calibration_prompts.jsonl

{"text": "In physics, work means the use of what to move an object?"}
{"text": "What is the skin of most reptiles covered with?"}
{"text": "What is the concept by which two species within the same area to coexist by adapting by developing different specializations?"}
{"text": "Why do homonuclear diatomic molecules have zero dipole moment?"}
{"text": "What are used to balance chemical equations?"}
{"text": "What is a mutation that changes all or much of a particular chromosome?"}
{"text": "The way a mineral cleaves or fractures depends on what part of the mineral?"}
{"text": "Some of the biggest waves occur with what type of storm that forms over the ocean and brings high winds?"}
{"text": "What is a form of matter that has a definite volume, but an indefinite shape?"}
{"text": "What type of motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning of the trajectory after which there is no interference apart from gravity?"}
{"text": "How do you determine the atomic weight of an element?"}
{"text": "Roots grow in length and width from the primary and secondary what?"}
{"text": "What type of bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs?"}
{"text": "What is formed when an oxygen atom picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from a solution?"}
{"text": "Prokaryotic cells have what structure outside their plasma membrane?"}
{"text": "Who created the periodic table?"}
{"text": "All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called what?"}
{"text": "A catalyst can increase the rate of what, in general?"}
{"text": "What is the first step towards wound repair?"}
{"text": "Ponds and lakes are examples of what kind of biome?"}
{"text": "The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, and what else?"}
{"text": "Capillaries in the chorionic villi filter fetal wastes out of the blood and return clean, oxygenated blood to the fetus through what?"}
{"text": "What intensifies the response during homeostasis?"}
{"text": "What is the capacity to cause change?"}
{"text": "What is the process by which plants capture the energy of sunlight and use carbon dioxide from the air (and water) to make their own food called?"}
{"text": "What structures of the cardiovascular system help regulate body processes by either constricting or dilating?"}
{"text": "What is the name of the fungi that are ubiquitous in lakes and soil?"}
{"text": "What is the goal of science?"}
{"text": "Which material used in oxyacetylene torches helps cut and weld metals?"}
{"text": "In what process is atp created by glycolysis, without oxygen?"}
{"text": "Sometimes two or more distinct phenotypes can each have their advantages and be selected for by natural selection; this is known as what?"}
{"text": "In order to conduct what, electrons must move from the filled valence band to the empty conduction band where they can move throughout the solid?"}
{"text": "What device is an electrochemical cell or series of cells that produces an electric current?"}
{"text": "If heat is released by the system into the surroundings, a chemical reaction or physical change is called what?"}
{"text": "What is the name for the water-splitting step of photosynthesis?"}
{"text": "What phenomenon can cause a protein in an organism to be made incorrectly?"}
{"text": "What term is used to describe  an illusion that light from faraway objects is reflected by a pool of water that is not really there?"}
{"text": "What are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24 hour cycle?"}
{"text": "Organic and biochemical equations show the initial and final products of the equation, respectively known as the reactants and what else?"}
{"text": "What is the enlarged tip of the penis called?"}
{"text": "What is the term for learning by watching and copying the behavior of someone else?"}
{"text": "On which ridge does iceland sit?"}
{"text": "What causes lightning during a thunderstorm?"}
{"text": "The capsid is made from the what that are encoded by viral genes within their genome?"}
{"text": "When a glacier no longer moves, what is it called?"}
{"text": "What bonds form because they give atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons?"}
{"text": "What produces sound waves that travel outward in all directions in water?"}
{"text": "From what did the first proto-oncogenes arise?"}
{"text": "Protozoa are generally difficult to identify due to what?"}
{"text": "Evolving from a single common ancestor, what group of organisms was perhaps the dominant life form on earth 250 million years ago?"}
{"text": "Like a blanket on a sleeping person, greenhouse gases act as what for the planet?"}
{"text": "What are the the individual protein subunits making up the capsid called?"}
{"text": "What are the two groups that tripoblastic eucoelomates can be divided into based on early embryonic development differences?"}
{"text": "While similar to insects, what eight-legged invertebrates lack antennae or wings?"}
{"text": "What is the term for environmental causes of mutations?"}
{"text": "What regulates the thyroid gland in a body?"}
{"text": "The ovaries produce estradiol and progesterone, which cause secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for?"}
{"text": "What kind of process occurs naturally under certain conditions, unlike its opposite, which will not take place unless it is \u201cdriven\u201d by the continual input of energy from an external source?"}
{"text": "Without the dominant disturbance, the fire-adapted species are usually outcompeted and biodiversity is what?"}
{"text": "In which way do vertebrates reproduce?"}
{"text": "What is the final stage of aerobic respiration, when energy from the krebs cycle is transferred to atp?"}
{"text": "What system carries messages from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system?"}
{"text": "The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava are veins that return blood lacking what to the heart?"}
{"text": "Where do polychaete worms live?"}
{"text": "Atmospheric pressure is increased, causing a greater amount of oxygen than normal to diffuse into the bloodstream of the patient, in what type of therapy?"}
{"text": "What kind of energy is released when the thermochemical reaction of a campfire converts wood to carbon dioxide and water?"}
{"text": "What happens to volume as the temperature increases?"}
{"text": "Different clouds are associated with different types of what?"}
{"text": "Each new horizontal row of the periodic table corresponds to the beginning of a new period because a new principal energy level is being filled with what?"}
{"text": "Covalent compounds form individual molecules rather than what?"}
{"text": "What are the most numerous blood cells?"}
{"text": "Though viruses are not considered living, they share two important traits with living organisms: they have genetic material and they can undergo what process?"}
{"text": "What are the most common seedless vascular plants?"}
{"text": "What lens shape corrects myopia?"}
{"text": "The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of what?"}
{"text": "Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called what?"}
{"text": "What is the term for volcanic mudflows?"}
{"text": "What is a purification process where the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated?"}
{"text": "The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum are the main regions of which organ?"}
{"text": "What did darwin call the evolutionary concept of change in populations over generations?"}
{"text": "The four major classes of biological macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and what else?"}
{"text": "What part of the body do ants use to detect chemicals?"}
{"text": "The challenge of techniques used for proteomic analyses is the difficulty in detecting small quantities of what?"}
{"text": "How are the major families of organic compounds characterized?"}
{"text": "Most scientists think that ordinary matter makes up how much of the total matter in the universe?"}
{"text": "What part of the cell controls what enters and leaves?"}
{"text": "What do you call the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching?"}
{"text": "Who proposed that everything in the universe exerts a force of attraction on everything else?"}
{"text": "Inducible enzymes usually function in what type of pathways?"}
{"text": "Different media affect what property of light?"}
{"text": "What  reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction?"}
{"text": "What is the term for a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs?"}
{"text": "How many electrons can be accommodated in the first electron shell's orbital?"}
{"text": "What are the cells that break down inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell, and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source?"}
{"text": "What helps regulate the production of urine?"}
{"text": "Energy from sunlight enters many ecosystems through what process?"}
{"text": "A minority of people on earth use up most of the planet's what, including energy?"}
{"text": "What are the highest clouds in the atmosphere?"}
{"text": "Worms grow to adult size without going through what stage?"}
{"text": "What does convection within the earth's mantel cause?"}
{"text": "What type of air may get stuck on the windward side of a mountain range?"}
{"text": "Stoichiometric coefficients are used in chemical equations to indicate the amounts of reactants and what?"}
{"text": "What is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material?"}
{"text": "The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as what?"}
{"text": "Does climate change have a positive or negative effect on reproductive success?"}
{"text": "Melting, sublimation, and evaporation absorb what from their surroundings?"}
{"text": "Closely associated with \"work\", what is characterized by its many forms and the fact that it is conserved?"}
{"text": "Mutations that lead to cancer usually occur in genes that control the cell cycle. these include tumor-suppressor genes and what?"}
{"text": "The overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to convert light energy into this?"}
{"text": "What are the most numerous and diverse biochemical compounds?"}
{"text": "When a warm air mass becomes trapped between two cold air masses, what type of front occurs?"}
{"text": "What term that shows how fast a population is growing includes new members added to the population over a given period, as well as old members removed from the population?"}
{"text": "Cations have what type of charge?"}
{"text": "What type of fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water?"}
{"text": "In classical physics, momentum is a simple product of mass and this?"}
{"text": "What weather phenomenon can raise sea level as much as 25 feet when low pressure pulls water upward?"}
{"text": "Metallic bonds allow metals to do what, in the manner of a willow tree?"}
{"text": "The fossil record indicates that anthropoids began diverging from other primates about how many million years ago?"}
{"text": "What supports the scapula, transmits the weight and forces from the upper limb to the body trunk, and protects the underlying nerves and blood vessels?"}
{"text": "What is the set of steps that scientists use to learn about the world?"}
{"text": "What carbohydrate from fruit juices is a gel-forming substance important in jelly making?"}
{"text": "Name the simple sugar that is a component of starch."}
{"text": "The ions in ionic compounds are arranged in rigid three-dimensional patterns called what?"}
{"text": "What can demonstrate the decrease in energy, biomass or numbers within an ecosystem?"}
{"text": "What occurs when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen?"}
{"text": "Which of the electromagnetic waves have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies?"}
{"text": "What is the term for an ionic compound that produces positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?"}
{"text": "When both objects have a positive charge what will the force be between them?"}
{"text": "What causes high winds and monsoon storms in the desert?"}
{"text": "When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a what?"}
{"text": "Opportunistic diseases are usually the direct cause of death of people with what disease?"}
{"text": "What is produced when a colorless solution of lead nitrate is added to a colorless solution of potassium iodide?"}
{"text": "The electric and magnetic fields are closely related and propagate as what?"}
{"text": "What is happening to the rate of the expansion of the universe?"}
{"text": "What type of earthquake creates a tsunami?"}
{"text": "Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of what?"}
{"text": "The law of conservation of matter, which says that matter cannot be created or this?"}
{"text": "What does phagocytosis defend the body from?"}
{"text": "What is it called when feces move along the colon too slowly?"}
{"text": "What is the measure of sound intensity levels?"}
{"text": "Which of these is last if ordered in increasing size: galaxy, solar system, star cluster?"}
{"text": "Fossil evidence indicates that the ancestors of humans originated on which continent?"}
{"text": "What can occur when one end of a small diameter tube is immersed in liquid?"}
{"text": "What kind of solids are gummi bears or taffy?"}
{"text": "Half of the neurons formed in the embryo are eliminated because of _____________"}
{"text": "What system protects the body from worms, germs, and other agents of harm?"}
{"text": "What part of the sperm contains the genetic material?"}
{"text": "What is a small, spherical compartment separated by at least one lipid layer from the cytosol?"}
{"text": "In animals, how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?"}
{"text": "What specific part of the african violet is used to propagate other plants?"}
{"text": "What do many cells depend on glucose for?"}
{"text": "What refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?"}
{"text": "What term is used to describe muscle fibers that allows muscles to contract?"}
{"text": "What form do alkali metals take at room temperature?"}
{"text": "Conducting wires have a small degree of what?"}
{"text": "What is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature?"}
{"text": "What domain-level category of cells can contain more than 1000 times the dna found in a typical bacterial cell?"}
{"text": "What term refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers?"}
{"text": "Nitrogen is an important macronutrient because it is part of nucleic acids and proteins. atmospheric nitrogen, which is the diatomic molecule n2, or dinitrogen, is the largest pool of nitrogen in these?"}
{"text": "Species divergence often, but not always, occurs because of what type of barrier between species?"}
{"text": "The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall as it shrivels. what is this process called?"}
{"text": "All living things need air and this to survive?"}
{"text": "The speed of a wave is a product of its wavelength and what else?"}
{"text": "Carbon dioxide is an example of a material that easily undergoes what?"}
{"text": "What population on earth is already harming the environment due to less resources to go around?"}
{"text": "During a what type of reaction do chemical changes take place?"}
{"text": "Quarks also have a different type of charge, called what?"}
{"text": "Because all animals require an external source of what, they are called heterotrophic?"}
{"text": "The term \"environment of deposition\" is useful for understanding the characteristics of what type of rock?"}
{"text": "What is your body made up of?"}
{"text": "What is the second highest mountain in the world, at over 28,000 feet?"}
{"text": "The ancient greek philosopher aristotle thought that all matter consists of just four what, which he identified as earth, air, water, and fire?"}
{"text": "Stringed instruments can help show the relationship between tension and what in strings?"}
{"text": "A complex interactions of hormones result in an edible fruit that entices animals that help disperse what?"}
{"text": "What globular protein is used in the construction of the hollow tube?"}
{"text": "What are biochemical compounds that living things use to store energy and make cell membranes?"}
{"text": "The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is known as what?"}
{"text": "What part of an atom is positive due to the presence of positively charged protons?"}
{"text": "\"direct\" and \"alternating\" are two kinds of what, which is associated with electricity?"}
{"text": "Of all the electromagnetic waves, which have the lowest frequencies?"}
{"text": "What type of scientists study the effects people have on their environment?"}
{"text": "Where does fertilization usually take place?"}
{"text": "What is the term that refers to stored chemical energy in organic matter or wastes?"}
{"text": "What type of roots enable a plant to grow on another plant?"}
{"text": "How much space a surface covers is known as what?"}
{"text": "In plants, a high concentration of iaa inhibits what?"}
{"text": "What effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population?"}
{"text": "Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma are all components of what fluid?"}
{"text": "What is the conversion of metals from their ores to more useful forms called?"}
{"text": "The separation of compounds on the basis of their solubilities in a given solvent is known as what?"}
{"text": "Trophic level 4 = tertiary consumers that eat what kind of consumers?"}
{"text": "What objects are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass?"}
{"text": "What type of acid is often used as a preservative for acidic foods such as fruit juices?"}
{"text": "Because they can cause diseases in plants, some parasitic fungi are considered what?"}
{"text": "What gets released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned?"}
{"text": "What is often the cause of phenotypic differences between identical twins?"}
{"text": "What are drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes formed by?"}
{"text": "The modern model of the atom, which scientists call the quantum mechanical model, is based on what scientist's work on orbitals?"}
{"text": "What is a controlled scientific study of specific variables called?"}
{"text": "What is an insect's hard outer exoskeleton made out of?"}
{"text": "What regulates the passage of blood into capillary beds?"}
{"text": "Types of neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, and?"}
{"text": "What method uses a retailer's coding method to catalog biological specimens in museums?"}
{"text": "What kind of rays can travel thousands of meters through air and can penetrate and damage cells deep inside the body?"}
{"text": "What are proteins encoded by?"}
{"text": "About one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving what organs of digestion?"}
{"text": "What substances, which serve as catalysts, are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms?"}
{"text": "Soil forms where land areas are what?"}
{"text": "What is the large muscle that extends across the bottom of the chest below the lungs called?"}
{"text": "What is the method of evolution by which advantageous heritable traits become more common over generations?"}
{"text": "What is an upward force that fluids exert on any object that is placed in them?"}
{"text": "What in saliva protects the lining of the mouth from abrasion and lubricates food for easier swallowing?"}
{"text": "What helps control the muscles and maintain balance?"}
{"text": "The two main fundamental particles that make up neutrons are quarks and what else?"}
{"text": "Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during prophase, the first and longest phase of what process?"}
{"text": "What kind of reactions are involved in processes ranging from the contraction of muscles to the digestion of food?"}
{"text": "What is the smallest unit of a chemical element called?"}
{"text": "Shielding should be used when receiving x-rays to limit exposure to what potentially harmful form of energy?"}
{"text": "What are the most numerous and diverse biochemical compounds?"}
{"text": "In recent years, it has been hypothesized that molecules in the environment also act as?"}
{"text": "What are the male reproductive cells called?"}
{"text": "How many pairs of chromosomes do human have ?"}
{"text": "What describes a close and long-term interaction between different species?"}
{"text": "Narrowing of the arterioles causes an increase of what upstream in the arteries?"}
{"text": "The rate of evolution is influenced by the rate of changes to what?"}
{"text": "Most members of the animal kingdom have differentiated tissues of four main classes\u2014nervous, muscular, connective, and this?"}
{"text": "Vertebrates are all chordates that have a what?"}
{"text": "What is the term for a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces?"}
{"text": "The other ammonium ions are changed into nitrogen gas by what?"}
{"text": "The coordinated activities of the legume and the rhizobium bacteria depend on what between the partners?"}
{"text": "What type of rocks form when sediments are compacted and cemented together?"}
{"text": "What is the reaction called when an acid and a base react?"}
{"text": "What is the measure of water potential?"}
{"text": "Within organs, arteries branch into what small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries?"}
{"text": "What do you call the movement of a substance from an area of a higher amount toward an area of lower amount?"}
{"text": "Mollusks such as squid and octopi, which must hunt to survive, possess what complex organs containing millions of neurons?"}
{"text": "What is a thin layer of gas that surrounds earth called?"}
{"text": "What connects the fetus to the placenta?"}
{"text": "Name the term used to described prokaryotes that require oxygen."}
{"text": "What might a scientist do to confirm the work of another?"}
{"text": "What does fiber help keep at normal levels in the body?"}
{"text": "What causes genetic disorders?"}
{"text": "There are a series of rules for naming branched alkanes (and, ultimately, for all organic compounds). these rules make up the system of nomenclature for naming what?"}
{"text": "The binding of what helps eliminate antigens by phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis"}
{"text": "What kind of energy is released when the nucleus of an atom is split?"}
{"text": "Each cell and every living thing requires what?"}
{"text": "What do scientists use to study the deep without going to the seafloor?"}
{"text": "Burning gas to run our cars is an example of how human activity is contributing to what global event?"}
{"text": "Solar cells convert the energy in sunlight to what type of energy?"}
{"text": "What type of seismic waves do the most damage?"}
{"text": "What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?"}
{"text": "In the water molecule, two of the electron pairs are lone pairs rather than what?"}
{"text": "What kind of reproduction is vegetative reproduction?"}
{"text": "One of the simplest machines is the lever, which is a rigid bar pivoted at a fixed place called what?"}
{"text": "What structure is a larger assembly of several polypeptide chains that are now referred to as subunits of the protein?"}
{"text": "What is the body cavity that reptiles have that is involved in reproduction?"}
{"text": "Animals that have been modified to express recombinant dna are called what?"}
{"text": "There are how many visual clues to indicate a chemical reaction?"}
{"text": "Behaviors that occur naturally and are not learned are called what?"}
{"text": "What kind of energy positions do electrons occupy during ground state?"}
{"text": "How many neutrons do 99% of carbon atoms have?"}
{"text": "If a quantity of a reactant remains unconsumed after complete reaction has occurred, it is?"}
{"text": "What serious sti can damage the heart, brain and other organs or even cause death, if untreated?"}
{"text": "What glands in the breast secrete milk?"}
{"text": "The conversion of food that is consumed to nutrients involves what two major processes:"}
{"text": "What is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?"}
{"text": "Which organ has a thick mucus lining that protects the underlying tissue from the action of the digestive juices?"}
{"text": "Scientists use the principles of what to make predictions, which they then test?"}
{"text": "What are misfolded versions of normal brain proteins?"}
{"text": "What happens to the volume of a gas as the kelvin temperature increases?"}
{"text": "Particulates cause lung diseases. they can also increase the risk of heart disease and the number of what?"}
{"text": "What forms the changing shapes of sand dunes?"}
{"text": "What is an odorless white solid that is harmless unless consumed in large quantities?"}
{"text": "Catabolic reactions involve breaking what?"}
{"text": "What type of resource is limited in supply and cannot be replaced except over millions of years?"}
{"text": "Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, and respiration produces what as a byproduct?"}
{"text": "What is the field of biology that focuses on the study of inheritance in humans?"}
{"text": "Muscle contraction requires repeated cycles of binding and what?"}
{"text": "Objects in motion that return to the same position after a fixed period of time are said to be in what?"}
{"text": "Physical and chemical properties of geometric isomers are generally what?"}
{"text": "What do you call a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.?"}
{"text": "What is the permanent prevention of gamete production or release called?"}
{"text": "Which stage of life is typically easier for learning multiple languages?"}
{"text": "\"cardio\" has become slang for what type of exercise that raises your heart rate for an extended amount of time?"}
{"text": "A venule is an extremely small vein, generally 8\u2013100 micrometers in diameter. postcapillary venules join multiple capillaries exiting from a capillary bed. multiple venules join to form what?"}
{"text": "Which part of the brain secretes hormones that tell the pituitary gland either to secrete or to stop secreting its hormones?"}
{"text": "What is the name of the smallest planet in our solar system, which is also nearest to the sun?"}
{"text": "Food chains and what describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another?"}
{"text": "Because force and electric field are what, they have direction as well as their value?"}
{"text": "Mutations in regulatory genes that normally control the cell cycle cause what?"}
{"text": "Shortening of muscle fibers is called what?`"}
{"text": "What body joint incurs the most common overuse injury among runners and other athletes?"}
{"text": "In 1802, charles and gay-lussac both proposed that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, what is directly proportional to its absolute temperature?"}
{"text": "Why do waves travel faster through solids?"}
{"text": "Sounds, chemicals, and visual cues are examples of what between animals?"}
{"text": "Where do sperm go after leaving the testicles and before entering the vas deferens?"}
{"text": "What organ packages nutrients absorbed by the digestive system; produces plasma proteins, clotting factors, and bile; and disposes of worn-out cell components and waste products?"}
{"text": "What is the substance called whenatoms of different elements join together?"}
{"text": "What are fibers that depend on aerobic respiration called?"}
{"text": "Capillaries are narrow-diameter tubes that can fit red blood cells through in single file and are the sites for the exchange of what?"}
{"text": "What are single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membranebound nuclei?"}
{"text": "What is the stage between a zygote and polyp?"}
{"text": "Red-green color blindness is an example of a sex-linked condition caused by what?"}
{"text": "Like all tetrapods except birds and mammals, frogs possess a heart with what structure?"}
{"text": "E. coli uses how many enzymes to take up and metabolize lactose?"}
{"text": "The innermost layer of the sun is known as what?"}
{"text": "The conservation of momentum principle can be applied to systems as different as a comet striking earth and a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and these?"}
{"text": "Transferring what from sodium to chlorine decreases the radius of sodium by about 50%?"}
{"text": "Dna is normally found within what region of a cell?"}
{"text": "What chemical substances are secreted by animals that communicate by odor or taste?"}
{"text": "\"crossing over\" occurs during what phase of mitosis?"}
{"text": "What is the process by which plants gain energy and produce sugar?"}
{"text": "What are the four stages of food processing?"}
{"text": "Phosphorus exists as several allotropes, the most common being red, black, and what?"}
{"text": "Asci are used by mycelia for what kind of reproduction?"}
{"text": "What is a diagram that shows a single way that energy flows throughout an ecosystem?"}
{"text": "Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles are major types of what?"}
{"text": "Metabolism produces waste energy in the form of heat, which helps what type of animal conserve and maintain heat at a relatively constant body temperature?"}
{"text": "What is a dip slip fault where the dip of the fault plane is vertical?"}
{"text": "What kind of reactions absorb energy from their surroundings as they occur?"}
{"text": "What is the process of generating electric current with a magnetic field?"}
{"text": "Eggs are produced in what organs and, upon fertilization, develop in what other organ?"}
{"text": "High per capita use of what means the ecological footprint of the united states is large?"}
{"text": "Biodiversity hot spots are prime candidates for protection because they are prone to what species fate?"}
{"text": "What is the cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming called?"}
{"text": "Ionic compounds contain cations and anions rather than what?"}
{"text": "What is a stellar remnant that is very dense?"}
{"text": "In what stage of photosynthesis does the calvin cycle occur?"}
{"text": "How many atoms of oxygen does silicon dioxide contain?"}
{"text": "What is the term for longer chains of monosaccharides ?"}
{"text": "What type of cells are multiple small spaces located in the right and left sides of the ethmoid bone?"}
{"text": "Helium-3 is produced by beta decay of a certain what?"}
{"text": "Sudden changes in geologic and climatic conditions can spur what process?"}
{"text": "The penis, testes and epididymes are structures in what male anatomical system?"}
{"text": "An element that is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity is known as a ______"}
{"text": "In science, anything that has mass and volume is considered what?"}
{"text": "What type of cell has a singular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other organelles?"}
{"text": "Unburned hydrocarbons can more easily be converted to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a what?"}
{"text": "What is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body?"}
{"text": "What kind of diseases can be difficult to treat because they live inside the host's cells, making it hard to destroy them without killing host cells?"}
{"text": "In plants, a cell plate is formed during cell cytokinesis by golgi vesicles fusing at the what?"}
{"text": "What organ creates bile?"}
{"text": "Which gender typically experiences growth spurts first?"}
{"text": "What is the name for a molecule with two atoms?"}
{"text": "What are electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called?"}
{"text": "When fuel is burned most of the energy is released as what?"}
{"text": "What occurs when a former inhabited area gets disturbed?"}
{"text": "What is the term for a disease that is not contagious?"}
{"text": "Why do electronegativities decrease from top to bottom?"}
{"text": "Making ups about 50 percent of the modern american diet, what food group can be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars and/or complex sugars?"}
{"text": "Plant-like protists are autotrophs capable of what process?"}
{"text": "What is it called when electrons are shared equally?"}
{"text": "What explains the spherical shape of ceres, once thought to be the largest asteroid?"}
{"text": "Average acceleration is the rate of change of what?"}
{"text": "Which organ is the control center of the nervous system?"}
{"text": "What kind of beneficial relationships with other organisms are common in the plant kingdom?"}
{"text": "What preventive measure can protect even young children against diseases such as viral meningitis?"}
{"text": "Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (co 2 ) as it falls. the co 2 combines with water to form what?"}
{"text": "Glucose, fructose, and other sugars that have six carbons are called what?"}
{"text": "What \"apparatus\" is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?"}
{"text": "Which gas is responsible for global warming?"}
{"text": "Being exposed to sunlight will produce what vitamin in the skin?"}
{"text": "What is the purpose of your body's first line of defense?"}
{"text": "What is the general composition of the continental crust?"}
{"text": "Sunlight contains many different wavelengths, which you see when they separate into what?"}
{"text": "Innate behaviors occur in all animals. however, they are less common in species with higher levels of what?"}
{"text": "Chromosomes further condensed in which stage?"}
{"text": "Oxygen is essentially just a waste product of the light reactions of what?"}
{"text": "The mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be hundreds of times the what of the molecule?"}
{"text": "What type of air do plants take in and use?"}
{"text": "What is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox?"}
{"text": "Which important decomposers are known to live just about anywhere on earth?"}
{"text": "Dinosaurs filled the niches that mammals fill today during which era?"}
{"text": "What is produced by the reaction of metal oxide with water?"}
{"text": "What is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia called?"}
{"text": "The polymerase chain reaction is a way of making copies of what?"}
{"text": "Where on earth do bacteria live?"}
{"text": "Angiosperms possess reproductive structures that attract animals that perform what role?"}
{"text": "What is it called when a gene at one location (locus) alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus?"}
{"text": "Wearing what will reduce the amplitude of sound waves entering the ears?"}
{"text": "Proteins include 20 common types of what compounds?"}
{"text": "Mollusks are probably most closely related to organisms in the phylum annelida , also known as what?"}
{"text": "What molecule can be used by the body to synthesize cholesterol ?"}
{"text": "What makes up 99 percent of air?"}
{"text": "Plants supply, ultimately, most of the food eaten by terrestrial animals, along with what gas?"}
{"text": "A common age-related bone disease in which bone density and strength is decreased is know as what?"}
{"text": "What bodily substance is formed from cells, and in turn helps make up organs?"}
{"text": "What is the term for the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk?"}
{"text": "The potential of what can be used to measure the ph of a solution?"}
{"text": "Each species of legume is associated with a strain of __________"}
{"text": "Where is the fruiting body normally produced in relation to the food source?"}
{"text": "What are the 3 types of volcanoes?"}
{"text": "What is the low level of radiation that occurs naturally in the environment called?"}
{"text": "Fungi may form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and what?"}
{"text": "Cancers derived from epithelial cells are referred to as what?"}
{"text": "What structure is the site of all of the basic biochemical processes that keep organisms alive?"}
{"text": "What is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body?"}
{"text": "If something is in the state of matter where it has both a definite shape and volume, then what state of matter is it in?"}
{"text": "What process within cells makes sure that every gamete receives a copy of every chromosome?"}
{"text": "What state of matter completes the list: solid, liquid, gas?"}
{"text": "What were the first living things to evolve on earth?"}
{"text": "What substance flows over the land from precipitation or melting snow or ice?"}
{"text": "Methanogens in their gut enable what process in cows?"}
{"text": "What is defined as maintaining a stable internal environment?"}
{"text": "In a food chain, only about 10 percent of what passes to the next level?"}
{"text": "What are the taste receptors found as tiny bumps on the tongue called?"}
{"text": "What happens do the sound during a resonance?"}
{"text": "What term describes a gene or sequence on a chromosome that co-segregates (shows genetic linkage) with a specific trait?"}
{"text": "What is the name for an underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater?"}
{"text": "What category of food includes sugars, starches and fibers?"}
{"text": "What kind of ions are named by adding the suffix -ide to the end?"}
{"text": "What is the layer above the troposphere?"}
{"text": "Torpor, a process that leads to a decrease in activity and metabolism and allows animals to survive adverse conditions, includes what long winter 'sleep'?"}
{"text": "The lithosphere-asthensophere divisions are based on what?"}
{"text": "The interaction of what opposite factors describe a biome and ecosystem?"}
{"text": "What makes up the core of the endoskeleton?"}
{"text": "What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?"}
{"text": "What is the most common cause of cancer?"}
{"text": "What is the process of the blastula forming 3 layers of cells called?"}
{"text": "When leaves wilt, what plant process ceases?"}
{"text": "Echinoderms have a unique system for gas exchange, nutrient circulation, and locomotion called the water vascular system. the system consists of a central ring canal and radial canals extending along each arm. water circulates through these structures allowing for gas, nutrient, and this?"}
{"text": "Most scientists think that ordinary matter is less than half of the total matter in the universe; the remaining part includes what mysterious entity?"}
{"text": "How do organophostbate pesticides work?"}
{"text": "Just under their skin, marine mammals have a very thick layer of insulating fat called what?"}
{"text": "What results from the consumption of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food?"}
{"text": "Fibrous root systems have many small branching roots called what?"}
{"text": "Although some have suggested that the uvula is what type of organ, it actually serves an important purpose?"}
{"text": "Every species has a characteristic number of what?"}
{"text": "Underground rock in a molten state is called?"}
{"text": "What phase of a human life does not have a definite starting point?"}
{"text": "The vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts are part of what system?"}
{"text": "What celestial object has been visited by manned spacecraft and is easily seen from earth?"}
{"text": "Hard igneous rocks and easily dissolved sedimentary rocks respond very differently to what natural force?"}
{"text": "Rounded grains indicate that the minerals eroded from what?"}
{"text": "Cells infected with viruses secrete what example of early induced proteins, which travel to adjacent cells and induce them to make antiviral proteins, a sacrifice that protects the surrounding cells?"}
{"text": "What is the term for the difference in elevation between two contour lines?"}
{"text": "What color does red litmus paper turn in the presence of a base?"}
{"text": "Many innovative farming methods can prevent what type of erosion, which is especially important in agriculture?"}
{"text": "What two forces tend to keep an animal stationary and thus oppose locomotion?"}
{"text": "When a predator kills and eats its prey, what sort of predation is this referred to as?"}
{"text": "What doctors specialize in diseases stemming from glandular issues?"}
{"text": "The length of a rectangular surface multiplied by its width is equal to what?"}
{"text": "How many main types of diabetes are there?"}
{"text": "What is the enclosed, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus and is attached to the placenta?"}
{"text": "What leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects?"}
{"text": "Phase labels - and even special conditions - are sometimes included for the substances that are part of what?"}
{"text": "What is the term for genes that control the expression of other genes within specific regions of cells in the developing organism?"}
{"text": "What is the science of how traits are passed from parents to offspring?"}
{"text": "What are the two most abundant elements in the universe?"}
{"text": "Steam consists of what common and essential element in its gaseous phase?"}
{"text": "What term describes the number of items in a given area or volume?"}
{"text": "Two events are defined to be simultaneous if an observer measures them as occurring at what?"}
{"text": "Hormones send what through your body?"}
{"text": "During which process in bacteria do the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart?"}
{"text": "The most common carbon atoms have six protons and six neutrons in their what?"}
{"text": "What is absorbed from food waste in the large intestine before it passes out of the body as feces?"}
{"text": "The accumulation of what cells begin the development of the vertebral column and thoracic cage?"}
{"text": "Graded potentials are temporary changes in what, the characteristics of which depend on the size of the stimuli?"}
{"text": "What gems are created by mollusks, such as oysters?"}
{"text": "What is the measure of how closely molecules are packed together?"}
{"text": "What is the technical term for species that produce their own body heat and regulate their internal temperature independently of the outside temperature?"}
{"text": "The laws of what field of science apply to galaxies and atoms, an indication of the underlying unity in the universe?"}
{"text": "The nuclear envelope is a double-layered plasma membrane like the cell membrane, although without what?"}
{"text": "What type of friction is friction that acts on objects when they are sliding over a surface?"}
{"text": "Mushrooms are an example of what type of organism, which includes beneficial and toxic specimens?"}
{"text": "Mineralocorticoids are hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex that affect what balance, by regulating sodium and water levels?"}
{"text": "What term describes a disease in which the immune system attacks the body\u2019s own cells?"}
{"text": "Algae is a promising alternative to traditional crops for what type of fuels?"}
{"text": "Because it produces oxygen, what plant process was necessary for the evolution of animals?"}
{"text": "Mammals are endothermic vertebrates that have four limbs and produce what type of eggs?"}
{"text": "What does a pollinator pick up from its body and carry directly to another plant of the same species?"}
{"text": "Breasts are considered accessory organs of what body system?"}
{"text": "What hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms?"}
{"text": "The most common elements have the most tightly bound __________."}
{"text": "Platforms, arches, and sea stacks are all landforms created by what?"}
{"text": "What is a high concentrated solution typically referred to as?"}
{"text": "What phenomenon sometimes causes harmful alleles to become fixed?"}
{"text": "Angiosperms are also known as what?"}
{"text": "Strangeness, charm, bottomness, and topness are properties of what subatomic particle?"}
{"text": "Satellite and schwann cells are the two types of what kind of cell found in the pns?"}
{"text": "What is the general name for saturated hydrocarbons?"}
{"text": "Rather than being dead, dry, and brittle, what support structures of the human body consist of living tissues and are supplied with blood and nerves?"}
{"text": "Mammals can feed at various levels of food chains, as herbivores, insectivores, carnivores and what else?"}
{"text": "Ectotherms undergo a variety of changes at the cellular level to acclimatize to shifts in what?"}
{"text": "When a species always migrates, what is this type of migration called?"}
{"text": "Molds, pollen, and pet dander are examples of air pollution with what type of source?"}
{"text": "Which type of glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques, ar\u00eates, and horns?"}
{"text": "What happens when development of nervous system is disturbed?"}
{"text": "Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are major nutrients for what?"}
{"text": "The measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure is called?"}
{"text": "Although lots of symbiotic relationships help both organisms, sometimes one of the organisms is harmed. when that happens, the organism that benefits, and is not harmed, is called a what?"}
{"text": "The weather conditions in an area over time is also called a what?"}
{"text": "Flatworms have a concentration of nerve tissue in the head end, which was a major step in the evolution of what organ?"}
{"text": "Materials that can be magnetized are called?"}
{"text": "Many adolescents experience frequent mood swings.  name one of the causes for this."}
{"text": "What happens when materials return to their original shape?"}
{"text": "What are the three types of isomers?"}
{"text": "What happens when liquid water evaporates?"}
{"text": "What type of work called occurs when a system pushes back the surroundings against a restraining pressure?"}
{"text": "What is in the soil that causes mars to look red?"}
{"text": "What is the name of the part that connects the vagina with the uterus?"}
{"text": "A biofilm is a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to what?"}
{"text": "Plants that live in the desert are called?"}
{"text": "In fact, when sitting in the sun, many ectothermic lizards have higher body temperatures than what?"}
{"text": "What is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated position to the pronated position?"}
{"text": "In addition to insects, what large invertebrate phylum includes animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters?"}
{"text": "In plants and algae where does photosynthesis takes place in?"}
{"text": "Most food chains and webs have a maximum of how many trophic levels?"}
{"text": "The four types of light receptors include different types of cones and what else?"}
{"text": "What are some uses of chlorine gas?"}
{"text": "What body part boasts three articulations and includes the patella?"}
{"text": "B cells and t cells are examples of what type of cells?"}