, 3, 2
B. 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
C. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
D. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5",C,
"The information system is the chain of the following operations,
1. Collection of data
2. Planning the observations
3. Analysis of data
4. Decision making process Which one of the chains is correct?","A. 4, 1, 2, 3
B. 2, 1, 3, 4
C. 3, 2, 1, 4
D. 1, 3, 4, 2",B,
Which is the incorrect statement regarding the optical infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum:,"A. visible region, 0.4 μm – 0.7 μm
B. short wave infrared region, 0.7 μ m – 1.5 μm
C. near infrared region, 1.5 μ m – 3.0 μm
D. microwave infrared region, 3.0 μ m – 8.0 μm",B,
The maximum absorption of solar radiation due to ozone occurs at wave lengths:,"A. shorter than 0.3 μm
B. shorter than 0.2 μm
C. greater than 0.3 μm
D. None of these",A,
Which of the following statements is correct?,"A. The basic property used to identify objects, is called signature.
B. The ratio of the reflected flux to incident flux is called reflectance which varies fron 0 to 1
C. The surface from which emergent radiance is constant in all directions is called Lambertian surface.
D. All of these.",D,
Snow cover on the surface of earth:,"A. gives the highest reflectance in the visible spectrum
B. shows marked variation in its reflectance characteristics
C. Shows side variation in the grain size
D. All the above",D,
The emission of electrons from a metal plate exposed to light depends on the:,"A. intensity of the light
B. frequency of light
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)",C,
The range measurements in GPS are made with:,"A. 3 L – band frequencies
B. 2 L – band frequencies
C. 2 C – band frequencies
D. 3 C – band frequencies",B,
‘A time varying magnetic field produces an electric field’. This phenomenon is known as:,"A. Newton’s law
B. Faraday’s law
C. Ampere Maxwell law
D. Kirchofflaw",B,
"For obtaining accurate distance of the satellite,:","A. the GPS receiver slides its codes backwards until it synchronises with the satellite signals
B. the signal arrival time is corrected for tropospheric and ionospheric delays
C. the carrier phase measurement technique is adopted
D. All of these",C,
"GPS has been widely recognized as accurate, fast and cost-effective method for the following:","A. Collection of the geographic coordinate data used in  GIS
B. for movement of navigation
C. For determination of precise orbit and altitude of low earth orbiting satellites
D. All of these",D,
Electromagnetic waves are characterised by:,"A. frequency
B. wave length
C. intensity
D. direction of travel and plane of polarisation.
E. All of these",E,
"For an accurate position, the three satellites:","A. must be along a common arc
B. must be in vertical line above the receiver
C. must be widely separated and well distributed
D. must be such that one satellite is overhead of the receiver and other two widely separated",C,
Which of the following is correct?,"A. Water molecules and salt-ions in the ocean scatter the lower wave length more
B. An increase in the back scattering coefficient with shorter wave length gives a deep blue colour for clear oceanic water
C. The ratio of the upwelling irradiance just below the surface and downwelling irradiance just above the surface is called reflectance ratio.
D. All of these",D,
"The various stages of formation of snow are listed below:
1. Formation of ice crystals
2. Formation of snow pallets
3. Formation of snow flakes
4. Formationof snow crystals
5. Formation of rimed crystals
Which one of the following sequences is correct ?","A. 3 2 5 1 4
B. 5 3 1 2 4
C. 1 4 3 5 2
D. 1 3 4 2 5
",C,
What does snow consist of?,"A. snow crystals
B. rimed snow crystals
C. snow flakes
D. All of these",D,
"For perfect coherent radiation, which one of the following statements is correct?","A. Both the waves must have single frequencies
B. The directions of motion of both waves are parallel.
C. The waves must be collimated
D. All of these",D,
"According to Kirchhoff’s law of physics, Absorbance is replaced with:","a. Reflectivity
b. Scattering constant
c. Diffusion constant
d. Emissivity",d,
The geostationary satellites are placed at an altitude of:,"a. 360 km
b. 36000 km
c. 3600 km
d. 36 km",b,
"A sensing system that generates and uses it’s own energy to illuminate the target is ____ sensing
system:","a. Passive 
b. Active 
c. radio active
d. piezoelectric",b,
_____ imaging systems use conventional type cameras:,"a. multispectral 
b. infrared 
c. thermal
d. microwave ",a,
Across track scanning systems are also called as _______ scanner systems:,"a. Push broom 
b. Pull broom 
c. lateral broom
d. whisk broom",d,
Mirror sweep error is caused by _______ effects:,"a. Scene 
b. Sensor
c. platform 
d. drift",b,
Convolution window in spatial filtering are also called as _____:,"a. Kernel 
b.template
c. mask 
d. all of the above",d,
"The translational and rotational alignment process that coincides two images is called
as image _______:","a. Registration 
b. Enhancement 
c. filtering
d. processing",a,
"If a pixel is insufficiently similar to any training data set, it is called as _______ data:","a. Trained 
b. sampled
c. output 
d. unknown ",d,
The amount of offset in each spectral band in atmospheric correction is ______:,"a. Bias 
b. noise
c. threshold 
d. mean",a,
"The reference plane or surface from which all altitudes on a map are measured is
________ plane:","a. topographic 
b. cartographic
c. isotropic 
d. datum",d,
Logarithmic contrast enhancement is _________ process:,"a. Non linear 
b. k-means
c. decision tree 
d. SVM ",a,
"_______ projection is used for mapping small, regular shaped areas like quadrangle:","a. transverse 
b. polyconic
c. oblique 
d. lambertis ",b,
GIS technology is based on a _________ framework:,"a. primitive 
b. environmental 
c. mathematical
d. traditional ",c,
"In image registration, geographical coordinates are converted to _________
coordinates:","a. Orthomorphic 
b. Conical orthomorphic 
c. digital imagery
d. canonical ",b,
Tree representation of GIS data is _______ data structure:,"a. hierarchical raster 
b. raster grid
c. simple raster 
d. hierarchical grid",a,
"In DTM, the analysis and information extraction is called as ________:","a. Manipulation 
b. Interpretation 
c. generation
d. visualisation",b,
"In digitization, when the operator identifies the point to be captured by pressing a button, it
is __________ mode:","a. Stream 
b. Cursor 
c. point
d. vector",c,
"In GIS urban planning, analysis , linking spatial data and attribute data leads to formation of
________:","a. Administration 
b. Jurisdiction 
c. topology
d. land cover",c,
The spaghetti model records the coordinates of all the points as ________:,"a. Pixels 
b. Grids 
c. polygons
d. codes",c,
A scale printed as line and divided into units in a map is called as ________ scale:,"a. Verbal 
b. Graphic 
c. fractional
d. spatial",b,
The rendition of the irregular spheroidal shape of the earth is called as ________:,"a. Ellipsoid 
b. Geoid 
c. conic
d. azimuth",b,
"The benefits of spatially interrelating multiple types of information from different sources is
given by _______:","a. Skeletonising c. buffering
b. Digitizing d. overlay analysis",d,
Aspatial query relates to ________:,"a. Coordinates c. pixels
b. Attributes d. all of the above",b,
Reclassification is conversion of raw image into __________ image:,"a. Color c. Boolean
b. Gray d. spatial",c,
The entities of GIS vector data representation are:,"a. Polygon c. line
b. Point d. all of the above",d,
Second layer of buffering is called as _______ buffering:,"a. Doughnut c. line
b. Point d. area",a,
Vector based overlay is _______:,"a. Quick c. straightforward
b. Efficient d. time consuming",d,
The common type of query language used in vector overlay is _______:,"a. RDBMS c. SQL
b. DBMS d. HTML",c,
Dissolve operation combines boundaries based on ______:,"a. relevant attributes c. features
b. original attributes d. dimensions",a,
The small unwanted polygons created during overlay are called as _______ polygons:,"a. sliver c. spurious
b. reduced d. relevant",a,
"In raster overlay, the a cell does not contain information it is represented as _____:","a. One c. negative number
b. zero d. positive number",b,
DTM is _______:,"a. Digital Topological Model c. Discrete Topological Model
b. Digital Terrain Model d. Discrete Terrain Model",b,
DTM is _______ model:,"a. 2.5 D c. 3D
b. 2D d. 4D",a,
"The modification and refinement of DTMs, derivation of intermediate models is
called as DTM _______:","a. Generation c. manipulation
b. Interpretation d. visualisation",c,
DTM data generation involves:,"a. ground surveys c. photogrammetric data
b. laser d. all of the above",d,
_______ model is used to approximate the surface behaviour in DTM:,"a. parametric c. interpolation
b. slope d. both A and B",c,
What does TIN represent?,"a. Triangulated Irregular Network c. Topological Irregular Network
b. Triangulated Intercept Network d. Topological Intercept Network",a,
DTM manipulation involves:,"a. editing c. filtering
b. merging d. all of the above",d,
The first objective of DTM interpretation is the derivation of _________ parameters:,"a. geomorphometric c. geological
b. graphical d. geometric",a,
relief shading is also called as _________:,"a. data shading c. hill shading
b. perspective shading d. all of the above",c,
Contour lines are also called as _______:,"a. equilateral c. mesolines
b. isolines d. metalines",b,
"The effect of smoothing to remove details and make the DTM surface smoother is done
with _________ filters:","a. low pass c. high pass
b. band pass d. notch ",a,
"________ ensures that each piece of the mosaic surface will fit with its neighbouring
pieces:","a. DTM c. DSM
b. TIN d. Mosaic",b,
"In the vectors TIN model, slope and aspect variables are usually calculated using ______:","a. Direction c. a series of linear equations
b. a series of non linear equations d. differential",c,
"According to optical theory, brightness of any small area of a perfectly diffuse
undulating surface varies as the _________ parallel light:","a. cosine of the angle of incident c. sine of the angle of incident
b. tangent of the angle of incident d.secant of the angle of incident",a,
________ visualisation helps the researcher to explore models and refine hypotheses:,"a. Static c. interactive
b. Planar d. optical ",c,
_________ enables an automated method for accurate soil boundary delineation:,"a. Computer aided method c. visual interpretation method
b. Graphical method d. spectral method",a,
"The heterogeneous land surface composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems is
called as _________:","a. Structure c. patterns
b. Landscape d. forests",b,
"Herbaceous, shrub and bush area are classified as __________ land:","a. Forest c. barren
b. Wet d. range ",d,
"The geomatics related to forest mapping, considers adjacency and electivity as
_________ measure:","a.area c. probabilistic
b. shape d. textural ",c,
"In forest resource management, angular second moment, inverse difference moment
provide __________ measure:","a. textural c. shape
b. structural d. area",a,
The stability of slope tends to increase with ________:,"a. increase in vegetation c. no vegetation
b. decrease in vegetation d. both a and c",a,
" __________ is defined as the difference in maximum and minimum altitude within an
area or facet:","a. relief c. relative relief
b. slope d. topology",c,
Indirect hazard mapping _______ are used to predict landslide prone areas:,"a. statistical models c. deterministic models
b. stochastic models d. both a and c",d,
"The ordinal scale approach using weighting-rating system of terrain parameters is a
_______ method:","a. quantitative c. qualitative
b. statistical d. spatial ",q,
"The editing function allows the user to ____________ points, lines, or polygons and change
the attributes of these features:","a. multiply c. add
b. delete d. both c and b",d,
"The division or segregation of network links into segments that are homogeneous for the
specified set of link attributes is called as _________:","a. overlay c. Dynamic segmentation
b. routing d. surface modelling",c,
"Integration of ________ in GIS software directly reduces the need to create links to
other models and software:","a. buffering c. overlay
b. routing d. all of the above",b,
Condition Analysis in pavement management system includes ________:,"a. ride c. distress
b. surface friction d. all of the above",d,
"In landslide management of GIS ___________- is the downward movement of natural
ground surface:","a. subsidence c. fall
b. Creep d. slide",a,
GIS in agriculture contributes towards:,"a. reduction of soil degradation c. increase of productivity and quality
b. reducing costs and risks d. all of the above",d,
GIS in health care involves _________ for Bioterrorism preparedness:,"a. Incident response c. topological maps
b. Pipeline d. all of the above",a,
"In agriculture, optimization of the structure of arable land and crop rotation is:","a. Manipulation of data c. preparation of initial data
b. Interpretation of final data d. all of the above",c,
Atmospheric window is the process of:,"a. EMR absorption
b. EMR transmission
c. EMR scattering
d. EMR reflection",b,
Rayleigh scattering the particle size is:,"a. Particles size < λ
b. Particles size > λ
c. Particles size = λ
d. Particles size ≤ λ",a,
Microwave remote sensors covers the EMR spectrum range between:,"a. 0.4-0.7 µm
b. 0.7-15 µm
c. 0.2-0.7 µm
d. 1mm -1m",d,
Escape velocity of satellite from earth is around:,"a. 20 km/s
b. 15 km/s
c. 6 km/s
d. 11.2 km/s",d,
Microwave altimeter used to find out:,"a. Water depth
b. Flight height
c. Humidity
d. Atmospheric temperature",b,
Multi-spectral sensors have how many bands?,"a. 1 band
b. 3-10 bands
c. 10-30 bands
d. above 30 bands",b,
The sensor with 8 bits can record which date range?,"a. 0-15
b. 0-255
c. 0-32
d. 0-64",b,
What is the process of improving the quality of image/data?,"a. Image filtering
b. Image classification
c. Image registration
d. Image enhancement",d,
Atmospheric correction is related to: ,"a. Noise removal
b. Adding of coordinates
c. Adjusting missing lines
d. Calculating pixel value",a,
What is digitizing?,"a. Way of tracing/recording geographic features in vector format from
b. georeferencedimages or maps
c. Relating the image coordinate to real world coordinate
d. Process of storing the data in different file format 
e. Logical way of storing data and retrieving it",a,
Georeferencing is the process of:,"a. Atmospheric noise removal
b. Data coordinate changes
c. Radiometric correction
d. Finding DN values",b,
Cartography is the study of:,"a. Maps
b. Rocks
c. Ocean
d. Land",a,
Which is not a component of GIS?,"a. GFIS
b. ARCINFO
c. CPU
d. GEOSQL",c,
Conformal map projection preserves the:,"a. Shape
b. Features
c. Scale
d. Directions",a,
Which of the following spatial objects can be used to represent a pond?,"a. Point
b. Line
c. String
d. Polygons",d,
The type of map that represents the boundaries of nation:,"a. Political map
b. Topographic map
c. Cadastral map
d. Resource map",a,
Large scale map covers:,"a. Less area with more information 
b. Large area with less information 
c. Less area with less information 
d. Large area with more information",a,
An expert system in GIS deals with:,"a. Spatial problems
b. Non spatial problems
c. Map preparation
d. Adding coordinates",a,
Attribute queries are related to:,"a. Spatial information
b. Non spatial information
c. Map Scale",b,
An object's height can be obtained from:,"a. Raster data
b. Vector data
c. DEM
d. Map",c,
Which satellite can prepare a resource map?,"a. LANDSAT
b. INSAT
c. GEOES
d. METSAT",a,
Water flow in hydrology can be predicted using:,"a. DEM
b. Kringing
c. Buffer
d. Overlay",a,
Ocean Color Monitor sensor to detect:,"a. Phytoplankton abundance in ocean 
b. Forest fire
c. Crop diseases
d. Sea surface temperature",a,
Cast path analysis tool is used for:,"a. Preparing Geology map
b. Smart transport planning 
c. Preparing Agriculture map
d. Preparing Land use map",b,
What is Soil Loss Equation used to find?,"a. Soil erosion
b. Soil pH
c. Soil moisture
d. Soil size",a,
A smooth surface gives ______ type of reflection:,"a. Diffuse
b. Specular
c. Semidiffuse
d. Semispecular",b,
The hazy appearance in satellite image is due to: ,"a. Clouds
b. Path radiance
c. Ground radiance
d. Moisture",b,
Is RADAR an active sensor?,"a. True
b. False",a,
Which of the following EM radiation can pass through clouds?,"a. Visible
b. Near Infrared
c. Shortwave infrared
d. Microwave",d,
Vegetation has maximum reflection in the _______ region:,"a. Visible
b. Near Infrared
c. Shortwave infrared
d. Microwave",b,
What is the highest resolution provided by the Cartosat 3 satellite?,"a. 1m
b. 2.5m
c. 61cm
d. 25cm",d,
Which is not an example of a high resolution satellite?,"a. IKONOS
b. QuickBird
c. Cartosat
d. Landsat7",d,
"It is easy to integrate GIS, Remote Sensing and GPS technologies because these
are:","a. Digital, special and generic
b. Digital, analogue and manual
c. Digital, spatial and generic
d. Negative, positive and neutral",c,
Remote Sensing is unique because it provides:,"a. Synoptic view
b. Special information
c. Superior information
d. Encrypted information",a,
The purpose of georeferencing is to:,"a. Converting data to a feature class
b. Projecting your data so that it has no distortion
c. Assigning geographic location information
d. Combining two data set",c,
Resampling of a raster image:,"a. Increases the accuracy
b. Increases the precision
c. Decreases data details
d. Increases data details",c,
"GIS, Remote Sensing and GPS technologies are:","a. Generic, digital and spatial
b. Manual, spatial and digital
c. Analogue, manual and spatial
d. Generic, analogue and spatial",a,
"Apart from location, GPS data can also be used for:","a. Precise timing
b. Frequency calibration
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above",c,
The shape of a pixel of an image can only be:,"a. Rectangular
b. Circular
c. Square
d. Triangle",c,
Overall shape of an image can only be:,"a. Rectangular and square
b. Circular and triangular
c. Square and circular
d. Triangle and rectangular",a,
Vegetation with more chlorophyll will reflect more:,"a. Ultraviolet energy
b. Emitted energy
c. Near-infrared
d. Thermal infrared",c,
"The interaction of the electromagnetic radiation produced with a specific wave
length to illuminate a target on the terrain for studying its scattered radiance, is
called:","a. passive remote sensing
b. active remote sensing
c. neutral remote sensing
d. None of these",b,
"Repetitive observations of the same area at equal interval of time, are useful to
monitor the dynamic phenomena:","a. Lithology
b. Vegetative cover
c. Buildings
d. Groundwater",b,
For edge detection which spatial filter would be most suitable?,"a. Gaussian
b. Laplacian
c. Low-pass
d. None of the above",b,
Base of image pyramid contains:,"a. Low resolution
b. High resolution
c. Intensity
d. Blurred portion",b,
High pass filters highlight:,"a. Low intensity components
b. Mid intensity components
c. High intensity components
d. All components",c,
In Hyperspectral remote sensing the EM Spectrum is:,"a. Continuous
b. Discontinuous
c. Discrete
d. None of the above",a,
"An image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the contrast in an
image by `stretching' the range of intensity values it contains to span a desired
range of values is called?","a. Non-histogram Equalization
b. Non-linear contrast stretching
c. Histogram Equalization
d. Linear contrast stretching",d,
Global Positioning Service (GPS) is based on a principle called:,"a. Transmission
b. Trilateration
c. Obliteration
d. Globalization",b,
"The process of examining a remote sensing image and manually identifying the
features in that image is called:","a. Image interpretation
b. Image classification
c. Image building
d. Image compression",a,
"In which process of remote sensing these fundamental parameters
(size, shape, tone, texture, site, association, shadow, and pattern) are used:","a. Image interpretation
b. Image classification
c. Image building
d. Image compression",a,
Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) was on board on which satellite:,"a. Image interpretation
b. Image classification
c. Image building
d. Image compression",d,
There are two main modes of scanning to acquire multispectral image data:,"a. Parallel-track and side-track scanning
b. Parallel-track and along-track scanning
c. Across-track and along-track scanning
d. Across-track and side-track scanning",c,
"Which type of instrument provides the opportunity for each detector to have a
longer dwell time, or residence time, over which to measure the energy from each
ground resolution cell:","a. Across-track scanner
b. Side-track scanner
c. Parallel-track scanner
d. Linear arrays",d,
"ERS, Envisat, Sentinel and RISAT are example of which type of satellites:","a. Optical
b. Passive
c. Thermal
d. Microwave",d,
SAR Interferometry technique requires:,"a. An image
b. A pair of images
c. Scanner
d. Camera",b,
In false color composite (FCC) image healthy vegetation appears:,"a. Blue
b. Red
c. Green
d. Orange",b,
An image that shows finer details is said to be of:,"a. Finer resolution
b. Coarser resolution
c. Moderate resolution
d. None of the above",a,
Which of these is not a principle of remote sensing?,"A. Electromagnetic energy
B. Electro-magnetic spectrum
C. Interaction of energy with satellite
D. Interaction of energy with atmosphere",C,
______ is used by the EM waves.,"A. Solar field
B. Micro field
C. Electric field
D. Polarized field",C,
Which wave is not used in remote sensing?,"A. X-ray
B. Thermal IR
C. Visible ray
D. Radio waves",A,
Remote sensing includes gathering of:,"A. Sounds
B. Images
C. Changes
D. Movements",B,
Which of the following wavelength of EMR represents optical region?,"a. 0.4 μm to 3 μm
b. 1 μm to 5 μm
c. 1mm to 1m
d. 3 μm to 14 μm",a,
The white appearance of the clouds is due to _______ scattering:,"a. Non selective
b. Rayleigh
c. Mie
d. Raman",a,
In a thermal image water body appears as _______ during night time:,"a. Black
b. Bright
c. Blue
d. Deep blue",b,
_______ is an example of a pushbroom scanner:,"a. Linear imaging self scanner
b. Thematic mapper
c. Multispectral scanner
d. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer",a,
Whiskbroom scanners are also called as ________:,"a. Along track scanners
b. Across track scanners
c. Pushbroom scanners
d. Multispectral scanner",b,
The ability of a sensor to discriminate very fine wavelength is called ________ resolution:,"a. Spectral
b. Spatial
c. Radiometer
d. Temporal",a,
"An active microwave sensor records ________ energy returned from the
earth targets:","a. Reflected
b. Emitted
c. Backscattered
d. Refracted",c,
Which of the property will not affect the RADAR return?,"a. Dielectric constant
b. Polarization
c. Surface roughness
d. Season",d,
Spatial arrangement of features gives:,"a. Texture
b. Pattern
c. Intensity
d. Brightness",b,
_________ is called preprocessing of satellite images:,"a. Image rectification
b. Radiometric correction
c. Image rectification and restoration
d. Geometric correction",c,
________ is an example for atmospheric error:,"a. Column drop-outs
b. Column striping
c. Haze
d. Skew scan error",c,
Which one is not a radiometric correction?,"a. Registration process
b. Dark Object subtraction
c. Atmospheric correction model
d. Destriping",a,
"In image processing, the high pass filtering is applied to retain the _________ information:","a. Low frequency
b. High frequency
c. Attribute
d. Smooth",b,
Merging of multispectral image and panchromatic image gives _________ output:,"a. High spatial resolution
b. High spectral resolution
c. High spatial and spectral resolution
d. Radiometric resolution",c,
Effects on radiance in image caused due to variation in topography can be removed by ________:,"a. Enhancement
b. Band ratioing
c. Image fusion
d. Radiometric correction",b,
Cadastral map is an example of _________:,"a. Multitemporal data
b. High spatial resolution data
c. Low spectral resolution data
d. High radiometric resolution data",b,
_________ is done by analyzing spatial differences of a particular area in different years:,"a. Overlaying
b. Buffering
c. Interpolation
d. Change detection",d,
The unit of measurement for rectangular coordinate system is _________:,"a. Meter
b. Decimal degrees
c. Degree minutes and seconds
d. Square meters",a,
A reference system used to represent the elevations of geographic features is called:,"a. Coordinate system
b. Vertical Datum
c. Latitude
d. Projection",b,
Size of the area can be preserved in ________:,"a. Conformal projections
b. Equal area projections
c. Equidistant projections
d. True-direction projections",b,
Raster data is use for representing:,"a. Continuous feature
b. Discrete features
c. Discontinuity feature
d. BSQ",a,
Which among the following is not a topological error?,"a. Sliver
b. Overshoot
c. Loop
d. Multipath",d,
GRASS is an example for:,"a. Opensource software
b. Proprietary software
c. Landuse processing
d. Digital Image processing",a,
Earth observations from a satellite platform provides:,"A.synoptic view of a large area
B.constant solar zenith angles and similar illumination conditions.
C.repetitive observations of the same area with intervals of a few minutes to a few weeks
D.All of these",D,
Due to scan geometery of a satellite sensor:,"A.the off-nadir resolution is degraded
B.the ground distance swept by the senor, IFOV is proportional to sec2θ, where θ is the angle of scan
measured from the nadir
C.the details towards the edge of the scan get compressed
D.All of these",D,
Which one of the following attributes is not associated with digital maps?,"A.colour
B.symbology
C.legends
D.south arrow",D,
Which of the following is correct?,"A.Radiant energy expressed in Joules, is the energy associated with electromagnetic radiation
B.The rate of transfer of radiant energy is called flux and is expressed in watts.
C.The radiant energy which falls upon a surface, is termed as irradiance.
D.The radiant energy which falls away from the surface is termed as radient exitance and is measured in Wm^-2
E. All of these",E,
Disaster is an event arising out of:,"a. Result of hazard event
b. Causes of hazard event
c. Causes of disaster event
d. All of the above",a,
The typical examples of man-made disasters are:,"a. Chemical explosion
b. Leakage of toxic waste
c. War and civil strife
d. All of the above ",d,
What are the consequences of disaster on a society? ,"a. Loss of life
b. Damage to property
c. Environmental Damages
d. All of the above ",d,
The primary result of earthquakes is:,"a. Building and bridge collapsed
b. Rapture of water and gas pipelines
c. Change in course of river and creation of new islands
d. All of the above ",d,
What are the major consequences of Tropical cyclones?,"a. Fierce wind
b. Heavy rain
c. Storm surge
d. All of the above ",d,
The major man made causes of floods are:,"a. Deforestation
b. Siltation
c. Bursting of dam
d. All of the above ",d,
Mass killing diseases can be referred as: ,"a. Biological disaster
b. Industrial disaster
c. War disaster
d. Flood disaster ",a,
A point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus is known as:,"a. Epicenter
b. Hypocenter
c. Special focus
d. None of the above ",a,
"Which volcanic eruption is responsible for raising temperature of the Northern
Hemisphere by 1.2 °c?","a. Bhuj
b. Etna
c. Krakatoa
d. Mt. Pinatubo",c,
Which are the major controlling systems for reduction of volcanic disaster? ,"a. Prediction for early warning of eruption
b. Timely evolution and relief work
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above",c,
Which techniques are used for prediction of early warning of eruption?,"a. Electric Distance Measures
b. Tilt Meters
c. GPS and Satellite Inferring Rader
d. All of the above ",d,
"Shallow earthquakes, less than 20 km deep are associated with:","a. Convergent plate boundaries
b. Divergent plate boundaries
c. Transform plate boundaries
d. All of the Above ",d,
Which of the following disasters can be triggered by an earthquake? ,"a. Tsunami
b. Intense ground shaking
c. A landslide
d. All of the above ",d,
Which of the following statements is false?,"a. Earthquakes occur in plate boundaries
b. The time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted several days in
advance
c. Earthquakes can be caused by normal, reverse and strike-slip faulting
d. P waves travel faster than both S waves and Surface waves",b,
Volcanic eruption are closely associated with:,"a. Mountain building and fracturing
b. Deforestation
c. Landslides
d. Heat budget",c,
Tropical cyclones originate within:,"a. Intermediate between Polar and temperate zones
b. Mainly tropical area
c. Mainly equatorial Zones
d. Intermediate between Tropics of Capricorn and cancer",d,
Warning about cyclonic disaster is convened through:,"a. Newspaper
b. Radio network
c. Television
d. All of the Above ",d,
The major effects of floods are:,"a. Physical damage 
b. Loss of biodiversity
c. Scarcity of water supply
d. All of the above",d,
"Structural and Non-structural measures are elements of which high category of Risk
Reduction measures?","a. Socio-economic measures
b. Physical measures
c. Environmental measures
d. Post disaster measures ",b,
What are the steps need to be taken for any risk natural or man-made disaster?,"a. Proper building construction
b. A well planned
c. Awareness among the stakeholders
d. All of the above ",d,
Disaster management is aimed at:,"a. Resettling people in the closest unaffected urban area
b. Collection of valuable data for future management objectives
c. Strengthening sewage and drinking water treatment facilities to resist the impact of a
future disaster
d. Restoring a communitys services, facilities and residences to pre-disaster levels ",d,
The major risk associated with overcrowding is:,"a. Proliferation of mosquito breeding sites
b. Heightened exposure to decaying matter 
c. Creation of nuisance problems
d. Increase in diarrhea disease",d,
"The most essential item that the disaster stricken populations must be provided with
is:","a. Shelter material
b. Drinking water
c. Fuel
d. All of the above",b,
An essential to the sanitary maintenance of latrines is:,"a. Sufficient supply of water
b. Supply of latrine construction materials
c. Health education program in latrine usage and upkeep
d. All of the above",c,
"Besides testing the quality of the food itself, inspections should be made to determine
the cleanliness of:","a. Premises where food is handled and prepared
b. Washing facilities
c. Food storage facilities
d. All of the above",d,
Example of anthropogenic hazards are: ,"a. Chemical explosion
b. Earthquake
c. Flood
d. Wild fire",a,
Which metal is causing for Minamata disease:,"a. Iron
b. Mercury
c. Gold
d. Silver ",b,
A disease is called pandemic when it is:,"a. Within a region
b. Within a country
c. Within a continent
d. None of these ",c,
An important water contaminant is:,"a. Heavy metals 
b. Nitrogen oxides
c. Carbon monoxide
d. NO2 and SO2",b,
"An extreme natural phenomenon capable of causing disaster leading to loss of lives
or damage to property is known as:","a. Natural hazard
b. Hazard calculation
c. Desertification
d. None of the above ",a,
"The process of identifying the probability of occurrence of a natural hazard of a given
intensity at a specific location based on an analysis of natural processes and site
conditions is termed as:","a. Disaster calculation
b. Hazard Assessment
c. Hazard calculation
d. None of the above",b,
"The type and degree of flooding is influenced by many factors, such as:","a. Climatological
b. Hydrological and environmental conditions
c. Local geomorphology of the flood plain
d. All of the above",d,
An Earthquake is:,"a. A sudden shaking or vibration of ground
b. Disturbances in the earth’s crust
c. Both (a) & (b)
d. None of the above",c,
"Sometimes there are some indications that would indicate that perhaps an
earthquake would occur. Such indications are called:","a. Indicators
b. Precursors
c. Signal
d. Anticipations",b,
"Which one is a major environmental and safety hazard for the people in hilly areas in
Tripura which can be considered as “cancer of hill slopes”: ","a. Flood 
b. Landslide
c. Earthquake
d. Desertification",b,
Tsunami is also known as:,"a. Tectonic Sea waves
b. Seismic Sea waves
c. Plactonic Sea waves
d. Systonic Sea waves ",b,
A flood can vary in:,"a. size
b. speed of water flow
c. duration
d. all of the above",d,
"When a river’s water level reaches 10 metres, this means that: ","a. the water level is 10 metres above an arbitrary ‘zero’ level
b. the water level is 10 metres above mean sea level
c. the water level is 10 metres above mean sea level or an arbitrary 'zero' level
d. it will flood",c,
The size of a flood is measured by:,"a. the rate of flow of water in a waterway or river
b. the level of water in a waterway or river
c. a river gauging station
d. all of the above",d,
Which of the following is associated with a La Niña event? ,"a. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is strongly negative.
b. The ocean surface off the coast of South America is warmer than usual.
c. There is an increased chance of above average rainfall in eastern Australia.
d. All of the above",c,
Which of the following potentially affects the size of a flood?,"a. bridges and other structures in waterways 
b. the size and windiness of a river
c. vegetation in and around a river
d. all of the above",d,
Which of the following is an environmental consequence of floods?,"a. dispersal of weed species
b. erosion of soil
c. release of pollutants into waterways 
d. all of the above",d,
"Which of the following is used to estimate which areas will be inundated during a flood, based on river height information?","a. satellite and radar images
b. flood maps / floodplain hydraulic models
c. river gauging stations 
d. all of the above",b,
Which of the following is related to acid rain?,"(a) Carbon-dioxide 
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Sulphur dioxide’ 
(d) Carbon Monoxide",c,
Passageway which joins vent to crater of volcano is known as:,"a) Vent 
b) Cone 
c) Pipe 
d) Crater",c,
"Poverty can be reduced by a combination of solar energy, ___________, and the internet:","a. Genetic engineering.
b. Cyber café.
c. Nanotechnology.
d. All of the above.",a,
Solar energy is distributed __________ over the earth:,"a. Unequally.
b. Equitably.
c. Same.
d. Evenly.",b,
"Solar energy is most abundant where it is most needed, in the:","a. Countryside.
b. In the tropical countries.
c. Temperate latitudes.
d. Both a. and b.",d,
"Which of the following is the main contributory cause for Pipeline Disasters in the
world?","(a) Third-party Activity
(b) Corrosion
(c) Mechanical failure
(d) Operational failures",a,
"Root Cause Analysis of Disasters can be done through which of the following
methods?","(a) HAZOP
(b) Checklist
(c) Consequence Analysis
(d) Why-Why",d,
‘Blow-Out’ is a Natural Disaster.,"(a) Yes
(b) No",b,
"The principle which takes into account the precautions to be taken being on safer
side and avoidance of taking undue risks from hazards, the damage potential of which
is not yet fully known, is known as:","(a) Guiding Principle
(b) Risk Assessment Principle
(c) Hazard Analysis Principle
(d) Precautionary Principle",d,
"The agreement or understanding that has been reached among various nearby
industries to help each other during emergency is called:","(a) Memorandum of Agreement
(b) Agreement of Mock-exercise
(c) Industrial Charter
(d) Mutual-Aid Agreement",d,
How many Safety Integrity Levels exists?,"(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4",d,
"What could be the Primary and Secondary Protections for protection of a vessel
against Over-pressure situation?","(a) PSH and PSV
(b) PSL and ESS
(c) LSL and ESD
(d) FSL and FSV",a,
"In a Oil and Gas Drilling rig, an area within 4.5 m of the shale shaker in open air is
considered as:","(a) Zone-1
(b) Zone-2
(c) Zone-0",a,
"The area within 3 meter from the discharge nozzle of the relief valve is considered
as:","(a) Zone-0
(b) Zone-2
(c) Zone-1",b,
Which of the following will be found on a Material Safety Data Sheet?,"(a) Spill and leak procedures
(b) Health Hazard Information
(c) Special protection Information
(d) All of the above",d,
The yellow portion of a NFPA diamond represents:,"(a) Health Hazard
(b) Flammability Hazard
(c) Reactivity Hazard
(d) Special Hazard Information",b,
"The ill-health effect caused by one-time, sudden, high exposures is often called:","(a) Chronic effect
(b) Acute effect
(c) Systematic effect",b,
"Monitoring the levels of exposure to toxic substances is medically done through
analysis of body fluids e.g. blood, urine, expired air etc. The process is known as:","(a) Condition monitoring
(b) Biological conditioning
(c) Exposure monitoring
(d) Biological monitoring",d,
About 2 ppm of Chlorine concentration in Air causes?,"(a) Irritation of eyes and nose
(b) Irritation of throat
(c) Intense cough & fits
(d) Immediate death",a,
"If ‘Cash’ is a hazard, theft is the consequence, then if ‘electricity’ is the hazard,
what could be the consequence?","(a) Damage
(b) Hearing loss
(c) loss of water
(d) shock",d,
What is the purpose of hazard identification in Disaster preparedness?,"(a) to identify the probable causes of disasters
(b) to identify the probable disaster scenarios
(c) to quatify the consequences
(d) to suggest mitigation measures",b,
‘Pareto Analysis’ is a:,"(a) Risk quantification technique
(b) Risk analysis technique
(c) Risk mitigation technique
(d) Risk prioritization technique",d,
"Atmospheric Stability Class D corresponds to which of the following weather
conditions?","(a) Slightly Stable
(b) Stable
(c) Highly unstable
(d) Neutral",d,
"Under damage criteria due to explosion pressure wave, 0.3 bar over pressure
represents that:","(a) 10% houses will get damaged
(b) 90% houses will be seriously damaged
(c) Windows of houses will be smashed
(d) Glass of doors and windows will break",b,
"The catastrophic failure of a pressure vessel due to intense heating from a torch
fire or a severe mechanical impact is commonly known as:","(a) UCVCE
(b) CE
(c) BLEVE
(d) Cascading effect",c,
"In Risk Assessment, 20/80 principle means:","(a) 80% of total risk comes from 20% of cases
(b) 20% of total risk originates from 80% of cases",a,
"Which one of the following has more damaging effect after a liquefied flammable
gas release?","(a) Early Ignition
(b) Delayed Ignition",b,
"In Layer of Protection (LOP) Analysis, which of protection covers an ‘onsite
Emergency Plan’?","(a) 1st Layer
(b) 3rd Layer
(c) 5th Layer
(d) 4th Layer",d,
Which of the following is a hazard quantification method?,"(a) FMEA
(b) Fault-tree
(c) HAZOP
(d) What-if Analysis",b,
"The roles and responsibilities identified for disaster responses under Disaster
Management Plan is known as:","(a) Incident Organogram
(b) Disaster Response Structure
(c) Incident Command System",c,
The responsibility of press briefing during a disaster event normally rests on:,"(a) Incident Controller
(b) Public relation Controller
(c) Transport Controller
(d) Security Controller",b,
Whose responsibility normally it is to declare an Onsite Emergency in an industry?,"(a) Incident Controller
(b) Site Main Controller
(c) Key person (Fire and safety)",b,
"Under various zones created around an incident site for effective response, which
one normally used for command, control and support mobilization purposes?","(a) Cold zone
(b) Hot zones
(c) Warm zone",a,
"Which of the following is not a technological factor used for Vulnerability
assessment?","(a) Process Safety
(b) Individual difference
(c) Communication failure",b,
Which of the following is a human error in Disaster Management model?,"(a) Error of Omission
(b) Typographical errors
(c) Error of Commision
(d) All of the above",d,
Secondary fires are caused due to which of the following phenomenon?,"(a) Flash back
(b) Burn-back
(c) Fire spread
(d) domino effect",b,
What is the safe level of heat radiation (in Kw/m^2)for an average human being?,"(a) 1.75
(b) 2.8
(c) 6.4
(d) 14.4",a,
A Probit equation used for calculation of effects due to:,"(a) Flammability
(b) Toxicity
(c) both Flammability and toxicity",c,
"In Risk estimation, a F-N curve is referred to depict which of the following risks?","(a) Individual Risk
(b) Group Risk
(c) Process Risk",b,
"The uncontrolled sudden violent escape of well fluids during oil and gas
exploitation activities is known as:","(a) Blow out
(b) Burn out
(c) explosion
(d) Blast out",a,
Which of the following classifications of blowout causes minor level of pollution?,"(a) Class I
(b) Class II
(c) Class IV
(d) Class V",d,
"A normally directional well drilled to establish a direct communication with the
well under blow out, is known as:","(a) New well
(b) Rehabilitatory well
(c) Relief well
(d) killing well",c,
Lethality (Pr) can be calculated from Probit equation by:,"(a) Pr = a + b ln(c/t)
(b) Pr = a + b ln(c.t)
(c) Pr = a + b ln(c+t)
(d) Pr = a + b ln(t/c)",b,
The purpose of Hazard maps is to identify and display the location of:,"(a) Hazard zones
(b) Risk zones
(c) Vulnerability zones
(d) Decontamination zones",a,
Immediate danger area following a toxic gas leak is based upon the substance’s:,"(a) IDLH
(b) STEL
(c) TLV
(d) Ceiling value",a,
"The maximum injury causing distance following a toxic gas release will be
dependent on the material’s:","(a) IDLH
(b) STEL
(c) TLV
(d) Ceiling value",b,
Evacuation maps are made based on concentration contours of a toxic release in:,"(a) Downwind direction
(b) Cross-wind direction
(c) both the directions",c,
"In Uncertainty analysis, if the uncertainties are related to the chances of an
incident happening, it is called:","(a) Aleatory uncertainty
(b) Epistemic uncertainty",a,
"An area surrounding an incident site where public may be exposed to dangerous
and life threatening concentrations of toxic materials is known as:","(a) Initial isolation zone
(b) Protective zone
(c) Decontamination zone",a,
"An emergency action code designed to help the fire fighters to know readily the
actions to be taken in case of fire or spillage of a particular hazardous substance is
called:","(a) HAZCHEM code
(b) UN Number
(c) CAS Number",a,
How many Hazard Class Labels exist for different hazardous substances?,"(a) 10
(b) 9
(c) 7
(d) 5",b,
"The written emergency information carries by the driver of all vehicles carrying
hazardous substances is known as:","(a) HAZCHEM
(b) TREMCARD
(c) Emergency Information pane",b,
Emergency Information Panel contains:,"(a) Class Lebel
(b) UN Number
(c) HAZCHEM code
(d) All the above",d,
"The Plan prepared for facilitating the prompt return to the normalcy and
continuity of operation after a disaster is called:","(a) Rescue Plan
(b) Relief Plan
(c) Recovery Plan",c,
Which of the following is not the part of Disaster Mitigation Planning?,"(a) Emergency Communication
(b) Disaster warning system
(c) Risk and vulnerability analysis
(d) Insurance requirements",a,
The information required for the preparation of a Disaster Plan is called:,"(a) Strategic information
(b) Tactical Information
(c) Operational Information
(d) Statutory information",a,
One of the mostly used ways to communicate risk of any hazardous material is:,"(a) MSDS
(b) Pareto chart
(c) Emergency Information panel",a,
"The type of personal protection required when the greatest potential for exposure
to hazards exists is:","(a) Level-A
(b) Level-B
(c) Level-C
(d) Level-D",a,
"The first responders who usually experience strong emotional feelings while
handling emergencies is said to be under:","(a) Critical stress
(b) Critical Incident Stress
(c) Critical Incident Recall",b,
The best way to audit the efficacy of the disaster preparedness is:,"(a) Walk-through survey
(b) Table-top exercises
(c) Mock drills at field",c,
"Which of the following situation arises to the human body while responding to
emergencies?","(a) Body rapidly produces Adrenaline
(b) Heart beat increases
(c) Temperature increases
(d) All of the above",d,
The North-East India is seismically one of the six most active regions of the world along with the other five zones of:,"a. Mexico, Taiwan, California, Japan and Turkey
b. Taiwan, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and Syria
c. Japan, Taiwan, China, South Korea and North Korea
d. Turkey, Japan, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia",a,
Earthquakes and tsunamis constitute disaster percentage:,"d. 8%
b. 4%
c. 6%
d. 17%",a,
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre is at?,"a. Bangkok
b. Kerala
c. Surat
d. None",a,
The phrase WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION entered widespread usage in?,"a. 2003
b. 2001
c. 2002
d. 2004",a,
"In which year the violent explosion of the famous Volcano, Krakatoa in Indonesia, produced Tsunamis measuring 40 feet?","a. 1883
b. 1881
c. 1882
d. 1884",a,
What percent of earthquakes and tsunamis account for world disasters?,"a. 8%
b. 3%
c. 9%
d. 7%",a,
Mapping method used for tracking wind speed and direction is:,"a. Hazard mapping
b. Mind mapping
c. Speed mapping
d. None of these",a,
Warm air is ______	than cold air:,"a. Heavier
b. Lighter
c. No difference in weight
d. Very much lighter",a,
Channelization of streams is designed to reduce flooding by _________:,"a. Speeding the passage of floodwaters
b. Reducing bank erosion
c. Slowing down river velocity so as to reduce damage
d. Increase the meandering of streams",a,
"In alpine regions, reservoirs are created: ","a. To regulate the flow of melting water from icefields
b. To give the alpine populations enough water
c. To make larger rivers smaller
d. To get enough water into the main rivers",a,
When forests are cut or burned down:,"a. Water can flow away very quickly and cause mudslides
b. Nutrients are washed deep into the soil
c. Water stands in fields and cannot flow away
d. Rainfall can get into the ground more quickly",a,
Full form of EVD:,"a. Ebola Virus Disease
b. Evoc Virus Disease
c. Evola voc Disease
d. Evola Vig Disease",a,
ITCZ stands for:,"a. Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
b. Intra Tropical Convergence Zone
c. Inter Tectonic Convergence Zone
d. Inter Temperate Convergence Zone",a,
Disasters can be categorized into various types on the basis of?,"a.Its speed 
b.Its previous history
c.Loss of property they result
d.Loss of human life they result",d,
Which of the following is a disaster mitigation strategy?,"a. Constructing cyclone shelters
b. Giving loans from banks
c. Providing cheap electricity
d. Providing school uniforms to children",a,
Landslides occur because of:,"a.Intensity of rainfall 
b.Steep slopes
c.Deforestation leading it soil erosion
d.All the above",d,
The main objectives of First Aid?,"a.To preserve life 
b.To prevent the victims condition from worsening
c.To promote recovery
d.All the above",d,
Which of the following statements is false?,"a)Weather forecasts for a small region are more accurate than those for a large region
b) Weather forecasts are more accurate in Melbourne than in Darwin
c) Forecasts of temperature are more accurate than forecasts of rainfall
d) All of the above",a,
Urbanization usually results in an increase in flood frequency because:,"a)Less water is able to runoff in streams
b)Less water is able to infiltrate into the ground, so instead is discharged rapidlyinto streams
c)More water is used by humans and then discharged to streams
d)Rainfall is greater in urban areas than in rural areas",b,
Human induced hazards can be classified into:,"a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 4",c,
Typhoid causing bacteria:,"a)Shigella
b)Salmonella
c)HIV
d)HCV",b,
"In Australia, the most expensive natural disaster is:","(a) drought
(b) floods
(c) bushfires
(d) cyclones",b,
The atom bomb is an inherently a:,"a. Political artifact.
b. Social artifact.
c. Cultural artifact.
d. Economical artifact",a,
Wildfires spread in areas that are _______:,"a. wet
b. dry
c. cold
d. Snowy",b,
Which natural disaster is a violent rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground?,"a. Drought
b. Tornado
c. Earthquake
d. Hurricane",b,
Which natural disaster is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall; a shortage of water resulting from this?,"a. Flood
b. Blizzards
c. Drought
d. Hurricane",c,
Which natural disaster is the sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff?,"a. Landslide
b. Tsunami 
c. Thunderstorm
d. Tornado ",a,
"Which natural disaster is a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean?","a. Tornado
b. Hurricane
c. Blizzards
d. Landslide",b,
"Which natural disaster is an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land?","a. Tsunami 
b. Drought
c. Tornado
d. Flooding",d,
"Which natural disaster is a large, destructive fire that spreads quickly over woodland or brush?","a. Wildfire
b. Drought
c. Tasunami
d. Hurricane",a,
Tornadoes have __________ winds shaped like cones:,"a. spinning
b. hot
c. weak
d. small",a,
"If a dam is removed, then upstream from the former dam the river responds by:","a) downcutting (lowering its bed)
b) raising its bed     
c) avulsion     
d)becoming a braided stream",a,
If the deficiency of a particular year’s rainfall exceeds 25% of normal it is termed as:,"a) Onset Of Drought
b) Moderate Drought 
c) Severe Drought 
d) none of the above",a,
"If the seafloor is suddenly displaced upward, then what happens to the sea surface?"," a) It will subside
b) It will remain unchanged 
c) It will momentarily rise 
d) Nothing",c,
_______ is a downward movement of wet soil along the slopes under the influence of gravity:,"a. Creep
b. Lahars
c. Debris Flow
d. Solification",d,
_______ is extremely slow downward movement of dry surfacial matters:,"a. Creep
b. Lahars
c. Debris Flow
d. Solification",a,
Major tsunamis are generated by earthquakes along:,"a. Divergent margins 
b. Convergent margins
c. Transform margin
d. None of the above",d,
Most major tsunamis are produced by earthquakes with magnitudes greater than:,"a) 6 
b) 7 
c) 8    
d) 9",b,
 Most of the damage done by floods in the U.S. occurs:,"a. on floodplains 
b. in small tributaries    
c. in delta regions   
d. on uplands along major rivers",a,
 Movement of earthquake waves through the ground can produce: ,"a. Solification  
b. Creep     
c. Liquefaction     
d. Lahars",c,
 Percentage of surface of earth is covered by water is: ,"a) 70%     
b) 85 %  
c) 90 %    
d) 60 %",a,
Sahel region of West Africa known for:,"a) Recurring drought     
b) Food crisis     
c) Famine     
d) All of the above",d,
The cyclone “SIDR” hit Bangladesh in?,"a. 2009     
b. 2007     
c. 2008    
d. 2006",b,
"The disease that swept a large part of Asia, Europe and Africa in the 14 century is:","(a) Plague 
(b) Small pox     
(c) Tuberculosis     
(d) Influenza",a,
The largest floods in prehistoric times were probably the result of:,"a. very heavy rainfall     
b. hurricanes     
c. ice dam failures     
d. meteorite impacts",c,
The lowest level to which a stream may erode is called:,"a) base level      
b) gradient     
c) velocity      
d) discharge",a,
The monsoon has well developed cycle in:,"a) south and south east asia     
b) North Australia     
c) Africa     
d) East united state",a,
The number of tsunami waves generated by one earthquake is generally:,"a. one     
b. 10 or 12     
c. about 50     
d. about 100-120",b,
Ultraviolet rays in radiations of sun is absorbed by:,"a. troposphere    
b. thermosphere  
c. stratosphere    
d. ozone",d,
Vibrations radiate from focus in all direction as:,"a) Longitudinal waves     
b) Transverse waves      
c) Seismic waves      
d)Typanic waves",c,
"What is the normal relationship between the number of a particular type of event and the size of such
events?","a. There is an equal number of small, medium, and large events of any given type. 
b. There are few small events, a moderate number of larger events, and many giant events of any given type.     
c. There are many small events, many medium-size events, but for most hazards no giant events.     
d. There are many small events, a moderate number of larger events, and few giant events of any given type.",d,
What is the speed of tsunami waves?,"a) 40 meters/hour     
b) 100 kms/hour
c) 9000 km/hour     
d) 800 km/hour",d,
"Considering following, abiotic components of ecosystem includes: ","a) grass and trees     
b) birds and snakes     
c) basic elements and soil     
d) cattle and deer",c,
"Considering pyramid of numbers, consumers that are maximum in number and smallest in size are
called:","a. tertiary consumers     
b. producers     
c. tertiary decomposers    
d. secondary decomposers",b,
Deficiency of a particular year’s rainfall exceeds 26 –50 % of normal it is termed as:,"a) Onset Of Drought     
b) Moderate Drought      
c) Severe Drought    
c) none of the above.",b,
"In Australia, the most expensive natural disaster is:","(a) drought    
(b) floods   
(c) bushfires   
(d) cyclones.",b,
"In Australia, the average annual cost of floods is around:","(a) $3.8 million     
(b) $38 million     
(c) $380 million    
(d) $3.8 billion",c,
"Just prior to a tsunami coming ashore, sea level appears to fall quickly. This phenomenon is called:","a. Sea level drop    
b. Draw fall    
c. Drawdown  
d. Dip in sea level",c,
Lakes and forests are best classified as examples of:," a) artificial ecosystem     
b) natural ecosystem     
c) natural biosphere     
d) artificial biosphere",b,
The process of avulsion causes:,"a. downcutting of the riverbed     
b. wider floodplains for the river     
c. slow shifting of the rivers channel    
d. formation of a new course for the river channel",d,
The change in elevation of a stream per unit length is called:,"a) base level     
b) gradient     
c) velocity     
d) discharge",b,
An essential to the sanitary maintenance of latrines is:,"a) Sufficient supply of water     
b) Supply of latrine construction materials     
c) Health education program in latrine usage and upkeep     
d) All of the above",c,
"Besides testing the quality of the food itself, inspections should be made to determine:","a) the cleanliness of it     
b) Premises where food is handled and prepared     
c) Washing facilities
d) Food storage facilities",d,
Dikes and dams are lined up along the coast of the Netherlands:,"a. to generate electricity for its population    
b. to change the course of rivers that flow into the North Sea     
c. to keep storms away from the country    
d. to keep ocean water out of the lower lying land",d,
"Engineering disaster is simply referred to those disasters when it is caused by an engineering failure
like:","(a) Design flaws or materials failures    
(b) Insufficient knowledge or underestimations    
(c) Carelessness or negligence    
(d) All the above",d,
"For good land use planning, buildings should be built: ","a. above the 1 in 100 year flood level     
b. above the level of the Probable Maximum Flood     
c. based on the chance and consequences of a flood for that particular building    
d. above the level of the largest historical flood",c,
"If you erect a barrier for protection against some natural event, what detrimental effect can follow?","a. It can have detrimental effects on others nearby.   
b. You shouldn’t try to do so because such barriers typically cost more than the structures they are designed to protect.     
c. National laws require that anything that interfaces with natural processes be done by federal agencies.     
d. Similar projects by others nearby will make your efforts ineffective.d. Nature is strong enough to immediately overwhelm your efforts, which are then wasted.",a,
In ancient Egypt the Nile River:,"a. destroyed large areas of farming land every year     
b. had to be regulated because it carried too much water     
c. brought nutrients that made the fields fertile    
d. changed its course almost every year",c,
 What can happen to make a moderate-size event into a large natural disaster?,"a. cyclic events that tend to get stronger with time     
b. overlapping events that amplify the effect     
c. cyclic events that get progressively bigger as each one adds to the next in the series   
d. the multiplying effect of events of a given type in the same area",b,