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Blaming Rogoff-Reinhart for Austerity Policies is Absurd
REUTERS/Carmen Reinhart
By Lawrence Summers, Reuters
The economics commentariat and no small part of the political debate in recent weeks has been consumed with the controversy surrounding the work of my Harvard colleagues (and friends) Carmen Reinhart and Ken Rogoff (RR).
Their work had been widely interpreted as establishing that economic growth was likely to stagnate in a country once its government debt-to-GDP ratio exceeded 90 percent.
Scholars at the University of Massachusetts have demonstrated and RR have acknowledged that they made a coding error that resulted in their omitting some relevant data in forming their results and also have noted that using updated data for several countries reduces substantially the strength of some of the statistical patterns they asserted. Issues have also arisen with respect to how RR weighted observations in forming the averages on which they base their conclusions.
RELATED: THE ECON STUDENT WHO CHALLENGED REINHART AND ROGOFF
Many have said that the questions raised undermine the claims of austerity advocates around the world that deficits should be quickly reduced. Some have gone so far as to blame RR for the unemployment of millions, asserting that they provided crucial intellectual ammunition for austerity policies.
Others believe that even after re-analysis the data support the view that deficit and debt burden reduction is important in most of the industrialized world. Still others regard the controversy as calling into question the usefulness of statistical research on economic policy questions.
Where should these debates settle? From the perspective of someone who has done a fair amount of econometric research, consumed such research as a policymaker and participated as an advocate in debates about fiscal stimulus and austerity, here would be my takeaways.
First, the RR experience should accelerate the evolution of mores with respect to economic research. Rogoff and Reinhart are rightfully regarded as careful, honest scholars. Anyone close to the process of economic research will recognize that data errors like the ones they made are distressingly common. Indeed the JP Morgan risk models in use when the "London Whale" trade was placed had errors not unlike those made by RR.
In the future, authors and journals and commentators need to devote more effort to replicating significant results before broadcasting them widely. More generally, no important policy conclusion should ever be based solely on a single statistical result. Policy judgments should be based on the accumulation of evidence from multiple studies done with differing methodological approaches.
Even then, there should be a reluctance to accept conclusions from "models" without an intuitive understanding of what is driving them. It is right and understandable that scholars want their findings to inform the policy debate. But they have an obligation to discourage and on occasion contradict those who would oversimplify and exaggerate their conclusions.
RELATED: DRAMA OVER DEBT PAPER CHANGES NOTHING AND EVERYTHING
Second, all participants in policy debates should retain a healthy skepticism about retrospective statistical analysis. Trillions of dollars have been lost and millions have been unemployed because the lesson learned from 60 years of experience between 1945 and 2005 was that "American house prices in aggregate always go up." This was no data problem or misanalysis. It was a data regularity until it wasn’t.
The extrapolation from past experience to future outlook is always deeply problematic and needs to be done with great care. In retrospect, it was folly to believe that with data on about 30 countries it was possible to estimate a threshold beyond which debt became dangerous. Even if such a threshold existed, why should it be the same in countries with and without their own currency, with very different financial systems, cultures, degrees of openness and growth experiences? And there is the chestnut that correlation does not establish causation and any tendency for high debt and low growth to go together reflects the debt accumulation that follows from slow growth.
Third, while RR’s work, even unqualified by the recent replication efforts, did not support the claims made by the prominent figures on the right in the U.S. and UK regarding the urgency of deficit reduction efforts, much of the joy taken on the left in their embarrassment is inappropriate.
It is absurd to blame them for austerity policies. The authors of those policies chose the policies first and only then cast about for intellectual ballast.
While there may be no threshold beyond which debt automatically becomes catastrophic, and while the British and American experiences are both suggesting that fiscal contraction in a slack economy where interest rates are near zero is inimical to growth, it is a grave mistake to suppose that the debt can or should be accumulated with abandon.
On all but the most optimistic forecasts, further actions will be necessary almost everywhere in the industrial world to assure that debt levels are sustainable after economies recover.
Now is not the time for austerity, but we forget at our peril that debt-financed spending is not an alternative to cutting other spending or raising taxes but only a way of deferring these painful acts.
Economist Lawrence Summers served as Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton and was Director of the National Economic Council for President Barack Obama until November 2010.
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Alwaght | News & Analysis Website
Israeli Regime
Central Asia & Caucasus
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US Assassinated Commander of Iran’s Quds Force, Deputy Head of Iraq’s Popular Forces The US regime has assassinated Major General Qassem Soleimani, the commander of the Quds Force of Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the second-in-command of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), early of Friday in the Iraqi capital Baghdad.
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Bahrain Economy Haunted By Bankruptcy Amid Ongoing Crackdown The small Arab kingdom’s economy struggled while its ruler focuses on cracking down on the protests.
Iran accidentally shoot down the Ukrainian airliner last week when there were reportedly several US stealth warplanes in the Islamic Republic’s border area, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Friday.
US Disgraced after Assassination of General Soleimani: Iran Leader Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei said on Friday the assassination of a top Iranian commander disgraced the US as it had to own up to the "terrorist" action and see its image dealt a blow by Iran’s retaliation.
US Troops to Suffer Heavy Defeat if They Refuse to Leave Iraq: PMF A senior leader of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) threatened that his fellow comrades were ready to inflict heavy losses on US forces should Washington refuse to comply with a parliament decision ordering the withdrawal of all US-led foreign military forces from the Arab country.
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Russia’s Ruling Party Approves Putin’s Candidate for PM Russia’s ruling party has unanimously approved the candidacy of President Vladimir Putin’s pick, Mikhail Mishustin, for the post of prime minister
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Ansarullah
A Zaidi Shiite movement operating in Yemen. It seeks to establish a democratic government in Yemen.
represents the second largest denomination of Islam. Shiites believe Ali (peace be upon him) to be prophet"s successor in the Caliphate.
Axis of Resistances refers to countries and movements with common political goal, i.e., resisting against Zionist regime, America and other western powers. Iran, Syria, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and Hamas in Palestine are considered as the Axis of Resistance.
Persian Gulf Cooperation Council
A regional political u n i o n consisting of Arab states of the Persian Gulf, except for Iraq.
ISIS Terrorist Group
A terrorist group that fights against Resistance Axis in Syria and Iraq. It was founded & armed by America and its allies covertly.
Taliban is a Sunni fundamentalist movement in Afghanistan. It was founded by Mohammed Omar in 1994.
Wahhabism & Extremism
Wahhabism is an extremist pseudo-Sunni movement, which labels non-Wahhabi Muslims as apostates thus paving the way for their bloodshed.
Kurds are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region, which spans adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. They are an Iranian people and speak the Kurdish languages, which form a subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian branch of Iranian languages.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949.
Islamic Awakening
Refers to a revival of the Islam throughout the world, that began in 1979 by Iranian Revolution that established an Islamic republic.
A militant Sunni organization founded by Osama bin Laden at some point between 1988 and 1989
Why EU Parliament blocked Saudi Blacklisting?
Alwaght- On Friday, the European Parliament blocked a proposal to add Saudi Arabia to its terror and money laundering blacklist. The proposal was made in February by the European Commission. The member states opposing the bill justified their rejection by saying that it lacked adequate transparency and reliable information.
A couple of days before the bill was sent to the Parliament, the European Commissioner for Justice Vera Jourova said that the EU has been launching the strictest campaign against money laundering and that they should be careful the other countries’ “dirty money” not penetrate the European financial system. Jourova added that dirty money was a drive for organized crimes and terrorism and those on the EU blacklist should immediately address their shortcomings and loopholes allowing the crime.
The draft bill was sent for first reading on last Wednesday and intended to blacklist 23 states for money laundering and terrorism financing. The members had one month to discuss the bill and accept or reject it. But the opponents of blacklisting Saudi Arabia only two days later removed the Saudi name from the list. Some twenty countries, including Germany, France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Greece, have opposed blacklisting Saudi Arabia. What is these countries’ drive to block putting Riyadh on the dirty money blacklist?
Global arms trade
Europe is one of the main exporters of arms in the world. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 6.7, 5.8, 4.8, and 2.5 percent of the global arms sales shares are respectively held by France, Germany, Britain, and Italy. Saudi Arabia, the SIPRI goes on, is the top global arms purchaser with 10 percent of the world arms being sold to the oil-wealthy state.
In 2017, the absolutely-ruled monarchy was the largest arms importer in the world. So, the arms exporters cannot ignore the lucrative arms trade with the Saudis. The latest report by the SIPRI suggests that the kingdom bought worth of $4.325 billion arms from various suppliers in 2017.
Between 2015 and 2017, the largest arms providers were the US with $6.980 billion, Britain with $2.029 billion, France with $291 million, Spain with $254 million, Switzerland with $129 million, and Germany with $120 million worth of sales. Such huge money exchanged for arms can explain why the key European powers like France, Britain, and Italy are the top blockers of the anti-Saudi bid in the European Parliament.
Saudi global lobby with money and arms trade as pressure tools
Being added to this blacklist severely damages the countries’ international record and prestige, fewer tourists will travel to them, and fewer investors will be ready to take their money there as these states are assessed to be of high investment risks. Once blacklisted, their financial transactions with the EU banks and financial institutions will be more complicated and will undergo a strict regime of monitoring.
The Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in 2016 unveiled a roadmap to curtail the reliance on oil incomes and diversification of the economy through expanding the service, health, education, infrastructure, tourism, and entertainment sectors. The plan, dubbed Saudi Vision 2030, is in desperate need of foreign investment and tech provision for it to proceed.
Riyadh leaders, using the arms trade and sometimes threatening to withdraw their huge investment in the Western countries, have pressed for removal of their name from dirty money blacklist. According to a European diplomat, Saudi Arabia at the Warsaw meeting, held in mid-February with an anti-Iranian agenda, threatened that if EU put its name in the list, it will scale down or stop trade with some European countries.
Reports say that the Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz just before the bill reading in the Parliament sent a letter to the EU threatening its leaders with reducing financial and trade relations if the proposal proceeds. Washington, on the other side, has repeatedly asked the Union to drop Riyadh name from the list.
Riyadh did similar lobbies in the past. In 2016, threatening to cut off its UN budget, the kingdom forced Ban Ki-moon, then UN secretary-general, to cross off Saudi name from the list of children killers.
Furthermore, after Canada's foreign ministry blasted the Saudi mistreatment of women activists and for other human rights violations, Riyadh severed its diplomatic relations with Ottawa and suspended new investment in the North American country. It also withdrew 7,000 students from Canadian universities to new universities in other countries.
Additionally, Saudi Arabia threatened to take out billions of dollars in investment money from the US economy if CIA releases a 28-page report proving Riyadh hands in the 9/11 attacks on the US soil. The CIA went ahead with the publication but did not specify the kingdom’s role in the 2000 operations.
Many times the Saudi lobbyists, using investment and weapons trade pressure tools, forced Western capitalism to adopt double-standard policies. The British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt who started a visit to Saudi Arabia on Saturday to ostensibly discuss Yemen peace has met on Sunday with the Saudi Foreign Minister Ibrahim Abdulaziz al-Assaf and described the two countries’ ties “strategic.” The two sides discussed the latest regional developments and a “joint fight” against terrorism and extremism.
But London’s opposition to blacklist Saudi Arabia a day before practically questioned Hunt’s stated intention to talk peace with the Saudi rulers. With regard to the British support to the Saudi-led Arab military coalition against Yemen which is marked by the huge sales of weapons to both Saudi Arabia and the UAE as key aggressors in the campaign, it seems that the foreign secretary’s trip is aimed at boosting the trade ties with the kingdom rather than discussing peace for Yemen which has been victim of the Saudi-led coalition’s atrocities since March 2015.
Saudi Arabia EU Terrorism Money Laundering
* Text :
Iran Armed Forces Launch Rescue Operation in Flood-Hit Sistan and Baluchestan
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Video: Five Nigerians Injured amid Police Crackdown on Protesters Demanding Sheik Zakzakys Release
Copyright 2016 by Alwaght News & Analysis
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Explore Anime.com
Anime Review
Okay let's see, here's yet another boring, seen it all before... wait a minute, did they just reference Dirty Harry in the opening song???
Ichiko Sakura is a lucky girl. A very lucky girl. Incredibly lucky. Blessed, even, she's smart, sexy, beautiful, rich, athletic, and nothing bad ever happens to her. She is, in fact, a good-luck vampire, sucking the luck from other people and bestowing it onto herself. She's so lucky that she's upset the balance of luck and even the gods have taken notice.
So, a poverty-god has been assigned to her case to take back some of that luck and redistribute the wealth, so to speak. Poverty-God Momiji, a slacker if there ever was one, begrudgingly takes the case. And Momiji initially thinks that things would be simple, except Ichiko has no intention of letting her luck be taken. Ichiko wants to continue to be smart, beautiful, have the attention of all the boys, be despised by all the other girls, and have everything in the world come to her on a silver platter and intends to fight Momiji with every trick she can think of, preventing her from taking her happiness energy.
It all sounds like the set up to a fight show, and it kind of is, but it's a slapstick comedy and quite a funny one too. Their to-the-death struggle over happiness energy is hilariously frantic, non-stop comedy.
Ichiko, obviously designed to be marketed as a hug-pillow, is actually a clever protagonist, and Momiji, initially uninterested in the assignment, gets beaten so often that she starts becoming motivated to succeed simply as a matter of pride that a normal human is beating a god. Momiji stoops to devilishly ruthless schemes to steal Ichiko's happiness energy, and yet at the same time evolves into Ichiko's moral compass.
The show could have easily devolved into mere fanservice, (implied by the opening and closing credits, the animators clearly were having fun doodling Ichiko's character in various outfits) but thankfully the series is smarter than that, and the comedy is also smarter than it is funny, and yet it's actually pretty funny (which means it's pretty damn smart). Sure, there seems to be a bath scene every 3rd episode, with someone barging in on her, but it's used to hilarious effect because Ichiko doesn't take anything sitting down.
Ichiko eventually learns that there's something to be had by giving, by sharing her luck/happiness energy, and buried deep in the bowels of this wacky in-your-face comedy is an alegory about the haves and have-nots. Perhaps I'm jaded, but I see something in this series about the American Financial Crisis, and how the 1% have everything, and the rest of us do not.
The show is rife with anime insider jokes and references (Dragonballz seems to be a favorite) as well as being self-aware it's an anime TV show, there's a bizarre potpourri of supporting characters, and although competently executed I can't truthfully say the animation or music will win any awards -- nevertheless it is a totally enjoyable romp with enough humor to keep you interested, and a moral heart to hopefully drive home the overall point of the series. In other words, if you give it your time, it'll give back enjoyment.
Reviewed by Brian Cirulnick, February 2014
Below: Scenes from Good Luck Girl!.
Below: Promotional illustrations and characters from Good Luck Girl!.
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Richard Carter Replaces Itai Zak as SBTech CEO
Published On - January 7, 2020
Mark Neal new jersey casino online
Provider of sports wagering technology and software SBTech confirmed today the departure of CEO Itai Zak and announced the visit of Richard Carter as their permanent replacement.
Mr. Carter has previously been Director of Research at Deutsche Bank. During his seven-year tenure at the monetary services business, he had been responsible for analyzing gambling industry trends. Between 2003 and 2009, Mr. Carter was a key member of the Leisure and Gaming team of Stockbroker Numis Securities. He was at the forefront of a quantity of major online gambling businesses, with 32Red, 888, and Empire on the web being just handful of those.
Commenting regarding the latest statement, SBTech Chairman John Anderson said they look at it as a great honor to own Mr. Carter as member of their team. Mr. Anderson included that having strengthened its position being a market leader, SBTech’s brand new CEO takes the organization towards the level that is next may help it concentrate on reinforcing the ‘impressive energy’ it has gained in the last several years.
On his appointment, Mr. Carter commented that it is wonderful to be joining a group of ‘exceptionally talented individuals’ who work at a company with a clearly established strategy to get to be the industry’s ‘most trusted and innovative’ provider of sports gambling solutions. He further noted which he appears ahead to taking on his brand new post and lead SBTech as it grows and provides towards the objectives of its clients, workers, and shareholders.
Mr. Carter is replacing CEO Itai that is former Zak. Mr. Zak has assumed their post in April 2011 and during their tenure, the company has was able to expand its operations tenfold, therefore learning to be a major leading technology provider that is gambling. In addition, he introduced a corporate development strategy that led the organization to inking partnership agreements with major gambling operators and opening corporate offices in Bulgaria, Gibraltar, Israel, and Ukraine.
SBTech was established back 2007. Since then, the business was providing various both completely managed and turnkey online, offline, and mobile solutions for the interactive recreations industry that is betting. Lately, it announced that it has extended its partnership with on the web gambling operator ComeOn!. The provider would supply its Chameleon360 platform to the gaming company, together with its platform for mobile devices and tablets under the terms of their agreement.
Amaya Appoints Financial Advisor after Informal Takeover Proposal
Canadian online gambling giant Amaya Inc., which bought internet poker spaces PokerStars and Full Tilt in August 2014, established today that Barclays Capital Canada Inc. was appointed by the board of directors’ unique committee as an exclusive advisor that is financial.
The appointment happens to be manufactured in regards to week that is last realize that Amaya Chairman and CEO David Baazov promises to buy the gambling business at a cost of C$21.00 per share. Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP has been appointed as appropriate consultant to Amaya in relation to the acquisition proposal that is unofficial.
Last week, it had been stated that Mr. Baazov has started discussing the matter having a number of investors whom may be thinking about the major deal and that he’s more likely to submit their formal proposal by the finish of February. In addition became clear earlier today that the administrator has been accompanied by four Amaya workers, with Executive Vice President for business Development and General Counsel Marlon Goldstein being one particular. The names associated with the other three employees being prone to take part in the transaction, if one occurs, have not been revealed.
Amaya revealed in a statement from previous today that its unique committee hasn’t received a formal bid from Mr. Baazov for a potential acquisition deal and that if one is submitted, there isn’t any assurance so it will ultimately end in the state bid or offer. And if the proposed acquisition results in an official bid or offer, the transaction may not the best online casino be finished.
The organization additionally managed to make it clear that for now, investors will not be expected to vote on a proposal or take some other action in the matter. Amaya promised to provide updates regarding the course of the activities if so when that is important, plus in complete compliance with all laws that are applicable.
Mr. Baazov announced their desire for buying the company he has found himself on February 1. Reportedly, the administrator has hired Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank as his advisers that are financial. However, a spokesperson for Mr. Baazov has refused to verify whether advisers have indeed been appointed and added that when there is certainly extra information in the matter, it shall be released towards the public.
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Tweak says, "Nuh uh dunna think so"
Iris ( steadier) wrote in rooms,
@ 2015-02-18 09:21:00
Entry tags: *journal, fran phillips, iris morgenstern, ra's al ghul, selina kyle
[Ra's, Public]
[Ra's]
[After the completely awful Valentine appears at the nurse's station while she works. Her co-workers make pleased comments about the flowers, but when Iris realizes who they're from, she throws the entire bouquet away. She writes once she's at home, necklace back around her throat, so her name appears as a "Co" followed by a long, dark smudge obscuring the rest of the word.]
How dare you. Abida has nothing to do with this.
[Public (minus Ra's!)]
[Her name doesn't appear on this one. It's not marked as anonymous, just a faded grey water stain where her name should be. It's a toss-up whether people can even see the post or not.]
I never thought that fewer people in the hospital would feel like a bad thing.
(Read comments) - (Post a new comment)
Re: Selina/Smudgy
steadier
2015-02-18 09:49 pm UTC (link)
[...] I want to agree to help. But I have someone other than myself that depends on me. I can help in emergencies. [...] I have in the past.
(Reply to this) (Parent) (Thread)
Do you have a name, smudge?
[There's a pause, but then she writes "Iris" (even though she knows that this Selina is not "her" Selina). On Selina's end though, it comes out as faded, running ink.]
[...] Did that work?
No, mystery smudge. It didn't.
[Crap.] I think my wish is causing some issues.
Hiding from someone?
2015-02-19 12:43 am UTC (link)
[...] Something like that.
(Reply to this) (Parent)
(Read comments) -
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Roots Industries honks for Safety
in Shop Floor Sojourn — by Bhargav S — April 23, 2016
Text: Bhargav TS
The Roots Industries plant in Coimbatore makes around 6.5 lakh horns every month, manufactured according to IS 1884 standards that comply to all Indian and international (ECE) regulations. It produces 15 to 20 models ranging in diameter from 70mm to 150mm and supplies to all the major OEMs both in domestic as well as the export market. The company is also present strongly in the aftermarket business and has around 90 distributors across India.
An automobile has a lot of safety components, which are not seen and felt unless a necessity arises. But a component that is used every day and helps avert major accidents is the electric horn that alerts and saves more lives during the daily commute. Over the decades electric horns have been transformed with manufacturers developing new models to keep the market alive. To capture the frequencies and amplitude, Auto Components India visited Coimbatore-based electric horn maker Roots Industries India Ltd (RIL) to understand how this small component is manufactured that plays a vital role in safety aspects.
Some horn developments have been purely technical, but others have turned upon the physics of sound. Designers have found, for instance, that pitch is more important than loudness in achieving and carrying sound power, and that loud sounds are not so unpleasant if air-blown trumpets are used on cross-country trucks and buses, and as custom accessories for passenger cars. They work like trumpets in a band with vibrating reeds or diaphragms taking the place of player’s lips. Horns are mostly electrical to warn passersby of other automobiles. As the utilisation of automobiles is increasing day by day due to increase in population and living standards of countrymen, the use of this product is also going up.
A normal horn consists of about 70 parts; Roots manufactures around 85% inhouse and the rest is outsourced. A typical car horn consists of a flexible metal diaphragm (usually made of spring steel), a coil of wire that forms an electromagnet, a switch and a housing that functions somewhat like a megaphone. The entire apparatus functions according to Hooke’s Law, which states, “The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load applied, provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.”
Press Shop
The company receives raw material as sheet metal strips which are loaded into the press machines. In the press shop, components like housing, diaphragm, tone disc and bracket are manufactured in different press machines. The entire operation is made in a single press and comes ready for painting. Diaphragm and tone disc should be manufactured at high levels of accuracy; Roots Industries does this – manufacturing with high precision.
Once the components are manufactured in the press shop, they are sent to the paint shop, where they go through several stages before painting. The company uses powder coating to avoid rust and other external damage; therefore it is treated in a sequence of operations to remove rust, oil and water. The paint shop is a single line process, where the components are fed in at one end and painted at the end of the line. In this line, the components first enter the degreasing line, where the oil present in them is removed, and then washed with water. They then enter the zinc phospating chamber where a thin layer of zinc is formed that acts as a bonding and additive material.
When the components are dried, they enter the powder coating facility. Here the components are powder coated with the help of electrostatic charge coating and finally sent to the oven for curing, where the paint is dried at 220 degree Centigrade. After curing the components are tested and sent to the assembly line.
Coil Winding & Horn Assembly
Coil winding is said to be the critical aspect of horn manufacturing, for which the company has created a dedicated coil winding line where all the different kinds of coils are manufactured very precisely. Once the coil winding is done and the other components are painted, they travel to the assembly line, where these components are assembled according to the assembly sequence. In order to avoid mistakes, Roots Industries has made several poke yokes (mistake proofing) so that the operator is guided through sensors about which component has to go in next. If the operator misses to assemble a component, the machine stops and indicates that there is a mistake in the assembly process. To curtail rejections, the sensors even check critical components before they are assembled. If the machine senses any mistake in the component, it is placed in the non-confirmation box where it will be verified by the quality department.
To complete the assembly, each horn has to pass through 13 stages like terminal fixing and coil assembly, contact point fixing, diaphragm assembly, housing and diaphragm assembly, grill or trumpet assembly and mounting bracket fixing. Once the assembly is completed, all the horns are tested and verified according to rated voltage ranges. After testing, they are visually checked and packed according to the models, and dispatched. The company’s assembly shop has a total of 17 lines that manufacture different horns including 4 for OEMs, 2 for exports and the rest for the aftermarket.
Working principle of electric horn
Horns are constructed with a flexible electrical contact that is attached to, or actuated by, the flexible diaphragm. To produce sound when the horn is pressed, an electromagnet is used to cause the steel diaphragm to move. As current is applied to the electromagnet the diaphragm moves towards the core. During displacement of the diaphragm, the closed contacts are opened, temporarily disconnecting the current and allowing the diaphragm to relax. Once this happens, the contacts close, applying current to the electromagnet, which again moves the diaphragm towards the core. This cycle repeats evenly causing the diaphragm to oscillate and vibrate the air column through the trumpet, producing sound. Recent developments at RIL replace the contacts with an electronic circuit for higher reliability and service-free operation.
To create a loud and sustained sound that is often in excess of 90 decibels in sound pressure takes a lot of energy. That energy is electrical current, and is also the reason to use a relay to actuate the horns. Horns come with an endless variety of notes or frequencies. The note of a horn is determined by the flexibility of the diaphragm, its physical size, the power of the electromagnet, the mass of the diaphragm, the mechanical arrangement of the switch contacts, the size and shape of the horn’s case and a number of other contributing factors.
Roots Industries is the flagship of the group, a leading manufacturer of electric and electronic horns in India; also a key player in the international and domestic OE market, able to sustain its lead position for well over 3 decades now. RIL is the first Indian company to be certified with ISO/TS 16949; it also complies to ISO 14001 certification. Roots Auto Products Pvt Ltd is the country’s largest supplier of air horns and a market leader. RIL is a preferred supplier of electric horns to leading OEM’s all over the world.
Demand for this product has enormous scale worldwide. This product can be an ancillary to major automobile manufacturers in the country. Automobile manufacturers associations can provide tremendous market potential for these horns. The main scope of the market for this product will be in new installations and the aftermarket.
INTERACTION: K Ramasamy, Chairman, Roots Industries India Ltd
Ramaswamy Chairman, Roots Industries Ltd
Q: What is the capacity utilisation of the plant and what are the expansion plans?
Ramasamy: The capacity utilisation of the plant is 75%. As a strategy, capacity expansion is planned once 80% of the installed capacity has been utilised, and it is a continuous process.
Q: What are the various value engineering steps you have implemented for products manufactured here?
Ramasamy: Standardisation, alternate material, simplified manufacturing tools and process are the various value engineering steps we have implemented for the products manufactured.
Q: Tell us about the quality system in this plant, to send flawless products to your customers?
Ramasamy: Roots is an ISO/TS 16949 company. Every activity and process is system driven with poke yokes in every critical stage to ensure flawless products reach our customers. Our approach is customer centric and voice of customers is periodically captured and duly incorporated after evaluation. Quality is a continuous journey in all our activities.
Q: What is the current ppm level and how do you plan to contain it further?
Ramasamy: We are working with ‘zero ppm’ for most of the customers and overall our ppm level is in single digits.
Author: Bhargav S
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Role Playing Guild Mythological Wing
CrossGen Reborn
[IC] The World of Emporium: The Hunt of Light and Dark
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Thread: The World of Emporium: The Hunt of Light and Dark
SilntAngl5
The World of Emporium: The Hunt of Light and Dark
The Kingdom of Rekōdo
Attachment 686
On the planet called Emproium is a country called Rekōdo. Rekōdo is a world where the people live and dress similarly to that of late 1800s Western Europe. The clothing ranges from victorian to a mechanical steampunk and their abilities to wield magika re just as varied and creative. Within Rekōdo City, the heart of the united provinces, any style is accepted because in Rekōdo, almost anything is possible. For one who is not from Rekōdo, visiting for the first time can be quite the experience. There are pegasus-drawn carriages to flying automobiles, flying umbrellas to gargoyle pulls, giant tethered balloons and moons in the sky, and singing fountains. If you can imagine it, and if you cannot, it will be in Rekōdo City.
It is also a world of magik and mystery, boasting what some may find eerie, strange or mystical in origin. It is a place of magik that thoroughly encourages its children to study and delve deeply into its magikal use and history just as they do with all their studies. As the people of Rekōdo dedicate their lives to their academics and magikal practices, it's only natural that they have public libraries. Chronicling is particularly important in the hearts of people from Rekōdo. The name of their United Provinces, after all, means "to record."
The Central Library of Rekōdo boasts over one million books, both written and magikal. Every person is born with the ability to use magik and is encouraged to develop their abilities as much as they are encouraged to further themselves academically. There are tiers and levels of the Library. The most common area within the vast dome is a many-shelves-high area filled with floating scribe parchments and quills, scrying imps, floating book carts and chairs in which to read. There are wings that branch off from the main rotunda and each wing houses a more specified selection of books. Each Province has its own dedicated wing with books of great renown and importance to their study and history.
The Central Library
The library is opened at all hours, except for two hours in the early morning hours where the highest level of staff take time to re-strengthen the wards and spells surrounding the Library and more restricted sections. It hosts books containing ever subject imagined and all will need protection in the interests of preserving their vastly faceted history. There are Haunted Sections where ghosts of history are bound to their tomes and will speak directly with you if you choose their book from its shelf. There are even books of prophecy that spills their secrets to those who turn their pages. There are books that will shelf themselves when they are done. Whatever can be imagined exists within the Central Library. One has but to go inside to see.
The Most Sacred Texts
The most sacred text of the people of Rekōdo is the Book of Memories (sometimes referred to with more scorn as the Book of Secrets). Tel' Parma en' Rinarim, as it is called in the ancient tongue of magik, contains the recordings of past rulers dating back to the beginning of Rekōdo's founding and with it the life-account of every king or queen since. No one is allowed to lay their hands upon the Book of Memories except the current ruler. Anyone who touches it will have their life recorded onto its pages from their birth unto their death. Only the rulers are allowed to view the chapters of the rulers before them. Otherwise all the secrets of the country would be laid bare, possibly with catastrophic consequence.
There are other, more minor books that have restricted access. There are Books of Prophecy that, when opened will have words appear on their pages of the next major prophecy to come true, prophecies that, once set into motion, cannot be stopped. There are other prophecy books inclined to write specific futuristic predictions of those who open their pages. There are tomes on how to Quiet (cut a person off from their magikal power), how to indenture into the servitude of genie lamps, of ancient rituals that are forbidden in the modern world. These cannot be checked out and can only be viewed with the highest levels of permission. They are held in the same tier of secretive chambers in the library as the Book of Memories. They are guarded by two house-sized stone lions. One of fire and one of ice. When awakened by an intrusion into the restricted section, they will defend the priceless tomes with magikal fire (enchanted to not burn the cargo of the shelves), or ice.
Those Who Rule in Rekōdo
The Children of Liar'Adon and Deanna of the Stars
Those who are to rule a world containing magik as this one does must be able to control and manipulate magiks to a great extent. The heirs to the throne are descended from a line that, according to history, flows directly from the God-Creator of their world, Liar'Adon, and the lady mortal who won his heart, Deanna the Favored. When the current ruler has children, those children are tested to see if they inherited their predecessors ability to control and create magik. If they are, it is the second child who is to rule unless that child shows an underwhelming deficit of magikal ability over the older sibling. None have faltered so far.
Traditionally, it is the younger child who will rule and the older who will be their life-guardian. If there is no second sibling, the first will rule and a cousin (or other relative) will be their Life Guardian or one will be appointed of a person with remarkable magik abilities (usually from a prominent family). If they are seriously committed to their cause, an older sibling to the heir may chose to take the Oath of Protection, which bonds them magikally, spiritually, and mentally to the heir so that they may better serve them. They forsake companionship with any other and dedicate themselves fully and completely to protecting the ruler-to-be. They are released from their bond only by the ruler or by death- either theirs of their charge.
The Founding Spirits of Rekōdo
In the beginning, the warring peoples were united under the leadership of the First King. His power and magik marked him as a Child of Liar'Adon and Deanna and it was he who convinced the leaders of the factioned peoples to unite under one banner, yet retain their individualism. For the sake of peace and those they lead, Clow of Taroc, Siochana of Shamaa, Dayena of Astral, J'Adonai of Da'Jinn, Arxus of Maginus and the First King became the Founders of Rekōdo. It was during this time that the Book of Memories was created, so that the wisdom of the First King could be passed on to each succeeding ruler of his line. It was in his example that the Founders of Rekōdo decided to create and bind themselves in the Oath of Masters. Upon their deaths, their Spirits would seek out and bond with a Vessel of their choosing. This new Vessel would become the next Guild Master of their Province. As that Guild Master passed, so the Ancestral Spirit of their land would pass itself on to the next deserving Host. The Five Founding Guild Masters ritually ended their lives before they grew too old or infirm to lead and began the cycle that lasts in Rekōdo to this day.
The Guild Masters of Rekōdo
There is a High Council of Rekōdo, whom are direct advisors to the ruler. They are a group of five of the highest magik wielders in the Five Provinces of Rekōdo, chosen by the Ancestral Spirits of their Guilds.
They serve as both law makers and peace keepers, judges in the highest courts and solvers of all problems related to the inheritance of the leadership of Rekōdo. Their leadership is both given and elected. They contain the Spirit and possess the history and knowledge of their people since the beginning of Rekōdo. The Vessel that is the High Council member to the Ruler and Guild Master of their Province is chosen completely by the Ancestral Spirit. Some provinces have an under council of sorts who attempt to train and watches the growth of the youth in the province for a potential successor. If one is not chosen, they may be elected by the people of that province, though such a case has not happened in Rekōdo's history.
The Seconds of Rekōdo
Each Guild Master has the privilege of choosing a Second, their right hand and most trusted advisor. In the event of an emergency or incompetence of a Guild Master, the Second of each province can be instated as the Acting Guild Master of their province, giving them full power, authority and political strength of an actual Guild Master. The Second of the province is one greatly considered to be next to receive the Ancestral Spirit upon the passing of the Guild Master, though that is not always the case. Traditionally, the Second is one born within the boundaries of the province they assist and is fluent in their ways, magiks and traditions. A Second can act as a diplomat, an ambassador, and a figurehead. They are treated with utmost respect and adhered to with only the Guild Master and the ruler of Rekōdo above them to veto their words.
Last edited by SilntAngl5; 10-14-2017 at 07:41 PM.
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The Six Provinces of Rekōdo
Rekodo City is at the heart of the Country of Rekōdo and is the epicenter of its magik. On all sides it is surrounded by the 6 Provinces. Rekōdo City itself does not cater or favor one specific province, but like any big city with a vast network of cultures, it has sections that are "Little Provinces" and sport the colors, fashion, foods, educational advancement and practices of a particular province.
Below are the Six Provinces and their current Council Members:
The Province of Taroc
Guild Master: Alain LeCavalier
Founding Spirit: Clow
Colors: Red & Gold
Tradition of Magik: Divination
The Taroc are a very serious people for their art and do not take the magik they do as lightly as the other provinces do. They came from the West originally, navigating by the stars and guided by them to what would be Rekōdo. Their destiny brought them to this land. Their primary practice is in predictions, fortune, and prophesy: the Arts of Divination. Many from this province are the "authors" of the predictive texts. They are a people constantly trying to advance their magik and sight through harnessing the magik of foresight with tarot cards, star-reading, reading tea leaves, prophetic writing and vision-seeing. Initially, they were the gypsies and fortune-tellers of the land, but have since grown into a powerful province of sophistication, might and dedication. There are orders and temples dedicated to the specialization of each of the areas of Divination. The land of Taroc ranges from ocean cliffside in the north to rolling hills where wild horses roam, long stretches of grassland for farming and ranching and warm southern beaches. It was a woman called Deanna of the Hills, born of the first people of Taroc, who was said to have captured the heart of Liar'Adon the Creator and as favor her people were gifted with the Stars in the night's sky. It is said that the Taroc are an arrogant people, but who could not be proud of such a rich, strong history?
The capital city is Clow. It is the largest city and boats a wealth of fruition from hundreds of years of hard work. Taroc boasts the most developed cities of all the Provinces. It also has the most extensive coastline and strongest fleet of ships, both air and naval. The island of Faraking is home to the floating Heli'Dom, the largest telescope in Rekōdo. The people of Taroc are everything from sailors to farmers, to visionaries, to seers, and businessmen, ranchers and traditional gypsies. Their strength of unity and organization rivals all other provinces and is one of their greatest assets. They are varied, but they are extremely loyal. Taroc is located on the Western most border of Rekōdo City.
The Province of Shamaa
Guid Master: Mindoka
Founding Spirit: Siochana
Colors: Brown & Blue
Tradition of Magik: Earthen/Spirit Magik
Natural Magik is one of the oldest magiks known to man. It dictates that everything (people, animals, plants, rivers, mountains, etc.), everything natural, not man-made, has a Spirit that can be called upon to guide, help or give information etc. This is known as Animism. The Shamaa are the only ones who can naturally call upon these Spirits. The Shamaa can see into the 'Spirit World' (sometimes thought to be the Dream World) where these spirits dwell. The Shamaa are very traditional and many remain in their tribal formations and lodgings. Some have adapted to city life, but adhere to traditions during sacred times. Many think them barbaric when more sophisticated living is available to their world. Though the Shamaa are among the native peoples of Rekōdo, it is they who have the most people who have talents for Dream Walking, waking or sleeping freely in the World of Dreams with control and without the use of a Totem. The Shamman also have a master of herbology and potions, making them among the best naturalists and makers of old potions and medicine. Each person born a Shamaa as an Animal Spirit to guide them. In essence, it is like a Familiar or patronus, personifying the person's soul in animal form. A Shamaa man or woman can undergo a Rite of Passage by venturing into the Tiarna Wood, the oldest place in Rekōdo, where old, wild magik still reigns. There, they drink the waters there- water that nullifies all magik ability- and have visions. By this, they can become honored members of their tribes. The Shamaan are among the greatest animorphs, taking on the appearance of their spirit guide or projecting them.
The people of Shamaa often dress naturally, using natural things such as animals, bones, furs, skins etc. over man-made fabrics. Their land is rich in unspoiled beauty. The edge of the Hundred Year Plains skirts across their northwestern border with Taroc and to the south and east are lush, ancient forests steeped in lore and Old Magik. Shamaa hosts two great lake-riverways. One flows to the north and out along the Taroc-Maginus border, the other South into the Sea of Sul. Tradisi shelters a deep trench called Echo Deep where ancient creatures are rumored to lurk. The forests melt into moist marshlands on its southern-most hook where is borders the Wilderlands. The capital, Siochana is nestled directly in the middle of the lakes at the heart of the Province. Shamaa is located on the Southern most border of Rekōdo City.
The Province of Astral
Guild Master: Herotus
Founding Spirit: Dayena
Colors: Purple & Yellow
Tradition of Magik: Illusionary & Creative
To the Southeast of Rekōdo City is the luxurious and lush Province of Astral. Its western border is lined with border forests that mirror Shamaa's. Its center is rich in the lush southern grasslands of the edge of the Hundred Year Plains. A river and lake near the capital city of Dayena divide the Province into its wealthy upper half and naturally beautiful and peaceful lower half. The eastern portion of the province is tropical and a tourist hot-spot. While it touches no oceans, Siadharri and all of Lake Doras make up for that. the Zhido Canal, which divides Lake Doras from the Da'Jinn-controlled Lake Anaya, is rich in trade. Adaya's Temple upon the lake is a mecca for those craving the wilds of night life. The mysterious Six Stones of Past lie in the southern heart of the Province and the infamous White Towers of Dayena are where all, regardless of their province of birth, who have talent in the White Light of Healing go to pursue their training.
It is a beautiful province and it is filled with beautiful people. Astral puts a lot of value in the created as much as the real. The Arts are honed and perfected in Astral and it boasts the best artists, dancers, musician, sculptors, painters, singers and healers. They are also the most crafty, employing some of the best illusionists, magician and inventors. They are expert mathematicians and have found ways to bend geometrics and physics to the will of their magik. Astral spends a vast amount of time trying to create a world where anything and everything is accepted and possible. It is a province wealthy with talent and beauty, both in their terrain and people. The Astrals are chiseled pieces of human perfection, more self-centered than their naturally-centered neighbors to the west. The people of Astralian are a semi-self centered people, feeding their ego with the images they project and maintain. Their bodies are flaunted in their tropical climate and exotic, sometimes seen as scandalous, garb. Much stock is put into their physical appearances. Astralians are among the most beautiful and exotic-looking people of Rekōdo.
The Province of Da'Jinn
Guild Mistress: Jinai
Founding Spirit: J'Adonai
Colors: Orange & Green
Tradition of Magik: Elemental & Wish/Fate
To the East of Rekōdo City lies the dry Province of Da'Jinn. Opposite of Taroc, the people of Da'Jinn are ancient nomads that came to Rekōdo from the Far East, across the Shifting Sands and Desert Eternal Sun. They are a skeptical people, a self-isolated people steeped in ancient, undying tradition. Its fully desert-like climate makes for little change in a vastly nomadic people who travel to great cities and out again as quickly as they entered. Some use portals, traveling long, magikal routes from the Ancestral Ruins, mapped out eons ago by their ancestors, to doorways in the desert- though the old ways have long fallen into abandon and disrepair with the inescapable influence of modern magik. Most of its population prefer a more physical movement among the desert with tents and beasts of burden. Their harsh, strict lifestyles are opposite to much of the other provinces in Rekōdo. Because of its unwavering glue to tradition and nomadism, Da'Jinn has the least amount and least-populated cities in all of Rekōdo. The only exceptions are J'Adonai, its capital and the most western of cities where the hub of trade and western politics mingle with eastern goods and fares and Mararat, the city farthest east and richest in merchants and their wares from across the desert. Mararat's population shifts seasonally with the occasional nomadic tribe stopping in for supplies before moving out again. Lake Anaya and the Sea of Serpens provide water of food, but little else in the ways of income and tourism due to their arid and fluctuation in supremely hot and bitter cold climates.
The magikal forte of the Da'Jinn are wishes and fate. Their Provincial name literally means 'masters of Jinn.' A Jinn is an elemental force of nature birthed from the elements. The two main types are the Jinn (spirits of air) and the Efreet (spirits of fire). Earthen and Water-based Jinn exist, but those elements are scarce among the hot, airy desert landscape. Both are incredibly powerful and difficult to deal with if you are not a Da'Jinn. To better master them, the Da'Jinn have Totems hidden on their person to help control their Jinn of Efreet. These Totems can be anything from a necklace to a nose-ring to a gold cap on a tooth, but are traditionally something precious. Some Jinn are confined to lamps and sold into the markets of Rekōdo as genies- spirits who grant wishes. It is an archaic practice, but still used especially among the nomads, to sell people into the bonds of such or other types of servitude. The bands on their wrists and legs mark them as bound servants to pay off a magikal debt by bringing wishes and fortune to those who possess their prison (lamp). The Da'Jinn dress in long garb and wear turban or wrap-styled hats to avoid the desert heat, wind and sand. Women, especially those married into or daughter of great wealth, often wear a shawl over their hair and faces and vast amounts of sculpted jewelry to show off such wealth. it is a highly partiarchal society where women have little sway.
The Province of Maginus
Guild Master: Darmon
Founding Spirit: Arxus
Color: Black & Dark Blue
Tradition of Magik: The Dark Arts
The Northern-most Province is set in a colder, more hilly and mountainous climate and it's reflected in their wardrobe. The Magini wear long, layered robes, high-necked sweaters and everything wrapped in additional shawls and cloaks. Maginus has a strict caste system with little upward movement for those who are not so fortunate to be in their upper crust. Theirs is the power based from witchcraft and warlockery, of ancient runes and dark rituals centuries old. The Dark Arts often involves blood rites and rituals of the oldest kind, from the age when people were primal and sacrificed or worshipped in exchange for power. Many of the modern Magini specialize in the Soul, ancient runes and creatures of lore. Controversially, there is still much in the way of Necromancy, especially among the High Priesthood. Ancient, family power is revived through ritual surrounding the deceased. While considered taboo and against nature, re-animation of the dead or the re-use of Souls is a practice that has not fully been extinguished in Maginus.
The Province of Maginus is a place that has know warfare for much of its life, and it is reflected in the reflected cities it has populated along its borders with other provinces. The cities of Windf'rte, Elve and Krig all stand across the border from another province's major city in a defensive gesture. The northern-most province of Rekōdo sees the Hills of Deanna swell into steep hillsides of the Northern Hills along the entirety of it's western and northwestern half. It boasts it's own cliffside shorelines along the throat of the Bay of Rekōdo that it shares with Taroc. The southern, eastern and northeastern entirety of the province is the drier, alee portion of the grasslands of the Hundred Year Plains. the mountains, the vast Great Swells eat up the entire northern portion of the province. The city of Arx, its capital, it protected from its greatest rivals in Taroc, by the southern-most tip of the mountains. Well forged trails and roadways lead into the Great Hold, the stronghold and mightiest fortress of Maginus. It is home to the Guild Master, the High Priests and the greatest Maginus has to offer. In the Dragon Range, along the border with the Unsettled Lands, Maginus has station Lesser Holds in defense against their never-ending disagreement with the Dragons that live beyond. The Hydros islands in the Sea of Serpens by its border with Da'Jinn are, scornfully, the only islands Maginus can lay claim to in either of it's watery borders.
The Islands of Enchantry
Guild Mistress: Nalia
Founding Spirit: None
Color: Green & Black
Tradition of Magik: Totem Discovery & Creation
Enchantry is located in a scattered grouping of islands called the Aile Bones between Taroc's Faraking Island and the western coastline of Maginus. The closest island to the mainland boasts the city of Capios, the single city and capital of the newest and smallest province in Rekōdo. The Guild was founded recently by Nalia al'Vatar, whose exiled birthright is Astral. the purpose of Enchantry stems from Nalia's passion: the discovery, unearthing and education of old artifacts on the islands called Totems. Totems are anything magikal in origin from the early eras of Rekōdo that heighten a specific magikal ability. Stone rings on a necklace are Totems often found on people who wish to Dreamwalk, though such artifacts are not handed out lightly. Totems are most prevalent in two places in Rekōdo: The Aile Bones and the Tiarna Woods. The only other place to still have Old Magik is in the territories around Rekōdo: The Unsettled Lands and the Wilderlands. The Ailes are terribly old and riddled with ruins and artifacts. Some have potentially dangerous power. Enchantry has made it its mission to find, catalogue and distribute as necessary to the Guilds where they would best fit any Totems that are uncovered within the boundaries of Rekōdo. They are stored and studied by the people of Enchantry. Some artifacts have unknown abilities and women who tried their power have died using them. They are the keepers of all great artifacts found in the Provinces of Rekōdo.
Nalia's talents are not something that stem from her birthright and, though she was exiled and trained in both Maginus and Taroc, she created Enchantry so that any who felt out-of-place in their own homeland had a haven where they could potentially employ their talents. Unfortunately, men are shown to have a harder time adjusting to the constant hum of the Old magik that permeates the Ailes. To prevent a civil war within the city-guild, and to prevent any permanent damage from the madness brought on by the Old Magik, the men were expelled from the Ailes. The province of Enchantry is the only Guild that is open exclusively and entirely to women. The term for the women is Enchantresses. The name usually refers to the magik of coercion and control, but such things are illegal.
The Aile Bones are a small smattering of land within the cold, northern waters of the Ocean of Liar'Adon. The islands range from beautiful hillsides to rough, craggy outcroppings of rock jutting from the water. The climate is moist, receiving much rain that makes the hillsides a rich emerald green. The summers are cool and the winters cold and snowy. Trade with the mainland if prevalent to the function of the Enchantry Guild, though extended stay is not recommended for many who are not accustomed to the constant feel of Old Magik. The City of Capios is the only developed city on the Ailes, though the Enchantresses and their Novices often make excursion out into the other islands through the use of old Totems that were fashioned as teleportal stones linked to the larger of the Ailes. Though small, Enchantry's influence on Rekōdo if great. It is a link to the past and a gateway to the future for many who do not fit the provincial norms of their world.
Index of the First Thread for Emporium
_+CHAPTER 1: In The Beginning+_
Pages 1 - ?
[SIZE=2]-= The Runaway Princess =-
-= They Came From the Stars =-
-= To Felicity Poahr's Apartment =-
-= Darmon Summons Kali, Two Escape from Enchantry & Enter the Clone =-
-=Tamarah Arrives in Rekōdo City=-
-=Nalia and the White Light=-
-=Branwen Seeks out Mindoka =-
_+CHAPTER 2: All the World's Troubles Begin+_
((Descriptions of the chapters and information on what happens in them is forthcoming. It will take time, so please be patient as this part of the new thread will be undergoing constant construction.))
Last edited by SilntAngl5; 03-24-2018 at 10:53 AM.
Currently on Emporium...
At the Heart of Rekōdo City...
Rekōdo is beginning to be consumed by the chaos and turmoil left in the wake of the missing Princess, who was taken at the height of her Coronation by the High Chronicler of Magik after the Guild Masters were attacked and rendered Unconscious. It was unclear what motivations the man, Emit Shornoc, who held the third highest station in all of Rekōdo would have that would lead him to kidnap the heir to the golden throne. It had been weeks and they had not been found. With their Princess gone and the Prince in hiding for his own protection, the people of Rekōdo looked to their Guild Masters, the leaders of their Provinces and seats on the Royal High Council for guidance, for answers, for anything. Since the coronation where they were attacked, all six Guild Masters had been eerily absent. In a time when their people were afraid and needed them most, their presence, their voice, their reason was gone. Rumors have begun to spread and have seized the frightened hearts of the masses like wildfire, rumors that the Guild Masters were powerless, captured, enslaved, dead. There were reports of fighting in Astral, of Taroc and Shamaa troops slaughtered and Da'Jinn's betrayal. There is even a new rumor steamrolling over all others that has instilled panic upon a near-leaderless people: The Ancestral Spirits had been lost.
Each Guild Master is chosen upon the death of their predecessor by the Founding Spirit of their Province, the admirably-called Ancestral Spirit of their land who passes on the knowledge and history of every Guild Master before them and the province which they lead. Those Spirits, the light and memory of their world had been taken or had left the Guild Masters. It is unclear which, if either, are the truth behind the lack-of-presence of the Six Guild Masters of Rekōdo. The hearts of the Six Provinces, Rekōdo City, is beginning to show the fractures of stress and fear. Rioting has begun to sweep through the streets. Crime and murder are rising and the tentative Treaty of Tradisi that ended the Great War but two decades earlier is now teetering on a dangerous precipice. If the Princess is not found, the royal line restored or the Guild Masters returned to calm their frightened provinces, Rekōdo could fall hopelessly into a war that will not stop until the world on which they live burns.
In the West...
Darmon of Maginus has been murdered. The Guild Master of Maginus's corpse was found atop the ruined portion of the Great Hold at Arx after a supposed altercation between the Nalia, the Guild Mistress of Enchantry and her Second, Kali. The explosion that jettisoned heavy stones into the surrounding cityside of Arx was felt as an earthquake from the Aile Bones east into the border of Da'Jinn and into the northern tip of Rekōdo City. The High Priests of Maginus determined that Nalia al'Vatar was the one who murdered their Master. They sensed the presence of the Nightmare energy she housed within herself and launched an immediate counterattack upon the Guild of Enchantry for her treachery. They were joined by the might of the Da'Jinn's army of sand soldiers, fiery Jinn and watery Efreet. The body of Darmon of Maginus was taken down into the depths of the Great Hold at Arx.
Nalia of Enchantry, heavily pregnant with the forbidden love-child of she and the Guild Master of Taroc, fled into the Aile Bones where she met the Dire Wolves. She fell under their protection, as they existed on the Ailes with the soul, mysterious purpose of protecting Enchantry. Her Second, Kali, fled to Taroc under Nalia's orders to find Alain, its Guild Master. The Master of Taroc had at his hidden fortress the imprisoned Adaya Second of Astral, Branwen Second of Shamaa, and prince Eri of Rekōdo. They received Branwen and, after having met with the lost Princess in the World of Dreams, formulated a plan to free her from Da'Jinn. Having learned the truth of how Nalia began Enchantry and the truth of its name and the Forgotten Province of Rekōdo from the Princess, Alain attempted to contact the fleeing Nalia and, when talks of having her seek asylum with him failed, an Agent of Taroc, Olivia Kuhrson, found her and put Nalia under her protection. Arion bar Sohil, the Second of Taroc returned from Mararat in Da'Jinn after an altercation with Jinai's Second. Arion had tracked the Princess to Da'Jinn and was attacked when he demanded her safe return. He was badly injured, but became the Acting Guild Master of Taroc in Alain's stead as he headed off to Da'Jinn to free the Princess.
During the Maginus-Da'Jinn assault on Capios, Nalia convinced the O'aris to aid her people. In efforts with a fleet of Taroc's naval ships and three Celestial Airships, Arion lead a defensive measure for Enchantry. The might of Da'Jinn was defeated, and it was with the assistance of a ghostly remnant of a pirate vessel, the Raven's Triumph, that Captain Jacob Petrov, his undead crew, and the might of Taroc defeated those who sought harm to Enchantry. Arion, already badly injured from his fight in Da'Jinn, returned to the Heli'Dom on Faraking Island where he was placed into sleep so that his extensive injuries could be healed.
But a threat lingered on the Cliffs of Maginus. A man was there among the chanting Priests. Caldur Eirikson of Isolert held aloft the Dragon Staff of Darmon of Maginus, the murdered Guild Master, and has proclaimed himself the new Guild Master of Maginus.
In the East...
... there is treachery. Herotus and Adaya, twin siblings and the respective Guild Master and Second of Astral lead the Guild Master of Shamaa, his Second and hundreds of Taroc and Shamaa soldiers to captivity and death. Adaya had sought the council of Mindoka of Shamaa and plead with him for protection from Da'Jinn. In their weakened state, the Second and her Master feared that the more powerful might of Da'Jinn would come raining down on the much weaker and less organized Astral and crush them. For the sake of peace, Mindoka lead his warriors and a large escort of Taroc troops from their brother-province to the west, into the heart of Astral in order to disperse presence and aid. They were lead right into a trap. Adaya, the temptress, had moved among the troops and every man or woman she touched tuned on her their brothers and sisters at arms upon Herotus's command. Nearly all were lost in the self-slaughter. Mindoka of Shamaa was captured and brought before Jinai of Da'Jinn, the grand architect of the entire plan's design.
In the East, there is betrayal. As part of the plan, Jinai bound Mindoka into the Servitude of the Lamp and made him a mindless, commanded genie. What Herotus did not know was that there was a Lamp for him as well and Jinai bound him to the same fate as the Guild Master he betrayed. Adaya was sent scampering to Taroc for asylum.
Jinai of Da'Jinn, the first woman to ever have the title of Guild Master in her land, sought to conquer the lands of Rekōdo in the name of the Empire of Da'Jinn in the Far East across the Desert of Eternal Sun. It was she and her Second, Majed ibn Eyad, who attempted to steal the Ancestral Spirits from the Guild Masters of Rekōdo along with the hereditary power of the Princess at her coronation. What Jinai did not know was that Emporium sought balance and the Spirits did not go to her as she had planned. They went, instead, into the Princess of Rekōdo. Having foresaw this with her ability to Dream Walk, the Princess sought the help of the most powerful, neutral and loyal person she knew: The High Chronicler of Magik, keeper of the Central Library, and recorder of all of Rekōdo's deeds and history. It was he who took the unconscious Princess from the dangers of her coronation and fled. Jinai's Second tracked and set a trap for the High Chronicler and brought he and the unwakeable Princess to the city of Mararat in Da'Jinn.
Far from the prying, shambled eyes of the West, the Second of Da'jinn tortured the High Chronicler of Magik until a way to wake the Princess was found. She protected herself and the Spirits in the World of Dreams. When Jinai entered the World where the Princess hid, the presence of the two genied Guild Masters tore their Ancestral Spirits from the Princess's mind and forced her to wake up. She was imprisoned with the intention of having the rest of the Spirits ripped from her Soul and shackled to the same fate as Mindoka of Shamaa and Herotus of Astral. All for the sake of honor-restored to the exiled inhabitants of the Province of Da'Jinn and the glory of the Far East that cared not for them any longer.
And Now in Rekōdo...
In the wake of the attack, Enchantry searches for its Mistress. As the chaos of defense is rerouted into order and rebuilding, the head Enchantresses of Nalia's Council send two of their own into the Ailes to find her and bring her home. They encountered the Dire Wolves and were attacked. Nalia healed the gravely injured Sister with her uncontrolled White Light of Healing and fell into deep unconsciousness. As restitution for their actions, Sisters were escorted by the Dire Wolves back to Capios and the City is now under their watchful protection. Olivia, powerful in the ways of Necromatic Arts through her Maginus lineage recalled her friends on the Raven's Triumph to the Ailes to bring she and Nalia away from Rekōdo and into the safety of whatever lay beyond the Ocean of Liar'Adon. The two Sisters of Enchantry returned to Capios as Kali returned and news broke of the possible resurrection of Darmon of Maginus. Nalia's secret affair and impending child were revealed to the Council of Enchantry and the threat of fracturing between the Sisters loomed. In Shamaa, Branwen and Udaya are facing similar tensions with the heads of their tribes. Order must be restored to their world before it descends completely into chaos.
Alain of Taroc lead a team consisting of Branwen of Shamaa, Kali of Enchantry, the prisoner Adaya of Astral, Prince Eri of Rekōdo and his two personal guards to Shamaa. There, they ventured to where the two rivers converged at the hut of Udaya. The seemingly imbalanced wise woman of Shamaa gave them access to the ancient Paths the Da'Jinn used to travel farther West into Rekōdo undetected. They used these same Paths to travel through the Desert of Eternal Sun long, long ago when they were exiled here and sought to keep trade with their old homeland. The Paths, an eerie, silent darkness with lit passageways of stone, were maddening and drove Adaya of Astral to insanity. The rest of Alain's team made it to Mararat unscathed before the desolate, vast emptiness and nothingness laid claim to their minds. In Jinai's floating palace, they encountered the violent Qadir, a man bonded with Jinn of fire into a burning, onyx monster. The once-man fought but was slain by the Prince of Rekōdo, but not before claiming one of his eyes with his daggers. The severity of the battle caused Jinai's palace to fall onto the shore of Lake Anaya. Before she could be capture, Majed ibn Eyad took his Guild Mistress and fled. The whereabouts of Jinai and her Second are unknown. Alain had completed his mission. The Princess was freed and in his custody. Mararat was in the custody of Taroc's soldiers. The suicide of Adaya of Astral, who had betrayed Taroc and Shamaa was barely mourned among such a victory.
But there was trouble at home. A group called The Circle sought to undo Alain's hold on his title as Guild Master of Taroc. They knew the truth of the missing Ancestral Spirits and of his affair and forbidden, expected child with Nalia of Enchantry. They sought to undo him. A group of eerie seers, the Five Sisters of Mirian- who never leave the city of their namesake- appeared before the Guild Master within the ruins to Jinai's palace. Unhappy with him, they sent him into a deep sleep and focused their prophetic words on the Princess and the rest of Alain's rescue party.
In the World of Dreams, Alain and Nalia were reunited. He told his lover of the Princess's vow to renounce the laws that forbade them from being together and convinced her to come to him in Da'Jinn. The High Chronicler of Magik was sent back to Rekōdo City to find information on how to free Mindoka of Shamaa and Herotus of Astral from their genie lamps. He was captured by the High Guard of Rekōdo, but not before he could send an ancient Da'Jinn tome to the Princess. His fate is unknown.
Nalia arrived in Mararat aboard the Raven's Triumph after a harrowing journey through the Spirit Realm. It was the quickest way to deliver her to Da'Jinn and, with the missing Ancestral Spirits throwing the balance of the Spirit World into chaos, they were attacked by Spirits lead by Olivia's Necromancer father. It was with the intervention of the Spirit of Nalia's mother than Undead Captain and his crew sailed the ghost ship safely into the living world once more. Before the Princess and Prince, Nalia, Alain and Olivia learned of the new living threat in Maginus: Caldur Eirikson. Princess Pasce revealed to them the truth of the origins of the Dragon Staff and Darmon's plans for devastating annihilation of their world with it. It was discovered that Nalia could not have taken Darmon's life if she can wield the White Light of Healing and all signs pointed to the self-proclaimed Guild Master of a Maginus as the murderer.
Now, the Soul of the Master of Maginus has been returned to his body. The Undead Guild Master has only one thought: revenge on Nalia of Enchantry and the destruction of all she holds dear. He has made his way to Capios with an army of Nightmares beside him. The Prince is being sent back to Rekōdo City to govern and lead in the Princess's stead until she is fit to rule again. If she is ever fit to rule again. Carrying seven Ancestral Spirits has taken its toll on the young Princess. Her body is dying. If she passes before the Spirits can be safely released back to their Guild Masters, then they could fall under the power of Caldur of Maginus. Then, all would be lost.
((Continued from here.))
Windf'rte in The Province of Maginus... The Temple of Souls
Sacha, The Shepherd of Souls and Nitya of Sahil, a servant to the Temple
The chaos was different this time. He knew, stepping into the water, that it would be. He went anyway because it was his job.
The water was thick, and the ripples that came from where he walked were slow. His movements were slow as he lifted the twisted, blue Shepherd's Crook above his head. He held it pointed in the direction he was going and though the waters only came up to his thighs, he held the staff aloft with both as if readying to strike at something. When the stairs met the level ground of the pool, Sacha's movements slowed. The ripples faltered and died too close to his body, as if the farther he walked, the further he went away from the place where live motion mattered. Where ripples mattered. Ripples meant something living moved. Before his movement could die completely, Sacha released the spear-end of his staff and twirled it by its hook high above his head. It made a noise in the air, a soft hum as if sliced and moved through the air above and behind his head. Whenever it arched back down, his second hand caught it and moved it back upward into the air again. Before him, above him, beside him, never quite touching the water before lifting again until the runes carved into and along the twisted staff began to glow a light purple in color. The pool around him began to hum in perfect pitch with the motions of the staff until the sound of it echoed and ricocheted off the arched ceilings above the waters. The air around him grew dark and the blue Soulfire along the arches became the only light. Just it and the glowing archaic spell carved into his staff. The hum grew louder, maddeningly intense until Sacha swung the staff upwards and held it aloft as a perfect vertical extension of his body. The humming echoed, reverberated and moved in a decreasing wave down the entire length of the temple until there was silence.
Sacha rotated the staff around from behind him grabbed it's crooked end when it was perfectly perpendicular with the water and then yelled out loudly as he threw all his weight into thrusting the Shepherd's hook straight down into the water.
A tear appeared in the water, as if he'd pierced the membrane of an egg. Violet and violent light opened before him as he began to stir the light in the water. He moved forward again, scribing runes in the violet light with two fingertips of his hand as he went. Though the pool never went above one's waist, he began to disappear into the smoky blue water. The staff held before him was like a diviner rod, dividing the water all around him and filling its absence with violet light until he completely disappeared within it. For a moment, there was a volatile mixture of water and otherworldly light. As if faded, the Soulfire of the temple dimmed until there was an eerie darkness in the large, open space. Nitya stood rigidly where she was as she watched Sacha disappear into the water. From the Soulfire's half-hearted glow, mist began to pour in and cover the top of the water. Nitya had seen this before. This had all happened before. Many times before. He disappeared into the water. The fires dimmed. The mist came. She took a step forward, just as she had done each time, to make sure he'd gone. But this time she was shaking.
Something was not right.
A moment later, the sounds of screaming began to fill the air of the city surrounding the temple.
-+-
Something was very wrong.
The Shepherd walked among the fog and mist of the Spirit Realm. It was eerily silent. Eerily absent. he could feel the presence of Spirits around him, but he saw none. He felt something else too, something that, again, he could not see. He could smell it, almost. A foul sense of something he could not quite place. Not a smell. Not a sight.
There was a grating sound, like nails on a chalkboard to his right. Sacha whipped around and pointed the arrowed end of the crosier into the fog. He held it perfectly horizontal, an extension of his arm. He trailed the echo of the horrible sound as it moved past him, behind him and away. Sacha kept the twisted rod parallel against his arm and walked. His dangerously keen blue eyes shifted and darted as he surveyed the misty Realm. A day earlier, moments even, it had been teeming with hell-bent Souls. Imbalanced by the shift of the Ancestral Spirits to one source, the Souls of the dead were driven into a maddened frenzy. He had been attacked ruthlessly while trying to shepherd the newly arrived Spirits on to their final rest, if they were meant to have such. The one source was far to the east. He had spoken of this to no one. It was dangerous information to know that Arxus had not been within Darmon of Maginus for some time. That no Guild Master had their Founder with them.
Sacha gripped the half-arrow of his staff and flung the shepherd's loop forward into the mist. He extended himself as far as he dared and then stepped back with a hard yank of his staff. A spirit came with it, head trapped within the runes glowing around the loophole of the crosier. It writhed and hissed and howled. It clawed at the thing that held it prisoner. A man once in life, from the Capital City he decided by a quick study of his Astralian-colored attire. He had faded, rose-colored hair and would have been quite tall in life. The man, now acting more like an animal than a man, wore the tattered remains of a long suede coat of dark purple. The rebellious spikes of his hair moved on the ethereal winds by which only the dead could feel and be moved. Sacha pulled the dead spirit closer, but not close enough to be scratched. He lifted a hand to the man's face and stared hard into the Spirit's glowing eyes. He pulled back and the Spirit's head moved as if tugged forward. The Shepherd's robes fell down his arm which was riddled with scars. Sacha's eyes narrowed. He stopped, moved his hand closer to the ghoul's face and pulled back again with more strain. The spirit's mouth opened and on a voice sounding like more breath than words, the man spoke.
~Nightmares~
The whispery voice ended in a long, drawn out hiss. Sacha's white brow furrowed. Nightmares?
~Sacha~
He looked up from the spirit's eyes and around. He and the spirit were moved to absolute stillness by the voice. Sacha turned, trying to place the voice's location.
~Sacha... Sa... cha...~
It seemed to whisper from everywhere, which had meaning to him. The Shepherd of Souls turned back to the spirit and shook his staff had three times. The runes lost their glow and the Spirit slipped free. Sacha brought his crosier erect and upright. He bowed to the Spirit and then turned and ran into the fog and mist.
~Sa- ~
He ran faster.
He spun his blue crook out before him, loophole behind him, half arrowhead facing forward.
~Sach- ~
~-cha~
He scribed in the air as he ran and left a trailing spell of runes in his wake. They glowed hotly, like irons. When he reached the end of his spell, he leapt and jabbed the pointed to forward.
"Sacha!"
Nitya yelled his name pushed her way through the thick water of the pool. She had to find him, but her movement in the water was slow as if she tromped through a bog and the weight of the mud and grim were pulling her down.
"Sacha!" she called out again desperately, afraid. Alla round her people in Windf'rte were screaming. When she'd gone to the balcony, she'd seen some jump to their deaths in the icy water below. Theere were dark things in the streets, the air. Their movement blotted out the nighttime stars. She had been desperate enough to plunge into the water to find him, but he was not there.
"Sacha!" she screamed and felt her weight double in the water. It was only as deep as her waist, but it pulled her down. "Sacha, please! Answer me!"
A moment later, the water was pierced sharply by the end of his signature crook. Violet light streamed upward from the tear as Sacha pulled himself forward and out. His blue eyes assessed the temple and found Nitya in the water. He waded through it and grabbed her arm. He did not weave the violet light into the water to make his travel easier. There was no time. Behind him, the membrane-like water sealed itself back up. The violet light disappeared like a setting sun and the flickering light of the temple's fire overtook the air again. Sacha looped his strong arm around Nitya's back and pulled her along through the water.
"Never in the water" he chastised harshly as he drug her toward the stairs. "I will always hear your call. Never the water. It is not safe."
He hoisted Nitya up onto the stairs and the soaking pair made a heavy plop noise as they collapsed onto the level floor of the temple. He breathed heavily and stared at her.
"Why did you go in the water?" his voice was fast, quiet. He did not want her to suffer from her father for this. She was weeping. She was shaking. "Why, Nitya? You know that-"
A piercing shriek cut him off. Nitya covered her head in her hands and shook.
Sacha stood up and looked out toward the wide balcony before him. He reached down and grabbed Nitya's arm andpulled her up.
"Stay behind me" he commanded her. Mutely, she obeyed. She reached out and pinched the back of his robe between her fingers. Normally, he would scold her for that, but this was different. Something was very wrong.
Another scream, this one from above and someone flung themselves from the top of the temple. The sound of their agony as they fell grew loud and then faded away with a sickening thud as the body his the cliffs. Nitya's hand jerked on Sacha's robes and she ducked into him. He threw out an arm to shield her, but his intense blue eyes watched the man fall. How had someone gotten to the top of the temple!? Sacha looked up and his mouth fell open. He saw them. Hundreds, no, thousands of black grotesque shapes floated through the nighttime air. They came from Windf'rte and glided out to the sea past the cliffs.
"Sacha" Nitya whispered with calm dread in her voice. "What are those things?"
He recognized that the screaming he'd heard in the air all around them was slowly going silent again as these things departed. Sacha's breathing intensified and his eyes went wide as he watched them pass high overhead. He felt a shiver course through his body. He remembered the undead voice that he'd asked a very similar question to in the Spirit Realm. Sacha's eyes tracked them as he and Nitya hunkered a bit lower to avoid extraneous detection by the things above. They all moved at the same pace due west. His eyes narrowed as he watched them all form a thick line and continue onward, west, with one figurehead at its front.
"Nightmares" he said. There was only one person known to have such abilities, but she was in hiding. She had killed someone using that filthy dark power. Sacha looked to the figurehead floating on winds felt only by those who were not of this life anymore. Sacha swore under his breath.
"We have to go. Now."
He spun around, grabbed Nitya's hand and roughly pulled her back into the shadows of the temple.
The City of Mararat in Da'Jinn To the Far East of Rekōdo: Jinai’s Fallen Palace
Attachment 1638 Attachment 2240
Pasce, Princess of Rekōdo, Prince Eri, his guards Ganard of House Fallandor and Merelin of House Diorna, and Nalia of Enchantry
Nalia put a hand to her heart as if it were going to break. Her nails dug lightly into her skin as she took an unconscious step back from the princess, from them all. Her emerald eyes left the seated royal and fell distantly down and away from them all. Her mouth opened and work on words, but none came out. Alain would feel their mental connection dim as if she were moving far and away from him. She dove and tore through her own mind. She searched and rooted and upended everything down into the farthest reaches of her mind. There was nothing. They were gone from her.
"How?" she asked in a voice that was soft and wrought with grief. Her eyes looked back up to the Princess, who stared down at her with eyes that tried to abandon the pity she felt.
"Did you ever use that power on him?" The Princess's tone was particular. She knew Nalia's whole life. Hers was an open book to the royal heiress, just as every ruling relative before hers has been. Nalia sense the loaded question, but that did not make it easier to answer.
"Yes" she answered honestly in the presence of royalty. Her voice sounded as if it were about to break apart. "Twice."
The Princess visibly inhaled. She knew of the first time. Both she and Alain would know of it because it was shown to them. A memory form the day the idea of of Enchantry was born at the Heli'Dom on Faraking Island. A beaten and bloodied young girl sat and shivered with a Guild Master on his knees before her. A warm, moist towel. A bowl of hot water. Gentleness. An idea. The Princess tried not to look at Alain, only at Nalia.
"The last was at Arx?" Pasce avoided the topic of the first time, for her sake. Nalia's link to Alain was still there, though weak. He would see flashes between their linked minds. Bits of memory playing in her head as she recalled her use of the dark power. Once in Arx, the same room, but with him above her, hurting her. There was a scorch mark at his throat, a hand print around his wrist. The second time after he'd pinned her down, touched the protective womb where their child lay, after his hand had delved down purposefully too far. he'd whispered the things he was going to do to her, to their child. Nalia had attacked him. Nightmare ichor was fed to him from her palms. It dripped from his eyes, his nose and mouth. It filled him. She almost had not stopped. If it hadn't been for Alain, for their child, she could not have stopped.
"Yes, highness."
Nalia looked down. Her hands were before her. She was picking at the skin of her fingernails. She never did that. Her hands were shaking. It was too keep anyone from seeing just how badly this was ruining her. Alain would know this, from years of training her, raising her, supporting her. He knew this was her worst nightmare come true. She had allowed the Nightmares to be freed. They were at Capios. Capios was doomed.
The Princess saw the woman's turmoil and allowed the pity she felt to be seen. Pasce turned to her brother and reached out her healed hand. He came to her, knelt and took it in his own. She squeezed his hand. There was a different look in her eyes now. Well masked and slightly unreadable, but there. Pasce placed the parchment scroll in Eri's hand and re-closed it with her own.
"Rekōdo needs you, Eri. Please take care of her until I return home."
Her brother bowed his head and looked up at her with his only eye. He'd inherited a new one in the tin box he held at his side. His lips were set in a grim frown, so much like their father.
"Go now" she commanded him gently, sadly. They were just reunited and now they would be apart again. Eri bowed his head to his sister. Before he rose, he pressed his lips to her hand. He looked down at her as he rose, but spoke to Alain.
"I am counting on you to keep her safe, Master Alain" the Prince said. The Master of Taroc would know of the conflict warring within his heart. His voice was softer next. "Please keep her safe for me."
The Prince descended the stairs and turned to look at Alain, Olivia and Nalia.
"Ganard. Merelin."
The Prince's guards rose and bowed to the Princess before flanking the Prince. Eri opened the doors to leave the room and looked at Pasce once more. Something silent was exchanged between the siblings. He and his guards exited the room. The doors shut behind them.
Nalia was still staring downward at her hands. They were palms up so she could look at their ivory beauty. They had force-fed Darmon Nightmares. She had filled him with the sick ichor. Or had they escape because the White Power had come to her? Her face had gone pale. She spoke to Alain and Olivia both in a voice that was haunted by what had been done.
"It is my fault. Despite how hard I tried..." Nalia looked up from her hands to Alain and Olivia.
"I have to fix this." Her voice was desperation on the verge of collapse. She had given Darmon hat he wanted and now he was at Capios's doorstep. She was quite literally as far from Capios as she could be within the boundaries of Rekōdo. "I have to go to Capios."
Qwaring's clone#1
The Great Orange One
Walking around.
Commander Colina Weir
Southern Rekōdo in the Shamaa Province: Siochana... The Capital City
Travel from Eloruh to Siochana required two changes of steeds and the use of a local trappers port-a-door. It was a tough but necessary journey. Made all the more difficult by the need to get to Siochana in great haste.
Colina was needed to help defend a Taroc seer as he aided the local Shamaa mystics in warding a point on the Shamaa/Astral border where a group of nomadic raiders have been preying on several trade routes. Normally, as a Commander in Taroc's military, Colina could send someone under her command to perform the task, but her ranks have been thinned. The tragedy in Astral decimated the troops under her command. The following occupation and need to secure Taroc borders brought about most of her soldiers being reassigned to other locations.
Within no time at all Colina has gone from a strategic liaison between Taroc and Shamaa, to a strategic liaison that also has to pull double-duty troubleshooting any and all problems within her assigned area. Considering her assigned area is essentially a whole province, Colina has not had much down time.
Tired. Sore from the rides. And her ears ringing from a port-a-door that is in desperate need of maintenance. This is how Colina enteres the gathering of warriors, tribal leaders, spirit animals, and province advisors. She hasn't even had a chance to change out of her field armor. The armor is plates of enchanted metal, elemental resistant cloth and leather, and the fur of a beast she helped to slay while participating in a hunt with Shamaa warriors in the forests to the east of this capital city.
Colina makes her necessary greetings to the various warriors and representatives. She has been trained to be visible, to assure her southern brothers and sisters that Taroc is always present and willing to lend aid. It's why she's here. Her oak-colored eyes lock onto the gaze of everyone she meets. She has a strong stare, one that assures everyone that her focus is on them and their corner of the universe.
Once the greetings are done, she finds a place to sit beside the great fire, and takes out her Guild badge. The small metal token, a symbol of her status in the Taroc Guild, grants her access to the mystical lines of communications running through the Taroc military and government. She lets the most recent intelligence reports and announcements wash over her thoughts for a few minutes before eventually Branwen and a top hatted old woman arrive.
Colina pockets her badge and rises out of respect for the arrival of the acting Guild Mistress. She was going to sit back down, but news of Darmon's return halts her. Memories of burning fields and screaming people and animals chills her. It's her earliest childhood memory. A recollection given to her and so many others by Darmon and his invasion of Taroc during the Great War.
The armored woman takes in a deep breath. Alain will be on top of the Darmon situation. Colina must focus on helping Shamaa. She must remain the line of communication between the two allied provinces.
She observes the dialogue between Branwen and her advisors. Colina seeks out the eyes of these leaders of Shamaa, trying to read all that their gaze can tell her. She was born with the gift of oculomancy, an ability to divine information from the eyes of others. The colors, patterns, and behavior of eyes are a language to Colina. A brief or distant look she can gather small tidbits or surface notions. A deeper study is required to truly delve into the nature and life of another.
Here she can see that those gathered around her are truly the noblest and wisest Shamaa has to offer. All except for this old woman with closed eyes, an unusual accent that Colina can't place, and a habit of drawing in the dirt. This old woman in the well-worn top hat seems to speak in riddles, and without eyes to assess, Colina can't tell if they're riddles with purpose or genuine ramblings.
Colina decides to give this old woman the benefit of the doubt, for now. Branwen seems to welcome her wandering words, or at least tolerates them while appearing to welcome them.
The Taroc soldier steps forward, and tries to offer her own piece to the puzzle that the Second of Shamaa seeks to solve.
"I can't say I have any special insight to offer. I do know that recent reports from Taroc mystics have shown that the ambush in Astral may have created a blind spot for my people. A massive loss of Taroc life can cause large waves in the magical medium we work in. It's easier to see the horizon in calm seas, but when the waves get this big we can't see past our own bow. It will take time to get past this event. When we do we'll get a clearer look at what's going on."
Realizing she has only contributed an excuse for her people's lack of foreknowledge, Colina straightens herself and continues, "Despite that, the people of Taroc stand ready to face whatever the future brings. And as always we will face that future by the side of the Shamaa people. We offer our wisdom, out swords, and our courage."
Qwaring
The Province of Taroc... On the coast of the Ocean of Liaradon...
"Your youngest?" Xalidus asks. He struggles a moment. So many memories. "Cao? Yes, of course."
With a recollection of Cao comes images of others. Xalidus sorts through what his mind shows him.
"I am sorry you have lost the others," Xalidus whispers, sounding so very human. Lost, fragile, compassionate. The moment of humanity soon slips away, and the air of confident godhood is dragged back into place. "I know you will learn from this iteration of creation, and will eliminate these flaws from the next. Stay strong and someday all will be perfect."
When Sil asks about his crime and imprisonment, Xalidus digs into the mind of one of his parts. It is as he roots through memories that are and are not quite his own that he slowly replies to Sil, "Very much like myself, this version of me was abducted as a child. He- We escaped but found myself exiled from our home universe.
"I grew up hopping from one universe to another. Searching the multiverse for home. Secundae need to be attuned to the cosmos around them before they can ascend to a First. It is how we find our place in the universe, and then earn our title. However, we grew up in other universes, with different physical properties. Our power and bodies adapted in ways that do not translate well in this universe.
"When he arrived in his home universe, his body would take a great deal of time to readjust to this cosmos. Ascension would take ages. I was lucky enough to find safe harbor in the old universe. Places where I could study the problem and fix it. This version of me was not so lucky. He became desperate and sought out a source of power. Energy he could harvest and try to jump-start his ascension. He believed this world was just such a power source."
He falls silent as he thinks of Elysia. It's difficult to isolate the correct version of the world in his conjoined memories.
"He could not reach Elysia. There was something in the way. I don't know if it's still there. Its been so long.
"He came to this world, and made contact with the inhabitants. He needed time to figure out the best way to steal the magic of this world, so he made the leaders of the time believe he was a benevolent visitor. Eventually, he thought he knew how to harvest the magic, and revealed his true nature and intentions. The province leaders fought against him. Eventually, the leader of Taroc tricked this version of me, and lured him into a trap. The Guild Masters did not believe they had the power to destroy me, so they locked me away in this place."
Count / Countess
Your guess is as good as mine
In another time, another place Kali would have been thrilled about having a discussion with Dyani about just how love could be selfish. A good debate was about as exciting as a good spar with the right partner and she and Dyani had done plenty of that in their time together. With the recent fluctuations of her pheromones, and had Dyani been so inclined, such a debate could easily have turned into a spar of a different nature.
And though Dyani was on Kali’s mind after the revelation of recent truths, it had swept them all up into a whirlwind of doubt and turbulent emotions. Kali’s main focus needed to be in the room with the women that still remained. She could have felt it through the little dragonling but she understood the need for privacy when one needed space to work through their feelings. As for the little dragonling, she curled up and was content to watch the other creatures roam around the grounds, her tongue of fire flickering out to taste the anticipation in the air.
Strange creatures, these ones of flesh in blood, even the furry ones. Their aura’s danced before her eyes like flames in a fire, shifting and changing according to mood. Dyani’s was always bright, no matter what the female was going through. The dragonling liked this female, intense in all things, much like Kali and the flaming reptile found a comfort in it. So she would rest here until either Dyani finally conceded in letting her move closer, sent her away or Kali called for her return. Her flaming white eyes finally rested back on Dyani in her ever vigilant watch.
In the meantime, Kali responded to her remaining sisters, the edge of danger ever pressing upon her senses and the urgency to resolve this as best they could and focus on defenses. Kali’s skin rippled with the laughter from the shadows, perhaps being a child of such shadows it did not drive her insane, but she has seen what it did to others. And the half of Kali’s nature, the part of her that lived and thrived in the dark fought the changes she felt just underneath the surface of her flesh.
“Love, it is love.” She answered Laelis.
Merriam had not been taking any of this news well, none of them had. It was like a line was drawn into the sand and everyone was taking sides according to their feelings. One could not help the way they felt, but they could help the way they responded. That was the difference between feeling and emotions. Feelings where obviously how one felt, the emotions were how you responded to those feelings. It was a lesson that Branwen had first tried to get through her thick head, what Nalia had tried to convey in her own way, and what her mother had spoken to her about on this journey to save the Princess.
“No one can help the way they feel about any of this.” Kali replied.
“Had Nalia been able to hide it from all of us, events still would have unfolded and we would be blind to what is about to take place. The shadows in here grow colder and each passing moment puts us in danger. Sisters of the dark arts, surly you feel it too?”
Kali regarded all of her sisters again, if it was not for the impending danger they were in, she would have let them have their rights to express their feelings in this manner, in this forum. It is not the first time that she had been involved in discussions with her sisters in this type of setting; but it was the first time
that Nalia was not present. It was the first time she actually felt a true division that would take time to mend, if it could be mended at all. But for all things Kali was, she was not one that easily gave up hope. And when the sisters started to come together, Kali smiled.
“I promise you, when things have settled; you will all have your say. I swear to you on my mother’s name that I will take full responsibility for my actions and do everything to protect all of you and Enchantry. My priorities at this moment is the current danger and it is my duty to protect Enchantry and the women that live here, that is where my focus must be. Have faith in the rulers of Rekōdo, I have heard good things about them and I have seen it with my own eyes. I have no doubt they will be fair and just.”
At that moment in the court yard, just as the howling of the wolves filled the air, the little dragonling double in size and sizzled white hot, behind Dyani. When the woman spoke, her words were instantaneously received by Kali, who at the same moment felt the crushing pain from fighting her body to instantly transform. Discussion was over, darkness had arrived.
Kali stepped back from her sisters, no longer able to keep her bones from shifting and the change from occurring. Draconic type wings and horns erupted from her head and back, as Kali’s hands suddenly sported talon like claws at the end of her nails. She staggered slightly from the force of the change before a strange set of golden orbs peered at her sisters. Her body was covered in the most vulnerable places by beautiful black and green scales, the colors of Enchantry, and at the tips of her horns, sharpened to a fine point, capped with emerald.
Her wings unfurled as she spoke.
“Take no chances, sound the alarm. Utilize whatever totems, enchantments, glyph's or spells you can to combat the darkness. Stay away from any of the shadows unless accompanied by myself. Do not separate yourselves from each other, stay in groups, but do not make yourselves large targets. We are stronger in numbers than as individuals.”
Kali took to the air and turned one last time. Two more flaming dragons burst forth from Kali’s palms and settled on the ground next to her sisters.
“Shalla, Evalyn, stay with each other, do not separate from your sisters.”
Her golden eyes lingered for only a brief moment on each sister, unspoken feelings bathing them each as her eyes passed over them and falling lastly on Fateema.
“They will obey any commands you give them. As long as I still draw breath, they will be by your side to protect and serve in whatever capacity you need them in. Protect each other; be as a shield to one another.”
With those final words, Kali flew toward the door, pulling them open with the use of a spell and flew out to the court yard to Dyani’s side. The same feelings would bathe over her fellow warrior, perhaps they would be given a chance to share them after this was all said and done. To settle this as the two of them
needed, as warriors, and Kali hoped as friends and allies. Until then, there did not need to be words on what they were about to do. They would stand as sister’s in arms to protect their guild, to protect their sisters, to protect Rekōdo, and to protect each other. It was all conveyed in a single glance.
Peace is a lie
There is only passion
Through passion I gain strength
Through strength I gain power
Through power I gain victory
Through victory my chains are broken
The Force shall set me free
Between Windf'rte and Capios... Waiting
Darmon_Returned.jpg
Darmon, The Returned
He was the only thing glowing in the night sky. There were no stars. There were no moons. All was darkness and all was cold. He hovered there, high above the waves and surf that crashed down on craggy beaches. It was snowing. He'd forgotten what snow felt like. He knew it was cold. He knew it killed if there was too much. He remembered snow in the mountains. He remembered cold before it snowed, how the air was chilled and the winds of the north biting.
There was wind, cold wind, by a lakeshore in the Unsettled Lands. He'd asked a beautiful, raven-curled woman to get a book at the bottom of the lake.
Uncaring eyes stared down at the island in the distance. They could see him. He knew they would see him. It was easy to spot something you knew was coming. He floated there and watched the white city working beneath the protection of an emerald dome. His acquaintances. They were feasting in the city behind him. It had been his city once, one of many which he ruled. His people were screaming. Their worst fears were laid bare before them and they were destroyed in their fear. Food for the Nightmare fodder. She had starved them severely. They needed to be replenished before The Hunt could commence.
His unnatural senses picked up the sound of bodies as they plummeted through the air. They smelled of their fate before they hit the ground. Their Spirits burst upward from them and dissipated to the Realm that had entrapped him. His people. Nothing would be wasted.
They were not his people anymore.
He was here for one purpose.
~... Na... li... a...~
His voice was a rasping, echoing whisper, a scratching and awful sound come from a throat that had been burnt by Nightmare ichor. She fed it to him. It was delicious. His voice, the eerie, haunting echo of it, whispered throughout the island. Everyone would hear it. Every Enchantress. Every Novice. Children would hear it. It seemed to come from everywhere. Every corner. Every shadow. It had no source, but they would see him. A violet beacon floating between sea and sky.
He exhaled sharply. A sort of twisted half-laugh.
He could feel it, their panic. But he could not feel her.
They felt it too. The fear. The chaos beginning to unfurl. The sweet, beautiful sound of hearts thumping in panic. They began to come to him. They had their fill of Windf'rte. They came to him now and formed an impenetrable circle around Capios. A mighty army of dark, hellish things. They did not move. Nothing moved except his cloak, on winds that were not of this world, and the snow. They just floated there.
They wanted what he wanted.
What they wanted was not here.
She would come to him.
And if not... He would let his acquaintances feed on everyone and everything here until she was found.
They could do it.
They already had once, looking for her. They had told him about it as they filled him. As they fled her white light. As she fed them to him.
Some place like this. Another universe. Another time. He did not know how little he knew. They had destroyed everything. They had showed him picture. They'd shown her fighting, Alain by her side. On a hill surrounded. Hopeless. A place called Ardea. It was this Nalia's turn. Her time had come.
Black eyes, dark as pitch and tar stared with glowing, violet irises down at the green dome. He stared at all of them, singularly and together. He felt the fear rising. They felt the fear rising and hissed and cackled in something that might be called gentleness. Eagerness.
An oppressive feeling weighed down on the island. A feeling of dread. Of hopelessness at the sight of the Nightmare Hoard. Of the almost-man that lead them.
They waited.
She would come to them.
Just as she had in so many other universes. So many other times.
She would come.
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Meredith, Shaun
Whiterod, Nick
Walsh, Robert
aquatic invertebrates
Greenacres wetland
Lynnbrae wetland
"June 2003".
Project no.
Research on the private property wetlands around Deniliquin - M/BUS/69
Publication no.
MDFRC Technical Report 6/2003
A post-wetting ecological survey, partially funded by the NSW Murray Wetlands Working Group Inc., was conducted at three Deniliquin wetlands (Forest Creek, Greenacres and Lynnbrae) in NSW between October and December 2002. Sampling of three wetlands commenced on the 27th of October 2002 and was conducted over 5 weeks after flooding. Water was released into the wetlands from three separate channels fed from Lake Mulwala through the main Mulwala channel. The water formed part of an environmental water allocation managed by the NSW MWWG. The aim of the study was to determine post flood responses of water quality, nutrients, phytoplankton and microcrustaceans. Throughout the study period changes in the following water quality parameters were observed. Water depth in all three wetlands ranged from 5-28 cm and were influenced by additional inflows. Temperatures ranged from 25-30°C. The Forest Creek wetland was acidic throughout most of the sampling period (pH range 3.5 -7.0), while the Greenacres and Lynnbrae wetlands were slightly basic (pH ~ 7.5). High initial post flood turbidities were recorded in the wetlands, however these declined rapidly 4 days after the inundation then continued to decrease gradually for the remainder of the sampling period. Electrical conductivity remained low, peaking at ~135 µS/cm on day 15 in the Forest Creek and Lynnbrae wetlands and 220 µS/cm on day 27 in the Greenacres wetland. Inflow salinities followed similar patterns to wetlands, however remained 5-50 µS/cm below wetland salinity. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were generally below 6 mg/L in the three wetlands. The lowest DO was recorded in the Lynnbrae wetland on day 15 (1 mg/L). Initial peaks in all nutrients examined -total nitrogen (TN), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), total phosphorus (TP) and filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) -were recorded within a few hours after inundation in all three wetlands and had decreased rapidly by 5-12 hours after inundation. Secondary peaks in TN, TP and FRP were also seen on day 15 in the Forest Creek and Lynnbrae wetlands. Maximum TP concentrations of 250, 505 and 835 µgP/L and TN concentrations of 2410, 4185 and 2405 µgN/L were recorded in the Forest Creek, Greenacres and Lynnbrae wetlands, respectively. Chlorophyll trends during the sampling period were similar in the Forest Creek and Lynnbrae wetlands with 2 peaks occuring on day 15 (38 and 14 µg/L, respectively) and on the last day of the study (19 and 15 µg/L, respectively). The Greenacres wetland recorded an initial peak in chlorophyll concentrations on day 7 (16 µg/L) and a second peak on day 35 (39 µg/L). Chlorophyll peaks were mainly due to increases in blue-green algae (Anabaena sp.). Microcrustacean abundances remained below 10 individuals/L until day 27 in the Forest Creek wetland and channel sites, after which they increased to 42 individuals/L by the end of the study period. This final peak was dominated by Daphniidae and Cyclopidae taxa. Very similar trends were reported between the Greenacres and Lynnbrae wetlands in relation to timing of peaks and dominant species found at the peaks. Two peaks were recorded on days 5 and 27 in both wetlands with the initial smaller peak being dominated by Cyclopidae, Centropagidae and Bosminidae and the larger second peak consisting mainly of Cyclopidae, Centropagidae, Moinidae and Daphniidae. Temporal responses of nutrients, chlorophyll and microcrustacea in the Forest Creek and Lynnbrae wetlands followed responses reported for other wetlands (Greiger et al. 1985, Culver and Geddes 1993, Ingram et al. 1997), with an initial peak in nutrients occurring within the first day, followed by a peak in phytoplankton at 2 weeks and finally a peak in microcrustacea at 5 weeks after inundation. The Greenacres wetland demonstrated the same short response time of a few hours for nutrients, however microcrustacea and phytoplankton responses differed. Following the initial nutrient peak, a peak in microcrustacea was seen on day 27, one week prior to the phytoplankton peak. Future suggestions. Due to the very high nutrient concentrations found within all the wetlands there is an urgent need to keep out grazing animals not just from wetlands but also from adjoining channels and/or decrease possible fertilizer run-off into the channels and wetlands. Future monitoring should be extended past 35 days to more clearly identify macroinvertebrate responses, which are likely to be slower than the other parameters examined. Further filling of the wetlands performed on a natural time scale should be monitored for the above examined parameters to determine the possible change in response times and effects in concurrent wetting cycles. Monitoring future flood events occurring at different times of the year within the studied wetlands will help identify possible post flood responses to seasonal variations.
MDFRC funding agency: NSW Murray Wetlands Working Group Inc.
MDFRC client: NSW Murray Wetlands Working Group Inc.
Open Access. This report has been reproduce with the publishers permission.
Permission to reproduce this report must be sought from the publisher.
Copyright (2003) Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre.
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Volunteers hope to boost library use with ‘not just for children’ message
'Belsize Park used to be a bohemian place with artists and writers'
21 May, 2019 — By Helen Chapman
Mark Carroll, library volunteer, with Maria Colucci
A LIBRARY saved from closure by volunteers has begun a drive to encourage adults to come inside, amid concerns that its seen as a place mainly for children.
The Belsize Community Library has extended its opening hours and is launching art workshops and a book club as part of a “new vision” to attract older users.
Maria Colucci, the manager of the library in Antrim Grove, said: “It is seen as a children’s library, which is great, but I want it to be for adults too. It should be a cultural meeting point and a place to socialise with your neighbours. With our new vision, I want to change the way people see the library.”
She added: “Someone phoned up here once because they lost their keys and said ‘I lost them in the playground area’. I don’t want to it to be seen as a playground anymore.”
Camden stopped running the library amid budget cuts in 2013, but it was kept open by Swiss Cottage charity The Winch after a campaign to prevent its closure. Unpaid volunteers now keep it running from Monday to Wednesday. New opening hours will see a later 8pm finish on Wednesday.
Keats Community Library in Hampstead and Primrose Hill Library were also handed to volunteers six years ago. Camden’s other libraries are still run by the council.
“People fought to keep this place open,” said Ms Colucci, a former cinema manager who previously worked at a library in Hackney. “At first it was just open Monday and Tuesday. Now we are open Wednesdays. Hopefully we can open it for more days soon.”
The library held an event with Ha-Joon Chang, author of 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism and Bad Samaritans, which was banned in South Korea in 2008, on Thursday, launching the library’s Banned Book Club which will take place once a month discussing books that have been censored in other countries or in the past.
“Belsize Park used to be a bohemian place with artists and writers,” said Ms Colucci. “Now there are lawyers and bankers moving in, but there is still a bohemian nuance around and artists are still here.”
She added: “We have lots of second-hand books and donations but are raising funds to buy brand new books for our Summer Reading Challenge encouraging children to read six library books during the summer holiday.”
Fears personal trainers are ‘wounding’ Highbury Fields trees
17 January — By Calum Fraser
Delivery riders go on strike after ‘road rage’ killing
17 January — By Sam Ferguson
Thames Water bosses face fury of residents forced out by Finsbury Park flood
Upstairs at the film club, transplant pioneer who escaped Nazi Germany
17 January — By Dan Carrier
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The Bromance Book Club by Lyssa Kay Adams
The first rule of book club:
You don't talk about book club.
Nashville Legends second baseman Gavin Scott's marriage is in major league trouble. He’s recently discovered a humiliating secret: his wife Thea has always faked the Big O. When he loses his cool at the revelation, it’s the final straw on their already strained relationship. Thea asks for a divorce, and Gavin realizes he’s let his pride and fear get the better of him.
Welcome to the Bromance Book Club.
Distraught and desperate, Gavin finds help from an unlikely source: a secret romance book club made up of Nashville's top alpha men. With the help of their current read, a steamy Regency titled Courting the Countess, the guys coach Gavin on saving his marriage. But it'll take a lot more than flowery words and grand gestures for this hapless Romeo to find his inner hero and win back the trust of his wife.
Source: complimentary copy provided by publisher in exchange for an honest review
I rather liked this book's approach to mending a strained marriage. Gavin finds out his wife Thea has been faking it in bed and his entire world just crumbles. It's a massive blow to his ego and stirs up every insecurity he's ever had about himself throughout his life. His immediate reaction is to leave and then Thea asks for a divorce. The book opens with the guys - his teammates and other assorted gents - visiting him at his hotel room and telling him that they're going to help him save his marriage but he has to be a willing participant and keep an open mind. Their solution is rather unconventional - reading romance novels, in this particular case, a Regency that seems to perfectly fit his current messy love life.
Just like Gavin, I was skeptical. I felt a lot of it was wishful thinking that the guys would talk this way and discuss serious feminist issues with sincerity. I'm not saying it's not possible but personally, it forced me to reconsider whatever conditioned thought I had about guys and their opinions on romance. I didn't know what to make of their romance reading except that it was rather original and intriguing. Segments from the Regency title (Courting the Countess) make an appearance throughout the book providing a framework for Gavin to follow. He really is hopeless but bless him, he's honestly trying. I have to say the guys are hilarious in this and Gavin's initial cluelessness gives them plenty of fodder but their hearts are all in the right place. I think it was almost halfway through that I started to really enjoy the story.
As silly as the guys' shenanigans were, there were elements of the story that gave me much to ponder. The book started out with Gavin firmly in the wrong by overreacting and walking out on Thea. It heavily focused on his transgressions but barely touched her issues until a couple chapters towards the end. Thea has so much baggage brought on by her parents' dysfunctional marriage and subsequent relationships such as fear of abandonment and feeling like an outsider. There is a ton, A TON, to unpack there and when she finally has that much-needed moment of introspection, it seems to fix itself rather quickly. It felt flippant to me especially since Gavin did most of the heavy lifting to improve himself when her backstory was just as crucial to the problems in their marriage. The problem being that she never communicated her feelings to him. They never talked. It feels like a huge power imbalance to expect the world of your partner when you never clue them in to your needs or worries in the first place. I empathized with Thea at the start but once I got to the end I wished she had been more a part of rebuilding the marriage in the first place. I kind of resented her later because of that. But not as much as I resented her sister's presence. The protective sister (understandable) who keeps inserting herself between Thea and Gavin (not okay) and stirring things up about him to her (definitely crossing the line). Once again, there's a backstory but until you get there, Liv is too much.
The Bromance Book Club presents an unorthodox and entertaining way to looking at marriage and what it takes to make it work. It also hints at something broader, so yes, I'd happily recommend it to others. I believe it initiates a deeper discussion about the characters and communication in relationships, and I'm certain that every reader will have a different take on them that I would love to hear!
Labels: adult contemporary romance, Lyssa Kay Adams, marital problems, romance book club, The Bromance Book Club
The One For You (The Ones Who Got Away #4) by Roni Loren
The highly-anticipated fourth book in Roni Loren's unforgettable The Ones Who Got Away series.
She got a second chance at life.
Will she take a second chance at love?
Kincaid Breslin wasn't supposed to survive that fateful night at Long Acre when so many died, including her boyfriend—but survive she did. She doesn't know why she got that chance, but now she takes life by the horns and doesn't let anybody stand in her way
Ashton Isaacs was her best friend when disaster struck all those years ago, but he chose to run as far away as he could. Now fate has brought him back to town, and Ash doesn't know how to cope with his feelings for Kincaid and his grief over their lost friendship. For Ash has been carrying secrets, and he knows that once Kincaid learns the truth, he'll lose any chance he might have had with the only woman he's ever loved.
It seems almost weird to be such an avid fan of this series that follows the lives of four friends years after they survived a school shooting. Weird because it's a god-awful event that brought these people together, otherwise they might not have ever crossed paths. The friendships that sprouted from that brought hope and love into their lives, and the strongest of bonds that'll stand up to any challenge.
Kincaid and Ashton are both survivors. Best friends in high school with Aston nursing the biggest crush on Kincaid but never coming forward with his feelings. Things changed dramatically after that night and later when Ashton couldn't take it anymore, he moved away. Kincaid always felt that he left her behind so she had to heal and get on with life on her own without her most trusted friend by her side. Now that he's moved back to Long Acre temporarily after a break up and to write his next book, they have to make peace and get along. Ashton still loves her but Kincaid has been in love with a ghost this entire time - her boyfriend who died in the shooting. That's always stood between them. But now that they're older, and Ashton is not as timid about expressing his feelings, he's willing to let it all out there even if he hasn't quite figured out the rest of his plans.
I loved that these two had a friendship before this. They clearly got each other and had fun. Their reunion may be uncomfortable for a bit but at least they're working through it. I like that there is communication between them instead of waiting for a good portion of the book for them to be honest about their feelings. Kincaid, for all her bravado and upbeat personality hides her insecurities well which is obviously harder to do when Ashton knows her best and knows how her family history affects her. And Kincaid knows why, other than the shooting, that it's hard for Ashton to come home. The toughest part of this unexpected reunion is that they finally have to confront certain truths about that dreaded night. They have to separate fact from fiction which is painful but necessary if they are to repair and rebuild their relationship.
The reason this series is so powerful to me is because it looks at what the survivors go through years after a shooting. The repercussions don't go away with thoughts and prayers. They are intrinsically tied to that event forever and it's hard to carve out an identity away from that, something that Kincaid, Ashton and the town of Long Acre know too well. Long Acre is still perceived as a morbid tourist destination attracting spectators rather than investors, and its town folk have to figure out how to re-brand itself, so to speak.
I knew The One for You was the last book but I was surprised by how I was not ready for it to end. I actually had to read the epilogue twice to accept it. I also had to wipe away a tear after that. Kincaid, Bec, Taryn and Liv thought they were alone after their tragedy but together the found friendship and unending support. The epilogue was so satisfying for me because they each got their happily ever after and that's the most you can wish for someone who's thriving after overcoming the worst.
Labels: adult romance, best friends to lovers, bookstore, high school shooting, Romance, Roni Loren, small town, Sourcebooks Casablanca, survivors, The One For You, The Ones Who Got Away
The One For You (The Ones Who Got Away #4) by Roni...
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bisbos
The Daedalus Starship
The first serious attempt to design a ship capable of travelling to the nearest stars. Weighing 50,000 tonnes, powered by nuclear fusion, travelling at 12% of the speed of light, the journey time would be close to 50 years.
Read moreNext »
Aircraft & Missiles
Aircraft from the past and future, and projects that never made it past the drawing board.
ImagesNext »
Science Fiction Illustration
Images from the classic Terran Trade Authority books, and a selection of images of exoplanets.
Reaction Engines
Images illustrating the work of Reaction Engines Ltd, the UK company behind the SKYLON spaceplane, and much more.
Project Nerva
After the Apollo Moon landings, the next target was Mars. Using nuclear powered ships, mankind could have set foot on the Red Planet as early as 1982.
The largest object in orbit by far, visible from the Earth as the brightest star in the sky.
Updates: Latest Images: New Daedalus Gallery Updates: New Section: Starships Updates: New Section: Paintings Updates: New Section: Publications
Aerospace Illustration and Visualisation - Graphical Engineering.
On this site you'll find examples of my work - mostly aerospace and science fiction. All the illustrations are available for purchase, and new illustrations can be commissioned. My work has featured in many books, magazines, websites, presentations and TV programmes.
Site News:
Feb 2017 - New Images, New Sections.
Added a new menu item - Illustrations, which features a selection of my historical and technical images, and also various maps and cutaways.
To the Illustrations...
Also added some more items to
"Space Stations" and various other stuff.
March 2015 - New Images.
Added a new section featuring a selection of Space Probe and Telescope images, featuring various landers and space telescopes, most of which are still in the future.
1 May 2013 - Latest Book "The Air Staff and AEW", by Chris Gibson.
Just received my copy today - and it's excellent! My good friend and colleague Chris Gibson has been researching the long and tortuous story of the RAF's procurement of an AEW system for the last couple of years, and this book is the result. I did the layout and design, and the CG aircraft illustrations.
Meticulously researched, written in his usual engaging and entertaining style, copiously illustrated with line drawings and photos, it documents the history of RAF AEW from the early days during WWII to the present day. Highly recommended for anyone with an interest in aviation history.
Available at Amazon soon: The Air Staff and AEW: Royal Air Force Airborne Early Warning Projects
May 2013 - New Images.
Just uploaded new imagesincluding - Titan Boats (Issue 12 of 'All About Space).
Also a selection of images of the Gas Dynamic Mirror Fusion Rocket, from the forthcoming book "Starship Century", edited by Greg Benford. More on this soon.
Feb 2013 - New Images.
Uploaded new pages of images that have recently appeared in various magazines - Space Elevator, Orbital Ring, Comet Harpoon, Tiangong 3. and the BIS Moonship.
There's also a short preview of the TTA: Capital Ships movie.
2013 Calendar: 'Interstellar' now available.
My calender for 2013, featuring a selection of interstellar spacecraft related images is now available through the store.
Price is $24.99, it's 11"x8.5" (28 x 20cm), printed on good quality stock through CafePress.
You can order it here: Bisbos.com Store
Just added some new images of the newly discovered planet orbiting Alpha Centauri B.
Not a lot is know about it yet, but we do know that it orbits very close to the star, has a very short orbital period, and will be exceedingly hot on the surface. More Images...
Three of my images are featured in the first issue of All About Space.
More images to come in Issue 2 - Mercury and Vostok capsules, and the NASA 'Galileo' Jupiter orbiter and probe, and yet more for Issue 3 - tractor beam ship, 'spagettification', future Russian space station and inflatable module, and even more for Issue 4 - space cannon, the entire Universe to scale, Voyager II and Virgin Galactics' Spaceship 2!
Just finished the final illustrations for the latest book by Chris Gibson "Battle Flight", the follow up to his previous work "Vulcan's Hammer".
I've seen the text and it promises to be yet another fascinating and extensively researched book. Highly recommended!
Also in the works is the next volume in the Project Tech series, "The Air Staff and AEW", following on from "The Admiralty and AEW". Yet more bizarre, scary, ugly and unbuilt attempts to bolt radar onto aircraft.
Featured Publications:
SKYLON / Reaction Engines
SF / TTA
Project Icarus
“The mission of Icarus Interstellar is to realize interstellar flight before the year 2100.“
Our team is international, 100% volunteer and is engaged in a number of research programs, public outreach endeavors and educational commitments. Read More
The British Interplanetary Society (BIS) is Britain’s leading think tank on space development. Founded in 1933, it is the world’s longest established organization devoted solely to supporting and promoting the exploration of space and astronautics. Join Now!
Initiative for Interstellar Studies
The mission of the Institute for Interstellar Studies is to conduct activities or research relating to the challenges of achieving robotic and human interstellar flight. We will address the scientific, technological, political and social and cultural issues. Read More
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Accommodation, Tourism, Events, Attractions and Discount Accommodation and Specials available in Brisbane, Queensland. For all your Brisbane hotels, Brisbane resorts, Brisbane apartments and Brisbane holidays.
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*Based on number of nights stay and subject to availability. Terms and conditions apply. These are some of the best properties at some of the cheapest prices you will find.
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Looking for Brisbane accommodation? You will find a selection of some of the best hotel and apartment accommodation in Brisbane on our website. If you are looking for affordable, discount accommodation in Brisbane then check out the latest accommodation deals and packages that we have put together. Our website features some of the most popular accommodation deals for Brisbane and is highly recommended by locals, business people and interstate holiday makers, each year we consistently deliver on our promise to provide the best deals possible for our customers.
For all your Brisbane Accommodation - Brisbane resorts, Brisbane tourist information, hotel reviews, Brisbane maps, discount accomodation.
Brisbane is the major hub of Queensland, hoasting national and international music, culture and sporting events, as well as being home to the largest nightlife district and some of the most luxurious accommodation in South East Queensland. Here are some key facts about business, and safety in Brisbane, as well as a breakdown of the rich history of this beautifully diverse city.
Brisbane is the thriving capital city of Queensland, a lush city with a perfect climate and diverse culture and history. Brisbane is a growing city with one of the fastest growing economies in Australia. It is a city of many small quirks from having our very own style of building (the ‘Queenslander’) to creating a swimming beach (Southbank) right in the middle of our CBD. Population
The Brisbane population is reaching close to 2 million, this makes Brisbane the third largest city in Australia. Brisbane also has the largest population growth rate of any other capital city in Australia, but also a lower inner city population density than Australia's two largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne. The multicultural population has 21.7% of residents born overseas and 16% speaking a language other than English at home. Economy
Australia has been ranked the most resilient economy in the world for five of the past six years. Real GDP growth in 2008 saw Australia outperforming global competitors such as the UK, USA, Germany & Spain.
Queensland consistently outperformed the national economy in 2007/2008, with Brisbane being the engine room of the state’s outstanding economic performance. Brisbane’s key sectors include information and communication technology, creative industries, life sciences, food & beverage, tourism infrastructure, manufacturing, logistics & distribution and aviation. Brisbane is one of the major business hubs in Australia. Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices in Brisbane.
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MISSED IT!! Shazia Mirza from Have I Got News For You & the award-winning Glenn Moore at The Winding Wheel, Chesterfield on Thurs 19th September
Shazia Mirza
‘Calm, confident, challenging and always with original material’ – The Evening Standard
‘In that global menagerie of comedy Mirza is that rarest of rare creatures. She guarantees an audience with her biting deadpan observations’ – The New York Times
Shazia is an award winning British Asian stand up Comedian and columnist from Birmingham sticking the figurative knife into political correctness with devastatingly funny effect. She performs all over the world and has toured the US, Sweden, Denmark, France, Holland and Germany. Her vast array of TV credits include CBS ‘60 Minutes’, NBC’s ‘Last Comic Standing’, Paramount’s ‘The World Stands Up’ and BBC’s ‘Have I Got News For You’. She has also graced the stage in several plays including ‘The Vagina Monologues’ at the Royal Albert Hall.
“Witty gags, spot-on timing” – Derbyshire Times
Returning hero who won the Crooked Smile Award at Spotlight Comedy club in 2012. A former Chortle student award runner-up and So You Think You’re Funny? finalist, Glenn’s inventive one-liners steeped in wordplay and lashings of posh buffoonery have established him as a ‘must see’ act on the British comedy circuit. He is also part of the acclaimed sketch duo Thunderbards, who were featured in GQ magazine’s ’10 best acts of the Fringe’ at this year’s Edinburgh Festival.
Nicola James
‘Inventive material and onstage poise in abundance, Nicola is a sardonic treat’ – bbc.co.uk
If you’ve ever wanted to understand the psychology behind chintzy patterns and serial killers she’s the one to watch.
She is a Sheffield based comedian who has quite rightly been described as ‘sweetly cynical’.
Compere – Anthony J Brown
‘Hilarious ad-libs and wicked one-liners from an infectiously funny performer’ – The List
Spotlight Comedy Club
Winding Wheel
Holywell St
S41 7SA
Entry £11/9/6 – student price
Doors 7PM Show 8PM
Thursday 19th September
Anthony J Brown
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Census Facts
1 Top 10 States of India by Population 2011 Population
2 Top 10 States by Population Growth Rate Population Growth Rate
3 Top 10 Most Densely Populated States of India Density
4 Top 10 States of India by Highest Sex Ratio (Gender Ratio) of Female per 1000 males Sex Ratio
5 Top 10 States having lowest Sex Ratio of India (Low Gender Ratio) Sex Ratio
6 Top 10 States having lowest Population Growth Rate 2011 Population Growth Rate
7 Top 10 Least Populated States of India Population
8 Top 10 Least Densely Populated States of India Density
9 Top 10 Smallest States of India by Total Area Area
10 Top 10 Largest States of India by Total Area Area
11 Top 10 Highest Literate States of India : Ranking Literacy
12 Top 10 Lowest Literate States of India : Ranking Literacy
13 Top 10 States having highest Child Population 2011 Census Population
14 Top 10 States having least Child Population 2011 Census Population
15 Top 10 Least Urban States of India Population
16 Top 10 Urbanized States of India Population
The magnanimous land of India is comprised of 28 states and 7 Union Territories. The state Census 2011 has been conducted on both the states as well as the territories of India. If you are interested on the state census data, here goes a short brief with highlights on all the chief parameters of the society to present the reader with a considerable gist on Census Facts 2011 States.
When it comes to the highest India population 2011 by state, Uttar Pradesh rules albeit Maharashtra hosts both the optimum populous district and city in the country. U.P. is the maximum populated state in India with a population of around 19.96 crores. Maharashtra comes second with a population of 11.23 crores. The least populated state in the country is Sikkim with a population of 607688 and Mizoram is the 2nd least populated state with a value of 10, 91014. In regards to Union Territories, Delhi is the most populous Union Territory in the country with a population of 16,753,235. Lakshadweep has been found with least population in the country with a population figure of 64,429. Delhi NCR shows the highest density/square kilometer of 11297 individuals. Arunachal Pradesh shows the least density/square kilometer of 17 individuals.
If you search census 2011 for the growth percentage in the Indian states, Meghalaya comes up as the Indian state with optimum growth rate of 27.82%. On the other hand, Nagaland shows the least percentage of growth. The growth rate in Nagaland is (-) 0.47%. The Union Territory with highest growth rate is Dadra and Nagar Haveli with a growth percentage of 55.50%. Lakshadweep is the Union Territory with lowest rate of growth which is 6.23%.
According to India's census facts 2011, Kerala comes up as the most literate state in the country with 93.91 percentage of literacy rate. The state of Bihar is the least literate with 63.82% of literacy rate. As regards to Union Territories, Lakshadweep shows the highest literacy rate of 92.28%. The least literate Union Territory in India is Dadra and Nagar Haveli with a literacy rate of 77.65%.
As per the Indian Census 2011, the state of Kerala maintains the optimum sex ratio as always with 1084 women per 1000 men. Haryana displays the least ratio with 877 women per 1000 men. Puducherry shows the optimum sex ratio in the country with 1038 females per 1000 males. Daman & Diu is the Union Territory with least ratio on sex with 618 females on 1000 males.
High Growth Rate
Pop Growth
1 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 55.88 %
2 Daman and Diu 53.76 %
3 Puducherry 28.08 %
4 Meghalaya 27.95 %
5 Arunachal Pradesh 26.03 %
High Literacy States
1 Kerala 94.00 %
2 Lakshadweep 91.85 %
3 Mizoram 91.33 %
4 Goa 88.70 %
5 Tripura 87.22 %
High Population
1 Kerala 1084
2 Puducherry 1037
3 Tamil Nadu 996
4 Andhra Pradesh 993
5 Chhattisgarh 991
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| 0.668348
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CANGAMBLE
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Google Maps Of Race Tracks
Ten Percent (Track Takeout) Is Sufficient: DRF May 13th, 1935
A Pace Advantage member, "Quarter Crack," posted a great link to DRF archives that go way way back in time.
Sure, the nostalgia of looking at past performances and charts that go back to the late 1800's is a great way to kill time, but I immediately to it upon myself to search the term "takeout."
The two earliest articles available are the most telling, and one can trace the demise of horse racing that we see now, to the words that were printed in 1935 and 1953 respectively.
Here is an article, most likely written by a DRF editor from May 13th, 1935:
The California legislature is considering an amendment to its parimutuel betting
law reducing the takeout allowed the tracks from eight per cent to six. A Los Angeles assemblyman introduced it, but the change is being opposed by William P Kyne and John W Marchbank operators of the Bay Meadows and Tanforan tracks, who say
they cannot operate successfully if the reduction is made at this time. The law does
not have to be changed if a track wishes to have a smaller take, and it will not be
surprising if Santa Anita voluntarily makes a reduction for its meeting next winter
When the law is altered, however, the state should cut its percentage, which is now
four. A total of ten per cent is sufficient and if anything is done by the California
legislature it should at least make the tracks take seven, and the states cut three
per cent. The smaller take, the better.
Can you say Holy Cow? California racetracks were getting around 8% of every dollar bet on horses back in 1935. Yes, the tracks had a good gripe against the government trying to get more of a cut back then. But at 10%, it is no wonder that the stands were full, even though America was just getting out of a recession.
Nowadays, many states have reduced their share of the cut from the pie dramatically. Around 12 years ago, Ontario opted to remove their 7% of what they were taking on each bet. Of course, the ORC, now WEG, didn't reduce takeout by that amount. They just scooped it.
Now Woodbine cries that they had to increase the takeout on Tracknet, Magna, and California tracks to 27% on triactors (even though Churchill and Keeneland have a takeout on triactor of 19%). They pay a whopping 1.3% on each bet to the government. Sure, 4% on triactors goes to the breeding program, but they wind up splitting the remaining 22% with the purse accounts.
Can you imagine that back in 1935, they would be splitting 8%? And guess what?, people would be betting like crazy today, like they did back then.
Now for a very prophetic article. This is longer, but definitely worth the read. It happened at what we would call now, a Racing Symposium, originally printed June 11th, 1953:
NARSC Hits Excessive Turf Taxation
...The report of the Committee on State Revenues was of particular interest to the large assemblage of turf solons and representatives of various other organizations within racing, for the spiraling taxation has disturbing implications to those in every phase of racing and bloodstock production.
This report was presented by Michigan's James H. Inglis.
Inglis began by noting that increases in the rate of taxation on parimutuel
wagering are continuing, in spite of warnings from this and other turf bodies that
the patience of the long suffering horse players to an excessive takeout is wearing
thin.
Continuing, he said:
"We have apparently failed to get across to state legislators and other public officials the message that a takeout from parimutuel pools of more than 10 or 11
per cent is not only unfair to the patrons but also is unwise and detrimental to the
long term health of the sport."
The most serious setback came this spring with the decision of Governor Dewey
and the New York legislature to restore the full amount of five per cent O'Dwyer
"bite," boosting the total takeout in New York from the 14 per cent which prevailed
in 1952 to 15 percent. The descending escalator clause in New York, was also abandoned and there can be no relief from the 15 per cent by just waiting for it.
There are undoubtedly good reasons for what happened in New York involving local
politics and a serious financial crisis in New York City but this isn't the place and
there isn't time to analyze these factors here. Yet, it should be emphasized that the decision in New York has had and will continue to have serious effects in other states, because whether we like it or not, many other states look to New York for leadership in legislation of this type.
Legislators Point to New York, Florida
The task of a racing commissioner in Michigan or Ohio to try to hold the line
on horse racing tax rates is made very difficult when the revenue-hungry legislators
can point to the 15 per cent takeout in New York and Florida and a 14 percent takeout in Illinois, all three being important racing states.
Just within recent weeks Michigan, Ohio, and Massachusetts have joined the
parade. The new act in Michigan has not yet been signed but it calls for an increase in the takeout from 11 to 12 per cent for thoroughbred tracks and an increase from 11 to 13 per cent for harness meetings. Ohio has boosted the take out from 10 to 12 per cent and in Massachusetts the increase has been from 12 to 14 percent.
One of the unpleasant facts of life in the world of racing is that often the racing
associations with their well financed full time lobbyists are able to sell their views to legislators more effectively than are racing
commissioners and other friends of the sport. Add to this unpleasant fact another unpleasant fact to wit that too often racing associations for their own selfish gain,
have been willing to use higher parimutuel tax rates as the bait with which to secure
larger track commissions or other legislative gains.
An increase in parimutuel tax rates is usually dished up as part of a legislative
package which includes gains for the racing associations.
Cites Michigan as Example
In Michigan, for example, the tax rate increase has included as part of a bill
which also attempted to unload on the tax payer more than 100000 worth of auditing
veterinary work and chemical testing which had previously been paid for by the
associations. The package also included a provision taking away from the racing
commission the power to control price gouging by race track concessionaires.
The game of playing Santa Claus with other peoples money is not a new one and
I regret to say that some racing associations have played this game in their legislative campaigns. Thus we get back to this familiar and disturbing fact of racing. This is the fact that in the power politics of racing between the horsemen the organized employees. the racing associations, and the financially hard pressed state governments, every element of racing is able to force a larger slice of the pie for himself, except the racing fan, the all important lover and patron of the sport, who in the last analysis, is the man who keeps the show on the road.
The racetrack customers, whom it is our responsibility to look out for, have been
getting a smaller and smaller slice of the pie, but in spite of dire warnings, he has
not yet revolted and stayed home in sufficient numbers to cause the professionals
any serious worry.
The total handle and the total tax revenue to the various states continues to
climb year after year. Since 1946,for example, the total handle has climbed from 1,830,000,000 to 2,326,000,000 last year, and state revenues have climbed from 93,800,000 in 1946 to 14,2500,000 last year.
How Much Will Fans Stand?
"It is hard to say how much longer the
racing fans will continue to allow themselves to be imposed upon.
But it would appear to your committee that there is an urgent need for this organization to find out without too much delay, the answer to the all important question of how much is too much and where and when should the line be drawn to stop
further compromises with expediency which have resulted in haphazard and parimutuel
tax rate increases among the several states.
There have been a number of studies
made of the effect of increased tax rates
on total handle. Unfortunately, none have been made recently and those that have been published in the past have been made by groups that have been seeking to prove
the justification of a position already adopted. In conclusion. your committee wishes to respectfully suggest that there is a crying need for a new and completely independent survey to establish authoritative answers to
these questions.
1 What is the maximum takeout that can be exacted consistent with good racing
good race track management and a continuation of the normal healthy growth of the
sport?
2 Having answered the first question, what is an equitable split of the total takeout
between the state and the racing associations, bearing in mind the possibility of
a graduated tax rate based upon the amount of the handle?
For what it may be worth to the public
lets gather the complete facts.
The gain in handle from 1946 to 1952 wasn't all that much (27% over 7 years), when you take inflation into account. From the end of 1946 to the end of 1952, the CPI rose by just over 24%. And lets not forget, the war was over, and North America was in an optimistic growth mode.
A dollar back in 1950 is worth around $8.50 today. This means that if racing stayed even with inflation since then, total hand would be around $20 billion. Right now it sits around $13 billion, and that includes the heavy increase that happened when internet betting was introduced.
Meanwhile, track takeout has increased to an average of around 21% today, from the 12% average that apparently was there in the early 50's. Where has it got them? Racing can't even keep up with inflation.
As for studies regarding optimal takeout. A very important one was done back in 2004. The Cummings Report does not state what that takeout is, but he concludes that it is a lot less than what is out there today.
It is great to see the acknowledgment by Inglis, that the horseplayer is one who "keeps the show on the road."
Great article at HANA "So Players Don't Care About Takeout, Huh?" Well worth reading, as it crushes the excuse that most bettors don't care or realize what takeout is. Though that might be true, the article clearly points out that most players are affected by takeout whether they care or not.
For the link to the Daily Racing Form Archives, it is available at this Pace Advantage thread.
I never saw this movie until last night: The Two Dollar Bettor
It is from 1951. Shows the dangers of getting hooked on betting horses:) Love the crowd scenes. Brings back memories from the 60's and 70's at Woodbine, Greenwood, and Fort Erie, when the stands were full of enthusiastic bettors.
The big crowds disappeared with lower takeouts.
A couple of notes about the movie. Barbara (Beaver's Mom) Billingsley has a small part as a secretary. And the nerdy "teen" who hangs around the main character's home drooling over one of his daughters is none other than the kid who played Alphalfa in the Little Rascals series, Carl Switzer.
If you like the information found on this blog, and you are a horseplayer, please join HANA, it is free, and it will take you less than two minutes to fill out the form.
Don't forget to check out the new ADW Horseplayersbet.com, if you want to maximize your chances of beating the horses. Unfortunately, Horseplayersbet does not take Canadian customers.
at 12:01 pm 5 comments: Links to this post
Labels: drf archives, HANA, The Two Dollar Bettor, track takeout
$4.4 Million Lottery Win Lands The Lucky Guy In Jail Overnight
Too Funny: Ontario Man Wins A $4.4 Million Lottery Jackpot. He collected his check, posed for the camera, walked out of the OLG offices, and was quickly nabbed by police officers because "he was wanted on a six-year-old warrant for failing to appear, theft under $5,000 and possession of property obtained by crime."
Seems the OLG ratted him out after they did a security check on the winner. They do these checks now whenever they are suspicious, because of all the bad press they received over the fact that a disproportionate amount of big winners were found to be ticket sellers (and ticket checkers, of course).
'According to court documents, Shell was charged in 2003 for allegedly stealing cameras, global positioning systems, memory cards and watches belonging to Kuehne + Nagel, an international transport and logistics company, and for having the items in his possession knowing they were obtained by crime.'
Sports Betting In Delaware: The four major pro sports leagues and the NCAA sued Delaware Friday, seeking to block the state from implementing sports betting.
The lunacy of these sports leagues is mind numbing. Like sports betting doesn't happen already? It is just like prostitution and marijuana as far as I'm concerned, legalize it, and that way the government can make some extra money.
The NFL especially is laughable to pride itself on the say no to legalized gambling on sports in the USA. First off, Vegas already has legalized gambling on the NFL, so the monkey is already out of the cage. Secondly, if betting and Fantasy Football leagues (which is gambling as far as I'm concerned), didn't exist, the NFL might be just as dead as horse racing is now. I love watching the NFL, but if I didn't have a bet going and/or fantasy players to root for, I would rather be watching The Antiques Road Show.
Are Frank Stronach's alleged financial shenanigans finally going to be fully exposed? It looks like a good possibility that his house of cards will be analyzed, and I think it could get ugly.
Town of Fort Erie gets $325,000 from quarter one slots revenue. Last year, the town received just over $1.3 million for the year, so it seems that revenues have at least stabilized at the bottom, unfortunately, but at least this might be the bottom.
And now for something completely different. A harness race on the turf at The Meadowlands:
H/T Bane on Pace Advantage
Rebate Shops Endangers Tournaments by Richard Eng
Seems like those who buy in to play in the big handicapping tournaments have stopped betting through Vegas, and are making their large plays through ADWs that offer rebates.
First off, that is how almost all big players play. And why not? You get an average 7% rebate and you bet a million a year, that is $70,000 in extra money to play with. Also, if the rebates didn't exist, these players would probably betting only $1-200,000 tops, but that is another story.
But Eng is right. The ones who put on these tournaments need to at least break even, and it isn't a terrible request to make it so that monies bet on the tournament go through the hotel. And the method outline by Eng makes perfect sense.
It is a choice for the player to even pay to be in the tournament in the first place, and they can always play from home and forget the tournament and simply just get their rebates on every bet.
Choice is important for the player. As long as it exists, I'm happy.
Speaking of tournaments, in the recent one held in Vegas, a California horseplayer just set a tournament record.
at 10:49 am 4 comments: Links to this post
Labels: Delaware sports betting. OLG lottery, Stronach
Shhhh.....Horseplayers Sometimes Really Do Get Robbed
I got this story from two different sources:
"On June 3, one of the WEG teletheatres in Brampton was robbed. Tellers and 20 patrons relieved of cash. O n July 6, the other WEG location in Brampton was robbed. The teller(s) and 3 patrons relieved of cash."
"The total money illegally stolen was reportedly just under $50,000."
I'm doing this as a public service to patrons who haven't been able to read a thing about it in any Greater Toronto Area newspaper. They should know that there is now a real danger in going to a teletheatre right now.
One can speculate why this hasn't made the newspapers. Woodbine does a lot of newspaper and television advertising, and thus they wield clout when it comes to having bad publicity not make it to the newspapers and television.
By not making this public the first time, the teletheatres were even more at risk to be hit the second time around, especially if the crimes were committed by the same robber(s).
If I was robbed in the second robbery, and knew that there was a cover up on the first robbery on purpose, I might go after those responsible for the cover up, because I may not have gone to a teletheatre until arrests were made on the first robbery.
If there is an armed robbery of a bank, it makes news. Why is that?
Science proves what jockeys know: Posture matters
They (scientists) discovered the jockeys' crouch lets them isolate their bodies from the horse's movement — the horse is moving up and down a lot more than its rider. When the horse's feet hit the ground, its motion temporarily slows until accelerating again with push-off. Through incredible effort that makes the jockey's legs act like a spring, his or her mass stays at a more constant speed. It's basic physics.
"The jockey adds weight but not inertia to the horse," explained research fellow Andrew Spence, a study co-author. The jockeys "say things like, 'You need to go with the flow of the horse.' ... The neat part of the study is we've shown how that happens mechanically."
Still, I contend that horses are capable of running fastest without jockeys and their weight. And I'm also convinced that what we call a good ride, is really a ride where the jockey makes the least mistakes. For proof, over the years I've seen quite a few horses finish ahead of the field after dumping the rider early in the race, even if the horse had very little chance to win the race on paper.
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Unfortunately, Horseplayersbet.com does not take Canadian customers:(
Today's Hot Topic On Pace Advantage: Can Sports Betting on Track and Satellite Save Racing?
Labels: Horseplayersbet.com, jockey science, Teletheatres
Ajax Downs Leaves Door Open For Thoroughbred Racing
Ajax Downs VP of Corporate Affairs Nick Coukos was recently interviewed on Trot Radio. He was asked a variety of questions including many to do with the future of the track.
He stated that the reason they are in the midst of making it a 5 furlong track is because they want to be ready in case they get the opportunity to race standardbreds or thoroughbreds.
Standardbreds? Plenty of standardbred tracks in Ontario. But thoroughbred? Is Ajax Downs getting ready to fill the niche that Ontario horsemen will need if Fort Erie decides to close their doors? That is a strong possibility. Very strong.
With Stronach tracks being auctioned off shortly, the few groups or people interested in owning a track will be able to get in and most likely be able to get a nice discount. This coupled with the fact that Nordic has always over priced Fort Erie, I just don't see anyone willing to pay Nordic's price.
When Stronach tracks do sell, the prices they go for might thrust the price Nordic wants into reality. I said might.
One thing is for sure, I don't see there being any money left for Nordic to get handed to them after this year. And I doubt they will operate if they are indeed losing money. The only way I see Nordic operating Fort Erie next year is if the OLG gives them a better cut on slot revenues, and if that could happen, it most likely would have happened earlier this year.
Back to Ajax. They only do around $15,000 in handle a day, but they aren't exporting their signal yet. Coukos said he expects to do that by the end of this year (which probably means the beginning of next year). He says he feels there is only one chance when it comes to marketing his product outside of live racing, and he wants to make sure he does it when the time is right.
Coukos brags that Ajax is giving away in purses more than what Fort Erie is giving a way in purses each racing day. What I found most interesting is that he said that it only costs around half to train a quarter horse as it does a thoroughbred. Does he mean a thoroughbred at Woodbine where the rates are around $80 a day on average, or half of what the rates are at Fort Erie, which averages around $50 a day.
There is an unconfirmed rumour regarding the additional 500 plus slots that Ajax just received: The horsemen will get zilch from those machines.
The OLG Responds To $3.5 Billion Lawsuit Against Them
'Gambling addicts who keep coming back to casinos and racetracks despite joining a voluntary list of problem gamblers aren't the responsibility of provincial authorities, the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corp. says.'
Again, I just don't see why they offered up the voluntary program then. Didn't they assume responsibility by just having the exclusion program in the first place?
It all depends on how the program form was worded when they first implemented it. I'm sure the OLG changed the wording since the beginning.
And if they aren't responsible, why are they testing out facial recognition technology soon?
Three Strike Program In Australia
A trainer gets a 5 YEAR BAN for milk shaking a horse that wound up finishing fifth. It was his third offense.
Too bad they aren't so tough on cheating trainers in North America.
Harnessdriver.com Chat Board Member Putting A Little Needed Heat On The ORC
"Timebomb" a Windsor Ontario racefan has been on a crusade to get the judges of harness racing in the province to call infractions based on the rulebook. If it is in the rulebook and it is not called (the fines and suspensions are published via the web at Standardbred Canada) he is making sure people know about it.
Link for Harnessdriver.com
ORC Rules That Claims Can Be Ruled Invalid If Positive Results Are Found In A Drug Test
I think that all claimed horses should be tested, and the industry, not the new claiming outfit, should pay for the tests.
Most claimed horses are top performers. They are most likely to be benefiting from performance enhancing drugs.
Why have an added expense tacked on to someone who is willing to take a chance claiming a horse? Integrity should override everything, and these tests should be mandatory, and it is unfair to burden the new owner with this expense.
Not to mention this comment which may hold some truth in light of the fact that there seems to still be "super trainers" who run horses in Ontario:
Greg Parke SAID...
"Mr. Swinhoe (another commenter) don't waste your money. The sport has really cleaned up it's act or the testing is inadequate to find these types of drugs. Same old story, let the buyer beware, you have a 99-1 shot to finding drugs in a horses system with the testing the way it is."
Great Article: Lasix May Help Some Horses, But Is It Worth It?
Bill Finley may doubt if Lasix works at all. A recent study may have put his doubts to bed, as it did show that Lasix does what it is supposed to do: reduces exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in racehorses.
But what else does Lasix do?
Oh come over 95% of horses that run in Canada and the US are on it and in every other jurisdiction in the world, it is not needed?
Is it worth the fact that it masks other drugs, and enhances performance, and makes it so that horses who end up using Lasix to run fast (either through anti-bleeding or drug masking) become possible stud and broodmare prospects, who most probably weaken the breed by passing on inheritable flaws to the next generation of horses?
It Feels Good To Be Quoted In A John Pricci Column
Good follow up article regarding past posting. Pricci notes:
"One interesting aside was that respondents appeared troubled by the “perception” that late-odds drops were the result of past-posting. Sadly, the only inference that can be drawn from that is that horseplayers seem to care more about how false perceptions hurt racing than regulators do."
Another interesting aside is the fact that there are still a handful of tracks that allow cancel delays (which allows tellers to cancel bets after the race has begun):
Turf Paradise, 8 seconds
Les Bois Park, 5
Bay Meadows, 4
Del Mar, 4
Fairplex Park, 4
Golden Gate, 4
Hollywood Park, 4
North California Fairs, 4
Oak Tree, 4
Portland Meadows, 4
Santa Anita, 4
Yavapai Downs, 4
Gulfstream Park, 3
Many scams have come and gone where astute gamblers, in league with a teller or two, could make bets on contenders, and if the horse doesn't get out of the gate in a good manner, or even jump to the lead out of the gate, the teller simply cancels the ticket.
The fact that this could still happen, is enough reason to close betting at zero minutes to post (the second the 1 MTP disappears).
HANA RACE OF THE WEEK: MOUNTAINEER RACE 2 FRIDAY
We've been picking pools that have been difficult to gauge of late, as to how much power this Pool Party idea has. This week we are going for broke.
We really need support on this one. Early in our campaign we did a race from The Mountain, and according to our calculations we estimate we attracted $15,000 in new money. Please bet this race, because we want to blow that number away.
Mountaineer Race 2 Handicapping Info including Past Performances, Thoro-Graph data here.
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Chad Beckon Update
Cory Clark on Facebook happily reports that her husband, jockey Chad Beckon, is heading to Toronto today to start rehab.
Beckon was involved in a horrific accident a month ago in a horse race at Woodbine.
Fun Thread On Pace Advantage: Who Is Your Favorite Female Reporter/Analyst In Racing?
at 8:35 am 4 comments: Links to this post
Labels: Ajax Downs, Fort Erie, HANA, OLG, ORC, past posting
What Do You Think Of The Cangamble Blog
Note to Internet Explorer uses. There is a problem with IE and Blogger right now. If you get an abort message, click OK. You will be sent to a page asking if you want to do diagnostics. Simply click the back button, and the IE issue will most likely be resolved. This is why I use Mozilla Firefox.
Yesterday, at Fort Erie during Prince Of Wales day, I set out to find out:
Thanks to everyone who participated including Cindy Pierson Dulay who runs Horse-Races.net and About.com: Horse Racing, Jocko Lauzon, Peter Gross (Down The Stretch Newspaper), Kevin Attard (the best dressed guy at The Fort yesterday), Daryl Wells Jr., Jim Thibert (who waved at the end), and all the rest. Cub reporter Perry Lefko was also very helpful in the making of the video.
Gallant Wins The Prince Of Wales
The track was absolutely the most speed favoring one of the year and the rail was golden, yet the pace was very slow in the Prince Of Wales.
The fastest early pace horse, on form, in the race, Mr. Foricos Two U decide to rate. Why? Was that Mike Smith's decision or the outfit's decision? Or was the horse just off his game? As I stated in my post handicapping the race, my biggest concern with this horse was his breeding. Porto Foricos horses are not great routers. They are more inclined to be 6-7 furlong horses. This one has shown that he can go around two turns though, but I haven't seen very many do so, especially at Fort Erie. I had him pegged as the lone speed in the race, and the track came up perfect for him. He at least stayed near the rail most of the race, but he had no chance yesterday trying to stalk.
And what is with Eye Of The Leopard deciding not train at least once at Fort Erie? Horrible move. As Elissa Blowe rightfully points out almost daily when doing the handicapping at Fort Erie, horses dropping in from Woodbine many times don't do so well their first time racing at The Fort. By shipping and running The Leopard, it may very well cost him the Triple Crown This Year. That being said, the track totally played against him yesterday, and if the track was playing fair, he might have won regardless of his connection's blunder.
Stewart Elliot on Milwaukee Appeal did the right thing early by grabbing the lead on the inside going into the first turn, but then blew the race by allowing Gallant not only take over the lead but also let Corey Fraser grab the rail. The filly still did run a very game race. She could be the second best 3 year old filly in North America right now, which still means she could be 16 lengths inferior to Rachel Alexandra.
It was a masterful ride on Gallant by Corey Fraser who out rode the rest of the jockeys in the race.
There was tremendous drama during the extra long wait as the judges tried to figure out who won the race. I was 90% sure, Milwaukee Appeal won it after watching the stretch replay 3 or 4 times, though when I watched the race, I was a little past the wire, and it seemed Gallant was in front at that time.
When Peter Kyte finally announced that Gallant had won, there was probably not a happier person on the planet than Niagara Falls native, jockey Corey Fraser.
Great race no matter how you slice it.
Non Seeded Pick 6 Attracts $11,000 In New Money At Woodbine
Since the Pick 6 only usually only got around $1,000-$3,000 in new money prior to Woodbine's Turbo Charge experiment, I can only conclude that many bettors were duped into thinking that Woodbine was still seeding the pools.
The small field sizes offered, coupled with most people knowing the Turbo Charged Pick 6 was no more, resulted in a pathetic $2.1 million in handle at Woodbine yesterday.
Labels: Cangamble, Fort Erie, Gallant, Prince of Wales
Milwaukee Appeal To Win The Prince Of Wales? I Think Yes
Fort Erie Race Track Ready For Their Biggest Day Of The Year
The Prince Of Wales runs tomorrow at The Fort. Although it only has 6 horses, I can see numerous outcomes. It is a tough race. Horses who do well at distances on the Poly don't necessarily have the edge on a dirt track going a distance of ground. I'm still not on the Eye of the Leopard bandwagon, so I'm leaning to the filly, Milwaukee Appeal who figured to bounce a bit in her last race. She does have the best numbers going into this race from two and three starts ago.
The Leopard may in fact bounce too, as Sam Son Farms horses are usually aggressively trained and aren't use to running three tough races in just forty odd days.
Mr. Foricos Two U looks like he'll be able to control the pace, but his sire (as a route sire) turned me off him last time and I'm not about to jump on him here, though he could hang in for third.
I still think Keino West is going to move forward. He was way too far back last time out. If speed comes back, I can see him getting into the second or third.
Selections: 2-6-4
I did pick the exactor last year, so I'm definitely not due tomorrow.
Only 76 horses are racing in 10 races at Woodbine tomorrow barring scratches. Good day to avoid their high takeouts....at least in theory. Even Fort Erie has them beaten out with 78 horses entered tomorrow on Wales Day.
Excellent piece by John Pricci
The article is mostly to do with pool integrity, an issue that HANA is about to be all over soon.
"I argued with the industry official that the majority of players would prefer wagering to be stopped at post time, that even though odds will continue to change late, horseplayers would prefer to know the closing odds before a race starts."
Ajax Downs To Get Another 544 Slot Machines
With Nick Coukos there, Ajax has a perfect chance to grow their betting product. Right now there is an average of around $1500 bet on a race. No real exposure at all. They can change that in a hurry.
Somehow I missed this: OLG To Use Facial Recognition Technology (Biometrics) To Keep Out Problem Gamblers
An experimental test will be conducted in September.
This is of course too late in regards to the large lawsuits against the organization with problem gamblers who signed documents asking the OLG not to let them in.
10,000 people have signed up to be booted off the premises if spotted by OLG staff.
I wonder what percentage these problem gamblers make up of the total revenues generated by places like Woodbine.
If it is big, this could be the catalyst that brings down purses at WEG, and it might motivate the execs to try to really compete on the racing side. They might even get the horsemen to work with them. Horsemen in the USA right are like deer in the headlights. That could easily happen with the Woodbine horsemen. Fort Erie has already experienced that feeling, and unfortunately, that feeling isn't over and done with yet.
Christine Papakyriakou wasn't one of Woodbine's customers. But she will be sentenced next month after being found guilty of stealing $7.4 million from wine company Andrew Peller Ltd.
It seems the gambling bug got to her in a bad way. And instead of accepting responsibility that she is a just a criminal, she is looking at the OLG as being the scapegoat.
'Papakyriakou has launched a $10-million lawsuit against the province, Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort alleging they encouraged her to gamble.'
How many Christine's play slots at Woodbine?
Great News For Ohio Racing
Ohio has approved VLTs to be placed in the 7 Ohio race tracks. Those bible belters sure made it difficult, but many of them will be heading to the track now. Of course, that is what they were scared of in the first place.
It hasn't been determined what percentage of VLT profits the tracks and horsemen will receive yet.
Hopefully for them, it will be 10% for each. There purses are just pitiful now, and nobody has been more patient than Ohio tracks and horsemen.
Really Cool Gadget: Streak Calculator; Determines the probability of losing a streak of wagers over the course of a wager series of specified length.
Down The Stretch on-line has some really informative articles in its newest issue.
Well, there is a now humiliating article on Woodbine's Turbo Charged Pick 6 that was obviously done before Woodbine wisely pulled the plug on this losing money fiasco.
"(Sean) Pinsonneault and CFO Steve Mitchell may have dreamed this one up, but there's some logic behind it and when they ran it by President Nick Eaves and CEO David Willmot, there was almost immediate approval."
Who would Donald Trump fire for this? Probably Willmot. He has the final say I believe. Lucky for Willmot, it is a private company and he is a Teflon CEO.
But it is still nice to say "Willmot, you're fired."
There is an informative article on Ajax Downs
Budding cub reporter Perry Lefko has a more in depth article on the three suitors that Fort Erie has right now.
at 2:48 pm No comments: Links to this post
Labels: Fort Erie, Ohio VLTs, OLG, past posting, pool integrity, Prince of Wales, slots
Woodbine Scraps Turbo Charged Pick 6
Turbo-charged Pick 6 on hold
TORONTO, July 8 - Woodbine Entertainment Group (WEG) is suspending its Turbo-charged Pick 6 wager promotion...for now.
"We're putting the Turbo-charged aspect of the Pick 6 wager on hold, but are considering bringing it back for special events or something more regular later in the season," said Sean Pinsonneault, WEG's Vice-President of Wagering Services.
The Turbo-charged Pick 6, a bet in which horseplayers are asked to select the winners of six consecutive races, was offered over three straight Sundays, beginning on June 21, the day of the 150th edition of the Queen's Plate.
As promotion for the Turbo-charged Pick 6, WEG added $150,000 to the carryover. If the Pick 6 was won, the pool was re-seeded with another $150,000 for the following week.
"We wanted to promote our Pick 6 wager and felt seeding the pool with $150,000 would raise eyebrows, and it sure did," continued Pinsonneault. "It created the buzz we were looking for and encouraged racing fans and horsemen that weren't already familiar with the Woodbine Thoroughbred product to experience our racing with consistently large fields and one of the largest purse structures in North American racing."
The Turbo-charged Pick 6 was paid out on each Sunday the added $150,000 was offered.
On the first afternoon (June 21) of the bet, one fan, from the United States, collected $203,499.40. On June 28, another American hit it for $153,884.20. On July 5, four happy fans, three from Canada and another from the U.S., had the Pick 6 for $46,982.90 each.
"It would have been nice to see it carryover a few days from our perspective but clearly some pretty savvy players were able to walk away with some significant jackpots," said Pinsonneault, "and that's ultimately what we were trying to create. We're happy for those that cashed tickets on the Turbo-charged Pick 6."
A $2 Pick 6 wager will remain on the Woodbine betting menu every Sunday without the seeded carryover beginning July 12 and continue to cover the final six races on the Thoroughbred card.
Woodbine racing is available Wednesdays at 6:45 p.m. and Thursday through Sundays at 1 p.m. until December 6.
Upon hearing that Woodbine dropped their Turbo Charged Pick 6 yesterday, my immediate action was this.
As I stated here in previous posts, the Turbo Charged Pick 6 was a financial disaster. Woodbine was down over $400,000 (they got very little bottom line return on the $450,000 they seeded the three pools with), and their idea of getting a very large carryover was turning into a monumental task, not just because they got unlucky due to horseplayers cashing it every week, but because the $150,000 just didn't attract enough money to substantially build the pool even if it wasn't hit.
Pinsonneault's comments about being happy for the bettor's who cashed couldn't be more disingenuous. Maybe he is getting ready for a career in politics. He didn't need to put that on the press release, he really didn't.
And as for buzz, now more and more people know why bettors avoid Woodbine. Monstrous takeouts on triactors and high takeouts on other exotics.
It isn't that people can't handicap the track. Much to Woodbine's chagrin, bettor's showed that poly or no poly, once some real money is thrown at their Pick 6, it can be cashed.
I wonder if Steve Mitchell (he takes credit for coming up with this Pick 6 venture) is trying to gather up all The Game issues that he can find.
And don't feel sorry for Woodbine or their execs. This was simply a bait and switch gone bad. Woodbine wanted to get people to start playing Woodbine with its ridiculously high takeouts by trying to get them to handicap the Pick 6 first. As for the execs, well as long as they have their lips on the boss's teats, their jobs are pretty secure. If Woodbine Entertainment was a publicly traded company though, almost every exec they have would have been gone a long long time ago, including their fearless leader.
I'll admit, I was wrong, thinking this venture might have been successful, but I thought they would be able to attract much more new money than they did with $150,000 in free money dangling out there. It goes to show me that bettors are avoiding Woodbine more than I even thought. And it isn't a polytrack situation either, just look at how the Pick 6 pots grow in California. But a major reason people follow tracks like Hollywood in the first place, is their track takeouts are fairly low (15.4% on WPS and 20.68% on all other wagers)
Woodbine knows how to run a monopoly. That is pretty much all they know. Problem is that they are no longer a monopoly, and they haven't been for 30 years.
If they want to attract gamblers, they need to hire gamblers to run the place make all the crucial decisions regarding betting.
A gambler may have told the guy who writes the condition book to put on a few bottom maiden claimers on Sunday. Those races wind up with big fields, and lots of chaos. Last night, there would hardly have been a ticket using the fifth winner.
The first thing they have to do is to get their takeouts down to levels that appeal to all bettors. But they will never go that route under current management.
If not for slots, current management at WEG would be hard up to find a job in the real world. Maybe, just maybe, they could get a job selling cold lemonade in the desert. That way they might be able to get away with charging the public ludicrous prices for their product.
It Is Good To Be King......haven
Ontario horse people are still mumbling in a negative manner over the fact that last Saturday, Woodbine carded a claiming race with only five betting interests (it was a 6 horse race, but two of the horses were owned by the same outfit, and thus an entry for betting purposes).
No one is shocked though, because one of the entrants was owned by Woodbine's top vizuzu, David Willmot's Kinghaven Farms.
Willmot's horse, aptly named, Forcefully, won the race by a schnoz in an exciting finish.
It isn't uncommon for a five betting interest allowance race or non claiming maiden race to be carded when Woodbine is short on entries, but my (not so entirely great) memory doesn't recall a five betting interest claiming race ever get carded.
You can go through the entry sheets for years, and not find that kind of thing happen. And it probably won't happen again for years....unless there is a Kinghaven horse entered perhaps.
Nick Coukos Sighting
Good to see that Nick Coukos is still in the industry. He has landed the job of VP of Corporate Affairs at Ajax Downs. Good move by Ajax. Nick is a gambler, and thus understands the needs and psyche of the gambler. Not a good fit for Woodbine, but a good fit for any racing organization looking to achieve real success in the future.
Prince Of Wales Goes This Sunday: Fort Erie's Biggest Day Of The Year
It almost looked like the race was destined to be run at Woodbine this year.
This could be the last Prince of Wales at Fort Erie, as the track is still on death's door. Lets hope not. It is a beautiful track.
I may show up with my camera for the event. I may even wear my bulls-eye shirt in case a Woodbine exec wants to take a shot at me:)
Really Good Article by Jay Cronley: Smart On Smart
Cronley points out that the dummies have stopped betting on horses for slots and lotteries, and now mostly what is left is smart handicappers who are betting against smart handicappers......at the same takeout that existed before the Dummy Exodus.
Even smart handicappers are leaving though. Betting was down 17% in June. So now it really is a game that pits smart handicappers versus really smart handicapper/bettors....at an average takeout rate of 20%.
If parimutuel betting on horse racing was invented tomorrow, the inventors would look around at the competition out there first, and there is no way that any bet would have a takeout of more than 12% absolutely tops.
Big Buzz Created By Paulick On Kirk Ziadie's Drug Suspension Record
There isn't anyone out there saying anything positive about Ziadie and the current state of the game in regard to drug policies.
How is Ziadie still training? His drug violation record should get him a spot on America's Most Wanted.
The betting public is sick of the wrist slaps racing jurisdictions hand out to trainers these days.
From track execs to horsemen to those who police the industry, racing is by far the most dysfunctional industry on this planet.
at 8:17 am 1 comment: Links to this post
Labels: Coukos, Kirk Ziadie, Pick 6, track takeout, Woodbine
If It Aint Broke D....Well Horse Racing Is Broke...Now What?
Horse racing handle was down a staggering 16.9% in June in the USA
Sure, those who have jobs as racing execs, but shouldn't, will blame the economy. Meanwhile, it hard to blame the economy when "Month to month, comparing only the Pennsylvania casinos that were open a year ago, revenues were up more than seven percent in June of this year over June of 2008."
It is also hard to ignore the fact that when the economy was peaking, handle was dropping, albeit to a much lesser degree than what we've seen the past month, but dropping nonetheless. It has been stagnant to dropping for 7 years now.
Oh wait, there were less race dates. But there was only a 2% reduction in dates, so that isn't a real good argument.
The thing that might, and I say might, make the industry notice is that purses were down 6% in June. Yes, change is needed, and when the pocket books are hurt, change actually may happen.
I wrote a piece back in November: Will The Recession Wake Up The Racing Industry?
Personally, I think racing is starting to wake up, but it is still too dysfunctional to react in a positive manner.
Read more at The Paulick Report and at Pace Advantage.
It is great to read more and more articles, blog posts and forum comments on track takeout being the number one problem that horse racing has right now. I think blogs like this, and the awareness that HANA has spread in the past year has helped educate the public immensely.
HANA has written a piece on Cary Fotias' views on takeout.
Apparently Potential Investors For Fort Erie Race Track Do Exist
“We have three interested parties at the moment, now we are just looking to find the right fit,” said Thibert.
The first option, according to (Jim) Thibert, is an Ontario-based land development company that has owned a racetrack in the past. They are exploring full ownership or partnering with the not-for-profit group.
The second potential investor is very interested and in the entertainment business. It apparently already owns a few racetracks in the United States and are experienced in that area.
The third company is also Canadian based and is part of an international consortia that has a lot of experience in the gaming business.
Regardless of which company they go with, Thibert says they’ll be pushing for a five-year deal.
The thing is that when it comes to these potential investors, price is always an issue. The $35 million Thibert and Nordic Gaming came up with was a complete joke.
It doesn't help future negotiations either.
Nordic has a history of wanting waaaaaaaaaaaay too much for the track. Until that changes, the chances the track sells are next to nothing.
Seriously, how much is a track worth that supposedly loses money even with slots? From a business standpoint? Nothing. How much is the land worth with a losing business? That is a tough one. Knowing what I know about Fort Erie and the real estate market there, I'm thinking no more than $10 million tops.
Woodbine Gets Hit Again: Turbo Charged Pick 6 Gets Scooped Up Once More
If it wasn't for Woodbine's treatment of their customers (ramping up many triactor bets from other jurisdictions to a 25-27% takeout, while making it almost impossible for Canadians to bet through American ADWs where they could get half decent rebates, or at the very least, get the actual prices that many triactors pay), I'd actually feel sorry for them.
They were able to attract just over $80,000 in new money as more players are starting to realize that there is value in the bet. But overall handle for the day wasn't all that good at $2.6 million, as horseplayers continue to avoid Woodbine's higher end takeout scheme (27% takeout on triactors, for example).
If my math is right, so far Woodbine Entertainment has put in $450,000 and they've received around $29,000 in takeout proceeds (after horsemen were paid, and assuming that 50% of the money is generated from those who pay Woodbine a signal fee). I wonder if the execs are going to have to take pay cuts if this continues:)
It appears there were five winners yesterday. I wonder if any of them got some help from Horseplayersbet.com, who missed the first leg (it was a favorite though), but mentioned the next five winners, including 3 first choice winners (including the last race winner at 8-1).
I had five of six again this week. This time spending $120. I only had it once this time and got back $176.
Short Fields: Which Tracks Are Most Guilty Of Running Races With Five Starters Or Less
Rook, a fellow Canuckian who posts on Pace Advantage, posted the percentage of races that have 5 horses or less per track:
GG17.4% MTH13.2% ARP12.5% BEL12.5% LRL11.2% HST10.9% RD10.4%HOL10.2% HAW10.0% NP9.9% DEL9.0% BEU8.8% PIM8.8% PHA7.7% AQU7.7%PRM7.4% ASD7.3% EMD7.3% PID7.0% CNL7.0% CD6.3% KEE6.3% CBY6.1% CRC6.1% SA6.1% PM5.6% TP5.2% AP5.1% FL3.8% TUP3.7% RUI3.6% FP3.5%GP3.1% FG2.9% IND2.6% FE2.5% CT2.3% WO2.3% PEN2.2% OP2.0% LS2.0%LA1.9% MNR1.5% SRP1.2% SUN0.9% SUF0.9% DED0.8% LAD0.8% TDN0.8%YAV0.8% FON0.6% EVD0.6% WRD0.6% RET0.4% TAM0.4%
Labels: Fort Erie, Handle, Pick 6, Woodbine
Woodbine Down Lots On Turbo Charged Pick 6 So Far
I know it has only been going for two weeks, but early indications and analysis makes it look like the Turbo Charged Pick 6 will wind up to be a financial disaster for Woodbine Entertainment. They've been unlucky so far, as one jackpot winner emerged in both weeks. And this of course prevents the pool from getting gigantic and growing exponentially. But after last week, it looks like big pool growth will take quite a few weeks, much longer than first anticipated.
Woodbine put in $150,000 into the Pick 6 pool on Queen's Plate Day (June 21st) added to a small carryover of around $3,000 that was already there. Woodbine pools are at least double that specific day compared to other Sundays, so the fact that $140,771 in new money was wagered on the Pick 6 represented a bit of an anomaly.
Though I am not privy to the breakdown, but lets assume that 50% is bet in their home market through HPI, their home market tracks, and teletheatres, and 50% through US tracks, US ADWs, and Canadian non HPI home markets.
When you factor in the US exchange, probably another $8-10,000 can be added to the pool total. So let says the total new money was $150,000 Canadian.
The new $150,000 is broken down as follows: 75% goes into the pool (because of the 25% track takeout), so that means that the new money added $78,000 (70% of $112,500) to the $153,000 carryover, and this now represented a jackpot of approx. $231,000 Canadian to be distributed to those hitting 6 of 6, leaving another $34,000 to be distributed to those hitting 5 of 6. The Pick 6 was hit by one person and it paid $203,499.40. This means the winner was an American and paid in US funds.
But lets look at Woodbine's bottom line: They put in $150,000. The total takeout was around $38,000. About $19,000 was generated on their own platform, but they only get around a third of the other $19,000 (their estimated signal fee). Because they split the takeout and signal fee with the horsemen, that means Woodbine generated back a mere $12,000 (if my math is right) for the track.
Had the Pick 6 not be hit the first week, the $231,000 would have carried over. How much is a gambler more attracted to $231,000 over $150,000? Good question. I don't think it is that much. That makes what happened the second week very disillusioning, I assume, to Woodbine management.
They had to put in another $150,000. This time, it was just a regular Sunday and the bet only attracted $51,388 in new money (let say $56,000 Canadian when factoring US exchange). This time the total takeout generated was only $14,000, and after taking into account their net after non home market share and horseman share, the track only netted around $5-6,000. So after two weeks, Woodbine Entertainment put in $300,000 only to get back $18,000.
To make matters worse for Woodbine, one lucky American in Californian hit the Pick 6, forcing Woodbine to put in another $150,000 this week. But the dim reality is that even if it wasn't hit, the pool would only be sitting at around $172,000 instead of $150,000 that will be initially available this coming Sunday.
One argument is that the Pick 6 will cause players, who weren't looking at Woodbine before, to start handicapping it now and betting other races, but it really didn't show on Sunday as only $2.4 million was wagered on the whole card, which again is pretty close to average for a Sunday at Woodbine.
Before feeling sorry for Woodbine, lets remember that Woodbine is not doing this for the customer, they are doing it for themselves. This is the same Woodbine that recently ramped up the takeout on Tracknet, Magna, and California triactors. The same Woodbine that now gives its HPI customers $730 for a triactor that pays $810 at Churchill Downs.
Question arise. Are bettors avoiding the Polytrack? Or are the bigger bettors staying away from Woodbine's high takeouts (even though they just reduced their takeout on triactors, the new 27% charge still ranks 6th highest in North America). It most likely is a combination of the two, but takeouts definitely need to go lower in order for more players to become interested in Woodbine. That or Woodbine needs to give bigger rebates to their customers, find ways to rebate those who use HPI in non home market areas, and also make their signal available to all rebate shops.
Woodbine did have a very good Canada Day handle yesterday (over $3 million). They raced during the day. Normally on a Wednesday night, they usually have handles of around $1.3 million to $1.7 million (they usually just run 8 races).
Maybe Woodbine should consider racing Wednesday during the day. There isn't a lot of competition as California is now dark on Wednesdays. In fact, Woodbine should maybe think about running Mondays and Tuesdays instead of the Thursdays and Fridays to avoid competition. Today (Thursday), they will be lucky to do $1.4 million in handle.
On a personal note, I had a cheap thrill on Sunday. I bet $24 on the Pick 6. I used 2 horses by 3 horses (left out the 3-5 shot who ran up the track) by 1 horse by 1 horse by 1 horse by 2 horses.
I hit the first five legs. But I didn't have the chalk in the last leg, and the chalk romped. The good thing is that I didn't finish second or third in the last race either, and what would have been worse would have been second beaten a neck or less. I did receive over $300, having 5 of 6 twice, but it would have been real nice taking home over $170,000 Canadian, if one my horses would have taken the last race.
I though for sure that more people would have hit the Pick 6. The last four legs were chalk, and the first winner was only 5-1 (though the race was admittedly tough). The second leg must have knocked out the masses, and to me, the favorite, Retraceable, was at least 3 lengths inferior to my three top selections.
The logical horses won the 3rd through 5th legs, but the fields were excellent in size. I used singles in those races and had the natural Pick 3.
I tried to beat the favorite in the last (one of my live horses finished behind her in her last race), and it cost me $80,000. But I'm good at turning the page.
The bettor who did hit the Pick 6 spent $576, more than 1% that was put into the pool as new money.
One more thing. Note to Jeff Bratt: Don't say things like "lets hope no one wins it this week so that the pool will grow." I know you work for Woodbine, but you were talking to those who bet the Pick 6 on the day you said it. Basically you were telling Woodbine's customers that you hope they rip their tickets up.
HANA IN THE NEWS
Professional handicapper Cary Fotias has written a bang on article called If Tracks Had Access
"thoroughbred racing will not prosper until takeout rates are significantly reduced."
Where did I hear that before?:)
He goes on to make a very good comparison between the Old Boys network that used to control the stock market to the Old Boys network that still keeps horse racing behind the times.
He also echoes my concerns about the negative perception customers have regarding past posting, and offers the same solution I do: Cut off betting 1 minute to post.
I'll disagree with him regarding liquidity, because if takeouts are reduced significantly, liquidity will never be an issue again.
And finally, he mentions HANA in a big way:
If we horseplayers have enough passion to make our voices heard, we CAN make a difference. That’s why I encourage all if you to join the Horseplayers Association of North America (HANA) if you haven’t already. There is a link to the HANA homepage on the Equiform web site. I am on the HANA advisory board as I feel HANA has no other agenda except to improve our collective well being. I think the HANA “buycott” or “pool party” is a great way to enhance our bargaining power. Check it out - I think the only way we will be heard is to employ strategies that impact the tracks’ bottom lines.
HANA also was mentioned in a Yavapai press release:
(Yavapai) Downs Names Boomer Racing Director
As a horseplayer, (Greg "Boomer") Wry brings a unique perspective while also serving as racing director. A handicapper tied closely to the racing community, he is a member of the Horseplayers Association of North America (HANA), whose 1,100 members put $41 million through betting windows last year.
Making a horseplayer a racing director? Now that is what I call progress in a big way. I remember the old Ontario Jockey Club used to frown up their employees even making bets. They looked upon any bettor as being a degenerate, and unfortunately WEG is being run by someone who grew up with that attitude.
Incidentally, HANA is approaching 1250 members fast and we expect good growth this weekend as Hollywood Park is going the extra mile to promote us. By the way, our next Pool Party will be Hollywood Park's American Oaks on SUNDAY (race 8). *****FREE HANDICAPPING INFORMATION INCLUDING PAST PERFORMANCES CLICK HERE
To join HANA click here, it is free and it will take just a minute. The more members we have, the more clout we have.
Next week, we are moving to a smaller venue for the Pool Party. Woodbine was mentioned as a possibility, but we are too worried that we would lose too many members if we went with them:)
at 10:09 am 1 comment: Links to this post
Labels: HANA, Pick 6, Woodbine
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HOMEABOUTMERCHVIDEOTOURGALLERYMISCCONTACTSTUDIO HOMEABOUTMERCHVIDEOTOURGALLERYMISCCONTACTSTUDIO
Chris Golden
2019 ICMA Entertainer of the Year
2018 AGM Country Gospel Artist of the Year / 2018 ICGMA Male Vocalist of the Year
#1 Songs Less of Me, A Different Light- CASHBOX Magazine, 4 TOP 5 Songs
17 year member of The Oak Ridge Boys Band, stints with Alabama & Restless Heart
Appearances at The Grand Ole Opry House, Ryman Auditoium, Dollywood, TBN's Huckabee, Larry's Country Diner, & more
Featured in latest Hallels Magazine! Read HERE
( FULL BIO )
For Booking Inquiries:
chrisgoldenmusic@gmail.com
"...it was more than a concert, it was a worship experience!" Pastor Ed Robinson, Oak Grove Baptist
'He doesn't preach, but you get the Message'' Rev. Jay Jackson, Nashville, TN
"For some people making music comes as naturally as breathing, Chris Golden is one of those gifted souls"
Deborah Evans Price, Billboard Magazine
"Music that is sturdy, sure-footed, and built for the long haul" Tom Roland, Nashville journalist
"Your program was professional, uplifting, and very spritual. Our members are still talking about how your
music blessed us all. Shiloh is looking forward to your return". Pastor Matthew Rucker, Shiloh UMC
'It is refreshing when artists have a clear understanding of where their gifts come from'' Mike Holmes, The Farm
More Music Available . Click Here
The highly anticipated new Grateful album is HERE . You can now download it wherever digital music is sold; iTunes , CDBaby , Amazon.com, ect. For autographed CDs please send $20 to: Chris Golden Music, PO BOX 1147, Hendersonville, TN 37077. Shipping and handling is included.
TO PREVIEW
'In the midst of all the craziness in the world, Chris Golden's new song Grateful reminds us of a gentler time and the truly important things in life. Chris has never sounded better and his warm, evocative voice wrings every ounce of emotion out of the tender lyric. The video, shot at his family's Alabama farm is amazing too! Check it out!' Deborah Evans Price Award winning Nashville journalist
Official Music Video
The first single off the new album went to the top of three different Christian Country charts, and the Official Music Video took home the "Video Of The Year" award at the Inspirational Country Music Awards held at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, TN April 4, 2019. It was filmed on location at the Golden family farm in Dixonville, AL. Watch it here!
The Huckabee Show
'THANK YOU LORD FOR THIS DAY'
Filmed before a live television audience in Hendersonville, TN, this performance originally aired June 29, 2018 on TBN.
Watch more videos HERE
LESS OF ME album review - Nashville, TN - January, 2017
Whether you’re watching Chris Golden perform on stage or chatting with him off stage, it’s obvious he has a passion for sharing the gospel and encouraging people. Golden is a gifted communicator and nowhere is that more evident than his latest album “Less of Me". He lends his warm, evocative voice to such classic tunes as “Life’s Railway to Heaven” and “Leaning On The Everlasting Arms”, infusing timeless songs of faith with a fresh sense of commitment and enthusiasm. The highlights on this collection are numerous including the Glen Campbell-penned title track and his take on the Oak Ridge Boys hit “Thank God for Kids”, which he delivers with his father, The Oaks’ William Lee Golden. “What Salvation’s Done for Me,” co-written by his brother Rusty, is a compelling number with an uplifting message. It’s a powerful collection of songs, and a must have record for anyone who loves country gospel music delivered with authority and heart.
Deborah Evans Price,
Nashville correspondent for Billboard
New Music Video Coming Soon!
Filmed on location at the Golden family farm on the Alabama / Florida State line, a new the new single 'Grateful.'
Featured in 'Power Source' Magazine. Read the Full Article
Co Hosting 'Nashville Today' on WSM Radio
I have Co-Hosted with Devon O'Day 5 times this year on The Legend, 650AM WSM Radio, home of the Grand Ole Opry. Watch a segment here
Golden Claims First #1 Song!
One America Appeal
I had the honor of playing drums for all six living Presidents with the group ALABAMA in 2017. Here is a video from College Station, Texas Hurricane Relief Benefit.
'Good Morning Syracuse'
Watch the Interview Here
A GOLDEN MOMENT at the RYMAN AUDITORIUM
At a recent appearance with Restless Heart at the CHRISTMAS 4 KIDS concert at the historic Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, the band asked me to come down front and sing a song. Since it was a song made famous by my father, halfway through I asked him to come join us. It was a special surprize for the sold out crowd. I also joined Marshall Tucker Band for the finale along with Restless Heart, Shenandoah and Craig Wayne Boyd.
Nashville, TN - December 2105
Sold Out Crowd at The Ryman Together Again! A Golden Moment indeed! Rockin' the tambo on 'Can't You See' with MTB
ICM Awards
Nashville, TN - October 27, 2016 /
LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION ! Trinity Music City rolled out the red carpet for the 2016 Inspirational Country Music Awards. Hosted by Collin Raye and Megan Alexander, I was excited to perform before a full crowd of fans and industry folks alike. Broadcast dates and times TBA . Stay tuned! .
ICGMA 2016 'Crossover Artist of the Year'
West Plains, MO - August 5, 2016
I was proud and honored to receive the 2016 'Crossover Artist of the Year award at the 60th Annual International Country Gospel Music Association Awards Show at the Civic Auditorium in West Plains, MO. I also performed a couple of songs and got to visit with many friends from the genre.
LIVE & UNPLUGGED @Dugger Mountain Music Hall
I was priviledged to make a trip to Duggar Mountain in the beautiful hills of NE Alabama to film a Alabama PBS television special which will also be seen on Blue Highway TV, Heartland Network, and in Great Britain and Ireland. You can watch the whole episode below. This is the outreach of a ministry called 'Our Father's Arms' which helps men, women , and children. To learn more about this great ministry and Bob McCleod please take a look at this short video: OUR FATHER'S ARMS
SHOEBOX VIDEO
A true labor of love, I opened my own shoebox full of memories to put together this sentimental walk down memory lane. Shoebox video was filmed at the Historic Palace Theater in Gallatin, TN and features family photos and home movies from the Golden vault. It aired coast to coast on ZUUS Country Network and was named 'Breakout Artist' being featured in the TOP 20 Countdown. It can now be seen on The Heartland Network, Blue Highway TV and more. Check your local listings.
"Sunday Shoes"
"Album Of The Month" - Power Source Magazine
"I LOVE this CD ! - Bill Gaither
"Music that is sure-footed, sturdy, and built for the long haul. A perfect journey in his Sunday Shoes" - Tom Roland
"For a select few individuals making music comes as naturally as breathing. Golden is one of those gifted souls". - Billboard
"A skilled multi-instrumentalist with a voice like warm honey, Golden's passion for music shines on every track" - Deborah Evans Price
Working with my children has been the highlight of this new chapter of my life. They do not always get to travel with me, but when they share the stage, it is magical. All three are extrememly talented and have music and CDs of their own available.
I am so very proud of the work we did together on Elizabeth's debut album. God had his hand on it from the beginning. What started out as a little homemade gift of music for the grandparents turned into having her video played nationwide. With a borrowed camera we went to the farm down the road from our house to shoot a photo for the album cover. When the skies turned such beautiful colors we grabbed a boom box and started shooting video. God provided a most amazing lightning show behind us as we filmed. We took the footage to a then college student Nick Eagles who helped edit the video. Within a week it was airing on ZUUS Country Network as their 'Breakout Artist' and was featured in the TOP 20 Countdown. You can find out more about Elizabeth at www.elizabethgolden.net
Elijah Golden - "I Wont Last A Day Without You"
My son Elijah has recorded a mini-EP which is also now available.
Copyright © Chris Golden Music 2017. All rights reserved.
PO Box 1147, Hendersonville, TN 37077 / tel: 615-479-6101 / email: chrisgoldenmusic@gmail.com
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Best Car Amps
The 7 Best Car Amps
Best 4-Channel Amps
Rockville Amp Review
Hertz Amplifier Review
Planet Audio Amp Review
Skar Audio Amp Review
DS18 Amplifier Review
Zapco Amp Review
Autotek Amp Review
Kenwood Amp Review
Alpine Amp Review
Rockford R300X4 Amp Review
DS18 GEN
Rockville RXH-F5
Our Overall Rating:
User Reviews 83.5% 91.2% 98.9%
Number of output channels 4 5 5
Peak power 2400 W 1500 W 3200 W
Weight 11 lbs 7.9 lbs 10 lbs
SEE ON AMAZON SEE ON AMAZON SEE ON AMAZON
The technology used to create audio amplifiers has gone through changes and advancements. Rockville, the renowned manufacturers of audio devices and systems, has all along taken up the responsibility of keeping consumers up to speed with the growing technology. Rockville brings to the market car audio systems and devices that are not only high quality and sleekly designed but also at incredibly unbeatable prices. This is one of the reasons the company created the Rockville RXH-F5 car stereo amp. In this Rockville amp review, we are going to look into the features, pros and cons of the Rockville RXH-F5 5 Channel Amplifier car stereo amp and come up with our final verdict on the worthiness of this product.
Rockville Amp Review’s Product Description
The Rockville RXH-F5 car stereo amp weighs 10 pounds and measures 4 x 20 x 10.5 inches. Like every other Rockville professional gear, this product is conceived and developed in the United States. It comes with a CEA certificate of compliant power ratings of 4 Ohms: 550 Watts (4 x 50 Watts + 1 x 350) at 4 ohms and 1% THD+N 2 Ohms: 800 Watts (4 x 75 Watts + 1 x 500) at 2 ohms and 1% THD+N. The RMS power ratings of this product are 4 Ohms: 1100 Watts (4 x 100 watts + 1 x 700 Watts) and 2 Ohms: 1600 Watts (4 x 150 watts + 1 x 1,000 Watts). It has five channels where channel 1 through 4 are class A/B and channel 5 is mono class “D”. It costs $299.99 and comes with a 4-year warranty.
You will have to admit that the Rockville RXH-F5 is quite affordable. Given its key features, this product is arguably the most affordable in its class of car stereo amps. According to one Rockville amp review, it’s hard to find a five-channel car stereo amp that flashes a below-$300 price tag and still delivers the same way the Rockville RXH-F5 does. For this reason, we can actually say that in terms of pricing, this product carries the day. The only extra expense that one is likely to incur, although it’s not mandatory, is the cost of the Soundquest SQK4ANL CCA 4 Gauge Wiring Kit. Although these two are frequently bought together, the wiring kit is not that important because the Rockville RXH-F5 comes with its cables and connectors as part of the package. The other advantage of the Rockville RXH-F5 is the fact that it delivers stable tons of power for a long time.
According to one Rockville amp review, this product actually drives some nice speakers even at medium volume levels. As a matter of fact, you cannot turn the volume all the way up because it will be too loud. This is because of the high and stable power that this amplifier drives to the speakers and subwoofers. Another Rockville amp review applauds the Rockville RXH-F5’s ease of use. Not only does it sound good but it is also incredibly easy to tune. The extended warranty is a plus for the Rockville RXH-F5 as it allows users to push the product’s limits.
The Rockville RXH-F5 is easy to install if you know what you are doing. For a standard car installation, the product manual is pretty self-explanatory and easy to follow through. The channels distribute the power to different peripherals (subwoofers and speakers). Also, given the ease of tuning, this product guarantees you the best sound ever. According to one Rockville amp review, the Rockville RXH-F5 sounds amazing and does not produce crazy loud noise. With the right connection of speakers and subs, this product brings out the complexity of the music you listen to. It also guarantees high levels of satisfaction by ensuring that your car system sounds very clean and crisp.
The major downside of the Rockville RXH-F5 is the overheating problem. One Rockville amp review actually claims that the heat produced after setting up the wiring is enough to cook an egg. The amp overheats even when everything about the wiring is okay. This is basically because of the high power that the amp delivers to the speakers and subwoofers when connected. When this amp gets very hot, it creates a disgusting discomfort in the car, which kind of ruins the comfort. Also, when the amp overloads it literally goes into error mode and won’t turn back on until power is removed and reapplied, which does not make any sense.
Rockville Amp Review – Conclusion
The Rockville RXH-F5 is definitely a great deal if you are looking for a car stereo amp that fits the budget. It has high-quality features that make it stand out among other five-channel car stereo amps. The sleek design and the solid build both give this product the superiority of market dominance. Except for the overheating downside, the Rockville car stereo amp actually fits the bill for an excellent audio gear.
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© CompareCarAmps.com 2020
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Gino and The Magic Morning Show
Celebrity Scoop
BIG GAME GAME DAY SUPER GIVE AWAY!
FYPO PET BIRTHDAY CLUB
SEA DOG TO THE RESCUE
American Top 40
Baka Boyz All Star Hit Mix
Sunday Nite Slow Jams
Celebrity Scoop – 08/30/2019
by Gino on August 30, 2019
in Celebrity Scoop
BILLIE EILISH CALLS OUT ‘NYLON’ FOR BALD COVER STORY – (08/30/2019)
Please note the following story contains language that could be considered offensive.
Billie Eilish is calling out Nylon Germany.
The 17-year-old singer commented on the latest issue of the magazine, which was published to Instagram on Thursday and features a bald 3D artwork version of the star.
Billie commented on the post:
“what the f*ck is this sh*t.
i was never approached by nylon about this piece whatsoever. i did not know it was happening nor did anyone on my team.
this is not even a real picture of me. i had absolutely no creative input.
youre gonna make a picture of me shirtless?? thats not real?? at 17? and make it the cover???? even if the picture was supposed to look like some robot version of me… i did not consent in any way.
ANNNDDD YOU’RE GONNA REMOVE ALL MY F*CKIN HAIR?
booooooooooo to you🖕🏻.”
The magazine has since updated the post with a statement: “For this cover, it was never our intention to create a look that is confusing or insulting to Billie Eilish. It was only ever our intention to honor Billie’s impact and her work by creating this avatar which is part of a cover series highlighting the power of digital prodigy artists. This avatar is a piece of 3D artwork created in dedication to her achievements and the positive effect she has had on millions around the globe – including us.”
The edition of Nylon is focused on three “Digital Prodigies” who are “redefining the future of being a Teen Superstar.”
Full Story: Teen Vogue
SHAWN MENDES LAUNCHES THE SHAWN MENDES FOUNDATION – (08/30/2019)
Shawn Mendes has launched The Shawn Mendes Foundation, designed to inspire his fans to advocate for issues important to them and work to bring about positive change in the world.
Shawn says he wants to “make the voices of our generation heard” through the Foundation, which will support a variety of different youth-focused causes in the fields of healthcare, mental health and wellness, human rights, education, anti-bullying and sustainability.
The Foundation’s first two campaigns will benefit SickKids, based in Shawn’s hometown of Toronto, and REVERB. The latter helps artists reduce their environmental footprint and encourages music fans to take action to save the environment. The former is a leading pediatric healthcare institution.
When Shawn plays Rogers Center stadium in Toronto next month, a dollar from each ticket sold, as well as proceeds from Shawn’s partnerships with the Canadian brands Roots and Tim Horton’s, will go to the SickKids Charitable Giving Fund.
In a statement, Shawn said he’s “excited” to launch the foundation, noting, “For a long time, I’ve wanted to find a way to amplify the causes that my fans and I care deeply about, and to help make the voices of our generation heard.”
He adds, “My goal…is to work alongside my fans, and do everything I can to help provide them with a platform that inspires positive change, and empowers young change-makers.”
Shawn is also asking his fans and donors to help him decide which issues to address with future campaigns.
The Foundation will continue to work with charities that Shawn’s supported in the past, including Pencils of Promise, WE Day and March for Our Lives.
For information about The Shawn Mendes Foundation, including how to donate and a full list of past and current charity partners, check out ShawnMendesFoundation.org.
Full Story: Billboard
SHIRTLESS SHAWN MENDES EATING AN AVOCADO MAKES INTERNET THIRSTY – (08/30/2019)
Shawn Mendes posted a shirtless photo of himself eating an avocado to Instagram and celebrities from John Mayer to Mike Posner wasted no time in sharing their thoughts on the 21-year-old singer’s sexy snap.
“Avocad-oh u just gonna post sh*t like this and expect my wife not to leave me!” rapper Hoodie Allen wrote in the comments.
“Um…I’m here for the avocado,” Jesse Tyler Ferguson commented, while Emily Osment added a short “hi.”
“If you’re happy I’m happy,” Mayer wrote.
Other celebrities focused on Mendes’ choice of snack. “Suddenly I love avocados,” makeup artist Manny Gutierrez commented, and YouTuber James Charles added, “Wow a man with taste.”
“Avo straight?! W/e come on gains!!!!” model Winnie Harlow wrote.
OneRepublic’s Ryan Tedder commented, “Remember when I trained u to get those abs? Working?”
The ab-tastic pic has over six million likes.
Full Story: Hollywood Life
KERRY WASHINGTON PUBLISHES NUMBER IN BID TO CONNECT WITH (AND MARKET TO) FANS – (08/30/2019)
Kerry Washington is initiating a new way to keep in touch with her fans. While many celebs (Chrissy Teigen, Kim Kardashian) are known and loved for engaging with their fans on social media, few have waded out among the sweaty hordes and given fans carte blanche access to their person. And yes, as one might suspect, there’s also a catch.
Scandal star Washington took the bold step on Thursday of sharing her number, explaining in her message that she missed her fans: “Hi, you guys, so you know how private I am but I am going to do something crazy. I am going to give you my phone number, which I know sounds insane. You know, I posted about this last week. I’ve been missing that TGIT love. We used to come together every Thursday night at the same time and the same place. I would know where you were and you would know where I was and we would talk about stuff that really mattered to us and kind of be in a community together and I want to bring some of that back because I miss you guys.”
She added that social media is “amazing” it can sometimes be hard to “sift through and really connect with the people who matter to you most.”
“So, I’m giving you my number it’s 718-400-7118, shout-out to the boogie down Bronx, and I really want you to text me,” she told her social media followers. “I want you to ask me questions, I’m going to send links like special sneak peaks.”
“You guys are going to be the people I am closest to in terms of trading information, so text me,” Washington concluded her video. “Really, really text me.”
While some fans responded that they were excited to cement their “BFF” status, others smelled a rat. “Well, I just texted you. Hopefully this leads to fun times. No way this is your real number though.”
And yes, as many suspected, it’s a marketing ploy .When you text her, you get a link and an auto-response that reads, “(H)ey it’s Kerry! Real quick — click this link & sign up so I can add you to my contacts and respond to you directly. Can’t wait to hear from you!”
The link takes you to a mobile-access-only form at Community.com where you’re asked to provide your name, birthday, city, gender identity and email, though that last bit is optional. And chances are, you’ll be hearing from her very soon.
Read the Full Story: https://eonli.ne/2ZxVawE
BIB’s Winter Entertainment Series & Disney Presents: High School Musical 2 JR Auditions
NEW MUSIC: JONAS BROTHERS – WHAT A MAN GOTTA DO
Mountain Meister Recap – Week 2 – 01/16/2020
Visiting Nurses – Crossings
If you need assistance with the public file, please contact Lucia Seavey at 603-356-8870 or office@wmwv.com.
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PUBLIC WARNING SOLAR CLIMATE CHANGE
Solar Climate Change: Public Warning: Major Nor'Easter Storm Upgraded to "Record Setting Blizzard"
Friday, February 8th 2013, 6:33 AM EST
Flights cancelled as powerful blizzard takes aim at the U.S. Northeas - (Reuters)
The Northeastern United States braced on Friday morning for a possibly record-setting blizzard bearing down on the region, which forecasters warned could drop up to 2-1/2 feet (76 cm) of snow and bring travel to a halt.
Blizzard warnings were in effect from New Jersey through southern Maine, with Boston expected to bear the heaviest blow from the massive storm. The day was expected to begin with light snow, with winds picking up and snow getting much heavier by afternoon.
Officials urged residents to stay home, rather than risk getting stuck in deep drifts or whiteout conditions....click Reuters link for more
Here we go again: Monster Nor'easter could become winter Superstorm as blizzard warning for East Coast causes travel chaos with 2,100 flights canceled - Daily Mail
New York City and the North East Coast are bracing themselves for the merger of two enormous winter storms forecasters say could slam the region with its second superstorm in less than six months.
With memories of Hurricane Sandy still raw, The National Weather Service has issued a blizzard warning for New England and the Tri-State area beginning at 6 a.m. Friday through 1 p.m. Saturday for the storm which meteorologists have described as a potential 'monster'.
And with residents up and down the coast being warned not to leave their homes and up to two-feet of snow expected, airlines sent travel plans into meltdown as they canceled more than 2,100 flights for Friday according to FlightAware.
As of late Thursday, 2,134 Friday flights within, into, or out of the U.S. had been cancelled, according to FlightAware. The airports with the most cancellations are Newark Liberty, New York's LaGuardia and JFK and Boston's Logan International in that order.
With anywhere from 10-14 inches of snow expected to fall on the Big Apple on Friday night into Saturday morning, hurricane strength winds are also forecast off the coast of Long Island and up the New England coast to Boston....Click Daily Mail link for more
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Children’s animations are absolutely dominated by Disney Pixar and DreamWorks nowadays, and so it’s refreshing when one comes through that isn’t created by one of the big two. Having competition like that is hard though, but ‘The Secret Life of Pets’ has such a great premise that it manages to pull it off.
Max the dog (Louis C.K.) lives a wonderful life at home with his owner, Katie (Ellie Hemper), whom he patiently waits for everyday to come home from work. She is his life and he hers, until one day she comes back home with Duke (Eric Stonestreet), a rescue dog who Max doesn’t take too kindly to. After nearly getting put in the pound by accident, the two dogs find themselves having to work together to stop evil bunny Snowball (Kevin Hart) who is intent on bringing down the humans as revenge.
It’s quite a common plot, but for a kids’ film it works really well as it promotes getting along with everyone. It’s also a story that a lot of kids can relate to, and so it felt engaging to watch straight away. The plot seems a little random at the start, with it seemingly jumping all over the place, but once the action gets started properly then it becomes easy to follow.
One thing I thought was great was just how accurate the pet habits were – anyone who has a cat or a dog will find this film entertaining. Some of the characters are really funny, and there’s also a lot of exciting and perilous action scenes to keep the kids glued to the screen. I also thought the humour was really good – sometimes kids’ films only contain kids humour, yet this one felt a little more balanced for both children and adults alike. There is a lot of cartoon violence shown, but it’s not overdone and I didn’t feel that it was too much for young children considering the moral of the story.
Unfortunately it did seem a bit flat in parts – the exciting bits were great, but after a while I found myself not quite as engaged as I had been at the start. I’m not sure why really – the characters didn’t lose their charm or anything, but it just started to feel a bit forced. I also felt like the relationship between Max and Duke was strange at points - it was as if the fact that they hated each other was conveniently forgotten about so that the plot could be moved forward, which meant some scenes were lacking in the tension that you would have expected. The majority of the scenes were good though (including a particularly surreal scene involving a sausage factory).
There’s plenty of evoked emotion for the film though (some happy, some sad) and it all ends nice and positively, despite things looking rather grim towards the final scenes. The characters are all very lovable, with a range of different personalities for the kids to identify with. The music is also great – it has a Monsters Inc. feel to it that makes it particularly enjoyable to watch.
Sure, it’s not Pixar or DreamWorks, but that doesn’t mean that it’s any less entertaining. As with many films nowadays it’s not as good at the trailer makes it out to be, but it’s still a great watch whether young or old. 3/5
Hannah Read
Secret Life Of Pets at CeX
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Labels: animation, Australia, cex, Film/movie review, India, Ireland, pets, UK, USA
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williamaveryhudson
Social Progress
William Avery Hudson
Art, Health, Social Progress
Schlafkrankheit (Sleeping Sickness) – New York Film Festival 2011
October 30, 2011 Avery Hudson
Schlafkrankheit (Sleeping Sickness)
Ulrich Köhler, 2011
NYFF Main Slate
Country: Germany/France/Netherlands | French, German, Dutch and Bassa with English subtitles | Running time: 91m
Pierre Bokma (Ebbo Velten)
Jean-Christophe Folly (Alex Nzila)
Jenny Schily (Vera Velten)
Hippolyte Girardot (Gaspard Signac)
Maria Elise Miller (Helen Velten)
Sava Lolov (Elia Todorov)
Francis Noukiatchom (Dr. Monese)
Ali Mvondo Roland (Ruhemba)
Isacar Yinkou (Joseph)
“If you can’t bear Germany, welcome back here.”
A Berlin School director in the groove of Joseph Conrad and Apichatpong Weerasethakul. An exploration of modern day colonialism, in the guise of medical humanitarian aid.
Ebbo Velten and his wife Vera have spent two decades combating an epidemic of sleeping sickness in the villages of Cameroon. After a visit from their teenage daughter, Vera returns to Europe while Ebbo remains behind. A young Parisian doctor—a Frenchman born to Congolese parents—travels to Africa to evaluate the efficiency of Ebbo’s program for a report to the funders.
Ulrich Köhler’s first feature film Bungalow debuted in the Panorama section of the Berlinale in 2002. His next feature, Montag kommen die Fenster premiered at Berlinale Forum in 2006. Schlafkrankheit premiered in competition at Berlinale 2011, where Köhler won the Silver Bear for Best Director.
Art, Social Progress
2011 PEN Literary Awards
2011 PEN Literary Awards Ceremony
CUNY Graduate Center’s Proshansky Auditorium, NYC
One highlight – Roy Blount, Jr. introducing Roger Angell for the PEN/ESPN Lifetime Achievement Award for Literary Sports Writing, and 90-year old Angell talking like a man half his age with the wisdom of a man twice his age.
The awards:
PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize: To a fiction writer whose debut work, published in 2010, represents distinguished literary achievement and suggests great promise. Judges: Susan Cheever, Paul Harding, and Yiyun Li.
Winners: Susanna Daniel, Stiltsville (Harper Perennial); Danielle Evans, Before You Suffocate Your Own Fool Self (Riverhead) Runner-up: Teddy Wayne, Kapitoil (Harper Perennial)
PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award: For a book of literary nonfiction on the subject of the physical and biological sciences published in 2010. Judges: Rita Charon, Bill McKibben, and Richard Panek.
Winner: Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (Scribner)
Runner-up: David Abram, Becoming Animal (Pantheon)
PEN/W. G. Sebald Award for a Fiction Writer in Mid-Career: To an author who has published at least three significant works of literary fiction. Judges: Jill Ciment, Salvatore Scibona, and Gary Shteyngart.
Winner: Aleksandar Hemon
PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award for Nonfiction: A biennial award for a distinguished book of general nonfiction possessing notable literary merit and critical perspective published in 2009 or 2010. Judges: Charles R. Morris, Elaine Showalter, and Lee Siegel.
Winner: Robert Perkinson, Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire (Metropolitan Books, 2010)
Runners-up: John W. Dower, Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq (W. W. Norton & Company, 2010); Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns (Random House, 2010)
PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Awards for an American Playwright in Mid-Career and a Master American Dramatist: A pair of awards, which honor: a Master American Dramatist and an American Playwright in Mid-Career. Judges: Kenny Leon, Laura Linney, and Thomas Lynch.
American Playwright in Mid-Career: Marcus Gardley
Master American Dramatist: David Henry Hwang
PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay: For a book of essays published in 2010 that exemplifies the dignity and esteem of the essay form. Judges: André Aciman, Jo Ann Beard, and William H. Gass.
Winner: Mark Slouka, Essays from the Nick of Time: Reflections and Refutations (Graywolf Press)
Runners-up: Elif Batuman, The Possessed: Adventures with Russian Books and the People Who Read Them (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux) Alex Ross, Listen to This (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)
PEN/ESPN Award for Literary Sports Writing: For a nonfiction book on the subject of sports published in 2010. Judges: Madeleine Blais, Buzz Bissinger, and Phillip Lopate.
Winner: George Dohrmann, Play Their Hearts Out (Ballantine Books)
PEN/ESPN Lifetime Achievement Award for Literary Sports Writing: To a writer whose body of work represents an exceptional contribution to the field. Judges: Roy Blount, Jr., Terry McDonell, and David Remnick.
Winner: Roger Angell
PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Biography: For a distinguished biography published in 2010. Judges: Brad Gooch, Benjamin Taylor, and Amanda Vaill.
Winner: Stacy Schiff, Cleopatra: A Life (Little, Brown and Company)
Runners-up: Wendy Moffat, A Great Unrecorded History: A New Life of E. M. Forster (Farrar, Straus and Giroux); Justin Spring, Secret Historian: The Life and Times of Samuel Steward (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)
PEN/Joyce Osterweil Award for Poetry: To an emerging American poet of any age showing promise of further literary achievement. Judges: Carolyn Forché, Kimiko Hahn, and Terrance Hayes.
Winner: Ishion Hutchinson, Far District (Peepal Tree Press Ltd.)
PEN/Nora Magid Award: To a magazine editor whose high literary standards and taste have contributed significantly to the excellence of the publication he or she edits. Judges: Lan Samantha Chang, Willing Davidson, and Jane Smiley.
Winner: Brigid Hughes, Founding Editor of A Public Space
PEN Open Book Award: For an exceptional work of literature by an author of color published in 2010. Judges: Cornelius Eady, Nam Le, and Lizzie Skurnick.
Winner: Manu Joseph, Serious Men (W. W. Norton & Company)
Runner-up: John Murillo, Up Jump the Boogie (Cypher Books)
PEN/Phyllis Naylor Working Writer Fellowship: To an author of children’s or young-adult fiction, who has published at least two books, and for whom monetary support is particularly needed to complete a book-length work-in-progress. Judges: Coe Booth, Marina Budhos, and Louis Sachar.
Winner: Lucy Frank, Two Girls Staring at the Ceiling, a novel in verse (available for publication)
PEN Award for Poetry in Translation: For a book-length translation of poetry into English published in 2010. Judge: Martha Cooley.
Winner: Khaled Mattawa, Adonis: Selected Poems (Yale University Press, The Margellos World Republic of Letters Series) Runners-up: Jonathan Galassi, Canti by Giacomo Leopardi (Farrar, Straus and Giroux); Michael Hofmann, Angina Days by Gunter Eich (Princeton University Press); Charles Simic, Oranges and Snow by Milan Djordjević (Princeton University Press)
PEN Translation Prize: For a book-length translation of prose into English published in 2010. Judges: Jonathan Cohen, Barbara Harshav, and Sara Khalili.
Winner: Ibrahim Muhawi, Journal of an Ordinary Grief by Mahmoud Darwish (Archipelago Books)
Runners-up: David Bellos, Hocus Bogus by Romain Gary, publishing as Émile Ajar (Yale University Press); Malcolm C. Lyons with Ursula Lyons, The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 Nights (Penguin)
PEN Translation Fund Grants: To support the translation of book-length works into English. Judges: David Bellos, Susan Bernofsky, Edwin Frank, Michael F. Moore, Michael Reynolds, Natasha Wimmer, and Jeffrey Yang.
Amiri Ayanna, The St. Katharinental Sister Book: Lives of the Sisters of the Dominican Convent at Diessenhofen (from Middle High German); Neil Blackadder, The Test (Good Simon Korach), a play by Swiss dramatist and novelist Lukas Bärfuss (from German); Clarissa Botsford, Sworn Virgin, a novel by Albanian writer and filmmaker Elvira Dones (from Italian); Steve Bradbury, Salsa, a collection of poems by Taiwanese poet Hsia Yü (from Chinese); Annmarie S. Drury, collection of poems by Tanzanian poet Euphrase Kezilahabi (from Swahili); Diane Nemec Ignashev, Paranoia, a novel by Belarusian author Viktor Martinovich (from Russian); Chenxin Jiang, Memories of the Cowshed, a memoir by Chinese author Ji Xianlin (from Chinese); Hilary B. Kaplan, Rilke Shake, a collection of poetry by Brazilian writer Angélica Freitas (from Portuguese); Catherine Schelbert, Flametti, or the Dandyism of the Poor, a novel by German writer Hugo Ball (from German); Joel Streicker, Birds in the Mouth, a collection of short stories by Argentine writer Samanta Schweblin (from Spanish); Sarah L. Thomas, Turnaround, a literary thriller by Spanish writer Mar Goméz Glez (from Spanish)
PEN Emerging Writers Awards: One award each to an up-and-coming fiction writer, nonfiction writer, and poet who has been published in a distinguished literary journal, but who has yet to publish a book-length work. Judges: Reif Larsen, David Lehman, and Robin Romm.
Fiction Winner: Smith Henderson (nominated by Hannah Tinti of One Story); Runner-up: Elliott Holt (nominated by Joel Whitney of Guernica)
Nonfiction Winner: David Stuart MacLean (nominated by Ladette Randolph of Ploughshares); Runner-up: Chester Phillips (nominated by Hattie Fletcher of Creative Nonfiction)
Poetry Winner: Adam Day (nominated by Erica Wright of Guernica); Runner-up: Brett Fletcher Lauer (nominated by Robert Casper of jubilat)
“PEN American Center is the U.S. branch of the world’s oldest international literary and human rights organization. International PEN was founded in 1921 in direct response to the ethnic and national divisions that contributed to the First World War. PEN American Center was founded in 1922 and is the largest of the 144 PEN centers in 101 countries that together compose International PEN.”
You Are Not I – New York Film Festival 2011
October 7, 2011 Avery Hudson
You Are Not I
Sara Driver, 1981 | USA | English | Running time: 48m
6 October 2011, Walter Reade Theater
Writing credits: Paul Bowles (short story); Sara Driver: Jim Jarmusch
Original Music: Phil Kline
Cinematography: Jim Jarmusch
Cast includes: Suzanne Fletcher; Evelyn Smith; Luc Sante
“When I walked out of the gate after the accident.”
From the NYFF program:
A haunting adaptation of a 1948 short story by Paul Bowles about a woman who escapes from an asylum, You Are Not I played widely in the international film festival circuit in the early Eighties. Then, a leak in a New Jersey warehouse destroyed the negative, leaving director Sara Driver with only a battered, unprojectable copy. Miraculously, a print was found among the holdings of Paul Bowles in 2009 [preserved in bug spray] and now the film has been restored and is available once again. Undoubtedly one of the most impressive works to emerge from the post-punk downtown scene, the film was beautifully shot by Jim Jarmusch (who also co-wrote the screenplay) and features Suzanne Fletcher, Nan Goldin and Luc Sante.
Shot in six days on a $12,000 budget. A year and a half of editing. Concentrated on sound. Putting her budget there.
A woman wanders through scenes of destruction, placing stones in the mouths of corpses. Riding in a Gran Torino.
Her sister and her neighbors. Old women. Whispers.
The transmigration of souls.
Is there a direct line of influence from Sara Driver to Guy Madden?
[NYFF] [IMDb]
film festivalsmovies
Invasión | Invasion – New York Film Festival 2011
Invasión | Invasion (1969)
Hugo Santiago | Argentina | Spanish/Argentinian with French and English subtitles | Running time: 123m
Writing credits: Jorge Luis Borges (story, screenplay); Adolfo Bioy Casares (story); Hugo Santiago (screenplay)
Original music and soundscape: Edgardo Cantón
Cast includes: Olga Zubarry (Irene); Lautaro Murúa (Herrera); Juan Carlos Paz (Don Porfirio); Martín Adjemián (Irala); Daniel Fernández (Lebendiger); Roberto Villanueva (Silva); Lito Cruz (Jefe de los jóvenes [as Oscar Cruz]); Jorge Cano (Julio Vildrac); Ricardo Ormellos (Cachorro); Leal Rey (Moon); Horacio Nicolai; Juan Carlos Galván (Jefe de otro grupo invasor); Aldo Mayo (Jefe del grupo invasor); Hedy Krilla (Vieja sirvienta); Claudia Sánchez (Mujer del restaurant)
“Dying is a habit most people have.”
The first work conceived for the cinema by Jorge Luis Borges, in collaboration with Adolfo Bioy Casares and novice director Hugo Santiago (a former assistant to Robert Bresson). Shown on the opening of the first Directors’ Fortnight at Cannes Films Festival.
“A work that is lyrical, unsettling and infinitely suggestive.” (NYFF)
Invasión is set in fictional Aquiléa, a city that looks a lot like Buenos Aires. A gang of middle-aged men, led by an elderly gentleman, resolve to mount resistance to tan-suited invaders while a separate army of youths train for insurrection. The Iliad meets genre police thriller, western, and surrealistic fantasy.
Invasión holds the distinctive honor of a “disappeared film.” Because eight reels of the original negative were stolen upon the official ban, no new print could be made until 2000, when two good prints were found and restored to the density and contrasts of the original release, thanks to Pierre André Boutang, the cinematographer Ricardo Aronovich, and the people of Arte Channel.
From Olivier Gonord’s 2009 interview with Hugo Santiago:
What is the genesis of Invasión?
I was living in France and going back to Buenos Aires to make two short films. I had a simple idea, a town invaded and defended by a handful of people. I saw Bioy Casares and told him about it. He told me “you have to speak to Borges about it”….
How was the shooting and where does the black and white contrast come from?
The shooting went very well. We had an old Arriflex camera from pre-war time but it had a great short lens and we had an excellent operator. We worked a lot, we had time. There were no spectacular things that would have required a lot of money and I had what I needed. We had already made two short films with Ricardo Aronovich, the cinematographer -the second one was more contrasted than the first one. To make Invasión we experimented things. We looked for those intense greys, our reference was Rembrandt’s sketches. We had the chance to work with a laboratory where we could experiment what we wanted. The baths, the times, we worked a lot with an ultra-sensitive film we brought from Rochester, from Kodak. When the film was done and the people of Kodak saw the film, they sent us a congratulation letter asking “how did you do that ?”. This had been the work of a photographer in a lab, testing baths, trying again…
From Kenji’s review on mubi:
The meanings of Invasión “extend well beyond Argentina … to a universal sort of allegory, in which we must all be on our guard and ready to resist, the young ready to pick up where the older generation left off. It’s quite gripping, and almost impossibly cool, something like Melville, with violent men in dark suits, meets Godard, with intellectuals talking in musical cafés, meets Antonioni- the director who lived in France was apparently influenced by the latter. It makes excellent use of the urban and country locations, it’s mysterious and elusive.”
These men, who walk in custom-tailored suits, unencumbered by briefcases, bags, or backpacks, remind us of ancient heroes. “Why die for people who won’t defend themselves?” The answer is forgone. We meet at midnight.
Fantastic camera movements. Rapid-shot visual details. A girl with a cougar. Wild horses. A rare thing, a deeply strange movie.
The shape of Invasión owes as much to the sound design as to the images. Three themes appear in the title sequence and evolve throughout the film, in parallel with the characters, transforming each image.
A steel door opening
A bird of the pampa (Chajá, Southern Screamer [Chauna torquata])
Footsteps going down stairs
“Sound is a character as much as the characters themselves.” Hugo Santiago
Thanks to Hugo Santiago (the most generous of filmmakers, who responded to a question from the audience about the film’s soundscape with a brilliant exposition of method); Richard Peña (for his essay in the brilliantly conceived NYFF online feature “Why You Should See/NYFF Spotlight”); Olivier Gonord; and Kenji.
Miss Bala – New York Film Festival 2011
Gerardo Naranjo | Mexico | Spanish with English subtitles | Running time: 113m
Sunday 2 October, 4 PM, Alice Tully Hall
Cast: Stephanie Sigman (Laura Guerrero), Irene Azuela (Jessica Berlanga), Miguel Couturier (General Salomón Duarte), Gabriel Heads (Agent Bell), Noe Hernandez (Lino Valdez), James Russo (Jimmy), Jose Yenque (Kike Camara)
Bala is a bullet.
It began with a news photo of beauty queen captured with drug gang.
“The stupidest job in the world gets together with the cruellist job in the world. What has to happen to bring them together?”
Shot in Tijuana. Gun scenes in the provinces.
An essay on impotence, fear, passivity.
A brilliant third outing by Gerardo Naranjo (Voy A Explotar | I’m Gonna Explode, NYFF ’08), with a striking performance by the lead actress, Stephanie Sigman.
Update: US Distributor – Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (2011)
Jodaeiye Nader az Simin | A Separation – New York Film Festival 2011
Jodaeiye Nader az Simin | A Separation
Asghar Farhadi | Iran | Persian with English subtitles | Running time: 123m
2 October, 1 PM, Alice Tully Hall
Cast: Leila Hatami, Peyman Moadi, Shahab Hosseini, Sareh Bayat, Sarina Farhadi, Babak Karimi, Merila Zarei
People lie.
Beneath the opening credits, a photocopier copies IDs, one after another.
We open to a courtroom. A beautiful married couple, Simin (Leila Hatami) and Nader (Peyman Moadi) have obtained coveted visas to leave Iran for an unnamed country, where Simin hopes to offer a better future to their 11-year-old daughter, Termeh (the director’s daugher, Sarina Farhadi). Simin has red hair and determined eyes; Nader has an honest face. They address the camera as if we are the judge.
“You don’t have good reasons for a divorce.”
Their hard-won visa expires in a month or two; Nader will not leave, Simin must, with Termeh. The problem, Nader is devoted to his father (Ali-Asghar Shahbazi), who has Alzheimer disease and is totally dependent on his son and his family. And so the couple embark on a trial separation.
An upper middle-class household, a stable home, parents who value education and security for their daughter perhaps above all.
Simi has found a caretaker, Razieh (Sareh Bayat), a pregnant, deeply religious woman with a young daugher who takes the job unbeknownst to her husband (Shahab Hosseini), an out-of-work cobbler. A devout woman with a young daughter (Kimia Hosseini), to mind his father while he is at work.
Negotiations – she lives far away, the pay is not good, her husband does not know. The first day, grandpa pees his pants. Modesty. Razieh asks him to clean himself up; he can only ask for Simin. She makes a call to her imam for religious advice. She can clean the old man. Her daughter watches through frosted glass, ever curious.
In the meantime, Nader teaches his daughter to be assertive, first with the gas station attendant.
The caretaker quits. It’s heavy work for a pregnant woman and a little girl. We know she’s pregnant, but does Nader?
It’s a big problem. Who else? Razieh comes back. My husband. He cannot know you hired me. But maybe he can come.
Here begins the disaster. Class war. Breakdown of families and society.
The two daughters are at the heart of the story.
Truth, guilt, the bitter disappointment of a child in her parents.
Tense and narratively complex, formally dense and morally challenging, flawlessly crafted, brilliantly performed and intimately photographed, A Separation premiered at Berlinale, where it won the Golden Bear for Best Film as well as the top prizes for Best Actor and Actress for its male and female ensembles.
“The idea for the film came to when I was sitting in the kitchen of my friend’s flat in Berlin nearly one year ago. I was here preparing another film, but I decided to do this one instead. I was smoking a cigarette in the kitchen, listening to some Iranian music and then I decided to make it. The film is influenced by my personal experiences and the situation in Iran and also some abstract pictures I had in my mind. It was like a puzzle. The story was in my mind for some time but when I decided to make it it happened quickly.” – Asghar Farhadi
It began with picture of a man with Alzheimer’s. “I found the button and made a suit.”
Do not miss this movie.
Update: US Distributor – Sony Pictures Classics (2011); Academy Award/Oscar – Best Foreign Language Film of the Year (2012)
Dreileben – New York Film Festival 2011
1 PM, Walter Reade Theater
Dreileben (Parts 1-3)
Part One: Beats Being Dead (Etwas Besseres als den Tod) Christian Petzold | 2011 | Germany | 88m
Part Two: Don’t Follow Me Around (Komm mir nicht nach) Dominik Graf | 2011 | Germany | 88m
Part Three: One Minute of Darkness (Eine Minute Dunkel) Christoph Hochhäusler | 2011 | Germany | 88m
Cast includes: Stefan Kurt (Molesch); Eberhard Kirchberg (Marcus Kreil); Jeanette Hain (Johanna, Jo); Jacob Matschenz (Johannes); Luna Mijovic (Ana); Paraschiva Dragus (Cleo); Vijessna Ferkic (Sara); Susanne Wolff (Vera); Misel Maticevic (Bruno)
Music: Stefan Will, Sven Rossenbach, Florian van Volxem, Bert Wrede
The unreliability of appearances
“What interests me in cinema is the seduction to pay attention.”
Born from e-mail correspondence between three auteurs of the Berlin School of German cinema, this trilogy revolves around the escape of a convicted sex murderer from a hospital in a small town in “the green heart of Germany,” Thuringia, a mythical region full of legends and superstition.
The project originated with a mis-remembered Schiller tale of a man who is fleeing and becomes the monster who is being sought, combined with a documentary about an anticolonial Chilean terrorist who remains a child to commit terrible acts while remaining an innocent.
Conflicting reports of a crime make for “compulsively watchable films make for generous entertainment and a fascinating exercise in the polymorphous possibilities of storytelling.”
Equal parts fairy tale, homage to Universal horror movies (Invisible Man, Frankenstein, Wolf Man), and skillful crime procedural, Dreileben is an absolute delight.
Beats Being Dead (Etwas Besseres als den Tod)
pedal on violin
blue – clinical
wald krankenhaus dreileben
filthy, stinky homeless woman
young hospital nurse
increasing presence of police
motorcycle gang
photo fellatio
ana attacked
schwesternwohnungen
molesch ran away
chambermaid
escapee killed a girl?
totenzimmer
translate and dance
romance and english lessons
the lonely, exposed walk from hotel to hospital
the boss’s daughter
who is the murderer?
hints of incest, ambiguous ending
Don’t Follow Me Around (Komm mir nicht nach)
saturated colors
the woman from the elevator
Jo – a psychologist consulting on the hunt for the mad killer
Patrik, who was dating two women at the same time in Munich, 15 years ago
human stories around a manhunt
tourists hunting for Barbarossa
nosy neighbors
hunt for the killer was a ruse, but Jo stays on
mannerist sculpture – capture of the fugitive
the mysterious origins of children
One Minute of Darkness (Eine Minute Dunkel)
transporting the prisoner
molech’s dead mother
the secret door, left open
fast-paced pursuit
from the perspective of the monster
Wagner’s Thuringen
Babarossa tourism
and local cops
the old murder
descent into feral condition
feuerloch
tourists hear the legend of witch burnings, and tales of witches capturing hikers; he also hears
the night fog fills the cave
how long does it take to become an animal, living outdoors
pursued like a monster from an old Universal horror movie
the police chain advances
hiding in smaller and smaller spaces
extremely resourceful in escape
the chief investigator has a bum ticker and family troubles
the three films do not line up chronologically; rashoman
the closed up house, Molech’s childhood home
sleeping in a hunters’ blind, the man has uncanny luck
one minute of darkness
universal horror films – the police chain after the invisible man, frankenstein’s monster and the little girl, the wolf man
[NYFF] [IMDb: 1, 2, 3] [Berlinale 1, 2, 3]
Patrilinear Immigrant Colonists
Matrilinear Immigrant Colonists
Four Months Later
Ethnomedicinal Plants of Jakholi
Medicinal Plant Species of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
ethnopharmacology
experimental theater
sequatchie valley
If my blog is useful to you, please drop a coin in the hat.
health | art | social progress
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Archives & Special Collections Website
Mary Sherwood and the Struggle for Women’s Medical Education
Posted by Stephen Novak on
The story of American women’s efforts to become physicians is well-known and has been often told: Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation from the Geneva Medical College in 1849 — the first woman to receive a medical degree; the founding of the first women’s medical college, the New England Female Medical College in 1848; the opening of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine as a coeducational institution in 1893, and so on.
But this story is made up of hundreds of smaller, individual stories and one of those has turned up in the records of the College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S). In October, 1888, Mary Sherwood, an American studying medicine at the University of Zürich, wrote to John C. Dalton, the college’s president, asking to be admitted as a student. She wrote:
I am a graduate of Vassar College and have been for two years a student of medicine at the University of Zürich. I should prefer to spend the remaining two years of my course in America could I study at a school which offers advantages comparing with those found abroad.
Sherwood’s letter with Dalton’s annotation “Laid on table.”
Sherwood revealed that she had previously applied to P&S and had been denied on the grounds that it “would be contrary to all precedent.” She was applying again because she believed that the admission of women to P&S “will raise it still higher in the estimation of thinking minds.” Appealing to Dalton’s patriotism she pointed out the incongruity of “a small European country offer[ing] advantages to women which America with all her boasted Emancipation will not give.”
Dalton annotated Sherwood’s letter “laid on table” and there is no mention of it in the Trustees’ or Faculty minutes. Women would not be admitted as students at P&S until 1917.
Sherwood’s later career shows she would have been a credit to P&S. After receiving her medical degree from Zürich in 1890, she returned to the U.S. and settled in Baltimore where she became co-director of the Evening Dispensary for Working Women and Girls of Baltimore, physician to the Bryn Mawr School for Girls, and first director of the Baltimore Health Department’s Bureau of Child Welfare – the first woman to head a municipal bureau in that city. She never married but had a life-long partnership with Lilian Welsh, a fellow Zürich medical graduate. Sherwood died in Baltimore in 1935, aged 79.
Categories : Blog
Tags : College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical education, Women in medicine
The Columbia University Web Archive December 20, 2019
Family History Resources at Archives & Special Collections November 26, 2019
New Acquisitions at Archives & Special Collections November 26, 2019
Written on the Skin: Classics of Dermatology from the Gift of David R. Bickers, M.D. — A New Exhibit November 26, 2019
Mathilde Krim Papers Open August 27, 2019
Dr. Kent Ellis (left), radiologist, and Dr. Richard Auerbach, second year resident, inspect chest x-rays, 1968.
Admission tickets African Americans AIDS Alan Berkman Albert Einstein College of Medicine Alumni Anatomy André Cournand Announcements Annual reports Archival processing Artworks Babies Hospital baseball Black Liberation Army Blackout Born-digital Civil War Collections College of Dental Medicine College of Physicians & Surgeons College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Columbia University Irving Medical Center Columbia University Medical Center Columbia University School of Nursing Construction Cornelius Johnson CUIMC CUMC CUMC Health Sciences Library cystic fibrosis David Hosack Dental education Dermatology Dickinson W. Richards Digital archives Digital photographs Digitization Disabled Discoveries Disk imaging donations Dorothy H. Andersen Edgar M. Housepian Edward Delafield Electronic records Elizabeth Wilcox Elizabeth “Libby” Wilcox Ethel S. Person Exercise Exhibits Family history; genealogy Finding aids Florence Nightingale Govard Bidloo Hattie E. Alexander Health & Hospitals Corporation Health care reform hospitals Jerome P. Webster Lectures Lincoln Hospital (New York City) Lymphatic system Mathilde Krim Medical education Medical illustration Medical students Michael R. McGarvey Microbiology Neurosurgeons New acquisitions New acquisitions; Kenneth A. Forde; Barbara W. Low; Michael Merson New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York City New York Eye Infirmary New York Orthopedic Hospital Nobel Prize Nurses Obstetrics & Gynecology Open house Ophthalmology Optical discs Paolo Mascagni Pediatrics Periodicals personal papers Photographs Photography Physical fitness Political activism Presbyterian Hospital Preservation Radicalism Samuel Bard Sarah J. McNutt; School of Nursing Sir Kenelm Digby Sloane Hospital for Women sports Student activism Student Health Organizations Student notebooks Surgery Surgical instruments Victoria Johnson Visual record Weather Underground William Cowper William Few Women Women in medicine Women in science World War I
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Bhangra Beat 2012
Professorship Grant Totals $2.5 Million
By KAGAN McSPADDEN The University of Mary Washington received a $2.5 million donation, one of its largest ever, to fund...
Admins Expound on Potential Cuts
By COLLEEN HUBER The process of hiring a consulting firm to review academic and non-academic programs continues at the University...
Silent Protest Ensues After Perceived Threat to Liberal Arts
By CHARLOTTE RODINA About 40 University of Mary Washington student demonstrators gathered around the fountain in front of Monroe Hall...
Athletic Department to Charge for Games
By CHELSEA TUFAROLO University of Mary Washington’s Department of Athletics website announced on Nov. 13 that Eagles fans in the...
Zero Turn-out to Assess Slogans
By MARGARET CHENAULT On Monday, Nov. 19, members of a marketing group and faculty from University Relations sat in an...
Hackathon Shows 3-D Technology
By CHELSEA DICUS The University of Mary Washington held a 24-hour Hackathon in the Simpson Library in the new ThinkLab...
SGA Begins Student Engagement Week
By REBECCA TURNER As the fall semester comes to a close, the Student Government Association (SGA) is planning a Student...
HVAC Systems Prove Faulty
By JOE POLD School officials have recorded numerous issues about the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system installed in...
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FAST START HELPS DRAGONS ROLL BY NIACC
North Iowa Area Community College (2-1) 0 0 0
Hutchinson Community College (2-0) 7 4 11
1st - 1:29 - Brailey Moeder (Hutchinson Community College)
1st - 5:27 - Megan Maslak (Hutchinson Community College)
1st - 7:22 - Addi White (Hutchinson Community College)
1st - 29:40 - Addi White (Hutchinson Community College)
1st - 34:00 - Brailey Moeder (Hutchinson Community College)
1st - 37:48 - Sydney Blackwell (Hutchinson Community College)
2nd - 49:18 - Megan Maslak (Hutchinson Community College)
2nd - 56:20 - Naomi Waithira (Hutchinson Community College)
2nd - 63:35 - Ashley Venegas (Hutchinson Community College)
Sh: Team - 3
Sv: Sydney Shea - 14
G: Brailey Moeder - 3
A: Naomi Waithira - 2
Sv: Yadira Delgado - 3
Brailey Moeder scored three goals to lead the Blue Dragons to an 11-0 victory over North Iowa Area on Saturday at the Salthawk Sports Complex. (Andrew Carpenter/Blue Dragon Sports Information)
Hutchinson CC Sports Information
The Hutchinson Community College women's soccer team scored four goals in the first 7 minutes, 22 seconds and rolled to its second victory of the season on Saturday.
Sophomore Brailey Moeder had a hat trick and three Blue Dragons added two goals each as Hutchinson defeated North Iowa Area 11-0 at the Salthawk Sports Complex in the first meeting ever between the two programs.
The Blue Dragons improve to 2-0 heading into Wednesday's Jayhawk West opener at Northwest Tech. North Iowa Area falls for the first time this season, falling to 2-1.
Hutchinson started an early onslaught when Moeder beat NIACC keeper Sydney Shea 1 on 1 with a goal just 1:29 into the game. The assist came from starting goalkeeper Yadira Delgado, who sent a long punt that bounced over a pair of defenders and Moeder chased it down and moved in for the score.
Delgado, who was making her first start in goal, became the first Blue Dragon keeper since Bailey Shupe in 2012 to record an assist.
The Blue Dragons the broke open the game with three goals in a span of 1 minute, 55 seconds. Sophomore Megan Maslak, Moeder's second goal of the game and freshman Addi White's first goal of the season came in that span and gave the Blue Dragons a 4-0 lead just 7:22 into the contest.
Moeder's first goal was her first of the season. She is the second Blue Dragon in as many games to record a hat trick. Maslak, who had a four-goal performance in Hutch's last game on August 22, finished with two goals and an assist. White and freshman Ashley Venegas each scored two goals, both scoring their first goals of the season.
Freshman Sydney Blackwell scored her third goal of the season with a goal and assist. Freshman Naomi Waithira had a goal and two assists in her first game of the season.
The Blue Dragons outshot NIACC 31-3
Delgado made three saves to earn her first victory as a goalkeeper.
Hutchinson led 7-0 at halftime.
GAME NOTES – Moeder's hat trick is the 83rd in Blue Dragon history. … This was Moeder's third career hat trick. … Delgado's assist was the fourth was the fourth goalkeeper assist in team history. … Head coach Sammy Lane won his 195th game as Hutchinson head coach. … The Blue Dragons recorded their 141st all-time shutout.
Oct 26, Final
3 Butler Community College - KS
2 Hutchinson Community College
3 Cloud County Community College
0 at Pratt Community College
0 Dodge City Community College
0 at Hesston College
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Activists Bring Potent Symbols,
Strong Words to Hearing
by Eric Barker
Lewiston Tribune, June 7, 2005
Drift boats and grain trucks were parked Monday in front of the Quality Inn in Clarkston, both meant to serve as powerful symbols in the debate over salmon recovery, dam breaching and its consequences.
Speakers at each rally debated via bullhorn and loud speaker the merits and consequences of dam removal, the river transportation system and the hydropower capacity of the dams.
People on each side carried placards and occasionally heckled the other as speakers tried to simultaneously make points and sway the crowd before a congressional subcommittee hearing on the future of the Snake River.
The two opposing sides met briefly in the middle when some of those speaking in favor of keeping dams said new railways, rail cars, power plants and roads need to be built before dams can be breached.
"Build everything first, before you tear it down," said Curt Koegen, the business manager of the International Union of Operating Engineers union local No. 370 at Spokane.
"Let's do it," shouted Dustan Aherin, a raft and hunting guide from Lewiston.
When asked, Koegen said he doesn't believe the transportation, irrigation and power production infrastructure improvements are viable options.
"We would support it if it would happen, but we just don't have the money to do it," he said.
Dam supporters and salmon advocates each came armed with statistics and facts to support their side. They pounced when they thought they heard a fib or exaggeration told by the other side. The confrontations were mostly civil but two men had to be separated after some pushing and shoving took place at the beginning of the rally as several people jockeyed for position with their signs.
According to Clarkston Police Chief Joel Hastings, no arrests were made.
"We removed them from each other's location," Hastings said. "We were prepared. We had officers there and in the area."
Dam supporters brought huge grain trucks to the rally and spoke glowingly about the river system that provides a way to ship grain and other products into and out of the Lewiston-Clarkston Valley, produce cheap and clean power and support what they said are improving fish runs.
Salmon advocates brought drift boats and spoke about the money that could be generated by fishing recovered salmon runs, the federal government's treaty obligations with Indian tribes to recover salmon and the value of the Endangered Species Act.
The rallies lasted about two hours.
Eric Barker
Activists Bring Potent Symbols, Strong Words to Hearing
See what you can learn
learn more on topics covered in the film
read the script
learn the songs
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Office of the General Counsel
Brian A. White
Kimberly K. Gibbens
Kimberly M. Grunewald
Michael C. Leitch
Megan K. Walawender
Marie A. Taylor
Kelly M. Nash
Claire M. Koenig
Megan McRae
Peter Griffith
Chad O'Neill
Eric J. Aufdengarten
Mackenzie Yaw
Marissa Hotujac
Robbie L. Vannaman
Lori Haaga
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(A Kurdish boy lies dead in northern Iraq after a poison gas attack on his village by Saddam Hussein's troops in 1988.)
BREAKING NEWS: After a frantic "death watch" quickly put together tonight on the TV news, Saddam Hussein's final act has drawn to a close. Arab news organizations are reporting his execution just a few moments ago.
Hussein is said to have been hung between 6:00AM and 6:08AM Iraq time. There weren't any WMDs in Iraq, but there WAS a genuine "bad guy" they managed to catch and kill. It's probably the only thing that's gone right as far as Bush's involvement in Iraq goes.
But, judging from his track record, if George W. Bush was in charge of the autopsy, he'd probably find a way to fuck it up and Hussein would come back to life!
Hussein, should he actually stay dead, is reported to have requested burial in Yemen until such time as Iraq is "liberated", and his corpse can be reinterred in Iraqi soil. I'm not sure why he considers Yemen a "friendly" option, but obviously he feels they're sympathetic to his regime.
(...and get ready for the conspiracy nuts who will claim that the Iraqis executed one of Hussein's many doubles in his place! see below:)
And, in the event that it really WAS Saddam Hussein who was executed, I wonder where he'll spend eternity?
Somehow, I don't see Allah embracing him with open arms;
Jesus probably isn't a big fan of the guy;
Buddha isn't even returning Saddam's phone calls;
and Krishna is shopping at the mall...
Hmmm...could those guys from South Park be right?
OK George, you got your boogeyman at last. NOW can we start looking for Osama bin Laden?
You remember him, doncha, George? He's the guy that actually killed Americans on American soil.
You know, the REAL bad guy.
Posted by CT Bob at 12/29/2006 09:17:00 PM
I'm not sure what to believe, there are several mighty fishy aspects to the Saddam saga. Especially after the Pat Tillman and Jessica Lynch revelations...Nice double photo, I got one too. We've all seen both of these guys.
http://ny911truth.org/images/osama.jpg
Don't mean ta sound like one of those conspiracy nuts, but the American People deserve to know who the actor is.
so you don't think saddam is a "real" bad guy. how many people do you need to brutally murder to get ct-boob's approval as a "real" bad guy?
So we're the police of the world now? OK, that means you want to send troops to anyplace people are being murdered by their government? Piss off, stupid.
We need to go after the guy who killed American civilians in our front yard first; then we can clean up the world. Of course, you'll have to enlist to help out, because we'll need hundreds of thousands more troops. goarmy.com
CT Bob
Hello My Name is Bob
"His name is Robert Paulson..."
Great flick. If you loved "Fight Club", you gotta check out Marla - The Movie
Best fan film for FC.
We create 'em, we kill 'em.
http://www.juancole.com/2006/12/for-whom-bell-tolls-top-ten-ways-us.html
...After the Gulf War of 1991, when Shiites and Kurds rose up against Saddam Hussein, the Bush senior administration sat back and allowed the Baathists to fly helicopter gunships and to massively repress the uprising. President GHW Bush had called on Iraqis to rise up against their dictator, but when they did so he left them in the lurch. This inaction, deriving from a fear that a Shiite-dominated Iraq would ally with Tehran, allowed Saddam to remain in power until 2003."
This last one really kills me, Chele...if George I had finished the job back in '91-'92, he could have spared untold thousands of lives, both Iraqi and American, and saved the US the massive expense and loss of international prestige that this 2nd Gulf War has cost us. We had the whole world working with us, and Bush lost his nerve at a critical juncture. Who knows what Iraq could have become had it been properly handled back in the '90s?
I don't think I'll feel all that bad when Daddy Bush croaks.
Yeah, Bush-the-Poppy could have "finished the job." At the very least it would have saved the world having to deal with the Bush family's Oedipal issues and other disfunctions.
But what gets me is that our foreign policy seems to always entail setting up and backing despots around the globe, usually against the will -- and to the detriment of -- their own people. We aid and abet (and often institute) torture, murder and economic disparity and we excuse and defend it in the name of "anti-Communism" or "anti-Socialism" or "anti-Terrorism" or "anti- Islamofascism." Then, when the people revolt and replace or attempt to replace OUR tyrant, we're suddenly shocked!! that they hate us as well.
We've done it in Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Mideast, and it's endlessly stupid as well as politically and morally bankrupt. It doesn't take a genius to realize that when 1% of a country oppresses the other 99%, eventually that 1% is going to fall in a bloody mess. Yet we always back the 1%, and always end up being part of the bloody mess.
My favorite moment of 2006
Connecticut 2007 Session Preview
Doing some housekeeping
Scarecrow nails Bush at FDL
LW: Let's kill more Iraqis for New Year's
Latest poll reflects Bush's popularity
LW: 122 donors each gave Joe more than $10,000
"Blog Wars" tonight and Saturday
OT: Help me solve a mystery
John Edwards tosses hat into the ring
President Ford's legacy
Now is the time for a sane energy plan
The "original" Godfather
Schwarzenegger fractures leg in skiing accident
Dodd calls for Iraq withdrawal
Why Joe couldn't quit
An apology from Joe, and some accountability
"Blog Wars" party video
Dodd hires Kerry hotshot
Hey Joe, where's your apology?
New camera for video blogging
Photos from tonight's screening
Screening TONIGHT! Seats available!
"Blog Wars" teaser
Reid would "go along" with more Iraq troops
Time "Person of the Year"
A few more "Blog Wars" screen caps
"Blog Wars" Screening in Milford
Lieberman Watch: Day One
Points for style
Dodd defies Bush, will go to Syria
Maybe they can finally see what WE see
FDL: Chalk Up Another “W” In the Progressive Colu...
Ciro Rodriguez wins our 31st Dem seat
DeLay talks about blogging on Hardball
An "odious" Christmas Story
DFA Party at Lamont Norwalk HQ
OK, I'll admit it...
Well, that was fast!
When $90,000 isn't enough
LA-2: Election Day
LA-2: Campaign Update / What it Means
This Monday: "The Susan Bysiewicz Show"
I've seen the light!
Voting Machine audit results
Well, if I wasn't worried before...
Sec. Bysiewicz to announce audit results
They're calling it "Blog Wars"?
Finally, I made it onto a list
Rice steamed about Iraq
One week until the New Orleans election
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Tag: Two Trees
All Along the Watchtower, A Tree Grows in Gowanus, and Dumbo Gets Some TLC — Hometown Headlines (2/1)
by Lucie Levine
Controversial Condos in Brooklyn Bridge Park via Patch
Hey Dumbo, welcome back to our bi-weekly local news feature, Hometown Headlines! This time around, there’s lots in the press about Real Estate development in our lovely borough. To start, Two Trees, the development firm that has reshaped DUMBO and Williamsburg is now setting its sites on Gowanus, buying up sites along the Gowanus Canal, for over $100 million.
And DUMBO itself is getting a little TLC. Mount Sinai has opened a State of the Art Urgent Care center at 110 York Street.
Meanwhile, The former Watchtower Building will be transformed into a high-end office space and retail complex. (more…)
BQE, Brooklyn Bridge Park, Gowanus Canal, Landmarks Preservation Commission, Mt. Sinai Urgent Care, mta, Two Trees, Watchtower
How Two Trees Offers Growing Startups Space to Flourish
The rooftop at 45 Main Street
Like Two Trees’ other commercial locations in DUMBO, 45 Main has become a spot for cutting edge firms in the creative/tech industry. Building amenities — which include shared conference rooms on every floor and state-of-the-art rooftop decks, along with flexible lease terms, customizable pre-builds and penalty-free expansions — cater to the mix of forward-thinking startups and established brands that populate Two Trees’ offices.
“The most important factors in a space are openness and comfort,” says Stearn. Also topping his list of priorities were private conference rooms for client presentations and common areas where he and his team could unwind and refuel.
A kitchen in Aragon’s office at 45 Main Street
Two Trees worked closely with Stearn’s team to bring the brand’s vision to life. When presented with their desired layout, which included island workstations, Two Trees suggested the Ethernet be piped and powered from the ceiling as opposed to running it along the floor. The landlord also took care of the tenant’s drywall, rerouted the ventilation, moved the lighting, and installed a wet pantry and coat closet. (more…)
creative spaces, Dumbonyc, sponsored, Two Trees
With Two Trees, Everyone’s Offices Can Be as Inspiring as MindBodyGreen’s Dumbo Digs
by cate
Sponsored By Two Trees Management Co..
Two Trees has made Dumbo a premier creative and tech hub and one of the most sought-after neighborhoods in NYC.
Created By BlankSlate
An inspiring company needs an inspiring office. For holistic wellness media company MindBodyGreen, a run-of-the-mill office would not do.
They found a promising loft space with soaring ceilings and Manhattan Bridge views from Two Trees, which offers a variety of spaces in Dumbo, flexible leasing terms, and competitive pricing to accommodate creative companies like MindBodyGreen. (more…)
20 Jay Street, 45 Main Street, 55 Washington, MindBodyGreen, Two Trees
Artists Awarded Subsidized Workspaces in Dumbo
by Jeff Scherer
Clockwise from upper left: Details of works by grant winners Chitra Ganesh, Jeanine Oleson, Marc Dennis, Gabriele Evertz, Peter Drake, and Blane De St. Croix.
Dumbo has come a long way from its 1970s days, when its industrial lofts attracted artists looking for more space and cheaper rents. Now the neighborhood is a hub for tech and design firms, and its luxe apartments with their views of the New York skyline command rents that make much of Manhattan look inexpensive by comparison.
Rising rents have a tendency to send artists scurrying, and Two Trees Management, the real estate firm that helped make the neighborhood what it is today, knows that better than anyone. Two Trees was there at the beginning, and with their Cultural Space Subsidy Program, they are determined to make sure art still has a home in Dumbo.
According to an article in the Observer, Two Trees has selected nine artists to receive subsidy grants for below-market workspaces in Dumbo, as well as the pioneering New York nonprofit arts organization Art in General. (more…)
Art in General, Two Trees
The Many Perks of Living Next to Brooklyn Bridge Park
by blankslate
A recent post here on DumboNYC offered an inside look at 60 Water — the new rental building in the heart of Dumbo — including photographs of the views from the apartments’ floor-to-ceiling windows and new renderings of its stunning rooftop garden.
One of the main selling points of living in 60 Water, however, is its prime Dumbo location. Visitors and residents alike will find treasures in all directions, and among the most notable of these is Brooklyn Bridge Park, an expansive 85-acre waterfront oasis that offers an incredible array of activities, entertainment, and green spaces that is practically in 60 Water’s back yard.
Brooklyn Bridge Park | Chang via Foursquare
Sponsored By 60 Water.
60 Water, in the heart of Dumbo, offers NYC's best views from its studio, 1-bedroom, and 2-bedroom apartments.
Brooklyn Bridge Park covers the 1.3 mile stretch from Atlantic Avenue in the south to Jay Street in the north. Back in the 17th century, the area served as the base for the ferries that provided access and trade to the community, and warehouses and stores quickly sprang up in the industrial boom that followed. Since the 1950s, however, freight traffic to the Brooklyn waterfront dwindled, and the piers and warehouses were abandoned for years.
In 1985, the idea for the park was born, and with a lot of nurturing and fundraising and support its construction started in 2008. Today it is a thriving and vibrant destination filled with lawns and sports fields, playgrounds and music venues, concessionaires and events, and new plans and projects in the works all the time.
With so much to offer and explore, the park is a world unto itself. Here are some of its not-to-miss highlights. (more…)
60 Water Street, Two Trees
The Views from Dumbo’s 60 Water Are Hard to Beat
Sponsored By Two Trees.
60 Water, in the heart of Dumbo, offers some of the best views in NYC from its studio, 1-bedroom, and 2-bedroom apartments.
If you’re up high enough, one of the best things about Dumbo is the view.
The panorama includes the East River, the Manhattan skyline, the Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridges, the Staten Island Ferry, and the Statue of Liberty. Apartments that look out on to this vista are the most sought-after in the neighborhood.
60 Water, a new rental building in the heart of Dumbo, offers views that are hard to beat.
Apartments in this 17-story glass tower feature floor-to-ceiling windows ideal for taking it all in. And the rooftop garden, designed by one of the landscape architects behind The High Line, offers a breathtaking proximity to the Brooklyn Bridge. (more…)
60 Water, Two Trees
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Health, Mind & Body: Sex
Home » Health, Mind & Body » Sex
e-books in Health, Mind & Body: Sex category
The Death of Sex and the Demise of Monogamy
by Sam Vaknin - Narcissus Publications , 2013
Sex is dead and so is monogamous marriage. What will replace them? Read about alternative lifestyles, sexual preferences, sexual paraphilias, and the role of malignant narcissism in the disintegration of relationships between men and women.
Private Sex Advice to Women
by R. B. Armitage - Defiance Publishing Co. , 1917
This book was written so as to give enlightenment to those entering into wedlock so their married life will be one of happiness and pleasure. Important information which all women should possess, but which few are given the opportunity of acquiring.
- Wikibooks , 2011
This book is intended to be an expository companion for a comprehensive sexual education class for school students between 7th - 12th grade. Contents: Anatomy and Sexuality; Sexual Activity and Risks; Birth Control; Problems and Issues.
Emotion, Seduction and Intimacy
by Rory Ridley-Duff , 2010
In this brilliant book, author Rory Ridley-Duff proposes a new framework for appreciating both potential benefits and harms of workplace relationships, and a new, constructive, and non-confrontational approach to sexual relations in the workplace.
Emotion, Seduction and Intimacy: Alternative Perspectives on Human Behaviour
by Rory Ridley-Duff - Sheffield Hallam Universit , 2010
A Problem in Modern Ethics
by John Addington Symonds , 1896
In this work, Symonds argues against the belief that homosexuality is acquired. The book includes an historical survey of homosexuality, various modern theories as to its cause, and a section dealing with suggested amendments in legislation.
The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana
by Vatsyayana - Project Gutenberg , 2009
The Kama Sutra is an ancient Indian text widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature written by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana. A portion of the work consists of practical advice on sex.
Sex, God, and Marriage
by Johann Christoph Arnold - Plough Publishing House , 2002
The book goes to the root: our relationship with God, and the defining power of that relationship over all others in our lives. Includes chapters on sex, alternatives to dating, parenthood, singleness, homosexuality, abortion, divorce and remarriage.
Office Sex Survival Guide
by Nicole Williams - Tango Media , 2008
Let's be honest. We're all doing it… and if we're not, we're thinking about doing it. In this book I'm giving you everything you need to know about navigating office nookie. From sex at work to your other other, it's time to get down and dirty.
Sex and Culture
by J. D. Unwin - Oxford University Press , 1834
I discuss eighty uncivilized societies, and from their cultural behaviour make my first induction. When our knowledge is complete, we find that in any vigorous society the method of regulating the relations between the sexes was constantly changing.
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← Art, Truth, and Reflecting
Citizenship and Being Catholic →
Early Agriculture, New Tech
Posted on July 22, 2016 by Brian H. Gill
‘Genetics news’ caught my eye this week.
DNA from barley that’s been sitting in a cave for six millennia is helping scientists learn about agriculture’s origins.
A fits-in-your-hand Biomolecule Sequencer is at the International Space Station. If it works, folks up there won’t have to send samples down for analysis.
Finally, the world’s first farmers were an unexpectedly diverse lot.
Ancient Barley
Found in Masada’s Yoram Cave
Genetic Time Capsules
Re-Diversifying
Testing a DNA Sequencer in Space
First Farmers, DNA, and Origins
Science? In a “religion” blog??
Dogs, Wolves, and Laban’s Sheep
We’ve known that traits are inherited for upwards of 10 millennia, and applied that knowledge.
Paleontologists and archaeologists figure that agriculture, planting genetically-modified plants and harvesting them, started independently in several spots; with folks in southwest Asia getting there first.
The last I checked, they’re still not sure about dogs. The genetic evidence is clear enough: a particular breed of wolf started hunting with humans somewhere between 27,000 and 40,000 years ago, and eventually became today’s dachshunds, akitas, and mutts.
Quite a few researchers insist that a particular sort of wolf started being really good at getting along with humans without any help. Maybe, but I’ve learned to be skeptical about assertions regarding “primitive” people.
I figure that when an apex predator ‘just happens’ to start helping us, we helped the process along. Folks who lived during and just before the Last Glacial Maximum were as human as I am: and that’s another topic.
Getting back to agriculture, livestock, and all that, Jacob’s deal with Laban in Genesis 30:27–3:13 at least hints that Jacob knew how to make a bumper crop of dark sheep and spotted or speckled goats. Laban doesn’t come across as the brightest bulb in the box.
Attack of the Mutant Macaroni?
We don’t think of “domesticated” animals as “GMOs,” but today’s cattle are the result of more than ten millennia of genetic tweaking.
Genetic engineering tech like gel electrophoresis is new — but genetic manipulation isn’t. Unless you’re a hunter, the odds are pretty good that you’ve never eaten food that didn’t come from a genetically modified plant or animal.
We’re developing new technology: but people have been using ‘synthetic’ organisms like chickens, macaroni wheat, and dogs, for a very long time.
We’ve come a long way from the days of, for example, introducing a red junglefowl and grey junglefowl and hoping for the best: but gene-swapping between species has been going on for — most likely — billions of years. What’s new is that we’re doing the swapping.
I don’t see ethical issues with tweaking the genetics of livestock and plants. We’ve been doing that for — a very long time, not that ‘we’ve always done it’ is an excuse for bad behavior. More to the point, grafting olive trees is a metaphor in Romans 11:19–24: and those verses apparently don’t condemn the practice.
Maybe someone’s assumed that Deuteronomy 22:9 forbids grafting; or condemns marrying someone with a lower Dun & Bradstreet number, or whatever.
I don’t: particularly since it’s about seeds, and comes between a rule about parapets and another about using draft animals.1
Thinking is Not a Sin
I’ve run into folks who act as if they think God gave us brains, and is offended when we use them: particularly if we start wondering how things work.
That doesn’t make sense, not to me.
I’m a Catholic, so I see the universe as a place of order and beauty: being created and upheld by God, in a “state of journeying” toward an ultimate perfection. (Genesis 1:1–31; Catechism of the Catholic Church, 31–32, 302, 341)
We’re rational creatures, created in the image of God, “little less than a god;” left in charge of this world, with the power and frightening responsibilities that come with our nature. (Genesis 1:26–27, 2:7; Psalms 8:6; Catechism, 355–373, 2402, 2415–2418, 2456)
Forgetting that “little less than a god” isn’t “God” gets us in trouble, and that’s yet another topic.
Studying this world is okay. Using reason, we can see God’s work in the universe. (Catechism, 35–36, 282–289, 1704, 2292–2295)
Thinking is not a sin. Using the brains God gave us is part of being human. (Wisdom 7:17; Catechism, 35, 159, 1730–1738)
1. Ancient Barley
(From Paul Shaw, via BBC News, used w/o permission.)
(“Barley fields of 6,000 years ago may have looked very similar to those of today”
(BBC News))
“Ancient barley DNA gives insight into crop development”
“An international group of scientists have analysed the DNA of 6,000 year old barley finding that it is remarkably similar to modern day varieties.
“They say it could also hold the key to introducing successful genetic variation.
“Due to the speed at which plants decompose, finding intact ancient plant DNA is extremely rare.
“The preserved ancient barley was excavated near the Dead Sea, the journal Nature Genetics reports….”
Folks harvested that grain about the time Uruk, or Erech, depending on what you’re reading, was starting to grow into an important city.
About two millennia later, Utu-hengal, governor of Uruk, led Sumerian cities against Tirigan, the last Gutian ruler in Sumer.
Then Ur-Nammu took over and started the Third Dynasty of Ur. He’s mostly famous for the Code of Ur-Nammu, and that’s yet again another topic.
(From Ningyou, based on “Atlas of the Bible Lands,” C S Hammond & Co (1959); via Wikimedia Commons, used w/o permission.)
Over the next two millennia, the Old, Middle, and Neo-Assyrian Empires were a big deal until the Achaemenid Empire took over; then Alexander the Great rolled over that part of the world.
Meanwhile, Abraham and Sara’s descendants were planting crops, building cities, getting conquered, and rebuilding. Some of that shows up in 1 and 2 Kings. Alexander’s generals inherited pieces of his empire, including Yehud Medinata/Province of Judea.
The territory changed hands a few more times before Pompey took over. That was a little before the Roman Republic’s leadership went sour.
Folks in Iudaea Province revolted a few decades after our Lord stopped being dead, and that’s still another topic.
It was not a good time to be in Jerusalem.
Rebel forces held out in an unconquerable fortification on Masada until Roman forces re-engineered the terrain and conquered it.
Fighting didn’t reach Yoram Cave, in a southeastern cliff of the Masada Horst, so the grain stayed there.
Another two millennia of assorted good times and bad passed before researchers found it.
They selected ten grains and spikelets and split them, one set of halves getting analyzed to work out how old they were; the other half getting their DNA extracted and studied.
Looks like folks were “tampering with things man was not supposed to know” long before Uruk became a city.
“…The DNA analysis showed that these 6,000 year old seeds were remarkably similar to modern day crops in the same region. Meaning that at the time they were harvested barley was already an advanced crop that had been heavily domesticated.
” ‘These 6,000 year-old grains are time capsules, you have a genetic state that was frozen 6,000 years ago. This tells us barley 6,000 years ago was already a very advanced crop and clearly different from the wild barley,’ Dr Nils Stein of the IPK Plant Genetics institute in Germany told BBC News.
“He added: ‘Already 6,000 years ago the barley fields may have looked very similar to barley that is grown today.’…
“…As well as providing a detailed insight into the archaeology and history of this ancient crop, the seeds could provide the key to ensuring successful reintroduction of genetic variation in modern day species….”
(BBC News)
That doesn’t bother me, partly because I remember when quite a few folks thought science and technology would solve all our problems; or at least make “the future” a magical place.
Now that we’re living in “the future,” it’s easier to find folks who fear that science and technology will destroy us all; after killing all the cute animals. I think that’s as silly as the old ‘science will solve all problems’ attitude.
Science and technology aren’t transgressions: they’re tools. Ethics apply, but studying this universe and using that knowledge to make new tech is part of being human. It’s part of our job. (Catechism, 2292–2296, 2402–2405, 2456)
Tweaking a wild grass like barley let folks spend time developing things like writing, bronze tools, and barley beer: which I think is okay. (July 10, 2016)
Over the last several millennia, we got really good at fine-tuning domestic plants and animals.
The good news is that our harvests brought in high-quality barley, wheat, and potatoes.
The bad news is that by now quite a few domesticated critters are monocultures: pretty close to clones of each other. We got things like the Great Famine (Ireland) when a ‘clone crop’ caught a disease and died.
It’s not entirely bad news, though. We’re learning a great deal about how genetics works: including potato blight‘s coding. That’s Phytophthora infestans, for folks who like scientific/Latin names for microcritters.
The name for that sort of name is Binomial nomenclature, which goes back to Carl Linnaeus.2
There’s a great deal left to learn, too, but I’m reasonably confident that we’ll develop ways to re-diversify barley, potatoes, and goats.
More than you may want or need to know about:
“Dynamic rock slope stability analysis at Masada national monument using Block Theory and DDA”
Y. H. Hatzor, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
“Genomic analysis of 6,000-year-old cultivated grain illuminates the domestication history of barley”
Martin Mascher, Verena J Schuenemann, Uri Davidovich, Nimrod Marom, Axel Himmelbach, Sariel Hübner, Abraham Korol, Michal David, Ella Reiter, Simone Riehl, Mona Schreiber, Samuel H Vohr, Richard E Green, Ian K Dawson, Joanne Russell, Benjamin Kilian, Gary J Muehlbauer, Robbie Waugh, Tzion Fahima, Johannes Krause, Ehud Weiss, Nils Stein; Letters, Advance Online Publication, Nature Genetics (Received May 6, 2016; accepted June 13, 2016; published online July 18, 2016)
History of agriculture
Talent (measurement)
Mina (unit)
2. Testing a DNA Sequencer in Space
(From NASA, via BBC News, used w/o permission.)
“DNA sequencer sent to space station”
BBC News (July 18, 2016)
“Nasa has sent a DNA sequencer to the International Space Station in an effort to help astronauts monitor their own health.
“A SpaceX cargo ship sent the sequencer into orbit on Monday, along with other items for the crew.
“It was developed by the UK-based company Oxford Nanopore Technologies.
“The device is designed to show whether DNA sequencing is possible in microgravity….”
NASA calls the experiment “Biomolecule Sequencer:”
“…The objectives of Biomolecule Sequencer are to (1) provide proof-of-concept for the functionality and (2) evaluate crew operability of a DNA sequencer in the space environment. The immediate capabilities from the sequencer are, but are not limited to, in-flight microbial identification for crew and vehicle health assessments….”
(NASA)
The rest of NASA’s page is informative, but a trifle on the dry side.
The facts are straightforward enough. If this gadget works as expected, folks on the ISS won’t have to send samples down and wait for lab results. Sounds like a good idea to me.
That didn’t stop me from wondering if someone’s glanced at the headlines after watching Leviathan, Gattaca, and Babylon A.D. — and started writing a screenplay about genetically-engineered game show hosts, NASA, and international corporations.
3. First Farmers, DNA, and Origins
(From Thinkstock, via BBC News, used w/o permission.)
(“The new study analysed the genomes of early farmers from Iran’s Zagros mountains”
“First farmers had diverse origins, DNA shows”
“Analysis of DNA from some of the world’s first farmers shows that they had surprisingly diverse origins.
“Researchers compared the genomes of ancient Neolithic skeletons from across the Near East, where farming began.
“The results shed light on a debate over whether farming spread out from a single source in the region, or whether multiple farmer groups spread their technology across Eurasia.
“The findings by an international team appear in the journal Science….”
These farmers lived in part of the Zagros Mountains that’s now in Iran. The earliest of them lived around the year 8000 BC, the others from roughly 7450 to 7100 BC.
Their genes were more than a bit like folks in today’s Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran: and Sardinia, an island off Italy.
(From Broushaki1 et al., via Science, used w/o permission.)
(Map showing how descendants of these farmers settled in other parts of the world.)
I’m interested, but not particularly surprised, that descendants of these farmers traveled around over the next 10 millennia. Folks move for many reasons: but sooner or later, we’ll head for the horizon and settle somewhere else.
My ancestors didn’t arrive in central North America until about a century back, after a long layover in northwestern Europe, and that’s — you guessed it — another topic.
Or maybe not so much.
My family tree has roots in southern Norway — we’re the short, dark-haired Norwegians — and the northwest part of the British Isles. That overlaps areas where folks from the Zagros Mountains settled, which gives me a personal interest in their story.
“Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent”
Farnaz Broushaki1, Mark G Thomas, Vivian Link, Saioa López, Lucy van Dorp, Karola Kirsanow1, Zuzana Hofmanová, Yoan Diekmann, Lara M. Cassidy, David Díez-del-Molino, Athanasios Kousathanas, Christian Sell, Harry K. Robson, Rui Martiniano, Jens Blöcher1, Amelie Scheu1, Susanne Kreutzer, Ruth Bollongino, Dean Bobo, Hossein Davudi, Olivia Munoz, Mathias Currat, Kamyar Abdi,, Fereidoun Biglari, Oliver E. Craig, Daniel G Bradley, Stephen Shennan, Krishna R Veeramah, Marjan Mashkour, Daniel Wegmann, Garrett Hellenthal, Joachim Burger; Science (July 14, 2016)
Last week’s ‘science’ post:
“Sandra and Tommy: Apes and Ethics”
1 I take Sacred Scripture seriously. (Catechism, 101-133)
I also realize that cultures have changed in the 26 centuries since Deuteronomy was written.
” ‘When you build a new house, put a parapet around the roof; otherwise, if someone falls off, you will bring bloodguilt upon your house.
“1 ‘You shall not sow your vineyard with two different kinds of seed; if you do, its produce shall become forfeit, both the crop you have sown and the yield of the vineyard.
“You shall not plow with an ox and an ass harnessed together.”
(Deuteronomy 22:8–10)
2 Carl Linnaeus published “Systema Naturae” in 1735.
Those were exciting times.
In 1778 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon published his “Les époques de la nature,” saying that Earth was about 75,000 years old. He’d measured how fast iron cooled in his laboratory. The Sorbonne condemned Leclerc’s ideas, and he issued a retraction.
Physicist William Thomson, using similar methods in 1862, calculated an age of Earth at somewhere between 20,000,000 and 400,000,000 years. That was pretty good work, considering that scientists didn’t know about heat from radioactive decay, and effects of convection currents in Earth’s mantle yet.
This sort of thing fascinates me. Your experience may vary.
This entry was posted in science news and tagged agriculture, genetics, history, medicine, science, technology. Bookmark the permalink.
6 Responses to Early Agriculture, New Tech
Naomi Gill says:
A little confused about this sentence: “Working directly with a critter’s genes, instead of introducing a red junglefowl and grey junglefowl and hoping for the best: but gene-swapping between species has been going on for — most likely — billions of years.”
This footnote number is a link, but the previous one isn’t: “2 Carl Linnaeus published”
Strange sort of stutter: “He’d measured measuring how fast iron”
The Friendly Neighborhood Proofreader
Thanks! I think I’ve taken care of that. The “Working directly” sentence *was* a mess. 🙂
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Dallas Opportunity Zone Prospectus is now available
As part of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017, 15 Opportunity Zones were created in the City of Dallas as a way to address under-invested neighborhoods. Investors in these zones can receive significant tax benefits. For more information click link below.
Additional Info... Redevelopment - Home Archive
City of Dallas & SHOP Development win ULI Next Big Idea Award
The City of Dallas Office of Economic Development & SHOP Development have won the Urban Land Institute’s 2019 Next Big Idea Award for their “Transforming Spaces into Places” entry, which shows how you can transform aging retail centers into modern spaces.
$250K available to support Affordable Healthy Food access
The Dallas Development Fund has $250K available to fund affordable healthy food availability in qualified low access census tracts. The maximum award is $70K in the form of forgivable loans to non-profit organizations. Applications due 5/24/19 at 5:00pm.
Hotel Crescent Court's $30 million renovation now complete
Uptown's Hotel Crescent Court has completed its $30 million renovation. The luxury hotel has a totally redesigned lobby and new bar, while each hotel room now includes a 55-inch HD television, bespoke carpet and motion-activated floor lights.
Dallas Morning News - June 19, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New apartments coming to Galleria Dallas neighborhood
Builder Mill Creek Residential Trust has broken ground on a 5-story, 344-unit residential project near the Galleria Dallas called The Modera Dallas Midtown. Located on Noel Road, the rental complex will have a lobby coffee bar and ride share lounge.
Second phase of project has broken ground near Dallas Love Field
JPI has broken ground on the second phase of a their West Love development project located near Dallas Love Field Airport. 354 apartments will be built as part of of the 37-acre West Love development, which includes two hotels, retail and office space.
New hotel coming to Deep Ellum
A 165-room luxury hotel that is being built as part of The Epic mixed-use project will be operated by Kimpton Hotels and Restaurants. The project includes restoration of the historic Pythias building, originally built for an African-American fraternity.
Ross Avenue is getting a major makeover
Several new projects are in progress along Ross Avenue including the 28-story tower HALL Arts II, the Atelier/Flora Lofts, which will include affordable lofts for artists, and The Academic, located on the site of the former DISD administration building.
Dallas Innovates - June 8, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Dallas Medical District to get LEED-certified hotel
The Element by Westin will soon open in the Dallas Medical District, housed in a renovated structure originally built in 1964. The 151-room hotel will have basic LEED certification and will incorporate eco-friendly practices wherever possible.
Green Source DFW - June 12, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
North Oak Cliff development update
North Oak Cliff has approximately 20 large-scale residential and commercial projects currently under construction, along with related infrastructure improvements being made to accommodate the area's population growth.
Candy's Dirt - June 1, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Downtown Dallas has the most room for development
In a study from Yardi Systems Inc., Downtown Dallas has been ranked tops for development potential, with more than 86 acres available. This is in addition to the multiple retail and residential projects already in progress, both downtown and citywide.
Dallas Morning News - May 17, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Downtown Dallas district is getting a new name
Just east of Downtown Dallas more than two dozen buildings, dating from the 1920s and 30s, are being redeveloped. In addition to new office and retail space, the historic neighborhood will also get a new name, the East Quarter.
Oak Cliff construction boom bringing hundreds of new apartments to Bishop Arts
The corner of Davis Street and Zang Boulevard is ground zero for the transformation of north Oak Cliff. Construction cranes tower over the busy intersection south of downtown Dallas, where workers are putting up three apartment and retail buildings.
Dallas Morning News, February 9, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Sky deck, coworking part of Dallas developer's vision of new Deep Ellum community
A Dallas-based developer has started construction on a new Deep Ellum community, with a rooftop sky lounge and a coworking concept. Stillwater Capital has begun work on the five-story, 336-unit apartment complex, called The Crosby, at 400 S. Hall St.
Dallas Business Journal, January 25, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
City Blesses Large Affordable-Housing Project Near Old Dallas High School Downtown
Downtown Dallas appears set to get its first sizable block of affordable housing in nearly a decade with the building of a new residential tower near the newly reopened Dallas High School building on the Central Business District's eastern edge.
Dallas Observer, January 25, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Apartments, live theater planned for former Bishop Arts medical building
A developer plans to reuse a medical building in the Bishop Arts area as part of a 135-unit residential complex. Urban Genesis expects to begin construction on the former Trinity Rehabilitation Center in late spring or early summer.
Oak Cliff Advocate, January 9, 2018 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Details for Mixed-Use Development at Walnut Hill and Central Announced
Newly opened TreeHouse Dallas, Dallas' first energy-positive home improvement store, will soon be surrounded by The Hill. The mixed-use project will have eateries, shops and gathering spaces, with design touted as authentic, funky and preservation-minded.
D Magazine, December 12, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Greystar gearing up to deliver on two high-profile Dallas developments
Two long-awaited developments in some of Dallas' hottest neighborhoods are expected to finally get underway next year by Charleston-based Greystar after years of gathering input from the community.
Dallas Business Journal, December 7, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Developers Behind The Statler Purchase Cabana Motor Hotel with Plans for Redevelopment
Centurion American Development Group has purchased the former Cabana Motor Hotel in the Design District for $8.1 million. Centurion American just reopened The Statler, a historic hotel redevelopment in downtown Dallas.
D Magazine, November 17, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Victory Park is booming
The transformation of Victory Park continues with new dining and drinking options, coworking and office space, retail, and yes, even a movie theater, on the way. Work is ongoing with openings planned for early to mid-2018.
D Magazine - November 9, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Construction of new Starbucks begins at Southern Dallas' Red Bird Mall
The redevelopment of Southern Dallas' Red Bird Mall continues, with this week's groundbreaking for a new Starbucks. The mall is getting a major makeover, with a new hotel, apartments, retail and more planned for the 120-acre property.
Dallas Morning News - November 9, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New dining and drinking options now available at The Statler
The historic Statler Hotel has two new dining and drinking options - upscale diner Overeasy and underground coctail lounge Bourbon & Banter. From coffee and eggs, banana cream pie, and a cocktail called the French Twist, there's something for everyone.
Dallas Culture Map - November 15, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Klyde Warren Park continues to transform Downtown Dallas
Even after five years, Klyde Warren Park is still a catalyst for development in Downtown Dallas. Several commercial and residential projects are under construction around it, as the park provides a place to play, relax and enjoy a variety of activities.
Dallas Innovates - October 26, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
The Dallas Library wins top innovation award
The Urban Libraries Council has given the Dallas Library its 2017 Top Innovators Award for the Library's GED Testing and Workforce Development Project. The project helps adults earn their GED and provides workforce development resources.
Rooms to grow: Hotel count on the rise in central Dallas with four new options
As of this month, a two-block stretch of downtown Dallas contains nearly 600 new hotel rooms. That's nearly 600 more than existed along the rejuvenated Commerce Street before 2016.
Dallas Morning News, October 23, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Boutique hotel in vintage downtown Dallas high-rise caters to locals
A vintage downtown building currently being renovated into a hotel-residence will come with a fringe benefit: a restaurant specializing in chef-driven local fare. The building is the Tower Petroleum building, a historic Art Deco structure at 1907 Elm St.
CultureMap Dallas, October 24, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New music venue Canton Hall opens Oct 31st in Deep Ellum
Reclamation in Deep Ellum continues with the opening of music venue Canton Hall at 2727 Canton Street. The 12,500-square-foot venue has been undergoing renovation for the past year, with a grand opening scheduled for October 31st.
D Magazine - October 1, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Dallas' historic Statler opens its storied doors as completion nears on $255M redevelopment
In grand fashion, the development group behind The Statler — a $255 million redevelopment of a historic hotel into a new hotel, restaurant, retail and residential building — opened the hotel's doors, with construction slated to finish by end of November.
Dallas Business Journal, October 17, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New food hall is coming to West End's FactorySix03 innovation center
Developer Granite Properties is gearing up for the next phase of its FactorySix03 project in Dallas' West End - a 10,000 square foot food hall, which will be located on the project's ground floor. Plans are for it to open by year-end.
Dallas Business Journal - October 16, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New mixed-use development kicks off construction at Dallas' landmark Village apartment community
Dallas' landmark Village apartments, the largest rental community in North Texas, is starting a major redevelopment. Started in the 1960s, the 300-plus-acre Village project near Greenville Avenue and Lovers Lane is home to over 11,000 residents.
The Statler Hotel redevelopment wins prestigious ULI Next Big Idea Award
Downtown Dallas' Statler Hotel project has won the prestigious Next Big Idea Award from the North Texas chapter of the Urban Land Institute. The $230 million redevelopment is one of many that are revitalizing Dallas' urban core.
Dallas Morning News - October 7, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Dallas' Cabana hotel redo would involve a residential tower and resort pool
Centurion American Development Group is finishing up its $230M renovation of the historic Statler Hotel Downtown. At the same time, the real estate firm is buying the 55-year-old former Cabana Motor Hotel on Stemmons Fwy with plans for renovation.
Dallas Morning News, October 5, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Old Dallas school will get new life as urban rental community
The classrooms at Davy Crockett School have been empty since the 1980s. But soon the lofty rooms in the East Dallas landmark will be home to dozens of new residents. The 114-year-old brick schoolhouse is being remodeled into 52 small apartments.
Going Green: DFW a Leader in LEED-Certified Construction
When it comes to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-certified (LEED) projects, North Texas is a bright spot in the state. Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington have more than half of the 6,945 LEED-certified residential construction projects in TX.
Dallas Innovates, September 27, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
$108M Virgin Hotel Dallas bringing lace-clad vision to Design District
When Dallas developer Bill Hutchinson began to describe the new Virgin Hotel Dallas project, he felt it was important to expose parts of it with the help of a lace-like exterior clinging to the building — which drove the design of the upscale hotel.
Dallas Business Journal, September 7, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Plans for new office tower at The Shops at Park Lane accelerated
Given the success of The Shops at Park Lane, plans for a new 11-story office tower have been accelerated. The 340,000 square foot office tower will be located at 8010 Park Lane and will contain ground-floor retail that opens up to a community park.
Dallas Business Journal - September 1, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Check out the new Hall Arts Residences luxury condo unit in Dallas' Arts District
With construction on the tower underway, developer Craig Hall is showing off the first models for his luxury condominium high-rise in downtown Dallas' Arts District.
The $250 million, 25-story building is under construction on Flora Street.
Dallas Morning News, August 28, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Red Bird Mall to be reborn as entrepreneur hub
Red Bird Mall, located in southern Dallas, is being reborn as an entrepreneurial hub. A branch of the Dallas Entrepreneur Center (known locally as the DEC) will open there as part of the large-scale redevelopment of the mall.
KERA News - August 25, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
C-PACE Program Training to be held September 7th
Are you Interested in learning more about the C-PACE (Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy) Program and how it can benefit you? Then sign up for the Dallas C-PACE Service Provider Training being held on September 7th.
Eventbrite - September Events Redevelopment - Home Archive
Work under way to turn landmark Deep Ellum building into boutique hotel
Construction has started on a Dallas landmark. The more than century old Union Bankers Trust building in Deep Ellum has been empty for more than two decades. It was originally built for the Knights of Pythias, an African-American fraternal organization.
Opening act for refurbished Longhorn Ballroom will be a Love for Kids fundraiser
Love for Kids' Palette to Palate fundraiser on Sept 9 at the Longhorn Ballroom will be the first event in the historic music hall since its renovation. The party will honor Western swing icon Bob Wills, for whom the venue was named when it opened in 1950.
Downtown Dallas building lands largest PACE loan in Texas history
The developer of the Butler Brothers building has landed the biggest Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) loan in Texas history, $23.9 million. This funding will help the developer update the building with a variety of energy-efficient systems.
Dallas Business Journal - July 7, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Art-loving apartment dwellers have options in downtown Dallas
The historic Butler Brothers Building, originally built in 1910, has been redeveloped with a host of residential options. Some of the unique spaces offered include art or music studios, a chef's kitchen, cinema, and karaoke room.
Candy's Dirt - August 11, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Dallas' Maple Avenue is back on the map, and here's why
The boom in Dallas' Uptown & Medical District neighborhoods is putting Maple Ave on developers' maps. The street running from downtown to near Love Field is one of the busiest thoroughfares in Oak Lawn. But it was one of the last to see a rebuilding wave.
AT&T seeking diversity in bidders on $100M redevelopment in downtown Dallas
Telecom giant AT&T Inc. (NYSE: T) wants to make a big push into hiring diversity contractors and other suppliers for its $100 million redevelopment project in downtown Dallas, which will bring a tech-centric urban corporate campus to downtown Dallas.
Dallas Morning News, July 31, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
The Drever's reuse of marble is unprecedented in scale
Marble used in the First National Bank of Dallas building, now known as The Drever, is being repurposed as part of its redevelopment. The white marble slabs were originally imported from Greece, from the same quarry used to build the Parthenon.
GlobeSt.com - July 28, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Can a 110-year-old Dallas High School look sharp? See how the redo is going
Renovations to one of downtown Dallas' oldest landmarks are on the last lap to the finish line. Developer Matthews Southwest has been working for more than a year to redevelop the more than century-old Dallas High School building in eastern downtown.
CRE Opinion: A West End Transformation Story
It’s not crystal clear. You still have to squint to see it, but with a little imagination you can see an organically engineered innovation district blossoming in the heart of Dallas in The West End, or Historic West End as it is often identified.
D Magazine, July 27, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Growing Dallas builder breaks new ground with a dozen urban home projects
A 5-year-old Dallas homebuilder is on its way to being one of the area's biggest urban housing firms. Building a combination of townhouses and single-family homes, Centre Living has snapped up small building sites in close-in Dallas neighborhoods.
Dallas' newest hotel The Lorenzo offers amazing art show
Fox 4 News - July 6, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Statler Hotel developers starting garage and mixed-use project this month in downtown Dallas
Developers of downtown Dallas' historic Statler Hotel project are about to start construction on a new building next door. Dallas' city plan commission has given approval for a mixed-use building that would be constructed on Harwood Street.
Dallas Morning News, July 5, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Dallas' Victory Park, once a rail yard and power plant, nearing the finish line 20 years later
In case you haven't noticed, Victory Park is almost finished, just in time for its 20th birthday. Two decades after the 75-acre project was first envisioned on the northwest corner of downtown, the ambitious mixed-use development is mostly built.
Dallas Morning News, June 23, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Striking new skyscraper in downtown Dallas will be tallest in decades
Chicago-based developer Amli Residential is building the tallest tower in Dallas in three decades. The 45-story apartment high-rise will go up on Field Street on downtown's north side.
Dallas Morning News, June 1, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Preston Hollow Village expansion is a step closer to completion
More housing, retail and office space is coming to Preston Hollow Village, after changes to the developer’s plans were approved during Wednesday’s city council meeting. Provident Realty Advisors is overseeing the 42-acre property’s expansion.
Preston Hollow Advocate, May 27, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
First look: Downtown Dallas' historic Statler Hotel apartments are ready
It's been more than 15 years since anyone spent the night in downtown's Statler Hotel. The Commerce St. landmark now has almost two dozen residents. They are the first of hundreds of renters who will be moving into the old hotel in the coming months.
Dallas Morning News, May 16, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Victory Park's newest apartment tower opens this week
Victory Place, the first of four new apartment towers in the Victory Park neighborhood, is opening this week. It has 352 apartments, ranging from 535 to 1,500 square feet, as well as a rooftop swimming pool, 24-hour fitness center, and coffee bar.
The Statler Hotel in downtown Dallas gets shout-out from preservationists
The redevelopment of downtown Dallas' Statler Hotel is getting accolades from preservationists. Stephanie Meeks of The Nat'l Trust for Historic Preservation says it's"...an exemplary reuse of midcentury modern buildings that are often overlooked."
New project to bring 135 townhomes to East Dallas
EKO Construction is breaking ground on a new residential community in East Dallas called Bryan Heights, located at Grigsby Ave near Bryan Street. The first 41 homes will be 1,500 - 1,600 sq. ft. in size, with a total of 135 townhomes planned.
Dallas Morning News - April 15, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Architect Perkins+Will to be lead tenant at Dallas High School
It's been announced that the lead tenant for the Dallas High School project in downtown Dallas is architect Perkins+Will. Owner Matthews Southwest is refurbishing the 110-yr old landmark into approximately 105,000 sq. ft. of office and retail space.
Globe St. - April 18, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Luxury $75M Katy Trail project makes a run after empty nesters
A luxury $75 million apartment development — with graciously sized homes — along the Katy Trail is looking to make a run on empty nesters wanting to downsize, but stay in the neighborhood.
Dallas Business Journal, April 12, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Landmark 110-Year-Old Crozier Tech Being Restored After 22 Years Vacant
The Crozier Tech building in Dallas is soon to reopen, 22 years after it was abandoned as a school. It was the only Dallas high school when it was built in 1907. Now, graduates who fought to see it saved are thrilled the building is being revived.
NBCDFW.com, April 5, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
LMC tops off mixed-use community in Victory Park
Developer LMC has topped off its 23-story mixed-use development in Dallas' Victory Park neighborhood. The complex will have 285 apt. homes, 20,000 sq. ft. of ground-floor retail and the Cinépolis Cinema, a 700-seat luxury movie theater.
Multi-Housing News - April 6, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Demolition crews dismantling Macy's store at Valley View Center
In the latest step of the multi-billion dollar, multi-developer redevelopment of the Dallas Midtown area, a demolition crew is dismantling the Macy's store at Valley View Center. The demolition is expected to be completed by May 1.
Dallas Business Journal - February 16, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Urban living is attracting both boomer and millennial
As boomer and millennial populations move to downtown areas, companies are taking note, and chasing this talent pool. This is especially evident in downtown Dallas, which has 45,000 residents, with the addition of 5,000 jobs in the last quarter alone.
Globe St. - March 31, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
16 townhouses coming to Bishop Arts
From a new downtown streetcar link to a burgeoning apartment market, Bishop Arts is booming. Developer Larkspur is bringing 16 new for-sale townhomes to Elsbeth St. by late 2017.
Oak Cliff Advocate - March 6, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
More apartments on the way on Singleton Blvd in West Dallas
Stonelake Capital Partners is building the $250 million, 25-acre Trinity Green development on Singleton Blvd. in West Dallas. As part of that mixed-use project, one of the area's largest, they are preparing plans for another large apartment community.
Dallas Morning News - April 4, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
Entrepreneur club and collaborative workspace coming to historic Dallas High School project
Foundry Ventures Inc. has announced it will set up shop in Dallas High School, currently being redeveloped by Jack Matthews at 2218 Bryan St. The company has signed a lease for approximately 19,000 sq. ft. of office space and 10,000 sq. ft. for retail.
Dallas Business Journal - March 28, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
More apartments and restaurants coming to West Dallas' Trinity Groves
With the first mixed-use phase at Trinity Groves almost complete, developer Columbus Realty will soon start the project's second phase. This phase includes a second, 325-unit mixed-use apartment building. Future plans include a hotel and office building.
Dallas Morning News - March 10, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
New construction a cause to celebrate in Dallas' Jubilee Park
The Jubilee Park neighborhood, southeast of downtown Dallas, will see 26 new houses added by this summer as part of a long-term rejuvenation for the neighborhood that includes increased security, a community center, and educational programming.
NBC DFW - March 5, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
The Epic will revive historic Deep Ellum building
A new mixed-use project is set to transform Deep Ellum and embrace its history. The Epic will incorporate the historic Union Bankers Building as a boutique hotel, surrounded by new multi-family and office development. Completion is scheduled for 2019.
Dallas Innovates - March 23, 2017 Redevelopment - Home Archive
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So what are you doing next Friday?
I'll be watching the Watchmen. How about you?
Courtesy of: Danny at 11:12 PM
movie|The Watchmen|
Markings: movie, The Watchmen
In a post over at Gender Critics a user by the name Bj0rnborg mentioned the following scenario:
A man in the tram is silently crying. No one knows why.
The close by women can't decide if they should contact him and somehow comfort him (female genderroll: taking care of everyones emotional wellbeing).
The other men in the bus are looking away. Why? Sure, it's a display of weakness, and a reminder of every man's own inner fight. But the most important reason? Out of respect. Out of respect of whatever trouble that particular man had, for another man to engage into that situation would only increase that mans shame/self contempt/self awareness. So we respectfully keep away, just as we keep our own emotional baggage to ourselves so not to burden any other man. Every man has more than enough of his own.
Now the main point of Fred's post was to shed light on how people, namely men, react to seeing other men with problems and whether or not they would offer assistance. Well me being me I went on a bit of a tangent and brought up the issue of how my level of familiarity with the man in question would affect my offering of assistance. I had said that if was not that familiar with the crying man in question I would not offer assistance. In response to that Fred asked me two questions in return:
How would you approach offering a guy help that you did know? Is that different from how you would approach offering help to woman you know?
Despite their being only two questions I think this requires three answers.
1. A man that I do not know: Simply put I would not offer to help a man that I did not know. Now for the most part we are conditioned to believe that "a real man doesn't ask for help", "a real man doesn't need help", and even "to offer help to a man is to insult that man". None of those reasons have anything to do with why I would not help him. Like I said above I would not offer assistance because I do not know him. First I do not know his situation. And second I do not know how he may react to my offer. Perhaps with hostility because he thinks I think he is weak. Too many variables to risk to offer aid.
2. A woman that I do no know: Just like the man I do not know I would not offer aid to a woman I do not know either. Now I know this flies in the face of everything we are taught. "Always help a woman." "Damsel in distress." Stuff like that. But just like the man I don't know I don't know her situation. Nor do I know how she would react. She may think I'm trying to attack her. Other passengers may think I'm the one that harmed her and she needs help and in their attempt to help her I end up getting tossed in jail. Frankly speaking I think offering assistance to a woman I don't know is more risky that offering assistance to a man I don't know.
As you can see unfamiliarity with the person in question leaves too much room for an offer of assistance to become a problem. However once that wall of unfamiliarity is torn down things change quite a bit.
3. For either a man or a woman that I know I would certainly offer assistance with but a few exceptions. One, I know that the person in question would not want me to speak to them under such a situation. Two, I already know the situation and know that the instance in crying in question is just a coping mechanism. Well that's all I can think of (it is 3:44 am mind you) but I'm sure there are more. Barring any of those circumstances my desire to help my friend/acquaintance would over ride my fears of having him think I think he's weak or my fears of her thinking I'm only offering assistance because "women need men to help them".
So what about you reader? What would you do if you saw a man/woman that you do/do not know crying and what would influence your answers?
Courtesy of: Danny at 3:14 AM
BigFred|Bj0rnborg|female|gender|gender barrier|Gender Critics|gender relations|male|men's rights|Pelle Billing|
Markings: BigFred, Bj0rnborg, female, gender, gender barrier, Gender Critics, gender relations, male, men's rights, Pelle Billing
Anyone know who this issue belongs to?
I'm gonna go straight to the point.
Why in the hell do people go through so much trouble trying to tell whether or not an issue belongs to a certain branch of activism as if the proper label on the issue determines its importance?
When Sean Bell was murdered by a group of cops as he and friends were coming out of a night club (the day before his wedding mind you) there were people in the feminist blogshpere who were trying to decide of his murder was a feminist issue.
Does it really fucking matter which branch of activism an event belongs to? If it "belonged" to the anti-racists would things change? If it "belonged" to the MRAs would the murder mean less? If it "belonged" to feminist does that suddenly mean that his murder was a serious issue? To the devil with that.
This man was killed a little over two years ago and people are still arguing over whether or not his murder is a feminist issue.
One of the arguing points mentioned by those who say it is is the fact that he left behind a widow. Are those people trying to say that the only reason his murder is worthy of the feminist label is because a woman was affect? (I suppose if his wife to be was killed and Sean and the child were left behind it would automatically be a feminist issue.) I guess it only warrants the "feminist issue" label if a woman was affected no matter how far you have to dig for the connection.
To all you people arguing over whether or not his murder (or any event for that matter) is a feminist issue, who gives a shit? A man was murdered for racist reasons. He left behind a widow and child. The widow and child need support and the racism needs to be dealt with. It is an issue plain and simple.
Courtesy of: Danny at 8:48 PM
activism|feminism|gender relations|issues|label|murder|race|racism|Sean Bell|
Markings: activism, feminism, gender relations, issues, label, murder, race, racism, Sean Bell
This sounds an awful lot like, "He was asking for it."
Shoutout to Glenn Sacks on this one.
What we have here is a 41 year old music school teacher up on charges ranging from "16 offenses including sexual abuse of a minor, third- and fourth-degree sex offenses and showing obscene matter to a minor" for her alleged sexual relationship with an under aged male student. It seems to be the thing these days for female teachers to have sexual relationships with under aged (mostly) male students. But I have to say that this is the first time I've seen a defense like this.
The defense has filed a motion to dimissed on the following grounds:
...the victim, now 17 years old, is mature based on a number of factors including the fact that he has a 21-year-old girlfriend who he has had an ongoing sexual relationship with for more than two years.
So because he has an older girlfriend now means it was okay to statutorily rape him when he was still a minor.
...the victim, before he dropped out of school, publicly admitted to being voluntarily sexually active and using illegal drugs since he was 12 years old.
No comment on the "maturity" of dropping out of school but it would seem that his past illegal drug use meant it was okay to have sex with him before he was legally able to consent.
...the victim has admitted to being a pornography addict.
An addiction to pornography is a greenlight to have sex with an under aged child.
Okay now I'm sure that anyone reading this has read of cases in which a man has been brought on charges for raping an under aged girl and he offered "explanations" along those same lines ("She's mature for her age", "She said she likes it rough.", "She seduced me!"). Those lines don't excuse their behavior and I sure as hell hope this woman does not get off with the line of BS she is calling a defense.
Male rape victims have been a marginalized group for a long time and its got to stop. No more of this "He was asking for it.", "He should be glad he was able to score a teacher.", "He's the male so he must have raped her.", or "He's the male so it must be his fault."
I know its hard for a lot of people to understand but first of all despite what the media and society says all males are not horn toads that think about sex all the time. And two even if that were so there are laws in place that (are at least) supposed to protect those who are not able to give consent.
And on a bit of a side note. Supposedly girls mature emotionally faster than boys do. If that is the case why is it assumed that under aged girls who have sex are victims but under aged boys who have sex are not victims? I suppose people that think that way believe that boys are behind girls in every standard of maturity except for sex.
double standard|rape|sex|sex crime|under aged|
Markings: double standard, rape, sex, sex crime, under aged
Oh come on people...
Apparently cartoonist Sean Delonas thought this was a good idea. Something to laugh at. Something that would received as "insightful and thought provoking". First off this was not a good idea in fact it was a very bad idea. Second if you see someone laughing at this I highly recommend you reevaluate your opinion of that person. Third this does provoke quite a bit of thought but believe me when I say that the thoughts that are provoked are not of Sean being insightful.
Not to say that it would be okay outside of February but he could have at least waited until Black History Month had passed.
I've read some asking if Rev. Al Sharpton is on point with complaining about this. Hell the fuck yeah he is on point for complaining about this. The man has his moments but its insulting to even think it is even necessary to ask if he has any business complaining about it.
Post racism world my ass...
Courtesy of: Danny at 12:47 AM
-ism|-ist|Al Sharpton|monkey|obama|race|racism|
Markings: -ism, -ist, Al Sharpton, monkey, obama, race, racism
Perhaps his soul can finally rest in peace...
Like many men Tim Cole was a man that was put away in prison for a crime he did not commit. Like a lot of those men Tim's name is on its way to being cleared. But unlike many of those men Tim himself will be there when the official decision comes down.
In 1985 Tim Cole was convicted of raping a Texas Tech student and sentenced to 25 years in prison. He would have been due for release in the next year or so but Tim will never see the light of day again. Tim died while in prison in 1999. It did not have to end this way. The asthma difficulties that took his life may have still done so but at least he would have been in the outside world, where innocent men should be.
There is a man by the name of Jerry Wayne Johnson who since 1995 has been claiming responsibility for the brutal crime committed against Michele Mallin. Yes go ahead note the difference. Johnson started claiming responsibility in 1995. Cole died in 1999. During that four year span Jonhson tried on at least three separate occasions to confess to the attack:
Then, in 1995, Johnson wrote a letter to the district court in Lubbock in which he confessed to raping Mallin. He got no reply. So he wrote another letter asking for an attorney so that he could legally confess. Again, he was ignored.
Johnson eventually wrote to the former Lubbock district attorney who prosecuted the case, Jim Bob Darnell, and asked for his help. There was only silence in reply. By 2007,...(It is worth mentioning that he intentionally waited until the statute of limitations passed on the rape before stepping forward).(Shoutout to Save the Poor Brown Children)
Why were Johnson's attempts at a confession ignored for four years? Where the hell was the court system that was so ready to lock Cole away when the real culprit stepped forward? And for those of you wondering "Well if he had not waited for the statute of limitaions he might of saved Tim's life!" I ask, "Four YEARS was not enough time to hear out Jerry's confession and get Tim out of prison so that if the asthma was gonna take him in 1999 he would have at least died a free man?"
To have something like this come to light during Black History month should put an exclamation point on the fact that not only did racism not magically dissappear after the initinal efforts of the Black Civil Rights movement or when Obama won his bid for the White House.
(Currently Cole's family and Michele Mallin with help from the Innocence Project of Texas are working to have Cole's name cleared. Let's hope that at least one of the who knows how many man that are wrongly in prison can have his name cleared even though he won't be there to thank those that helped him.)
Edit: Ouyang Dan points out that Renee has a post up on this stating that his name was cleared. I was a little slow on the pick up because the article link I got from the comment section of one of Glenn Sacks' posts last week said that Timothy's family was going to court to try to clear his name.
prison|race|racism|rape|sexism|Tim Cole|violence|violence against women|
Markings: prison, race, racism, rape, sexism, Tim Cole, violence, violence against women
For an organization with "Ethical" as part of its name...
the people that come up with P.E.T.A's marketing/protest efforts seem to have a short of supply of ethics.
First they go and use borderline nude pictures of women in its ads (don't believe me eh? Then go check ask (i.e. search) Renee, Cara, and Melissa about it).
Well I guess they decided that such a campaign was offensive or something so they came up with a better way to generate awareness.
So check out the attire they chose. I'm pretty sure there's not much ethical about invoking one of the most racist images imaginable.
Yes you saw that correctly. Members protested in front of the Westminster Dog Show last night where white robes and white hoods that are pointed at the top. Perhaps this marketing group just magically forgot about the last 250 some odd years or they just don't give a fuck anymore. Does this mean that the members that did this can be considered extremists now? Well the majority of the blogshpere has already cut this open and excised the racism at work here but I just had to say something.
I wanted to say WFT and epic fail at the same time but couldn't quite figure out how. But that's okay cuz Dramatic Chipmunk and Bob Barker have it under control:
(And this is not the last time you will see this.)
-ism|animals|Dramatic Look|epic fail|ethics|fail|KKK|PETA|racism|Shakesville|The Curvature|Womanist Musings|
Markings: -ism, animals, Dramatic Look, epic fail, ethics, fail, KKK, PETA, racism, Shakesville, The Curvature, Womanist Musings
Sony Releases New Stupid Piece Of Shit That Doesn't Fucking Work
This "news report" manages to sum up the frustration that people who do not understand technology and the people who are obsessed with buying the latest gadget just to find out its obsolete by the time they get it home and plug it in.
capitalism|consumerism|electronics|money|News|Sony|The Onion|
Markings: capitalism, consumerism, electronics, money, News, Sony, The Onion
I see your 25 Random Things...
1. Yes my first name is Daniel.
2. My current hairstyle of choice is the afro (and yes I have the pick with the black power fist).
3. For reading material I lean towards mystery, fantasy, and a small bit of horror.
4. Don't bother asking me what my favorite movie is. I like a lot of them but there's no way I can pick one and say its my fave.
5. Did I mention I was indecisive?
6. A part of the list in my ideal human rights conversation would be Glenn, Sally, Lisa, Ren, Fred, etc...not sure who else but there would be more people in this conversation.
7. I have no problem with people who do not know any better on a subject but are at least civil. Its those bastards that do not know any better on a subject but still insist on acting like they are the know all authority on it that bother me...
8. If it were possible I would be the one jedi in existence that would actually have a higher body count with telekinesis than with a lightsaber. Sure impaling people and removing various body parts is fun but being able to force grip someone and toss them off into the distance just does it for me even better.
9. After spending 8-9 hours a day answering phones would YOU feel like talking on the phone once you get off work? That is why I'm horrible about answering phone calls.
10. The holy grail of my video game collection would be a functioning Turbo Grafix 16 WITH the CD system. That will be a glorious day. Angels will sing, champagne will fall from the heavens, velet curtains will part.
11. I'm the world's laziest cook. Don't get me wrong when I get in the kitchen I throw the fuck down problem is I don't feel like getting in the kitchen too often.
12. I recently bought the entire "Angel" tv series boxset on ebay for $65.
13. Am I the only person that loves peanut butter so much that I didn't stop eating it during this salmonella scare?
14. I firmly believe that the person that coined the phrase, "The customer is always right." never worked in retail and should have violence committed against them.
15. In order to put on headphones I have to part my hair. And I haven't worn a hat in years.
16. For the most part I don't bother with labels. People spend too much time arguing over the labels themselves and not focusing on the actions of the people in question. A damn waste if you ask me.
17. Dark Chocolate is probably the greatest sweet ever invented.
18. When I sleep at night I have to have some sort of sound (usually music) going on.
19. I occasionally take Fuck It Days.
20. I wanted to try an MMO but WoW just did not look interesting so I went for Lord of the Rings Online instead. And I'm glad I did.
21. Unfortunately now I'm playing an MMO again I have basically no time for console gaming.
22. Just caugh up on Bleach yesterday. 205 episodes. Need to get around to catching up on One Piece.
23. If I could have one mutant ability it would most certainly be control over magnetism because Magneto owns. Yeah most people would go for telepathy because it would be so easy to win a fight but that just doesn't interest me. (Mind you telepathy is about the only way you could stop a person with Magneto's powers.)
24. For me the ideal pizze has mushrooms, spinach, garlic, and pepperoni.
25. My taste in music? Basically anything but country (but there are a few country music exceptions to that).
...and I'll raise you a 26!!! Haha!!!!
26. You must watch this:
25|Facebook|meme|random facts|
Markings: 25, Facebook, meme, random facts
"Guilty until proven inno"....hold up its "Innocent until proven guilty". Right?
You know people like to brush off false rape allegations as if they are some one-in-a-godzillion occurrence that's less likely than getting struck by lighting 67 times (kudos to whoever knows where that number of lighting strikes is from). That may be the case but damn if those things don't wreck havoc on the lives of the poor souls that fall victim to them.
I was reading this today (shout out to Glenn Sacks) and I have to say that this guy has every right to be mad, upset, or whatever he's feeling.
The false accuser in this story said that her "rapist" raped her several times and was blackmailing with homemade DVDs and even threatening to kill her. Like any police force should an investigation was carried out. Well apparently:
perhaps knowing her account contained, as police put it, a 'number of inconsistencies', she withdrew the allegation. The police officer recorded the incident as 'no crime'.
But if there was 'no crime' can someone please explain to me why, 'the matter remains recorded as rape'.? So he was accused, arrested, and let go but the records will reflect rape? Yeah that's fair. And to make it even better it seems that despite the fact that the allegation was withdrawn and police let him go the incident is being kept in the Police National Computer where an officer added the following to the record, 'There is insufficient additional verifiable information to determine that no notifiable offence has been committed.' Translation: "He might not have raped her but more than likely he's does something wrong so we'll just use this false allegation as an excuse to keep him in our records."
Now this record isn't just some reference that is locked away and only the police have acces to it mind you. This record is referenced as a part of background criminal checks and for US Visa applications. And how long does this hammer hang overhead: TEN YEARS! That's right for ten gentlemen you get to be treated like a criminal for ten years because some vindictive woman took out her frustrations against you all because you might have done it. Apparently its best to assume that you did instead of finding out if you did.
Now you'll notice that I didn't use his name. That's because thankfully a falsely accused man's name is actually being protected instead of being tossed to the media like steak to pack of hungry wolves. But I'm sure your sigh of relief will fade when you see this:
The boyfriend cannot be identified to protect his accuser's anonymity, but wants to make his case public. (emphasis mine)
Yeah protecting his identity has absolutely nothing to do with protecting him until at least a damn conviction or giving him the benefit of the doubt. Oh hell no the only reason his identity is getting protection is because said protection is necessary in order to protect her identity.
So there you have it folks. I'm sure despite the fact that the damage is as plain as day someone out there really believes that falsely accused men don't suffer any damage and I'll bet there are even a few jerks that think being falsely accused teaches him some sort of lesson. And let's not forget the ones that "know" he probably did something wrong even if it wasn't that specific rape therefore he deserves to get drug through the mud.
(P.S.) - Did you notice that there is nothing about an investigation into if her claim was false or any charges brought against her?
false accusation|gender|gender relations|misandry|rape|sexism|
Markings: false accusation, gender, gender relations, misandry, rape, sexism
Any tool is a good one if you know how to use it
In the wee hours of the morning Renee put a post about a film that covers the Montreal Massacre that occurred on Dec. 6, 1989. The film does not cover the perspective of the 14 women who were killed but instead it comes from the angle of a group of men were forced out of a classroom by the gunman, allowing him to "fight feminism" by shooting all nine of the women in the classroom, killing six. After the initial attack he proceeded to go through other areas of the school killing eight more women in the process. In the end he turned the gun on himself.
And it would seem that Renee (and many of her regulars) are not happy about this. Now at first I thought they were mad because they thought the intent of the movie was to outright say that the perspective of the women that died really wasn't important in comparison to the "real victims" or some shit like that. But after talking to some of the folks over there with mixed reaction (ranging from actual conversation to being told to write in my own blog to an invitation to "fuck off", need as Cara exactly how one does that). Well I already intended to write something over here about it but I don't think it would have been right to just go off on them without at least talking to them. And despite some of them being more concerned with zingers than anything else I'm glad I did.
The comments got me thinking, "Okay I don't fully understand their anger. Why would they be upset over a relatively small bit of coverage about the male survivors?" I know they (well at least Renee anyway) would not be mad over something like survivors getting their perspective told. So I reread the post and notice this:
I am in no way denying that the men who witnessed this event were traumatized however, the first time that this story is told on the big screen should not be from the male perspective.
Could the source of the anger here be the format of the telling of their perspective and the exposure associated with that format? "Oh heavens no that can't be it" I tell myself. "Who cares about the format? This is apparently the first time their perspective has been covered so its not like this one telling is going to override the 20 odd years of remembrance for those 14 women right?" Then it hits me.
Media is used to distribute information and movie/tv is one of the most widespread. Not only is it widespread but its also highly influential.
So you have a movie about an event from the perspective of the male survivors and not that of the 14 women that were killed. For many people (myself included) will be learning about this for the first time from this movie. At this point I will invoke one of my favorite tools, The Test.
The Test is a tool I use to get an understanding of someone else's feelings, perspective, etc... Today's incarnation of The Test will be:
"Danny how would you feel if the first widespread telling of an tragedy in which only men were killed was presented from the perspective of women survivors?"
Thinking about it like this I would have to say that honestly my reaction would probably be something akin to Renee's. Mind you I wouldn't call it a piece of shit from the get go but I would be left wondering why the first widespread telling of a tragedy in which only men were killed was told from the woman's perspective.
Yes I'm sure there are people out there (and possibly reading this) that are calling me ever name in the book and making up a few new ones. Big Fucking Deal. I'm working my way through this at my pace and no amount childish name calling is gonna change that.
female|gender relations|maile|perspective|The Test|Tools|
Markings: female, gender relations, maile, perspective, The Test, Tools
If it should be her choice then why must it be his responsibility?
As anyone that's been reading this blog for the can tell, I don't exactly come with hard hitting subjects that set the blogshpere ablaze with insightful commentary and words that are the most profound of the profound. I kind of just go with the flow that I feel. Well today I feel like something should be addressed when it comes to parenting. Unfortunately I think I'm about to paint a bulleye on my back. Oh and before you take the time think of a wiseass comment about how basic this is just suck it up or move the hell on.
When it comes to parenting one of the most often heard phrases is, "Her body, her choice". I agree with that...to a point I think.
Now before you start loading up the personal attacks let me clarify. On the topic of abortion I suppose I'm pro-choice. If a woman gets pregnant it should be up to her to decide to bring said child into the world. It's her "choice" as it were. That's fine, well, and good. Now I have a question. Why is it that in most parenting conversations people talk about its her choice and his responsibility?
On one most people that tell a man to step up and take responsibility and be a father will fire back with something to the effect of "he should have kept it in his pants", "he choose to have sex now he has to live with the consequences", or something like that. But on the other those same people don't tell her "she should have kept it out of her pants", "she choose to have sex now she has to live with the consequences, or something like that (in fact people who do say such things to the mother are accused of trying to take control of her body, funny that they don't notice they are doing the same thing to the father...)
People advocate that from the moment of conception the mom she should have control (barring complications and risks beyond her control) over whether that child lives or dies. The support for that position usually comes in the form of commenting that since she is the one carrying the child in her body it should be her choice. Why are men given that same choice when it comes to being a father?
What type of father a man becomes or even if he becomes a father is not up to him as much as people like to think. Men that want to be a part of their child's life getting pushed away while simultaneously getting drug through court for child support. Women abandoning babies (and not always in safe places like hospitals and firehouses) without telling the father about them. Even the occasional story of mothers whisking the child away from dad and not even informing him when the child dies.
I know all this sound incoherent but what I'm getting at is if a woman gets pregnant and wants to abort lots of people will stand by her but if the father of that child doesn't want to be a father those same people will scorn him. Why is that? Why is one allowed to choose and the other is held at the mercy of that choice?
abortion|choice|father|mother|parenting|responsibility|
Markings: abortion, choice, father, mother, parenting, responsibility
Mind, Body, Conscience, and Dance Part 2
Back in part one I was discussing the variables involved in one's choice of music. Here in part two I want to look at some of the various states and the choices they lead to (at least for me anyway).
You're in the mood to dance. However you don't want to spend a lot of energy
Jam & Spoon - Stella
You'll notice that in this particular song, classified as vocal trance, there are almost no lyrics (simply a woman occasionally saying "Hold me. Love me."). Despite this being a club track I can imagine dancing in a close embrace with someone and dancing as if we were the only people on the floor. Just you, your partner, and the beat. I would say that you can't have lyrics in a song like this for they would ruin the moment. Try to picture 50 Cent rapping to the beat of this song. It hurts my head to think about such an image.
You're laying on the beach watching the clouds and trying to relax. Remote - Postcard. No energy. No activity. No dancing. To me such a song is for times when you want to forget about your responsibilities and have some, "Me time". Just like the song I mentioned before this one lyrics would get in the way. This track is meant to be all about you. Hell think of your own lyrics if you want. Take you to that "Me, Myself, and I" place.
Prom. Wedding. Family Reunion. If you've been to one of these events at sometime in your life there is a very high chance that either The Cha Cha Slide or The Electric Slide was played...more than once. The line dance. Songs like this are for social events and you want to get everyone on the floor but in a manner that doesn't result in a crowded mess. You don't have to worry about performing the wrong dance to these songs since there is only one way to dance to them (yes you can do variations but please leave the freestyling to the pros) and many of them actually have directions in the lyrics (or directions for lyrics).
When you have a song like this where the steps are given to you or there is a specific dance associated with it you almost have no reason to not do it. Unlike the two before it the lyrics are very important to tracks like this. The need for lyrics for the Cha Cha Slide is pretty obvious because without them you would not know the directions for the dance. Even for the Electric Slide the words set the rhythm for the movements, keeping people in alignment (Although I've seen plenty of Electric Slides end in failure).
We've all had moments in our life when we were in a very dark place. It seemed like you had fallen as low as you could possibly fall and hope was on short supply. VNV Nation - Left Behind. On a track like this the lyrics themselves may not be very important but the point they convey is. Not to be a sadsack but music like this usually touches on sad depressing subjects often in the form of a story (perhaps even a story that relates to whatever has you down at the moment). Yes you could watch the music video of a song and possibly get the story without hearing it but bear in mind that even though its commonplace these days to have them in the same device its almost always been easier to distribute audio than visual.
One last example (because I don't want to go overboard with too many examples).
You've had a sucky day at work. Maybe you failed a major exam that you really did study all night for. Perhaps you got a BS ticket from cop. Whatever the reason You are are pissed off and by the time you get home you want to commit violence. To hell with patience, fuck calm, and tranquility be damned. You just want to lash out and not care about the consequences. Korn - Somebody Someone. The lyrics in music like this are often loud, chaotic, and violent. When in a bad mood quoting such lyrics can help in venting built up anger but that doesn't mean the rhythm and instrument sounds that go along with them don't help.
Now I could go on and on with more examples but I think I've made my point (but if not don't be scared to say something). Now one thing to bear in mind is that the songs I listed above and meaningfulness I associated with them are my own interpretations. Someone else can listen to this same set of tracks and get something totally different from them. And that's not even counting the people who don't like some or all of the tracks listed here.
So to answer the question of how important lyrics are to a song the best I can say is, "It depends." On what you ask? It depends on the person you ask, their state of mind, their state of mind they want to achieve, their desire (or lack of) to dance, what activity (if any) they are engaging in....
Now that this side quest is finished its time to wait and see what Fred has in store for us next.
BigFred|Cha Cha Slide|Electric Slide|emotion|feeling|Gender Critics|influence|Jam and Spoon|Korn|lyric|music|Remote|state of mind|VNV Nation|
Markings: BigFred, Cha Cha Slide, Electric Slide, emotion, feeling, Gender Critics, influence, Jam and Spoon, Korn, lyric, music, Remote, state of mind, VNV Nation
This sounds an awful lot like, "He was asking for ...
For an organization with "Ethical" as part of its ...
"Guilty until proven inno"....hold up its "Innocen...
If it should be her choice then why must it be his...
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Tag Archives: Victoria Paschold
Red Carpet … Henrik’s world
In pursuit of the highest ideal of red carpet partying, our fearless leader Henrik will go to extreme lengths to make sure he knows the hip and happening of Berlin.
Berlin is always hot-to-trot but this was one, very naughty evening, even for us! First stop was Playboy night at The Pearl. There was no sign of Hugh Hefner is his dressing gown but there was copious amounts of flesh on display as Playboy Bunnies strode around, as well as burlesque performances. Next, we went to Insomnia, the infamous fetish and sex club at Templehof. Dominique, the owner of the club and Germany’s foremost dominatrix, had invited us to her birthday party! How could we possibly refuse a dominia without getting a severe spanking? We stripped down to the bare minimal and danced the night away, as people all around us were getting down and dirty. Yes, that means exactly what you think it means!
Berlinale always means parties, premiers and star spotting! Eventually, all the red carpets blur into one dazzling red rug, the size of Berlin! Soho House was the epicenter of everything, as usual. The Oscar nominated ‘American Hustle After Party’ took place in the Soho House basement with stars Bradley Cooper, Christian Bale, Tilda Swinton, Ralph Fiennes, and Topmodel Toni Garrn in attendance. Soho House also made the most of their fabulous new loft spaces for the party after the premier of Monuments Men, as A-listers George Clooney, John Goodman, Cate Blanchett, Bill Murray, Matt Damon attended. Rumour has it that George Clooney was seen trying to get into the Olympic Fruits party but we can neither confirm or deny this.
Kreuzberg gets trendier and trendier, by the day. The once trashy area is now turning into the place to go five-star bar hopping. Offering some high camp glam is the Prinzipal. Berlinagenten went to the opening party. Like the best bars in Berlin, there is no sign. However once you enter into the long, thin bar, it’s like stepping back into the roaring twenties. There are two floors, upstairs is a fabulous bar, with a burlesque acts including a girl on a cloud swing high above the patrons heads as the uber cool bar staff, the girls in corsets, the boys in suits made old school cocktails. We loved the make-up table downstairs, so if you’re looking a little rough you canready to take on the night once again.
It was the opening that the entire city wanted to get invited to – 25 hours launching their fabulous new hotel – 25 hours Bikini Berlin! They didn’t disappoint with a two-day non-stop party with over 3000 invited guests coming to check out the new hotel. The whole building was made into a party space as the media, hotel and hospitality industry, local celebs and hardcore party people invaded every floor. Every available space was turned into a bar, dance-floor or food station, including an oyster bar, a falafel station, a dessert bar, as well as the 25 Hours signature Neni restaurant, turning out delicious food.There were DJ’s rocking dance floor in the sky sauna, drinks in the corridors and in the bedrooms, where we were encouraged to test out the beds! Most of the action took place in the Monkey Bar, which has in just weeks, cemented itself as the bar to be seen at in Berlin. With performers roaming around the hotel, fire jugglers and fire works, dancing until sunset, the 25 hours Bikini Berlin have set the bar pretty high for the party of the year. For more photos click here
Article posted in RED CARPET, Uncategorized and tagged 25 hours Bikini Berlin, American hustle after party, bars, berlin, Bradley Cooper, burlesque, Cate Blanchett, Celebrities, Christian Bale, clubs, cocktail bar, Domina, dominatrix, erlin, George Clooney, happenings, hotels, Hugh Hefner, Insomnia, Jessica Czakon, Matt Damon, Monuments Men, openings, Playboy, Playmate, Prinzipal, Ralph Fiennes, roaring twenties, sex club, soho house, Stars, The pearl, Tilda Swinton, Topmodel Toni Garrn, Victoria Paschold on 1 March 2014 by Lollie Barr.
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Home > Sport News > Football > Liverpool win UEFA Super Cup on penalties
Liverpool win UEFA Super Cup on penalties
by LuMi - August 15, 2019 August 15, 2019 0169
Liverpool have won the 2019 UEFA Super Cup courtesy of a penalty-shootout victory over Chelsea in Istanbul.
The two teams were level at 1-1 at the end of 90 minutes, with Sadio Mane cancelling out a first-half attempt from Olivier Giroud to force extra-time.
Mane scored a second for the Champions League winners in the early stages of extra-time, but Chelsea hit back with a Jorginho penalty to force spot kicks, which Jurgen Klopp’s side won 5-4 to triumph.
It proved to be a special night for referee Stephanie Frappart, who became the first female in history to officiate in a major men’s European match.
Liverpool had the game’s first half-chance in the fifth minute when Mane met a high ball inside the Chelsea box, but the attacker’s bicycle kick was blocked by Andreas Christensen. Joel Matip then headed into the arms of Kepa Arrizabalaga moments later as the Reds made a decent start to the contest.
Fabinho also tested Kepa with a powerful effort in the early stages before Pedro curled one wide of Adrian’s post down the other end with Chelsea looking to strike first in Istanbul.
The end-to-end nature of the match continued as the play developed – Kepa making a smart save to keep out a low Mohamed Salah effort following smart work from Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain before Giroud sent one wide of Adrian’s post moments later.
Chelsea had a golden chance to take the lead in the 22nd minute when Pedro broke into the Liverpool box before striking towards goal, only for the ball to smash off the crossbar as the woodwork frustrated the Blues for the second match in a row.
Liverpool were next to come close just before the half-hour mark when Virgil van Dijk climbed highest inside the Chelsea box to meet a corner from Salah – Kepa got nowhere near it but the centre-back’s effort landed over the crossbar, before Mane headed into the arms of the Chelsea goalkeeper moments later.
Lampard’s side remained a huge threat down the other end, though, and Adrian had to deny Mateo Kovacic before Joe Gomez made an excellent challenge to prevent Giroud from potentially sliding a low Pedro cross into the back of the net.
The London club were not to be denied, though, and made the breakthrough in the 36th minute when Giroud collected a fine pass from Pulisic before picking out the bottom corner with an excellent finish.
Pulisic thought that he had scored the second goal of the Lampard era five minutes later after picking out the bottom corner with a brilliant finish following a mazy run, only for the offside flag to come to Liverpool’s rescue.
Liverpool made a change at the break with Roberto Firmino replacing Oxlade-Chamberlain, and it did not take long for the Brazilian to have an impact. Indeed, it was his assist that allowed Mane to level the scores in the 48th minute with the Senegal international converting from close range after Kepa had missed the ball.
Fabinho then whistled one wide of the Chelsea post moments later after more good work from Firmino, who made a huge difference to the Reds in the final third of the field.
Klopp’s side had another big chance in the 52nd minute when Mane broke into space before feeding Jordan Henderson – the midfielder’s effort was deflected towards goal but Kepa managed to make a smart save.
Georginio Wijnaldum was the second player off the Liverpool bench just past the hour, and the alteration came during a strong spell for Chelsea, who had managed to ride out the spell of pressure at the start of the second half without conceding a second goal.
Tammy Abraham and Mason Mount came off the Chelsea bench in the 74th minute, with Giroud and Pulisic – who both impressed on the night – leaving the field.
Liverpool had a golden chance to score in the period that followed as the ball dropped for Van Dijk inside the Chelsea box following a save from Kepa, but the Spanish goalkeeper somehow managed to push the Dutchman’s close-range attempt onto the post as it stayed level in Istanbul.
Salah then saw a free kick deflected over the crossbar before Van Dijk blocked an attempt from Pedro down the other end with both teams looking for the game’s third goal.
Mount did have the ball in the back of the Liverpool net in the 83rd minute courtesy of a smart finish but again the offside flag came to the Merseyside club’s rescue.
As it turned out, the two teams could not be separated at the end of normal time despite a late Salah half-chance, meaning that extra-time and potentially penalties would be needed to decide the winner of the 2019 UEFA Super Cup.
*Neither Klopp nor Lampard would have been enthused at the thought of an additional 30 minutes at this stage of the season. Liverpool had the first half-chance of the additional period when Gomez broke into a shooting position, although it was a comfortable save for Kepa.
The Reds took a 2-1 lead in the 95th minute when Mane thumped a low pass from Firmino into the back of the net off the crossbar as the clock struck midnight in Istanbul.
Chelsea were level just six minutes later, however, with Jorginho converting from the penalty spot after Adrian had brought Abraham to the ground inside the box.
Abraham had a golden chance to make it 3-2 Chelsea in the latter stages of the first half of extra-time. The striker, though, turned a low Pedro cross wide of the post from close range. The Blues also had the best two chances of the second half through Mount and Pedro, but penalties were ultimately needed.
A high-quality shootout saw the first nine players find the back of the net, but Abraham’s missed attempt at 5-4 saw Liverpool land more European silverware.
Klopp’s side will attempt to make it back-to-back Premier League wins at the start of the new season when they travel to Southampton on Saturday, while Chelsea will be looking for their first victory of the campaign at home to Leicester City on Sunday.
Tagged Chelsea Football News Liverpool UEFA Super Cup
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Running On Oil
It's bad enough that so much of our transportation fleet runs on oil, but our infrastructure is literally built on oil as well--most of our roads are made of asphalt (asphaltic concrete) which is 5% petroleum by-products. So, it's good news that asphalt is routinely re-used in new road projects when torn up during road work. It's even better news when less is used in the first place. In Pennsylvania they're using a "cold" asphalt that increases re-use and costs a fraction of the traditional stuff.
The material is made from asphalt that is milled and collected during road construction projects. The millings are crushed, ground and injected with oil and water before being applied and rolled. The road is sealed with tar and chips or a thin layer of asphalt.
"It's softer than (traditional) asphalt, so you can't use it on busy roads," [Pennsylvania DOT executive Jeff] Karr said. "But it's perfect for back roads that have become deformed."
Karr said the district will use 45,000 to 60,000 tons of recycled asphalt this year to pave up to 27 miles of road. Using the recycled asphalt will cost $40,000 to $60,000 a mile, compared with $250,000 to $400,000 a mile for traditional asphalt, he said.
The approach has been used for almost 40 years, but resurges every time oil costs rise:
Although local PennDOT districts just recently started rebuilding roads with recycled asphalt, it's been done elsewhere since the 1970s, said Dave Newcomb, vice president for research and technology at the National Asphalt Pavement Association in Lanham, Md. About 100 million tons of asphalt are recycled each year, the association says.
The oil embargo drove its early use, Newcomb said. Asphalt is a by-product of oil refining. Interest was renewed in 2006 and 2007 when fuel prices soared, Newcomb said.
"It's a win-win for everyone," Newcomb said. "Departments of transportation are saving money, and it's definitely a good thing environmentally, in terms of there being less aggregate (used in asphalt) being taken out of quarries and the oil saved. The beauty is, you can continually recycle."
Labels: oil, Recycling, transportation
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Houthis commit 18,000 violations in Yemen’s Hajjah governorate
Rasd says most of Yemenis’ human rights are being violated on a daily basis by the Houthi militias. (File photo: AFP)
Staff writer, Al Arabiya English Thursday, 29 December 2016
Militias belonging to the Houthi group and ousted former president Ali Abdullah Saleh have committed nearly 18,000 human rights violations in the governorate of Hajjah alone, a rights group report reveals.
The report from the Yemeni Coalition to Monitor Human Rights Violations (Rasd) group said the types of violations ranged from major crimes like murders and forced disappearances to minor ones like abusing mosques to spread hate speech and propaganda.
The violations did not only target men but also affected women whose husbands were forced into Houthi prisons, leaving many of them to be the sole breadwinners of their families.
According to the group, Houthi militias have been burying many of the dead civilians into mass graves – some of them buried in the desert unmarked. All this while Houthi militias hold mass rallies for their fighters and allocating public funds as stipends for their families.
Yemeni men wearing their traditional curved daggers in their belts walk in the grounds of the Mazraq camp set-up for internally displaced Yemenis in the northwestern province of Hajjah. (AFP)
Rasd says most of Yemenis’ human rights are being violated on a daily basis by the Houthi militias, who stormed the capital Sanaa in September 2014.
Out of all the cases, an earlier report released in December also documented 14,444 cases of unjustifiable homicide/murder, among them 395 children and 121 women.
Last Update: Thursday, 29 December 2016 KSA 15:57 - GMT 12:57
HOUTHI MILITIAS
HAJJAH
Houthi militias commit 14,000 human rights violations in 2016
Houthi militias and forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh have committed more than 14,000 human rights ...
Houthis hold relief ships, violate truce
A shaky 48-hour truce has seen at least 185 violations committed by Houthi militias, mostly in the beseiged city of Taiz ...
Rasd says most of Yemenis’ human rights are being violated on a daily basis by the Houthi militias
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← Exomes to the extreme to identify modifier gene in cystic fibrosis
A microscopic look at the 16p13.11 microdeletion →
Exome study in IGE questions channelopathy concept
Posted on August 6, 2012 by Ingo Helbig (Kiel)
IGE and the hunt for rare variants. Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE) or Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) is one of the most common epilepsy subtypes. Family studies and twin studies suggest that genetic factors play an important role. Some families with mutations in GABRG2, GABRA1 and EFHC1 are known, and recurrent microdeletions are found in 3% of sporadic patients. For the majority of patients, the genetic basis remains unknown, but a heterogeneous pattern of rare variants is expected. Much effort is currently spent on genetic studies in IGE including the EuroEPINOMICS CoGIE study. A recent paper now reports the first exome sequencing in IGE to identify rare variants…
Exome sequencing in IGE. Heinzen and colleagues performed exome sequencing in 118 IGE patients and 242 controls in order to identify rare variants (defined as present in fewer than 5% of individuals). The 3900 variants selected for follow-up were either associated with IGE or exclusively found in patients with IGE. These variants were genotyped in ~900 IGE patients and ~1800 controls. Their study failed to identify a single variant that was significant on a “genome-wide level”. As many statistical tests are performed simultaneously (multiple testing), the statistical significance is lowered to a level of 10-7 in these studies, as many tests will likely be significant at the 0.05 level by chance. This lowered p-value is then referred to as the genome-wide significance level.
Not significant, but possibly interesting. In a secondary analysis, Heinzen and colleagues then looked at the variants that were associated with IGE at a lower significance level and variants exclusively present in cases. For example, a variant in PSME2 was found in 5 unrelated IGE cases, but not in controls. Likewise, the authors found 72 variants that were homozygous only in IGE, but not in controls. None of the genes found in these analyses has any known connection with epilepsy. Also, it is worth noting what the authors did not find: mutations in ion channels genes.
Study design of the Heinzen study. Exome sequencing was performed in a screening cohort, followed by large-scale genotyping of almost 4000 risk variants in a second, independent cohort.
Goldilocks. The current study aimed to find rare variants that are frequent enough to be detected in approximately 1000 IGE patients in total. It should be pointed out, though, that the authors did not sequence the genes in the follow-up cohort, but only used the rare variants within genes found in the initial sample of ~100 patients. The underlying assumption of such a study is that some genetic variants are present in ~1% of patients and are strong risk factors that are rarely found in controls. These risk factors are predicted by modelling studies and have been named “goldilocks”. Even though the Heinzen study only had modest power to find such variants, the complete absence might tell us something about the genetic architecture of IGE: rare variants with strong effect don’t particularly stand out. It might well be that genetic variants accumulate in specific genes, but few of these variants are recurrent, i.e. found in one than one patient. These findings also underline how incredibly lucky we were to find recurrent microdeletions such as 15q13.3, strong risk factors in the 1% range, which were absent in the Heinzen study.
The end of the channelopathy concept? Ion channel genes have gone missing in the study by Heinzen and collaborators. Even though some ion channel genes can be found on the long gene lists of variants exclusively found in cases, network analysis failed to provide a channelopathy signature. Likewise, synaptic proteins including neurexins and neuroligins as found in autism are not overrepresented. It is difficult to interpret this finding. One the one hand, many rare variants are likely to be missed in this study; one the other hand, recurrent single-nucleotide variants in ion channel genes would have had a decent chance to stand out. I am slightly surprised that CACNA1H, EFHC1 and GABRG2 aren’t more prominent.
Where to go from here. The study by Heinzen and colleagues is a well-executed and well-written study with a negative result. It is notable that the authors present the data as is and do not try to sell some of their findings as strikingly positive results. Quite in contrast, the authors provide us with some guidance on how to move on. For example, they suggest that future studies may be gene-based, not variant-based in order to capture the heterogeneity of rare variants within a single gene. In line with this, the Supplementary Information provides a list of genes with multiple hits on exome sequencing. Also, larger numbers will undoubtedly help. With increasing sample sizes in international studies, some of the variants reported in the current study may make their transition from candidate genes to genetic risk factors, hopefully helping us understand what happens beneath the surface.
Ingo Helbig
Child Neurology Fellow and epilepsy genetics researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), USA and Department of Neuropediatrics, Kiel, Germany
This entry was posted in 2012, IGE/GGE, Papers and tagged epilepsy genetics, exome, genetic architecture, Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy, IGE, rare variant, significance level. Bookmark the permalink.
13 thoughts on “Exome study in IGE questions channelopathy concept”
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Pingback: SLC25A22, migrating seizures and mitochrondial glutamate deficiency | Beyond the Ion Channel
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Working or shirking? a closer look at MPs’ expenses and parliamentary attendance
Besley, Timothy and Larcinese, Valentino (2005) Working or shirking? a closer look at MPs’ expenses and parliamentary attendance. . Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, London, UK.
This paper studies determinants of MPs expense claims in Parliament using the data released under the freedom of information act in 2004. Using a multiple regression framework, we correlate expenses with three sets of variables: constituency characteristics, party affiliation and individual characteristics. We also look at the ratio of parliamentary expenses claimed to votes cast in parliament as a crude measure of value for money. We use the results to reflect on two views of the motivation of MPs, the public Choice view and the public service view.
Monograph (Report)
http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/pepp/pepp15.pdf
STICERD
Departments > Government
Research centres and groups > Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD)
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Prognosis of Failure in School Math
by Victor Guskov
Aug 12, 2008 Study Skills 2720 Views
It is obvious that for success in school mathematics it is necessary to master elementary mental computational skills at first - addition and subtraction within the limits of 20, multiplication and division within the limits of 100. In spite of this there are kids in third, fourth, and fifth grade who cannot - without a calculator - add 8 to 5, subtract 7 from 12, multiply 7 by 8, divide 54 by 9 and so on. Just those very pupils have considerable difficulties while learning the other basic topics of arithmetic and algebra. They cannot master well operations with two and three digit numbers, common fractions, negative numbers, like terms, brackets, simple equations etc. Even calculators cannot help them.
For confirming the influence of quality of elementary mental computational skills over success in school mathematics I had decided to investigate a level of the skills of pupils in graduation-classes of primary school (the multiplication table had been completely learnt a year and a half ago) and their achievements in algebra three years later. The study was carried out in period from 1994 to 2004 years. The sample includes 403 pupils. Standard tables including 64 elementary operations in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division were used for determination of the level of the skills. You can see specimens of the tables at my site Prevention of Failure in School Mathematics (Improvement of Elementary Computational Skills, Tables).
The pupils completed the tables in written form. The time from the starting point to the finishing point was measured. For estimation of the level two criteria were used - a total time of completion of a table and a number of occurred errors. Statistical analysis of the results had shown that there is possible to single out four uniform groups in the sample:
1) Pupils completed the tables quickly and made not more than 3 mistakes. 2) Pupils completed the tables significantly slower than the pupils from the first group but made not more than 1 mistake. 3) Pupils completed the tables at middle pace and made 3-6 mistakes. 4) Either a time or a number of errors, or both together were evidently "good-for-nothing".
Statistical analysis of the parameters of the first groups (separately for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) confirmed (significance at 5% level) their internal uniformity: distribution in time is normal, and distribution in errors submits to Poisson's law. In different cases these groups included from 50% to 70% of corresponding samples. According to the criteria of rejecting extreme values they were sufficiently good isolated (significance at 5% level) from the other parts of the samples.
In three years after the testing the current results in algebra (of the pupils which had been tested) during five months was studied. It turned out that all pupils from the first group had no problems, 87% of the pupils from the second and third groups had big problems, and the other pupils' results were, to put it mildly, very poor. Therefore it was confirmed that unsatisfactory development of the elementary mental computational skills in primary school was the first cause of difficulties in math's learning. It means that results of testing of the skills may be used for prognosis of failure in school mathematics. It is evident that the population of pupils with satisfactory skills may be represented only by the pupils from the first group. That's why the parameters of the first group were used as the basis for computing limits of values of the considered parameters. In view of the fact that sample statistics only approximately estimate parameters of population, the top border under which 90% of samples means lie was considered as the starting-point (the sample mean of satisfactory achieving pupils), and only the 99th percentile of thus achieved normal distribution was taken as the limit for time and the last value of thus achieved Poisson's distribution which probability is not less than 0.01 was taken as the limit for number of errors. This method of determination of limit values gives approximation with surplus only. Therefore the permissible limits of time and errors may be considered as sufficiently mild demands. The limit values were calculated for the standard tables including 64 similar elementary operations. For final-year pupils of primary school (the multiplication table had been completely learnt a year and a half ago) the next limit values had been obtained:
Addition - 11 minutes 02 seconds and not more than 4 errors. Subtraction - 11 minutes 35 seconds and not more than 4 errors. Multiplication - 9 minutes 46 seconds and not more than 3 errors. Division - 9 minutes 06 seconds and not more than 3 errors.
This level of elementary mental computational skills is a good means for determination of pupil's preparedness for successful studies. The limit values of the considered parameters define the first threshold of school math's learning ability. The pupils who have not crossed this threshold are doomed to poor progress. The prediction of their failure in math will be right in about 95 cases of 100.
It must be noted in conclusion that the level of elementary mental computational skills of actively working pupils only do not decreases in due course. If a pupil uses a calculator instead of mental computations, works passively at lessons and does not carry out home works himself/herself, then the level decreases gradually. In certain cases it leads to difficulties in math's learning.
Article source: http://eslarticle.com/pub/study-skills/93-prognosis-of-failure-in-school-math.html
Author Name: Victor Guskov
About Author: Victor Guskov, a teacher of mathematics, Ph.D. Pedagogical Sciences.\\r\\n\\r\\nhttp://www.simplar.boom.ru (English version) http://www.simplar.narod.ru (Russian version) \\r\\n
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Medical marijuana facility coming to Crockery Twp.
Alexander Sinn • Jun 24, 2019 at 9:45 AM
asinn@grandhaventribune.com
The medical marijuana industry is growing in West Michigan.
Muskegon’s first state-licensed medical marijuana provisioning center opened in the city Monday, and the same company intends to set up shop in Crockery Township next month.
Greg Maki, a Muskegon resident and owner of Agri-Med, renovated a trucking terminal for the new Muskegon facility, called Park Place. A new dispensary in Crockery Township, called Exit 9, will be located on M-104 a few miles from the I-96 exit ramp. The company expects to employ over a dozen people.
Maki said Friday saw a "steady flow" of patient customers, who are required to present their medical cards and photo IDs before entering a waiting room.
From there, a budtender leads patients one-by-one through a 2-inch-thick steel door to shop a variety of cannabis products, which are pre-packaged in child-proof containers and placed in white bags upon purchase. The door and bullet-proof glass at the facility were not required by the state or city, Maki said.
"We thought we would build above and beyond," he said.
Budtenders help patients decide what products are right for their needs, Maki said. Park Place currently has two on staff, and are training more.
The Crockery Township operation will be similar, Maki said, and will open once the Muskegon facility is a "well-oiled machine," in about 3-4 weeks.
Crockery Township is the only Tri-Cities municipality that currently allows medical marijuana facilities. The City of Grand Haven opted earlier this year to create an ordinance, which is currently in the planning process.
Crockery Township Supervisor Leon Stelle told the Tribune last year that its available medical marijuana licenses have had several applicants over the year, but a complicated state licensing process had deterred all but one business. Emerald City Provisioning Center, the only dispensary in the township, shut its doors this past year after it was acquired by Green Park Innovations.
Agri-Med is also in the approval process for a growing license for an operation that would be housed at a warehouse behind the Muskegon provisioning center. The Muskegon and Crockery facilities are expected to add home delivery.
Maki said he and his partners were among the first applicants for state licenses. A two-year process of legal work and designing the facility was a challenge, he said, but it paid off.
"The harder something is, the more rewarding it is," Maki said.
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"The Secret Knowledge" by Andrew Crumey (Reviewed ...
Ex-Communication by Peter Clines (Reviewed by Mihi...
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Interview with Steven Montano (Interviewed by Mihir Wanchoo)
Read Fantasy Book Critic’s review of Blood Skies
Read Fantasy Book Critic’s review of Black Scars
Read Fantasy Book Critic’s review of Soulrazor
Read Fantasy Book Critic's review of Crown Of Ash
Read Fantasy Book Critic's review of The Witch's Eye
Read Fantasy Book Critic's review of City Of Scars
Read Steven Montano's guest post on Cross-genre writing
I’ve come across many authors that have trail-blazed their way across the indie scene. One of them is Steven Montano who is rapidly intriguing readers with his debut series The Blood Skies chronicles that mixes vampires, a post-apocalyptic scenario, dark fantasy, military-SF settings and fantastic characters to top it off. Since discovering his debut last year, I’ve read all of his long form releases until now and so I thought it would be great to have him over and introduce him and his ideas to our wonderful readers. So without further adieu, I present Steven Montano…
Q] Steven, thank you very much for agreeing to participate in an interview. To begin with, could you introduce yourself for our readers and tell us what set you on the wordsmith path?
SM: Hi! My name is Steven Montano, author of The Blood Skies series and City of Scars. I’ve been writing for about twenty years, starting off with Dungeons & Dragons game supplements and moving into self-published novels about two years ago. I like coffee. (That has no bearing on the question; it’s just something I like to throw out there.)
Q] How did you get started in writing? What were the types of books that helped get you hooked on to reading and thereby set you on this path as well?
SM: I was really drawn into writing in high school, when I was reading a lot of Stephen King. While I credit Mr. King for getting me interested in writing, it wasn’t until I discovered Clive Barker and Tanith Lee that I truly fell in love with the idea of crafting beautiful, dark stories. Their prose really enamored me with the written word, and I started writing as a hobby shortly thereafter. I still haven’t stopped. =D
Q] So for someone who hasn't read any of your novels, how would you describe the type of stories that you write, what would be your pitch for the Blood Skies Series?
SM: Darkness lined with hope. That’s probably the best way to describe my writing. My worlds are bleak, grim and violent, populated by really horrible monsters and evil villains who challenge my heroes and push them to their utmost limits. My characters go through an awful lot of hardship, but what keeps them moving forward is their drive, determination, and loyalty to something greater to themselves, whether that be a person, an ideal, or their family or friends.
As for the pitch for “Blood Skies”? Dystopian military dark epic fantasy. With real vampires!
Q] The Blood Skies series is currently five books strong along with a couple of short stories and a prequel novella. What are your plans for the series ahead? How many books more to go? Can you give us a rough idea of what’s to come?
SM: There will be nine Blood Skies books altogether. Book six (Chain of Shadows, due out this fall) will more or less wrap up the “trying to get home” storyline that started back in Book three, and also sets things up for a slight shift in the overall narrative. The new storyline will occupy the final three books:
- Vampire Down,
- The Ending Dream,
- Darker Sunset.
It’s difficult for me to discuss too much of what’s happening with the story, except to say that Book six involves Cross and what’s left of the team exploring a foreign land, while Books seven through nine will involve a most unexpected turning point in the war.
Q] Even though your debut series embraces a number of fantasy tropes, you also have made a rather strong effort to twist reader expectations and keep them entertained. What are your thoughts on fantasy tropes in general and how did you decide what tropes you wanted to utilize and which ones not to?
SM: I think tropes are a useful element for storytelling. One of the best things I learned in college (I actually majored in Creative Writing…go figure) was learning to be highly aware of genre conventions and tropes, not so much to outright avoid them (as some do) or to follow them religiously (which even more do) but so you can use them as tools.
Tropes come saddled with certain story expectations – we know the young hero will rescue the princess, that the old man helping him is more than he seems, etc. It’s not always vital to stray from those expectations, but it can be fun to toy with them. It’s a fine balance, however, between twisting expectations and making your readers feel like they’re being cheated, so you have to tread carefully.
Q] The Blood Skies series also has a high character mortality rate. I’m sure you must have gotten quite a few angry emails from your readers about some of them. Aren’t you worried that you’ll run out of characters to write about?
SM: Not at all, because I manage to keep coming up with new ones. ;D Again, this is another balancing act. I want the dangers of Blood Skies to feel very real, and one of the realities of war is that people die, especially the people we don’t want to. I don’t want my readers to just assume that every likable character I present is automatically a Red Shirt, but I also want to keep that sense of danger palatable, as I think it keeps the audience more invested. (And yes, I got my share of angry e-mails regarding certain character expirations, especially from Book 4…)
Q] Your most recent book was City Of Scars (book one of The Skullborn trilogy) . Was there a precise spark of inspiration that lead to the creation of The Skullborn trilogy? And how long have you been working on this series and has it evolved any from its original conceptual form?
SM: The Skullborn trilogy (and the two trilogies to follow, forming yet another nine-book series, only this one will be presented in smaller pieces) is actually quite old. I wrote the original drafts of the first trilogy by longhand when my family first relocated from Colorado to Washington; that was about 11 years ago. I’m completely rewriting it now (my stuff was pretty horrible back then…hell, it wasn’t even all that great two years ago, so you can imagine how stuff from 2002 must read), and it’s been fun re-living the story. It’s been so long since I originally scribed it I can barely remember what happened.
Inspiration for the tale came from a setting idea I had for a post-apocalyptic high fantasy world (think Mad Max with swords and sorcery instead of guns and cars). As a student of history (I minored in European History in college), I decided to tone down the post-apocalyptic element and instead craft a world that was recovering from a major war. This allowed me to use some of the standard conventions for high fantasy, but seen through the lens of a place recovering from conflict.
Q] I thoroughly enjoyed the world setting that you have developed for The Skullborn trilogy. In my review I’ve described the world as “The Wire meets The Lord Of The Rings as written by Glen Cook!” How did you come up with this strange, war-torn world and what were your inspirations for it (if any)?
SM: I love that description, by the way. Inspirations for the world of Malzaria come from all over, many of them from my old Dungeons & Dragons campaign I ran in college. In terms of tone, scope and story there are bits of C.S. Friedman, John Marco, Stephen Erickson and Robert Jordan to be found in Malzaria, as well as well as a healthy dose of George R.R. Martin. (Conversely, the world of Blood Skies derives from a healthy mix of China Mieville, J.V. Jones and John Meaney.)
Q] On Amazon, I noticed that there are few books listed under your bibliography that aren’t connected to any of your current works. Can you tell us about “Black Ice Well”, “Fane Of The Witch King” & “Hellstone Deep”? When did you write them? What are they about?
SM: Blasts from my past. ;D All three of those works are Dungeons & Dragons adventures produced by third party publishers. A lot of how I learned to use description and present stories came from running role-playing games, and a few bits and pieces from those adventures have worked their way into the novels (not surprising, since like Malzaria those adventures were all based on my campaign world).
Q] A facet of your writing that I noticed about your books is that you wax eloquently about the landscapes within the storylines. Also you invoke a lot of colors amid your imagery to convey the grim nature of the settings. What gives?
SM: I think I’m a hippy. ;D To me, part of what makes fantasy is the depiction of the landscape, whether that’s flowing rivers and valleys or skies filled with poison smoke. I try to make the readers feel like they’ve been transported to another world, and physical description is a big part of that.
I’m honestly not sure what’s up the colors. I was a Goth in college and wore nothing but black up until a few years ago, so maybe that’s just my writer’s mind trying to put all of that behind me. ;D
Q] What are your plans for the future? What’s next for you in terms of other new projects?
SM: I’ve got tons of things in the works. Chain of Shadows is in the editing stage, and I’m working on the re-write of Path of Bones (Book two of The Skullborn Trilogy). Because the Blood Skies series shifts gears a bit after Book six. I may though take some time to finish up the Skullborn Trilogy before I return for the final three books of my first series.
I’ll continue working on my second horror novel, Blood Angel Rising (which I’m presenting right now in eight sentence chunks every Saturday through Weekend Writing Warriors), and, as I mentioned earlier, the Skullborn Trilogy is actually just the first in three trilogies telling the story of Malzaria. Hand-written draft versions exist for seven of the remaining books, so I’ve got plenty of re-writing to do.
Q] On your blog, you review Indie titles that have impressed you, from time to time. In that regard, I’ve picked up some excellent recommendations courtesy of your thoughts. So are there any new books/writers that you would like to highlight or give a shout out to?
SM: That’s mean to make me pick and choose, Mihir! (Shakes fist.) Sadly, I haven’t been reading nearly as much Indie work lately as I should, partially because I’ve been woefully behind on my reading all around. Regardless, I have a huge Indie TBR list. Bruce Blake’s “Blood of the King” is remarkable, and I can’t wait to finish that trilogy. I’m eagerly awaiting Candice Bundy’s “The Dream Sifter”. Jen Kirchner is working on the follow-up to “The Fourth Channel”. And if Alan Edwards doesn’t finish writing The Northreach Saga I’m going to hunt him down with a pitchfork.
Q] Since your indie debut in 2011, you have published six books and three novella/shorts at a prodigious rate. As a writer, what are your aspirations? Conversely where do you see yourself in a decade from now?
SM: I’d like to someday be able to write novels for a living as a self-published author. It’s a tall order, I know, and one that only a few have had true success with, but that’s the dream. In 10 years I see myself doing that. Or resting comfortably in a padded cell. Either way, I’m good.
Q] In closing, do you have any parting thoughts or comments you’d like to share?
SM: Just to thank you for having me, Mihir, and to all of the readers who’ve taken a chance buying my books, given me feedback and left reviews. I’m humbled every time anyone reads my work, and I just want my fans (it feels weird saying that, by the way) to know how grateful I am for their support. =D
NOTE: Author picture and book covers courtesy of the author.
This is an awesome review! Steven Montano is the whole reason I read a lot of the fantasy books that I do. Before Steven Montano and the Blood Skies series I read mostly YA Fantasy, but now I like the darker and edger stuff.
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Re: Traces
by annie89509 » Sat Sep 08, 2018 7:53 pm
yes, some strong instrumental riffs would have elevated the song.
Location: the big 5-8
by The_Noble_Cause » Sat Sep 08, 2018 11:20 pm
annie89509 wrote: I so much want to love every song he does, especially now, which is really for us, because he has nothing to prove. But this new song, No More Cryin', doesn't do anything for me. No Erasin' has lots of hooks, this song doesn't. I agree with Ehmatt ... it's slow, meandering ... sorry.
The song sounds like Perry riffing on lyrical/melody ideas in his home studio. Then studio musicians played on it. That said, it is still 99% better than what passes for music these days. Both singles definitely have a slightly stripped down and raw sound to them. I dig it.
"I think we should all sue this women for depriving us of our God given right to go down with a clear mind, and good thoughts." - Stu, Consumate Pussy Eater
The_Noble_Cause
by verslibre » Mon Sep 10, 2018 3:57 am
It's not just you. I know a crazy Perry fan (she'd be on this forum but she's kind of Net-lame), and I just barely heard from her. She doesn't like the new songs, and she even remarked negatively about his voice. I was shocked because I thought she'd be ecstatic like every other Perry-starved fanboy/girl here who thinks anything the guy does is worth its weight in platinum.
"Heer's ta swimmen wid bowlegged wimmen!"
verslibre
by slucero » Mon Sep 10, 2018 8:18 am
verslibre wrote:
Most people likely want the Perry they remember from their youth....
I just appreciate the man finding his way back to the thing God gave him the immense talent to do.
by scarab » Mon Sep 10, 2018 8:57 am
Its cool how people have different like for Perry songs. I really like No More Cryin', but only if I listen to it on good headphones from a download. On you tube its an okay song and the video distracts from it.
4-5 songs from Strange Medicine are less than average which to me are only listenable to hear Perry's voice.
Dont get me started on Friends of Mine and Cant Stop.
Same thing with 3-4 songs from his unreleased album.
His debut however took many many repeated listens to like in full, at that age I wanted that awesome Frontiers sound.
Now I love it along with the non album songs If Only for the Moment and Dont tell me why youre leaving.
a man, well, he'll walk right into hell with both eyes open. But even the devil can't fool a dog!"
Location: Pigs Eye, MN
by Gideon » Mon Sep 10, 2018 9:03 am
slucero wrote:
I agree and share the sentiment.
On the one hand, I'm honestly and profoundly delighted that SP is back and putting out new material. A lot of people are impressed and overjoyed. Not only would I pay $$$ to see him live solo, I've even walked back on my long-held stance that he shouldn't go back to Journey. I'm now on the "reunion tour" bandwagon.
That said... I have to call a spade a spade. I'm not the sort've person who will give anyone - even SP - a rave review if I think the material doesn't justify it. And as far as I'm concerned, it honestly doesn't. The new songs have some good qualities to them: SP sounds good, the choruses are reasonably strong, the mix is crisp.
But I were to compare this to Journey's Eclipse, for example, I don't think anything we've heard so far from SP can compete musically.
So SP's return has done two things for me: Pleasantly surprised me how much I genuinely admire this man (given that I've been an unapologetic critic) while also renewing my deep appreciation for what Schon and Cain brought to the table.
'Nothing was bigger for Journey than 1981’s “Escape” album. “I have to attribute that to Jonathan coming in and joining the writing team,” Steve Perry (Feb 2012).'
Location: Kentucky.
by shaneslatts » Mon Sep 10, 2018 10:53 am
I might be a Loon, but I'm a critical one.
So, my honest opinion is these two songs are amazing.
Amazing that they fit Perry at nearly 70. and they fit me as well.
I wouldn't want a 25 or 30 year old sounding Steve Perry at this point, his raspyness fits him...In fact, he controls the rasp in his voice, and, along with his tone and arrangement, uses it to his advantage.
These first new songs are amazing, in my opinion.
shaneslatts
by Greg » Tue Sep 11, 2018 3:02 am
I think if one compares this album to Journey stuff, they will be disappointed. This album isn't going to be anything like Journey has ever put out, nor like what Perry has put out, solo, in the past. It's probably going to be an eclectic collection of musical styles - all kind of serving as a back drop to his voice. In another words, I don't think anybody is going to be talking about the guitar riff or piano passage in any of these songs - the music itself will probably be mostly forgettable. What will stand out will be Perry's voice, and I think that's what was intended.
Having said that, I think the two singles are still fantastic - I listen to them a few times each day. I still say, listen to these songs some other way than the video. The video is a distraction and for some reason, the songs just sound so much better through itunes.
Location: Stealth Mode
by annie89509 » Tue Sep 11, 2018 8:26 am
Lord knows perryfans run the gamut from loons to the normal. People who don’t like the new songs citing his diminished vocal capacity are stuck in the past. And then, some are just more partial to Journey-like songs, so now are disappointed these didn’t follow that blueprint (although the more I listen to No Erasin’, that Journey feel (or sound) is there).
The videos are a distraction, I agree with previous poster, and making your minds about the songs from You Tube doesn’t do SP and the songs justice.
I found this link from another thread:
https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/no-mo ... 79863&l=en
The songs sounded so much better in there … like night and day.
I am now onboard and can’t wait to hear more.
by slucero » Tue Sep 11, 2018 1:21 pm
annie89509 wrote: Lord knows perryfans run the gamut from loons to the normal. People who don’t like the new songs citing his diminished vocal capacity are stuck in the past. And then, some are just more partial to Journey-like songs, so now are disappointed these didn’t follow that blueprint (although the more I listen to No Erasin’, that Journey feel (or sound) is there).
It's likely that the Itunes uploads that one hears to are "Apple Lossless".... which means the audio quality is still the same as the original source.
the MP3 format literally strips away audio to make the file size smaller, and uses a codec (an algorithm) to literally reconstruct what has been removed. The problem is that the lower the MP3 resolution (128 vs. 320)... the less audio is reconstructed by the codec.
This image will give you a visual representation of the file size difference - left to right = original source to compressed
literally the larger the file the better the audio fidelity.
by Greg » Wed Sep 12, 2018 12:17 am
I've also noticed that by default, the Perry videos were placed at 420p. But still, I feel like videos can change the perception of a song. For instance, I remember people talking about how cheesy Journey music was around the time of Separate Ways (Worlds Apart) - the video was awful cheesy. But, you listen to the song itself, and it's one of the best songs Journey has ever put out. Very dark, melodic, hard hitting song by the band - and of course a song that everybody goes crazy for (besides Don't Stop Believing.) I'm not the first to say that the very first viewing of Perry's music video, I was like, "Yeah, he sounds rusty." And then when I listened to the song after purchasing from iTunes, it just sounded different. His voice sounded more closer to mid 90's to me, with a slight more rasp. I want to hear that John 5 song to really get a feel of what I think Steve could cover if he decides to do a small tour. I don't think he will tour, but if he did, he knows he would be expected to cover some earlier Journey material.
by portland » Wed Sep 12, 2018 3:24 am
Gideon wrote:
JourneyHard wrote: Steve Perry,
Bravo! Don't listen to the naysayers. I am happy you are back with a new album. It is going to be awesome regardless of what anybody says..
Lol what naysayers?
I wonder who??!!....Hi Giddy
Pretty exciting to hear something new from the voice.
What's left After You Fall?.....A Cover Band?
by JourneyHard » Wed Sep 12, 2018 5:08 am
The naysayers are the ones who say the new Steve Perry songs are horrible. I wish these people would keep their opinions to themselves. They are the reason Steve Perry took such a long time releasing new material. I want Steve Perry to release as much new material as possible from here on out. I am trying to get a frightened little animal to come to me. i don't need people yelling negative stuff and scaring the little animal away.
JourneyHard
8 Track
by verslibre » Wed Sep 12, 2018 5:14 am
JourneyHard wrote: The naysayers are the ones who say the new Steve Perry songs are horrible. I wish these people would keep their opinions to themselves. They are the reason Steve Perry took such a long time releasing new material. I want Steve Perry to release as much new material as possible from here on out. I am trying to get a frightened little animal to come to me. i don't need people yelling negative stuff and scaring the little animal away.
Sounds like you're projecting.
by Gideon » Wed Sep 12, 2018 5:46 am
Hey Portland!
Yeah, odds are good that if you don’t hate me now, you might at the end of all this.
Gideon wrote: Hey Portland!
Hate is such a strong word.
by slucero » Wed Sep 12, 2018 9:46 am
Greg wrote:
The resolution of the video just means that the video was compiled at that resolution. The source audio used when compiling could literally be a copy (or the original) of the Pro Tools file from the studio.
Perry is lip syncing to a playback when they record the video portion... and because its all digital (audio and video), its easy to re-align the audio so it seamlessly lines up with the lip syncing. It can be adjusted down to a single frame of video.
by Greg » Wed Sep 12, 2018 10:32 pm
I've also noticed that by default, the Perry videos were placed at 420p. But still, I feel like videos can change the perception of a song. For instance, I remember people talking about how cheesy Journey music was around the time of Separate Ways (Worlds Apart) - the video was awful cheesy. But, you listen to the song itself, and it's one of the best songs Journey has ever put out. Very dark, melodic, hard hitting song by the band - and of course a song that everybody goes crazy for (besides Don't Stop Believing.) I'm not the first to say that the very first viewing of Perry's music video, I was like, "Yeah, he sounds rusty." And then when I listened to the song after purchasing from iTunes, it just sounded different. His voice sounded more closer to mid 90's to me, with a slight more rasp. I want to hear that John 5 song to really get a feel of what I think Steve could cover if he decides to do a small tour. I don't think he will tour, but if he did, he knows he would be expected to cover some earlier Journey material.[/quote]
Perry is lip syncing to a playback when they record the video portion... and because its all digital (audio and video), its easy to re-align the audio so it seamlessly lines up with the lip syncing. It can be adjusted down to a single frame of video.[/quote]
I know about all the technical stuff, but it's a mind thing when you're watching a music video as opposed to listening to an audio track. Now, closing my eyes and concentrating on the music did seem to help my wife. When you're watching the music video, you're paying attention to a lot more than the song. You're looking at the musicians, the set, how Perry is "dancing", the tubby bass player, etc...
by Pacfanweb » Thu Sep 13, 2018 1:13 am
Naysayers have nothing to do with why Perry wasn't working. He was simply retired. Only a promise to his lady friend brought him back.
There are few naysayers, if the comments most places like FB and Youtube are any indication. They are overwhelmingly positive.
Pacfanweb
by slucero » Thu Sep 13, 2018 5:19 pm
Videos are misleading... that is very true..
Don't forget that audio mixes for vIdeo are often times also different than audio mixes for retail, simply because of the compression codecs employed by the different sites (YouTube vs. Itunes vs Spotify) Each literally requires a different mastering. Apple even put out a pamphlet called "mixing and mastering for iTunes".
Many times the players in the videos aren't even the players on the song (or the album). As an example, with the exception of David Coverdale... Whitesnake's "Here I Go Again", and "Still Of The Night" videos featured musicians who hadn't played one note the album.
by Greg » Thu Sep 20, 2018 4:51 am
Also, in a lot of those 1980's videos, they incorporated different mixes of the music, as well as "background" sounds from the video itself. One video that stands out is Richard Marx's "Should've Known Better" video. The song had a different sound to it than what was on the album - with a slight little guitar riff during the musical interlude that wasn't on the album version. And of course, speaking of Whitesnake, their video to "Give Me All Your Love" had a different mix than what was on the album (although the radio played the video version of the song.)
by slucero » Thu Sep 20, 2018 5:13 am
Yup.. videos are selling vehicles themselves these days.
by Lora » Fri Sep 28, 2018 5:08 am
They are doing a countdown to the album release date and putting short clips of a different song up each day. Here is the clip of George Harrison's "I Need You": https://twitter.com/StevePerryMusic/status/1045080772472958976
And the clip of "We Fly": https://twitter.com/StevePerryMusic/status/1044634429321367552
by tater1977 » Fri Sep 28, 2018 5:42 am
Lora wrote: They are doing a countdown to the album release date and putting short clips of a different song up each day. Here is the clip of George Harrison's "I Need You": https://twitter.com/StevePerryMusic/status/1045080772472958976
Perry's good natured bonhomie & the world’s most charmin smile,knocked fans off their feet. Sportin a black tux,gigs came alive as he swished around the stage thrillin audiences w/ charisma that instantly burnt the oxygen right out of the venue.TR.com
tater1977
by Greg » Tue Oct 02, 2018 12:53 am
Sun Shines Gray sounds fantastic!
by annie89509 » Tue Oct 02, 2018 12:45 pm
I really liked the George Harrison song .. I Need You ... dang wish we got to hear more
by slucero » Wed Oct 03, 2018 8:59 am
I just got the whole thing in the mail..... woohoo...
by steveo777 » Wed Oct 03, 2018 9:16 am
slucero wrote: I just got the whole thing in the mail..... woohoo...
How? This is before release date.
steveo777
Location: Citrus Heights, Ca
by RedWingFan » Wed Oct 03, 2018 10:43 am
steveo777 wrote:
Mine was delivered today too
Seven Wishes wrote: "Abysmal? He's the most proactive President since Clinton, and he's bringing much-needed change for the better to a nation that has been tyrannized by the worst President since Hoover."- 7 Wishes on Pres. Obama
RedWingFan
Location: The Peoples Republic of Michigan
by Moonglow » Wed Oct 03, 2018 11:08 pm
Received mine yesterday, as well.
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Pubs Galore Forums > Behind the Bar > Blog Tracker > Boak and Bailey's Beer Blog - News, Nuggets & Longreads 29 September 2018: Runcorn, R
View Full Version : Boak and Bailey's Beer Blog - News, Nuggets & Longreads 29 September 2018: Runcorn, R
Visit the Boak and Bailey's Beer Blog site (https://boakandbailey.com/2018/09/news-nuggets-longreads-29-september-2018-runcorn-rochefort-rules-of-the-tavern/)
Here’s all the reading about beer and pubs that grabbed us in the past week, from PR disasters to art installations.Last year*Kirst Walker wrote up a pub crawl of Runcorn’s Victorian pubs with her trademark spark; this year, she notes plenty of changes (https://ladysinksthebooze.wordpress.com/2018/09/23/runcorn-victorian-pub-crawl-2018/), giving the exercise a certain academic interest as well as pure entertainment value:
Time for the Lion, where everybody knows your name! Last year’s winner was where we we would end the night once more. I didn’t double up last time but as we’d already had time bonuses, sambucca, and sandwiches I threw caution to the wind. Alan bought a round of pies like a freaking billionaire and we had a group de-brief with plans to repeat the operation next year on the same weekend… The Lion has lost much of its original room layout since it was refurbished and part of it converted into houses, but it’s still the type of traditional corner pub which is a hub for the community, and in my opinion it as better to try and save the pub than keep the entire sprawling space.
https://boakandbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/price_list_pub.jpg
We tend to ignore clickbaity brouhahas over individual expensive pints these days but Martin Steward at*Pursuit of Abbeyness*has waited for the dust to settle before reflecting on one such recent incident (https://pursuitofabbeyness.com/2018/09/24/four-reasons-why-we-should-question-the-22-pint/), producing a slow-cooked opinion rather than a flash-fried ‘hot take’:
The most remarkable thing about the price of Alesmith Speedway Stout Hawaiian is not that it is five-times higher than the price of Rochefort 10, but that it is three-times higher than Alesmith’s ordinary Speedway Stout… That premium buys you some toasted coconut flakes, some vanilla and some rare Hawaiian Ka’u coffee beans, which are indeed three-times more expensive than your bog-standard joe… If you can taste the difference after those beans have had beer fermenting on them, I complement you on your sensitive palate. If you think it justifies a 200% premium, I have a bridge to sell you.
https://boakandbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sepia_york.jpg
Adrian Tierney-Jones*asks a good question: what is the attraction of dark, brown pubs, Kellers and bars (http://maltworms.blogspot.com/2018/09/darkness-visible.html)?
The first thought that attempted to answer this question was that these wooden wombs are perhaps reminiscent of the dark forests from whence we came, where we all felt the same and during a time before electric light, a time when perhaps, disregarding tales of monsters and demons, we were more comfortable with the dark. An ancestral memory perhaps?
https://boakandbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/rules_of_this_tavern.jpg
Here’s something a bit different: a background detail in the Jonathan Meades video we linked to last week caught the eye of*London’s Singing Organ Grinder, prompting him to do some digging (http://elorganillero.com/blog/2018/09/25/organ-grinders-to-sleep-in-the-wash-house)*into the history of the faux-antique signs often seen in pubs:
It is one of a range of quasi-antique, kind-of-humorous pub and bar signs which I thought originated with cheap publishing in 1990s’ England, but which an Ebay listing suggests were mass-produced by Yorkraft in Pennsylvania in the 1960s… I don’t think the sign would fool any British drinker above a certain age, but perhaps Americans are more trusting of proto-distressed Bohemianism. One writes, of the Jean Bonnet Tavern, Bedford, PA: “In the lower photos, the year of original construction, 1762, is celebrated in stained glass and the tavern’s original rules remain on display…”
(Spotted via pingback — one very good reason for interlinking.)
https://boakandbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/closed.jpgReflecting on the long-trailed final final final closure of Hardknott Brewery, and on the question of crowdfunding,*Tandleman expresses his sense that all is not well on the UK scene (http://tandlemanbeerblog.blogspot.com/2018/09/which-way-for-beer-pubs-and-brewing.html):
There will be further casualties and it won’t always be the bad guys who will fail. It won’t necessarily be the ones with the worst beer. It may be your favourite small to medium local brewer and it may well be that even the optimists who are using other people’s money to grow won’t be successful either.
For what it’s worth, though we agree with many of the specifics,*we ultimately draw less gloomy conclusions (https://boakandbailey.com/2018/05/dont-worry-be-mostly-happy/). But who can say for sure what’s going to happen until it does or doesn’t?
https://boakandbailey.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/tipperary.jpg
Martyn Cornell has directed his annoyance towards the unchecked bullshit that infests the supposed history of a central London pub, The Tipperary (http://zythophile.co.uk/2018/09/27/the-tipperary-fleet-street-its-a-long-long-way-from-accurate-history/):
“In approx 1700 the S.G. Mooney & Son brewery chain of Dublin purchased ‘The Boars Head’ and it became the first Irish pub outside Ireland … The pub also became the first pub outside Ireland to have bottled Guinness and later draft.”*I cannot fathom how or why anyone would invent this stuff, or have it so totally wrong. There is actually a gorgeous old mirror, probably more than 100 years old, on the wall inside the pub which gives the proper name of the pub chain – not “brewery chain”, whatever one of those is — that formerly owned the Board’s Head/Tipperary, which makes getting the incorrect name outside the pub particularly inexcusable. It was JG Mooney and Co, not “SG Mooney & Son”: the company developed out of the licensed wholesaler and retailer business James G Mooney was running in Dublin from at least 1863. The Tipperary was not only emphatically NOT “the first Irish pub outside Ireland”, it wasn’t even JG Mooney’s first pub outside Ireland.
Confession: we credulously repeated a bit of this fake history*back in 2015 (http://allaboutbeer.com/london-pub-crawl/), and even 20th Century Pub has an unfortunate passing reference (p.50).* A useful reminder to question*everything.
We weren’t going to bother mentioning the latest BrewDog PR disaster because, well, it’s much like the last BrewDog PR disaster. But then we noticed that non-beer-geek colleagues at our respective workplaces were talking about it and figured it might be worth a line or two, just for the record.
Eater*has a good round up (https://london.eater.com/2018/9/28/17913234/brewdog-donald-trump-scofflaw-atlanta-craft-beer-scandal-twitter)*from Emma Hughes*embedding Tweets from several familiar names but, short version: a PR agency working with BrewDog and US firm Scofflaw sent out a press release offering free pints to Donald Trump supporters; people were not impressed. Our reading: this was a genuine cock up. But it’s interesting that this idea was on the table somewhere, somehow, long enough to make it to first draft stage.
Finally, this sounds like fun, if you happen to be knocking about South London today or tomorrow:
Pop-up installation here as part of @nunheadarttrail (https://twitter.com/nunheadarttrail?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) this Saturday!
Revisit the Newlands Tavern of the late 19th century through the medium of sound, light, words, photographs, music and smell! In the back garden bit. This Sat and Sun, approx timings 2-6 https://t.co/6SIQr1cXJx
— The Ivy House (@Save_Ivy_House) September 27, 2018 (https://twitter.com/Save_Ivy_House/status/1045292236622188544?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw)
For more links and reading check out Alan’s Thursday round-up (http://abetterbeerblog427.com/2018/09/27/the-beer-news-you-need-to-know-before-the-corduroys-take-over/). (Stan Hieronymus is still on holiday.)
News, Nuggets & Longreads 29 September 2018: Runcorn, Rochefort, Rules of the Tavern (https://boakandbailey.com/2018/09/news-nuggets-longreads-29-september-2018-runcorn-rochefort-rules-of-the-tavern/) originally posted at Boak & Bailey's Beer Blog (https://boakandbailey.com)
More... (https://boakandbailey.com/2018/09/news-nuggets-longreads-29-september-2018-runcorn-rochefort-rules-of-the-tavern/)
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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2019-21924. Notice of Request for Reinstatement of an Information Collection; National Animal Health Monitoring System; Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Study
In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request the reinstatement of an information collection to conduct the National Animal Health Monitoring System...
Due of Comment: 12/9/2019 Published Date: 10/8/2019
Foreign-Trade Zones Board
2019-21934. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) 155-Calhoun/Victoria Counties, Texas; Notification of Proposed Production Activity; Caterpillar, Inc. (Tractors and Forestry Machines); Victoria, Texas
Published Date: 10/8/2019
2019-21807. Strontium Chromate From France: Final Affirmative Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Final Negative Determination of Critical Circumstances
The Department of Commerce (Commerce) determines that strontium chromate from France is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value (LTFV) for the period of investigation (POI) July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. The...
2019-21808. Strontium Chromate From Austria: Final Affirmative Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value
The Department of Commerce (Commerce) determines that strontium chromate from Austria is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value (LTFV). The period of investigation (POI) is July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. The...
2019-21926. Biodiesel From Argentina: Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; 2017-2018
The Department of Commerce (Commerce) is rescinding the administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on biodiesel from Argentina for the period August 28, 2017 through December 31, 2018.
2019-21936. Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, and Trinidad and Tobago: Final Results of the Expedited Third Sunset Reviews of the Antidumping Duty Orders
As a result of these sunset reviews, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) finds that revocation of the antidumping duty (AD) orders on carbon and certain alloy steel wire rod from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, and Trinidad and Tobago would be...
2019-21937. Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod From Brazil: Final Results of the Expedited Third Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order
As a result of this expedited sunset review, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) finds that revocation of this countervailing duty (CVD) order would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of a countervailable subsidy at the levels indicated...
2019-21938. Certain Hot-Rolled Flat-Rolled Carbon-Quality Steel Products From the Russian Federation: Preliminary No Shipments Determination of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2017-2018
The Department of Commerce (Commerce) is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain hot- rolled flat-rolled carbon-quality steel products (hot-rolled steel) from the Russian Federation. The period of review (POR) is...
2019-21852. National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE) Securing the Industrial Internet of Things for the Energy Sector
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) invites organizations to provide products and technical expertise to support and demonstrate security platforms for Securing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) for the energy sector use...
2019-21897. New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting
The New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is scheduling a public meeting of its Joint Groundfish Committee and Advisory Panel to consider actions affecting New England fisheries in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Recommendations from this...
2019-21898. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council; Public Meetings
The Council will hold a joint meeting of the following Advisory panels: Coral, Dolphin Wahoo, Mackerel Cobia, Shrimp, and Spiny Lobster via webinar followed by an independent meeting of the advisory panels via webinar.
The New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is scheduling a public meeting of its Skate Committee to consider actions affecting New England fisheries in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Recommendations from this group will be brought to the...
2019-21900. North Pacific Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting
The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) Charter Halibut Management Committee will meet October 29, 2019.
2019-21901. Western Pacific Fishery Management Council; Public Meetings; Correction
The Western Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) will hold its 134th Scientific and Statistical Committee (SSC) meeting, American Samoa Archipelago Fishery Ecosystem Plan Advisory Panel (AP), American Samoa Regional Ecosystem Advisory Committee...
2019-21905. Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to the King Pile Markers Project on the Columbia River
In accordance with the regulations implementing the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) as amended, notification is hereby given that NMFS has issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District...
2019-21917. Magnuson-Stevens Act Provisions; General Provisions for Domestic Fisheries; Application for Exempted Fishing Permits
The Assistant Regional Administrator for Sustainable Fisheries, Greater Atlantic Region, NMFS, has made a preliminary determination that an Exempted Fishing Permit application from the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries and the University of...
Due of Comment: 10/23/2019 Published Date: 10/8/2019
2019-21875. Collection of Information; Proposed Extension of Approval; Comment Request-Follow-Up Activities for Product-Related Injuries Including NEISS
As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) requests comments on a proposed extension of approval for an information collection to obtain data on consumer product-related injuries, and follow-up...
2019-21944. Collection of Information; Proposed Extension of Approval; Comment Request-Publicly Available Consumer Product Safety Information Database
As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) requests comments on a proposed extension of approval of a collection of information for the Publicly Available Consumer Product Safety Information...
2019-21873. Withdrawal of the Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Modification of the Condor 1 and Condor 2 Military Operations Areas Used By the 104th Fighter Wing of the Massachusetts Air National Guard
The Air National Guard (ANG) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are notifying interested parties of the decision to withdraw the Notice of Intent to prepare an environmental impact statement for the Modification of the Condor Military Operation...
Election Assistance Commission
2019-21908. Proposed Information Collection-2020 Election Administration and Voting Survey; Comment Request
In compliance the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the EAC announces an information collection and seeks public comment on the provisions thereof. The EAC intends to submit this proposed information collection (2020 Election Administration and Voting...
2019-21935. Energy Conservation Program: Petition for Waiver of Bradford White Corporation From the Department of Energy Consumer Water Heaters Test Procedure and Grant of Interim Waiver
This document announces receipt of and publishes a petition for waiver from Bradford White Corporation (``BWC''), which seeks a waiver for a specified consumer water heater basic model from the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') test procedure used...
2019-21969. Notice Inviting Post-Technical Conference Comments: Managing Transmission Line Ratings
2019-21970. Notice of Intent To File License Application, Filing of Pre-Application Document, and Approving Use of the Traditional Licensing Process: New Hampshire Renewable Resources, LLC
2019-21971. Notice of Petition for Partial Waiver: Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.
2019-21972. Supplemental Notice That Initial Market-Based Rate Filing Includes Request for Blanket Section 204 Authorization: Bronco Plains Wind, LLC
2019-21957. Availability of the IRIS Assessment Plan for Inorganic Mercury Salts
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is announcing a 30- day public comment period associated with release of the IRIS Assessment Plan for Inorganic Mercury Salts. This document communicates information on the scoping needs identified by EPA...
2019-21946. Notice of Open Meeting of the Sub-Saharan Africa Advisory Committee of the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM)
2019-21940. Information Collections Being Reviewed by the Federal Communications Commission Under Delegated Authority
As part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork burdens, and as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or the Commission) invites the general public and other Federal agencies to take this...
2019-21941. Information Collection Being Submitted for Review and Approval to Office of Management and Budget
As part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork burdens, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or the Commission) invites the general public and other Federal Agencies to take this...
2019-21942. Information Collection Being Submitted for Review and Approval to the Office of Management and Budget
2019-21914. Change in Bank Control Notices; Acquisitions of Shares of a Bank or Bank Holding Company
2019-22029. Sunshine Act Meeting
GSA is publishing this system of records notice (SORN) as the new managing partner of the e-Rulemaking Program, effective October 1, 2019. The e-Rulemaking Program includes the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) and Regulations.gov....
2019-21864. National Inventory for Poliovirus Containment: Minimizing Risk of Poliovirus Release From Laboratories in the United States; Availability
The United States National Authority for Containment of Poliovirus (NAC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), announces the availability of the National Inventory for Poliovirus Containment...
2019-21750. Medicare Program; Town Hall Meeting on the FY 2021 Applications for New Medical Services and Technologies Add-On Payments
This notice announces a Town Hall meeting in accordance with section 1886(d)(5)(K)(viii) of the Social Security Act (the Act) to discuss fiscal year (FY) 2021 applications for add-on payments for new medical services and technologies under the hospital...
In accordance with requirements of the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is updating an existing system of records maintained by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), system No. 09-70-0550,...
Children and Families Administration
2019-21893. Submission for OMB Review; Head Start (HS) Connects: Individualizing and Connecting Families to Family Support Services (New Collection)
The Administration for Children and Families (ACF) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) seeks approval to conduct semi-structured, qualitative interviews with Head Start staff, parents/ guardians, and community providers at six...
2019-21839. Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Collection of Conflict of Interest Information for Participation in Food and Drug Administration Non-Employee Fellowship ...
2019-21903. Proposed Changes to the Scholarships for Disadvantaged Students Program
On May 22, 2019, HRSA published a 30-day notice in the Federal Register soliciting feedback on a range of issues pertaining to the Scholarships for Disadvantaged Students (SDS) Program to assist the agency in updating certain SDS policies. HRSA...
2019-21904. Notice of Single Source Award to the Telehealth Focused Rural Health Research Center
In FY 2019, HRSA provided $788,000 in additional funding to The University of Iowa for the Telehealth Focused Rural Health Research Center and extended the project period for 12 months.
2019-21849. Center for Scientific Review; Amended Notice of Meeting
2019-21850. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; Amended Notice of Meeting
2019-21851. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Notice of Closed Meeting
2019-21853. National Human Genome Research Institute; Notice of Closed Meetings
2019-21965. Government-Owned Inventions; Availability for Licensing
The invention listed below is owned by an agency of the U.S. Government and is available for licensing to achieve expeditious commercialization of results of federally-funded research and development.
Community Living Administration
2019-21906. Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Public Comment Request; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) State Partnership Program, OMB approval number 0985-NEW
The Administration for Community Living (ACL) is announcing an opportunity for the public to review substantive changes to the proposed collection of information listed above. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Federal agencies are...
2019-21952. Notice of Filing of Plats of Survey; Utah
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) will file the plats of survey of the lands described below in the BLM Utah State Office, Salt Lake City, Utah, 30 calendar days from the date of this publication.
Ocean Energy Management Bureau
2019-21907. Notice of Availability of the Proposed Notice of Sale for Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Region-Wide Lease Sale 254
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) announces the availability of the Proposed Notice of Sale (NOS) for the proposed Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil and Gas Region-wide Lease Sale 254 (GOM Region-wide Sale 254). BOEM is...
Due of Comment: 3/18/2020 Published Date: 10/8/2019
Natural Resources Revenue Office
2019-21863. Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to the Office of Management and Budget for Review and Approval; Solid Minerals and Geothermal Collections
In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Office of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR) is proposing to renew an information collection with revisions. ONRR seeks renewed authority to collect information through four forms that lessees...
2019-21742. Recommended Modifications in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule
The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) has instituted Investigation No. 1205-13, Recommended Modifications in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 2020, pursuant to section 1205 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (the 1988...
Pursuant to the Privacy Act of 1974, and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-108, notice is hereby given that the Office of Justice Programs (OJP), a component within the United States Department of Justice (Department or DOJ),...
2019-21932. Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; State Apprenticeship Expansion (SAE) Grant Research Study
The Department of Labor (DOL) is submitting the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) sponsored information collection request (ICR) proposal titled, ``State Apprenticeship Expansion (SAE) Grant Research Study,'' to the Office of Management and...
2019-21933. Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
The Department of Labor (DOL) is submitting the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) sponsored information collection request (ICR) revision titled, ``Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS),'' to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review...
2019-21943. Online Delivery of OSHA's Outreach Training Program 10- and 30-Hour Courses
OSHA requests information, comments, and documents that would assist the agency in determining whether to adopt a new online delivery model for OSHA's Outreach Training Program. The OSHA Outreach Training Program is a hazard awareness training program...
2019-21841. National Space Council Users' Advisory Group; Meeting
In accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announces a meeting of the National Space Council Users' Advisory Group (UAG). This will be the fourth meeting of the UAG.
2019-21886. Information Collection; Contractor Use of Interagency Fleet Management System Vehicles
In accordance with section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regulations, DoD, GSA, and NASA invite the public to comment on a revision and renewal concerning contractor use of...
2019-21887. Submission for OMB Review; Cost Accounting Standards Administration
Under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, the Regulatory Secretariat Division has submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) a request to review and approve a revision and renewal of a previously approved information collection...
2019-21911. Arts Advisory Panel Meetings
Pursuant to the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended, notice is hereby given that 22 meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held by teleconference.
The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), is publishing an amendment of its systems of records to provide updated information. The Notice includes descriptions of the agency's systems of records and the ways they are maintained, as required...
2019-20202. Applications and Amendments to Facility Operating Licenses and Combined Licenses Involving Proposed No Significant Hazards Considerations and Containing Sensitive Unclassified Non-Safeguards Information and Order Imposing Procedures for ...
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) received and is considering approval of amendment requests for Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Units 3 and 4. For the amendment requests, the NRC proposes to determine that they involve no significant...
2019-21447. Biweekly Notice; Applications and Amendments to Facility Operating Licenses and Combined Licenses Involving No Significant Hazards Considerations
Pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (the Act), the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is publishing this regular biweekly notice. The Act requires the Commission to publish notice of any amendments issued, or proposed to be...
2019-21927. Performance Review Boards for Senior Executive Service
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has announced appointments to the NRC Performance Review Board (PRB) responsible for making recommendations on performance appraisal ratings and performance awards for NRC Senior Executives and Senior Level...
2019-22066. Sunshine Act Meetings
2019-21919. Submission for Review: Survey on the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders
In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) announces it will submit to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) an information...
2019-21921. Submission for Review: Survey on Practices and Policies Related to the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders
2019-21879. Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To Amend Exchange Rule 518, Complex Orders, To Adopt New Interpretation and Policy .07, SPIKES Combo Orders
2019-21881. Self-Regulatory Organizations; Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1, To Introduce Retail Priority
2019-21883. Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 1 and Order Granting Accelerated Approval of a Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1, To Amend Certain Cutoff Times for On-...
2019-21950. Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Further Delay Implementation of the Early Order Imbalance Indicator Functionality
2019-21920. Presidential Declaration Amendment of a Major Disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of Louisiana
This is an amendment of the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of Louisiana (FEMA-4458-DR), dated 08/27/2019. Incident: Hurricane Barry. Incident Period: 07/10/2019 through 07/15/2019.
2019-21922. Presidential Declaration Amendment of a Major Disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of Nebraska
This is an amendment of the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of Nebraska (FEMA--4420--DR), dated 04/05/2019. Incident: Severe Winter Storm, Straight-line Winds, and Flooding. Incident Period:...
2019-21923. Presidential Declaration Amendment of a Major Disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of Missouri
This is an amendment of the Presidential declaration of a major disaster for Public Assistance Only for the State of MISSOURI (FEMA-4451-DR), dated 07/29/2019. Incident: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding. Incident Period: 04/29/2019 through...
2019-21859. Notice of Determinations; Culturally Significant Objects Imported for Exhibition-Determinations: “Gerhard Richter: Painting After All” Exhibition
Notice is hereby given of the following determinations: I hereby determine that certain objects to be included in the exhibition ``Gerhard Richter: Painting After All,'' imported from abroad for temporary exhibition within the United States, are of...
State Justice Institute
2019-21951. Grant Guideline, Notice
This Guideline sets forth the administrative, programmatic, and financial requirements attendant to Fiscal Year 2020 State Justice Institute grants.
2019-21948. Airport Investment Partnership Program
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has approved the final application by Hendry County, Florida, for Airglades Airport to participate in the Airport Investment Partnership Program. Three exemptions were issued from certain provisions of Federal...
2019-21962. Solicitation of Nominations for Appointment to the Women in Aviation Advisory Board
The FAA is issuing this notice to solicit nominations for qualified candidates to serve on the Women in Aviation Advisory Board (the Board). The objective of the Board is to provide independent advice and recommendations to the FAA. Section 612,...
2019-21866. Notice of Funding Opportunity for the Federal-State Partnership for State of Good Repair Program
This notice details the application requirements and procedures to obtain grant funding for eligible projects under the Federal-State Partnership for State of Good Repair Program (Partnership Program). This notice solicits applications for Partnership...
2019-21939. Petition for Waiver of Compliance
2019-21892. Volkswagen Group of America, Inc., Receipt of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance
Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen), has determined that certain MY 2017-2019 Audi A3 motor vehicles do not comply with Federal motor vehicle safety standard (FMVSS) No. 101, Controls and Displays. Volkswagen filed a noncompliance report...
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2019-21888. Hazardous Materials: Notice of Actions on Special Permits
In accordance with the procedures governing the application for, and the processing of, special permits from the Department of Transportation's Hazardous Material Regulations, notice is hereby given that the Office of Hazardous Materials Safety has...
2019-21889. Hazardous Materials: Notice of Applications for New Special Permits
2019-21890. Hazardous Materials: Notice of Applications for Modifications to Special Permits
2019-21909. Pipeline Safety: Information Collection Activities
In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.), this notice announces that the information collection request abstracted below is being forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and comment....
2019-21964. Hazardous Materials: Clarification of Process To Reissue Explosives Classification Approvals
PHMSA issues this notice to clarify and request comments on the Approvals Program procedures for companies to request a modification to an explosives classification approval to reflect a merger, acquisition, or change in name or legal status.
Due of Comment: 1/6/2020 Published Date: 10/8/2019
2019-21910. Senior Executive Service; Legal Division Performance Review Board
This notice announces the appointment of members of the Legal Division PRB. The purpose of this Board is to review and make recommendations concerning proposed performance appraisals, ratings, bonuses, and other appropriate personnel actions for...
2019-21912. Public Meeting of the Commission on Social Impact Partnerships
The Commission on Social Impact Partnerships (``Commission'') will convene for a public meeting on Monday, October 28, 2019, via teleconference from 1:00 p.m.-4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The meeting will be open to the public.
2019-21913. Interest Rate Paid on Cash Deposited To Secure U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Immigration Bonds
For the period beginning October 1, 2019, and ending on December 31, 2019, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Immigration Bond interest rate is 2.04 per centum per annum.
2019-21891. Renewal Without Change of Information Collection Requirements in Connection With the Imposition of a Special Measure Concerning Banco Delta Asia, Including Its Subsidiaries Delta Asia Credit Limited and Delta Asia Insurance Limited, as ...
As part of a continuing effort to reduce paperwork and respondent burden, FinCEN invites comment on a renewal, without change, to information collection requirements finalized on March 19, 2007, imposing a special measure with respect to Banco Delta...
2019-21867. Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Form 5558
The Internal Revenue Service, as part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork and respondent burden, invites the general public and other Federal agencies to take this opportunity to comment on proposed and/or continuing information collections,...
2019-21868. Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Forms 8288 and 8288-A
2019-21869. Proposed Collection; Comment Request for TD 8619
2019-21870. Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Regulation Project
2019-21871. Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Revenue Procedure 97-22
2019-21872. [Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Form 14693]
2019-21928. Establish Pricing for 2019 United States Mint Numismatic Product
The United States Mint is announcing pricing for a new United States Mint numismatic product in accordance with the table below:
2019-21930. Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee; Public Meeting
Veterans Affairs Department
2019-21931. Agency Information Collection Activity: Application for Refund of Educational Contributions
The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), is announcing an opportunity for public comment on the proposed collection of certain information by the agency. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995, Federal...
2019-21368. Consumer Advisory Board Meetings
Under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), this notice sets forth the announcement of a public meeting of the Consumer Advisory Board (CAB or Board) of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau). The notice also describes the functions...
2019-21369. Community Bank Advisory Council Meeting
Under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), this notice sets forth the announcement of a public meeting of the Community Bank Advisory Council (CBAC or Council) of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau). The notice also describes the...
2019-21371. Credit Union Advisory Council Meeting
Under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), this notice sets forth the announcement of a public meeting of the Credit Union Advisory Council (CUAC or Council) of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau). The notice also describes the...
2019-21374. Academic Research Council Meeting
Under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), this notice sets forth the announcement of a public meeting of the Academic Research Council (ARC or Council) of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau). The notice also describes the...
2019-21718. Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances (19-6.B)
EPA is proposing significant new use rules (SNURs) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for seven chemical substances which are the subject of premanufacture notices (PMNs). This action would require persons to notify EPA at least 90 days...
2019-21719. Significant New Use Rule on Certain Chemical Substances; Partial Withdrawal (PMN P-13-270)
EPA is withdrawing part of a proposed rule, published in the Federal Register on January 7, 2015, that proposed significant new use rules (SNURs) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for certain chemical substances. This withdrawal covers only...
2019-21827. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and Technology Review; Reopening of Comment Period
On August 16, 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a rule titled ``National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and Technology Review.'' The EPA is...
2019-21038. Occupational Exposure to Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds in Construction and Shipyard Sectors
OSHA is proposing to revise the standards for occupational exposure to beryllium and beryllium compounds in the construction and shipyards industries. These proposed changes are designed to accomplish three goals: To more appropriately tailor the...
Wage and Hour Division
2019-20868. Tip Regulations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
In the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (CAA), Congress amended section 3(m) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to prohibit employers from keeping tips received by their employees, regardless of whether the employers take a tip credit under...
2019-20232. Reorganization of Postal Regulatory Commission Rules
The Commission is initiating a proposed rulemaking docket in order to propose amendments that reorganize the order of appearance of its regulations and revise multiple sections therein. This notice informs the public of the docket's initiation, invites...
2019-21171. National Organic Program: USDA Organic Regulations
This document announces the renewal of substance exemptions as listed on the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (National List) within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) organic regulations. This document reflects the outcome...
Commodity Credit Corporation
2019-21604. Agriculture Risk Coverage and Price Loss Coverage Programs; Correction
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is correcting a final rule that was published in the Federal Register on September 3, 2019, which revised the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) Programs. That document inadvertently...
2019-21895. Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Reallocation of Atka Mackerel in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area
NMFS is reallocating the projected unused amount of the 2019 Atka mackerel incidental catch allowance (ICA) for the Bering Sea subarea and Eastern Aleutian district (BS/EAI) to the Amendment 80 cooperative allocation in the Bering Sea and Aleutian...
2019-21552. Air Plan Approval; Indiana; Infrastructure SIP Requirements for the 2012 PM2.5
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is approving elements of a State Implementation Plan (SIP) submission from Indiana regarding the infrastructure requirements of section 110 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) for the 2012 annual fine particulate matter...
2019-19810. Earth Stations in Motion
In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (Commission) amends its rules to facilitate the deployment of earth stations in motion (ESIMs) communicating with geostationary (GSO) fixed-satellite service (FSS) satellite systems.
2019-21376. Real Estate Appraisals
The OCC, Board, and FDIC (collectively, the agencies) are adopting a final rule to amend the agencies' regulations requiring appraisals of real estate for certain transactions. The final rule increases the threshold level at or below which appraisals...
2019-21865. Medicare Program; Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems for Acute Care Hospitals and the Long-Term Care Hospital Prospective Payment System and Policy Changes and Fiscal Year 2020 Rates; Quality Reporting Requirements for ...
This document corrects technical and typographical errors in the final rule that appeared in the August 16, 2019 issue of the Federal Register titled ``Medicare Program; Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems for Acute Care Hospitals and the...
2019-21685. Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodations and Projects; Removal of Obsolete Regulation
Through this final rule FHWA will remove a regulation that has been superseded by legislation. We are removing sections related to pedestrian and bicycle accommodations and projects. The regulation is no longer necessary, given revisions to applicable...
4. Presidential Document
2019-22073. Protecting and Improving Medicare for Our Nation's Seniors
2019-22159. National Manufacturing Day, 2019
Notice (109)
Proposed Rule (6)
Presidential Document (2)
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Home Articles How to Kill Zombies and Rebuild the World – One Film at...
How to Kill Zombies and Rebuild the World – One Film at a Time
Waiting for the New Entertainment Business Model to Arise?
Why Not Be a Part of the Paradigm Shift?
So, what does killing zombies have to do with rebuilding a new thriving entertainment industry, you might ask? Well, what are zombies? Something that was once alive, subsequently contaminated and now dead or dying, yet walking around as if alive and causing all kinds of grief for those who have not become zombified: Sounds a lot like the current state of the film and music business.
Residing somewhere between life and death, they feast on the brains of the living.
Well folks, WE are the BRAINS they feast upon: the creatives, fans and consumers. We are the visionaries. We are the brains, heart, soul, body and ultimately the resources and funding of the entire operation. Without the artist, there is no art. Without the art, there are no fans. No fans = no consumers = no money = FACT.
Despite that fact, there is a commonly held illusion (amongst many independent musicians and filmmakers) that portrays the ‘Entertainment Industry’ as a big ominous ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ scenario, antagonistic towards, and exploitive of the artist and the arts. Unfortunately, there are (far too many) cases that support this belief. The “industry” however, is not a monolithic entity ruled by some terrible evil overlord in a dark tower (even if there are those who aspire to attain that position). Sounds like a premise for a great film though, doesn’t it? (I think Peter Jackson got there first!)
From another perspective, one could argue that WE (the artists/creatives/filmmakers) are the zombies, wandering hopelessly searching out our next meal, seeking even a scrap from the very ‘Empire’ we supposedly distrust or even (in some cases) revile! You’ve seen it, probably felt it too; I know I have, but that is precisely the problem we all need to overcome! Recent and emerging technologies have helped artists get beyond many previously seemingly insurmountable obstacles, and some of these ‘illusions’ have been revealed for what they are, yet old habits and beliefs die hard.
Crowd-funding and social media platforms have allowed a uniquely powerful and direct connection between the artist and their potential fan base. It isn’t as if any of this is freakin’ news at this point; it is common knowledge you’ve read in a hundred articles by now, but the full potential of these tools has yet to be tapped. There are new websites and platforms popping up daily, touting different ideologies and promises. Some are legitimate, some are dream vultures, and some (however well intended) will fail for one reason or another. At the end of the day, all of these are, in a way, only a substitute for our previous bogey (‘middle’) man, ‘the industry’. Most of these tools will eventually be assimilated by the embers of that waning industry (and inevitably misused to all our chagrin), but this is the very thing that will allow the new independent artist to shine. With appropriate use of these tools, legitimate community building between creatives and their fans, and creatives and their colleagues is possible, thus circumventing an awful lot of middlemen along the way.
There is of course a price to be paid. A lot of time is required to research and get a handle on appropriate and effective use of these new tools. Artists will need to take it upon themselves to truly engineer their own career path and develop entrepreneurial and business skills they may have neglected in the past. Illusions that some record label or film studio will come along and spend mega-millions to propel your career or your brainchild are just what they always were, reasonably unlikely, unless you’re already ahead of the curve on your homework, business savvy and perseverance.
Through his iconic comic book creation, Spiderman, Stan Lee propelled the famous quote “With great power, comes great responsibility.” I would add that the inverse is also true: “With great responsibility, comes great power!” Now is the time. The conditions are ripe for an overhaul of the previous rules of the road and ‘conventional wisdom’. The new entertainment industry is right there waiting for US! We have the technology, we can rebuild it. Even more exciting, we have the power to reframe the character and redirect the misguided priorities of an industry that has been spinning its wheels on unchallenging and unoriginal remakes and franchise overkill for far too long (Not that a good remake can’t be splendidly entertaining).
In the end, all businesses need to make a profit. Investors need a return on their money, and hard work and creatives deserve their due accordingly. There is no reason these need to be mutually exclusive clubs. We need to ask ourselves some serious and insightful questions. Is fierce and desperate competition really the most productive approach to a business that revolves around creative individuals? What if ‘the industry’ opted to produce ten 15 million dollar films, or fifty 3 million dollar films rather than one 150 million dollar film? (Not that there isn’t a reason for 150 million dollar films;Who wouldn’t love that kind of budget?)
Let’s face it; producing quality film or music that achieves a significant level of artistic AND commercial success has never been easy. The filmmakers and artists who we admire most, and who have achieved some level of success in the industry, will have very few tales of how simple it all was! If we take responsibility, we can steer this ship in a direction that can expand a working ‘middle class’ of creatives, while enhancing the culture with films and music born of the heart and soul of artists, and not merely demographically engineered vehicles for product placement amidst a small pool of familiar ‘stars’. The “New Creative Industry” will be as honest and inspired as WE can make it. It is up to us to create a new paradigm where artistic integrity and profitability do not have to be embroiled in a civil war. So turn off the auto-tune, stop trying to meet the latest trend, and write an original script! If there’s gonna to be a new Sheriff in town, it might as well be US: passionate filmmakers and artists dedicated to their craft! And if that is the case, then that is precisely what we need to be doing: living breathing and expressing our passion honestly and without ‘filters’ that dilute and homogenize our art.
I recently ran across this excellent related article/video blog via Twitter By filmmaker David Paul Baker.
Even as I write this article, there are many positive signs (like the one above), that there is movement in the right direction for our industry, but before we can get there, we may have to kill a few zombies along the way.
Special Thanks to @davidpbaker for his excellent blog posting on the subject! David is currently hard at work on his latest production, an expansion/remake and official global release for his “Mission X” project.
And of course, Thanks to Film Courage’s David Branin and Karen Worden for welcoming me on board as a guest writer.
Please feel free to comment! Join the conversation. Tell us your ideas and methods for rebuilding and/or navigating this exciting new era in the history of Independent Film and the creative/entertainment industry in general. Special bonus points for anyone who can name all the movies I made some sort of reference to in this article;)
T. Reed – Composer/Music Producer @TAOXproductions © 2010
Please contact author for reprint permission.
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Live Listings
Jodie Marie : Trouble in Mind
2015 : StudioOwz
Trouble in Mind, Jodie Marie's second release, is an elegiac record, full of heart rending blues and soul. It follows on, with dramatic maturity, from her accomplished but more folk influenced 2012 debut, Mountain Echo.
Listen to both albums in order and you will be left with a sense that the songwriting talent and voice have always been there, what is new is an emotional depth and honesty that make the music utterly compelling.
Recorded mainly in Pembrokeshire (her home) Trouble in Mind opens with an authentic, emotive slow blues love song, I Need Someone, which showcases Jodie Marie's range, control and intensity. Following on the next track, Only One I'm Thinking Of, has swing and summer hope in its horn section and light-hearted vocal.
The blues of If We Try opens with the line 'It's been a heartache for a long, long time', and although it really hasn't been lyrically so far these words set the tone for the rest of the album. If We Try is a heartfelt plea to a lover, and the one-sided love theme carries into title track Trouble in Mind - an effective, simple arrangement of voice and acoustic guitar.
Reason to Believe is an expressive cover of a Tim Hardin song with Jodie Marie alone on piano. It is a lovely reading of the song - followed by For Your Love with it's aching refrain 'Oh, I am desperate now for your love, for your love'. Properly emoted despair has seldom sounded so good to listen to.
Everyone Makes Mistakes is the keystone of the whole collection - with keyboard and muted band backing her voice takes flight for the chorus and it is completely spellbinding; a magnificent song.
I Miss You is back to piano and pain, and a subtle jazz feel, leading into I Still Care (Pt ii & i): a quiet coda (judging by the numbering) and then a swinging Southern soul number.
The album closes with Later Than You Think, which has just a hint of rock in its finale swagger.
Trouble in Mind has been lovingly arranged and produced, the instruments often just underpin or frame Jodie Marie's voice - which is more than capable of leading the songs, it is a marvel.
Much was made, around the time Mountain Echo, of the chance discovery of Jodie Marie's talent and her signing to Decca. It makes a great back story, but the truth is often more prosaic than random luck plucking someone from obscurity: she has a truly exceptional talent - it is certainly fully displayed on this album, which is a genuine revelation.
[Buy Trouble in Mind - Jodie Marie's Website]
JODIE MARIE I Only One I'm Thinking Of
JODIE MARIE I Who Knows Where the Time Goes
(A Sandy Denny cover - not featured on Trouble in Mind, but included here as it is a fantastic rendering of a great song)
Jodie Marie Website
Jodie Marie SoundCloud
Frigg : Frixx
Cynefin : Dilyn Afon
Merry Hell : Live @ Hungry Horse
Silent Forum : Everything Solved at Once
Keys : Bring Me the Head of Jerry Garcia
2019 Album of the Year : Los Blancos : Sbwriel Gwyn
Luke Jackson : Journals
Rowan Rheingans : The Lines We Draw Together
Bird in the Belly : Neighbours & Sisters
Bill Ryder-Jones : Yawny Yawn
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Home » Special Collections & Archives » Pulp fiction covers
A variety of pulp fiction titles and formats are held as part of Special Collections & Archives' (SCA) rare book holdings. Ranging from westerns and hardboiled crime to science fiction, fantasy and exploitation, they reflect changing and emerging societal attitudes about topics such as race, sexuality and technology. Among the selection of pulp fiction covers included here are titles from the B.P. Nichol Library of Science Fiction, the Lesbian Literature Collection and the Black Experience Collection.
Beasts of Tarzan
Illustrated depiction of Tarzan, seen from behind, climbing a tree with an antelope slung over his shoulder while a lion angrily swings a paw in his direction from below. Verso includes Illustrated depiction of Tarzan, seen from behind, climbing a tree with an antelope slung over his shoulder while a lion angrily swings a paw in his direction from below.
Black heat
Photograph of shirtless man, wearing sunglasses, standing between two women., Belmont B95-2027.
Blues for a Black sister
Illustrated depiction of Richard Spade holding a gun while looking over his shoulder. In the background is a side profile of a woman singing into a microphone, behind a red gun sight, and a black and white syringe. Verso includes portrait of B.B. Johnson wearing sunglasses with a pipe in his mouth., 64-657.
Bow down to nul
Illustrated depiction of people with speers fighting off a giant space monster., F-382.
Buck Rogers, 25th century A.D., in the interplanetary war with Venus
Illustrated depiction of [Buck Rogers?], seen from the side, dressed in a space outfit holding phasers with a combative expression on his face. Verso includes illustrated depiction of a man kneeling in grass with [grenades?] strapped to his chest and holding something off cover., Based on the famous newspaper strip.
Canadian kill
Illustration of Iceman standing on a snow covered hill while shooting two guns. One of the guns is pointed at a snowmobile driver wearing a balaclava who is returning fire. Verso includes illustrated depiction of Iceman dressed in blue with a gun holstered over his chest., BH462.
Detective Dick Tracy and the Spider Gang
Illustrated profile view of Dick Tracy wearing a hat and suit. Verso inlcudes illustrated depiction of a pilot leaning over and holding down a man in a suit.
Illustrated depiction of Radcliff, dressed in a suit and wearing sunglasses, pointing a gun. In the background is an apparent gunshot victim lying on the ground and a Wanted poster, featuring Radcliff's likeness, is partially visible. In the foreground is a woman running with a look of alarm on her face., BH455.
Illustrated depiction of a uniformed guard running through a see of large human-like mouths with their teeth exposed. In the dispace is a ship in water and a figure in a purple gown standing on a hill.
Photo of three people from the motion picture adaptation of the looking in different directions., Actors on front cover are Julie Christie and Oskar Werner.
Fantastic (vol. 17, no. 6)
Illustrated depiction of a man in a spacesuit being held from behind by a dripping, headless figure. Verso includes advertisement for university correspondence courses featuring a photo of a smiling student., Edition includes The best thieves in Lankhmar by Fritz Leiber (pp. 5-15).
Illustrated depiction of centaur like beings engaged in battle., Maps on inside covers.
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central florida future, vol. 13 no. 14, december 5, 1980 (1)
central florida future, vol. 25 no. 19, october 27, 1992 (1)
central florida future, vol. 26 no. 07, october 6, 1993 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 06 no. 14, november 2, 1983 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 07 no. 14, october 31, 1984 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 07 no. 19, december 5, 1984 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 07 no. 40, june 19, 1985 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 10 no. 18, march 9, 1988 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 10 no. 20, april 6, 1988 (1)
the ucf report, vol. 20 no. 6, october 10, 1997 (1)
orange county (fla.) -- newspapers (10)
university of central florida (7)
university of central florida -- faculty (7)
universities and colleges -- curricula -- florida -- orlando -- catalogs (1)
image/jp2 (10)
image/tiff (7)
Description: century
Central Florida Future, Vol. 13 No. 14, December 5, 1980
Athlete's grades changed; Stalled bus system may get county tow; Madrigan dinners offer taste of 16th century; Colbourn opposes NCAA 'takeover' of women's sports; Million dollar chair provided for UCF; Research [Park] property bought; New dorms...
The UCF Report, Vol. 06 No. 14, November 2, 1983
Orange County (Fla.) -- Newspapers; Orlando (Fla.) -- Newspapers; Oviedo (Fla.) -- Newspapers; Seminole County (Fla.) -- Newspapers; University of Central Florida -- Newspapers; University of Central Florida -- Faculty; University of Central...
Comments on the Greenhouse Effect: It's different world for the next century; Front page has nine editions; Cadets to get pentagon tour; Library reopens books for loan in new annex; It's a holiday Veteran's Day.
The UCF Report, Vol. 07 No. 14, October 31, 1984
Singer Co. give UCF $200,000 pilot grant; Souvenirs; Computer Services to sell IBM PC's at 25% discount; 250 to play Band Knight benefit show; Big pledges bolster Quarter Century fund; Army offers free helicopter rides from UCF parking lot.
The UCF Report, Vol. 07 No. 19, December 5, 1984
Computer science the goal: Argentine eyes UCF faculty exchange; 25,000th student to get degree on Dec. 14; Quarter Century Fund gets 80% of $5 million goal; Coupon sales aid Creative School; Hey Junior! Santa's calling; Institute for EAO enhances...
The UCF Report, Vol. 07 No. 40, June 19, 1985
Enrollment prediction: 25,000 by 2000: Master Plan envisions maturing UCF fulfilling Central Florida's needs; Phil Carter basketball's new coach; Teachers to get Canadian insight at UCF session; Quarter Century fund drive goes over $5 million goal;...
The UCF Report, Vol. 10 No. 18, March 9, 1988
UCF's role in Florida into Century 21: To meet developing needs of mid-Florida; Alafaya bridge a year off--low bid nearly $2.5 million; Major 1988 events to highlight UCF's 25th anniversary theme.
The UCF Report, Vol. 10 No. 20, April 6, 1988
Ronald Gerughty, College of Health resigns as dean; Academic planning document points the way for UCF into the 21st century; Faculty Senate elects tomorrow; BOR okays new try for campus housing; Harris Corp. chooses site in Research Park; Waldheim...
The UCF Report, Vol. 20 No. 6, October 10, 1997
UCF reaching for stars - literally: Pentagon approves $11.2 million 'Photon' satellite contract; University creates two new centers; 20th Century medicine men brewing up cures for modern illnesses; Space Age science allows researchers to tinker...
Central Florida Future, Vol. 25 No. 19, October 27, 1992
Health Fee Committee proposes $4.50 increase; UF's abandoned telescope becomes CFAS's astronomical treasure; SPJ Forum clarifies issues before Super Tuesday; Opinion: Last chance to ask candidates questions about issues; Features: AIDS: Motherhood...
Central Florida Future, Vol. 26 No. 07, October 6, 1993
Graduate data found incomplete at USF, UF; Radio "Tie-In" (photo); UCF laser shoots research into 21st century (with photo of Jason Eichenholz); In Features: Creatures of the night lurk in Downtown Orlando; In Sports: UCF Knights beat Yale...
University of Central Florida Graduate Catalog, 1999 - 2000
University of Central Florida -- Catalogs; University of Central Florida -- Curricula -- Catalogs; Universities and colleges -- Curricula -- Florida -- Orlando -- Catalogs; University of Central Florida -- Curricula -- Periodicals; University of...
This catalog includes general introductions to the University of Central Florida, its policies, programs and degree requirements, colleges and departments, and course offerings. It also contains pictures of campus life (p. 15, students walking on...
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Chicago Police Department General Order G04-04
Domestic Incidents
Issue Date: 28 December 2012 Effective Date: 28 December 2012
Rescinds: 30 July 1999 version; G99-07
Index Category: Preliminary Investigations
I. Purpose
This directive:
A. defines Department policy regarding domestic violence.
B. provides general information and guidelines for assisting victims and witnesses of domestic violence.
C. establishes procedures for responding to bona fide domestic violence incidents and violations of orders of protection.
D. describes Department members' responsibilities in domestic violence incidents.
Department members will refer to the Special Order titled "Domestic Incidents" for procedures and responsibilities.
II. Policy
Domestic violence is a serious crime against the individual and society. The Chicago Police Department seeks to reduce the incidence and severity of domestic violence in our communities through a coordinated partnership involving law enforcement, domestic violence service providers, prosecutors and the community. Recognizing that domestic violence escalates in severity and frequency over time, the Chicago Police Department advocates early intervention for households at risk. Department members will treat domestic violence incidents in the same professional manner as all other requests for police service and will provide immediate, effective assistance and protection for victims and witnesses. Recognizing that the Illinois Domestic Violence Act (IDVA) seeks to protect victims of domestic violence, members will use all reasonable means to prevent further abuse, including the arrest of the offender when there is probable cause.
III. Initial Response
A. Whenever a Department member responds to a domestic incident, the responding member will immediately use all reasonable means to prevent further abuse, neglect or exploitation, including:
1. restoring order by gaining control of the situation.
2. identifying and securing any weapons or objects that can be used as weapons. (Information about the inventory of weapons will be included in the narrative of the case report.)
3. determining if medical assistance is needed. If so, the member will call for an ambulance or arrange for transportation to a hospital for treatment. If the victim refuses treatment, the member will advise the victim of the importance of getting medical attention, even if at a later time.
B. If a Chicago Police Department member is involved in the domestic incident, the responding member will request that a member who is of higher rank than the Department member involved in the domestic incident be assigned from the district of occurrence as the investigating supervisor. If an exempt member is involved in the domestic incident, the field supervisor of the district of occurrence will be assigned to the scene. If circumstances warrant, the field supervisor may request that the appropriate ranking exempt member also be assigned to the scene.
IV. Preliminary Investigation
A. The Bureau of Patrol is responsible for conducting the preliminary investigation. Officers will conduct a thorough investigation, including:
1. identifying and interviewing all involved parties separately. Officers should maintain visual contact with each other.
When a victim or offender speaks a foreign language or is hearing or speech impaired, officers will request a foreign language or sign language/oral interpreter as outlined in the Department directives entitled "Limited English Proficiency" or "People with Disabilities."
2. determining whether or not a valid order of protection exists. Officers will refer to the copy provided by the petitioner, check the Law Enforcement Agency Data Systems (LEADS), or request the Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC) to verify whether or not an order of protection is in effect.
3. identifying the crime scene and determining whether there is any evidence present. If there is visible injury to the victim or physical evidence of the crime which requires processing, Department members will notify their supervisor and request an evidence technician, following the procedures outlined in the Department directive entitled "Crime Scene Protection and Processing."
Department members will also advise victims about the importance of preserving any evidence that may be identified later.
B. The Illinois Domestic Violence Act (750 ILCS 60/301 et.al.) and Department policy place specific responsibilities upon officers. Department members will:
1. provide or arrange transportation to a medical facility or nearby place of shelter or safety for the victim and any dependents in the victim's care.
Pursuant to 750 ILCS 60/304(a)(7), when a victim of abuse wants to leave the scene, it is presumed to be in the best interest of any minor child or the adult dependent in the victim's care to leave with the victim or remain with a person designated by the victim.
2. accompany the victim of abuse inside the residence for a reasonable period of time to remove necessary belongings and possessions.
Officers will maintain visual contact with the victim and the offender, if present, at all times.
3. prepare the appropriate case report for any bona fide allegation of domestic violence. The report will:
a. establish all elements of the alleged crime and the probable cause for any arrest made.
b. identify the relationship of the victim and the offender in the appropriate fields of the report and establish in the narrative how the relationship was identified.
c. identify the victim, offender, witnesses, and the person who called the police.
When a victim is residing at a shelter, the address will NOT be included in any report made. If the victim expresses concern about personal safety should the offender discover where the victim is residing, officers will NOT include the victim's address or phone number. Officers WILL ask for and enter an alternative phone number and address so the victim can be contacted by follow-up investigators. Should the victim refuse to give this information, officers will advise the victim to contact the appropriate Bureau of Detectives area if the victim wants further investigation of the incident.
d. document if medical attention was offered to the victim and whether or not the victim accepted medical attention.
e. document whether or not any transportation assistance was given to the victim (omitting the address).
f. document the victim's statements as to the frequency and severity of prior incidents of abuse, whether reported or not. If available, the RD numbers will be included in the appropriate fields of the report.
g. include the order of protection number and expiration date, if an order of protection is in effect.
h. describe the physical behavior and condition of the victim and offender, including any statements made by the victim, offender or witnesses.
i. describe any physical injury to the victim and/or offender.
j. document any other pertinent information, such as condition of the crime scene, presence of children, and any notifications made.
k. be classified according to the hierarchy rule for Part I crimes. When two or more Part II crimes are alleged (no Part I crimes), Department members will classify the report according to the seriousness of the offense (not necessarily which crime occurred first), taking into consideration the following factors:
(1) extent of injury/bodily harm
(2) risk to children
(3) intent of the offender
(4) condition of home environment.
4. give the victim a completed Domestic Incident Notice and explain its contents. Members will indicate in the appropriate section of the case report that the Domestic Incident Notice was given to the victim.
5. inform the victim of the City of Chicago's toll-free confidential 24-hour Domestic Violence Help Line
Domestic Violence Hot Line
and assist the victim in contacting the Help Line, if requested.
6. when using a miscellaneous incident code from the Miscellaneous Incident Reporting Table (CPD-11.484) to clear from a domestic disturbance (domestic incident not involving domestic violence or other criminal acts, or not otherwise requiring the completion of a case report), use "1" as the incident number. Under no circumstances will officers clear from a domestic disturbance using "19" as the incident number.
V. Arrest Procedures
A. If there is probable cause to believe that a person has committed a crime of domestic violence, the preferred response of the officer is the arrest of the offender. Although the IDVA does not have a mandatory arrest provision, officers are required to use all reasonable means to prevent further abuse, exploitation or neglect, including arresting the offender when probable cause exists.
1. The victim's refusal to sign a complaint, in and of itself, does not defeat probable cause to arrest.
If the victim will not sign the complaint, members may sign the complaint when probable cause exists. Pursuant to 750 ILCS 60/305, an officer acting in good faith in enforcing the IDVA shall not be civilly liable, unless the act is a result of willful or wanton misconduct.
2. Officers will NOT base their decision to arrest on whether they believe the case will be prosecuted.
3. The petitioner cannot be arrested for a Violation of an Order of Protection; only the respondent can violate the order of protection.
4. Department policy requires mandatory arrest for two offenses - Violation of an Order of Protection (720 ILCS 5/12-30) and Violation of Bail Bond (725 ILCS 5/110-10d). The responding officer will:
a. make an arrest when there is probable cause to believe that either of these two offenses have been committed, even if the victim does not want the offender arrested.
b. sign the complaint for a Violation of an Order of Protection if the petitioner will not sign the complaint.
The petitioner CANNOT waive the order of protection. Only the judge can modify the order of protection provisions.
c. always be the complainant for a Violation of Bail Bond.
When a person is charged with a criminal offense and the victim is a family or household member, the conditions of the defendant's release on bond mandate that the defendant will refrain from contact or communication with the victim and refrain from entering or remaining at the victim's residence for a minimum period of 72 hours following the defendant's release.
B. Officers should evaluate the circumstances to determine which party is the predominant aggressor, i.e., the offender, and take appropriate enforcement action as outlined in Item V-A.
1. The predominant aggressor will be determined by the extent of injury, physical evidence, circumstances, prior history of domestic violence between the parties, and witness statements, if any.
Mutual injury does not necessarily indicate mutual combat; a victim has a right to self-defense.
2. Mutual arrest is discouraged. Officers should make every effort to identify the predominant aggressor.
3. When the predominant aggressor, i.e., offender, can be identified, the offender will not be allowed to sign a cross-complaint against the victim. The offender will be advised to seek alternative legal remedies, such as obtaining a summons and/or warrant.
VI. Procedures for Non-Arrest Situations
A. For domestic incidents involving domestic violence in which an arrest is not made, the Department member will document the reason(s) in the narrative of the case report.
B. Whenever a Department member responds to a domestic incident involving domestic violence and the offender is not on the scene, in addition to the procedures outlined in Item III, the member will:
1. request a description of the offender and conduct a search of the immediate area, if practical;
2. obtain information from the victim(s) and/or witness(es) regarding where the offender may be located;
3. include all relevant information in the narrative of the case report if the offender cannot be located; and
4. inform the victim of the following:
a. how to obtain a warrant and/or summons.
b. the availability of an order of protection and the victim's rights under the IDVA.
5. provide the complainant with a completed Domestic Incident Notice following the procedures established in the General Order titled "Domestic Incident Notice."
(Items indicated by italic/double underline were added or revised)
Garry F. McCarthy
Superintendent of Police
97-018/12-003 MTB/JO/MLS (MLS) TRH
PHONE BOOK:
Domestic Violence Court
555 W Harrison St., Chicago, IL
GPS Monitoring Device Vendor - G4S Monitoring Center
ADDENDA:
1. G04-04-01 - Orders of Protection - Policy
2. G04-04-02 - Domestic Incident Notice
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Title: Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition
Author: King, L. W. (Leonard William), 1869-1919
*** Start of this Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book "Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition" ***
LEGENDS OF BABYLON AND EGYPT IN RELATION TO HEBREW TRADITION
By Leonard W. King, M.A., Litt.D., F.S.A.
Assistant Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British
Professor in the University of London King's College
First Published 1918 by Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
THE BRITISH ACADEMY
THE SCHWEICH LECTURES 1916
PREPARER'S NOTE
This text was prepared from a 1920 edition of the book,
hence the references to dates after 1916 in some places.
Greek text has been transliterated within brackets "{}"
using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table.
Diacritical marks have been lost.
In these lectures an attempt is made, not so much to restate familiar
facts, as to accommodate them to new and supplementary evidence which
has been published in America since the outbreak of the war. But even
without the excuse of recent discovery, no apology would be needed for
any comparison or contrast of Hebrew tradition with the mythological
and legendary beliefs of Babylon and Egypt. Hebrew achievements in the
sphere of religion and ethics are only thrown into stronger relief when
studied against their contemporary background.
The bulk of our new material is furnished by some early texts, written
towards the close of the third millennium B.C. They incorporate
traditions which extend in unbroken outline from their own period into
the remote ages of the past, and claim to trace the history of man back
to his creation. They represent the early national traditions of
the Sumerian people, who preceded the Semites as the ruling race in
Babylonia; and incidentally they necessitate a revision of current
views with regard to the cradle of Babylonian civilization. The most
remarkable of the new documents is one which relates in poetical
narrative an account of the Creation, of Antediluvian history, and of
the Deluge. It thus exhibits a close resemblance in structure to the
corresponding Hebrew traditions, a resemblance that is not shared by the
Semitic-Babylonian Versions at present known. But in matter the Sumerian
tradition is more primitive than any of the Semitic versions. In spite
of the fact that the text appears to have reached us in a magical
setting, and to some extent in epitomized form, this early document
enables us to tap the stream of tradition at a point far above any at
which approach has hitherto been possible.
Though the resemblance of early Sumerian tradition to that of the
Hebrews is striking, it furnishes a still closer parallel to the
summaries preserved from the history of Berossus. The huge figures
incorporated in the latter's chronological scheme are no longer to be
treated as a product of Neo-Babylonian speculation; they reappear in
their original surroundings in another of these early documents, the
Sumerian Dynastic List. The sources of Berossus had inevitably been
semitized by Babylon; but two of his three Antediluvian cities find
their place among the five of primitive Sumerian belief, and two of his
ten Antediluvian kings rejoin their Sumerian prototypes. Moreover, the
recorded ages of Sumerian and Hebrew patriarchs are strangely alike.
It may be added that in Egypt a new fragment of the Palermo Stele has
enabled us to verify, by a very similar comparison, the accuracy of
Manetho's sources for his prehistoric period, while at the same time
it demonstrates the way in which possible inaccuracies in his system,
deduced from independent evidence, may have arisen in remote antiquity.
It is clear that both Hebrew and Hellenistic traditions were modelled on
very early lines.
Thus our new material enables us to check the age, and in some measure
the accuracy, of the traditions concerning the dawn of history which
the Greeks reproduced from native sources, both in Babylonia and Egypt,
after the conquests of Alexander had brought the Near East within the
range of their intimate acquaintance. The third body of tradition, that
of the Hebrews, though unbacked by the prestige of secular achievement,
has, through incorporation in the canons of two great religious systems,
acquired an authority which the others have not enjoyed. In re-examining
the sources of all three accounts, so far as they are affected by the
new discoveries, it will be of interest to observe how the same problems
were solved in antiquity by very different races, living under widely
divergent conditions, but within easy reach of one another. Their
periods of contact, ascertained in history or suggested by geographical
considerations, will prompt the further question to what extent each
body of belief was evolved in independence of the others. The close
correspondence that has long been recognized and is now confirmed
between the Hebrew and the Semitic-Babylonian systems, as compared with
that of Egypt, naturally falls within the scope of our enquiry.
Excavation has provided an extraordinarily full archaeological
commentary to the legends of Egypt and Babylon; and when I received the
invitation to deliver the Schweich Lectures for 1916, I was reminded of
the terms of the Bequest and was asked to emphasize the archaeological
side of the subject. Such material illustration was also calculated to
bring out, in a more vivid manner than was possible with purely literary
evidence, the contrasts and parallels presented by Hebrew tradition.
Thanks to a special grant for photographs from the British Academy,
I was enabled to illustrate by means of lantern slides many of the
problems discussed in the lectures; and it was originally intended that
the photographs then shown should appear as plates in this volume.
But in view of the continued and increasing shortage of paper, it
was afterwards felt to be only right that all illustrations should
be omitted. This very necessary decision has involved a recasting of
certain sections of the lectures as delivered, which in its turn has
rendered possible a fuller treatment of the new literary evidence. To
the consequent shifting of interest is also due a transposition of names
in the title. On their literary side, and in virtue of the intimacy of
their relation to Hebrew tradition, the legends of Babylon must be given
precedence over those of Egypt.
For the delay in the appearance of the volume I must plead the pressure
of other work, on subjects far removed from archaeological study
and affording little time and few facilities for a continuance of
archaeological and textual research. It is hoped that the insertion
of references throughout, and the more detailed discussion of problems
suggested by our new literary material, may incline the reader to add
his indulgence to that already extended to me by the British Academy.
L. W. KING.
LEGENDS OF BABYLON AND EGYPT
IN RELATION TO HEBREW TRADITION
LECTURE I--EGYPT, BABYLON, AND PALESTINE, AND SOME TRADITIONAL ORIGINS
OF CIVILIZATION
At the present moment most of us have little time or thought to spare
for subjects not connected directly or indirectly with the war. We have
put aside our own interests and studies; and after the war we shall all
have a certain amount of leeway to make up in acquainting ourselves
with what has been going on in countries not yet involved in the great
struggle. Meanwhile the most we can do is to glance for a moment at any
discovery of exceptional interest that may come to light.
The main object of these lectures will be to examine certain Hebrew
traditions in the light of new evidence which has been published in
America since the outbreak of the war. The evidence is furnished by some
literary texts, inscribed on tablets from Nippur, one of the oldest
and most sacred cities of Babylonia. They are written in Sumerian, the
language spoken by the non-Semitic people whom the Semitic Babylonians
conquered and displaced; and they include a very primitive version of
the Deluge story and Creation myth, and some texts which throw new light
on the age of Babylonian civilization and on the area within which it
had its rise. In them we have recovered some of the material from which
Berossus derived his dynasty of Antediluvian kings, and we are thus
enabled to test the accuracy of the Greek tradition by that of the
Sumerians themselves. So far then as Babylonia is concerned, these
documents will necessitate a re-examination of more than one problem.
The myths and legends of ancient Egypt are also to some extent involved.
The trend of much recent anthropological research has been in the
direction of seeking a single place of origin for similar beliefs and
practices, at least among races which were bound to one another by
political or commercial ties. And we shall have occasion to test, by
means of our new data, a recent theory of Egyptian influence. The Nile
Valley was, of course, one the great centres from which civilization
radiated throughout the ancient East; and, even when direct contact
is unproved, Egyptian literature may furnish instructive parallels and
contrasts in any study of Western Asiatic mythology. Moreover, by a
strange coincidence, there has also been published in Egypt since the
beginning of the war a record referring to the reigns of predynastic
rulers in the Nile Valley. This, like some of the Nippur texts, takes us
back to that dim period before the dawn of actual history, and, though
the information it affords is not detailed like theirs, it provides
fresh confirmation of the general accuracy of Manetho's sources, and
suggests some interesting points for comparison.
But the people with whose traditions we are ultimately concerned are the
Hebrews. In the first series of Schweich Lectures, delivered in the year
1908, the late Canon Driver showed how the literature of Assyria and
Babylon had thrown light upon Hebrew traditions concerning the origin
and early history of the world. The majority of the cuneiform documents,
on which he based his comparison, date from a period no earlier than the
seventh century B.C., and yet it was clear that the texts themselves,
in some form or other, must have descended from a remote antiquity. He
concluded his brief reference to the Creation and Deluge Tablets with
these words: "The Babylonian narratives are both polytheistic, while
the corresponding biblical narratives (Gen. i and vi-xi) are made
the vehicle of a pure and exalted monotheism; but in spite of this
fundamental difference, and also variations in detail, the resemblances
are such as to leave no doubt that the Hebrew cosmogony and the Hebrew
story of the Deluge are both derived ultimately from the same original
as the Babylonian narratives, only transformed by the magic touch of
Israel's religion, and infused by it with a new spirit."(1) Among the
recently published documents from Nippur we have at last recovered one
at least of those primitive originals from which the Babylonian accounts
were derived, while others prove the existence of variant stories of the
world's origin and early history which have not survived in the later
cuneiform texts. In some of these early Sumerian records we may trace
a faint but remarkable parallel with the Hebrew traditions of man's
history between his Creation and the Flood. It will be our task, then,
to examine the relations which the Hebrew narratives bear both to the
early Sumerian and to the later Babylonian Versions, and to ascertain
how far the new discoveries support or modify current views with regard
to the contents of those early chapters of Genesis.
(1) Driver, _Modern Research as illustrating the Bible_ (The
Schweich Lectures, 1908), p. 23.
I need not remind you that Genesis is the book of Hebrew origins, and
that its contents mark it off to some extent from the other books of the
Hebrew Bible. The object of the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua is to
describe in their origin the fundamental institutions of the national
faith and to trace from the earliest times the course of events which
led to the Hebrew settlement in Palestine. Of this national history
the Book of Genesis forms the introductory section. Four centuries of
complete silence lie between its close and the beginning of Exodus,
where we enter on the history of a nation as contrasted with that of
a family.(1) While Exodus and the succeeding books contain national
traditions, Genesis is largely made up of individual biography. Chapters
xii-l are concerned with the immediate ancestors of the Hebrew race,
beginning with Abram's migration into Canaan and closing with Joseph's
death in Egypt. But the aim of the book is not confined to recounting
the ancestry of Israel. It seeks also to show her relation to other
peoples in the world, and probing still deeper into the past it
describes how the earth itself was prepared for man's habitation.
Thus the patriarchal biographies are preceded, in chapters i-xi, by an
account of the original of the world, the beginnings of civilization,
and the distribution of the various races of mankind. It is, of course,
with certain parts of this first group of chapters that such striking
parallels have long been recognized in the cuneiform texts.
(1) Cf., e.g., Skinner, _A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on Genesis_ (1912), p. ii f.; Driver, _The Book
of Genesis_, 10th ed. (1916), pp. 1 ff.; Ryle, _The Book of
Genesis_ (1914), pp. x ff.
In approaching this particular body of Hebrew traditions, the necessity
for some caution will be apparent. It is not as though we were dealing
with the reported beliefs of a Malayan or Central Australian tribe. In
such a case there would be no difficulty in applying a purely objective
criticism, without regard to ulterior consequences. But here our own
feelings are involved, having their roots deep in early associations.
The ground too is well trodden; and, had there been no new material to
discuss, I think I should have preferred a less contentious theme. The
new material is my justification for the choice of subject, and also the
fact that, whatever views we may hold, it will be necessary for us to
assimilate it to them. I shall have no hesitation in giving you my own
reading of the evidence; but at the same time it will be possible to
indicate solutions which will probably appeal to those who view the
subject from more conservative standpoints. That side of the discussion
may well be postponed until after the examination of the new evidence in
detail. And first of all it will be advisable to clear up some general
aspects of the problem, and to define the limits within which our
criticism may be applied.
It must be admitted that both Egypt and Babylon bear a bad name in
Hebrew tradition. Both are synonymous with captivity, the symbols of
suffering endured at the beginning and at the close of the national
life. And during the struggle against Assyrian aggression, the
disappointment at the failure of expected help is reflected in
prophecies of the period. These great crises in Hebrew history have
tended to obscure in the national memory the part which both Babylon
and Egypt may have played in moulding the civilization of the smaller
nations with whom they came in contact. To such influence the races of
Syria were, by geographical position, peculiarly subject. The country
has often been compared to a bridge between the two great continents of
Asia and Africa, flanked by the sea on one side and the desert on the
other, a narrow causeway of highland and coastal plain connecting the
valleys of the Nile and the Euphrates.(1) For, except on the frontier of
Egypt, desert and sea do not meet. Farther north the Arabian plateau is
separated from the Mediterranean by a double mountain chain, which runs
south from the Taurus at varying elevations, and encloses in its lower
course the remarkable depression of the Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea, and
the 'Arabah. The Judaean hills and the mountains of Moab are merely
the southward prolongation of the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, and their
neighbourhood to the sea endows this narrow tract of habitable country
with its moisture and fertility. It thus formed the natural channel of
intercourse between the two earliest centres of civilization, and was
later the battle-ground of their opposing empires.
(1) See G. A. Smith, _Historical Geography of the Holy
Land_, pp. 5 ff., 45 ff., and Myres, _Dawn of History_, pp.
137 ff.; and cf. Hogarth, _The Nearer East_, pp. 65 ff., and
Reclus, _Nouvelle Géographie universelle_, t. IX, pp. 685 ff.
The great trunk-roads of through communication run north and south,
across the eastern plateaus of the Haurân and Moab, and along the
coastal plains. The old highway from Egypt, which left the Delta at
Pelusium, at first follows the coast, then trends eastward across the
plain of Esdraelon, which breaks the coastal range, and passing under
Hermon runs northward through Damascus and reaches the Euphrates at its
most westerly point. Other through tracks in Palestine ran then as they
do to-day, by Beesheba and Hebron, or along the 'Arabah and west of the
Dead Sea, or through Edom and east of Jordan by the present Hajj route
to Damascus. But the great highway from Egypt, the most westerly of
the trunk-roads through Palestine, was that mainly followed, with some
variant sections, by both caravans and armies, and was known by the
Hebrews in its southern course as the "Way of the Philistines" and
farther north as the "Way of the East".
The plain of Esraelon, where the road first trends eastward, has been
the battle-ground for most invaders of Palestine from the north, and
though Egyptian armies often fought in the southern coastal plain, they
too have battled there when they held the southern country. Megiddo,
which commands the main pass into the plain through the low Samaritan
hills to the southeast of Carmel, was the site of Thothmes III's famous
battle against a Syrian confederation, and it inspired the writer of the
Apocalypse with his vision of an Armageddon of the future. But invading
armies always followed the beaten track of caravans, and movements
represented by the great campaigns were reflected in the daily passage
of international commerce.
With so much through traffic continually passing within her borders,
it may be matter for surprise that far more striking evidence of its
cultural effect should not have been revealed by archaeological research
in Palestine. Here again the explanation is mainly of a geographical
character. For though the plains and plateaus could be crossed by the
trunk-roads, the rest of the country is so broken up by mountain and
valley that it presented few facilities either to foreign penetration
or to external control. The physical barriers to local intercourse,
reinforced by striking differences in soil, altitude, and climate,
while they precluded Syria herself from attaining national unity, always
tended to protect her separate provinces, or "kingdoms," from the
full effects of foreign aggression. One city-state could be traversed,
devastated, or annexed, without in the least degree affecting
neighbouring areas. It is true that the population of Syria has always
been predominantly Semitic, for she was on the fringe of the great
breeding-ground of the Semitic race and her landward boundary was open
to the Arabian nomad. Indeed, in the whole course of her history the
only race that bade fair at one time to oust the Semite in Syria was the
Greek. But the Greeks remained within the cities which they founded or
rebuilt, and, as Robertson Smith pointed out, the death-rate in Eastern
cities habitually exceeds the birth-rate; the urban population must be
reinforced from the country if it is to be maintained, so that the type
of population is ultimately determined by the blood of the peasantry.(1)
Hence after the Arab conquest the Greek elements in Syria and Palestine
tended rapidly to disappear. The Moslem invasion was only the last of a
series of similar great inroads, which have followed one another since
the dawn of history, and during all that time absorption was continually
taking place from desert tribes that ranged the Syrian border. As we
have seen, the country of his adoption was such as to encourage
the Semitic nomad's particularism, which was inherent in his tribal
organization. Thus the predominance of a single racial element in the
population of Palestine and Syria did little to break down or overstep
the natural barriers and lines of cleavage.
(1) See Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, p. 12
f.; and cf. Smith, _Hist. Geogr._, p. 10 f.
These facts suffice to show why the influence of both Egypt and Babylon
upon the various peoples and kingdoms of Palestine was only intensified
at certain periods, when ambition for extended empire dictated the
reduction of her provinces in detail. But in the long intervals,
during which there was no attempt to enforce political control, regular
relations were maintained along the lines of trade and barter. And in
any estimate of the possible effect of foreign influence upon Hebrew
thought, it is important to realize that some of the channels through
which in later periods it may have acted had been flowing since the dawn
of history, and even perhaps in prehistoric times. It is probable that
Syria formed one of the links by which we may explain the Babylonian
elements that are attested in prehistoric Egyptian culture.(1) But
another possible line of advance may have been by way of Arabia and
across the Red Sea into Upper Egypt.
(1) Cf. _Sumer and Akkad_, pp. 322 ff.; and for a full
discussion of the points of resemblance between the early
Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, see Sayce, _The
Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions_, chap. iv, pp.
101 ff.
The latter line of contact is suggested by an interesting piece of
evidence that has recently been obtained. A prehistoric flint knife,
with a handle carved from the tooth of a hippopotamus, has been
purchased lately by the Louvre,(1) and is said to have been found at
Gebel el-'Arak near Naga' Hamâdi, which lies on the Nile not far below
Koptos, where an ancient caravan-track leads by Wâdi Hammâmât to the
Red Sea. On one side of the handle is a battle-scene including some
remarkable representations of ancient boats. All the warriors are nude
with the exception of a loin girdle, but, while one set of combatants
have shaven heads or short hair, the others have abundant locks falling
in a thick mass upon the shoulder. On the other face of the handle is
carved a hunting scene, two hunters with dogs and desert animals
being arranged around a central boss. But in the upper field is a very
remarkable group, consisting of a personage struggling with two lions
arranged symmetrically. The rest of the composition is not very unlike
other examples of prehistoric Egyptian carving in low relief, but here
attitude, figure, and clothing are quite un-Egyptian. The hero wears
a sort of turban on his abundant hair, and a full and rounded beard
descends upon his breast. A long garment clothes him from the waist and
falls below the knees, his muscular calves ending in the claws of a bird
of prey. There is nothing like this in prehistoric Egyptian art.
(1) See Bénédite, "Le couteau de Gebel al-'Arak", in
_Foundation Eugène Piot, Mon. et. Mém._, XXII. i. (1916).
Perhaps Monsieur Bénédite is pressing his theme too far when he compares
the close-cropped warriors on the handle with the shaven Sumerians and
Elamites upon steles from Telloh and Susa, for their loin-girdles are
African and quite foreign to the Euphrates Valley. And his suggestion
that two of the boats, flat-bottomed and with high curved ends, seem
only to have navigated the Tigris and Euphrates,(1) will hardly command
acceptance. But there is no doubt that the heroic personage upon the
other face is represented in the familiar attitude of the Babylonian
hero Gilgamesh struggling with lions, which formed so favourite a
subject upon early Sumerian and Babylonian seals. His garment is
Sumerian or Semitic rather than Egyptian, and the mixture of human and
bird elements in the figure, though not precisely paralleled at
this early period, is not out of harmony with Mesopotamian or Susan
tradition. His beard, too, is quite different from that of the Libyan
desert tribes which the early Egyptian kings adopted. Though the
treatment of the lions is suggestive of proto-Elamite rather than
of early Babylonian models, the design itself is unmistakably of
Mesopotamian origin. This discovery intensifies the significance of
other early parallels that have been noted between the civilizations of
the Euphrates and the Nile, but its evidence, so far as it goes, does
not point to Syria as the medium of prehistoric intercourse. Yet then,
as later, there can have been no physical barrier to the use of the
river-route from Mesopotamia into Syria and of the tracks thence
southward along the land-bridge to the Nile's delta.
(1) Op. cit., p. 32.
In the early historic periods we have definite evidence that the eastern
coast of the Levant exercised a strong fascination upon the rulers of
both Egypt and Babylonia. It may be admitted that Syria had little to
give in comparison to what she could borrow, but her local trade in wine
and oil must have benefited by an increase in the through traffic which
followed the working of copper in Cyprus and Sinai and of silver in
the Taurus. Moreover, in the cedar forests of Lebanon and the north
she possessed a product which was highly valued both in Egypt and
the treeless plains of Babylonia. The cedars procured by Sneferu from
Lebanon at the close of the IIIrd Dynasty were doubtless floated as
rafts down the coast, and we may see in them evidence of a regular
traffic in timber. It has long been known that the early Babylonian
king Sharru-kin, or Sargon of Akkad, had pressed up the Euphrates to the
Mediterranean, and we now have information that he too was fired by a
desire for precious wood and metal. One of the recently published Nippur
inscriptions contains copies of a number of his texts, collected by
an ancient scribe from his statues at Nippur, and from these we gather
additional details of his campaigns. We learn that after his complete
subjugation of Southern Babylonia he turned his attention to the west,
and that Enlil gave him the lands "from the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea",
i.e. from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. Fortunately this rather
vague phrase, which survived in later tradition, is restated in greater
detail in one of the contemporary versions, which records that Enlil
"gave him the upper land, Mari, Iarmuti, and Ibla, as far as the Cedar
Forest and the Silver Mountains".(1)
(1) See Poebel, _Historical Texts_ (Univ. of Penns. Mus.
Publ., Bab. Sect., Vol. IV, No. 1, 1914), pp. 177 f., 222
Mari was a city on the middle Euphrates, but the name may here signify
the district of Mari which lay in the upper course of Sargon's march.
Now we know that the later Sumerian monarch Gudea obtained his cedar
beams from the Amanus range, which he names _Amanum_ and describes as
the "cedar mountains".(1) Doubtless he felled his trees on the eastern
slopes of the mountain. But we may infer from his texts that Sargon
actually reached the coast, and his "Cedar Forest" may have lain
farther to the south, perhaps as far south as the Lebanon. The "Silver
Mountains" can only be identified with the Taurus, where silver mines
were worked in antiquity. The reference to Iarmuti is interesting, for
it is clearly the same place as Iarimuta or Iarimmuta, of which we
find mention in the Tell el-Amarna letters. From the references to this
district in the letters of Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, we may infer
that it was a level district on the coast, capable of producing a
considerable quantity of grain for export, and that it was under
Egyptian control at the time of Amenophis IV. Hitherto its position has
been conjecturally placed in the Nile Delta, but from Sargon's reference
we must probably seek it on the North Syrian or possibly the Cilician
coast. Perhaps, as Dr. Poebel suggests, it was the plain of Antioch,
along the lower course and at the mouth of the Orontes. But his further
suggestion that the term is used by Sargon for the whole stretch of
country between the sea and the Euphrates is hardly probable. For
the geographical references need not be treated as exhaustive, but as
confined to the more important districts through which the expedition
passed. The district of Ibla which is also mentioned by Narâm-Sin and
Gudea, lay probably to the north of Iarmuti, perhaps on the southern
slopes of Taurus. It, too, we may regard as a district of restricted
extent rather than as a general geographical term for the extreme north
of Syria.
(1) Thureau-Dangin, _Les inscriptions de Sumer de d'Akkad_,
p. 108 f., Statue B, col. v. 1. 28; Germ. ed., p. 68 f.
It is significant that Sargon does not allude to any battle when
describing this expedition, nor does he claim to have devastated the
western countries.(1) Indeed, most of these early expeditions to the
west appear to have been inspired by motives of commercial enterprise
rather than of conquest. But increase of wealth was naturally followed
by political expansion, and Egypt's dream of an Asiatic empire was
realized by Pharaohs of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The fact that Babylonian
should then have been adopted as the medium of official intercourse in
Syria points to the closeness of the commercial ties which had already
united the Euphrates Valley with the west. Egyptian control had passed
from Canaan at the time of the Hebrew settlement, which was indeed a
comparatively late episode in the early history of Syria. Whether or not
we identify the Khabiri with the Hebrews, the character of the latter's
incursion is strikingly illustrated by some of the Tell el-Amarna
letters. We see a nomad folk pressing in upon settled peoples and
gaining a foothold here and there.(2)
(1) In some versions of his new records Sargon states that
"5,400 men daily eat bread before him" (see Poebel, op.
cit., p. 178); though the figure may be intended to convey
an idea of the size of Sargon's court, we may perhaps see in
it a not inaccurate estimate of the total strength of his
armed forces.
(2) See especially Professor Burney's forthcoming commentary
on Judges (passim), and his forthcoming Schweich Lectures
(now delivered, in 1917).
The great change from desert life consists in the adoption of
agriculture, and when once that was made by the Hebrews any further
advance in economic development was dictated by their new surroundings.
The same process had been going on, as we have seen, in Syria since the
dawn of history, the Semitic nomad passing gradually through the stages
of agricultural and village life into that of the city. The country
favoured the retention of tribal exclusiveness, but ultimate survival
could only be purchased at the cost of some amalgamation with their new
neighbours. Below the surface of Hebrew history these two tendencies
may be traced in varying action and reaction. Some sections of the
race engaged readily in the social and commercial life of Canaanite
civilization with its rich inheritance from the past. Others, especially
in the highlands of Judah and the south, at first succeeded in keeping
themselves remote from foreign influence. During the later periods of
the national life the country was again subjected, and in an intensified
degree, to those forces of political aggression from Mesopotamia and
Egypt which we have already noted as operating in Canaan. But throughout
the settled Hebrew community as a whole the spark of desert fire was
not extinguished, and by kindling the zeal of the Prophets it eventually
affected nearly all the white races of mankind.
In his Presidential Address before the British Association at
Newcastle,(1) Sir Arthur Evans emphasized the part which recent
archaeology has played in proving the continuity of human culture from
the most remote periods. He showed how gaps in our knowledge had been
bridged, and he traced the part which each great race had taken in
increasing its inheritance. We have, in fact, ample grounds for assuming
an interchange, not only of commercial products, but, in a minor degree,
of ideas within areas geographically connected; and it is surely not
derogatory to any Hebrew writer to suggest that he may have adopted, and
used for his own purposes, conceptions current among his contemporaries.
In other words, the vehicle of religious ideas may well be of composite
origin; and, in the course of our study of early Hebrew tradition, I
suggest that we hold ourselves justified in applying the comparative
method to some at any rate of the ingredients which went to form the
finished product. The process is purely literary, but it finds an
analogy in the study of Semitic art, especially in the later periods.
And I think it will make my meaning clearer if we consider for a moment
a few examples of sculpture produced by races of Semitic origin. I do
not suggest that we should regard the one process as in any way proving
the existence of the other. We should rather treat the comparison as
illustrating in another medium the effect of forces which, it is clear,
were operative at various periods upon races of the same stock from
which the Hebrews themselves were descended. In such material products
the eye at once detects the Semite's readiness to avail himself of
foreign models. In some cases direct borrowing is obvious; in others, to
adapt a metaphor from music, it is possible to trace extraneous _motifs_
in the design.(2)
(1) "New Archaeological Lights on the Origins of
Civilization in Europe," British Association, Newcastle-on-
Tyne, 1916.
(2) The necessary omission of plates, representing the
slides shown in the lectures, has involved a recasting of
most passages in which points of archaeological detail were
discussed; see Preface. But the following paragraphs have
been retained as the majority of the monuments referred to
are well known.
Some of the most famous monuments of Semitic art date from the Persian
and Hellenistic periods, and if we glance at them in this connexion it
is in order to illustrate during its most obvious phase a tendency of
which the earlier effects are less pronounced. In the sarcophagus of the
Sidonian king Eshmu-'azar II, which is preserved in the Louvre,(1)
we have indeed a monument to which no Semitic sculptor can lay claim.
Workmanship and material are Egyptian, and there is no doubt that it was
sculptured in Egypt and transported to Sidon by sea. But the king's own
engravers added the long Phoenician inscription, in which he adjures
princes and men not to open his resting-place since there are no jewels
therein, concluding with some potent curses against any violation of his
tomb. One of the latter implores the holy gods to deliver such violators
up "to a mighty prince who shall rule over them", and was probably
suggested by Alexander's recent occupation of Sidon in 332 B.C. after
his reduction and drastic punishment of Tyre. King Eshmun-'zar was not
unique in his choice of burial in an Egyptian coffin, for he merely
followed the example of his royal father, Tabnîth, "priest of
'Ashtart and king of the Sidonians", whose sarcophagus, preserved at
Constantinople, still bears in addition to his own epitaph that of
its former occupant, a certain Egyptian general Penptah. But more
instructive than these borrowed memorials is a genuine example of
Phoenician work, the stele set up by Yehaw-milk, king of Byblos, and
dating from the fourth or fifth century B.C.(2) In the sculptured panel
at the head of the stele the king is represented in the Persian dress of
the period standing in the presence of 'Ashtart or Astarte, his "Lady,
Mistress of Byblos". There is no doubt that the stele is of native
workmanship, but the influence of Egypt may be seen in the technique of
the carving, in the winged disk above the figures, and still more in the
representation of the goddess in her character as the Egyptian Hathor,
with disk and horns, vulture head-dress and papyrus-sceptre. The
inscription records the dedication of an altar and shrine to the
goddess, and these too we may conjecture were fashioned on Egyptian
lines.
(1) _Corp. Inscr. Semit._, I. i, tab. II.
(2) _C.I.S._, I. i, tab. I.
The representation of Semitic deities under Egyptian forms and with
Egyptian attributes was encouraged by the introduction of their cults
into Egypt itself. In addition to Astarte of Byblos, Ba'al, Anath, and
Reshef were all borrowed from Syria in comparatively early times and
given Egyptian characters. The conical Syrian helmet of Reshef, a god
of war and thunder, gradually gave place to the white Egyptian crown,
so that as Reshpu he was represented as a royal warrior; and Qadesh,
another form of Astarte, becoming popular with Egyptian women as
a patroness of love and fecundity, was also sometimes modelled on
Hathor.(1)
(1) See W. Max Müller, _Egyptological Researches_, I, p. 32
f., pl. 41, and S. A. Cook, _Religion of Ancient Palestine_,
pp. 83 ff.
Semitic colonists on the Egyptian border were ever ready to adopt
Egyptian symbolism in delineating the native gods to whom they owed
allegiance, and a particularly striking example of this may be seen on
a stele of the Persian period preserved in the Cairo Museum.(1) It was
found at Tell Defenneh, on the right bank of the Pelusiac branch of the
Nile, close to the old Egyptian highway into Syria, a site which may be
identified with that of the biblical Tahpanhes and the Daphnae of the
Greeks. Here it was that the Jewish fugitives, fleeing with Jeremiah
after the fall of Jerusalem, founded a Jewish colony beside a
flourishing Phoenician and Aramaean settlement. One of the local gods of
Tahpanhes is represented on the Cairo monument, an Egyptian stele in the
form of a naos with the winged solar disk upon its frieze. He stands
on the back of a lion and is clothed in Asiatic costume with the high
Syrian tiara crowning his abundant hair. The Syrian workmanship is
obvious, and the Syrian character of the cult may be recognized in such
details as the small brazen fire-altar before the god, and the sacred
pillar which is being anointed by the officiating priest. But the god
holds in his left hand a purely Egyptian sceptre and in his right an
emblem as purely Babylonian, the weapon of Marduk and Gilgamesh which
was also wielded by early Sumerian kings.
(1) Müller, op. cit., p. 30 f., pl. 40. Numismatic evidence
exhibits a similar readiness on the part of local Syrian
cults to adopt the veneer of Hellenistic civilization while
retaining in great measure their own individuality; see
Hill, "Some Palestinian Cults in the Graeco-Roman Age", in
_Proceedings of the British Academy_, Vol. V (1912).
The Elephantine papyri have shown that the early Jews of the Diaspora,
though untrammeled by the orthodoxy of Jerusalem, maintained the purity
of their local cult in the face of considerable difficulties. Hence the
gravestones of their Aramaean contemporaries, which have been found in
Egypt, can only be cited to illustrate the temptations to which they
were exposed.(1) Such was the memorial erected by Abseli to the memory
of his parents, Abbâ and Ahatbû, in the fourth year of Xerxes, 481
B.C.(2) They had evidently adopted the religion of Osiris, and were
buried at Saqqârah in accordance with the Egyptian rites. The upper
scene engraved upon the stele represents Abbâ and his wife in the
presence of Osiris, who is attended by Isis and Nephthys; and in the
lower panel is the funeral scene, in which all the mourners with
one exception are Asiatics. Certain details of the rites that are
represented, and mistakes in the hieroglyphic version of the text, prove
that the work is Aramaean throughout.(3)
(1) It may be admitted that the Greek platonized cult of
Isis and Osiris had its origin in the fusion of Greeks and
Egyptians which took place in Ptolemaic times (cf. Scott-
Moncrieff, _Paganism and Christianity in Egypt_, p. 33 f.).
But we may assume that already in the Persian period the
Osiris cult had begun to acquire a tinge of mysticism,
which, though it did not affect the mechanical reproduction
of the native texts, appealed to the Oriental mind as well
as to certain elements in Greek religion. Persian influence
probably prepared the way for the Platonic exegesis of the
Osiris and Isis legends which we find in Plutarch; and the
latter may have been in great measure a development, and
not, as is often assumed, a complete misunderstanding of the
later Egyptian cult.
(2) _C.I.S._, II. i, tab. XI, No. 122.
(3) A very similar monument is the Carpentras Stele
(_C.I.S._, II., i, tab. XIII, No. 141), commemorating Taba,
daughter of Tahapi, an Aramaean lady who was also a convert
to Osiris. It is rather later than that of Abbâ and his
wife, since the Aramaic characters are transitional from the
archaic to the square alphabet; see Driver, _Notes on the
Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel_, pp. xviii ff., and
Cooke, _North Semitic Inscriptions_, p. 205 f. The Vatican
Stele (op. cit. tab. XIV. No. 142), which dates from the
fourth century, represents inferior work.
If our examples of Semitic art were confined to the Persian and later
periods, they could only be employed to throw light on their own
epoch, when through communication had been organized, and there was
consequently a certain pooling of commercial and artistic products
throughout the empire.(1) It is true that under the Great King the
various petty states and provinces were encouraged to manage their own
affairs so long as they paid the required tribute, but their horizon
naturally expanded with increase of commerce and the necessity for
service in the king's armies. At this time Aramaic was the speech of
Syria, and the population, especially in the cities, was still
largely Aramaean. As early as the thirteenth century sections of this
interesting Semitic race had begun to press into Northern Syria from
the middle Euphrates, and they absorbed not only the old Canaanite
population but also the Hittite immigrants from Cappadocia. The latter
indeed may for a time have furnished rulers to the vigorous North Syrian
principalities which resulted from this racial combination, but the
Aramaean element, thanks to continual reinforcement, was numerically
dominant, and their art may legitimately be regarded as in great measure
a Semitic product. Fortunately we have recovered examples of sculpture
which prove that tendencies already noted in the Persian period were
at work, though in a minor degree, under the later Assyrian empire.
The discoveries made at Zenjirli, for example, illustrate the gradually
increasing effect of Assyrian influence upon the artistic output of a
small North Syrian state.
(1) Cf. Bevan, _House of Seleucus_, Vol. I, pp. 5, 260 f.
The artistic influence of Mesopotamia was even more widely
spread than that of Egypt during the Persian period. This is
suggested, for example, by the famous lion-weight discovered
at Abydos in Mysia, the town on the Hellespont famed for the
loves of Hero and Leander. The letters of its Aramaic
inscription (_C.I.S._, II. i, tab. VII, No. 108) prove by
their form that it dates from the Persian period, and its
provenance is sufficiently attested. Its weight moreover
suggests that it was not merely a Babylonian or Persian
importation, but cast for local use, yet in design and
technique it is scarcely distinguishable from the best
Assyrian work of the seventh century.
This village in north-western Syria, on the road between Antioch and
Mar'ash, marks the site of a town which lay near the southern border or
just within the Syrian district of Sam'al. The latter is first mentioned
in the Assyrian inscriptions by Shalmaneser III, the son and successor
of the great conqueror, Ashur-nasir-pal; and in the first half of the
eighth century, though within the radius of Assyrian influence, it was
still an independent kingdom. It is to this period that we must assign
the earliest of the inscribed monuments discovered at Zenjirli and
its neighbourhood. At Gerjin, not far to the north-west, was found
the colossal statue of Hadad, chief god of the Aramaeans, which was
fashioned and set up in his honour by Panammu I, son of Qaral and king
of Ya'di.(1) In the long Aramaic inscription engraved upon the statue
Panammu records the prosperity of his reign, which he ascribes to the
support he has received from Hadad and his other gods, El, Reshef,
Rekub-el, and Shamash. He had evidently been left in peace by Assyria,
and the monument he erected to his god is of Aramaean workmanship and
design. But the influence of Assyria may be traced in Hadad's beard
and in his horned head-dress, modelled on that worn by Babylonian and
Assyrian gods as the symbol of divine power.
(1) See F. von Luschan, _Sendschirli_, I. (1893), pp. 49
ff., pl. vi; and cf. Cooke, _North Sem. Inscr._, pp. 159 ff.
The characters of the inscription on the statue are of the
same archaic type as those of the Moabite Stone, though
unlike them they are engraved in relief; so too are the
inscriptions of Panammu's later successor Bar-rekub (see
below). Gerjin was certainly in Ya'di, and Winckler's
suggestion that Zenjirli itself also lay in that district
but near the border of Sam'al may be provisionally accepted;
the occurrence of the names in the inscriptions can be
explained in more than one way (see Cooke, op. cit., p.
The political changes introduced into Ya'di and Sam'al by
Tiglath-pileser IV are reflected in the inscriptions and monuments of
Bar-rekub, a later king of the district. Internal strife had brought
disaster upon Ya'di and the throne had been secured by Panammu II, son
of Bar-sur, whose claims received Assyrian support. In the words of
his son Bar-rekub, "he laid hold of the skirt of his lord, the king of
Assyria", who was gracious to him; and it was probably at this time, and
as a reward for his loyalty, that Ya'di was united with the neighbouring
district of Sam'al. But Panammu's devotion to his foreign master led to
his death, for he died at the siege of Damascus, in 733 or 732 B.C., "in
the camp, while following his lord, Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria".
His kinsfolk and the whole camp bewailed him, and his body was sent
back to Ya'di, where it was interred by his son, who set up an inscribed
statue to his memory. Bar-rekub followed in his father's footsteps, as
he leads us to infer in his palace-inscription found at Zenjirli: "I
ran at the wheel of my lord, the king of Assyria, in the midst of mighty
kings, possessors of silver and possessors of gold." It is not strange
therefore that his art should reflect Assyrian influence far more
strikingly than that of Panammu I. The figure of himself which he caused
to be carved in relief on the left side of the palace-inscription is
in the Assyrian style,(1) and so too is another of his reliefs from
Zenjirli. On the latter Bar-rekub is represented seated upon his throne
with eunuch and scribe in attendance, while in the field is the emblem
of full moon and crescent, here ascribed to "Ba'al of Harran", the
famous centre of moon-worship in Northern Mesopotamia.(2)
(1) _Sendschirli_, IV (1911), pl. lxvii. Attitude and
treatment of robes are both Assyrian, and so is the
arrangement of divine symbols in the upper field, though
some of the latter are given under unfamiliar forms. The
king's close-fitting peaked cap was evidently the royal
headdress of Sam'al; see the royal figure on a smaller stele
of inferior design, op. cit., pl. lxvi.
(2) Op. cit. pp. 257, 346 ff., and pl. lx. The general style
of the sculpture and much of the detail are obviously
Assyrian. Assyrian influence is particularly noticeable in
Bar-rekub's throne; the details of its decoration are
precisely similar to those of an Assyrian bronze throne in
the British Museum. The full moon and crescent are not of
the familiar form, but are mounted on a standard with
tassels.
The detailed history and artistic development of Sam'al and Ya'di convey
a very vivid impression of the social and material effects upon the
native population of Syria, which followed the westward advance of
Assyria in the eighth century. We realize not only the readiness of
one party in the state to defeat its rival with the help of Assyrian
support, but also the manner in which the life and activities of the
nation as a whole were unavoidably affected by their action. Other
Hittite-Aramaean and Phoenician monuments, as yet undocumented with
literary records, exhibit a strange but not unpleasing mixture of
foreign _motifs_, such as we see on the stele from Amrith(1) in the
inland district of Arvad. But perhaps the most remarkable example
of Syrian art we possess is the king's gate recently discovered at
Carchemish.(2) The presence of the hieroglyphic inscriptions points to
the survival of Hittite tradition, but the figures represented in
the reliefs are of Aramaean, not Hittite, type. Here the king is seen
leading his eldest son by the hand in some stately ceremonial, and
ranged in registers behind them are the younger members of the royal
family, whose ages are indicated by their occupations.(3) The employment
of basalt in place of limestone does not disguise the sculptor's debt
to Assyria. But the design is entirely his own, and the combined dignity
and homeliness of the composition are refreshingly superior to the
arrogant spirit and hard execution which mar so much Assyrian work. This
example is particularly instructive, as it shows how a borrowed art may
be developed in skilled hands and made to serve a purpose in complete
harmony with its new environment.
(1) _Collection de Clercq_, t. II, pl. xxxvi. The stele is
sculptured in relief with the figure of a North Syrian god.
Here the winged disk is Egyptian, as well as the god's
helmet with uraeus, and his loin-cloth; his attitude and his
supporting lion are Hittite; and the lozenge-mountains, on
which the lion stands, and the technique of the carving are
Assyrian. But in spite of its composite character the design
is quite successful and not in the least incongruous.
(2) Hogarth, _Carchemish_, Pt. I (1914), pl. B. 7 f.
(3) Two of the older boys play at knuckle-bones, others whip
spinning-tops, and a little naked girl runs behind
supporting herself with a stick, on the head of which is
carved a bird. The procession is brought up by the queen-
mother, who carries the youngest baby and leads a pet lamb.
Such monuments surely illustrate the adaptability of the Semitic
craftsman among men of Phoenician and Aramaean strain. Excavation in
Palestine has failed to furnish examples of Hebrew work. But Hebrew
tradition itself justifies us in regarding this _trait_ as of more
general application, or at any rate as not repugnant to Hebrew thought,
when it relates that Solomon employed Tyrian craftsmen for work upon the
Temple and its furniture; for Phoenician art was essentially Egyptian in
its origin and general character. Even Eshmun-'zar's desire for burial
in an Egyptian sarcophagus may be paralleled in Hebrew tradition of
a much earlier period, when, in the last verse of Genesis,(1) it is
recorded that Joseph died, "and they embalmed him, and he was put in a
coffin in Egypt". Since it formed the subject of prophetic denunciation,
I refrain for the moment from citing the notorious adoption of Assyrian
customs at certain periods of the later Judaean monarchy. The two
records I have referred to will suffice, for we have in them cherished
traditions, of which the Hebrews themselves were proud, concerning the
most famous example of Hebrew religious architecture and the burial of
one of the patriarchs of the race. A similar readiness to make use of
the best available resources, even of foreign origin, may on analogy be
regarded as at least possible in the composition of Hebrew literature.
(1) Gen. l. 26, assigned by critics to E.
We shall see that the problems we have to face concern the possible
influence of Babylon, rather than of Egypt, upon Hebrew tradition. And
one last example, drawn from the later period, will serve to demonstrate
how Babylonian influence penetrated the ancient world and has even left
some trace upon modern civilization. It is a fact, though one perhaps
not generally realized, that the twelve divisions on the dials of
our clocks and watches have a Babylonian, and ultimately a Sumerian,
ancestry. For why is it we divide the day into twenty-four hours? We
have a decimal system of reckoning, we count by tens; why then should we
divide the day and night into twelve hours each, instead of into ten or
some multiple of ten? The reason is that the Babylonians divided the day
into twelve double-hours; and the Greeks took over their ancient system
of time-division along with their knowledge of astronomy and passed it
on to us. So if we ourselves, after more than two thousand years, are
making use of an old custom from Babylon, it would not be surprising if
the Hebrews, a contemporary race, should have fallen under her influence
even before they were carried away as captives and settled forcibly upon
her river-banks.
We may pass on, then, to the site from which our new material has been
obtained--the ancient city of Nippur, in central Babylonia. Though the
place has been deserted for at least nine hundred years, its ancient
name still lingers on in local tradition, and to this day _Niffer_ or
_Nuffar_ is the name the Arabs give the mounds which cover its extensive
ruins. No modern town or village has been built upon them or in their
immediate neighbourhood. The nearest considerable town is Dîwânîyah, on
the left bank of the Hillah branch of the Euphrates, twenty miles to the
south-west; but some four miles to the south of the ruins is the village
of Sûq el-'Afej, on the eastern edge of the 'Afej marshes, which begin
to the south of Nippur and stretch away westward. Protected by its
swamps, the region contains a few primitive settlements of the wild
'Afej tribesmen, each a group of reed-huts clustering around the mud
fort of its ruling sheikh. Their chief enemies are the Shammâr, who
dispute with them possession of the pastures. In summer the marshes near
the mounds are merely pools of water connected by channels through
the reed-beds, but in spring the flood-water converts them into a vast
lagoon, and all that meets the eye are a few small hamlets built on
rising knolls above the water-level. Thus Nippur may be almost isolated
during the floods, but the mounds are protected from the waters'
encroachment by an outer ring of former habitation which has slightly
raised the level of the encircling area. The ruins of the city stand
from thirty to seventy feet above the plain, and in the north-eastern
corner there rose, before the excavations, a conical mound, known by
the Arabs as _Bint el-Emîr_ or "The Princess". This prominent landmark
represents the temple-tower of Enlil's famous sanctuary, and even after
excavation it is still the first object that the approaching traveller
sees on the horizon. When he has climbed its summit he enjoys an
uninterrupted view over desert and swamp.
The cause of Nippur's present desolation is to be traced to the change
in the bed of the Euphrates, which now lies far to the west. But in
antiquity the stream flowed through the centre of the city, along the
dry bed of the Shatt en-Nîl, which divides the mounds into an eastern
and a western group. The latter covers the remains of the city proper
and was occupied in part by the great business-houses and bazaars. Here
more than thirty thousand contracts and accounts, dating from the fourth
millennium to the fifth century B.C., were found in houses along the
former river-bank. In the eastern half of the city was Enlil's great
temple Ekur, with its temple-tower Imkharsag rising in successive stages
beside it. The huge temple-enclosure contained not only the sacrificial
shrines, but also the priests' apartments, store-chambers, and
temple-magazines. Outside its enclosing wall, to the south-west, a large
triangular mound, christened "Tablet Hill" by the excavators, yielded
a further supply of records. In addition to business-documents of the
First Dynasty of Babylon and of the later Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian,
and Persian periods, between two and three thousand literary texts and
fragments were discovered here, many of them dating from the Sumerian
period. And it is possible that some of the early literary texts that
have been published were obtained in other parts of the city.
No less than twenty-one different strata, representing separate periods
of occupation, have been noted by the American excavators at various
levels within the Nippur mounds,(1) the earliest descending to virgin
soil some twenty feet below the present level of the surrounding plain.
The remote date of Nippur's foundation as a city and cult-centre
is attested by the fact that the pavement laid by Narâm-Sin in the
south-eastern temple-court lies thirty feet above virgin soil, while
only thirty-six feet of superimposed _débris_ represent the succeeding
millennia of occupation down to Sassanian and early Arab times. In
the period of the Hebrew captivity the city still ranked as a great
commercial market and as one of the most sacred repositories of
Babylonian religious tradition. We know that not far off was Tel-abib,
the seat of one of the colonies of Jewish exiles, for that lay "by the
river of Chebar",(2) which we may identify with the Kabaru Canal in
Nippur's immediate neighbourhood. It was "among the captives by the
river Chebar" that Ezekiel lived and prophesied, and it was on Chebar's
banks that he saw his first vision of the Cherubim.(3) He and other of
the Jewish exiles may perhaps have mingled with the motley crowd that
once thronged the streets of Nippur, and they may often have gazed on
the huge temple-tower which rose above the city's flat roofs. We know
that the later population of Nippur itself included a considerable
Jewish element, for the upper strata of the mounds have yielded numerous
clay bowls with Hebrew, Mandaean, and Syriac magical inscriptions;(4)
and not the least interesting of the objects recovered was the wooden
box of a Jewish scribe, containing his pen and ink-vessel and a little
scrap of crumbling parchment inscribed with a few Hebrew characters.(5)
(1) See Hilprecht, _Explorations in Bible Lands_, pp. 289
ff., 540 ff.; and Fisher, _Excavations at Nippur_, Pt. I
(1905), Pt. II (1906).
(2) Ezek. iii. 15.
(3) Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 23; and cf. x. 15, 20, 22, and
xliii. 3.
(4) See J. A. Montgomery, _Aramaic Incantation Texts from
Nippur_, 1913
(5) Hilprecht, _Explorations_, p. 555 f.
Of the many thousands of inscribed clay tablets which were found in
the course of the expeditions, some were kept at Constantinople, while
others were presented by the Sultan Abdul Hamid to the excavators, who
had them conveyed to America. Since that time a large number have been
published. The work was necessarily slow, for many of the texts were
found to be in an extremely bad state of preservation. So it happened
that a great number of the boxes containing tablets remained until
recently still packed up in the store-rooms of the Pennsylvania Museum.
But under the present energetic Director of the Museum, Dr. G. B.
Gordon, the process of arranging and publishing the mass of literary
material has been "speeded up". A staff of skilled workmen has been
employed on the laborious task of cleaning the broken tablets and
fitting the fragments together. At the same time the help of several
Assyriologists was welcomed in the further task of running over and
sorting the collections as they were prepared for study. Professor Clay,
Professor Barton, Dr. Langdon, Dr. Edward Chiera, and Dr. Arno Poebel
have all participated in the work. But the lion's share has fallen to
the last-named scholar, who was given leave of absence by John
Hopkins University in order to take up a temporary appointment at the
Pennsylvania Museum. The result of his labours was published by the
Museum at the end of 1914.(1) The texts thus made available for study
are of very varied interest. A great body of them are grammatical
and represent compilations made by Semitic scribes of the period
of Hammurabi's dynasty for their study of the old Sumerian tongue.
Containing, as most of them do, Semitic renderings of the Sumerian words
and expressions collected, they are as great a help to us in our study
of Sumerian language as they were to their compilers; in particular they
have thrown much new light on the paradigms of the demonstrative and
personal pronouns and on Sumerian verbal forms. But literary texts are
also included in the recent publications.
(1) Poebel, _Historical Texts_ and _Historical and
Grammatical Texts_ (Univ. of Penns. Mus. Publ., Bab. Sect.,
Vol. IV, No. 1, and Vol. V), Philadelphia, 1914.
When the Pennsylvania Museum sent out its first expedition, lively hopes
were entertained that the site selected would yield material of interest
from the biblical standpoint. The city of Nippur, as we have seen,
was one of the most sacred and most ancient religious centres in
the country, and Enlil, its city-god, was the head of the Babylonian
pantheon. On such a site it seemed likely that we might find versions of
the Babylonian legends which were current at the dawn of history before
the city of Babylonia and its Semitic inhabitants came upon the scene.
This expectation has proved to be not unfounded, for the literary
texts include the Sumerian Deluge Version and Creation myth to which I
referred at the beginning of the lecture. Other texts of almost equal
interest consist of early though fragmentary lists of historical and
semi-mythical rulers. They prove that Berossus and the later Babylonians
depended on material of quite early origin in compiling their dynasties
of semi-mythical kings. In them we obtain a glimpse of ages more remote
than any on which excavation in Babylonia has yet thrown light, and for
the first time we have recovered genuine native tradition of early date
with regard to the cradle of Babylonian culture. Before we approach the
Sumerian legends themselves, it will be as well to-day to trace back
in this tradition the gradual merging of history into legend and myth,
comparing at the same time the ancient Egyptian's picture of his own
remote past. We will also ascertain whether any new light is thrown by
our inquiry upon Hebrew traditions concerning the earliest history of
the human race and the origins of civilization.
In the study of both Egyptian and Babylonian chronology there has been a
tendency of late years to reduce the very early dates that were formerly
in fashion. But in Egypt, while the dynasties of Manetho have been
telescoped in places, excavation has thrown light on predynastic
periods, and we can now trace the history of culture in the Nile Valley
back, through an unbroken sequence, to its neolithic stage. Quite
recently, too, as I mentioned just now, a fresh literary record of
these early predynastic periods has been recovered, on a fragment of
the famous Palermo Stele, our most valuable monument for early Egyptian
history and chronology. Egypt presents a striking contrast to Babylonia
in the comparatively small number of written records which have survived
for the reconstruction of her history. We might well spare much of
her religious literature, enshrined in endless temple-inscriptions and
papyri, if we could but exchange it for some of the royal annals of
Egyptian Pharaohs. That historical records of this character were
compiled by the Egyptian scribes, and that they were as detailed and
precise in their information as those we have recovered from Assyrian
sources, is clear from the few extracts from the annals of Thothmes
III's wars which are engraved on the walls of the temple at Karnak.(1)
As in Babylonia and Assyria, such records must have formed the
foundation on which summaries of chronicles of past Egyptian history
were based. In the Palermo Stele it is recognized that we possess a
primitive chronicle of this character.
(1) See Breasted, _Ancient Records_, I, p. 4, II, pp. 163
Drawn up as early as the Vth Dynasty, its historical summary proves that
from the beginning of the dynastic age onward a yearly record was kept
of the most important achievements of the reigning Pharaoh. In this
fragmentary but invaluable epitome, recording in outline much of the
history of the Old Kingdom,(1) some interesting parallels have long been
noted with Babylonian usage. The early system of time-reckoning, for
example, was the same in both countries, each year being given an
official title from the chief event that occurred in it. And although in
Babylonia we are still without material for tracing the process by which
this cumbrous method gave place to that of reckoning by regnal years,
the Palermo Stele demonstrates the way in which the latter system was
evolved in Egypt. For the events from which the year was named came
gradually to be confined to the fiscal "numberings" of cattle and land.
And when these, which at first had taken place at comparatively long
intervals, had become annual events, the numbered sequence of their
occurrence corresponded precisely to the years of the king's reign. On
the stele, during the dynastic period, each regnal year is allotted its
own space or rectangle,(2) arranged in horizontal sequence below the
name and titles of the ruling king.
(1) Op. cit., I, pp. 57 ff.
(2) The spaces are not strictly rectangles, as each is divided
vertically from the next by the Egyptian hieroglyph for "year".
The text, which is engraved on both sides of a great block of black
basalt, takes its name from the fact that the fragment hitherto known
has been preserved since 1877 at the Museum of Palermo. Five other
fragments of the text have now been published, of which one undoubtedly
belongs to the same monument as the Palermo fragment, while the others
may represent parts of one or more duplicate copies of that famous text.
One of the four Cairo fragments(1) was found by a digger for _sebakh_
at Mitrahîneh (Memphis); the other three, which were purchased from a
dealer, are said to have come from Minieh, while the fifth fragment,
at University College, is also said to have come from Upper Egypt,(2)
though it was purchased by Professor Petrie while at Memphis. These
reports suggest that a number of duplicate copies were engraved and set
up in different Egyptian towns, and it is possible that the whole of the
text may eventually be recovered. The choice of basalt for the records
was obviously dictated by a desire for their preservation, but it has
had the contrary effect; for the blocks of this hard and precious
stone have been cut up and reused in later times. The largest and
most interesting of the new fragments has evidently been employed as a
door-sill, with the result that its surface is much rubbed and parts of
its text are unfortunately almost undecipherable. We shall see that the
earliest section of its record has an important bearing on our knowledge
of Egyptian predynastic history and on the traditions of that remote
period which have come down to us from the history of Manetho.
(1) See Gautier, _Le Musée Égyptien_, III (1915), pp. 29 ff., pl.
xxiv ff., and Foucart, _Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie
Orientale_, XII, ii (1916), pp. 161 ff.; and cf. Gardiner, _Journ. of
Egypt. Arch._, III, pp. 143 ff., and Petrie, _Ancient Egypt_, 1916, Pt.
III, pp. 114 ff.
(2) Cf. Petrie, op. cit., pp. 115, 120.
From the fragment of the stele preserved at Palermo we already knew that
its record went back beyond the Ist Dynasty into predynastic times.
For part of the top band of the inscription, which is there preserved,
contains nine names borne by kings of Lower Egypt or the Delta, which,
it had been conjectured, must follow the gods of Manetho and precede
the "Worshippers of Horus", the immediate predecessors of the Egyptian
dynasties.(1) But of contemporary rulers of Upper Egypt we had hitherto
no knowledge, since the supposed royal names discovered at Abydos and
assigned to the time of the "Worshippers of Horus" are probably not
royal names at all.(2) With the possible exception of two very archaic
slate palettes, the first historical memorials recovered from the
south do not date from an earlier period than the beginning of the Ist
Dynasty. The largest of the Cairo fragments now helps us to fill in this
gap in our knowledge.
(1) See Breasted, _Anc. Rec._, I, pp. 52, 57.
(2) Cf. Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 99 f.
On the top of the new fragment(1) we meet the same band of rectangles as
at Palermo,(2) but here their upper portions are broken away, and there
only remains at the base of each of them the outlined figure of a royal
personage, seated in the same attitude as those on the Palermo stone.
The remarkable fact about these figures is that, with the apparent
exception of the third figure from the right,(3) each wears, not the
Crown of the North, as at Palermo, but the Crown of the South. We have
then to do with kings of Upper Egypt, not the Delta, and it is no longer
possible to suppose that the predynastic rulers of the Palermo Stele
were confined to those of Lower Egypt, as reflecting northern tradition.
Rulers of both halves of the country are represented, and Monsieur
Gautier has shown,(4) from data on the reverse of the inscription, that
the kings of the Delta were arranged on the original stone before the
rulers of the south who are outlined upon our new fragment. Moreover, we
have now recovered definite proof that this band of the inscription is
concerned with predynastic Egyptian princes; for the cartouche of the
king, whose years are enumerated in the second band immediately below
the kings of the south, reads Athet, a name we may with certainty
identify with Athothes, the second successor of Menes, founder of the
Ist Dynasty, which is already given under the form Ateth in the Abydos
List of Kings.(5) It is thus quite certain that the first band of the
inscription relates to the earlier periods before the two halves of the
country were brought together under a single ruler.
(1) Cairo No. 1; see Gautier, _Mus. Égypt._, III, pl. xxiv
(2) In this upper band the spaces are true rectangles, being
separated by vertical lines, not by the hieroglyph for
"year" as in the lower bands; and each rectangle is assigned
to a separate king, and not, as in the other bands, to a
year of a king's reign.
(3) The difference in the crown worn by this figure is
probably only apparent and not intentional; M. Foucart,
after a careful examination of the fragment, concludes that
it is due to subsequent damage or to an original defect in
the stone; cf. _Bulletin_, XII, ii, p. 162.
(4) Op. cit., p. 32 f.
(5) In Manetho's list he corresponds to {Kenkenos}, the
second successor of Menes according to both Africanus and
Eusebius, who assign the name Athothis to the second ruler
of the dynasty only, the Teta of the Abydos List. The form
Athothes is preserved by Eratosthenes for both of Menes'
immediate successors.
Though the tradition of these remote times is here recorded on a
monument of the Vth Dynasty, there is no reason to doubt its general
accuracy, or to suppose that we are dealing with purely mythological
personages. It is perhaps possible, as Monsieur Foucart suggests, that
missing portions of the text may have carried the record back through
purely mythical periods to Ptah and the Creation. In that case we should
have, as we shall see, a striking parallel to early Sumerian tradition.
But in the first extant portions of the Palermo text we are already in
the realm of genuine tradition. The names preserved appear to be those
of individuals, not of mythological creations, and we may assume that
their owners really existed. For though the invention of writing had
not at that time been achieved, its place was probably taken by oral
tradition. We know that with certain tribes of Africa at the present
day, who possess no knowledge of writing, there are functionaries
charged with the duty of preserving tribal traditions, who transmit
orally to their successors a remembrance of past chiefs and some details
of events that occurred centuries before.(1) The predynastic Egyptians
may well have adopted similar means for preserving a remembrance of
their past history.
(1) M. Foucart illustrates this point by citing the case of
the Bushongos, who have in this way preserved a list of no
less than a hundred and twenty-one of their past kings; op.
cit., p. 182, and cf. Tordey and Joyce, "Les Bushongos", in
_Annales du Musée du Congo Belge_, sér. III, t. II, fasc. i
(Brussels, 1911).
Moreover, the new text furnishes fresh proof of the general accuracy of
Manetho, even when dealing with traditions of this prehistoric age.
On the stele there is no definite indication that these two sets of
predynastic kings were contemporaneous rulers of Lower and Upper Egypt
respectively; and since elsewhere the lists assign a single sovereign
to each epoch, it has been suggested that we should regard them as
successive representatives of the legitimate kingdom.(1) Now Manetho,
after his dynasties of gods and demi-gods, states that thirty Memphite
kings reigned for 1,790 years, and were followed by ten Thinite kings
whose reigns covered a period of 350 years. Neglecting the figures as
obviously erroneous, we may well admit that the Greek historian here
alludes to our two pre-Menite dynasties. But the fact that he should
regard them as ruling consecutively does not preclude the other
alternative. The modern convention of arranging lines of contemporaneous
rulers in parallel columns had not been evolved in antiquity, and
without some such method of distinction contemporaneous rulers, when
enumerated in a list, can only be registered consecutively. It would be
natural to assume that, before the unification of Egypt by the founder
of the Ist Dynasty, the rulers of North and South were independent
princes, possessing no traditions of a united throne on which any claim
to hegemony could be based. On the assumption that this was so, their
arrangement in a consecutive series would not have deceived their
immediate successors. But it would undoubtedly tend in course of time to
obliterate the tradition of their true order, which even at the period
of the Vth Dynasty may have been completely forgotten. Manetho would
thus have introduced no strange or novel confusion; and this explanation
would of course apply to other sections of his system where the
dynasties he enumerates appear to be too many for their period. But his
reproduction of two lines of predynastic rulers, supported as it now is
by the early evidence of the Palermo text, only serves to increase our
confidence in the general accuracy of his sources, while at the
same time it illustrates very effectively the way in which possible
inaccuracies, deduced from independent data, may have arisen in quite
early times.
(1) Foucart, loc. cit.
In contrast to the dynasties of Manetho, those of Berossus are
so imperfectly preserved that they have never formed the basis of
Babylonian chronology.(1) But here too, in the chronological scheme,
a similar process of reduction has taken place. Certain dynasties,
recovered from native sources and at one time regarded as consecutive,
were proved to have been contemporaneous; and archaeological evidence
suggested that some of the great gaps, so freely assumed in the royal
sequence, had no right to be there. As a result, the succession of known
rulers was thrown into truer perspective, and such gaps as remained were
being partially filled by later discoveries. Among the latter the most
important find was that of an early list of kings, recently published by
Père Scheil(2) and subsequently purchased by the British Museum shortly
before the war. This had helped us to fill in the gap between the famous
Sargon of Akkad and the later dynasties, but it did not carry us
far beyond Sargon's own time. Our archaeological evidence also comes
suddenly to an end. Thus the earliest picture we have hitherto obtained
of the Sumerians has been that of a race employing an advanced system of
writing and possessed of a knowledge of metal. We have found, in short,
abundant remains of a bronze-age culture, but no traces of preceding
ages of development such as meet us on early Egyptian sites. It was
a natural inference that the advent of the Sumerians in the Euphrates
Valley was sudden, and that they had brought their highly developed
culture with them from some region of Central or Southern Asia.
(1) While the evidence of Herodotus is extraordinarily
valuable for the details he gives of the civilizations of
both Egypt and Babylonia, and is especially full in the case
of the former, it is of little practical use for the
chronology. In Egypt his report of the early history is
confused, and he hardly attempts one for Babylonia. It is
probable that on such subjects he sometimes misunderstood
his informants, the priests, whose traditions were more
accurately reproduced by the later native writers Manetho
and Berossus. For a detailed comparison of classical
authorities in relation to both countries, see Griffith in
Hogarth's _Authority and Archaeology_, pp. 161 ff.
(2) See _Comptes rendus_, 1911 (Oct.), pp. 606 ff., and
_Rev. d'Assyr._, IX (1912), p. 69.
The newly published Nippur documents will cause us to modify that view.
The lists of early kings were themselves drawn up under the Dynasty
of Nîsin in the twenty-second century B.C., and they give us traces of
possibly ten and at least eight other "kingdoms" before the earliest
dynasty of the known lists.(1) One of their novel features is that they
include summaries at the end, in which it is stated how often a city or
district enjoyed the privilege of being the seat of supreme authority
in Babylonia. The earliest of their sections lie within the legendary
period, and though in the third dynasty preserved we begin to note signs
of a firmer historical tradition, the great break that then occurs in
the text is at present only bridged by titles of various "kingdoms"
which the summaries give; a few even of these are missing and the
relative order of the rest is not assured. But in spite of their
imperfect state of preservation, these documents are of great historical
value and will furnish a framework for future chronological schemes.
Meanwhile we may attribute to some of the later dynasties titles in
complete agreement with Sumerian tradition. The dynasty of Ur-Engur, for
example, which preceded that of Nîsin, becomes, if we like, the Third
Dynasty of Ur. Another important fact which strikes us after a scrutiny
of the early royal names recovered is that, while two or three are
Semitic,(2) the great majority of those borne by the earliest rulers of
Kish, Erech, and Ur are as obviously Sumerian.
(1) See Poebel, _Historical Texts_, pp. 73 ff. and
_Historical and Grammatical Texts_, pl. ii-iv, Nos. 2-5. The
best preserved of the lists is No. 2; Nos. 3 and 4 are
comparatively small fragments; and of No. 5 the obverse only
is here published for the first time, the contents of the
reverse having been made known some years ago by Hilprecht
(cf. _Mathematical, Metrological, and Chronological
Tablets_, p. 46 f., pl. 30, No. 47). The fragments belong to
separate copies of the Sumerian dynastic record, and it
happens that the extant portions of their text in some
places cover the same period and are duplicates of one
(2) Cf., e.g., two of the earliest kings of Kish, Galumum
and Zugagib. The former is probably the Semitic-Babylonian
word _kalumum_, "young animal, lamb," the latter
_zukakîbum_, "scorpion"; cf. Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p. 111.
The occurrence of these names points to Semitic infiltration
into Northern Babylonia since the dawn of history, a state
of things we should naturally expect. It is improbable that
on this point Sumerian tradition should have merely
reflected the conditions of a later period.
It is clear that in native tradition, current among the Sumerians
themselves before the close of the third millennium, their race was
regarded as in possession of Babylonia since the dawn of history. This
at any rate proves that their advent was not sudden nor comparatively
recent, and it further suggests that Babylonia itself was the cradle
of their civilization. It will be the province of future archaeological
research to fill out the missing dynasties and to determine at what
points in the list their strictly historical basis disappears. Some,
which are fortunately preserved near the beginning, bear on their face
their legendary character. But for our purpose they are none the worse
for that.
In the first two dynasties, which had their seats at the cities of Kish
and Erech, we see gods mingling with men upon the earth. Tammuz, the god
of vegetation, for whose annual death Ezekiel saw women weeping beside
the Temple at Jerusalem, is here an earthly monarch. He appears to be
described as "a hunter", a phrase which recalls the death of Adonis in
Greek mythology. According to our Sumerian text he reigned in Erech for
a hundred years.
Another attractive Babylonian legend is that of Etana, the prototype of
Icarus and hero of the earliest dream of human flight.(1) Clinging
to the pinions of his friend the Eagle he beheld the world and its
encircling stream recede beneath him; and he flew through the gate of
heaven, only to fall headlong back to earth. He is here duly entered
in the list, where we read that "Etana, the shepherd who ascended to
heaven, who subdued all lands", ruled in the city of Kish for 635 years.
(1) The Egyptian conception of the deceased Pharaoh
ascending to heaven as a falcon and becoming merged into the
sun, which first occurs in the Pyramid texts (see Gardiner
in Cumont's _Études Syriennes_, pp. 109 ff.), belongs to a
different range of ideas. But it may well have been combined
with the Etana tradition to produce the funerary eagle
employed so commonly in Roman Syria in representations of
the emperor's apotheosis (cf. Cumont, op. cit., pp. 37 ff.,
The god Lugal-banda is another hero of legend. When the hearts of the
other gods failed them, he alone recovered the Tablets of Fate, stolen
by the bird-god Zû from Enlil's palace. He is here recorded to have
reigned in Erech for 1,200 years.
Tradition already told us that Erech was the native city of Gilgamesh,
the hero of the national epic, to whom his ancestor Ut-napishtim related
the story of the Flood. Gilgamesh too is in our list, as king of Erech
for 126 years.
We have here in fact recovered traditions of Post-diluvian kings.
Unfortunately our list goes no farther back than that, but it is
probable that in its original form it presented a general correspondence
to the system preserved from Berossus, which enumerates ten Antediluvian
kings, the last of them Xisuthros, the hero of the Deluge. Indeed, for
the dynastic period, the agreement of these old Sumerian lists with the
chronological system of Berossus is striking. The latter, according to
Syncellus, gives 34,090 or 34,080 years as the total duration of the
historical period, apart from his preceding mythical ages, while the
figure as preserved by Eusebius is 33,091 years.(1) The compiler of one
of our new lists,(2) writing some 1,900 years earlier, reckons that the
dynastic period in his day had lasted for 32,243 years. Of course all
these figures are mythical, and even at the time of the Sumerian Dynasty
of Nîsin variant traditions were current with regard to the number of
historical and semi-mythical kings of Babylonia and the duration of
their rule. For the earlier writer of another of our lists,(3) separated
from the one already quoted by an interval of only sixty-seven years,
gives 28,876(4) years as the total duration of the dynasties at his
time. But in spite of these discrepancies, the general resemblance
presented by the huge totals in the variant copies of the list to the
alternative figures of Berossus, if we ignore his mythical period,
is remarkable. They indicate a far closer correspondence of the Greek
tradition with that of the early Sumerians themselves than was formerly
suspected.
(1) The figure 34,090 is that given by Syncellus (ed.
Dindorf, p. 147); but it is 34,080 in the equivalent which
is added in "sars", &c. The discrepancy is explained by some
as due to an intentional omission of the units in the second
reckoning; others would regard 34,080 as the correct figure
(cf. _Hist. of Bab._, p. 114 f.). The reading of ninety
against eighty is supported by the 33,091 of Eusebius
(_Chron. lib. pri._, ed. Schoene, col. 25).
(2) No. 4.
(4) The figures are broken, but the reading given may be
accepted with some confidence; see Poebel, _Hist. Inscr._,
p. 103.
Further proof of this correspondence may be seen in the fact that the
new Sumerian Version of the Deluge Story, which I propose to discuss in
the second lecture, gives us a connected account of the world's history
down to that point. The Deluge hero is there a Sumerian king named
Ziusudu, ruling in one of the newly created cities of Babylonia and
ministering at the shrine of his city-god. He is continually given the
royal title, and the foundation of the Babylonian "kingdom" is treated
as an essential part of Creation. We may therefore assume that an
Antediluvian period existed in Sumerian tradition as in Berossus.(1) And
I think Dr. Poebel is right in assuming that the Nippur copies of the
Dynastic List begin with the Post-diluvian period.(2)
(1) Of course it does not necessarily follow that the figure
assigned to the duration of the Antediluvian or mythical
period by the Sumerians would show so close a resemblance to
that of Berossus as we have already noted in their estimates
of the dynastic or historical period. But there is no need
to assume that Berossus' huge total of a hundred and twenty
"sars" (432,000 years) is entirely a product of Neo-
Babylonian speculation; the total 432,000 is explained as
representing ten months of a cosmic year, each month
consisting of twelve "sars", i.e. 12 x 3600 = 43,200 years.
The Sumerians themselves had no difficulty in picturing two
of their dynastic rulers as each reigning for two "ners"
(1,200 years), and it would not be unlikely that "sars" were
distributed among still earlier rulers; the numbers were
easily written. For the unequal distribution of his hundred
and twenty "sars" by Berossus among his ten Antediluvian
kings, see Appendix II.
(2) The exclusion of the Antediluvian period from the list
may perhaps be explained on the assumption that its compiler
confined his record to "kingdoms", and that the mythical
rulers who preceded them did not form a "kingdom" within his
definition of the term. In any case we have a clear
indication that an earlier period was included before the
true "kingdoms", or dynasties, in an Assyrian copy of the
list, a fragment of which is preserved in the British Museum
from the Library of Ashur-bani-pal at Nineveh; see _Chron.
conc. Early Bab. Kings_ (Studies in East. Hist., II f.),
Vol. I, pp. 182 ff., Vol. II, pp. 48 ff., 143 f. There we
find traces of an extra column of text preceding that in
which the first Kingdom of Kish was recorded. It would seem
almost certain that this extra column was devoted to
Antediluvian kings. The only alternative explanation would
be that it was inscribed with the summaries which conclude
the Sumerian copies of our list. But later scribes do not so
transpose their material, and the proper place for summaries
is at the close, not at the beginning, of a list. In the
Assyrian copy the Dynastic List is brought up to date, and
extends down to the later Assyrian period. Formerly its
compiler could only be credited with incorporating
traditions of earlier times. But the correspondence of the
small fragment preserved of its Second Column with part of
the First Column of the Nippur texts (including the name of
"Enmennunna") proves that the Assyrian scribe reproduced an
actual copy of the Sumerian document.
Though Professor Barton, on the other hand, holds that the Dynastic
List had no concern with the Deluge, his suggestion that the early
names preserved by it may have been the original source of Berossus'
Antediluvian rulers(1) may yet be accepted in a modified form. In coming
to his conclusion he may have been influenced by what seems to me an
undoubted correspondence between one of the rulers in our list and the
sixth Antediluvian king of Berossus. I think few will be disposed to
dispute the equation
{Daonos poimon} = Etana, a shepherd.
Each list preserves the hero's shepherd origin and the correspondence of
the names is very close, Daonos merely transposing the initial vowel
of Etana.(2) That Berossus should have translated a Post-diluvian ruler
into the Antediluvian dynasty would not be at all surprising in view of
the absence of detailed correspondence between his later dynasties and
those we know actually occupied the Babylonian throne. Moreover, the
inclusion of Babylon in his list of Antediluvian cities should make us
hesitate to regard all the rulers he assigns to his earliest dynasty
as necessarily retaining in his list their original order in Sumerian
tradition. Thus we may with a clear conscience seek equations between
the names of Berossus' Antediluvian rulers and those preserved in the
early part of our Dynastic List, although we may regard the latter as
equally Post-diluvian in Sumerian belief.
(1) See the brief statement he makes in the course of a
review of Dr. Poebel's volumes in the _American Journal of
Semitic Languages and Literature_, XXXI, April 1915, p. 225.
He does not compare any of the names, but he promises a
study of those preserved and a comparison of the list with
Berossus and with Gen. iv and v. It is possible that
Professor Barton has already fulfilled his promise of
further discussion, perhaps in his _Archaeology and the
Bible_, to the publication of which I have seen a reference
in another connexion (cf. _Journ. Amer. Or. Soc._, Vol.
XXXVI, p. 291); but I have not yet been able to obtain sight
of a copy.
(2) The variant form {Daos} is evidently a mere contraction,
and any claim it may have had to represent more closely the
original form of the name is to be disregarded in view of
our new equation.
This reflection, and the result already obtained, encourage us to accept
the following further equation, which is yielded by a renewed scrutiny
of the lists:
{'Ammenon} = Enmenunna.
Here Ammenon, the fourth of Berossus' Antediluvian kings, presents a
wonderfully close transcription of the Sumerian name. The _n_ of the
first syllable has been assimilated to the following consonant in
accordance with a recognized law of euphony, and the resultant doubling
of the _m_ is faithfully preserved in the Greek. Precisely the same
initial component, _Enme_, occurs in the name Enmeduranki, borne by a
mythical king of Sippar, who has long been recognized as the original
of Berossus' seventh Antediluvian king, {Euedorakhos}.(1) There too
the original _n_ has been assimilated, but the Greek form retains no
doubling of the _m_ and points to its further weakening.
(1) Var. {Euedoreskhos}; the second half of the original
name, Enmeduranki, is more closely preserved in
_Edoranchus_, the form given by the Armenian translator of
Eusebius.
I do not propose to detain you with a detailed discussion of Sumerian
royal names and their possible Greek equivalents. I will merely point
out that the two suggested equations, which I venture to think we
may regard as established, throw the study of Berossus' mythological
personages upon a new plane. No equivalent has hitherto been suggested
for {Daonos}; but {'Ammenon} has been confidently explained as the
equivalent of a conjectured Babylonian original, Ummânu, lit. "Workman".
The fact that we should now have recovered the Sumerian original of
the name, which proves to have no connexion in form or meaning with the
previously suggested Semitic equivalent, tends to cast doubt on other
Semitic equations proposed. Perhaps {'Amelon} or {'Amillaros} may after
all not prove to be the equivalent of Amêlu, "Man", nor {'Amempsinos}
that of Amêl-Sin. Both may find their true equivalents in some of the
missing royal names at the head of the Sumerian Dynastic List. There too
we may provisionally seek {'Aloros}, the "first king", whose equation
with Aruru, the Babylonian mother-goddess, never appeared a very happy
suggestion.(1) The ingenious proposal,(2) on the other hand, that his
successor, {'Alaparos}, represents a miscopied {'Adaparos}, a Greek
rendering of the name of Adapa, may still hold good in view of Etana's
presence in the Sumerian dynastic record. Ut-napishtim's title,
Khasisatra or Atrakhasis, "the Very Wise", still of course remains
the established equivalent of {Xisouthros}; but for {'Otiartes} (?
{'Opartes}), a rival to Ubar-Tutu, Ut-napishtim's father, may perhaps
appear. The new identifications do not of course dispose of the old
ones, except in the case of Ummânu; but they open up a new line of
approach and provide a fresh field for conjecture.(3) Semitic, and
possibly contracted, originals are still possible for unidentified
mythical kings of Berossus; but such equations will inspire greater
confidence, should we be able to establish Sumerian originals for the
Semitic renderings, from new material already in hand or to be obtained
(1) Dr. Poebel (_Hist Inscr._, p. 42, n. 1) makes the
interesting suggestion that {'Aloros} may represent an
abbreviated and corrupt form of the name Lal-ur-alimma,
which has come down to us as that of an early and mythical
king of Nippur; see Rawlinson, _W.A.I._, IV, 60 (67), V, 47
and 44, and cf. _Sev. Tabl. of Creat._, Vol. I, p. 217, No.
32574, Rev., l. 2 f. It may be added that the sufferings
with which the latter is associated in the tradition are
perhaps such as might have attached themselves to the first
human ruler of the world; but the suggested equation, though
tempting by reason of the remote parallel it would thus
furnish to Adam's fate, can at present hardly be accepted in
view of the possibility that a closer equation to {'Aloros}
may be forthcoming.
(2) Hommel, _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._, Vol. XV (1893), p.
(3) See further Appendix II.
But it is time I read you extracts from the earlier extant portions of
the Sumerian Dynastic List, in order to illustrate the class of document
with which we are dealing. From them it will be seen that the record
is not a tabular list of names like the well-known King's Lists of the
Neo-Babylonian period. It is cast in the form of an epitomized chronicle
and gives under set formulae the length of each king's reign, and his
father's name in cases of direct succession to father or brother. Short
phrases are also sometimes added, or inserted in the sentence referring
to a king, in order to indicate his humble origin or the achievement
which made his name famous in tradition. The head of the First Column
of the text is wanting, and the first royal name that is completely
preserved is that of Galumum, the ninth or tenth ruler of the earliest
"kingdom", or dynasty, of Kish. The text then runs on connectedly for
several lines:
Galumum ruled for nine hundred years.
Zugagib ruled for eight hundred and forty years.
Arpi, son of a man of the people, ruled for seven hundred and
Etana, the shepherd who ascended to heaven, who subdued all lands,
ruled for six hundred and thirty-five years.(1)
Pili . . ., son of Etana, ruled for four hundred and ten years.
Enmenunna ruled for six hundred and eleven years.
Melamkish, son of Enmenunna, ruled for nine hundred years.
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna, ruled for twelve hundred years.
Mesza(. . .), son of Barsalnunna, ruled for (. . .) years.
(. . .), son of Barsalnunna, ruled for (. . .) years.
(1) Possibly 625 years.
A small gap then occurs in the text, but we know that the last two
representatives of this dynasty of twenty-three kings are related to
have ruled for nine hundred years and six hundred and twenty-five
years respectively. In the Second Column of the text the lines are also
fortunately preserved which record the passing of the first hegemony
of Kish to the "Kingdom of Eanna", the latter taking its name from
the famous temple of Anu and Ishtar in the old city of Erech. The text
continues:
The kingdom of Kish passed to Eanna.
In Eanna, Meskingasher, son of the Sun-god, ruled as high
priest and king for three hundred and twenty-five years.
Meskingasher entered into(1) (. . .) and ascended to (. .
.).
Enmerkar, son of Meskingasher, the king of Erech who built
(. . .) with the people of Erech,(2) ruled as king for four
hundred and twenty years.
Lugalbanda, the shepherd, ruled for twelve hundred years.
Dumuzi,(3), the hunter(?), whose city was . . ., ruled for a
hundred years.
Gishbilgames,(4) whose father was A,(5) the high priest of
Kullab, ruled for one hundred and twenty-six(6) years.
(. . .)lugal, son of Gishbilgames, ruled for (. . .) years.
(1) The verb may also imply descent into.
(2) The phrase appears to have been imperfectly copied by
the scribe. As it stands the subordinate sentence reads "the
king of Erech who built with the people of Erech". Either
the object governed by the verb has been omitted, in which
case we might restore some such phrase as "the city"; or,
perhaps, by a slight transposition, we should read "the king
who built Erech with the people of Erech". In any case the
first building of the city of Erech, as distinguished from
its ancient cult-centre Eanna, appears to be recorded here
in the tradition. This is the first reference to Erech in
the text; and Enmerkar's father was high priest as well as
king.
(3) i.e. Tammuz.
(4) i.e. Gilgamesh.
(5) The name of the father of Gilgamesh is rather strangely
expressed by the single sign for the vowel _a_ and must
apparently be read as A. As there is a small break in the
text at the end of this line, Dr. Poebel not unnaturally
assumed that A was merely the first syllable of the name, of
which the end was wanting. But it has now been shown that
the complete name was A; see Förtsch, _Orient. Lit.-Zeit._,
Vol. XVIII, No. 12 (Dec., 1915), col. 367 ff. The reading is
deduced from the following entry in an Assyrian explanatory
list of gods (_Cun. Texts in the Brit. Mus._, Pt. XXIV, pl.
25, ll. 29-31): "The god A, who is also equated to the god
Dubbisaguri (i.e. 'Scribe of Ur'), is the priest of Kullab;
his wife is the goddess Ninguesirka (i.e. 'Lady of the edge
of the street')." A, the priest of Kullab and the husband of
a goddess, is clearly to be identified with A, the priest of
Kullab and father of Gilgamesh, for we know from the
Gilgamesh Epic that the hero's mother was the goddess
Ninsun. Whether Ninguesirka was a title of Ninsun, or
represents a variant tradition with regard to the parentage
of Gilgamesh on the mother's side, we have in any case
confirmation of his descent from priest and goddess. It was
natural that A should be subsequently deified. This was not
the case at the time our text was inscribed, as the name is
written without the divine determinative.
This group of early kings of Erech is of exceptional interest. Apart
from its inclusion of Gilgamesh and the gods Tammuz and Lugalbanda,
its record of Meskingasher's reign possibly refers to one of the lost
legends of Erech. Like him Melchizedek, who comes to us in a chapter of
Genesis reflecting the troubled times of Babylon's First Dynasty,(1)
was priest as well as king.(2) Tradition appears to have credited
Meskingasher's son and successor, Enmerkar, with the building of Erech
as a city around the first settlement Eanna, which had already given its
name to the "kingdom". If so, Sumerian tradition confirms the assumption
of modern research that the great cities of Babylonia arose around the
still more ancient cult-centres of the land. We shall have occasion
to revert to the traditions here recorded concerning the parentage of
Meskingasher, the founder of this line of kings, and that of its most
famous member, Gilgamesh. Meanwhile we may note that the closing rulers
of the "Kingdom of Eanna" are wanting. When the text is again preserved,
we read of the hegemony passing from Erech to Ur and thence to Awan:
The k(ingdom of Erech(3) passed to) Ur.
In Ur Mesannipada became king and ruled for eighty years.
Meskiagunna, son of Mesannipada, ruled for thirty years.
Elu(. . .) ruled for twenty-five years.
Balu(. . .) ruled for thirty-six years.
Four kings (thus) ruled for a hundred and seventy-one years.
The kingdom of Ur passed to Awan.
In Awan . . .
(1) Cf. _Hist. of Bab._, p. 159 f.
(2) Gen. xiv. 18.
(3) The restoration of Erech here, in place of Eanna, is
based on the absence of the latter name in the summary;
after the building of Erech by Enmerkar, the kingdom was
probably reckoned as that of Erech.
With the "Kingdom of Ur" we appear to be approaching a firmer historical
tradition, for the reigns of its rulers are recorded in decades, not
hundreds of years. But we find in the summary, which concludes the main
copy of our Dynastic List, that the kingdom of Awan, though it consisted
of but three rulers, is credited with a total duration of three hundred
and fifty-six years, implying that we are not yet out of the legendary
stratum. Since Awan is proved by newly published historical inscriptions
from Nippur to have been an important deity of Elam at the time of the
Dynasty of Akkad,(1) we gather that the "Kingdom of Awan" represented in
Sumerian tradition the first occasion on which the country passed for a
time under Elamite rule. At this point a great gap occurs in the text,
and when the detailed dynastic succession in Babylonia is again assured,
we have passed definitely from the realm of myth and legend into that of
history.(2)
(1) Poebel, _Hist. Inscr._, p. 128.
(2) See further, Appendix II.
What new light, then, do these old Sumerian records throw on Hebrew
traditions concerning the early ages of mankind? I think it will be
admitted that there is something strangely familiar about some of those
Sumerian extracts I read just now. We seem to hear in them the faint
echo of another narrative, like them but not quite the same.
And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and
thirty years; and he died.
And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enosh:
and Seth lived after he begat Enosh eight hundred and seven
years, and begat sons and daughters: and all the days of
Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died.
. . . and all the days of Enosh were nine hundred and five
years: and he died.
. . . and all the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten
years: and he died. . . . and all the days of Mahalalel were
eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died.
. . . and all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and
two years: and he died.
. . . and all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and
five years: and Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for
God took him.
. . . and all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty
and nine years: and he died.
. . . and all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy
and seven years: and he died.
And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem,
Ham, and Japheth.
Throughout these extracts from "the book of the generations of Adam",(1)
Galumum's nine hundred years(2) seem to run almost like a refrain; and
Methuselah's great age, the recognized symbol for longevity, is even
exceeded by two of the Sumerian patriarchs. The names in the two lists
are not the same,(3) but in both we are moving in the same atmosphere
and along similar lines of thought. Though each list adheres to its own
set formulae, it estimates the length of human life in the early ages
of the world on much the same gigantic scale as the other. Our Sumerian
records are not quite so formal in their structure as the Hebrew
narrative, but the short notes which here and there relieve their stiff
monotony may be paralleled in the Cainite genealogy of the preceding
chapter in Genesis.(4) There Cain's city-building, for example, may pair
with that of Enmerkar; and though our new records may afford no precise
equivalents to Jabal's patronage of nomad life, or to the invention of
music and metal-working ascribed to Jubal and Tubal-cain, these too
are quite in the spirit of Sumerian and Babylonian tradition, in their
attempt to picture the beginnings of civilization. Thus Enmeduranki,
the prototype of the seventh Antediluvian patriarch of Berossus, was
traditionally revered as the first exponent of divination.(5) It is in
the chronological and general setting, rather than in the Hebrew names
and details, that an echo seems here to reach us from Sumer through
Babylon.
(1) Gen. v. 1 ff. (P).
(2) The same length of reign is credited to Melamkish and to
one and perhaps two other rulers of that first Sumerian
"kingdom".
(3) The possibility of the Babylonian origin of some of the
Hebrew names in this geneaology and its Cainite parallel has
long been canvassed; and considerable ingenuity has been
expended in obtaining equations between Hebrew names and
those of the Antediluvian kings of Berossus by tracing a
common meaning for each suggested pair. It is unfortunate
that our new identification of {'Ammenon} with the Sumerian
_Enmenunna_ should dispose of one of the best parallels
obtained, viz. {'Ammenon} = Bab. _ummânu_, "workman" ||
Cain, Kenan = "smith". Another satisfactory pair suggested
is {'Amelon} = Bab. _amêlu_, "man" || Enosh = "man"; but the
resemblance of the former to _amêlu_ may prove to be
fortuitous, in view of the possibility of descent from a
quite different Sumerian original. The alternative may
perhaps have to be faced that the Hebrew parallels to
Sumerian and Babylonian traditions are here confined to
chronological structure and general contents, and do not
extend to Hebrew renderings of Babylonian names. It may be
added that such correspondence between personal names in
different languages is not very significant by itself. The
name of Zugagib of Kish, for example, is paralleled by the
title borne by one of the earliest kings of the Ist Dynasty
of Egypt, Narmer, whose carved slate palettes have been
found at Kierakonpolis; he too was known as "the Scorpion."
(4) Gen. iv. 17 ff. (J).
(5) It may be noted that an account of the origin of
divination is included in his description of the descendents
of Noah by the writer of the Biblical Antiquities of Philo,
a product of the same school as the Fourth Book of Esdras
and the Apocalypse of Baruch; see James, _The Biblical
Antiquities of Philo_, p. 86.
I may add that a parallel is provided by the new Sumerian records to the
circumstances preceding the birth of the Nephilim at the beginning
of the sixth chapter of Genesis.(1) For in them also great prowess or
distinction is ascribed to the progeny of human and divine unions. We
have already noted that, according to the traditions the records embody,
the Sumerians looked back to a time when gods lived upon the earth with
men, and we have seen such deities as Tammuz and Lugalbanda figuring as
rulers of cities in the dynastic sequence. As in later periods, their
names are there preceded by the determinative for divinity. But more
significant still is the fact that we read of two Sumerian heroes, also
rulers of cities, who were divine on the father's or mother's side
but not on both. Meskingasher is entered in the list as "son of the
Sun-god",(2) and no divine parentage is recorded on the mother's side.
On the other hand, the human father of Gilgamesh is described as the
high priest of Kullab, and we know from other sources that his mother
was the goddess Ninsun.(3) That this is not a fanciful interpretation is
proved by a passage in the Gilgamesh Epic itself,(4) in which its
hero is described as two-thirds god and one-third man. We again find
ourselves back in the same stratum of tradition with which the Hebrew
narratives have made us so familiar.
(1) Gen. vi. 1-4 (J).
(2) The phrase recalls the familiar Egyptian royal
designation "son of the Sun," and it is possible that we may
connect with this same idea the Palermo Stele's inclusion of
the mother's and omission of the father's name in its record
of the early dynastic Pharaohs. This suggestion does not
exclude the possibility of the prevalence of matrilineal
(and perhaps originally also of matrilocal and
matripotestal) conditions among the earliest inhabitants of
Egypt. Indeed the early existence of some form of mother-
right may have originated, and would certainly have
encouraged, the growth of a tradition of solar parentage for
the head of the state.
(3) Poebel, _Hist. Inscr._, p. 124 f.
(4) Tablet I, Col. ii, l. 1; and cf. Tablet IX, Col. ii. l.
What light then does our new material throw upon traditional origins of
civilization? We have seen that in Egypt a new fragment of the Palermo
Stele has confirmed in a remarkable way the tradition of the predynastic
period which was incorporated in his history by Manetho. It has long
been recognized that in Babylonia the sources of Berossus must have
been refracted by the political atmosphere of that country during
the preceding nineteen hundred years. This inference our new material
supports; but when due allowance has been made for a resulting
disturbance of vision, the Sumerian origin of the remainder of his
evidence is notably confirmed. Two of his ten Antediluvian kings rejoin
their Sumerian prototypes, and we shall see that two of his three
Antediluvian cities find their place among the five of primitive
Sumerian belief. It is clear that in Babylonia, as in Egypt, the local
traditions of the dawn of history, current in the Hellenistic period,
were modelled on very early lines. Both countries were the seats of
ancient civilizations, and it is natural that each should stage its
picture of beginnings upon its own soil and embellish it with local
colouring.
It is a tribute to the historical accuracy of Hebrew tradition to
recognize that it never represented Palestine as the cradle of the human
race. It looked to the East rather than to the South for evidence of
man's earliest history and first progress in the arts of life. And it
is in the East, in the soil of Babylonia, that we may legitimately seek
material in which to verify the sources of that traditional belief.
The new parallels I have to-day attempted to trace between some of
the Hebrew traditions, preserved in Gen. iv-vi, and those of the early
Sumerians, as presented by their great Dynastic List, are essentially
general in character and do not apply to details of narrative or to
proper names. If they stood alone, we should still have to consider
whether they are such as to suggest cultural influence or independent
origin. But fortunately they do not exhaust the evidence we have lately
recovered from the site of Nippur, and we will postpone formulating our
conclusions with regard to them until the whole field has been surveyed.
From the biblical standpoint by far the most valuable of our new
documents is one that incorporates a Sumerian version of the Deluge
story. We shall see that it presents a variant and more primitive
picture of that great catastrophe than those of the Babylonian and
Hebrew versions. And what is of even greater interest, it connects the
narrative of the Flood with that of Creation, and supplies a brief but
intermediate account of the Antediluvian period. How then are we to
explain this striking literary resemblance to the structure of the
narrative in Genesis, a resemblance that is completely wanting in the
Babylonian versions? But that is a problem we must reserve for the next
lecture.
LECTURE II -- DELUGE STORIES AND THE NEW SUMERIAN VERSION
In the first lecture we saw how, both in Babylonia and Egypt, recent
discoveries had thrown light upon periods regarded as prehistoric, and
how we had lately recovered traditions concerning very early rulers both
in the Nile Valley and along the lower Euphrates. On the strength of
the latter discovery we noted the possibility that future excavation in
Babylonia would lay bare stages of primitive culture similar to those
we have already recovered in Egyptian soil. Meanwhile the documents from
Nippur had shown us what the early Sumerians themselves believed about
their own origin, and we traced in their tradition the gradual blending
of history with legend and myth. We saw that the new Dynastic List
took us back in the legendary sequence at least to the beginning of
the Post-diluvian period. Now one of the newly published literary texts
fills in the gap beyond, for it gives us a Sumerian account of the
history of the world from the Creation to the Deluge, at about which
point, as we saw, the extant portions of the Dynastic List take up the
story. I propose to devote my lecture to-day to this early version of
the Flood and to the effect of its discovery upon some current theories.
The Babylonian account of the Deluge, which was discovered by George
Smith in 1872 on tablets from the Royal Library at Nineveh, is, as you
know, embedded in a long epic of twelve Books recounting the adventures
of the Old Babylonian hero Gilgamesh. Towards the end of this composite
tale, Gilgamesh, desiring immortality, crosses the Waters of Death in
order to beg the secret from his ancestor Ut-napishtim, who in the past
had escaped the Deluge and had been granted immortality by the gods. The
Eleventh Tablet, or Book, of the epic contains the account of the
Deluge which Ut-napishtim related to his kinsman Gilgamesh. The close
correspondence of this Babylonian story with that contained in Genesis
is recognized by every one and need not detain us. You will remember
that in some passages the accounts tally even in minute details, such,
for example, as the device of sending out birds to test the abatement of
the waters. It is true that in the Babylonian version a dove, a swallow,
and a raven are sent forth in that order, instead of a raven and the
dove three times. But such slight discrepancies only emphasize the
general resemblance of the narratives.
In any comparison it is usually admitted that two accounts have been
combined in the Hebrew narrative. I should like to point out that this
assumption may be made by any one, whatever his views may be with
regard to the textual problems of the Hebrew Bible and the traditional
authorship of the Pentateuch. And for our purpose at the moment it is
immaterial whether we identify the compiler of these Hebrew narratives
with Moses himself, or with some later Jewish historian whose name has
not come down to us. Whoever he was, he has scrupulously preserved his
two texts and, even when they differ, he has given each as he found it.
Thanks to this fact, any one by a careful examination of the narrative
can disentangle the two versions for himself. He will find each gives a
consistent story. One of them appears to be simpler and more primitive
than the other, and I will refer to them as the earlier and the later
Hebrew Versions.(1) The Babylonian text in the Epic of Gilgamesh
contains several peculiarities of each of the Hebrew versions, though
the points of resemblance are more detailed in the earlier of the two.
(1) In the combined account in Gen. vi. 5-ix. 17, if the
following passages be marked in the margin or underlined,
and then read consecutively, it will be seen that they give
a consistent and almost complete account of the Deluge: Gen.
vi. 9-22; vii. 6, 11, 13-16 (down to "as God commanded
him"), 17 (to "upon the earth"), 18-21, 24; viii. 1, 2 (to
"were stopped"), 3 (from "and after")-5, 13 (to "from off
the earth"), 14-19; and ix. 1-17. The marked passages
represent the "later Hebrew Version." If the remaining
passages be then read consecutively, they will be seen to
give a different version of the same events, though not so
completely preserved as the other; these passages
substantially represent the "earlier Hebrew Version". In
commentaries on the Hebrew text they are, of course, usually
referred to under the convenient symbols J and P,
representing respectively the earlier and the later
versions. For further details, see any of the modern
commentaries on Genesis, e.g. Driver, _Book of Genesis_, pp.
85 ff.; Skinner, _Genesis_, pp. 147 ff.; Ryle, _Genesis_, p.
Now the tablets from the Royal Library at Nineveh inscribed with the
Gilgamesh Epic do not date from an earlier period than the seventh
century B.C. But archaeological evidence has long shown that the
traditions themselves were current during all periods of Babylonian
history; for Gilgamesh and his half-human friend Enkidu were favourite
subjects for the seal-engraver, whether he lived in Sumerian times or
under the Achaemenian kings of Persia. We have also, for some years now,
possessed two early fragments of the Deluge narrative, proving that the
story was known to the Semitic inhabitants of the country at the time of
Hammurabi's dynasty.(1) Our newly discovered text from Nippur was
also written at about that period, probably before 2100 B.C. But the
composition itself, apart from the tablet on which it is inscribed, must
go back very much earlier than that. For instead of being composed
in Semitic Babylonian, the text is in Sumerian, the language of the
earliest known inhabitants of Babylonia, whom the Semites eventually
displaced. This people, it is now recognized, were the originators
of the Babylonian civilization, and we saw in the first lecture that,
according to their own traditions, they had occupied that country since
the dawn of history.
(1) The earlier of the two fragments is dated in the
eleventh year of Ammizaduga, the tenth king of Hammurabi's
dynasty, i.e. in 1967 B.C.; it was published by Scheil,
_Recueil de travaux_, Vol. XX, pp. 55 ff. Here the Deluge
story does not form part of the Gilgamesh Epic, but is
recounted in the second tablet of a different work; its hero
bears the name Atrakhasis, as in the variant version of the
Deluge from the Nineveh library. The other and smaller
fragment, which must be dated by its script, was published
by Hilprecht (_Babylonian Expedition_, series D, Vol. V,
Fasc. 1, pp. 33 ff.), who assigned it to about the same
period; but it is probably of a considerably later date. The
most convenient translations of the legends that were known
before the publication of the Nippur texts are those given
by Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_
(Oxford, 1912), and Dhorme, _Choix de textes religieux
Assyro-Babyloniens_ (Paris, 1907).
The Semites as a ruling race came later, though the occurrence of
Semitic names in the Sumerian Dynastic List suggests very early
infiltration from Arabia. After a long struggle the immigrants succeeded
in dominating the settled race; and in the process they in turn became
civilized. They learnt and adopted the cuneiform writing, they took over
the Sumerian literature. Towards the close of the third millennium, when
our tablet was written, the Sumerians as a race had almost ceased
to exist. They had been absorbed in the Semitic population and their
language was no longer the general language of the country. But their
ancient literature and sacred texts were carefully preserved and
continued to be studied by the Semitic priests and scribes. So the fact
that the tablet is written in the old Sumerian tongue proves that the
story it tells had come down from a very much earlier period. This
inference is not affected by certain small differences in idiom
which its language presents when compared with that of Sumerian
building-inscriptions. Such would naturally occur in the course of
transmission, especially in a text which, as we shall see, had been
employed for a practical purpose after being subjected to a process of
reduction to suit it to its new setting.
When we turn to the text itself, it will be obvious that the story also
is very primitive. But before doing so we will inquire whether this
very early version is likely to cast any light on the origin of Deluge
stories such as are often met with in other parts of the world. Our
inquiry will have an interest apart from the question itself, as it
will illustrate the views of two divergent schools among students of
primitive literature and tradition. According to one of these views,
in its most extreme form, the tales which early or primitive man tells
about his gods and the origin of the world he sees around him are never
to be regarded as simple stories, but are to be consistently interpreted
as symbolizing natural phenomena. It is, of course, quite certain that,
both in Egypt and Babylonia, mythology in later periods received a
strong astrological colouring; and it is equally clear that some legends
derive their origin from nature myths. But the theory in the hands
of its more enthusiastic adherents goes further than that. For them
a complete absence of astrological colouring is no deterrent from an
astrological interpretation; and, where such colouring does occur, the
possibility of later embellishment is discounted, and it is treated
without further proof as the base on which the original story rests. One
such interpretation of the Deluge narrative in Babylonia, particularly
favoured by recent German writers, would regard it as reflecting the
passage of the Sun through a portion of the ecliptic. It is assumed
that the primitive Babylonians were aware that in the course of ages
the spring equinox must traverse the southern or watery region of the
zodiac. This, on their system, signified a submergence of the whole
universe in water, and the Deluge myth would symbolize the safe passage
of the vernal Sun-god through that part of the ecliptic. But we need not
spend time over that view, as its underlying conception is undoubtedly
quite a late development of Babylonian astrology.
More attractive is the simpler astrological theory that the voyage of
any Deluge hero in his boat or ark represents the daily journey of
the Sun-god across the heavenly ocean, a conception which is so often
represented in Egyptian sculpture and painting. It used to be assumed by
holders of the theory that this idea of the Sun as "the god in the boat"
was common among primitive races, and that that would account for the
widespread occurrence of Deluge-stories among scattered races of
the world. But this view has recently undergone some modification in
accordance with the general trend of other lines of research. In recent
years there has been an increased readiness among archaeologists
to recognize evidence of contact between the great civilizations of
antiquity. This has been particularly the case in the area of the
Eastern Mediterranean; but the possibility has also been mooted of
the early use of land-routes running from the Near East to Central and
Southern Asia. The discovery in Chinese Turkestan, to the east of the
Caspian, of a prehistoric culture resembling that of Elam has now been
followed by the finding of similar remains by Sir Aurel Stein in the
course of the journey from which he has lately returned.(1) They were
discovered in an old basin of the Helmand River in Persian Seistan,
where they had been laid bare by wind-erosion. But more interesting
still, and an incentive to further exploration in that region, is
another of his discoveries last year, also made near the Afghan border.
At two sites in the Helmand Delta, well above the level of inundation,
he came across fragments of pottery inscribed in early Aramaic
characters,(2) though, for obvious reasons, he has left them with
all his other collections in India. This unexpected find, by the
way, suggests for our problem possibilities of wide transmission in
comparatively early times.
(1) See his "Expedition in Central Asia", in _The
Geographical Journal_, Vol. XLVII (Jan.-June, 1916), pp. 358
(2) Op. cit., p. 363.
The synthetic tendency among archaeologists has been reflected in
anthropological research, which has begun to question the separate and
independent origin, not only of the more useful arts and crafts, but
also of many primitive customs and beliefs. It is suggested that too
much stress has been laid on environment; and, though it is readily
admitted that similar needs and experiences may in some cases have given
rise to similar expedients and explanations, it is urged that man is
an imitative animal and that inventive genius is far from common.(1)
Consequently the wide dispersion of many beliefs and practices, which
used generally to be explained as due to the similar and independent
working of the human mind under like conditions, is now often
provisionally registered as evidence of migratory movement or of
cultural drift. Much good work has recently been done in tabulating
the occurrence of many customs and beliefs, in order to ascertain their
lines of distribution. Workers are as yet in the collecting stage, and
it is hardly necessary to say that explanatory theories are still to
be regarded as purely tentative and provisional. At the meetings of
the British Association during the last few years, the most breezy
discussions in the Anthropological Section have undoubtedly centred
around this subject. There are several works in the field, but the most
comprehensive theory as yet put forward is one that concerns us, as it
has given a new lease of life to the old solar interpretation of the
Deluge story.
(1) See, e.g. Marett, _Anthropology_ (2nd ed., 1914), Chap.
iv, "Environment," pp. 122 ff.; and for earlier tendencies,
particularly in the sphere of mythological exegesis, see S.
Reinach, _Cultes, Mythes et Religions_, t. IV (1912), pp. 1
In a land such as Egypt, where there is little rain and the sky is
always clear, the sun in its splendour tended from the earliest period
to dominate the national consciousness. As intercourse increased along
the Nile Valley, centres of Sun-worship ceased to be merely local, and
the political rise of a city determined the fortunes of its cult. From
the proto-dynastic period onward, the "King of the two Lands" had borne
the title of "Horus" as the lineal descendant of the great Sun-god of
Edfu, and the rise of Ra in the Vth Dynasty, through the priesthood of
Heliopolis, was confirmed in the solar theology of the Middle Kingdom.
Thus it was that other deities assumed a solar character as forms of Ra.
Amen, the local god of Thebes, becomes Amen-Ra with the political rise
of his city, and even the old Crocodile-god, Sebek, soars into the sky
as Sebek-Ra. The only other movement in the religion of ancient Egypt,
comparable in importance to this solar development, was the popular cult
of Osiris as God of the Dead, and with it the official religion had to
come to terms. Horus is reborn as the posthumous son of Osiris, and Ra
gladdens his abode during his nightly journey through the Underworld.
The theory with which we are concerned suggests that this dominant trait
in Egyptian religion passed, with other elements of culture, beyond the
bounds of the Nile Valley and influenced the practice and beliefs of
distant races.
This suggestion has been gradually elaborated by its author, Professor
Elliot Smith, who has devoted much attention to the anatomical study of
Egyptian mummification. Beginning with a scrutiny of megalithic building
and sun-worship,(1) he has subsequently deduced, from evidence of common
distribution, the existence of a culture-complex, including in addition
to these two elements the varied practices of tattooing, circumcision,
ear-piercing, that quaint custom known as couvade, head-deformation, and
the prevalence of serpent-cults, myths of petrifaction and the Deluge,
and finally of mummification. The last ingredient was added after an
examination of Papuan mummies had disclosed their apparent resemblance
in points of detail to Egyptian mummies of the XXIst Dynasty. As a
result he assumes the existence of an early cultural movement, for which
the descriptive title "heliolithic" has been coined.(2) Starting with
Egypt as its centre, one of the principal lines of its advance is
said to have lain through Syria and Mesopotamia and thence along the
coastlands of Asia to the Far East. The method of distribution and the
suggested part played by the Phoenicians have been already criticized
sufficiently. But in a modified form the theory has found considerable
support, especially among ethnologists interested in Indonesia. I do
not propose to examine in detail the evidence for or against it. It will
suffice to note that the Deluge story and its alleged Egyptian origin in
solar worship form one of the prominent strands in its composition.
(1) Cf. Elliot Smith, _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911.
(2) See in particular his monograph "On the significance of
the Geographical Distribution of the Practice of
Mummification" in the _Memoirs of the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society_, 1915.
One weakness of this particular strand is that the Egyptians themselves
possessed no tradition of the Deluge. Indeed the annual inundation
of the Nile is not such as would give rise to a legend of
world-destruction; and in this respect it presents a striking contrast
to the Tigris and Euphrates. The ancient Egyptian's conception of his
own gentle river is reflected in the form he gave the Nile-god, for Hapi
is represented as no fierce warrior or monster. He is given a woman's
breasts as a sign of his fecundity. The nearest Egyptian parallel to
the Deluge story is the "Legend of the Destruction of Mankind", which
is engraved on the walls of a chamber in the tomb of Seti I.(1) The late
Sir Gaston Maspero indeed called it "a dry deluge myth", but his paradox
was intended to emphasize the difference as much as the parallelism
presented. It is true that in the Egyptian myth the Sun-god causes
mankind to be slain because of their impiety, and he eventually pardons
the survivors. The narrative thus betrays undoubted parallelism to
the Babylonian and Hebrew stories, so far as concerns the attempted
annihilation of mankind by the offended god, but there the resemblance
ends. For water has no part in man's destruction, and the essential
element of a Deluge story is thus absent.(2) Our new Sumerian document,
on the other hand, contains what is by far the earliest example yet
recovered of a genuine Deluge tale; and we may thus use it incidentally
to test this theory of Egyptian influence, and also to ascertain whether
it furnishes any positive evidence on the origin of Deluge stories in
(1) It was first published by Monsieur Naville, _Tranc. Soc.
Bibl. Arch._, IV (1874), pp. 1 ff. The myth may be most
conveniently studied in Dr. Budge's edition in _Egyptian
Literature_, Vol. I, "Legends of the Gods" (1912), pp. 14
ff., where the hieroglyphic text and translation are printed
on opposite pages; cf. the summary, op. cit., pp. xxiii ff.,
where the principal literature is also cited. See also his
_Gods of the Egyptians_, Vol. I, chap. xii, pp. 388 ff.
(2) The undoubted points of resemblance, as well as the
equally striking points of divergence, presented by the
Egyptian myth when compared with the Babylonian and Hebrew
stories of a Deluge may be briefly indicated. The impiety of
men in complaining of the age of Ra finds a parallel in the
wickedness of man upon the earth (J) and the corruption of
all flesh (P) of the Hebrew Versions. The summoning by Ra of
the great Heliopolitan cosmic gods in council, including his
personified Eye, the primaeval pair Shu and Tefnut, Keb the
god of the earth and his consort Nut the sky-goddess, and Nu
the primaeval water-god and originally Nut's male
counterpart, is paralleled by the _puhur ilâni_, or
"assembly of the gods", in the Babylonian Version (see Gilg.
Epic. XI. l. 120 f., and cf. ll. 10 ff.); and they meet in
"the Great House", or Sun-temple at Heliopolis, as the
Babylonian gods deliberate in Shuruppak. Egyptian,
Babylonian, and Hebrew narratives all agree in the divine
determination to destroy mankind and in man's ultimate
survival. But the close of the Egyptian story diverges into
another sphere. The slaughter of men by the Eye of Ra in the
form of the goddess Hathor, who during the night wades in
their blood, is suggestive of Africa; and so too is her
drinking of men's blood mixed with the narcotic mandrake and
with seven thousand vessels of beer, with the result that
through drunkenness she ceased from slaughter. The latter
part of the narrative is directly connected with the cult-
ritual and beer-drinking at the Festivals of Hathor and Ra;
but the destruction of men by slaughter in place of drowning
appears to belong to the original myth. Indeed, the only
suggestion of a Deluge story is suggested by the presence of
Nu, the primaeval water-god, at Ra's council, and that is
explicable on other grounds. In any case the points of
resemblance presented by the earlier part of the Egyptian
myth to Semitic Deluge stories are general, not detailed;
and though they may possibly be due to reflection from Asia,
they are not such as to suggest an Egyptian origin for
Deluge myths.
The tablet on which our new version of the Deluge is inscribed was
excavated at Nippur during the third Babylonian expedition sent out by
the University of Pennsylvania; but it was not until the summer of 1912
that its contents were identified, when the several fragments of which
it was composed were assembled and put together. It is a large document,
containing six columns of writing, three on each side; but unfortunately
only the lower half has been recovered, so that considerable gaps occur
in the text.(1) The sharp edges of the broken surface, however, suggest
that it was damaged after removal from the soil, and the possibility
remains that some of the missing fragments may yet be recovered either
at Pennsylvania or in the Museum at Constantinople. As it is not dated,
its age must be determined mainly by the character of its script. A
close examination of the writing suggests that it can hardly have been
inscribed as late as the Kassite Dynasty, since two or three signs
exhibit more archaic forms than occur on any tablets of that period;(2)
and such linguistic corruptions as have been noted in its text may
well be accounted for by the process of decay which must have already
affected the Sumerian language at the time of the later kings of Nisin.
Moreover, the tablet bears a close resemblance to one of the newly
published copies of the Sumerian Dynastic List from Nippur;(3) for both
are of the same shape and composed of the same reddish-brown clay, and
both show the same peculiarities of writing. The two tablets in fact
appear to have been written by the same hand, and as that copy of the
Dynastic List was probably drawn up before the latter half of the First
Dynasty of Babylon, we may assign the same approximate date for the
writing of our text. This of course only fixes a lower limit for the age
of the myth which it enshrines.
(1) The breadth of the tablet is 5 5/8 in., and it
originally measured about 7 in. in length from top to
bottom; but only about one-third of its inscribed surface is
preserved.
(2) Cf. Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, pp. 66 ff.
That the composition is in the form of a poem may be seen at a glance
from the external appearance of the tablet, the division of many of the
lines and the blank spaces frequently left between the sign-groups being
due to the rhythmical character of the text. The style of the poetry
may be simple and abrupt, but it exhibits a familiar feature of both
Semitic-Babylonian and Hebrew poetry, in its constant employment of
partial repetition or paraphrase in parallel lines. The story it tells
is very primitive and in many respects unlike the Babylonian Versions
of the Deluge which we already possess. Perhaps its most striking
peculiarity is the setting of the story, which opens with a record of
the creation of man and animals, goes on to tell how the first cities
were built, and ends with a version of the Deluge, which is thus
recounted in its relation to the Sumerian history of the world. This
literary connexion between the Creation and Deluge narratives is of
unusual interest, in view of the age of our text. In the Babylonian
Versions hitherto known they are included in separate epics with
quite different contexts. Here they are recounted together in a single
document, much as they probably were in the history of Berossus and as
we find them in the present form of the Book of Genesis. This fact will
open up some interesting problems when we attempt to trace the literary
descent of the tradition.
But one important point about the text should be emphasized at once,
since it will affect our understanding of some very obscure passages, of
which no satisfactory explanation has yet been given. The assumption has
hitherto been made that the text is an epic pure and simple. It is quite
true that the greater part of it is a myth, recounted as a narrative in
poetical form, but there appear to me to be clear indications that
the myth was really embedded in an incantation. If this was so, the
mythological portion was recited for a magical purpose, with the object
of invoking the aid of the chief deities whose actions in the past are
there described, and of increasing by that means the potency of the
spell.(1) In the third lecture I propose to treat in more detail the
employment and significance of myth in magic, and we shall have occasion
to refer to other instances, Sumerian, Babylonian, and Egyptian, in
which a myth has reached us in a magical setting.
(1) It will be seen that the subject-matter of any myth
treated in this way has a close connexion with the object
for which the incantation was performed.
In the present case the inference of magical use is drawn from certain
passages in the text itself, which appear to be explicable only on that
hypothesis. In magical compositions of the later period intended
for recitation, the sign for "Incantation" is usually prefixed.
Unfortunately the beginning of our text is wanting; but its opening
words are given in the colophon, or title, which is engraved on the
left-hand edge of the tablet, and it is possible that the traces of
the first sign there are to be read as EN, "Incantation".(1) Should
a re-examination of the tablet establish this reading of the word,
we should have definite proof of the suggested magical setting of the
narrative. But even if we assume its absence, that would not invalidate
the arguments that can be adduced in favour of recognizing the existence
of a magical element, for they are based on internal evidence and enable
us to explain certain features which are inexplicable on Dr. Poebel's
hypothesis. Moreover, we shall later on examine another of the
newly published Sumerian compositions from Nippur, which is not only
semi-epical in character, but is of precisely the same shape, script,
and period as our text, and is very probably a tablet of the same
series. There also the opening signs of the text are wanting, but far
more of its contents are preserved and they present unmistakable traces
of magical use. Its evidence, as that of a parallel text, may therefore
be cited in support of the present contention. It may be added that in
Sumerian magical compositions of this early period, of which we have
not yet recovered many quite obvious examples, it is possible that
the prefix "Incantation" was not so invariable as in the later magical
(1) Cf. Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p. 63, and _Hist. and Gram.
Texts_, pl. i. In the photographic reproduction of the edges
of the tablet given in the latter volume, pl. lxxxix, the
traces of the sign suggest the reading EN (= Sem. _iptu_,
"incantation"). But the sign may very possibly be read AN.
In the latter case we may read, in the traces of the two
sign-groups at the beginning of the text, the names of both
Anu and Enlil, who appear so frequently as the two presiding
deities in the myth.
It has already been remarked that only the lower half of our tablet
has been recovered, and that consequently a number of gaps occur in
the text. On the obverse the upper portion of each of the first three
columns is missing, while of the remaining three columns, which are
inscribed upon the reverse, the upper portions only are preserved. This
difference in the relative positions of the textual fragments recovered
is due to the fact that Sumerian scribes, like their later Babylonian
and Assyrian imitators, when they had finished writing the obverse of
a tablet, turned it over from bottom to top--not, as we should turn a
sheet of paper, from right to left. But in spite of the lacunae, the
sequence of events related in the mythological narrative may be followed
without difficulty, since the main outline of the story is already
familiar enough from the versions of the Semitic-Babylonian scribes and
of Berossus. Some uncertainties naturally remain as to what exactly was
included in the missing portions of the tablet; but the more important
episodes are fortunately recounted in the extant fragments, and these
suffice for a definition of the distinctive character of the Sumerian
Version. In view of its literary importance it may be advisable to
attempt a somewhat detailed discussion of its contents, column by
column;(1) and the analysis may be most conveniently divided into
numbered sections, each of which refers to one of the six columns of the
tablet. The description of the First Column will serve to establish
the general character of the text. Through the analysis of the tablet
parallels and contrasts will be noted with the Babylonian and Hebrew
Versions. It will then be possible to summarise, on a surer foundation,
the literary history of the traditions, and finally to estimate the
effect of our new evidence upon current theories as to the origin and
wide dispersion of Deluge stories.
(1) In the lecture as delivered the contents of each column
were necessarily summarized rather briefly, and conclusions
were given without discussion of the evidence.
The following headings, under which the six numbered sections may be
arranged, indicate the contents of each column and show at a glance the
main features of the Sumerian Version:
I. Introduction to the Myth, and account of Creation.
II. The Antediluvian Cities.
III. The Council of the Gods, and Ziusudu's piety.
IV. The Dream-Warning.
V. The Deluge, the Escape of the Great Boat, and the Sacrifice to the
Sun-god.
VI. The Propitiation of the Angry Gods, and Ziusudu's Immortality.
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE MYTH, AND ACCOUNT OF CREATION
The beginning of the text is wanting, and the earliest lines preserved
of the First Column open with the closing sentences of a speech,
probably by the chief of the four creating deities, who are later on
referred to by name. In it there is a reference to a future destruction
of mankind, but the context is broken; the lines in question begin:
"As for my human race, from (_or_ in) its destruction will I
cause it to be (. . .),
For Nintu my creatures (. . .) will I (. . .)."
From the reference to "my human race" it is clear that the speaker is a
creating deity; and since the expression is exactly parallel to the term
"my people" used by Ishtar, or Bêlit-ili, "the Lady of the gods", in the
Babylonian Version of the Deluge story when she bewails the destruction
of mankind, Dr. Poebel assigns the speech to Ninkharsagga, or Nintu,(1)
the goddess who later in the column is associated with Anu, Enlil, and
Enki in man's creation. But the mention of Nintu in her own speech
is hardly consistent with that supposition,(2) if we assume with Dr.
Poebel, as we are probably justified in doing, that the title Nintu
is employed here and elsewhere in the narrative merely as a synonym of
Ninkharsagga.(3) It appears to me far more probable that one of the two
supreme gods, Anu or Enlil, is the speaker,(4) and additional grounds
will be cited later in support of this view. It is indeed possible, in
spite of the verbs and suffixes in the singular, that the speech is to
be assigned to both Anu and Enlil, for in the last column, as we shall
see, we find verb in the singular following references to both these
deities. In any case one of the two chief gods may be regarded as
speaking and acting on behalf of both, though it may be that the
inclusion of the second name in the narrative was not original but
simply due to a combination of variant traditions. Such a conflate use
of Anu-Enlil would present a striking parallel to the Hebrew combination
Yahweh-Elohim, though of course in the case of the former pair the
subsequent stage of identification was never attained. But the evidence
furnished by the text is not conclusive, and it is preferable here and
elsewhere in the narrative to regard either Anu or Enlil as speaking and
acting both on his own behalf and as the other's representative.
(1) Op. cit., p. 21 f.; and cf. Jastrow, _Hebrew and
Babylonian Traditions_, p. 336.
(2) It necessitates the taking of (_dingir_) _Nin-tu-ra_ as
a genitive, not a dative, and the very awkward rendering
"my, Nintu's, creations".
(3) Another of the recently published Sumerian mythological
compositions from Nippur includes a number of myths in which
Enki is associated first with Ninella, referred to also as
Nintu, "the Goddess of Birth", then with Ninshar, referred
to also as Ninkurra, and finally with Ninkharsagga. This
text exhibits the process by which separate traditions with
regard to goddesses originally distinct were combined
together, with the result that their heroines were
subsequently often identified with one another. There the
myths that have not been subjected to a very severe process
of editing, and in consequence the welding is not so
complete as in the Sumerian Version of the Deluge.
(4) If Enlil's name should prove to be the first word of the
composition, we should naturally regard him as the speaker
here and as the protagonist of the gods throughout the text,
a _rôle_ he also plays in the Semitic-Babylonian Version.
This reference to the Deluge, which occurs so early in the text,
suggests the probability that the account of the Creation and of the
founding of Antediluvian cities, included in the first two columns, is
to be taken merely as summarizing the events that led up to the Deluge.
And an almost certain proof of this may be seen in the opening words
of the composition, which are preserved in its colophon or title on the
left-hand edge of the tablet. We have already noted that the first two
words are there to be read, either as the prefix "Incantation" followed
by the name "Enlil", or as the two divine names "Anu (and) Enlil". Now
the signs which follow the traces of Enlil's name are quite certain;
they represent "Ziusudu", which, as we shall see in the Third Column,
is the name of the Deluge hero in our Sumerian Version. He is thus
mentioned in the opening words of the text, in some relation to one or
both of the two chief gods of the subsequent narrative. But the natural
place for his first introduction into the story is in the Third Column,
where it is related that "at that time Ziusudu, the king" did so-and-so.
The prominence given him at the beginning of the text, at nearly a
column's interval before the lines which record the creation of man, is
sufficient proof that the Deluge story is the writer's main interest,
and that preceding episodes are merely introductory to it.
What subject then may we conjecture was treated in the missing lines of
this column, which precede the account of Creation and close with the
speech of the chief creating deity? Now the Deluge narrative practically
ends with the last lines of the tablet that are preserved, and the lower
half of the Sixth Column is entirely wanting. We shall see reason
to believe that the missing end of the tablet was not left blank and
uninscribed, but contained an incantation, the magical efficacy of which
was ensured by the preceding recitation of the Deluge myth. If that were
so, it would be natural enough that the text should open with its main
subject. The cause of the catastrophe and the reason for man's rescue
from it might well be referred to by one of the creating deities in
virtue of the analogy these aspects of the myth would present to the
circumstances for which the incantation was designed. A brief account
of the Creation and of Antediluvian history would then form a natural
transition to the narrative of the Deluge itself. And even if the text
contained no incantation, the narrative may well have been introduced
in the manner suggested, since this explanation in any case fits in with
what is still preserved of the First Column. For after his reference to
the destruction of mankind, the deity proceeds to fix the chief duty
of man, either as a preliminary to his creation, or as a reassertion
of that duty after his rescue from destruction by the Flood. It is
noteworthy that this duty consists in the building of temples to the
gods "in a clean spot", that is to say "in hallowed places". The passage
may be given in full, including the two opening lines already discussed:
cause it to be (. . .), For Nintu my creatures (. . .) will
I (. . .).
The people will I cause to . . . in their settlements,
Cities . . . shall (man) build, in there protection will I
cause him to rest,
That he may lay the brick of our houses in a clean spot,
That in a clean spot he may establish our . . . !"
In the reason here given for man's creation, or for his rescue from
the Flood, we have an interesting parallel to the Sixth Tablet of
the Semitic-Babylonian Creation Series. At the opening of that tablet
Marduk, in response to "the word of the gods", is urged by his heart to
devise a cunning plan which he imparts to Ea, namely the creation of man
from his own divine blood and from bone which he will fashion. And the
reason he gives for his proposal is precisely that which, as we have
seen, prompted the Sumerian deity to create or preserve the human race.
For Marduk continues:
"I will create man who shall inhabit (. . .),
That the service of the gods may be established and that
their shrines may be built."(1)
(1) See _The Seven Tablets of Creation_, Vol. I, pp. 86 ff.
We shall see later, from the remainder of Marduk's speech, that the
Semitic Version has been elaborated at this point in order to reconcile
it with other ingredients in its narrative, which were entirely absent
from the simpler Sumerian tradition. It will suffice here to note that,
in both, the reason given for man's existence is the same, namely, that
the gods themselves may have worshippers.(1) The conception is in full
agreement with early Sumerian thought, and reflects the theocratic
constitution of the earliest Sumerian communities. The idea was
naturally not repugnant to the Semites, and it need not surprise us to
find the very words of the principal Sumerian Creator put into the mouth
of Marduk, the city-god of Babylon.
(1) It may be added that this is also the reason given for
man's creation in the introduction to a text which
celebrates the founding or rebuilding of a temple.
The deity's speech perhaps comes to an end with the declaration of his
purpose in creating mankind or in sanctioning their survival of the
Deluge; and the following three lines appear to relate his establishment
of the divine laws in accordance with which his intention was carried
out. The passage includes a refrain, which is repeated in the Second
The sublime decrees he made perfect for it.
It may probably be assumed that the refrain is employed in relation to
the same deity in both passages. In the Second Column it precedes
the foundation of the Babylonian kingdom and the building of the
Antediluvian cities. In that passage there can be little doubt that the
subject of the verb is the chief Sumerian deity, and we are therefore
the more inclined to assign to him also the opening speech of the First
Column, rather than to regard it as spoken by the Sumerian goddess whose
share in the creation would justify her in claiming mankind as her
own. In the last four lines of the column we have a brief record of the
Creation itself. It was carried out by the three greatest gods of the
Sumerian pantheon, Anu, Enlil and Enki, with the help of the goddess
Ninkharsagga; the passage reads:
When Anu, Enlil, Enki and Ninkharsagga
Created the blackheaded (i.e. mankind),
The _niggil(ma)_ of the earth they caused the earth to
produce(?),
The animals, the four-legged creatures of the field, they
artfully called into existence.
The interpretation of the third line is obscure, but there is no doubt
that it records the creation of something which is represented as having
taken place between the creation of mankind and that of animals. This
object, which is written as _nig-gil_ or _nig-gil-ma_, is referred to
again in the Sixth Column, where the Sumerian hero of the Deluge assigns
to it the honorific title, "Preserver of the Seed of Mankind". It must
therefore have played an important part in man's preservation from the
Flood; and the subsequent bestowal of the title may be paralleled in
the early Semitic Deluge fragment from Nippur, where the boat in which
Ut-napishtim escapes is assigned the very similar title "Preserver of
Life".(1) But _niggilma_ is not the word used in the Sumerian Version
of Ziusudu's boat, and I am inclined to suggest a meaning for it in
connexion with the magical element in the text, of the existence of
which there is other evidence. On that assumption, the prominence given
to its creation may be paralleled in the introduction to a later magical
text, which described, probably in connexion with an incantation,
the creation of two small creatures, one white and one black, by
Nin-igi-azag, "The Lord of Clear Vision", one of the titles borne by
Enki or Ea. The time of their creation is indicated as after that
of "cattle, beasts of the field and creatures of the city", and the
composition opens in a way which is very like the opening of the present
passage in our text.(2) In neither text is there any idea of giving
a complete account of the creation of the world, only so much of the
original myth being included in each case as suffices for the writer's
purpose. Here we may assume that the creation of mankind and of animals
is recorded because they were to be saved from the Flood, and that of
the _niggilma_ because of the part it played in ensuring their survival.
(1) See Hilprecht, _Babylonian Expedition_, Series D, Vol.
V, Fasc. 1, plate, Rev., l. 8; the photographic reproduction
clearly shows, as Dr. Poebel suggests (_Hist. Texts_, p. 61
n 3), that the line should read: _((isu)elippu) i-i lu
(isu)ma-gur-gur-ma um-a lu na-si-rat na-pi-tim_, "That
ship shall be a _magurgurru_ (giant boat), and its name
shall be 'Preserver of Life' (lit. 'She that preserves
life')."
(2) See _Seven Tablets of Creation_, Vol. I, pp. 122 ff. The
text opens with the words "When the gods in their assembly
had made (the world), and had created the heavens, and had
formed the earth, and had brought living creatures into
being . . .", the lines forming an introduction to the
special act of creation with which the composition was
concerned.
The discussion of the meaning of _niggilma_ may best be postponed till
the Sixth Column, where we find other references to the word. Meanwhile
it may be noted that in the present passage the creation of man precedes
that of animals, as it did in the earlier Hebrew Version of Creation,
and probably also in the Babylonian version, though not in the later
Hebrew Version. It may be added that in another Sumerian account of the
Creation(1) the same order, of man before animals, is followed.
(1) Cf. _Sev. Tabl._, Vol. I, p. 134 f.; but the text has
been subjected to editing, and some of its episodes are
obviously displaced.
II. THE ANTEDILUVIAN CITIES
As we saw was the case with the First Column of the text, the earliest
part preserved of the Second Column contains the close of a speech by a
deity, in which he proclaims an act he is about to perform. Here we may
assume with some confidence that the speaker is Anu or Enlil, preferably
the latter, since it would be natural to ascribe the political
constitution of Babylonia, the foundation of which is foreshadowed, to
the head of the Sumerian pantheon. It would appear that a beginning had
already been made in the establishment of "the kingdom", and, before
proceeding to his further work of founding the Antediluvian cities, he
follows the example of the speaker in the First Column of the text and
lays down the divine enactments by which his purpose was accomplished.
The same refrain is repeated:
The sub(lime decrees) he made perfect for it.
The text then relates the founding by the god of five cities, probably
"in clean places", that is to say on hallowed ground. He calls each by
its name and assigns it to its own divine patron or city-god:
(In clean place)s he founded (five) cit(ies).
And after he had called their names and they had been
allotted to divine rulers(?),--
The . . . of these cities, Eridu, he gave to the leader, Nu-
dimmud,
Secondly, to Nugira(?) he gave Bad-. . .,(1)
Thirdly, Larak he gave to Pabilkharsag,
Fourthly, Sippar he gave to the hero, the Sun-god,
Fifthly, Shuruppak he gave to "the God of Shuruppak",--
After he had called the names of these cities, and they had
been allotted to divine rulers(?),
(1) In Semitic-Babylonian the first component of this city-
name would read "Dûr".
The completion of the sentence, in the last two lines of the column,
cannot be rendered with any certainty, but the passage appears to have
related the creation of small rivers and pools. It will be noted that
the lines which contain the names of the five cities and their patron
gods(1) form a long explanatory parenthesis, the preceding line being
repeated after their enumeration.
(1) The precise meaning of the sign-group here provisionally
rendered "divine ruler" is not yet ascertained.
As the first of the series of five cities of Eridu, the seat of Nudimmud
or Enki, who was the third of the creating deities, it has been urged
that the upper part of the Second Column must have included an account
of the founding of Erech, the city of Anu, and of Nippur, Enlil's
city.(1) But the numbered sequence of the cities would be difficult to
reconcile with the earlier creation of other cities in the text, and
the mention of Eridu as the first city to be created would be quite
in accord with its great age and peculiarly sacred character as a
cult-centre. Moreover the evidence of the Sumerian Dynastic List is
definitely against any claim of Erech to Antediluvian existence. For
when the hegemony passed from the first Post-diluvian "kingdom" to the
second, it went not to Erech but to the shrine Eanna, which gave its
name to the second "kingdom"; and the city itself was apparently not
founded before the reign of Enmerkar, the second occupant of the throne,
who is the first to be given the title "King of Erech". This conclusion
with regard to Erech incidentally disposes of the arguments for Nippur's
Antediluvian rank in primitive Sumerian tradition, which have been
founded on the order of the cities mentioned at the beginning of the
later Sumerian myth of Creation.(2) The evidence we thus obtain that the
early Sumerians themselves regarded Eridu as the first city in the world
to be created, increases the hope that future excavation at Abu Shahrain
may reveal Sumerian remains of periods which, from an archaeological
standpoint, must still be regarded as prehistoric.
(1) Cf. Poebel, op. cit., p. 41.
(2) The city of Nippur does not occur among the first four
"kingdoms" of the Sumerian Dynastic List; but we may
probably assume that it was the seat of at least one early
"kingdom", in consequence of which Enlil, its city-god,
attained his later pre-eminent rank in the Sumerian
pantheon.
It is noteworthy that no human rulers are mentioned in connexion with
Eridu and the other four Antediluvian cities; and Ziusudu, the hero
of the story, is apparently the only mortal whose name occurred in
our text. But its author's principal subject is the Deluge, and the
preceding history of the world is clearly not given in detail, but is
merely summarized. In view of the obviously abbreviated form of the
narrative, of which we have already noted striking evidence in its
account of the Creation, we may conclude that in the fuller form of
the tradition the cities were also assigned human rulers, each one
the representative of his city-god. These would correspond to the
Antediluvian dynasty of Berossus, the last member of which was
Xisuthros, the later counterpart of Ziusudu.
In support of the exclusion of Nippur and Erech from the myth, it will
be noted that the second city in the list is not Adab,(1) which was
probably the principal seat of the goddess Ninkharsagga, the fourth of
the creating deities. The names of both deity and city in that line
are strange to us. Larak, the third city in the series, is of greater
interest, for it is clearly Larankha, which according to Berossus
was the seat of the eighth and ninth of his Antediluvian kings. In
commercial documents of the Persian period, which have been found during
the excavations at Nippur, Larak is described as lying "on the bank of
the old Tigris", a phrase which must be taken as referring to the Shatt
el-Hai, in view of the situation of Lagash and other early cities
upon it or in its immediate neighbourhood. The site of the city should
perhaps be sought on the upper course of the stream, where it tends
to approach Nippur. It would thus have lain in the neighbourhood of
Bismâya, the site of Adab. Like Adab, Lagash, Shuruppak, and other early
Sumerian cities, it was probably destroyed and deserted at a very early
period, though it was reoccupied under its old name in Neo-Babylonian or
Persian times. Its early disappearance from Babylonian history perhaps
in part accounts for our own unfamiliarity with Pabilkharsag, its
city-god, unless we may regard the name as a variant from of Pabilsag;
but it is hardly likely that the two should be identified.
(1) The site of Adab, now marked by the mounds of Bismâya,
was partially excavated by an expedition sent out in 1903 by
the University of Chicago, and has provided valuable
material for the study of the earliest Sumerian period; see
_Reports of the Expedition of the Oriental Exploration Fund_
(Babylonian Section of the University of Chicago), and
Banks, _Bismya_ (1912). On grounds of antiquity alone we
might perhaps have expected its inclusion in the myth.
In Sibbar, the fourth of the Antediluvian cities in our series, we
again have a parallel to Berossus. It has long been recognized that
Pantibiblon, or Pantibiblia, from which the third, fourth, fifth, sixth,
and seventh of his Antediluvian kings all came, was the city of Sippar
in Northern Babylonia. For the seventh of these rulers, {Euedorakhos},
is clearly Enmeduranki, the mythical king of Sippar, who in Babylonian
tradition was regarded as the founder of divination. In a fragmentary
composition that has come down to us he is described, not only as king
of Sippar, but as "beloved of Anu, Enlil, and Enki", the three creating
gods of our text; and it is there recounted how the patron deities of
divination, Shamash and Adad, themselves taught him to practise their
art.(1) Moreover, Berossus directly implies the existence of Sippar
before the Deluge, for in the summary of his version that has been
preserved Xisuthros, under divine instruction, buries the sacred
writings concerning the origin of the world in "Sispara", the city
of the Sun-god, so that after the Deluge they might be dug up and
transmitted to mankind. Ebabbar, the great Sun-temple, was at Sippar,
and it is to the Sun-god that the city is naturally allotted in the new
Sumerian Version.
(1) Cf. Zimmern, _Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Bab. Relig._,
pp. 116 ff.
The last of the five Antediluvian cities in our list is Shuruppak, in
which dwelt Ut-napishtim, the hero of the Babylonian version of the
Deluge. Its site has been identified with the mounds of Fâra, in the
neighbourhood of the Shatt el-Kâr, the former bed of the Euphrates;
and the excavations that were conducted there in 1902 have been most
productive of remains dating from the prehistoric period of Sumerian
culture.(1) Since our text is concerned mainly with the Deluge, it
is natural to assume that the foundation of the city from which the
Deluge-hero came would be recorded last, in order to lead up to the
central episode of the text. The city of Ziusudu, the hero of the
Sumerian story, is unfortunately not given in the Third Column, but, in
view of Shuruppak's place in the list of Antediluvian cities, it is
not improbable that on this point the Sumerian and Babylonian Versions
agreed. In the Gilgamesh Epic Shuruppak is the only Antediluvian city
referred to, while in the Hebrew accounts no city at all is mentioned in
connexion with Noah. The city of Xisuthros, too, is not recorded, but as
his father came from Larankha or Larak, we may regard that city as his
in the Greek Version. Besides Larankha, the only Antediluvian cities
according to Berossus were Babylon and Sippar, and the influence of
Babylonian theology, of which we here have evidence, would be sufficient
to account for a disturbance of the original traditions. At the same
time it is not excluded that Larak was also the scene of the Deluge in
our text, though, as we have noted, the position of Shuruppak at the
close of the Sumerian list points to it as the more probable of the two.
It may be added that we cannot yet read the name of the deity to whom
Shuruppak was allotted, but as it is expressed by the city's name
preceded by the divine determinative, the rendering "the God of
Shuruppak" will meanwhile serve.
(1) See _Hist. of Sum. and Akk._, pp. 24 ff.
The creation of small rivers and pools, which seems to have followed
the foundation of the five sacred cities, is best explained on the
assumption that they were intended for the supply of water to the
cities and to the temples of their five patron gods. The creation of
the Euphrates and the Tigris, if recorded in our text at all, or in its
logical order, must have occurred in the upper portion of the column.
The fact that in the later Sumerian account their creation is related
between that of mankind and the building of Nippur and Erech cannot be
cited in support of this suggestion, in view of the absence of those
cities from our text and of the process of editing to which the later
version has been subjected, with a consequent disarrangement of its
episodes.
III. THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS, AND ZIUSUDU'S PIETY
From the lower part of the Third Column, where its text is first
preserved, it is clear that the gods had already decided to send a
Deluge, for the goddess Nintu or Ninkharsagga, here referred to also
as "the holy Innanna", wails aloud for the intended destruction of "her
people". That this decision has been decreed by the gods in council is
clear from a passage in the Fourth Column, where it is stated that the
sending of a flood to destroy mankind was "the word of the assembly (of
the gods)". The first lines preserved in the present column describe the
effect of the decision on the various gods concerned and their action at
the close of the council.
In the lines which described the Council of the Gods, broken references
to "the people" and "a flood" are preserved, after which the text
At that time Nintu (. . .) like a (. . .),
The holy Innanna lament(ed) on account of her people.
Enki in his own heart (held) counsel;
Anu, Enlil, Enki and Ninkharsagga (. . .).
The gods of heaven and earth in(voked) the name of Anu and Enlil.
It is unfortunate that the ends of all the lines in this column are
wanting, but enough remains to show a close correspondence of the first
two lines quoted with a passage in the Gilgamesh Epic where Ishtar is
described as lamenting the destruction of mankind.(1) This will be seen
more clearly by printing the two couplets in parallel columns:
SUMERIAN VERSION SEMITIC VERSION
At that time Nintu (. . .) Ishtar cried aloud like a woman
like a (. . .), in travail,
The holy Innanna lament(ed) Bêlit-ili lamented with a loud
on account of her people. voice.
(1) Gilg. Epic, XI, l. 117 f.
The expression Bêlit-ili, "the Lady of the Gods", is attested as a title
borne both by the Semitic goddess Ishtar and by the Sumerian goddess
Nintu or Ninkharsagga. In the passage in the Babylonian Version, "the
Lady of the Gods" has always been treated as a synonym of Ishtar, the
second half of the couplet being regarded as a restatement of the first,
according to a recognized law of Babylonian poetry. We may probably
assume that this interpretation is correct, and we may conclude by
analogy that "the holy Innanna" in the second half of the Sumerian
couplet is there merely employed as a synonym of Nintu.(1) When the
Sumerian myth was recast in accordance with Semitic ideas, the _rôle_ of
creatress of mankind, which had been played by the old Sumerian goddess
Ninkharsagga or Nintu, was naturally transferred to the Semitic Ishtar.
And as Innanna was one of Ishtar's designations, it was possible to make
the change by a simple transcription of the lines, the name Nintu being
replaced by the synonymous title Bêlit-ili, which was also shared by
Ishtar. Difficulties are at once introduced if we assume with Dr.
Poebel that in each version two separate goddesses are represented as
lamenting, Nintu or Bêlit-ili and Innanna or Ishtar. For Innanna as
a separate goddess had no share in the Sumerian Creation, and the
reference to "her people" is there only applicable to Nintu. Dr. Poebel
has to assume that the Sumerian names should be reversed in order to
restore them to their original order, which he suggests the Babylonian
Version has preserved. But no such textual emendation is necessary. In
the Semitic Version Ishtar definitely displaces Nintu as the mother of
men, as is proved by a later passage in her speech where she refers to
her own bearing of mankind.(2) The necessity for the substitution of her
name in the later version is thus obvious, and we have already noted how
simply this was effected.
(1) Cf. also Jastrow, _Hebr. and Bab. Trad._, p. 336.
(2) Gilg. Epic, XI, l. 123.
Another feature in which the two versions differ is that in the Sumerian
text the lamentation of the goddess precedes the sending of the Deluge,
while in the Gilgamesh Epic it is occasioned by the actual advent of the
storm. Since our text is not completely preserved, it is just possible
that the couplet was repeated at the end of the Fourth Column after
mankind's destruction had taken place. But a further apparent difference
has been noted. While in the Sumerian Version the goddess at once
deplores the divine decision, it is clear from Ishtar's words in the
Gilgamesh Epic that in the assembly of the gods she had at any rate
concurred in it.(1) On the other hand, in Bêlit-ili's later speech in
the Epic, after Ut-napishtim's sacrifice upon the mountain, she appears
to subscribe the decision to Enlil alone.(2) The passages in the
Gilgamesh Epic are not really contradictory, for they can be interpreted
as implying that, while Enlil forced his will upon the other gods
against Bêlit-ili's protest, the goddess at first reproached herself
with her concurrence, and later stigmatized Enlil as the real author of
the catastrophe. The Semitic narrative thus does not appear, as has been
suggested, to betray traces of two variant traditions which have been
skilfully combined, though it may perhaps exhibit an expansion of the
Sumerian story. On the other hand, most of the apparent discrepancies
between the Sumerian and Babylonian Versions disappear, on the
recognition that our text gives in many passages only an epitome of the
original Sumerian Version.
(1) Cf. l. 121 f., "Since I commanded evil in the assembly
of the gods, (and) commanded battle for the destruction of
my people".
(2) Cf. ll. 165 ff., "Ye gods that are here! So long as I
forget not the (jewels of) lapis lazuli upon my neck, I will
keep these days in my memory, never will I forget them! Let
the gods come to the offering, but let not Enlil come to the
offering, since he took not counsel but sent the deluge and
surrendered my people to destruction."
The lament of the goddess is followed by a brief account of the action
taken by the other chief figures in the drama. Enki holds counsel with
his own heart, evidently devising the project, which he afterwards
carried into effect, of preserving the seed of mankind from destruction.
Since the verb in the following line is wanting, we do not know what
action is there recorded of the four creating deities; but the fact that
the gods of heaven and earth invoked the name of Anu and Enlil suggests
that it was their will which had been forced upon the other gods. We
shall see that throughout the text Anu and Enlil are the ultimate rulers
of both gods and men.
The narrative then introduces the human hero of the Deluge story:
At that time Ziusudu, the king, . . . priest of the god (. . .),
Made a very great . . ., (. . .).
In humility he prostrates himself, in reverence (. . .),
Daily he stands in attendance (. . .).
A dream,(1) such as had not been before, comes forth(2) . . .
(. . .),
By the Name of Heaven and Earth he conjures (. . .).
(1) The word may also be rendered "dreams".
(2) For this rendering of the verb _e-de_, for which Dr.
Poebel does not hazard a translation, see Rawlinson,
_W.A.I._, IV, pl. 26, l. 24 f.(a), _nu-e-de_ = Sem. _la us-
su-u_ (Pres.); and cf. Brünnow, _Classified List_, p. 327.
An alternative rendering "is created" is also possible, and
would give equally good sense; cf. _nu-e-de_ = Sem. _la u-
pu-u_, _W.A.I._, IV, pl. 2, l. 5 (a), and Brünnow, op. cit.,
The name of the hero, Ziusudu, is the fuller Sumerian equivalent of
Ut-napishtim (or Uta-napishtim), the abbreviated Semitic form which we
find in the Gilgamesh Epic. For not only are the first two elements of
the Sumerian name identical with those of the Semitic Ut-napishtim,
but the names themselves are equated in a later Babylonian syllabary or
explanatory list of words.(1) We there find "Ut-napishte" given as the
equivalent of the Sumerian "Zisuda", evidently an abbreviated form of
the name Ziusudu;(2) and it is significant that the names occur in
the syllabary between those of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, evidently in
consequence of the association of the Deluge story by the Babylonians
with their national epic of Gilgamesh. The name Ziusudu may be rendered
"He who lengthened the day of life" or "He who made life long of
days",(3) which in the Semitic form is abbreviated by the omission of
the verb. The reference is probably to the immortality bestowed upon
Ziusudu at the close of the story, and not to the prolongation of
mankind's existence in which he was instrumental. It is scarcely
necessary to add that the name has no linguistic connexion with the
Hebrew name Noah, to which it also presents no parallel in meaning.
(1) Cf. _Cun. Texts in the Brit. Mus._, Pt. XVIII, pl. 30,
l. 9 (a).
(2) The name in the Sumerian Version is read by Dr. Poebel
as Ziugiddu, but there is much in favour of Prof. Zimmern's
suggestion, based on the form Zisuda, that the third
syllable of the name should be read as _su_. On a fragment
of another Nippur text, No. 4611, Dr. Langdon reads the name
as _Zi-u-sud-du_ (cf. Univ. of Penns. Mus. Publ., Bab. Sec.,
Vol. X, No. 1, p. 90, pl. iv a); the presence of the
phonetic complement _du_ may be cited in favour of this
reading, but it does not appear to be supported by the
photographic reproductions of the name in the Sumerian
Deluge Version given by Dr. Poebel (_Hist. and Gramm.
Texts_, pl. lxxxviii f.). It may be added that, on either
alternative, the meaning of the name is the same.
(3) The meaning of the Sumerian element _u_ in the name,
rendered as _utu_ in the Semitic form, is rather obscure,
and Dr. Poebel left it unexplained. It is very probable, as
suggested by Dr. Langdon (cf. _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._,
XXXVI, 1914, p. 190), that we should connect it with the
Semitic _uddu_; in that case, in place of "breath", the
rending he suggests, I should be inclined to render it here
as "day", for _uddu_ as the meaning "dawn" and the sign UD
is employed both for _urru_, "day-light", and _ûmu_, "day".
It is an interesting fact that Ziusudu should be described simply as
"the king", without any indication of the city or area he ruled; and
in three of the five other passages in the text in which his name is
mentioned it is followed by the same title without qualification. In
most cases Berossus tells us the cities from which his Antediluvian
rulers came; and if the end of the line had been preserved it might have
been possible to determine definitely Ziusudu's city, and incidentally
the scene of the Deluge in the Sumerian Version, by the name of the
deity in whose service he acted as priest. We have already noted some
grounds for believing that his city may have been Shuruppak, as in the
Babylonian Version; and if that were so, the divine name reads as "the
God of Shurrupak" should probably be restored at the end of the line.(1)
(1) The remains that are preserved of the determinative,
which is not combined with the sign EN, proves that Enki's
name is not to be restored. Hence Ziusudu was not priest of
Enki, and his city was probably not Eridu, the seat of his
divine friend and counsellor, and the first of the
Antediluvian cities. Sufficient reason for Enki's
intervention on Ziusudu's behalf is furnished by the fact
that, as God of the Deep, he was concerned in the proposed
method of man's destruction. His rivalry of Enlil, the God
of the Earth, is implied in the Babylonian Version (cf.
Gilg. Epic. XI, ll. 39-42), and in the Sumerian Version this
would naturally extend to Anu, the God of Heaven.
The employment of the royal title by itself accords with the tradition
from Berossus that before the Deluge, as in later periods, the land was
governed by a succession of supreme rulers, and that the hero of the
Deluge was the last of them. In the Gilgamesh Epic, on the other
hand, Ut-napishtim is given no royal nor any other title. He is merely
referred to as a "man of Shuruppak, son of Ubar-Tutu", and he appears in
the guise of an ancient hero or patriarch not invested with royal
power. On this point Berossus evidently preserves the original Sumerian
traditions, while the Hebrew Versions resemble the Semitic-Babylonian
narrative. The Sumerian conception of a series of supreme Antediluvian
rulers is of course merely a reflection from the historical period,
when the hegemony in Babylonia was contested among the city-states. The
growth of the tradition may have been encouraged by the early use of
_lugal_, "king", which, though always a term of secular character, was
not very sharply distinguished from that of _patesi_ and other religious
titles, until, in accordance with political development, it was required
to connote a wider dominion. In Sumer, at the time of the composition
of our text, Ziusudu was still only one in a long line of Babylonian
rulers, mainly historical but gradually receding into the realms of
legend and myth. At the time of the later Semites there had been more
than one complete break in the tradition and the historical setting
of the old story had become dim. The fact that Hebrew tradition should
range itself in this matter with Babylon rather than with Sumer is
important as a clue in tracing the literary history of our texts.
The rest of the column may be taken as descriptive of Ziusudu's
activities. One line records his making of some very great object or
the erection of a huge building;(1) and since the following lines are
concerned solely with religious activities, the reference is possibly to
a temple or some other structure of a sacred character. Its foundation
may have been recorded as striking evidence of his devotion to his god;
or, since the verb in this sentence depends on the words "at that time"
in the preceding line, we may perhaps regard his action as directly
connected with the revelation to be made to him. His personal piety
is then described: daily he occupied himself in his god's service,
prostrating himself in humility and constant in his attendance at the
shrine. A dream (or possibly dreams), "such as had not been before",
appears to him and he seems to be further described as conjuring "by
the Name of Heaven and Earth"; but as the ends of all these lines are
broken, the exact connexion of the phrases is not quite certain.
(1) The element _gur-gur_, "very large" or "huge", which occurs in the
name of this great object or building, _an- sag-gur-gur_, is employed
later in the term for the "huge boat", _(gish)ma-gur-gur_, in which
Ziusudu rode out the storm. There was, of course, even at this early
period a natural tendency to picture on a superhuman scale the lives and
deeds of remote predecessors, a tendency which increased in later times
and led, as we shall see, to the elaboration of extravagant detail.
It is difficult not to associate the reference to a dream, or possibly
to dream-divination, with the warning in which Enki reveals the purpose
of the gods. For the later versions prepare us for a reference to
a dream. If we take the line as describing Ziusudu's practice of
dream-divination in general, "such as had not been before", he may have
been represented as the first diviner of dreams, as Enmeduranki was held
to be the first practitioner of divination in general. But it seems to
me more probable that the reference is to a particular dream, by means
of which he obtained knowledge of the gods' intentions. On the rendering
of this passage depends our interpretation of the whole of the Fourth
Column, where the point will be further discussed. Meanwhile it may be
noted that the conjuring "by the Name of Heaven and Earth", which we may
assume is ascribed to Ziusudu, gains in significance if we may regard
the setting of the myth as a magical incantation, an inference in
support of which we shall note further evidence. For we are furnished
at once with the grounds for its magical employment. If Ziusudu, through
conjuring by the Name of Heaven and earth, could profit by the warning
sent him and so escape the impending fate of mankind, the application of
such a myth to the special needs of a Sumerian in peril or distress will
be obvious. For should he, too, conjure by the Name of Heaven and Earth,
he might look for a similar deliverance; and his recital of the myth
itself would tend to clinch the magical effect of his own incantation.
The description of Ziusudu has also great interest in furnishing us with
a close parallel to the piety of Noah in the Hebrew Versions. For in the
Gilgamesh Epic and in Berossus this feature of the story is completely
absent. We are there given no reason why Ut-napishtim was selected by
Ea, nor Xisuthros by Kronos. For all that those versions tell us, the
favour of each deity might have been conferred arbitrarily, and not in
recognition of, or in response to, any particular quality or action
on the part of its recipient. The Sumerian Version now restores the
original setting of the story and incidentally proves that, in this
particular, the Hebrew Versions have not embroidered a simpler narrative
for the purpose of edification, but have faithfully reproduced an
original strand of the tradition.
IV. THE DREAM-WARNING
The top of the Fourth Column of the text follows immediately on the
close of the Third Column, so that at this one point we have no great
gap between the columns. But unfortunately the ends of all the lines
in both columns are wanting, and the exact content of some phrases
preserved and their relation to each other are consequently doubtful.
This materially affects the interpretation of the passage as a whole,
but the main thread of the narrative may be readily followed. Ziusudu is
here warned that a flood is to be sent "to destroy the seed of mankind";
the doubt that exists concerns the manner in which the warning is
conveyed. In the first line of the column, after a reference to "the
gods", a building seems to be mentioned, and Ziusudu, standing beside
it, apparently hears a voice, which bids him take his stand beside
a wall and then conveys to him the warning of the coming flood. The
destruction of mankind had been decreed in "the assembly (of the gods)"
and would be carried out by the commands of Anu and Enlil. Before the
text breaks off we again have a reference to the "kingdom" and "its
rule", a further trace of the close association of the Deluge with the
dynastic succession in the early traditions of Sumer.
In the opening words of the warning to Ziusudu, with its prominent
repetition of the word "wall", we must evidently trace some connexion
with the puzzling words of Ea in the Gilgamesh Epic, when he begins his
warning to Ut-napishtim. The warnings, as given in the two versions, are
printed below in parallel columns for comparison.(1) The Gilgamesh Epic,
after relating how the great gods in Shuruppak had decided to send a
deluge, continues as follows in the right-hand column:
SUMERIAN VERSION SEMITIC VERSION
For (. . .) . . . the gods a Nin-igi-azag,(2) the god Ea,
. . . (. . .); sat with them,
Ziusudu standing at its side And he repeated their word to
heard (. . .): the house of reeds:
"At the wall on my left side take "Reed-hut, reed-hut! Wall,
thy stand and (. . .), wall!
At the wall I will speak a word O reed-hut, hear! O wall,
to thee (. . .). understand!
O my devout one . . . (. . .), Thou man of Shuruppak, son of
Ubar-Tutu,
By our hand(?) a flood(3) . . . Pull down thy house, build a
(. . .) will be (sent). ship,
To destroy the seed of mankind Leave thy possessions, take
(. . .) heed for thy life,
Is the decision, the word of the Abandon thy property, and save
assembly(4) (of the gods) thy life.
The commands of Anu (and) And bring living seed of every
En(lil . . .) kind into the ship.
Its kingdom, its rule (. . .) As for the ship, which thou
shalt build,
To his (. . .)" Of which the measurements
shall be carefully measured,
(. . .) Its breadth and length shall
correspond.
(. . .) In the deep shalt thou immerse
it."
(1) Col. IV, ll. 1 ff. are there compared with Gilg. Epic,
XI, ll. 19-31.
(2) Nin-igi-azag, "The Lord of Clear Vision", a title borne
by Enki, or Ea, as God of Wisdom.
(3) The Sumerian term _amaru_, here used for the flood and
rendered as "rain-storm" by Dr. Poebel, is explained in a
later syllabary as the equivalent of the Semitic-Babylonian
word _abûbu_ (cf. Meissner, _S.A.I._, No. 8909), the term
employed for the flood both in the early Semitic version of
the Atrakhasis story dated in Ammizaduga's reign and in the
Gilgamesh Epic. The word _abûbu_ is often conventionally
rendered "deluge", but should be more accurately translated
"flood". It is true that the tempests of the Sumerian
Version probably imply rain; and in the Gilgamesh Epic heavy
rain in the evening begins the flood and is followed at dawn
by a thunderstorm and hurricane. But in itself the term
_abûbu_ implies flood, which could take place through a rise
of the rivers unaccompanied by heavy local rain. The annual
rainfall in Babylonia to-day is on an average only about 8
in., and there have been years in succession when the total
rainfall has not exceeded 4 in.; and yet the _abûbu_ is not
a thing of the past.
(4) The word here rendered "assembly" is the Semitic loan-
word _buhrum_, in Babylonian _puhrum_, the term employed for
the "assembly" of the gods both in the Babylonian Creation
Series and in the Gilgamesh Epic. Its employment in the
Sumerian Version, in place of its Sumerian equivalent
_ukkin_, is an interesting example of Semitic influence. Its
occurrence does not necessarily imply the existence of a
recognized Semitic Version at the period our text was
inscribed. The substitution of _buhrum_ for _ukkin_ in the
text may well date from the period of Hammurabi, when we may
assume that the increased importance of the city-council was
reflected in the general adoption of the Semitic term (cf.
Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p. 53).
In the Semitic Version Ut-napishtim, who tells the story in the first
person, then says that he "understood", and that, after assuring Ea
that he would carry out his commands, he asked how he was to explain his
action to "the city, the people, and the elders"; and the god told
him what to say. Then follows an account of the building of the ship,
introduced by the words "As soon as the dawn began to break". In
the Sumerian Version the close of the warning, in which the ship was
probably referred to, and the lines prescribing how Ziusudu carried out
the divine instructions are not preserved.
It will be seen that in the passage quoted from the Semitic Version
there is no direct mention of a dream; the god is represented at first
as addressing his words to a "house of reeds" and a "wall", and then as
speaking to Ut-napishtim himself. But in a later passage in the Epic,
when Ea seeks to excuse his action to Enlil, he says that the gods'
decision was revealed to Atrakhasis through a dream.(1) Dr. Poebel
rightly compares the direct warning of Ut-napishtim by Ea in the passage
quoted above with the equally direct warning Ziusudu receives in the
Sumerian Version. But he would have us divorce the direct warning from
the dream-warning, and he concludes that no less than three different
versions of the story have been worked together in the Gilgamesh Epic.
In the first, corresponding to that in our text, Ea communicates the
gods' decision directly to Ut-napishtim; in the second he sends a dream
from which Atrakhasis, "the Very Wise one", guesses the impending peril;
while in the third he relates the plan to a wall, taking care that
Ut-napishtim overhears him.(2) The version of Berossus, that Kronos
himself appears to Xisuthros in a dream and warns him, is rejected by
Dr. Poebel, who remarks that here the "original significance of the
dream has already been obliterated". Consequently there seems to him to
be "no logical connexion" between the dreams or dream mentioned at the
close of the Third Column and the communication of the plan of the gods
at the beginning of the Fourth Column of our text.(3)
(1) Cf. l. 195 f.; "I did not divulge the decision of the
great gods. I caused Atrakhasis to behold a dream and thus
he heard the decision of the gods."
(2) Cf. Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p. 51 f. With the god's
apparent subterfuge in the third of these supposed versions
Sir James Frazer (_Ancient Stories of a Great Flood_, p. 15)
not inaptly compares the well-known story of King Midas's
servant, who, unable to keep the secret of the king's
deformity to himself, whispered it into a hole in the
ground, with the result that the reeds which grew up there
by their rustling in the wind proclaimed it to the world
(Ovid, _Metamorphoses_, xi, 174 ff.).
(3) Op. cit., p. 51; cf. also Jastrow, _Heb. and Bab.
Trad._, p. 346.
So far from Berossus having missed the original significance of the
narrative he relates, I think it can be shown that he reproduces
very accurately the sense of our Sumerian text; and that the apparent
discrepancies in the Semitic Version, and the puzzling references to
a wall in both it and the Sumerian Version, are capable of a simple
explanation. There appears to me no justification for splitting the
Semitic narrative into the several versions suggested, since the
assumption that the direct warning and the dream-warning must be
distinguished is really based on a misunderstanding of the character of
Sumerian dreams by which important decisions of the gods in council were
communicated to mankind. We fortunately possess an instructive Sumerian
parallel to our passage. In it the will of the gods is revealed in
a dream, which is not only described in full but is furnished with a
detailed interpretation; and as it seems to clear up our difficulties,
it may be well to summarize its main features.
The occasion of the dream in this case was not a coming deluge but a
great dearth of water in the rivers, in consequence of which the crops
had suffered and the country was threatened with famine. This occurred
in the reign of Gudea, patesi of Lagash, who lived some centuries before
our Sumerian document was inscribed. In his own inscription(1) he
tells us that he was at a loss to know by what means he might restore
prosperity to his country, when one night he had a dream; and it was
in consequence of the dream that he eventually erected one of the most
sumptuously appointed of Sumerian temples and thereby restored his land
to prosperity. Before recounting his dream he describes how the gods
themselves took counsel. On the day in which destinies were fixed
in heaven and earth, Enlil, the chief of the gods, and Ningirsu, the
city-god of Lagash, held converse; and Enlil, turning to Ningirsu,
described the sad condition of Southern Babylonia, and remarked that
"the decrees of the temple Eninnû should be made glorious in heaven and
upon earth", or, in other words, that Ningirsu's city-temple must be
rebuilt. Thereupon Ningirsu did not communicate his orders directly to
Gudea, but conveyed the will of the gods to him by means of a dream.
(1) See Thureau-Dangin, _Les inscriptions de Sumer et
d'Akkad_, Cyl. A, pp. 134 ff., Germ. ed., pp. 88 ff.; and
cf. King and Hall, _Eg. and West. Asia_, pp. 196 ff.
It will be noticed that we here have a very similar situation to that in
the Deluge story. A conference of the gods has been held; a decision
has been taken by the greatest god, Enlil; and, in consequence, another
deity is anxious to inform a Sumerian ruler of that decision. The only
difference is that here Enlil desires the communication to be made,
while in the Deluge story it is made without his knowledge, and
obviously against his wishes. So the fact that Ningirsu does not
communicate directly with the patesi, but conveys his message by means
of a dream, is particularly instructive. For here there can be no
question of any subterfuge in the method employed, since Enlil was a
consenting party.
The story goes on to relate that, while the patesi slept, a vision of
the night came to him, and he beheld a man whose stature was so great
that it equalled the heavens and the earth. By the diadem he wore upon
his head Gudea knew that the figure must be a god. Beside the god
was the divine eagle, the emblem of Lagash; his feet rested upon the
whirlwind, and a lion crouched upon his right hand and upon his left.
The figure spoke to the patesi, but he did not understand the meaning of
the words. Then it seemed to Gudea that the Sun rose from the earth; and
he beheld a woman holding in her hand a pure reed, and she carried also
a tablet on which was a star of the heavens, and she seemed to take
counsel with herself. While Gudea was gazing, he seemed to see a second
man, who was like a warrior; and he carried a slab of lapis lazuli, on
which he drew out the plan of a temple. Before the patesi himself it
seemed that a fair cushion was placed, and upon the cushion was set
a mould, and within the mould was a brick. And on the right hand the
patesi beheld an ass that lay upon the ground. Such was the dream of
Gudea, and he was troubled because he could not interpret it.(1)
(1) The resemblance its imagery bears to that of apocalyptic
visions of a later period is interesting, as evidence of the
latter's remote ancestry, and of the development in the use
of primitive material to suit a completely changed political
outlook. But those are points which do not concern our
To cut the long story short, Gudea decided to seek the help of Ninâ,
"the child of Eridu", who, as daughter of Enki, the God of Wisdom, could
divine all the mysteries of the gods. But first of all by sacrifices
and libations he secured the mediation of his own city-god and goddess,
Ningirsu and Gatumdug; and then, repairing to Ninâ's temple, he
recounted to her the details of his vision. When the patesi had
finished, the goddess addressed him and said she would explain to him
the meaning of his dream. Here, no doubt, we are to understand that
she spoke through the mouth of her chief priest. And this was the
interpretation of the dream. The man whose stature was so great, and
whose head was that of a god, was the god Ningirsu, and the words which
he uttered were an order to the patesi to rebuild the temple Eninnû. The
Sun which rose from the earth was the god Ningishzida, for like the
Sun he goes forth from the earth. The maiden who held the pure reed and
carried the tablet with the star was the goddess Nisaba; the star was
the pure star of the temple's construction, which she proclaimed. The
second man, who was like a warrior, was the god Nibub; and the plan of
the temple which he drew was the plan of Eninnû; and the ass that lay
upon the ground was the patesi himself.(1)
(1) The symbolism of the ass, as a beast of burden, was
applicable to the patesi in his task of carrying out the
building of the temple.
The essential feature of the vision is that the god himself appeared to
the sleeper and delivered his message in words. That is precisely the
manner in which Kronos warned Xisuthros of the coming Deluge in
the version of Berossus; while in the Gilgamesh Epic the apparent
contradiction between the direct warning and the dream-warning at once
disappears. It is true that Gudea states that he did not understand the
meaning of the god's message, and so required an interpretation; but
he was equally at a loss as to the identity of the god who gave it,
although Ningirsu was his own city-god and was accompanied by his own
familiar city-emblem. We may thus assume that the god's words, as words,
were equally intelligible to Gudea. But as they were uttered in a dream,
it was necessary that the patesi, in view of his country's peril, should
have divine assurance that they implied no other meaning. And in his
case such assurance was the more essential, in view of the symbolism
attaching to the other features of his vision. That this is sound
reasoning is proved by a second vision vouchsafed to Gudea by Ningirsu.
For the patesi, though he began to prepare for the building of the
temple, was not content even with Ninâ's assurance. He offered a prayer
to Ningirsu himself, saying that he wished to build the temple, but had
received no sign that this was the will of the god; and he prayed for a
sign. Then, as the patesi lay stretched upon the ground, the god again
appeared to him and gave him detailed instructions, adding that he would
grant the sign for which he asked. The sign was that he should feel his
side touched as by a flame,(1) and thereby he should know that he was
the man chosen by Ningirsu to carry out his commands. Here it is the
sign which confirms the apparent meaning of the god's words. And Gudea
was at last content and built the temple.(2)
(1) Cyl. A., col. xii, l. 10 f.; cf. Thureau-Dangin, op.
cit., p. 150 f., Germ. ed., p. 102 f. The word translated
"side" may also be rendered as "hand"; but "side" is the
more probable rendering of the two. The touching of Gudea's
side (or hand) presents an interesting resemblance to the
touching of Jacob's thigh by the divine wrestler at Peniel
in Gen. xxxii. 24 ff. (J or JE). Given a belief in the
constant presence of the unseen and its frequent
manifestation, such a story as that of Peniel might well
arise from an unexplained injury to the sciatic muscle,
while more than one ailment of the heart or liver might
perhaps suggest the touch of a beckoning god. There is of
course no connexion between the Sumerian and Hebrew stories
beyond their common background. It may be added that those
critics who would reverse the _rôles_ of Jacob and the
wrestler miss the point of the Hebrew story.
(2) Even so, before starting on the work, he took the
further precautions of ascertaining that the omens were
favourable and of purifying his city from all malign
influence.
We may conclude, then, that in the new Sumerian Version of the Deluge we
have traced a logical connexion between the direct warning to Ziusudu in
the Fourth Column of the text and the reference to a dream in the broken
lines at the close of the Third Column. As in the Gilgamesh Epic and
in Berossus, here too the god's warning is conveyed in a dream; and
the accompanying reference to conjuring by the Name of Heaven and Earth
probably represents the means by which Ziusudu was enabled to verify its
apparent meaning. The assurance which Gudea obtained through the priest
of Ninâ and the sign, the priest-king Ziusudu secured by his own act,
in virtue of his piety and practice of divination. And his employment of
the particular class of incantation referred to, that which conjures by
the Name of Heaven and Earth, is singularly appropriate to the context.
For by its use he was enabled to test the meaning of Enki's words, which
related to the intentions of Anu and Enlil, the gods respectively of
Heaven and of Earth. The symbolical setting of Gudea's vision also finds
a parallel in the reed-house and wall of the Deluge story, though in the
latter case we have not the benefit of interpretation by a goddess. In
the Sumerian Version the wall is merely part of the vision and does
not receive a direct address from the god. That appears as a later
development in the Semitic Version, and it may perhaps have suggested
the excuse, put in that version into the mouth of Ea, that he had not
directly revealed the decision of the gods.(1)
(1) In that case the parallel suggested by Sir James Frazer
between the reed-house and wall of the Gilgamesh Epic, now
regarded as a medium of communication, and the whispering
reeds of the Midas story would still hold good.
The omission of any reference to a dream before the warning in the
Gilgamesh Epic may be accounted for on the assumption that readers of
the poem would naturally suppose that the usual method of divine warning
was implied; and the text does indicate that the warning took place at
night, for Gilgamesh proceeds to carry out the divine instructions at
the break of day. The direct warning of the Hebrew Versions, on the
other hand, does not carry this implication, since according to Hebrew
ideas direct speech, as well as vision, was included among the methods
by which the divine will could be conveyed to man.
V. THE FLOOD, THE ESCAPE OF THE GREAT BOAT, AND THE SACRIFICE TO THE
SUN-GOD
The missing portion of the Fourth Column must have described Ziusudu's
building of his great boat in order to escape the Deluge, for at the
beginning of the Fifth Column we are in the middle of the Deluge itself.
The column begins:
All the mighty wind-storms together blew,
The flood . . . raged.
When for seven days, for seven nights,
The flood had overwhelmed the land
When the wind-storm had driven the great boat over the mighty
waters,
The Sun-god came forth, shedding light over heaven and earth.
Ziusudu opened the opening of the great boat;
The light of the hero, the Sun-god, (he) causes to enter into the
interior(?) of the great boat.
Ziusudu, the king,
Bows himself down before the Sun-god;
The king sacrifices an ox, a sheep he slaughters(?).
The connected text of the column then breaks off, only a sign or two
remaining of the following half-dozen lines. It will be seen that in the
eleven lines that are preserved we have several close parallels to
the Babylonian Version and some equally striking differences. While
attempting to define the latter, it will be well to point out how close
the resemblances are, and at the same time to draw a comparison between
the Sumerian and Babylonian Versions of this part of the story and the
corresponding Hebrew accounts.
Here, as in the Babylonian Version, the Flood is accompanied by
hurricanes of wind, though in the latter the description is worked up
in considerable detail. We there read(1) that at the appointed time the
ruler of the darkness at eventide sent a heavy rain. Ut-napishtim saw
its beginning, but fearing to watch the storm, he entered the interior
of the ship by Ea's instructions, closed the door, and handed over the
direction of the vessel to the pilot Puzur-Amurri. Later a thunder-storm
and hurricane added their terrors to the deluge. For at early dawn a
black cloud came up from the horizon, Adad the Storm-god thundering in
its midst, and his heralds, Nabû and Sharru, flying over mountain and
plain. Nergal tore away the ship's anchor, while Ninib directed the
storm; the Anunnaki carried their lightning-torches and lit up the
land with their brightness; the whirlwind of the Storm-god reached the
heavens, and all light was turned into darkness. The storm raged the
whole day, covering mountain and people with water.(2) No man beheld his
fellow; the gods themselves were afraid, so that they retreated into
the highest heaven, where they crouched down, cowering like dogs. Then
follows the lamentation of Ishtar, to which reference has already been
made, the goddess reproaching herself for the part she had taken in the
destruction of her people. This section of the Semitic narrative closes
with the picture of the gods weeping with her, sitting bowed down with
their lips pressed together.
(1) Gilg. Epic, XI, ll. 90 ff.
(2) In the Atrakhasis version, dated in the reign of
Ammizaduga, Col. I, l. 5, contains a reference to the "cry"
of men when Adad the Storm-god, slays them with his flood.
It is probable that the Sumerian Version, in the missing portion of its
Fourth Column, contained some account of Ziusudu's entry into his
boat; and this may have been preceded, as in the Gilgamesh Epic, by a
reference to "the living seed of every kind", or at any rate to "the
four-legged creatures of the field", and to his personal possessions,
with which we may assume he had previously loaded it. But in the Fifth
Column we have no mention of the pilot or of any other companions who
may have accompanied the king; and we shall see that the Sixth Column
contains no reference to Ziusudu's wife. The description of the storm
may have begun with the closing lines of the Fourth Column, though it
is also quite possible that the first line of the Fifth Column actually
begins the account. However that may be, and in spite of the poetic
imagery of the Semitic Babylonian narrative, the general character of
the catastrophe is the same in both versions.
We find an equally close parallel, between the Sumerian and Babylonian
accounts, in the duration of the storm which accompanied the Flood, as
will be seen by printing the two versions together:(3)
When for seven days, for seven For six days and nights
nights,
The flood had overwhelmed the The wind blew, the flood, the
land, tempest overwhelmed the land.
When the wind-storm had driven When the seventh day drew near,
the great boat over the the tempest, the flood, ceased
mighty waters, from the battle
In which it had fought like a
host.
The Sun-god came forth shedding Then the sea rested and was
light over heaven and earth. still, and the wind-storm, the
flood, ceased.
(3) Col. V, ll. 3-6 are here compared with Gilg. Epic, XI,
ll. 128-32.
The two narratives do not precisely agree as to the duration of the
storm, for while in the Sumerian account the storm lasts seven days and
seven nights, in the Semitic-Babylonian Version it lasts only six days
and nights, ceasing at dawn on the seventh day. The difference, however,
is immaterial when we compare these estimates with those of the Hebrew
Versions, the older of which speaks of forty days' rain, while the later
version represents the Flood as rising for no less than a hundred and
fifty days.
The close parallel between the Sumerian and Babylonian Versions is not,
however, confined to subject-matter, but here, even extends to some
of the words and phrases employed. It has already been noted that
the Sumerian term employed for "flood" or "deluge" is the attested
equivalent of the Semitic word; and it may now be added that the word
which may be rendered "great boat" or "great ship" in the Sumerian text
is the same word, though partly expressed by variant characters, which
occurs in the early Semitic fragment of the Deluge story from Nippur.(1)
In the Gilgamesh Epic, on the other hand, the ordinary ideogram for
"vessel" or "ship"(2) is employed, though the great size of the vessel
is there indicated, as in Berossus and the later Hebrew Version, by
detailed measurements. Moreover, the Sumerian and Semitic verbs,
which are employed in the parallel passages quoted above for the
"overwhelming" of the land, are given as synonyms in a late syllabary,
while in another explanatory text the Sumerian verb is explained as
applying to the destructive action of a flood.(3) Such close linguistic
parallels are instructive as furnishing additional proof, if it were
needed, of the dependence of the Semitic-Babylonian and Assyrian
Versions upon Sumerian originals.
(1) The Sumerian word is _(gish)ma-gur-gur_, corresponding
to the term written in the early Semitic fragment, l. 8, as
_(isu)ma-gur-gur_, which is probably to be read under its
Semitized form _magurgurru_. In l. 6 of that fragment the
vessel is referred to under the synonymous expression
_(isu)elippu ra-be-tu_, "a great ship".
(2) i.e. (GISH)MA, the first element in the Sumerian word,
read in Semitic Babylonian as _elippu_, "ship"; when
employed in the early Semitic fragment it is qualified by
the adj. _ra-be-tu_, "great". There is no justification for
assuming, with Prof. Hilbrecht, that a measurement of the
vessel was given in l. 7 of the early Semitic fragment.
(3) The Sumerian verb _ur_, which is employed in l. 2 of the
Fifth Column in the expression _ba-an-da-ab-ur-ur_,
translated as "raged", occurs again in l. 4 in the phrase
_kalam-ma ba-ur-ra_, "had overwhelmed the land". That we are
justified in regarding the latter phrase as the original of
the Semitic _i-sap-pan mâta_ (Gilg. Epic, XI, l. 129) is
proved by the equation Sum. _ur-ur_ = Sem. _sa-pa-nu_
(Rawlinson, _W.A.I._, Vol. V, pl. 42, l. 54 c) and by the
explanation Sum. _ur-ur_ = Sem. _a-ba-tu a a-bu-bi_, i.e.
"_ur-ur_ = to smite, of a flood" (_Cun. Texts_, Pt. XII, pl.
50, Obv., l. 23); cf. Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p. 54, n. 1.
It may be worth while to pause for a moment in our study of the text, in
order to inquire what kind of boat it was in which Ziusudu escaped the
Flood. It is only called "a great boat" or "a great ship" in the
text, and this term, as we have noted, was taken over, semitized, and
literally translated in an early Semitic-Babylonian Version. But the
Gilgamesh Epic, representing the later Semitic-Babylonian Version,
supplies fuller details, which have not, however, been satisfactorily
explained. Either the obvious meaning of the description and figures
there given has been ignored, or the measurements have been applied to
a central structure placed upon a hull, much on the lines of a
modern "house-boat" or the conventional Noah's ark.(1) For the latter
interpretation the text itself affords no justification. The statement
is definitely made that the length and breadth of the vessel itself are
to be the same;(2) and a later passage gives ten _gar_ for the height of
its sides and ten _gar_ for the breadth of its deck.(3) This description
has been taken to imply a square box-like structure, which, in order to
be seaworthy, must be placed on a conjectured hull.
(1) Cf., e.g., Jastrow, _Hebr. and Bab. Trad._, p. 329.
(2) Gilg. Epic, XI, ll. 28-30.
(3) L. 58 f. The _gar_ contained twelve cubits, so that the
vessel would have measured 120 cubits each way; taking the
Babylonian cubit, on the basis of Gudea's scale, at 495 mm.
(cf. Thureau-Dangin, _Journal Asiatique_, Dix. Sér., t.
XIII, 1909, pp. 79 ff., 97), this would give a length,
breadth, and height of nearly 195 ft.
I do not think it has been noted in this connexion that a vessel,
approximately with the relative proportions of that described in the
Gilgamesh Epic, is in constant use to-day on the lower Tigris and
Euphrates. A _kuffah_,(1) the familiar pitched coracle of Baghdad, would
provide an admirable model for the gigantic vessel in which Ut-napishtim
rode out the Deluge. "Without either stem or stern, quite round like a
shield"--so Herodotus described the _kuffah_ of his day;2() so, too, is
it represented on Assyrian slabs from Nineveh, where we see it employed
for the transport of heavy building material;(3) its form and structure
indeed suggest a prehistoric origin. The _kuffah_ is one of those
examples of perfect adjustment to conditions of use which cannot be
improved. Any one who has travelled in one of these craft will agree
that their storage capacity is immense, for their circular form and
steeply curved side allow every inch of space to be utilized. It is
almost impossible to upset them, and their only disadvantage is lack
of speed. For their guidance all that is required is a steersman with a
paddle, as indicated in the Epic. It is true that the larger kuffah of
to-day tends to increase in diameter as compared to height, but
that detail might well be ignored in picturing the monster vessel
of Ut-napishtim. Its seven horizontal stages and their nine lateral
divisions would have been structurally sound in supporting the vessel's
sides; and the selection of the latter uneven number, though prompted
doubtless by its sacred character, is only suitable to a circular craft
in which the interior walls would radiate from the centre. The use of
pitch and bitumen for smearing the vessel inside and out, though unusual
even in Mesopotamian shipbuilding, is precisely the method employed in
the _kuffah's_ construction.
(1) Arab. _kuffah_, pl. _kufaf_; in addition to its common
use for the Baghdad coracle, the word is also employed for a
large basket.
(2) Herodotus, I, 194.
(3) The _kuffah_ is formed of wicker-work coated with
bitumen. Some of those represented on the Nineveh sculptures
appear to be covered with skins; and Herodotus (I, 94)
states that "the boats which come down the river to Babylon
are circular and made of skins." But his further description
shows that he is here referred to the _kelek_ or skin-raft,
with which he has combined a description of the _kuffah_.
The late Sir Henry Rawlinson has never seen or heard of a
skin-covered _kuffah_ on either the Tigris or Euphrates, and
there can be little doubt that bitumen was employed for
their construction in antiquity, as it is to-day. These
craft are often large enough to carry five or six horses and
a dozen men.
We have no detailed description of Ziusudu's "great boat", beyond the
fact that it was covered in and had an opening, or light-hole, which
could be closed. But the form of Ut-napishtim's vessel was no doubt
traditional, and we may picture that of Ziusudu as also of the _kuffah_
type, though smaller and without its successor's elaborate internal
structure. The gradual development of the huge coracle into a ship would
have been encouraged by the Semitic use of the term "ship" to describe
it; and the attempt to retain something of its original proportions
resulted in producing the unwieldy ark of later tradition.(1)
(1) The description of the ark is not preserved from the
earlier Hebrew Version (J), but the latter Hebrew Version
(P), while increasing the length of the vessel, has
considerably reduced its height and breadth. Its
measurements are there given (Gen. vi. 15) as 300 cubits in
length, 50 cubits in breadth, and 30 cubits in height;
taking the ordinary Hebrew cubit at about 18 in., this would
give a length of about 450 ft., a breadth of about 75 ft.,
and a height of about 45 ft. The interior stories are
necessarily reduced to three. The vessel in Berossus
measures five stadia by two, and thus had a length of over
three thousand feet and a breadth of more than twelve
We will now return to the text and resume the comparison we were making
between it and the Gilgamesh Epic. In the latter no direct reference
is made to the appearance of the Sun-god after the storm, nor is
Ut-napishtim represented as praying to him. But the sequence of events
in the Sumerian Version is very natural, and on that account alone,
apart from other reasons, it may be held to represent the original
form of the story. For the Sun-god would naturally reappear after the
darkness of the storm had passed, and it would be equally natural that
Ziusudu should address himself to the great light-god. Moreover, the
Gilgamesh Epic still retains traces of the Sumerian Version, as will be
seen from a comparison of their narratives,(1) the Semitic Version being
quoted from the point where the hurricane ceased and the sea became
still.
(1) Col. V, ll. 7-11 are here compared with Gilg. Epic, XI,
ll. 133-9.
When I looked at the storm, the
uproar had ceased,
And all mankind was turned into
clay;
In place of fields there was a
swamp.
Ziusudu opened the opening of I opened the opening (lit.
the great boat; "hole"), and daylight fell
upon my countenance.
The light of the hero, the Sun-
god, (he) causes to enter into
the interior(?) of the great
boat.
Bows himself down before the I bowed myself down and sat down
Sun-god; weeping;
The king sacrifices an ox, a Over my countenance flowed my
sheep he slaughters(?). tears.
I gazed upon the quarters (of
the world)--all(?) was sea.
It will be seen that in the Semitic Version the beams of the Sun-god
have been reduced to "daylight", and Ziusudu's act of worship has become
merely prostration in token of grief.
Both in the Gilgamesh Epic and in Berossus the sacrifice offered by the
Deluge hero to the gods follows the episode of the birds, and it takes
place on the top of the mountain after the landing from the vessel. It
is hardly probable that two sacrifices were recounted in the Sumerian
Version, one to the Sun-god in the boat and another on the mountain
after landing; and if we are right in identifying Ziusudu's recorded
sacrifice with that of Ut-napishtim and Xisuthros, it would seem that,
according to the Sumerian Version, no birds were sent out to test the
abatement of the waters. This conclusion cannot be regarded as quite
certain, inasmuch as the greater part of the Fifth Column is waning. We
have, moreover, already seen reason to believe that the account on our
tablet is epitomized, and that consequently the omission of any episode
from our text does not necessarily imply its absence from the original
Sumerian Version which it follows. But here at least it is clear that
nothing can have been omitted between the opening of the light-hole and
the sacrifice, for the one act is the natural sequence of the other. On
the whole it seems preferable to assume that we have recovered a simpler
form of the story.
As the storm itself is described in a few phrases, so the cessation
of the flood may have been dismissed with equal brevity; the gradual
abatement of the waters, as attested by the dove, the swallow, and the
raven, may well be due to later elaboration or to combination with some
variant account. Under its amended form the narrative leads naturally up
to the landing on the mountain and the sacrifice of thanksgiving to
the gods. In the Sumerian Version, on the other hand, Ziusudu regards
himself as saved when he sees the Sun shining; he needs no further tests
to assure himself that the danger is over, and his sacrifice too is one
of gratitude for his escape. The disappearance of the Sun-god from the
Semitic Version was thus a necessity, to avoid an anti-climax; and the
hero's attitude of worship had obviously to be translated into one of
grief. An indication that the sacrifice was originally represented as
having taken place on board the boat may be seen in the lines of
the Gilgamesh Epic which recount how Enlil, after acquiescing in
Ut-napishtim's survival of the Flood, went up into the ship and led
him forth by the hand, although, in the preceding lines, he had already
landed and had sacrificed upon the mountain. The two passages are hardly
consistent as they stand, but they find a simple explanation of we
regard the second of them as an unaltered survival from an earlier form
of the story.
If the above line of reasoning be sound, it follows that, while the
earlier Hebrew Version closely resembles the Gilgamesh Epic, the later
Hebrew Version, by its omission of the birds, would offer a parallel to
the Sumerian Version. But whether we may draw any conclusion from this
apparent grouping of our authorities will be best dealt with when we
have concluded our survey of the new evidence.
As we have seen, the text of the Fifth Column breaks off with Ziusudu's
sacrifice to the Sun-god, after he had opened a light-hole in the boat
and had seen by the god's beams that the storm was over. The missing
portion of the Fifth Column must have included at least some account of
the abatement of the waters, the stranding of the boat, and the
manner in which Anu and Enlil became apprised of Ziusudu's escape, and
consequently of the failure of their intention to annihilate mankind.
For in the Sixth Column of the text we find these two deities reconciled
to Ziusudu and bestowing immortality upon him, as Enlil bestows
immortality upon Ut-napishtim at the close of the Semitic Version. In
the latter account, after the vessel had grounded on Mount Nisir and
Ut-napishtim had tested the abatement of the waters by means of the
birds, he brings all out from the ship and offers his libation and
sacrifice upon the mountain, heaping up reed, cedar-wood, and myrtle
beneath his seven sacrificial vessels. And it was by this act on his
part that the gods first had knowledge of his escape. For they smelt
the sweet savour of the sacrifice, and "gathered like flies over the
sacrificer".(1)
It is possible in our text that Ziusudu's sacrifice in the boat was also
the means by which the gods became acquainted with his survival; and
it seems obvious that the Sun-god, to whom it was offered, should have
continued to play some part in the narrative, perhaps by assisting
Ziusudu in propitiating Anu and Enlil. In the Semitic-Babylonian
Version, the first deity to approach the sacrifice is Bêlit-ili or
Ishtar, who is indignant with Enlil for what he has done. When Enlil
himself approaches and sees the ship he is filled with anger against the
gods, and, asking who has escaped, exclaims that no man must live in the
destruction. Thereupon Ninib accuses Ea, who by his pleading succeeds in
turning Enlil's purpose. He bids Enlil visit the sinner with his sin and
lay his transgression on the transgressor; Enlil should not again send a
deluge to destroy the whole of mankind, but should be content with less
wholesale destruction, such as that wrought by wild beasts, famine, and
plague. Finally he confesses that it was he who warned Ziusudu of the
gods' decision by sending him a dream. Enlil thereupon changes his
intention, and going up into the ship, leads Ut-napishtim forth.
Though Ea's intervention finds, of course, no parallel in either Hebrew
version, the subject-matter of his speech is reflected in both. In the
earlier Hebrew Version Yahweh smells the sweet savour of Noah's burnt
offering and says in his heart he will no more destroy every living
creature as he had done; while in the later Hebrew Version Elohim,
after remembering Noah and causing the waters to abate, establishes his
covenant to the same effect, and, as a sign of the covenant, sets his
bow in the clouds.
In its treatment of the climax of the story we shall see that the
Sumerian Version, at any rate in the form it has reached us, is on
a lower ethical level than the Babylonian and Hebrew Versions. Ea's
argument that the sinner should bear his own sin and the transgressor
his own transgression in some measure forestalls that of Ezekiel;(1)
and both the Hebrew Versions represent the saving of Noah as part of the
divine intention from the beginning. But the Sumerian Version introduces
the element of magic as the means by which man can bend the will of the
gods to his own ends. How far the details of the Sumerian myth at this
point resembled that of the Gilgamesh Epic it is impossible to say, but
the general course of the story must have been the same. In the latter
Enlil's anger is appeased, in the former that of Anu and Enlil; and it
is legitimate to suppose that Enki, like Ea, was Ziusudu's principal
supporter, in view of the part he had already taken in ensuring his
escape.
(1) Cf. Ezek. xviii, passim, esp. xviii. 20.
VI. THE PROPITIATION OF THE ANGRY GODS, AND ZIUSUDU'S IMMORTALITY
The presence of the puzzling lines, with which the Sixth Column of
our text opens, was not explained by Dr. Poebel; indeed, they would be
difficult to reconcile with his assumption that our text is an epic pure
and simple. But if, as is suggested above, we are dealing with a myth in
magical employment, they are quite capable of explanation. The problem
these lines present will best be stated by giving a translation of
the extant portion of the column, where they will be seen with their
immediate context in relation to what follows them:
"By the Soul of Heaven, by the soul of Earth, shall ye conjure him,
That with you he may . . . !
Anu and Enlil by the Soul of Heaven, by the Soul of Earth, shall ye
conjure,
And with you will he . . . !
"The _niggilma_ of the ground springs forth in abundance(?)!"
Before Anu and Enlil bows himself down.
Life like (that of) a god he gives to him,
An eternal soul like (that of) a god he creates for him.
At that time Ziusudu, the king,
The name of the _niggilma_ (named) "Preserver of the Seed of
Mankind".
In a . . . land,(1) the land(1) of Dilmun(?), they caused him to
dwell.
(1) Possibly to be translated "mountain". The rendering of
the proper name as that of Dilmun is very uncertain. For the
probable identification of Dilmun with the island of Bahrein
in the Persian Gulf, cf. Rawlinson, _Journ. Roy. As. Soc._,
1880, pp. 20 ff.; and see further, Meissner, _Orient. Lit-
Zeit._, XX. No. 7, col. 201 ff.
The first two lines of the column are probably part of the speech of
some deity, who urges the necessity of invoking or conjuring Anu and
Enlil "by the Soul of Heaven, by the Soul of Earth", in order to secure
their support or approval. Now Anu and Enlil are the two great gods
who had determined on mankind's destruction, and whose wrath at his own
escape from death Ziusudu must placate. It is an obvious inference that
conjuring "by the Soul of Heaven" and "by the Soul of Earth" is either
the method by which Ziusudu has already succeeded in appeasing their
anger, or the means by which he is here enjoined to attain that end.
Against the latter alternative it is to be noted that the god is
addressing more than one person; and, further, at Ziusudu is evidently
already pardoned, for, so far from following the deity's advice,
he immediately prostrates himself before Anu and Enlil and receives
immortality. We may conjecture that at the close of the Fifth Column
Ziusudu had already performed the invocation and thereby had appeased
the divine wrath; and that the lines at the beginning of the Sixth
Column point the moral of the story by enjoining on Ziusudu and his
descendants, in other words on mankind, the advisability of employing
this powerful incantation at their need. The speaker may perhaps
have been one of Ziusudu's divine helpers--the Sun-god to whom he had
sacrificed, or Enki who had saved him from the Flood. But it seems to me
more probable that the words are uttered by Anu and Enlil themselves.(1)
For thereby they would be represented as giving their own sanction
to the formula, and as guaranteeing its magical efficacy. That the
incantation, as addressed to Anu and Enlil, would be appropriate is
obvious, since each would be magically approached through his own sphere
of control.
(1) One of them may have been the speaker on behalf of both.
It is significant that at another critical point of the story we have
already met with a reference to conjuring "by the Name of Heaven and
Earth", the phrase occurring at the close of the Third Column after the
reference to the dream or dreams. There, as we saw, we might possibly
explain the passage as illustrating one aspect of Ziusudu's piety:
he may have been represented as continually practising this class of
divination, and in that case it would be natural enough that in the
final crisis of the story he should have propitiated the gods he
conjured by the same means. Or, as a more probable alternative, it was
suggested that we might connect the line with Enki's warning, and assume
that Ziusudu interpreted the dream-revelation of Anu and Enlil's purpose
by means of the magical incantation which was peculiarly associated with
them. On either alternative the phrase fits into the story itself, and
there is no need to suppose that the narrative is interrupted, either
in the Third or in the Sixth Column, by an address to the hearers of the
myth, urging them to make the invocation on their own behalf.
On the other hand, it seems improbable that the lines in question formed
part of the original myth; they may have been inserted to weld the myth
more closely to the magic. Both incantation and epic may have originally
existed independently, and, if so, their combination would have been
suggested by their contents. For while the former is addressed to Anu
and Enlil, in the latter these same gods play the dominant parts: they
are the two chief creators, it is they who send the Flood, and it is
their anger that must be appeased. If once combined, the further step
of making the incantation the actual means by which Ziusudu achieved
his own rescue and immortality would be a natural development. It may be
added that the words would have been an equally appropriate addition if
the incantation had not existed independently, but had been suggested
by, and developed from, the myth.
In the third and eleventh lines of the column we have further references
to the mysterious object, the creation of which appears to have been
recorded in the First Column of the text between man's creation and
that of animals. The second sign of the group composing its name was not
recognized by Dr. Poebel, but it is quite clearly written in two of the
passages, and has been correctly identified by Professor Barton.(1)
The Sumerian word is, in fact, to be read _nig-gil-ma_,(2) which, when
preceded by the determinative for "pot", "jar", or "bowl", is given in
a later syllabary as the equivalent of the Semitic word _mashkhalu_.
Evidence that the word _mashkhalu_ was actually employed to denote a jar
or vessel of some sort is furnished by one of the Tel el-Amarna letters
which refers to "one silver _mashkhalu_" and "one (or two) stone
_mashkhalu_".(3) In our text the determinative is absent, and it is
possible that the word is used in another sense. Professor Barton, in
both passages in the Sixth Column, gives it the meaning "curse"; he
interprets the lines as referring to the removal of a curse from the
earth after the Flood, and he compares Gen. viii. 21, where Yahweh
declares he will not again "curse the ground for man's sake". But this
translation ignores the occurrence of the word in the First Column,
where the creation of the _niggilma_ is apparently recorded; and his
rendering "the seed that was cursed" in l. 11 is not supported by the
photographic reproduction of the text, which suggests that the first
sign in the line is not that for "seed", but is the sign for "name", as
correctly read by Dr. Poebel. In that passage the _niggilma_ appears to
be given by Ziusudu the name "Preserver of the Seed of Mankind", which
we have already compared to the title bestowed on Uta-napishtim's ship,
"Preserver of Life". Like the ship, it must have played an important
part in man's preservation, which would account not only for the
honorific title but for the special record of its creation.
(1) See _American Journal of Semitic Languages_, Vol. XXXI,
April 1915, p. 226.
(2) It is written _nig-gil_ in the First Column.
(3) See Winckler, _El-Amarna_, pl. 35 f., No. 28, Obv., Col.
II, l. 45, Rev., Col. I, l. 63, and Knudtzon, _El-Am. Taf._,
pp. 112, 122; the vessels were presents from Amenophis IV to
Burnaburiash.
It we may connect the word with the magical colouring of the myth, we
might perhaps retain its known meaning, "jar" or "bowl", and regard it
as employed in the magical ceremony which must have formed part of
the invocation "by the Soul of Heaven, by the Soul of Earth". But
the accompanying references to the ground, to its production from the
ground, and to its springing up, if the phrases may be so rendered,
suggest rather some kind of plant;(1) and this, from its employment in
magical rites, may also have given its name to a bowl or vessel which
held it. A very similar plant was that found and lost by Gilgamesh,
after his sojourn with Ut-napishtim; it too had potent magical power and
bore a title descriptive of its peculiar virtue of transforming old age
to youth. Should this suggestion prove to be correct, the three passages
mentioning the _niggilma_ must be classed with those in which the
invocation is referred to, as ensuring the sanction of the myth to
further elements in the magic. In accordance with this view, the fifth
line in the Sixth Column is probably to be included in the divine
speech, where a reference to the object employed in the ritual would not
be out of place. But it is to be hoped that light will be thrown on
this puzzling word by further study, and perhaps by new fragments of
the text; meanwhile it would be hazardous to suggest a more definite
rendering.
(1) The references to "the ground", or "the earth", also
tend to connect it peculiarly with Enlil. Enlil's close
association with the earth, which is, of course,
independently attested, is explicitly referred to in the
Babylonian Version (cf. Gilg. Epic. XI, ll. 39-42).
Suggested reflections of this idea have long been traced in
the Hebrew Versions; cf. Gen. viii. 21 (J), where Yahweh
says he will not again curse the ground, and Gen. ix. 13
(P), where Elohim speaks of his covenant "between me and the
earth".
With the sixth line of the column it is clear that the original
narrative of the myth is resumed.(1) Ziusudu, the king, prostrates
himself before Anu and Enlil, who bestow immortality upon him and cause
him to dwell in a land, or mountain, the name of which may perhaps be
read as Dilmun. The close parallelism between this portion of the text
and the end of the myth in the Gilgamesh Epic will be seen from the
following extracts,(2) the magical portions being omitted from the
Sumerian Version:
(1) It will also be noted that with this line the text again
falls naturally into couplets.
(2) Col. VI, ll. 6-9 and 12 are there compared with Gilg.
Epic, XI, ll. 198-205.
Then Enlil went up into the
Ziusudu, the king, He took me by the hand and led
me forth.
Before Anu and Enlil bows himself He brought out my wife and
down. caused her to bow down at my
side;
He touched our brows, standing
between us and blessing us:
Life like (that of) a god he "Formerly was Ut-napishtim of
gives to him. mankind,
An eternal soul like (that of) a But now let Ut-napishtim be
god he creates for him. like the gods, even us!
And let Ut-napishtim dwell afar
off at the mouth of the
rivers!"
In a . . . land, the land of(1) Then they took me and afar off,
Dilmun(?), they caused him to at the mouth of the rivers,
dwell. they caused me to dwell.
(1) Or, "On a mountain, the mountain of", &c.
The Sumerian Version thus apparently concludes with the familiar ending
of the legend which we find in the Gilgamesh Epic and in Berossus,
though it here occurs in an abbreviated form and with some variations in
detail. In all three versions the prostration of the Deluge hero before
the god is followed by the bestowal of immortality upon him, a fate
which, according to Berossus, he shared with his wife, his daughter, and
the steersman. The Gilgamesh Epic perhaps implies that Ut-napishtim's
wife shared in his immortality, but the Sumerian Version mentions
Ziusudu alone. In the Gilgamesh Epic Ut-napishtim is settled by the gods
at the mouth of the rivers, that is to say at the head of the Persian
Gulf, while according to a possible rendering of the Sumerian Version he
is made to dwell on Dilmun, an island in the Gulf itself. The fact that
Gilgamesh in the Epic has to cross the sea to reach Ut-napishtim may be
cited in favour of the reading "Dilmun"; and the description of the sea
as "the Waters of Death", if it implies more than the great danger
of their passage, was probably a later development associated with
Ut-napishtim's immortality. It may be added that in neither Hebrew
version do we find any parallel to the concluding details of the
original story, the Hebrew narratives being brought to an end with the
blessing of Noah and the divine promise to, or covenant with, mankind.
Such then are the contents of our Sumerian document, and from the
details which have been given it will have been seen that its story, so
far as concerns the Deluge, is in essentials the same as that we already
find in the Gilgamesh Epic. It is true that this earlier version has
reached us in a magical setting, and to some extent in an abbreviated
form. In the next lecture I shall have occasion to refer to another
early mythological text from Nippur, which was thought by its first
interpreter to include a second Sumerian Version of the Deluge legend.
That suggestion has not been substantiated, though we shall see that
the contents of the document are of a very interesting character. But
in view of the discussion that has taken place in the United States
over the interpretation of the second text, and of the doubts that have
subsequently been expressed in some quarters as to the recent discovery
of any new form of the Deluge legend, it may be well to formulate
briefly the proof that in the inscription published by Dr. Poebel an
early Sumerian Version of the Deluge story has actually been recovered.
Any one who has followed the detailed analysis of the new text which
has been attempted in the preceding paragraphs will, I venture to think,
agree that the following conclusions may be drawn:
(i) The points of general resemblance presented by the narrative to that
in the Gilgamesh Epic are sufficiently close in themselves to show
that we are dealing with a Sumerian Version of that story. And this
conclusion is further supported (a) by the occurrence throughout the
text of the attested Sumerian equivalent of the Semitic word, employed
in the Babylonian Versions, for the "Flood" or "Deluge", and (b) by the
use of precisely the same term for the hero's "great boat", which is
already familiar to us from an early Babylonian Version.
(ii) The close correspondence in language between portions of the
Sumerian legend and the Gilgamesh Epic suggest that the one version was
ultimately derived from the other. And this conclusion in its turn is
confirmed (a) by the identity in meaning of the Sumerian and Babylonian
names for the Deluge hero, which are actually found equated in a
late explanatory text, and (b) by small points of difference in the
Babylonian form of the story which correspond to later political and
religious developments and suggest the work of Semitic redactors.
The cumulative effect of such general and detailed evidence is
overwhelming, and we may dismiss all doubts as to the validity of Dr.
Poebel's claim. We have indeed recovered a very early, and in some of
its features a very primitive, form of the Deluge narrative which till
now has reached us only in Semitic and Greek renderings; and the stream
of tradition has been tapped at a point far above any at which we have
hitherto approached it. What evidence, we may ask, does this early
Sumerian Version offer with regard to the origin and literary history of
the Hebrew Versions?
The general dependence of the biblical Versions upon the Babylonian
legend as a whole has long been recognized, and needs no further
demonstration; and it has already been observed that the parallelisms
with the version in the Gilgamesh Epic are on the whole more detailed
and striking in the earlier than in the later Hebrew Version.(1) In the
course of our analysis of the Sumerian text its more striking points of
agreement or divergence, in relation to the Hebrew Versions, were noted
under the different sections of its narrative. It was also obvious that,
in many features in which the Hebrew Versions differ from the Gilgamesh
Epic, the latter finds Sumerian support. These facts confirm the
conclusion, which we should naturally base on grounds of historical
probability, that while the Semitic-Babylonian Versions were derived
from Sumer, the Hebrew accounts were equally clearly derived from
Babylon. But there are one or two pieces of evidence which are
apparently at variance with this conclusion, and these call for some
explanation.
(1) For details see especially Skinner, _Genesis_, pp. 177
Not too much significance should be attached to the apparent omission of
the episode of the birds from the Sumerian narrative, in which it would
agree with the later as against the earlier Hebrew Version; for, apart
from its epitomized character, there is so much missing from the text
that the absence of this episode cannot be regarded as established with
certainty. And in any case it could be balanced by the Sumerian order
of Creation of men before animals, which agrees with the earlier Hebrew
Version against the later. But there is one very striking point in which
our new Sumerian text agrees with both the Hebrew Versions as against
the Gilgamesh Epic and Berossus; and that is in the character of
Ziusudu, which presents so close a parallel to the piety of Noah. As we
have already seen, the latter is due to no Hebrew idealization of the
story, but represents a genuine strand of the original tradition, which
is completely absent from the Babylonian Versions. But the Babylonian
Versions are the media through which it has generally been assumed that
the tradition of the Deluge reached the Hebrews. What explanation have
we of this fact?
This grouping of Sumerian and Hebrew authorities, against the extant
sources from Babylon, is emphasized by the general framework of the
Sumerian story. For the literary connexion which we have in Genesis
between the Creation and the Deluge narratives has hitherto found no
parallel in the cuneiform texts. In Babylon and Assyria the myth of
Creation and the Deluge legend have been divorced. From the one
a complete epic has been evolved in accordance with the tenets of
Babylonian theology, the Creation myth being combined in the process
with other myths of a somewhat analogous character. The Deluge legend
has survived as an isolated story in more than one setting, the
principal Semitic Version being recounted to the national hero
Gilgamesh, towards the close of the composite epic of his adventures
which grew up around the nucleus of his name. It is one of the chief
surprises of the newly discovered Sumerian Version that the Hebrew
connexion of the narratives is seen to be on the lines of very primitive
tradition. Noah's reputation for piety does not stand alone. His line of
descent from Adam, and the thread of narrative connecting the creation
of the world with its partial destruction by the Deluge, already appear
in Sumerian form at a time when the city of Babylon itself had
not secured its later power. How then are we to account for this
correspondence of Sumerian and Hebrew traditions, on points completely
wanting in our intermediate authorities, from which, however, other
evidence suggests that the Hebrew narratives were derived?
At the risk of anticipating some of the conclusions to be drawn in the
next lecture, it may be well to define an answer now. It is possible
that those who still accept the traditional authorship of the Pentateuch
may be inclined to see in this correspondence of Hebrew and Sumerian
ideas a confirmation of their own hypothesis. But it should be pointed
out at once that this is not an inevitable deduction from the evidence.
Indeed, it is directly contradicted by the rest of the evidence we have
summarized, while it would leave completely unexplained some significant
features of the problem. It is true that certain important details of
the Sumerian tradition, while not affecting Babylon and Assyria,
have left their stamp upon the Hebrew narratives; but that is not an
exhaustive statement of the case. For we have also seen that a more
complete survival of Sumerian tradition has taken place in the
history of Berossus. There we traced the same general framework of the
narratives, with a far closer correspondence in detail. The kingly rank
of Ziusudu is in complete harmony with the Berossian conception of
a series of supreme Antediluvian rulers, and the names of two of the
Antediluvian cites are among those of their newly recovered Sumerian
prototypes. There can thus be no suggestion that the Greek reproductions
of the Sumerian tradition were in their turn due to Hebrew influence. On
the contrary we have in them a parallel case of survival in a far more
complete form.
The inference we may obviously draw is that the Sumerian narrative
continued in existence, in a literary form that closely resembled the
original version, into the later historical periods. In this there would
be nothing to surprise us, when we recall the careful preservation
and study of ancient Sumerian religious texts by the later Semitic
priesthood of the country. Each ancient cult-centre in Babylonia
continued to cling to its own local traditions, and the Sumerian desire
for their preservation, which was inherited by their Semitic guardians,
was in great measure unaffected by political occurrences elsewhere.
Hence it was that Ashur-bani-pal, when forming his library at Nineveh,
was able to draw upon so rich a store of the more ancient literary texts
of Babylonia. The Sumerian Version of the Deluge and of Antediluvian
history may well have survived in a less epitomized form than that
in which we have recovered it; and, like other ancient texts, it was
probably provided with a Semitic translation. Indeed its literary study
and reproduction may have continued without interruption in Babylon
itself. But even if Sumerian tradition died out in the capital under
the influence of the Babylonian priesthood, its re-introduction may
well have taken place in Neo-Babylonian times. Perhaps the antiquarian
researches of Nabonidus were characteristic of his period; and in any
case the collection of his country's gods into the capital must have
been accompanied by a renewed interest in the more ancient versions
of the past with which their cults were peculiarly associated. In
the extant summary from Berossus we may possibly see evidence of a
subsequent attempt to combine with these more ancient traditions the
continued religious dominance of Marduk and of Babylon.
Our conclusion, that the Sumerian form of the tradition did not die out,
leaves the question as to the periods during which Babylonian influence
may have acted upon Hebrew tradition in great measure unaffected; and
we may therefore postpone its further consideration to the next lecture.
To-day the only question that remains to be considered concerns the
effect of our new evidence upon the wider problem of Deluge stories as
a whole. What light does it throw on the general character of Deluge
stories and their suggested Egyptian origin?
One thing that strikes me forcibly in reading this early text is the
complete absence of any trace or indication of astrological _motif_.
It is true that Ziusudu sacrifices to the Sun-god; but the episode
is inherent in the story, the appearance of the Sun after the storm
following the natural sequence of events and furnishing assurance to the
king of his eventual survival. To identify the worshipper with his
god and to transfer Ziusudu's material craft to the heavens is surely
without justification from the simple narrative. We have here no
prototype of Ra sailing the heavenly ocean. And the destructive flood
itself is not only of an equally material and mundane character, but is
in complete harmony with its Babylonian setting.
In the matter of floods the Tigris and Euphrates present a striking
contrast to the Nile. It is true that the life-blood of each country is
its river-water, but the conditions of its use are very different, and
in Mesopotamia it becomes a curse when out of control. In both countries
the river-water must be used for maturing the crops. But while the rains
of Abyssinia cause the Nile to rise between August and October, thus
securing both summer and winter crops, the melting snows of Armenia and
the Taurus flood the Mesopotamian rivers between March and May. In Egypt
the Nile flood is gentle; it is never abrupt, and the river gives ample
warning of its rise and fall. It contains just enough sediment to enrich
the land without choking the canals; and the water, after filling its
historic basins, may when necessary be discharged into the falling river
in November. Thus Egypt receives a full and regular supply of water, and
there is no difficulty in disposing of any surplus. The growth in such a
country of a legend of world-wide destruction by flood is inconceivable.
In Mesopotamia, on the other hand, the floods, which come too late for
the winter crops, are followed by the rainless summer months; and not
only must the flood-water be controlled, but some portion of it must be
detained artificially, if it is to be of use during the burning months
of July, August, and September, when the rivers are at their lowest.
Moreover, heavy rain in April and a warm south wind melting the snow in
the hills may bring down such floods that the channels cannot contain
them; the dams are then breached and the country is laid waste. Here
there is first too much water and then too little.
The great danger from flood in Babylonia, both in its range of action
and in its destructive effect, is due to the strangely flat character
of the Tigris and Euphrates delta.(1) Hence after a severe breach in
the Tigris or Euphrates, the river after inundating the country may
make itself a new channel miles away from the old one. To mitigate the
danger, the floods may be dealt with in two ways--by a multiplication
of canals to spread the water, and by providing escapes for it into
depressions in the surrounding desert, which in their turn become
centres of fertility. Both methods were employed in antiquity; and it
may be added that in any scheme for the future prosperity of the country
they must be employed again, of course with the increased efficiency of
modern apparatus.(2) But while the Babylonians succeeded in controlling
the Euphrates, the Tigris was never really tamed,(3) and whenever it
burst its right bank the southern plains were devastated. We could not
have more suitable soil for the growth of a Deluge story.
(1) Baghdad, though 300 miles by crow-fly from the sea and
500 by river, is only 120 ft. above sea-level.
(2) The Babylonians controlled the Euphrates, and at the
same time provided against its time of "low supply", by
escapes into two depressions in the western desert to the
NW. of Babylon, known to-day as the Habbânîyah and Abu Dîs
depressions, which lie S. of the modern town of Ramâdi and
N. of Kerbela. That these depressions were actually used as
reservoirs in antiquity is proved by the presence along
their edges of thick beds of Euphrates shells. In addition
to canals and escapes, the Babylonian system included well-
constructed dikes protected by brushwood. By cutting an
eight-mile channel through a low hill between the Habbânîyah
and Abu Dîs depressions and by building a short dam 50 ft.
high across the latter's narrow outlet, Sir William
Willcocks estimates that a reservoir could be obtained
holding eighteen milliards of tons of water. See his work
_The Irrigations of Mesopotamia_ (E. and F. N. Spon, 1911),
_Geographical Journal_, Vol. XL, No. 2 (Aug., 1912), pp. 129
ff., and the articles in _The Near East_ cited on p. 97, n.
1, and p. 98, n. 2. Sir William Willcocks's volume and
subsequent papers form the best introduction to the study of
Babylonian Deluge tradition on its material side.
(3) Their works carried out on the Tigris were effective for
irrigation; but the Babylonians never succeeded in
controlling its floods as they did those of the Euphrates. A
massive earthen dam, the remains of which are still known as
"Nimrod's Dam", was thrown across the Tigris above the point
where it entered its delta; this served to turn the river
over hard conglomerate rock and kept it at a high level so
that it could irrigate the country on both banks. Above the
dam were the heads of the later Nahrwân Canal, a great
stream 400 ft. wide and 17 ft. deep, which supplied the
country east of the river. The Nâr Sharri or "King's Canal",
the Nahar Malkha of the Greeks and the Nahr el-Malik of the
Arabs, protected the right bank of the Tigris by its own
high artificial banks, which can still be traced for
hundreds of miles; but it took its supply from the Euphrates
at Sippar, where the ground is some 25 ft. higher than on
the Tigris. The Tigris usually flooded its left bank; it was
the right bank which was protected, and a breach here meant
disaster. Cf. Willcocks, op. cit., and _The Near East_,
Sept. 29, 1916 (Vol. XI, No. 282), p. 522.
It was only by constant and unremitting attention that disaster from
flood could be averted; and the difficulties of the problem were and are
increased by the fact that the flood-water of the Mesopotamian rivers
contains five times as much sediment as the Nile. In fact, one of
the most pressing of the problems the Sumerian and early Babylonian
engineers had to solve was the keeping of the canals free from silt.(1)
What the floods, if left unchecked, may do in Mesopotamia, is well
illustrated by the decay of the ancient canal-system, which has been
the immediate cause of the country's present state of sordid desolation.
That the decay was gradual was not the fault of the rivers, but was
due to the sound principles on which the old system of control had been
evolved through many centuries of labour. At the time of the Moslem
conquest the system had already begun to fail. In the fifth century
there had been bad floods; but worse came in A.D. 629, when both rivers
burst their banks and played havoc with the dikes and embankments. It
is related that the Sassanian king Parwiz, the contemporary of Mohammed,
crucified in one day forty canal-workers at a certain breach, and yet
was unable to master the flood.(2) All repairs were suspended during the
anarchy of the Moslem invasion. As a consequence the Tigris left its
old bed for the Shatt el-Hai at Kût, and pouring its own and its
tributaries' waters into the Euphrates formed the Great Euphrates Swamp,
two hundred miles long and fifty broad. But even then what was left of
the old system was sufficient to support the splendour of the Eastern
Caliphate.
(1) Cf. _Letters of Hammurabi_, Vol. III, pp. xxxvi ff.; it
was the duty of every village or town upon the banks of the
main canals in Babylonia to keep its own section clear of
silt, and of course it was also responsible for its own
smaller irrigation-channels. While the invention of the
system of basin-irrigation was practically forced on Egypt,
the extraordinary fertility of Babylonia was won in the
teeth of nature by the system of perennial irrigation, or
irrigation all the year round. In Babylonia the water was
led into small fields of two or three acres, while the Nile
valley was irrigated in great basins each containing some
thirty to forty thousand acres. The Babylonian method gives
far more profitable results, and Sir William Willcocks
points out that Egypt to-day is gradually abandoning its own
system and adopting that of its ancient rival; see _The Near
East_, Sept. 29, 1916, p. 521.
(2) See Le Strange, _The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate_, p.
The second great blow to the system followed the Mongol conquest, when
the Nahrwân Canal, to the east of the Tigris, had its head swept away
by flood and the area it had irrigated became desert. Then, in about
the fifteenth century, the Tigris returned to its old course; the Shatt
el-Hai shrank, and much of the Great Swamp dried up into the desert
it is to-day.(1) Things became worse during the centuries of Turkish
misrule. But the silting up of the Hillah, or main, branch of the
Euphrates about 1865, and the transference of a great part of its stream
into the Hindîyah Canal, caused even the Turks to take action. They
constructed the old Hindîyah Barrage in 1890, but it gave way in 1903
and the state of things was even worse than before; for the Hillah
branch then dried entirely.(2)
(1) This illustrates the damage the Tigris itself is capable
of inflicting on the country. It may be added that Sir
William Willcocks proposes to control the Tigris floods by
an escape into the Tharthâr depression, a great salt pan at
the tail of Wadi Tharthâr, which lies 14 ft. below sea level
and is 200 ft. lower than the flood-level of the Tigris some
thirty-two miles away. The escape would leave the Tigris to
the S. of Sâmarra, the proposed Beled Barrage being built
below it and up-stream of "Nimrod's Dam". The Tharthâr
escape would drain into the Euphrates, and the latter's
Habbânîyah escape would receive any surplus water from the
Tigris, a second barrage being thrown across the Euphrates
up-stream of Fallûjah, where there is an outcrop of
limestone near the head of the Sakhlawîyah Canal. The
Tharthâr depression, besides disposing of the Tigris flood-
water, would thus probably feed the Euphrates; and a second
barrage on the Tigris, to be built at Kût, would supply
water to the Shatt el-Hai. When the country is freed from
danger of flood, the Baghdad Railway could be run through
the cultivated land instead of through the eastern desert;
see Willcocks, _The Near East_, Oct. 6, 1916 (Vol. XI, No.
283), p. 545 f.
(2) It was then that Sir William Willcocks designed the new
Hindîyah Barrage, which was completed in 1913. The Hindîyah
branch, to-day the main stream of the Euphrates, is the old
low-lying Pallacopas Canal, which branched westward above
Babylon and discharged its waters into the western marshes.
In antiquity the head of this branch had to be opened in
high floods and then closed again immediately after the
flood to keep the main stream full past Babylon, which
entailed the employment of an enormous number of men.
Alexander the Great's first work in Babylonia was cutting a
new head for the Pallacopas in solid ground, for hitherto it
had been in sandy soil; and it was while reclaiming the
marshes farther down-stream that he contracted the fever
that killed him.
From this brief sketch of progressive disaster during the later
historical period, the inevitable effect of neglected silt and flood, it
will be gathered that the two great rivers of Mesopotamia present a very
strong contrast to the Nile. For during the same period of misgovernment
and neglect in Egypt the Nile did not turn its valley and delta into
a desert. On the Tigris and Euphrates, during ages when the earliest
dwellers on their banks were struggling to make effective their first
efforts at control, the waters must often have regained the upper hand.
Under such conditions the story of a great flood in the past would not
be likely to die out in the future; the tradition would tend to gather
illustrative detail suggested by later experience. Our new text
reveals the Deluge tradition in Mesopotamia at an early stage of
its development, and incidentally shows us that there is no need to
postulate for its origin any convulsion of nature or even a series of
seismic shocks accompanied by cyclone in the Persian Gulf.
If this had been the only version of the story that had come down to us,
we should hardly have regarded it as a record of world-wide catastrophe.
It is true the gods' intention is to destroy mankind, but the scene
throughout is laid in Southern Babylonia. After seven days' storm,
the Sun comes out, and the vessel with the pious priest-king and his
domestic animals on board grounds, apparently still in Babylonia, and
not on any distant mountain, such as Mt. Nisir or the great mass of
Ararat in Armenia. These are obviously details which tellers of the
story have added as it passed down to later generations. When it
was carried still farther afield, into the area of the Eastern
Mediterranean, it was again adapted to local conditions. Thus
Apollodorus makes Deucalion land upon Parnassus,(1) and the
pseudo-Lucian relates how he founded the temple of Derketo at Hierapolis
in Syria beside the hole in the earth which swallowed up the Flood.(2)
To the Sumerians who first told the story, the great Flood appeared to
have destroyed mankind, for Southern Babylonia was for them the
world. Later peoples who heard it have fitted the story to their own
geographical horizon, and in all good faith and by a purely logical
process the mountain-tops are represented as submerged, and the ship,
or ark, or chest, is made to come to ground on the highest peak known to
the story-teller and his hearers. But in its early Sumerian form it is
just a simple tradition of some great inundation, which overwhelmed
the plain of Southern Babylonia and was peculiarly disastrous in its
effects. And so its memory survived in the picture of Ziusudu's solitary
coracle upon the face of the waters, which, seen through the mists of
the Deluge tradition, has given us the Noah's ark of our nursery days.
(1) Hesiod is our earliest authority for the Deucalion Flood
story. For its probable Babylonian origin, cf. Farnell,
_Greece and Babylon_ (1911), p. 184.
(2) _De Syria dea_, 12 f.
Thus the Babylonian, Hebrew, and Greek Deluge stories resolve
themselves, not into a nature myth, but into an early legend, which has
the basis of historical fact in the Euphrates Valley. And it is probable
that we may explain after a similar fashion the occurrence of tales of
a like character at least in some other parts of the world. Among races
dwelling in low-lying or well-watered districts it would be surprising
if we did not find independent stories of past floods from which few
inhabitants of the land escaped. It is only in hilly countries such
as Palestine, where for the great part of the year water is scarce and
precious, that we are forced to deduce borrowing; and there is no doubt
that both the Babylonian and the biblical stories have been responsible
for some at any rate of the scattered tales. But there is no need
to adopt the theory of a single source for all of them, whether in
Babylonia or, still less, in Egypt.(1)
(1) This argument is taken from an article I published in
Professor Headlam's _Church Quarterly Review_, Jan., 1916,
pp. 280 ff., containing an account of Dr. Poebel's
I should like to add, with regard to this reading of our new evidence,
that I am very glad to know Sir James Frazer holds a very similar
opinion. For, as you are doubtless all aware, Sir James is at present
collecting Flood stories from all over the world, and is supplementing
from a wider range the collections already made by Lenormant, Andree,
Winternitz, and Gerland. When his work is complete it will be possible
to conjecture with far greater confidence how particular traditions or
groups of tradition arose, and to what extent transmission has taken
place. Meanwhile, in his recent Huxley Memorial Lecture,(1) he has
suggested a third possibility as to the way Deluge stories may have
arisen.
(1) Sir J. G. Frazer, _Ancient Stories of a Great Flood_
(the Huxley Memorial Lecture, 1916), Roy. Anthrop. Inst.,
Stated briefly, it is that a Deluge story may arise as a popular
explanation of some striking natural feature in a country, although to
the scientific eye the feature in question is due to causes other than
catastrophic flood. And he worked out the suggestion in the case of
the Greek traditions of a great deluge, associated with the names of
Deucalion and Dardanus. Deucalion's deluge, in its later forms at
any rate, is obviously coloured by Semitic tradition; but both Greek
stories, in their origin, Sir James Frazer would trace to local
conditions--the one suggested by the Gorge of Tempe in Thessaly, the
other explaining the existence of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. As
he pointed out, they would be instances, not of genuine historical
traditions, but of what Sir James Tyler calls "observation myths".
A third story of a great flood, regarded in Greek tradition as the
earliest of the three, he would explain by an extraordinary inundation
of the Copaic Lake in Boeotia, which to this day is liable to great
fluctuations of level. His new theory applies only to the other two
traditions. For in them no historical kernel is presupposed, though
gradual erosion by water is not excluded as a cause of the surface
features which may have suggested the myths.
This valuable theory thus opens up a third possibility for our analysis.
It may also, of course, be used in combination, if in any particular
instance we have reason to believe that transmission, in some vague
form, may already have taken place. And it would with all deference
suggest the possibility that, in view of other evidence, this may have
occurred in the case of the Greek traditions. With regard to the theory
itself we may confidently expect that further examples will be found in
its illustration and support. Meanwhile in the new Sumerian Version I
think we may conclude that we have recovered beyond any doubt the
origin of the Babylonian and Hebrew traditions and of the large group of
stories to which they in their turn have given rise.
LECTURE III -- CREATION AND THE DRAGON MYTH; AND THE PROBLEM OF
BABYLONIAN PARALLELS IN HEBREW TRADITION
In our discussion of the new Sumerian version of the Deluge story we
came to the conclusion that it gave no support to any theory which
would trace all such tales to a single origin, whether in Egypt or in
Babylonia. In spite of strong astrological elements in both the Egyptian
and Babylonian religious systems, we saw grounds for regarding the
astrological tinge of much ancient mythology as a later embellishment
and not as primitive material. And so far as our new version of the
Deluge story was concerned, it resolved itself into a legend, which had
a basis of historical fact in the Euphrates Valley. It will be obvious
that the same class of explanation cannot be applied to narratives of
the Creation of the World. For there we are dealing, not with legends,
but with myths, that is, stories exclusively about the gods. But where
an examination of their earlier forms is possible, it would seem to
show that many of these tales also, in their origin, are not to be
interpreted as nature myths, and that none arose as mere reflections of
the solar system. In their more primitive and simpler aspects they
seem in many cases to have been suggested by very human and terrestrial
experience. To-day we will examine the Egyptian, Sumerian, and
Babylonian myths of Creation, and, after we have noted the more striking
features of our new material, we will consider the problem of foreign
influences upon Hebrew traditions concerning the origin and early
history of the world.
In Egypt, as until recently in Babylonia, we have to depend for our
knowledge of Creation myths on documents of a comparatively late period.
Moreover, Egyptian religious literature as a whole is textually corrupt,
and in consequence it is often difficult to determine the original
significance of its allusions. Thanks to the funerary inscriptions and
that great body of magical formulae and ritual known as "The Chapters
of Coming forth by Day", we are very fully informed on the Egyptian
doctrines as to the future state of the dead. The Egyptian's intense
interest in his own remote future, amounting almost to an obsession, may
perhaps in part account for the comparatively meagre space in the extant
literature which is occupied by myths relating solely to the past. And
it is significant that the one cycle of myth, of which we are fully
informed in its latest stage of development, should be that which gave
its sanction to the hope of a future existence for man. The fact that
Herodotus, though he claims a knowledge of the sufferings or "Mysteries"
of Osiris, should deliberately refrain from describing them or from
even uttering the name,(1) suggests that in his time at any rate some
sections of the mythology had begun to acquire an esoteric character.
There is no doubt that at all periods myth played an important part in
the ritual of feast-days. But mythological references in the earlier
texts are often obscure; and the late form in which a few of the stories
have come to us is obviously artificial. The tradition, for example,
which relates how mankind came from the tears which issued from Ra's eye
undoubtedly arose from a play upon words.
(1) Herodotus, II, 171.
On the other hand, traces of myth, scattered in the religious literature
of Egypt, may perhaps in some measure betray their relative age by the
conceptions of the universe which underlie them. The Egyptian idea that
the sky was a heavenly ocean, which is not unlike conceptions current
among the Semitic Babylonians and Hebrews, presupposes some thought and
reflection. In Egypt it may well have been evolved from the probably
earlier but analogous idea of the river in heaven, which the Sun
traversed daily in his boats. Such a river was clearly suggested by the
Nile; and its world-embracing character is reminiscent of a time when
through communication was regularly established, at least as far south
as Elephantine. Possibly in an earlier period the long narrow valley, or
even a section of it, may have suggested the figure of a man lying prone
upon his back. Such was Keb, the Earth-god, whose counterpart in the
sky was the goddess Nut, her feet and hands resting at the limits of
the world and her curved body forming the vault of heaven. Perhaps still
more primitive, and dating from a pastoral age, may be the notion that
the sky was a great cow, her body, speckled with stars, alone visible
from the earth beneath. Reference has already been made to the dominant
influence of the Sun in Egyptian religion, and it is not surprising
that he should so often appear as the first of created beings. His orb
itself, or later the god in youthful human form, might be pictured as
emerging from a lotus on the primaeval waters, or from a marsh-bird's
egg, a conception which influenced the later Phoenician cosmogeny. The
Scarabaeus, or great dung-feeding beetle of Egypt, rolling the ball
before it in which it lays its eggs, is an obvious theme for the early
myth-maker. And it was natural that the Beetle of Khepera should
have been identified with the Sun at his rising, as the Hawk of Ra
represented his noonday flight, and the aged form of Attun his setting
in the west. But in all these varied conceptions and explanations of the
universe it is difficult to determine how far the poetical imagery of
later periods has transformed the original myths which may lie behind
As the Egyptian Creator the claims of Ra, the Sun-god of Heliopolis,
early superseded those of other deities. On the other hand, Ptah of
Memphis, who for long ages had been merely the god of architects and
craftsmen, became under the Empire the architect of the universe and is
pictured as a potter moulding the world-egg. A short poem by a priest of
Ptah, which has come down to us from that period, exhibits an attempt to
develop this idea on philosophical lines.(1) Its author represents
all gods and living creatures as proceeding directly from the mind and
thought of Ptah. But this movement, which was more notably reflected in
Akhenaton's religious revolution, died out in political disaster, and
the original materialistic interpretation of the myths was restored with
the cult of Amen. How materialistic this could be is well illustrated
by two earlier members of the XVIIIth Dynasty, who have left us vivid
representations of the potter's wheel employed in the process of man's
creation. When the famous Hatshepsut, after the return of her expedition
to Punt in the ninth year of her young consort Thothmes III, decided to
build her temple at Deir el-Bahari in the necropolis of Western Thebes,
she sought to emphasize her claim to the throne of Egypt by recording
her own divine origin upon its walls. We have already noted the
Egyptians' belief in the solar parentage of their legitimate rulers,
a myth that goes back at least to the Old Kingdom and may have had its
origin in prehistoric times. With the rise of Thebes, Amen inherited the
prerogatives of Ra; and so Hatshepsut seeks to show, on the north side
of the retaining wall of her temple's Upper Platform, that she was the
daughter of Amen himself, "the great God, Lord of the sky, Lord of
the Thrones of the Two Lands, who resides at Thebes". The myth was no
invention of her own, for obviously it must have followed traditional
lines, and though it is only employed to exhibit the divine creation of
a single personage, it as obviously reflects the procedure and methods
of a general Creation myth.
(1) See Breasted, _Zeitschrift fur Aegyptische Sprache_,
XXXIX, pp. 39 ff., and _History of Egypt_, pp. 356 ff.
This series of sculptures shared the deliberate mutilation that all
her records suffered at the hands of Thothmes III after her death, but
enough of the scenes and their accompanying text has survived to render
the detailed interpretation of the myth quite certain.(1) Here, as in a
general Creation myth, Amen's first act is to summon the great gods
in council, in order to announce to them the future birth of the great
princess. Of the twelve gods who attend, the first is Menthu, a form of
the Sun-god and closely associated with Amen.(2) But the second deity
is Atum, the great god of Heliopolis, and he is followed by his cycle of
deities--Shu, "the son of Ra"; Tefnut, "the Lady of the sky"; Keb,
"the Father of the Gods"; Nut, "the Mother of the Gods"; Osiris, Isis,
Nephthys, Set, Horus, and Hathor. We are here in the presence of cosmic
deities, as befits a projected act of creation. The subsequent scenes
exhibit the Egyptian's literal interpretation of the myth, which
necessitates the god's bodily presence and personal participation.
Thoth mentions to Amen the name of queen Aahmes as the future mother of
Hatshepsut, and we later see Amen himself, in the form of her husband,
Aa-kheperka-Ra (Thothmes I), sitting with Aahmes and giving her the
Ankh, or sign of Life, which she receives in her hand and inhales
through her nostrils.(3) God and queen are seated on thrones above a
couch, and are supported by two goddesses. After leaving the queen, Amen
calls on Khnum or Khnemu, the flat-horned ram-god, who in texts of
all periods is referred to as the "builder" of gods and men;(4) and he
instructs him to create the body of his future daughter and that of her
_Ka_, or "double", which would be united to her from birth.
(1) See Naville, _Deir el-Bahari_, Pt. II, pp. 12 ff.,
plates xlvi ff.
(2) See Budge, _Gods of the Egyptians_, Vol. II, pp. 23 ff.
His chief cult-centre was Hermonthis, but here as elsewhere
he is given his usual title "Lord of Thebes".
(3) Pl. xlvii. Similar scenes are presented in the "birth-
temples" at Denderah, Edfu, Philae, Esneh, and Luxor; see
Naville, op. cit., p. 14.
(4) Cf. Budge, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 50.
The scene in the series, which is of greatest interest in the present
connexion, is that representing Khnum at his work of creation. He is
seated before a potter's wheel which he works with his foot,(1) and on
the revolving table he is fashioning two children with his hands, the
baby princess and her "double". It was always Hatshepsut's desire to be
represented as a man, and so both the children are boys.(2) As yet they
are lifeless, but the symbol of Life will be held to their nostrils
by Heqet, the divine Potter's wife, whose frog-head typifies birth and
fertility. When Amenophis III copied Hatshepsut's sculptures for his own
series at Luxor, he assigned this duty to the greater goddess Hathor,
perhaps the most powerful of the cosmic goddesses and the mother of the
world. The subsequent scenes at Deir el-Bahari include the leading of
queen Aahmes by Khnum and Heqet to the birth-chamber; the great birth
scene where the queen is attended by the goddesses Nephthys and Isis, a
number of divine nurses and midwives holding several of the "doubles"
of the baby, and favourable genii, in human form or with the heads of
crocodiles, jackals, and hawks, representing the four cardinal points
and all bearing the gift of life; the presentation of the young child
by the goddess Hathor to Amen, who is well pleased at the sight of his
daughter; and the divine suckling of Hatshepsut and her "doubles". But
these episodes do not concern us, as of course they merely reflect the
procedure following a royal birth. But Khnum's part in the princess's
origin stands on a different plane, for it illustrates the Egyptian myth
of Creation by the divine Potter, who may take the form of either Khnum
or Ptah. Monsieur Naville points out the extraordinary resemblance in
detail which Hatshepsut's myth of divine paternity bears to the Greek
legend of Zeus and Alkmene, where the god takes the form of Amphitryon,
Alkmene's husband, exactly as Amen appears to the queen;(3) and it may
be added that the Egyptian origin of the Greek story was traditionally
recognized in the ancestry ascribed to the human couple.(4)
(1) This detail is not clearly preserved at Deir el-Bahari;
but it is quite clear in the scene on the west wall of the
"Birth-room" in the Temple at Luxor, which Amenophis III
evidently copied from that of Hatshepsut.
(2) In the similar scene at Luxor, where the future
Amenophis III is represented on the Creator's wheel, the
sculptor has distinguished the human child from its
spiritual "double" by the quaint device of putting its
finger in its mouth.
(3) See Naville, op. cit., p. 12.
(4) Cf., e.g., Herodotus, II, 43.
The only complete Egyptian Creation myth yet recovered is preserved in
a late papyrus in the British Museum, which was published some years ago
by Dr. Budge.(1) It occurs under two separate versions embedded in "The
Book of the Overthrowing of Apep, the Enemy of Ra". Here Ra, who utters
the myth under his late title of Neb-er-tcher, "Lord to the utmost
limit", is self-created as Khepera from Nu, the primaeval water; and
then follow successive generations of divine pairs, male and female,
such as we find at the beginning of the Semitic-Babylonian Creation
Series.(2) Though the papyrus was written as late as the year 311 B.C.,
the myth is undoubtedly early. For the first two divine pairs Shu and
Tefnut, Keb and Nut, and four of the latter pairs' five children, Osiris
and Isis, Set and Nephthys, form with the Sun-god himself the Greater
Ennead of Heliopolis, which exerted so wide an influence on Egyptian
religious speculation. The Ennead combined the older solar elements with
the cult of Osiris, and this is indicated in the myth by a break in the
successive generations, Nut bringing forth at a single birth the five
chief gods of the Osiris cycle, Osiris himself and his son Horus, with
Set, Isis, and Nephthys. Thus we may see in the myth an early example of
that religious syncretism which is so characteristic of later Egyptian
(1) See _Archaeologia_, Vol. LII (1891). Dr. Budge published
a new edition of the whole papyrus in _Egyptian Hieratic
Papyri in the British Museum_ (1910), and the two versions
of the Creation myth are given together in his _Gods of the
Egyptians_, Vol. I (1904), Chap. VIII, pp. 308 ff., and more
recently in his _Egyptian Literature_, Vol. I, "Legends of
the Gods" (1912), pp. 2 ff. An account of the papyrus is
included in the Introduction to "Legends of the Gods", pp.
xiii ff.
(2) In _Gods of the Egyptians_, Vol. I, Chap. VII, pp. 288
ff., Dr. Budge gives a detailed comparison of the Egyptian
pairs of primaeval deities with the very similar couples of
the Babylonian myth.
The only parallel this Egyptian myth of Creation presents to the Hebrew
cosmogony is in its picture of the primaeval water, corresponding to
the watery chaos of Genesis i. But the resemblance is of a very general
character, and includes no etymological equivalence such as we find
when we compare the Hebrew account with the principal Semitic-Babylonian
Creation narrative.(1) The application of the Ankh, the Egyptian sign
for Life, to the nostrils of a newly-created being is no true parallel
to the breathing into man's nostrils of the breath of life in the
earlier Hebrew Version,(2) except in the sense that each process was
suggested by our common human anatomy. We should naturally expect to
find some Hebrew parallel to the Egyptian idea of Creation as the work
of a potter with his clay, for that figure appears in most ancient
mythologies. The Hebrews indeed used the conception as a metaphor
or parable,(3) and it also underlies their earlier picture of man's
creation. I have not touched on the grosser Egyptian conceptions
concerning the origin of the universe, which we may probably connect
with African ideas; but those I have referred to will serve to
demonstrate the complete absence of any feature that presents a detailed
resemblance of the Hebrew tradition.
(1) For the wide diffusion, in the myths of remote peoples,
of a vague theory that would trace all created things to a
watery origin, see Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, p. 180.
(2) Gen. ii. 7 (J).
(3) Cf., e.g., Isaiah xxix. 16, xlv. 9; and Jeremiah xviii.
2f.
When we turn to Babylonia, we find there also evidence of conflicting
ideas, the product of different and to some extent competing religious
centres. But in contrast to the rather confused condition of Egyptian
mythology, the Semitic Creation myth of the city of Babylon, thanks
to the latter's continued political ascendancy, succeeded in winning a
dominant place in the national literature. This is the version in which
so many points of resemblance to the first chapter of Genesis have long
been recognized, especially in the succession of creative acts and their
relative order. In the Semitic-Babylonian Version the creation of the
world is represented as the result of conflict, the emergence of order
out of chaos, a result that is only attained by the personal triumph
of the Creator. But this underlying dualism does not appear in the more
primitive Sumerian Version we have now recovered. It will be remembered
that in the second lecture I gave some account of the myth, which occurs
in an epitomized form as an introduction to the Sumerian Version of
the Deluge, the two narratives being recorded in the same document and
connected with one another by a description of the Antediluvian cities.
We there saw that Creation is ascribed to the three greatest gods of
the Sumerian pantheon, Anu, Enlil, and Enki, assisted by the goddess
Ninkharsagga.
It is significant that in the Sumerian version no less than four deities
are represented as taking part in the Creation. For in this we may see
some indication of the period to which its composition must be assigned.
Their association in the text suggests that the claims of local gods
had already begun to compete with one another as a result of political
combination between the cities of their cults. To the same general
period we must also assign the compilation of the Sumerian Dynastic
record, for that presupposes the existence of a supreme ruler among
the Sumerian city-states. This form of political constitution must
undoubtedly have been the result of a long process of development,
and the fact that its existence should be regarded as dating from the
Creation of the world indicates a comparatively developed stage of the
tradition. But behind the combination of cities and their gods we may
conjecturally trace anterior stages of development, when each local
deity and his human representative seemed to their own adherents the
sole objects for worship and allegiance. And even after the demands of
other centres had been conceded, no deity ever quite gave up his local
claims.
Enlil, the second of the four Sumerian creating deities, eventually
ousted his rivals. It has indeed long been recognized that the _rôle_
played by Marduk in the Babylonian Version of Creation had been borrowed
from Enlil of Nippur; and in the Atrakhasis legend Enlil himself appears
as the ultimate ruler of the world and the other gods figure as "his
sons". Anu, who heads the list and plays with Enlil the leading part
in the Sumerian narrative, was clearly his chief rival. And though
we possess no detailed account of Anu's creative work, the persistent
ascription to him of the creation of heaven, and his familiar title,
"the Father of the Gods", suggest that he once possessed a corresponding
body of myth in Eanna, his temple at Erech. Enki, the third of the
creating gods, was naturally credited, as God of Wisdom, with
special creative activities, and fortunately in his case we have some
independent evidence of the varied forms these could assume.
According to one tradition that has come down to us,(1) after Anu had
made the heavens, Enki created Apsû or the Deep, his own dwelling-place.
Then taking from it a piece of clay(2) he proceeded to create the
Brick-god, and reeds and forests for the supply of building material.
From the same clay he continued to form other deities and materials,
including the Carpenter-god; the Smith-god; Arazu, a patron deity
of building; and mountains and seas for all that they produced; the
Goldsmith-god, the Stone-cutter-god, and kindred deities, together with
their rich products for offerings; the Grain-deities, Ashnan and Lakhar;
Siris, a Wine-god; Ningishzida and Ninsar, a Garden-god, for the sake of
the rich offerings they could make; and a deity described as "the
High priest of the great gods," to lay down necessary ordinances and
commands. Then he created "the King", for the equipment probably of a
particular temple, and finally men, that they might practise the cult in
the temple so elaborately prepared.
(1) See Weissbach, _Babylonische Miscellen_, pp. 32 ff.
(2) One of the titles of Enki was "the Potter"; cf. _Cun.
Texts_ in the Brit. Mus., Pt. XXIV, pl. 14 f., ll. 41, 43.
It will be seen from this summary of Enki's creative activities, that
the text from which it is taken is not a general Creation myth, but
in all probability the introductory paragraph of a composition which
celebrated the building or restoration of a particular temple; and the
latter's foundation is represented, on henotheistic lines, as the main
object of creation. Composed with that special purpose, its narrative
is not to be regarded as an exhaustive account of the creation of the
world. The incidents are eclective, and only such gods and materials are
mentioned as would have been required for the building and adornment of
the temple and for the provision of its offerings and cult. But even so
its mythological background is instructive. For while Anu's creation of
heaven is postulated as the necessary precedent of Enki's activities,
the latter creates the Deep, vegetation, mountains, seas, and mankind.
Moreover, in his character as God of Wisdom, he is not only the
teacher but the creator of those deities who were patrons of man's own
constructive work. From such evidence we may infer that in his temple at
Eridu, now covered by the mounds of Abu Shahrain in the extreme south of
Babylonia, and regarded in early Sumerian tradition as the first city in
the world, Enki himself was once celebrated as the sole creator of the
The combination of the three gods Anu, Enlil, and Enki, is persistent
in the tradition; for not only were they the great gods of the universe,
representing respectively heaven, earth, and the watery abyss, but
they later shared the heavenly sphere between them. It is in their
astrological character that we find them again in creative activity,
though without the co-operation of any goddess, when they appear as
creators of the great light-gods and as founders of time divisions, the
day and the month. This Sumerian myth, though it reaches us only in an
extract or summary in a Neo-Babylonian schoolboy's exercise,(1) may well
date from a comparatively early period, but probably from a time when
the "Ways" of Anu, Enlil, and Enki had already been fixed in heaven and
their later astrological characters had crystallized.
(1) See _The Seven Tablets of Creation_, Vol. I, pp. 124 ff.
The tablet gives extracts from two very similar Sumerian and
Semitic texts. In both of them Anu, Enlil, and Enki appear
as creators "through their sure counsel". In the Sumerian
extract they create the Moon and ordain its monthly course,
while in the Semitic text, after establishing heaven and
earth, they create in addition to the New Moon the bright
Day, so that "men beheld the Sun-god in the Gate of his
going forth".
The idea that a goddess should take part with a god in man's creation
is already a familiar feature of Babylonian mythology. Thus the goddess
Aruru, in co-operation with Marduk, might be credited with the creation
of the human race,(1) as she might also be pictured creating on her own
initiative an individual hero such as Enkidu of the Gilgamesh Epic. The
_rôle_ of mother of mankind was also shared, as we have seen, by the
Semitic Ishtar. And though the old Sumerian goddess, Ninkharsagga, the
"Lady of the Mountains", appears in our Sumerian text for the first time
in the character of creatress, some of the titles we know she enjoyed,
under her synonyms in the great God List of Babylonia, already reflected
her cosmic activities.(2) For she was known as
"The Builder of that which has Breath",
"The Carpenter of Mankind",
"The Carpenter of the Heart",
"The Coppersmith of the Gods",
"The Coppersmith of the Land", and
"The Lady Potter".
(1) Op. cit., p. 134 f.
(2) Cf. _Cun. Texts in the Brit. Mus._, Pt. XXIV, pl. 12,
ll. 32, 26, 27, 25, 24, 23, and Poebel, _Hist. Texts_, p.
In the myth we are not told her method of creation, but from the above
titles it is clear that in her own cycle of tradition Ninkhasagga was
conceived as fashioning men not only from clay but also from wood, and
perhaps as employing metal for the manufacture of her other works of
creation. Moreover, in the great God List, where she is referred to
under her title Makh, Ninkhasagga is associated with Anu, Enlil, and
Enki; she there appears, with her dependent deities, after Enlil and
before Enki. We thus have definite proof that her association with the
three chief Sumerian gods was widely recognized in the early Sumerian
period and dictated her position in the classified pantheon of
Babylonia. Apart from this evidence, the important rank assigned her
in the historical and legal records and in votive inscriptions,(1)
especially in the early period and in Southern Babylonia, accords fully
with the part she here plays in the Sumerian Creation myth. Eannatum and
Gudea of Lagash both place her immediately after Anu and Enlil, giving
her precedence over Enki; and even in the Kassite Kudurru inscriptions
of the thirteenth and twelfth centuries, where she is referred to, she
takes rank after Enki and before the other gods. In Sumer she was known
as "the Mother of the Gods", and she was credited with the power
of transferring the kingdom and royal insignia from one king to his
successor.
(1) See especially, Poebel, op. cit., pp. 24 ff.
Her supreme position as a goddess is attested by the relative
insignificance of her husband Dunpae, whom she completely overshadows,
in which respect she presents a contrast to the goddess Ninlil, Enlil's
female counterpart. The early clay figurines found at Nippur and on
other sites, representing a goddess suckling a child and clasping one of
her breasts, may well be regarded as representing Ninkharsagga and not
Ninlil. Her sanctuaries were at Kesh and Adab, both in the south, and
this fact sufficiently explains her comparative want of influence in
Akkad, where the Semitic Ishtar took her place. She does indeed appear
in the north during the Sargonic period under her own name, though later
she survives in her synonyms of Ninmakh, "the Sublime Lady", and Nintu,
"the Lady of Child-bearing". It is under the latter title that Hammurabi
refers to her in his Code of Laws, where she is tenth in a series
of eleven deities. But as Goddess of Birth she retained only a pale
reflection of her original cosmic character, and her functions were
gradually specialized.(1)
(1) Cf. Poebel, op. cit., p. 33. It is possible that, under
one of her later synonyms, we should identify her, as Dr.
Poebel suggests, with the Mylitta of Herodotus.
From a consideration of their characters, as revealed by independent
sources of evidence, we thus obtain the reason for the co-operation of
four deities in the Sumerian Creation. In fact the new text illustrates
a well-known principle in the development of myth, the reconciliation
of the rival claims of deities, whose cults, once isolated, had been
brought from political causes into contact with each other. In this
aspect myth is the medium through which a working pantheon is evolved.
Naturally all the deities concerned cannot continue to play their
original parts in detail. In the Babylonian Epic of Creation, where
a single deity, and not a very prominent one, was to be raised to
pre-eminent rank, the problem was simple enough. He could retain his own
qualities and achievements while borrowing those of any former rival. In
the Sumerian text we have the result of a far more delicate process of
adjustment, and it is possible that the brevity of the text is here not
entirely due to compression of a longer narrative, but may in part
be regarded as evidence of early combination. As a result of the
association of several competing deities in the work of creation, a
tendency may be traced to avoid discrimination between rival claims.
Thus it is that the assembled gods, the pantheon as a whole, are
regarded as collectively responsible for the creation of the universe.
It may be added that this use of _ilâni_, "the gods", forms an
interesting linguistic parallel to the plural of the Hebrew divine title
It will be remembered that in the Sumerian Version the account of
Creation is not given in full, only such episodes being included as were
directly related to the Deluge story. No doubt the selection of men and
animals was suggested by their subsequent rescue from the Flood; and
emphasis was purposely laid on the creation of the _niggilma_ because of
the part it played in securing mankind's survival. Even so, we noted one
striking parallel between the Sumerian Version and that of the Semitic
Babylonians, in the reason both give for man's creation. But in the
former there is no attempt to explain how the universe itself had come
into being, and the existence of the earth is presupposed at the moment
when Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninkharsagga undertake the creation of man.
The Semitic-Babylonian Version, on the other hand, is mainly occupied
with events that led up to the acts of creation, and it concerns our
problem to inquire how far those episodes were of Semitic and how far of
Sumerian origin. A further question arises as to whether some strands
of the narrative may not at one time have existed in Sumerian form
independently of the Creation myth.
The statement is sometimes made that there is no reason to assume a
Sumerian original for the Semitic-Babylonian Version, as recorded on
"the Seven Tablets of Creation";(1) and this remark, though true of that
version as a whole, needs some qualification. The composite nature of
the poem has long been recognized, and an analysis of the text has shown
that no less than five principal strands have been combined for its
formation. These consist of (i) The Birth of the Gods; (ii) The Legend
of Ea and Apsû; (iii) The principal Dragon Myth; (iv) The actual account
of Creation; and (v) the Hymn to Marduk under his fifty titles.(2) The
Assyrian commentaries to the Hymn, from which considerable portions of
its text are restored, quote throughout a Sumerian original, and explain
it word for word by the phrases of the Semitic Version;(3) so that for
one out of the Seven Tablets a Semitic origin is at once disproved.
Moreover, the majority of the fifty titles, even in the forms in which
they have reached us in the Semitic text, are demonstrably Sumerian, and
since many of them celebrate details of their owner's creative work, a
Sumerian original for other parts of the version is implied. Enlil and
Ea are both represented as bestowing their own names upon Marduk,(4)
and we may assume that many of the fifty titles were originally borne by
Enlil as a Sumerian Creator.(5) Thus some portions of the actual account
of Creation were probably derived from a Sumerian original in which
"Father Enlil" figured as the hero.
(1) Cf., e.g., Jastrow, _Journ. of the Amer. Or. Soc._, Vol.
XXXVI (1916), p. 279.
(2) See _The Seven Tablets of Creation_, Vol. I, pp. lxvi
ff.; and cf. Skinner, _Genesis_, pp. 43 ff.
(3) Cf. _Sev. Tabl._, Vol. I, pp. 157 ff.
(4) Cf. Tabl. VII, ll. 116 ff.
(5) The number fifty was suggested by an ideogram employed
for Enlil's name.
For what then were the Semitic Babylonians themselves responsible?
It seems to me that, in the "Seven Tablets", we may credit them with
considerable ingenuity in the combination of existing myths, but
not with their invention. The whole poem in its present form is
a glorification of Marduk, the god of Babylon, who is to be given
pre-eminent rank among the gods to correspond with the political
position recently attained by his city. It would have been quite out of
keeping with the national thought to make a break in the tradition,
and such a course would not have served the purpose of the Babylonian
priesthood, which was to obtain recognition of their claims by the older
cult-centres in the country. Hence they chose and combined the more
important existing myths, only making such alterations as would fit
them to their new hero. Babylon herself had won her position by her own
exertions; and it would be a natural idea to give Marduk his opportunity
of becoming Creator of the world as the result of successful conflict.
A combination of the Dragon myth with the myth of Creation would have
admirably served their purpose; and this is what we find in the Semitic
poem. But even that combination may not have been their own invention;
for, though, as we shall see, the idea of conflict had no part in the
earlier forms of the Sumerian Creation myth, its combination with the
Dragon _motif_ may have characterized the local Sumerian Version
of Nippur. How mechanical was the Babylonian redactors' method of
glorifying Marduk is seen in their use of the description of Tiamat
and her monster brood, whom Marduk is made to conquer. To impress the
hearers of the poem with his prowess, this is repeated at length no less
than four times, one god carrying the news of her revolt to another.
Direct proof of the manner in which the later redactors have been
obliged to modify the original Sumerian Creation myth, in consequence of
their incorporation of other elements, may be seen in the Sixth Tablet
of the poem, where Marduk states the reason for man's creation. In the
second lecture we noted how the very words of the principal Sumerian
Creator were put into Marduk's mouth; but the rest of the Semitic god's
speech finds no equivalent in the Sumerian Version and was evidently
inserted in order to reconcile the narrative with its later ingredients.
This will best be seen by printing the two passages in parallel
columns:(1)
(1) The extract from the Sumerian Version, which occurs in
the lower part of the First Column, is here compared with
the Semitic-Babylonian Creation Series, Tablet VI, ll. 6-10
(see _Seven Tablets_, Vol. I, pp. 86 ff.). The comparison is
justified whether we regard the Sumerian speech as a direct
preliminary to man's creation, or as a reassertion of his
duty after his rescue from destruction by the Flood.
"The people will I cause to . . . "I will make man, that man may
in their settlements, (. . .).
Cities . . . shall (man) build, I will create man who shall
in their protection will I cause inhabit (. . .),
him to rest,
That he may lay the brick of our That the service of the gods may
house in a clean spot, be established, and that
(their) shrines (may be
built).
That in a clean spot he may But I will alter the ways of the
establish our . . . !" gods, and I will change (their
paths);
Together shall they be
oppressed, and unto evil shall
(they . . .)!"
The welding of incongruous elements is very apparent in the Semitic
Version. For the statement that man will be created in order that the
gods may have worshippers is at once followed by the announcement that
the gods themselves must be punished and their "ways" changed. In the
Sumerian Version the gods are united and all are naturally regarded as
worthy of man's worship. The Sumerian Creator makes no distinctions; he
refers to "our houses", or temples, that shall be established. But in
the later version divine conflict has been introduced, and the future
head of the pantheon has conquered and humiliated the revolting deities.
Their "ways" must therefore be altered before they are fit to receive
the worship which was accorded them by right in the simpler Sumerian
tradition. In spite of the epitomized character of the Sumerian
Version, a comparison of these passages suggests very forcibly that the
Semitic-Babylonian myth of Creation is based upon a simpler Sumerian
story, which has been elaborated to reconcile it with the Dragon myth.
The Semitic poem itself also supplies evidence of the independent
existence of the Dragon myth apart from the process of Creation, for the
story of Ea and Apsû, which it incorporates, is merely the local Dragon
myth of Eridu. Its inclusion in the story is again simply a tribute to
Marduk; for though Ea, now become Marduk's father, could conquer Apsû,
he was afraid of Tiamat, "and turned back".(1) The original Eridu myth
no doubt represented Enki as conquering the watery Abyss, which became
his home; but there is nothing to connect this tradition with his
early creative activities. We have long possessed part of another local
version of the Dragon myth, which describes the conquest of a dragon by
some deity other than Marduk; and the fight is there described as taking
place, not before Creation, but at a time when men existed and cities
had been built.(2) Men and gods were equally terrified at the monster's
appearance, and it was to deliver the land from his clutches that one
of the gods went out and slew him. Tradition delighted to dwell on the
dragon's enormous size and terrible appearance. In this version he is
described as fifty _bêru_(3) in length and one in height; his mouth
measured six cubits and the circuit of his ears twelve; he dragged
himself along in the water, which he lashed with his tail; and, when
slain, his blood flowed for three years, three months, a day and a
night. From this description we can see he was given the body of an
enormous serpent.(4)
(1) Tabl. III, l. 53, &c. In the story of Bel and the
Dragon, the third of the apocryphal additions to Daniel, we
have direct evidence of the late survival of the Dragon
_motif_ apart from any trace of the Creation myth; in this
connexion see Charles, _Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha_, Vol.
I (1913), p. 653 f.
(2) See _Seven Tablets_, Vol. I, pp. 116 ff., lxviii f. The
text is preserved on an Assyrian tablet made for the library
of Ashur-bani-pal.
(3) The _bêru_ was the space that could be covered in two
hours' travelling.
(4) The Babylonian Dragon has progeny in the later
apocalyptic literature, where we find very similar
descriptions of the creatures' size. Among them we may
perhaps include the dragon in the Apocalypse of Baruch, who,
according to the Slavonic Version, apparently every day
drinks a cubit's depth from the sea, and yet the sea does
not sink because of the three hundred and sixty rivers that
flow into it (cf. James, "Apocrypha Anecdota", Second
Series, in Armitage Robinson's _Texts and Studies_, V, No.
1, pp. lix ff.). But Egypt's Dragon _motif_ was even more
prolific, and the _Pistis Sophia_ undoubtedly suggested
descriptions of the Serpent, especially in connexion with
Hades.
A further version of the Dragon myth has now been identified on one of
the tablets recovered during the recent excavations at Ashur,(1) and in
it the dragon is not entirely of serpent form, but is a true dragon with
legs. Like the one just described, he is a male monster. The description
occurs as part of a myth, of which the text is so badly preserved that
only the contents of one column can be made out with any certainty. In
it a god, whose name is wanting, announces the presence of the dragon:
"In the water he lies and I (. . .)!" Thereupon a second god cries
successively to Aruru, the mother-goddess, and to Pallil, another deity,
for help in his predicament. And then follows the description of the
dragon:
In the sea was the Serpent cre(ated).
Sixty _bêru_ is his length;
Thirty _bêru_ high is his he(ad).(2)
For half (a _bêru_) each stretches the surface of his ey(es);(3)
For twenty _bêru_ go (his feet).(4)
He devours fish, the creatures (of the sea),
He devours birds, the creatures (of the heaven),
He devours wild asses, the creatures (of the field),
He devours men,(5) to the peoples (he . . .).
(1) For the text, see Ebeling, _Assurtexte_ I, No. 6; it is
translated by him in _Orient. Lit.-Zeit._, Vol. XIX, No. 4
(April, 1916).
(2) The line reads: _30 bêru a-ka-a ri-(a-a-u)_. Dr.
Ebeling renders _ri-a-a_ as "heads" (Köpfe), implying that
the dragon had more than one head. It may be pointed out
that, if we could accept this translation, we should have an
interesting parallel to the description of some of the
primaeval monsters, preserved from Berossus, as {soma men
ekhontas en, kephalas de duo}. But the common word for
"head" is _kakkadu_, and there can be little doubt that
_rîâ_ is here used in its ordinary sense of "head, summit,
top" when applied to a high building.
(3) The line reads: _a-na 1/2 ta-am la-bu-na li-bit ên(a-
u)_. Dr. Ebeling translates, "auf je eine Hälfte ist ein
Ziegel (ihrer) Auge(n) gelegt". But _libittu_ is clearly
used here, not with its ordinary meaning of "brick", which
yields a strange rendering, but in its special sense, when
applied to large buildings, of "foundation, floor-space,
area", i.e. "surface". Dr. Ebeling reads _ênâ-u_ at the end
of the line, but the sign is broken; perhaps the traces may
prove to be those of _uznâ u_, "his ears", in which case
_li-bit uz(nâ-u)_ might be rendered either as "surface of
his ears", or as "base (lit. foundation) of his ears".
(4) i.e. the length of his pace was twenty _bêru_.
(5) Lit. "the black-headed".
The text here breaks off, at the moment when Pallil, whose help against
the dragon had been invoked, begins to speak. Let us hope we shall
recover the continuation of the narrative and learn what became of this
carnivorous monster.
There are ample grounds, then, for assuming the independent existence of
the Babylonian Dragon-myth, and though both the versions recovered
have come to us in Semitic form, there is no doubt that the myth itself
existed among the Sumerians. The dragon _motif_ is constantly recurring
in descriptions of Sumerian temple-decoration, and the twin dragons
of Ningishzida on Gudea's libation-vase, carved in green steatite and
inlaid with shell, are a notable product of Sumerian art.(1) The very
names borne by Tiamat's brood of monsters in the "Seven Tablets" are
stamped in most cases with their Sumerian descent, and Kingu, whom she
appointed as her champion in place of Apsû, is equally Sumerian. It
would be strange indeed if the Sumerians had not evolved a Dragon
myth,(2) for the Dragon combat is the most obvious of nature myths and
is found in most mythologies of Europe and the Near East. The trailing
storm-clouds suggest his serpent form, his fiery tongue is seen in the
forked lightning, and, though he may darken the world for a time,
the Sun-god will always be victorious. In Egypt the myth of "the
Overthrowing of Apep, the enemy of Ra" presents a close parallel to that
of Tiamat;(3) but of all Eastern mythologies that of the Chinese
has inspired in art the most beautiful treatment of the Dragon, who,
however, under his varied forms was for them essentially beneficent.
Doubtless the Semites of Babylonia had their own versions of the Dragon
combat, both before and after their arrival on the Euphrates, but the
particular version which the priests of Babylon wove into their epic is
not one of them.
(1) See E. de Sarzec, _Découvertes en Chaldée_, pl. xliv,
Fig. 2, and Heuzey, _Catalogue des antiquités chaldéennes_,
(2) In his very interesting study of "Sumerian and Akkadian
Views of Beginnings", contributed to the _Journ. of the
Amer. Or. Soc._, Vol. XXXVI (1916), pp. 274 ff., Professor
Jastrow suggests that the Dragon combat in the Semitic-
Babylonian Creation poem is of Semitic not Sumerian origin.
He does not examine the evidence of the poem itself in
detail, but bases the suggestion mainly on the two
hypotheses, that the Dragon combat of the poem was suggested
by the winter storms and floods of the Euphrates Valley, and
that the Sumerians came from a mountain region where water
was not plentiful. If we grant both assumptions, the
suggested conclusion does not seem to me necessarily to
follow, in view of the evidence we now possess as to the
remote date of the Sumerian settlement in the Euphrates
Valley. Some evidence may still be held to point to a
mountain home for the proto-Sumerians, such as the name of
their early goddess Ninkharsagga, "the Lady of the
Mountains". But, as we must now regard Babylonia itself as
the cradle of their civilization, other data tend to lose
something of their apparent significance. It is true that
the same Sumerian sign means "land" and "mountain"; but it
may have been difficult to obtain an intelligible profile
for "land" without adopting a mountain form. Such a name as
Ekur, the "Mountain House" of Nippur, may perhaps indicate
size, not origin; and Enki's association with metal-working
may be merely due to his character as God of Wisdom, and is
not appropriate solely "to a god whose home is in the
mountains where metals are found" (op. cit., p. 295). It
should be added that Professor Jastrow's theory of the
Dragon combat is bound up with his view of the origin of an
interesting Sumerian "myth of beginnings", to which
reference is made later.
(3) Cf. Budge, _Gods of the Egyptians_, Vol. I, pp. 324 ff.
The inclusion of the two versions of the Egyptian Creation
myth, recording the Birth of the Gods in the "Book of
Overthrowing Apep", does not present a very close parallel
to the combination of Creation and Dragon myths in the
Semitic-Babylonian poem, for in the Egyptian work the two
myths are not really combined, the Creation Versions being
inserted in the middle of the spells against Apep, without
any attempt at assimilation (see Budge, _Egyptian
Literature_, Vol. I, p. xvi).
We have thus traced four out of the five strands which form the
Semitic-Babylonian poem of Creation to a Sumerian ancestry. And we now
come back to the first of the strands, the Birth of the Gods, from which
our discussion started. For if this too should prove to be Sumerian, it
would help to fill in the gap in our Sumerian Creation myth, and might
furnish us with some idea of the Sumerian view of "beginnings", which
preceded the acts of creation by the great gods. It will be remembered
that the poem opens with the description of a time when heaven and earth
did not exist, no field or marsh even had been created, and the universe
consisted only of the primaeval water-gods, Apsû, Mummu, and Tiamat,
whose waters were mingled together. Then follows the successive
generation of two pairs of deities, Lakhmu and Lakhamu, and Anshar and
Kishar, long ages separating the two generations from each other and
from the birth of the great gods which subsequently takes place. In
the summary of the myth which is given by Damascius(1) the names of the
various deities accurately correspond to those in the opening lines of
the poem; but he makes some notable additions, as will be seen from the
following table:
DAMASCUS "SEVEN TABLETS" I
{'Apason---Tauthe} Apsû---Tiamat
{Moumis} Mummu
{Lakhos---Lakhe}(2) Lakhmu---Lakhamu
{'Assoros---Kissare} Anshar---Kishar
{'Anos, 'Illinos, 'Aos} Anu, ( ), Nudimmud (= Ea)
{'Aos---Dauke}
{Belos}
(1) _Quaestiones de primis principiis_, cap. 125; ed. Kopp,
(2) Emended from the reading {Dakhen kai Dakhon} of the
In the passage of the poem which describes the birth of the great gods
after the last pair of primaeval deities, mention is duly made of Anu
and Nudimmud (the latter a title of Ea), corresponding to the {'Anos}
and {'Aos} of Damascius; and there appears to be no reference to Enlil,
the original of {'Illinos}. It is just possible that his name occurred
at the end of one of the broken lines, and, if so, we should have a
complete parallel to Damascius. But the traces are not in favour of the
restoration;(1) and the omission of Enlil's name from this part of
the poem may be readily explained as a further tribute to Marduk, who
definitely usurps his place throughout the subsequent narrative. Anu and
Ea had both to be mentioned because of the parts they play in the Epic,
but Enlil's only recorded appearance is in the final assembly of the
gods, where he bestows his own name "the Lord of the World"(2) upon
Marduk. The evidence of Damascius suggests that Enlil's name was here
retained, between those of Anu and Ea, in other versions of the poem.
But the occurrence of the name in any version is in itself evidence
of the antiquity of this strand of the narrative. It is a legitimate
inference that the myth of the Birth of the Gods goes back to a time at
least before the rise of Babylon, and is presumably of Sumerian origin.
(1) Anu and Nudimmud are each mentioned for the first time
at the beginning of a line, and the three lines following
the reference to Nudimmud are entirely occupied with
descriptions of his wisdom and power. It is also probable
that the three preceding lines (ll. 14-16), all of which
refer to Anu by name, were entirely occupied with his
description. But it is only in ll. 13-16 that any reference
to Enlil can have occurred, and the traces preserved of
their second halves do not suggestion the restoration.
(2) Cf. Tabl. VII, . 116.
Further evidence of this may be seen in the fact that Anu, Enlil, and Ea
(i.e. Enki), who are here created together, are the three great gods of
the Sumerian Version of Creation; it is they who create mankind with the
help of the goddess Ninkharsagga, and in the fuller version of that myth
we should naturally expect to find some account of their own origin. The
reference in Damascius to Marduk ({Belos}) as the son of Ea and Damkina
({Dauke}) is also of interest in this connexion, as it exhibits a
goddess in close connexion with one of the three great gods, much as
we find Ninkharsagga associated with them in the Sumerian Version.(1)
Before leaving the names, it may be added that, of the primaeval
deities, Anshar and Kishar are obviously Sumerian in form.
(1) Damkina was the later wife of Ea or Enki; and
Ninkharsagga is associated with Enki, as his consort, in
another Sumerian myth.
It may be noted that the character of Apsû and Tiamat in this portion of
the poem(1) is quite at variance with their later actions. Their revolt
at the ordered "way" of the gods was a necessary preliminary to the
incorporation of the Dragon myths, in which Ea and Marduk are the
heroes. Here they appear as entirely beneficent gods of the primaeval
water, undisturbed by storms, in whose quiet depths the equally
beneficent deities Lakhmu and Lakhamu, Anshar and Kishar, were
generated.(2) This interpretation, by the way, suggests a more
satisfactory restoration for the close of the ninth line of the poem
than any that has yet been proposed. That line is usually taken to imply
that the gods were created "in the midst of (heaven)", but I think the
following rendering, in connexion with ll. 1-5, gives better sense:
When in the height heaven was not named,
And the earth beneath did not bear a name,
And the primaeval Apsû who begat them,(3)
And Mummu, and Tiamat who bore them(3) all,--
Their waters were mingled together,
Then were created the gods in the midst of (their waters),(4)
Lakhmu and Lakhamu were called into being . . .
(1) Tabl. I, ll. 1-21.
(2) We may perhaps see a survival of Tiamat's original
character in her control of the Tablets of Fate. The poem
does not represent her as seizing them in any successful
fight; they appear to be already hers to bestow on Kingu,
though in the later mythology they are "not his by right"
(cf. Tabl. I, ll. 137 ff., and Tabl. IV, l. 121).
(3) i.e. the gods.
(4) The ninth line is preserved only on a Neo-Babylonian
duplicate (_Seven Tablets_, Vol. II, pl. i). I suggested the
restoration _ki-rib (a-ma-mi)_, "in the midst of heaven",
as possible, since the traces of the first sign in the last
word of the line seemed to be those of the Neo-Babylonian
form of _a_. The restoration appeared at the time not
altogether satisfactory in view of the first line of the
poem, and it could only be justified by supposing that
_amâmu_, or "heaven", was already vaguely conceived as in
existence (op. cit., Vol. I, p. 3, n. 14). But the traces of
the sign, as I have given them (op. cit., Vol. II, pl. i),
may also possibly be those of the Neo-Babylonian form of the
sign _me_; and I would now restore the end of the line in
the Neo-Babylonian tablet as _ki-rib m(e-e-u-nu)_, "in the
midst of (their waters)", corresponding to the form _mu-u-
u-nu_ in l. 5 of this duplicate. In the Assyrian Version
_mé(pl)-u-nu_ would be read in both lines. It will be
possible to verify the new reading, by a re-examination of
the traces on the tablet, when the British Museum
collections again become available for study after the war.
If the ninth line of the poem be restored as suggested, its account of
the Birth of the Gods will be found to correspond accurately with
the summary from Berossus, who, in explaining the myth, refers to the
Babylonian belief that the universe consisted at first of moisture
in which living creatures, such as he had already described, were
generated.(1) The primaeval waters are originally the source of life,
not of destruction, and it is in them that the gods are born, as in
Egyptian mythology; there Nu, the primaeval water-god from whom Ra was
self-created, never ceased to be the Sun-god's supporter. The change in
the Babylonian conception was obviously introduced by the combination of
the Dragon myth with that of Creation, a combination that in Egypt
would never have been justified by the gentle Nile. From a study of some
aspects of the names at the beginning of the Babylonian poem we have
already seen reason to suspect that its version of the Birth of the Gods
goes back to Sumerian times, and it is pertinent to ask whether we have
any further evidence that in Sumerian belief water was the origin of all
(1) {ugrou gar ontos tou pantos kai zoon en auto
gegennemenon (toionde) ktl}. His creatures of the primaeval
water were killed by the light; and terrestrial animals were
then created which could bear (i.e. breathe and exist in)
the air.
For many years we have possessed a Sumerian myth of Creation, which has
come to us on a late Babylonian tablet as the introductory section of
an incantation. It is provided with a Semitic translation, and to judge
from its record of the building of Babylon and Egasila, Marduk's temple,
and its identification of Marduk himself with the Creator, it has
clearly undergone some editing at the hands of the Babylonian priests.
Moreover, the occurrence of various episodes out of their logical order,
and the fact that the text records twice over the creation of swamps and
marshes, reeds and trees or forests, animals and cities, indicate that
two Sumerian myths have been combined. Thus we have no guarantee that
the other cities referred to by name in the text, Nippur, Erech, and
Eridu, are mentioned in any significant connexion with each other.(1) Of
the actual cause of Creation the text appears to give two versions also,
one in its present form impersonal, and the other carried out by a
god. But these two accounts are quite unlike the authorized version
of Babylon, and we may confidently regard them as representing genuine
Sumerian myths. The text resembles other early accounts of Creation by
introducing its narrative with a series of negative statements, which
serve to indicate the preceding non-existence of the world, as will be
seen from the following extract:(2)
No city had been created, no creature had been made,
Nippur had not been created, Ekur had not been built,
Erech had not been created, Eanna had not been built,
Apsû had not been created, Eridu had not been built,
Of the holy house, the house of the gods, the habitation had not
been created.
All lands(3) were sea.
At the time when a channel (was formed) in the midst of the sea,
Then was Eridu created, Esagila built, etc.
Here we have the definite statement that before Creation all the world
was sea. And it is important to note that the primaeval water is not
personified; the ordinary Sumerian word for "sea" is employed, which
the Semitic translator has faithfully rendered in his version of
the text.(4) The reference to a channel in the sea, as the cause of
Creation, seems at first sight a little obscure; but the word implies
a "drain" or "water-channel", not a current of the sea itself, and the
reference may be explained as suggested by the drainage of a flood-area.
No doubt the phrase was elaborated in the original myth, and it is
possible that what appears to be a second version of Creation later on
in the text is really part of the more detailed narrative of the
first myth. There the Creator himself is named. He is the Sumerian god
Gilimma, and in the Semitic translation Marduk's name is substituted. To
the following couplet, which describes Gilimma's method of creation,
is appended a further extract from a later portion of the text, there
evidently displaced, giving additional details of the Creator's work:
Gilimma bound reeds in the face of the waters,
He formed soil and poured it out beside the reeds.(5)
(He)(6) filled in a dike by the side of the sea,
(He . . .) a swamp, he formed a marsh.
(. . .), he brought into existence,
(Reeds he form)ed,(7) trees he created.
(1) The composite nature of the text is discussed by
Professor Jastrow in his _Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions_,
pp. 89 ff.; and in his paper in the _Journ. Amer. Or. Soc._,
Vol. XXXVI (1916), pp. 279 ff.; he has analysed it into two
main versions, which he suggests originated in Eridu and
Nippur respectively. The evidence of the text does not
appear to me to support the view that any reference to a
watery chaos preceding Creation must necessarily be of
Semitic origin. For the literature of the text (first
published by Pinches, _Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc._, Vol. XXIII,
pp. 393 ff.), see _Sev. Tabl._, Vol. I, p. 130.
(2) Obv., ll. 5-12.
(3) Sum. _nigin-kur-kur-ra-ge_, Sem. _nap-har ma-ta-a-tu_,
lit. "all lands", i.e. Sumerian and Babylonian expressions
for "the world".
(4) Sum. _a-ab-ba_, "sea", is here rendered by _tâmtum_, not
by its personified equivalent Tiamat.
(5) The suggestion has been made that _amu_, the word in the
Semitic version here translated "reeds", should be connected
with _ammatu_, the word used for "earth" or "dry land" in
the Babylonian Creation Series, Tabl. I, l. 2, and given
some such meaning as "expanse". The couplet is thus
explained to mean that the god made an expanse on the face
of the waters, and then poured out dust "on the expanse".
But the Semitic version in l. 18 reads _itti ami_, "beside
the _a._", not _ina ami_, "on the _a._"; and in any case
there does not seem much significance in the act of pouring
out specially created dust on or beside land already formed.
The Sumerian word translated by _amu_ is written _gi-dir_,
with the element _gi_, "reed", in l. 17, and though in the
following line it is written under its variant form _a-dir_
without _gi_, the equation _gi-a-dir_ = _amu_ is elsewhere
attested (cf. Delitzsch, _Handwörterbuch_, p. 77). In favour
of regarding _amu_ as some sort of reed, here used
collectively, it may be pointed out that the Sumerian verb
in l. 17 is _keda_, "to bind", accurately rendered by
_rakau_ in the Semitic version. Assuming that l. 34 belongs
to the same account, the creation of reeds in general beside
trees, after dry land is formed, would not of course be at
variance with the god's use of some sort of reed in his
first act of creation. He creates the reed-bundles, as he
creates the soil, both of which go to form the first dike;
the reed-beds, like the other vegetation, spring up from the
ground when it appears.
(6) The Semitic version here reads "the lord Marduk"; the
corresponding name in the Sumerian text is not preserved.
(7) The line is restored from l. 2 o the obverse of the
Here the Sumerian Creator is pictured as forming dry land from the
primaeval water in much the same way as the early cultivator in the
Euphrates Valley procured the rich fields for his crops. The existence
of the earth is here not really presupposed. All the world was sea until
the god created land out of the waters by the only practical method that
was possible in Mesopotamia.
In another Sumerian myth, which has been recovered on one of the early
tablets from Nippur, we have a rather different picture of beginnings.
For there, though water is the source of life, the existence of the
land is presupposed. But it is bare and desolate, as in the Mesopotamian
season of "low water". The underlying idea is suggestive of a period
when some progress in systematic irrigation had already been made, and
the filling of the dry canals and subsequent irrigation of the parched
ground by the rising flood of Enki was not dreaded but eagerly desired.
The myth is only one of several that have been combined to form the
introductory sections of an incantation; but in all of them Enki, the
god of the deep water, plays the leading part, though associated with
different consorts.(1) The incantation is directed against various
diseases, and the recitation of the closing mythical section was
evidently intended to enlist the aid of special gods in combating them.
The creation of these deities is recited under set formulae in a sort of
refrain, and the divine name assigned to each bears a magical connexion
with the sickness he or she is intended to dispel.(2)
(1) See Langdon, Univ. of Penns. Mus. Publ., Bab. Sect.,
Vol. X, No. 1 (1915), pl. i f., pp. 69 ff.; _Journ. Amer.
Or. Soc._, Vol. XXXVI (1916), pp. 140 ff.; cf. Prince,
_Journ. Amer. Or. Soc._, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 90 ff.; Jastrow,
_Journ. Amer. Or. Soc._, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 122 ff., and in
particular his detailed study of the text in _Amer. Journ.
Semit. Lang._, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 91 ff. Dr. Langdon's first
description of the text, in _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._, Vol.
XXXVI (1914), pp. 188 ff., was based on a comparatively
small fragment only; and on his completion of the text from
other fragments in Pennsylvania. Professor Sayce at once
realized that the preliminary diagnosis of a Deluge myth
could not be sustained (cf. _Expos. Times_, Nov., 1915, pp.
88 ff.). He, Professor Prince, and Professor Jastrow
independently showed that the action of Enki in the myth in
sending water on the land was not punitive but beneficent;
and the preceding section, in which animals are described as
not performing their usual activities, was shown
independently by Professor Prince and Professor Jastrow to
have reference, not to their different nature in an ideal
existence in Paradise, but, on familiar lines, to their non-
existence in a desolate land. It may be added that Professor
Barton and Dr. Peters agree generally with Professor Prince
and Professor Jastrow in their interpretation of the text,
which excludes the suggested biblical parallels; and I
understand from Dr. Langdon that he very rightly recognizes
that the text is not a Deluge myth. It is a subject for
congratulation that the discussion has materially increased
our knowledge of this difficult composition.
(2) Cf. Col. VI, ll. 24 ff.; thus _Ab_-u was created for the
sickness of the cow (_ab_); Nin-_tul_ for that of the flock
(u-_tul_); Nin-_ka_-u-tu and Nin-_ka_-si for that of the
mouth (_ka_); Na-zi for that of the _na-zi_ (meaning
uncertain); _Da zi_-ma for that of the _da-zi_ (meaning
uncertain); Nin-_til_ for that of _til_ (life); the name of
the eighth and last deity is imperfectly preserved.
We have already noted examples of a similar use of myth in magic, which
was common to both Egypt and Babylonia; and to illustrate its employment
against disease, as in the Nippur document, it will suffice to cite
a well-known magical cure for the toothache which was adopted in
Babylon.(1) There toothache was believed to be caused by the gnawing of
a worm in the gum, and a myth was used in the incantation to relieve
it. The worm's origin is traced from Anu, the god of heaven, through
a descending scale of creation; Anu, the heavens, the earth, rivers,
canals and marshes are represented as each giving rise to the next in
order, until finally the marshes produce the worm. The myth then relates
how the worm, on being offered tempting food by Ea in answer to her
prayer, asked to be allowed to drink the blood of the teeth, and the
incantation closes by invoking the curse of Ea because of the worm's
misguided choice. It is clear that power over the worm was obtained by a
recital of her creation and of her subsequent ingratitude, which led to
her present occupation and the curse under which she laboured. When the
myth and invocation had been recited three times over the proper mixture
of beer, a plant, and oil, and the mixture had been applied to the
offending tooth, the worm would fall under the spell of the curse and
the patient would at once gain relief. The example is instructive,
as the connexion of ideas is quite clear. In the Nippur document the
recital of the creation of the eight deities evidently ensured their
presence, and a demonstration of the mystic bond between their names
and the corresponding diseases rendered the working of their powers
effective. Our knowledge of a good many other myths is due solely to
their magical employment.
(1) See Thompson, _Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia_,
Vol. II, pp. 160 ff.; for a number of other examples, see
Jastrow, _J.A.O.S._, Vol. XXXVI, p. 279, n. 7.
Perhaps the most interesting section of the new text is one in which
divine instructions are given in the use of plants, the fruit or roots
of which may be eaten. Here Usmû, a messenger from Enki, God of the
Deep, names eight such plants by Enki's orders, thereby determining the
character of each. As Professor Jastrow has pointed out, the passage
forcibly recalls the story from Berossus, concerning the mythical
creature Oannes, who came up from the Erythraean Sea, where it borders
upon Babylonia, to instruct mankind in all things, including "seeds and
the gathering of fruits".(1) But the only part of the text that concerns
us here is the introductory section, where the life-giving flood, by
which the dry fields are irrigated, is pictured as following the union
of the water-deities, Enki and Ninella.(2) Professor Jastrow is right in
emphasizing the complete absence of any conflict in this Sumerian
myth of beginnings; but, as with the other Sumerian Versions we have
examined, it seems to me there is no need to seek its origin elsewhere
than in the Euphrates Valley.
(1) Cf. Jastrow, _J.A.O.S._, Vol. XXXVI, p. 127, and
_A.J.S.L._, Vol. XXXIII, p. 134 f. It may be added that the
divine naming of the plants also presents a faint parallel
to the naming of the beasts and birds by man himself in Gen.
ii. 19 f.
(2) Professor Jastrow (_A.J.S.L._, Vol. XXXIII, p. 115)
compares similar myths collected by Sir James Frazer (_Magic
Art_, Vol. II, chap. xi and chap. xii, § 2). He also notes
the parallel the irrigation myth presents to the mist (or
flood) of the earlier Hebrew Version (Gen. ii. 5 f). But
Enki, like Ea, was no rain-god; he had his dwellings in the
Euphrates and the Deep.
Even in later periods, when the Sumerian myths of Creation had been
superseded by that of Babylon, the Euphrates never ceased to be regarded
as the source of life and the creator of all things. And this is
well brought out in the following introductory lines of a Semitic
incantation, of which we possess two Neo-Babylonian copies:(1)
O thou River, who didst create all things,
When the great gods dug thee out,
They set prosperity upon thy banks,
Within thee Ea, King of the Deep, created his dwelling.
The Flood they sent not before thou wert!
Here the river as creator is sharply distinguished from the Flood; and
we may conclude that the water of the Euphrates Valley impressed the
early Sumerians, as later the Semites, with its creative as well as with
its destructive power. The reappearance of the fertile soil, after the
receding inundation, doubtless suggested the idea of creation out of
water, and the stream's slow but automatic fall would furnish a model
for the age-long evolution of primaeval deities. When a god's active and
artificial creation of the earth must be portrayed, it would have been
natural for the primitive Sumerian to picture the Creator working as
he himself would work when he reclaimed a field from flood. We are thus
shown the old Sumerian god Gilimma piling reed-bundles in the water and
heaping up soil beside them, till the ground within his dikes dries off
and produces luxuriant vegetation. But here there is a hint of struggle
in the process, and we perceive in it the myth-redactor's opportunity
to weave in the Dragon _motif_. No such excuse is afforded by the other
Sumerian myth, which pictures the life-producing inundation as the gift
of the two deities of the Deep and the product of their union.
But in their other aspect the rivers of Mesopotamia could be terrible;
and the Dragon _motif_ itself, on the Tigris and Euphrates, drew its
imagery as much from flood as from storm. When therefore a single deity
must be made to appear, not only as Creator, but also as the champion
of his divine allies and the conqueror of other gods, it was inevitable
that the myths attaching to the waters under their two aspects should be
combined. This may already have taken place at Nippur, when Enlil
became the head of the pantheon; but the existence of his myth is
conjectural.(1) In a later age we can trace the process in the light of
history and of existing texts. There Marduk, identified wholly as the
Sun-god, conquers the once featureless primaeval water, which in the
process of redaction has now become the Dragon of flood and storm.
(1) The aspect of Enlil as the Creator of Vegetation is
emphasized in Tablet VII of the Babylonian poem of Creation.
It is significant that his first title, Asara, should be
interpreted as "Bestower of planting", "Founder of sowing",
"Creator of grain and plants", "He who caused the green herb
to spring up" (cf. _Seven Tablets_, Vol. I, p. 92 f.). These
opening phrases, by which the god is hailed, strike the key-
note of the whole composition. It is true that, as Sukh-kur,
he is "Destroyer of the foe"; but the great majority of the
titles and their Semitic glosses refer to creative
activities, not to the Dragon myth.
Thus the dualism which is so characteristic a feature of the
Semitic-Babylonian system, though absent from the earliest Sumerian
ideas of Creation, was inherent in the nature of the local rivers, whose
varied aspects gave rise to or coloured separate myths. Its presence
in the later mythology may be traced as a reflection of political
development, at first probably among the warring cities of Sumer, but
certainly later in the Semitic triumph at Babylon. It was but to
be expected that the conqueror, whether Sumerian or Semite, should
represent his own god's victory as the establishment of order out of
chaos. But this would be particularly in harmony with the character of
the Semitic Babylonians of the First Dynasty, whose genius for method
and organization produced alike Hammurabi's Code of Laws and the
straight streets of the capital.
We have thus been able to trace the various strands of the
Semitic-Babylonian poem of Creation to Sumerian origins; and in the
second lecture we arrived at a very similar conclusion with regard to
the Semitic-Babylonian Version of the Deluge preserved in the Epic of
Gilgamesh. We there saw that the literary structure of the Sumerian
Version, in which Creation and Deluge are combined, must have survived
under some form into the Neo-Babylonian period, since it was reproduced
by Berossus. And we noted the fact that the same arrangement in Genesis
did not therefore prove that the Hebrew accounts go back directly to
early Sumerian originals. In fact, the structural resemblance presented
by Genesis can only be regarded as an additional proof that the
Sumerian originals continued to be studied and translated by the Semitic
priesthood, although they had long been superseded officially by their
later descendants, the Semitic epics. A detailed comparison of the
Creation and Deluge narratives in the various versions at once discloses
the fact that the connexion between those of the Semitic Babylonians
and the Hebrews is far closer and more striking than that which can be
traced when the latter are placed beside the Sumerian originals. We may
therefore regard it as certain that the Hebrews derived their knowledge
of Sumerian tradition, not directly from the Sumerians themselves, but
through Semitic channels from Babylon.
It will be unnecessary here to go in detail through the points of
resemblance that are admitted to exist between the Hebrew account of
Creation in the first chapter of Genesis and that preserved in the
"Seven Tablets".(1) It will suffice to emphasize two of them, which gain
in significance through our newly acquired knowledge of early Sumerian
beliefs. It must be admitted that, on first reading the poem, one is
struck more by the differences than by the parallels; but that is due
to the polytheistic basis of the poem, which attracts attention when
compared with the severe and dignified monotheism of the Hebrew writer.
And if allowance be made for the change in theological standpoint, the
material points of resemblance are seen to be very marked. The outline
or general course of events is the same. In both we have an abyss of
waters at the beginning denoted by almost the same Semitic word, the
Hebrew _tehôm_, translated "the deep" in Gen. i. 2, being the equivalent
of the Semitic-Babylonian _Tiamat_, the monster of storm and flood who
presents so striking a contrast to the Sumerian primaeval water.(2) The
second act of Creation in the Hebrew narrative is that of a "firmament",
which divided the waters under it from those above.(3) But this, as we
have seen, has no parallel in the early Sumerian conception until it was
combined with the Dragon combat in the form in which we find it in the
Babylonian poem. There the body of Tiamat is divided by Marduk, and from
one half of her he constructs a covering or dome for heaven, that is to
say a "firmament", to keep her upper waters in place. These will suffice
as text passages, since they serve to point out quite clearly the
Semitic source to which all the other detailed points of Hebrew
resemblance may be traced.
(1) See _Seven Tablets_, Vol. I, pp. lxxxi ff., and Skinner,
_Genesis_, pp. 45 ff.
(2) The invariable use of the Hebrew word _tehôm_ without
the article, except in two passages in the plural, proves
that it is a proper name (cf. Skinner, op. cit., p. 17); and
its correspondence with _Tiamat_ makes the resemblance of
the versions far more significant than if their parallelism
were confined solely to ideas.
(3) Gen. i. 6-8.
In the case of the Deluge traditions, so conclusive a demonstration is
not possible, since we have no similar criterion to apply. And on one
point, as we saw, the Hebrew Versions preserve an original Sumerian
strand of the narrative that was not woven into the Gilgamesh Epic,
where there is no parallel to the piety of Noah. But from the detailed
description that was given in the second lecture, it will have been
noted that the Sumerian account is on the whole far simpler and more
primitive than the other versions. It is only in the Babylonian Epic,
for example, that the later Hebrew writer finds material from which to
construct the ark, while the sweet savour of Ut-napishtim's sacrifice,
and possibly his sending forth of the birds, though reproduced in the
earlier Hebrew Version, find no parallels in the Sumerian account.(1) As
to the general character of the Flood, there is no direct reference to
rain in the Sumerian Version, though its presence is probably implied in
the storm. The heavy rain of the Babylonian Epic has been increased
to forty days of rain in the earlier Hebrew Version, which would be
suitable to a country where local rain was the sole cause of flood. But
the later Hebrew writer's addition of "the fountains of the deep" to
"the windows of heaven" certainly suggests a more intimate knowledge of
Mesopotamia, where some contributary cause other than local rain must be
sought for the sudden and overwhelming catastrophes of which the rivers
are capable.
(1) For detailed lists of the points of agreement presented
by the Hebrew Versions J and P to the account in the
Gilgamesh Epic, see Skinner, op. cit., p. 177 f.; Driver,
_Genesis_, p. 106 f.; and Gordon, _Early Traditions of
Genesis_ (1907), pp. 38 ff.
Thus, viewed from a purely literary standpoint, we are now enabled to
trace back to a primitive age the ancestry of the traditions, which,
under a very different aspect, eventually found their way into Hebrew
literature. And in the process we may note the changes they underwent
as they passed from one race to another. The result of such literary
analysis and comparison, so far from discrediting the narratives in
Genesis, throws into still stronger relief the moral grandeur of the
Hebrew text.
We come then to the question, at what periods and by what process did
the Hebrews become acquainted with Babylonian ideas? The tendency of the
purely literary school of critics has been to explain the process by the
direct use of Babylonian documents wholly within exilic times. If the
Creation and Deluge narratives stood alone, a case might perhaps be made
out for confining Babylonian influence to this late period. It is
true that during the Captivity the Jews were directly exposed to
such influence. They had the life and civilization of their captors
immediately before their eyes, and it would have been only natural
for the more learned among the Hebrew scribes and priests to interest
themselves in the ancient literature of their new home. And any previous
familiarity with the myths of Babylonia would undoubtedly have been
increased by actual residence in the country. We may perhaps see
a result of such acquaintance with Babylonian literature, after
Jehoiachin's deportation, in an interesting literary parallel that has
been pointed out between Ezek. xiv. 12-20 and a speech in the Babylonian
account of the Deluge in the Gilgamesh Epic, XI, ii. 180-194.(1) The
passage in Ezekiel occurs within chaps. i-xxiv, which correspond to
the prophet's first period and consist in the main of his utterances in
exile before the fall of Jerusalem. It forms, in fact, the introduction
to the prophet's announcement of the coming of "four sore judgements
upon Jerusalem", from which there "shall be left a remnant that shall
be carried forth".(2) But in consequence, here and there, of traces of a
later point of view, it is generally admitted that many of the chapters
in this section may have been considerably amplified and altered by
Ezekiel himself in the course of writing. And if we may regard the
literary parallel that has been pointed out as anything more than
fortuitous, it is open to us to assume that chap. xiv may have been
worked up by Ezekiel many years after his prophetic call at Tel-abib.
(1) See Daiches, "Ezekiel and the Babylonian Account of the
Deluge", in the _Jewish Quarterly Review_, April 1905. It
has of course long been recognized that Ezekiel, in
announcing the punishment of the king of Egypt in xxxii. 2
ff., uses imagery which strongly recalls the Babylonian
Creation myth. For he compares Pharaoh to a sea-monster over
whom Yahweh will throw his net (as Marduk had thrown his
over Tiamat); cf. Loisy, _Les mythes babyloniens et les
premiers chaptires de la Genèse_ (1901), p. 87.
(2) Ezek. xiv. 21 f.
In the passage of the Babylonian Epic, Enlil had already sent the Flood
and had destroyed the good with the wicked. Ea thereupon remonstrates
with him, and he urges that in future the sinner only should be made to
suffer for his sin; and, instead of again causing a flood, let there be
discrimination in the divine punishments sent on men or lands. While
the flood made the escape of the deserving impossible, other forms of
punishment would affect the guilty only. In Ezekiel the subject is the
same, but the point of view is different. The land the prophet has in
his mind in verse 13 is evidently Judah, and his desire is to explain
why it will suffer although not all its inhabitants deserved to share
its fate. The discrimination, which Ea urges, Ezekiel asserts will be
made; but the sinner must bear his own sin, and the righteous, however
eminent, can only save themselves by their righteousness. The general
principle propounded in the Epic is here applied to a special case.
But the parallelism between the passages lies not only in the general
principle but also in the literary setting. This will best be brought
out by printing the passages in parallel columns.
Gilg. Epic, XI, 180-194 Ezek. xiv. 12-20
Ea opened his mouth and spake, And the word of the Lord came
He said to the warrior Enlil; unto me, saying,
Thou director of the gods! O Son of man, when a land sinneth
warrior! against me by committing a
Why didst thou not take counsel trespass, and I stretch out
but didst cause a flood? mine hand upon it, and break
On the transgressor lay his the staff of the bread
transgression! thereof, and send _famine_
Be merciful, so that (all) be not upon it, and cut off from it
destroyed! Have patience, so man and beast; though these
that (all) be not (cut off)! three men, Noah, Daniel, and
Instead of causing a flood, Job, were in it, they should
Let _lions_(1) come and diminish deliver but their own souls by
mankind! their righteousness, saith the
Instead of causing a flood, Lord God.
Let _leopards_(1) come and If I cause _noisome beasts_ to
diminish mankind! pass through the land, and
Instead of causing a flood, they spoil it, so that it be
Let _famine_ be caused and let it desolate, that no man may pass
smite the land! through because of the beasts;
Instead of causing a flood, though these three men were in
Let the _Plague-god_ come and it, as I live, saith the Lord
(slay) mankind! God, they shall deliver
neither sons nor daughters;
they only shall be delivered,
but the land shall be
desolate.
Or if I bring a _sword_ upon
that land, and say, Sword, go
through the land; so that I
cut off from it man and beast;
though these three men were in
it, as I live, saith the Lord
God, they shall deliver
neither sons nor daughters,
but they only shall be
delivered themselves.
Or if I send a _pestilence_ into
that land, and pour out my
fury upon it in blood, to cut
off from it man and beast;
though Noah, Daniel, and Job,
were in it, as I live, saith
the Lord God, they shall
deliver neither son nor
daughter; they shall but
deliver their own souls by
their righteousness.
(1) Both Babylonian words are in the singular, but probably
used collectively, as is the case with their Hebrew
equivalent in Ezek. xiv. 15.
It will be seen that, of the four kinds of divine punishment mentioned,
three accurately correspond in both compositions. Famine and pestilence
occur in both, while the lions and leopards of the Epic find an
equivalent in "noisome beasts". The sword is not referred to in the
Epic, but as this had already threatened Jerusalem at the time of the
prophecy's utterance its inclusion by Ezekiel was inevitable. Moreover,
the fact that Noah should be named in the refrain, as the first of the
three proverbial examples of righteousness, shows that Ezekiel had the
Deluge in his mind, and increases the significance of the underlying
parallel between his argument and that of the Babylonian poet.(1) It may
be added that Ezekiel has thrown his prophecy into poetical form, and
the metre of the two passages in the Babylonian and Hebrew is, as Dr.
Daiches points out, not dissimilar.
(1) This suggestion is in some measure confirmed by the
_Biblical Antiquities of Philo_, ascribed by Dr. James to
the closing years of the first century A.D.; for its writer,
in his account of the Flood, has actually used Ezek. xiv. 12
ff. in order to elaborate the divine speech in Gen. viii. 21
f. This will be seen from the following extract, in which
the passage interpolated between verses 21 and 22 of Gen.
viii is enclosed within brackets: "And God said: I will not
again curse the earth for man's sake, for the guise of man's
heart hath left off (sic) from his youth. And therefore I
will not again destroy together all living as I have done.
(But it shall be, when the dwellers upon earth have sinned,
I will judge them by _famine_ or by the _sword_ or by fire
or by _pestilence_ (lit. death), and there shall be
earthquakes, and they shall be scattered into places not
inhabited (or, the places of their habitation shall be
scattered). But I will not again spoil the earth with the
water of a flood, and) in all the days of the earth seed
time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and autumn, day and
night shall not cease . . ."; see James, _The Biblical
Antiquities of Philo_, p. 81, iii. 9. Here wild beasts are
omitted, and fire, earthquakes, and exile are added; but
famine, sword, and pestilence are prominent, and the whole
passage is clearly suggested by Ezekiel. As a result of the
combination, we have in the _Biblical Antiquities_ a
complete parallel to the passage in the Gilgamesh Epic.
It may of course be urged that wild beasts, famine, and pestilence are
such obvious forms of divine punishment that their enumeration by
both writers is merely due to chance. But the parallelism should be
considered with the other possible points of connexion, namely, the fact
that each writer is dealing with discrimination in divine punishments
of a wholesale character, and that while the one is inspired by the
Babylonian tradition of the Flood, the other takes the hero of the
Hebrew Flood story as the first of his selected types of righteousness.
It is possible that Ezekiel may have heard the Babylonian Version
recited after his arrival on the Chebar. And assuming that some form of
the story had long been a cherished tradition of the Hebrews themselves,
we could understand his intense interest in finding it confirmed by the
Babylonians, who would show him where their Flood had taken place. To
a man of his temperament, the one passage in the Babylonian poem that
would have made a special appeal would have been that quoted above,
where the poet urges that divine vengeance should be combined with
mercy, and that all, righteous and wicked alike, should not again be
destroyed. A problem continually in Ezekiel's thoughts was this very
question of wholesale divine punishment, as exemplified in the case of
Judah; and it would not have been unlikely that the literary structure
of the Babylonian extract may have influenced the form in which he
embodied his own conclusions.
But even if we regard this suggestion as unproved or improbable,
Ezekiel's reference to Noah surely presupposes that at least some
version of the Flood story was familiar to the Hebrews before the
Captivity. And this conclusion is confirmed by other Babylonian
parallels in the early chapters of Genesis, in which oral tradition
rather than documentary borrowing must have played the leading part.(1)
Thus Babylonian parallels may be cited for many features in the story
of Paradise,(2) though no equivalent of the story itself has been
recovered. In the legend of Adapa, for example, wisdom and immortality
are the prerogative of the gods, and the winning of immortality by man
is bound up with eating the Food of Life and drinking the Water of
Life; here too man is left with the gift of wisdom, but immortality is
withheld. And the association of winged guardians with the Sacred Tree
in Babylonian art is at least suggestive of the Cherubim and the Tree
of Life. The very side of Eden has now been identified in Southern
Babylonia by means of an old boundary-stone acquired by the British
Museum a year or two ago.(3)
(1) See Loisy, _Les mythes babyloniens_, pp. 10 ff., and cf.
S. Reinach, _Cultes, Mythes et Religions_, t. II, pp. 386
(2) Cf. especially Skinner, _Genesis_, pp. 90 ff. For the
latest discussion of the Serpent and the Tree of Life,
suggested by Dr. Skinner's summary of the evidence, see
Frazer in _Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway_
(1913), pp. 413 ff.
(3) See _Babylonian Boundary Stones in the British Museum_
(1912), pp. 76 ff., and cf. _Geographical Journal_, Vol. XL,
No. 2 (Aug., 1912), p. 147. For the latest review of the
evidence relating to the site of Paradise, see Boissier, "La
situation du paradis terrestre", in _Le Globe_, t. LV,
Mémoires (Geneva, 1916).
But I need not now detain you by going over this familiar ground. Such
possible echoes from Babylon seem to suggest pre-exilic influence rather
than late borrowing, and they surely justify us in inquiring to what
periods of direct or indirect contact, earlier than the Captivity, the
resemblances between Hebrew and Babylonian ideas may be traced. One
point, which we may regard as definitely settled by our new material, is
that these stories of the Creation and of the early history of the
world were not of Semitic origin. It is no longer possible to regard
the Hebrew and Babylonian Versions as descended from common Semitic
originals. For we have now recovered some of those originals, and they
are not Semitic but Sumerian. The question thus resolves itself into an
inquiry as to periods during which the Hebrews may have come into direct
or indirect contact with Babylonia.
There are three pre-exilic periods at which it has been suggested the
Hebrews, or the ancestors of the race, may have acquired a knowledge
of Babylonian traditions. The earliest of these is the age of the
patriarchs, the traditional ancestors of the Hebrew nation. The second
period is that of the settlement in Canaan, which we may put from 1200
B.C. to the establishment of David's kingdom at about 1000 B.C. The
third period is that of the later Judaean monarch, from 734 B.C. to 586
B.C., the date of the fall of Jerusalem; and in this last period there
are two reigns of special importance in this connexion, those of Ahaz
(734-720 B.C.) and Manasseh (693-638 B.C.).
With regard to the earliest of these periods, those who support the
Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch may quite consistently assume that
Abraham heard the legends in Ur of the Chaldees. And a simple retention
of the traditional view seems to me a far preferable attitude to any
elaborate attempt at rationalizing it. It is admitted that Arabia was
the cradle of the Semitic race; and the most natural line of advance
from Arabia to Aram and thence to Palestine would be up the Euphrates
Valley. Some writers therefore assume that nomad tribes, personified
in the traditional figure of Abraham, may have camped for a time in
the neighbourhood of Ur and Babylon; and that they may have carried
the Babylonian stories with them in their wanderings, and continued to
preserve them during their long subsequent history. But, even granting
that such nomads would have taken any interest in traditions of settled
folk, this view hardly commends itself. For stories received from
foreign sources become more and more transformed in the course of
centuries.(1) The vivid Babylonian colouring of the Genesis narratives
cannot be reconciled with this explanation of their source.
(1) This objection would not of course apply to M. Naville's
suggested solution, that cuneiform tablets formed the medium
of transmission. But its author himself adds that he does
not deny its conjectural character; see _The Text of the Old
Testament_ (Schweich Lectures, 1915), p. 32.
A far greater number of writers hold that it was after their arrival in
Palestine that the Hebrew patriarchs came into contact with Babylonian
culture. It is true that from an early period Syria was the scene of
Babylonian invasions, and in the first lecture we noted some newly
recovered evidence upon this point. Moreover, the dynasty to which
Hammurabi belonged came originally from the north-eastern border of
Canaan and Hammurabi himself exercised authority in the west. Thus a
plausible case could be made out by exponents of this theory, especially
as many parallels were noted between the Mosaic legislation and that
contained in Hammurabi's Code. But it is now generally recognized that
the features common to both the Hebrew and the Babylonian legal systems
may be paralleled to-day in the Semitic East and elsewhere,(1) and
cannot therefore be cited as evidence of cultural contact. Thus the
hypothesis that the Hebrew patriarchs were subjects of Babylon in
Palestine is not required as an explanation of the facts; and our first
period still stands or falls by the question of the Mosaic authorship of
the Pentateuch, which must be decided on quite other grounds. Those who
do not accept the traditional view will probably be content to rule this
first period out.
(1) See Cook, _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_,
p. 281 f.; Driver, _Genesis_, p. xxxvi f.; and cf. Johns,
_The Laws of Babylonia and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples_
(Schweich Lectures, 1912), pp. 50 ff.
During the second period, that of the settlement in Canaan, the Hebrews
came into contact with a people who had used the Babylonian language as
the common medium of communication throughout the Near East. It is an
interesting fact that among the numerous letters found at Tell el-Amarna
were two texts of quite a different character. These were legends, both
in the form of school exercises, which had been written out for practice
in the Babylonian tongue. One of them was the legend of Adapa, in which
we noted just now a distant resemblance to the Hebrew story of Paradise.
It seems to me we are here standing on rather firmer ground; and
provisionally we might place the beginning of our process after the time
of Hebrew contact with the Canaanites.
Under the earlier Hebrew monarchy there was no fresh influx of
Babylonian culture into Palestine. That does not occur till our last
main period, the later Judaean monarchy, when, in consequence of the
westward advance of Assyria, the civilization of Babylon was once more
carried among the petty Syrian states. Israel was first drawn into the
circle of Assyrian influence, when Arab fought as the ally of Benhadad
of Damascus at the battle of Karkar in 854 B.C.; and from that date
onward the nation was menaced by the invading power. In 734 B.C., at the
invitation of Ahaz of Judah, Tiglath-Pileser IV definitely intervened
in the affairs of Israel. For Ahaz purchased his help against the allied
armies of Israel and Syria in the Syro-Ephraimitish war. Tiglath-pileser
threw his forces against Damascus and Israel, and Ahaz became his
vassal.(1) To this period, when Ahaz, like Panammu II, "ran at the
wheel of his lord, the king of Assyria", we may ascribe the first marked
invasion of Assyrian influence over Judah. Traces of it may be seen in
the altar which Ahaz caused to be erected in Jerusalem after the pattern
of the Assyrian altar at Damascus.(2) We saw in the first lecture, in
the monuments we have recovered of Panammu I and of Bar-rekub, how the
life of another small Syrian state was inevitably changed and thrown
into new channels by the presence of Tiglath-pileser and his armies in
the West.
(1) 2 Kings xvi. 7 ff.
(2) 2 Kings xvi. 10 ff.
Hezekiah's resistance checked the action of Assyrian influence on Judah
for a time. But it was intensified under his son Manasseh, when Judah
again became tributary to Assyria, and in the house of the Lord altars
were built to all the host of heaven.(1) Towards the close of his long
reign Manasseh himself was summoned by Ashur-bani-pal to Babylon.(2) So
when in the year 586 B.C. the Jewish exiles came to Babylon they could
not have found in its mythology an entirely new and unfamiliar subject.
They must have recognized several of its stories as akin to those they
had assimilated and now regarded as their own. And this would naturally
have inclined them to further study and comparison.
(1) 2 Kings xxi. 5.
(2) Cf. 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11 ff.
The answer I have outlined to this problem is the one that appears to
me most probable, but I do not suggest that it is the only possible
one that can be given. What I do suggest is that the Hebrews must have
gained some acquaintance with the legends of Babylon in pre-exilic
times. And it depends on our reading of the evidence into which of the
three main periods the beginning of the process may be traced.
So much, then, for the influence of Babylon. We have seen that no
similar problem arises with regard to the legends of Egypt. At first
sight this may seem strange, for Egypt lay nearer than Babylon to
Palestine, and political and commercial intercourse was at least as
close. We have already noted how Egypt influenced Semitic art, and how
she offered an ideal, on the material side of her existence, which
was readily adopted by her smaller neighbours. Moreover, the Joseph
traditions in Genesis give a remarkably accurate picture of ancient
Egyptian life; and even the Egyptian proper names embedded in that
narrative may be paralleled with native Egyptian names than that to
which the traditions refer. Why then is it that the actual myths and
legends of Egypt concerning the origin of the world and its civilization
should have failed to impress the Hebrew mind, which, on the other hand,
was so responsive to those of Babylon?
One obvious answer would be, that it was Nebuchadnezzar II, and not
Necho, who carried the Jews captive. And we may readily admit that the
Captivity must have tended to perpetuate and intensify the effects of
any Babylonian influence that may have previously been felt. But I think
there is a wider and in that sense a better answer than that.
I do not propose to embark at this late hour on what ethnologists know
as the "Hamitic" problem. But it is a fact that many striking parallels
to Egyptian religious belief and practice have been traced among races
of the Sudan and East Africa. These are perhaps in part to be explained
as the result of contact and cultural inheritance. But at the same time
they are evidence of an African, but non-Negroid, substratum in the
religion of ancient Egypt. In spite of his proto-Semitic strain, the
ancient Egyptian himself never became a Semite. The Nile Valley, at
any rate until the Moslem conquest, was stronger than its invaders; it
received and moulded them to its own ideal. This quality was shared in
some degree by the Euphrates Valley. But Babylonia was not endowed with
Egypt's isolation; she was always open on the south and west to the
Arabian nomad, who at a far earlier period sealed her Semitic type.
To such racial division and affinity I think we may confidently trace
the influence exerted by Egypt and Babylon respectively upon Hebrew
tradition.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE SUMERIAN, SEMITIC-BABYLONIAN,
HELLENISTIC, AND HEBREW VERSIONS OF CREATION,
ANTEDILUVIAN HISTORY, AND THE DELUGE
N.B.--Parallels with the new Sumerian Version are in upper-case.
Sumerian Version. Seven Tablets Gilgamesh Epic, XI Berossus('Damscius) Earlier Heb. (J) Later Heb. (P)
(No heaven or earth No heaven or earth Darkness and water Creation of earth Earth without form
First Creation from Primaeval water- (Primaeval water- and heaven and void; darkness
primaeval water gods: Apsû-Tiamat, gods: {'Apason- No plant or herb on face of _tehôm_,
without conflict; Mummu Tauthe}, {Moumis} Ground watered by the primaeval water
cf. Later Sum. Ver. Generation of: Generation of: mist (or flood) Divine spirit moving
Lakhmu-Lakhamu {Lakhos-Lakhe} (cf. Sumerian (hovering, brooding)
Anshar-Kishar {'Assoros-Kissare} irrigation myth of upon face of waters
Creation)
The great gods: Birth of great gods: Birth of great gods:
ANU, ENLIL, ENKI, ANU, Nudimmud (=EA) {'Anos, 'Illinos,
and Ninkharsagga, Apsû and Tiamat 'Aos, 'Aois-Lauke,
creating deities revolt Belos)
Conquest of Tiamat Conquest of {'Omorka}, Creation of light
by Marduk as Sun- or {Thamte}, by
god {Belos}
Creation of covering Creation of heaven and Creation of firmament,
for heaven from earth from two halves or heaven, to divide
half of Tiamat's of body of Thamte waters; followed by
body, to keep her emergence of land
waters in place Creation of vegetation
Creation of luminaries Creation of luminaries Creation of luminaries
(Creation of (probable order) Creation of animals
vegetation)
REASON FOR MAN'S REASON FOR MAN'S
CREATION: worship of CREATION: worship of
gods gods
Creation of MAN Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN from Creation of MAN in
Creator's blood and Creator's blood and dust and Creator's image of Creator, to
from bone from earth breath of life have dominion
Creation of ANIMALS (Creation of animals) Creation of ANIMALS Creation of vegetation
Hymn on Seventh Tablet able to bear the air ANIMALS, and woman Rest on Seventh Day
Creation of KINGDOM 10 Antediluvian KINGS The line of Cain Antediluvian
5 ANTEDILUVIAN CITIES: Antediluvian city: 3 ANTEDILUVIAN CITIES: The Nephilim (cf. patriarchs (cf.
Eridu, Bad.., LARAK, SHURUPPAK Babylon, SIPPAR, Sumerian Dynastic Sumerian Dynastic
SIPPAR, SHURUPPAK LARANKHA List) List)
Gods decree MANKIND'S Gods decree flood, Destruction of MAN Destruction of all
destruction by flood, goddess ISHTAR decreed, because of flesh decreed, because
NINTU protesting protesting his wickedness of its corruption
ZIUSUDU, hero of UT-NAPISHTIM, hero {Xisouthros} Noah, hero of Deluge Noah, hero of Deluge
Deluge, KING and of Deluge (=Khasisatra), hero
priest of Deluge, KING
Ziusudu's PIETY Noah's FAVOUR Noah's RIGHTEOUSNESS
WARNING of Ziusudu by WARNING of Ut-nap- WARNING of Xisuthros WARNING of Noah, and
Enki in DREAM ishtim by Ea in DREAM by Kronos in DREAM instructions for ark
Ziusudu's vessel a SHIP: 120x120x120 Size of SHIP: 5x2 Instructions to enter Size of ARK: 300x50x30
HUGE SHIP cubits; 7 stories; 9 stadia ark cubits; 3 stories
All kinds of animals All kinds of animals 7(x2) clean, 2 unclean 2 of all animals
Flood and STORM for 7 FLOOD from heavy rain FLOOD FLOOD from rain for 40 FLOOD; founts. of deep
days and STORM for 6 days days and rain, 150 days
Ship on Mt. Nisir Ark on Ararat
Abatement of waters Abatement of waters Abatement of waters Abatement of waters
tested by birds tested by birds tested by birds through drying wind
SACRIFICE to Sun-god SACRIFICE with sweet SACRIFICE to gods, SACRIFICE with sweet Landing from ark (after
in ship savour on mountain after landing and savour after landing year (+10 days))
paying adoration to
Anu and Enlil appeased Ea's protest to ENLIL APOTHEOSIS of X., Divine promise to Noah Divine covenant not
(by "Heaven and Earth") IMMORTALITY of Ut-nap- wife, daughter, and not again to curse again to destroy EARTH
IMMORTALITY of Ziusudu ishtim and his wife pilot the GROUND by flood; bow as sign
THE ANTEDILUVIAN KINGS OF BEROSSUS AND
THE SUMERIAN DYNASTIC LIST
It may be of assistance to the reader to repeat in tabular form the
equivalents to the mythical kings of Berossus which are briefly
discussed in Lecture I. In the following table the two new equations,
obtained from the earliest section of the Sumerian Dynastic List, are in
upper-case.(1) The established equations to other names are in normal
case, while those for which we should possibly seek other equivalents
are enclosed within brackets.(2) Aruru has not been included as a
possible equivalent for {'Aloros}.(3)
1. {'Aloros}
2. {'Alaparos (? 'Adaparos)}, _Alaporus_, _Alapaurus_ (Adapa)
3. {'Amelon, 'Amillaros}, _Almelon_ (Amêlu)
4. {'Ammenon} ENMENUNNA
5. {Megalaros, Megalanos}, _Amegalarus_
6. {Daonos, Daos} ETANA
7. {Euedorakhos, Euedoreskhos}, _Edoranchus_ Enmeduranki
8. {'Amemphinos}, _Amemphsinus_ (Amêl-Sin)
9. {'Otiartes (? 'Opartes)} (Ubar-Tutu)
10. {Xisouthros, Sisouthros, Sisithros} Khasisatra, Atrakhasis(4)
(1) For the royal names of Berossus, see _Euseb. chron. lib.
pri._, ed. Schoene, cols. 7 f., 31 ff. The latinized
variants correspond to forms in the Armenian translation of
(2) For the principal discussions of equivalents, see
Hommel, _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._, Vol. XV (1893), pp. 243
ff., and _Die altorientalischen Denkmäler und das Alte
Testament_ (1902), pp. 23 ff.; Zimmern, _Die Keilinschriften
und das Alte Testament_, 3rd ed. (1902), pp. 531 ff.; and
cf. Lenormant, _Les origines de l'histoire_, I (1880), pp.
214 ff. See also Driver, _Genesis_, 10th ed. (1916), p. 80
f.; Skinner, _Genesis_, p. 137 f.; Ball, _Genesis_, p. 50;
and Gordon, _Early Traditions of Genesis_, pp. 46 ff.
(3) There is a suggested equation of Lal-ur-alimma with
{'Aloros}.
(4) The hundred and twenty "sars", or 432,000 years assigned
by Berossus for the duration of the Antediluvian dynasty,
are distributed as follows among the ten kings; the numbers
are given below first in "sars", followed by their
equivalents in years within brackets: 1. Ten "sars"
(36,000); 2. Three (10,800); 3. Thirteen (46,800); 4. Twelve
(43,200); 5. Eighteen (64,800); 6. Ten (36,000); 7. Eighteen
(64,800); 8. Ten (36,000); 9. Eight (28,800); 10. Eighteen
(64,800).
For comparison with Berossus it may be useful to abstract from the
Sumerian Dynastic List the royal names occurring in the earliest
extant dynasties. They are given below with variant forms from
duplicate copies of the list, and against each is added the number of
years its owner is recorded to have ruled. The figures giving the
total duration of each dynasty, either in the summaries or under the
separate reigns, are sometimes not completely preserved; in such cases
an x is added to the total of the figures still legible. Except in
those cases referred to in the foot-notes, all the names are written
in the Sumerian lists without the determinative for "god".
KINGDOM OF KISH
(23 kings; 18,000 + x years, 3 months, 3 days)
. . .(1)
8. (. . .) 900(?) years
9. Galumum, Kalumum 900 "
10. Zugagib, Zugakib 830 "
11. Arpi, Arpiu, Arbum 720 "
12. Etana(2) 635 (or 625) years
13. Pili . . .(3) 410 years
14. Enmenunna, Enmennunna(4) 611 "
15. Melamkish 900 "
16. Barsalnunna 1,200 "
17. Mesza(. . .) (. . .) "
22. . . . 900 years
23. . . . 625 "
KINGDOM OF EANNA (ERECH)(6)
(About 10-12 kings; 2,171 + x years)
1. Meskingasher 325 years
2. Enmerkar 420 "
3. Lugalbanda(7) 1,200 "
4. Dumuzi(8) (i.e. Tammuz) 100 "
5. Gishbilgames(9) (i.e. Gilgamesh) 126 (or 186) years
6. (. . .)lugal (. . .) years
. . .(10)
KINGDOM OF UR
(4 kings; 171 years)
1. Mesannipada 80 years
2. Meskiagnunna 30 "
3. Elu(. . .) 25 "
4. Balu(. . .) 36 "
KINGDOM OF AWAN
(1) Gap of seven, or possibly eight, names.
(2) The name Etana is written in the lists with and without
the determinative for "god".
(3) The reading of the last sign in the name is unknown. A
variant form of the name possibly begins with Bali.
(4) This form is given on a fragment of a late Assyrian copy
of the list; cf. _Studies in Eastern History_, Vol. III, p.
(5) Gap of four, or possibly three, names.
(6) Eanna was the great temple of Erech. In the Second
Column of the list "the kingdom" is recorded to have passed
from Kish to Eanna, but the latter name does not occur in
the summary.
(7) The name Lugalbanda is written in the lists with and
without the determinative for "god".
(8) The name Dumuzi is written in the list with the
determinative for "god".
(9) The name Gishbilgames is written in the list with the
(10) Gap of about four, five, or six kings.
(11) Wanting.
At this point a great gap occurs in our principal list. The names of
some of the missing "kingdoms" may be inferred from the summaries, but
their relative order is uncertain. Of two of them we know the duration,
a second Kingdom of Ur containing four kings and lasting for a hundred
and eight years, and another kingdom, the name of which is not
preserved, consisting of only one king who ruled for seven years. The
dynastic succession only again becomes assured with the opening of the
Dynastic chronicle published by Père Scheil and recently acquired by the
British Museum. It will be noted that with the Kingdom of Ur the
separate reigns last for decades and not hundreds of years each, so that
we here seem to approach genuine tradition, though the Kingdom of Awan
makes a partial reversion to myth so far as its duration is concerned.
The two suggested equations with Antediluvian kings of Berossus both
occur in the earliest Kingdom of Kish and lie well within the Sumerian
mythical period. The second of the rulers concerned, Enmenunna
(Ammenon), is placed in Sumerian tradition several thousand years before
the reputed succession of the gods Lugalbanda and Tammuz and of the
national hero Gilgamesh to the throne of Erech. In the first lecture
some remarkable points of general resemblance have already been pointed
out between Hebrew and Sumerian traditions of these early ages of the
*** End of this Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book "Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition" ***
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About Hayley Nebauer
Creating unique costumes ideal to the needs of each director and production, Hayley Nebauer has worked as a costume designer for film, Television and Theatre since 2000.
Recent work includes the twelve episodes of series 10 of BBC's Doctor Who, as well as the 2016 and 2017 Christmas Specials, Feature Film Close, starring Noomi Rapace and series 3 of the swashbuckling 17th Century BBC drama The Musketeers.
Originally from Australia, Hayley has also worked England, Wales, the Czech Republic, Italy, Hungry, Scotland, Spain, France, Northern Ireland, Greece, Morocco and Brazil, but has been based in the UK since 2005.
Growing up in Tasmania with an early interest in costume history and science fiction, Hayley works from varied sources, often uses a process called 'Hybrid Design' to blend her love of rich historical costume with contemporary design or other contrasting aesthetics. With strong costume cutting and making skills, many of the productions she designs have a high percentage of costumes custom made for purpose.
Emphasising new creative design for the future, while reflecting the richness of the past, Hayley hopes to continue working on varied projects, making strong and appropriate visuals to support engaging stories.
© copyright Hayley Nebauer 2017- AGENT: LAURA REEVE, BERLIN ASSOCIATES +44 (0)207 632 5292 laura@berlinassociates.com
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126. Solar Oblateness and Its Variations in Phase with the 22-yr Magnetic Cycle
Contributed by Abdanour Irbah. Posted on June 18, 2019
Abdanour Irbah1, Luc Damé1, Redouane Mecheri2, and Djelloul Djafer3
1 LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 11 BD D’Alembert Guyancourt 78280 France
2 Centre de Recherche Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique, CRAAG 16340, Bouzaréah, Algeria
3 Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria
The internal dynamics of the Sun is manifested by disturbances on the surface, inducing small deviations from its sphericity. The solar shape then reflects the internal state of the Sun and processes taking place therein. Its temporal variations are useful to modelling the Sun, particularly in relation to its activity cycle. The solar oblateness, i.e., Pole-Equator radius difference, is therefore a key input for models.
Oblateness measurements since the beginning of the 20th century are still very controversial. Many measurements were carried out, raising questions about its average value and its temporal variations. Gravitational models and helioseismology, giving access to radial profiles of the latitudinal differential rotation and the internal magnetic field, have identified acceptable values of oblateness, mostly induced by the centrifugal force on superficial layers with a weak contribution of the gravitational quadrupole moment J2. Modern oblateness measurements confirmed expected values. Time series recorded from the ground, balloons, and lately Space showed variations but were inconclusive. They were in phase or in anti-phase with the solar activity while others reported no obvious variations[1]. Oblateness measurements obtained from HMI are therefore a major asset for explaining those and the inconsistencies reported since they now cover almost an entire cycle.
Figure 1| Processing method illustrated with the roll of July 22, 2015. (a) Azimuthal variations of solar radius obtained from images (332); each line is a solar shape. Solar active regions (rectangle) affect shapes. (b) To compensate for the spacecraft rotation, they are shifted to have their western equator at a zero azimuth angle: active regions are spread out along columns and CCD defaults on oblique directions. (c) A time drift of solar radius is observed (black) and corrected (red). (d) The mean shape is computed but affected by active regions. (e) They are removed and the solar shape is filtered and then fitted with Legendre polynomials (red).
Solar oblateness is computed from images recorded during roll procedures, i.e., the calibration mode of SDO when the spacecraft is rotated around the line-of-sight of HMI. The roll procedure is run twice a year with solar images recorded in the continuum near the FeI absorption line (617.3 nm) in a narrow band (70 mÅ). The processing method is explained in Figure 1. It allows estimating the solar shape that is fitted with Legendre polynomials up to the fourth order. The dimensionless distortion coefficients C2 (quadrupole) and C4 (hexadecapole) are thus estimated, making it possible to deduce solar oblateness.
Figure 2| Fit model parameters obtained from HMI during Cycle 24. (a) Temporal oblateness variations (red) are in anti-phase with sunspot number (black). (b) C2 variations (blue dots) are in phase with activity. (c) C4 (black dots) has anti-symmetric variations relative to the time of solar activity maximum.
Roll sequences, run between October 2010 and July 2018, resulted in an average solar oblateness of 8.8 ± 0.8 mas (6.4 ± 0.6 km), in good agreement with measurements of the last two decades and consistent with helioseismology-based models. Time variations were observed and appear in anti-phase with Cycle 24 sunspot number taken as a proxy of the solar activity (Fig. 2). C2 variations are in phase with activity while C4 presents anti-symmetric variations with respect to the maximum solar activity time. The oblateness measurements made in Cycle 24 with HMI and other Space missions are plotted against sunspot number (Fig. 3). A linear relationship between these solar parameters is observed (R2=77%). The negative slope confirms that oblateness variations are in anti-phase with activity. A similar analysis was performed on oblateness measurements made in Cycle 23 with the Heliometer (Pic-du-midi, France) and from space (MDI and RHESSI). The linear regression vs. sunspot number (R2=79%) shows a positive slope indicating that oblateness variations are in phase with activity of Cycle 23 (Fig. 3). Finally, concerning the previous cycle, anti-phase variations with activity were reported from measurements made on balloons in the descending phase of Cycle 22[2].
Figure 3| (a) A linear relationship is observed (R2=77%) in all oblateness measurements made during Cycle 24 vs. sunspot number. The negative slope shows oblateness variations in anti-phase with activity. (b) Same as panel a but with all measurements recorded during Cycle 23. The linear regression (R2=79%) shows a positive slope, indicating oblateness variations in phase with activity.
In summary, the Sun initiates a physical process that results in an oblateness pulsation with a period of twice the 11 yr solar cycle. The Sun has maximum swelling during odd cycles and vice versa for even ones, i.e., the solar shape oscillates like the magnetic field having extreme values during its polarity inversion. The measurement time relative to the oscillation period of solar oblateness explains the controversy reported in the literature for previous measurements.
The magnetic field was first mentioned in 1967 to model oblateness[3]. Why the oblateness oscillates with the solar magnetic field is a new challenge.
[1] Irbah, A., Mecheri, R., Damé, L. & Djafer, D. 2019, ApJL, 875, L26
[2] Egidi, R., Caccin, B., Sofia, S., et al. 2006, SoPh, 235, 410
[3] Sturrok, P. A., & Gilvarry, J. J. 1967, Nature, 216, 1280
Posted in Helioseismology and tagged magnetic field, solar cycles, solar interior, solar radius by admin. 609 views. Leave a comment
← Solar Farside Magnetograms from Deep Learning Analysis of STEREO/EUVI Data Time-distance Helioseismology of Solar Rossby Waves →
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You are here: Home » PRIVACY POLICY
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T-Kay Sangwand, Human Rights Archivist, University of Texas Libraries, Human Rights Documentation Initiative
Decolonizing archival practice and diversifying the historical record through post-custodial human rights archiving
Friday, September 25, 5:00pm
Watson Library, 3 West
Over the past twenty years, archival discourse has shifted from embracing objectivity and neutrality as core professional values to rightfully questioning how these values negatively impact archival practice and the historical record. While this turn in archival discourse has compelled archives to expand its collection scope to include materials of and from communities historically marginal to archival endeavors, there are still relatively few examples of archival repositories that actively challenge the physical collection of materials from these groups, an act rooted in neo/colonial history and practice. This talk will address how the implementation of post-custodial archiving within human rights contexts can respond to historical inequities by empowering community ownership of their own archives and collective memory as well as ensuring a robust historical record.
Kim Christen Withey, Director of the Digital Technology and Culture Program and Co-Director of the Center for Digital Scholarship and Curation
"Push Pause: Slowing down digital humanities practices"
Saturday, September 26, 9:00am
Hall Center for the Humanities
The digital humanities has its roots in fields of study dedicated to textual analysis and historical examination. The present moment is filled with DH practitioners creating visualizations of ‘big data,’ mapping connections between people and ancient cities, and building archives dedicated to long-dead authors. DH projects flourish in collaborations across disciplines and at the intersections of technology and humanistic inquiry. Yet despite the "h" in DH we often get caught up in technocentric discourses that prompt us to produce more, "scale" our projects, increase our "users." In this talk, I encourage us to pause, reflect, slow down and bring back an emphasis on building relationships as central to the practices of digital humanities.
Anita Say Chan, Assistant Research Professor of Communications, University of Illinois
"Networking Peripheries: Technological Futures, Digital Memory and the Myth of Digital Universalism"
Saturday, September 26, 4:15pm
Channeling the promise global interconnection, and framed as the mark of contemporary optimization, “the digital” has come to represent the path towards the future for diverse nations, economies, and populations alike. In the midst of its accelerating pursuits across distinct global spaces, however, little has been made of the “universalist” underpinnings that mobilize digitality’s global spread, or of the distinct imaginaries around digital culture and global connection that emerge outside the given centers of techno-culture. This paper will attend to experiments in innovation spaces from the periphery, including the development of rural hack lab spaces in Peru, that distinctly engage local histories and memory of knowledge work around nature, technology, and information to disrupt the dominant logics of innovation and reorient ICT for Development (ICT4D) frameworks. By fostering collaborations between Latin American free software activists across a range of rural and urban site, and between transnational media producers and indigenous communities, such networks press a cosmopolitcal urging to “think with the unknown,” and open up possibilities for uncovering distinct collective futures through an interfacing with multiple local pasts.
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Livestock Associated-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) Prevalence in Animals in India
P. Krishnamoorthy S. Hamsapriya M. Ashwini S. S. Patil Parimal Roy K. P. Suresh
Vol 9(3), 179-191
DOI- http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20180918100103
Livestock Associated-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a antimicrobial resistant bacteria, which has the potential to be pathogenic in humans and animals. The present study aims at employing systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate LA-MRSA prevalence in data extracted from Indian studies. The prevalence of the LA-MRSA isolates was stratified based on type/source of samples (Clinical/healthy animal samples) and meta-analysis was done. Database searches yielded 21 articles published during the period 2014-17. The pooled prevalence estimate of LA-MRSA was 10.0% (95% CI: 7.0-13.0%, 2=0.6654; P<0.01). Further, samples were stratified as clinical samples and healthy animal samples and LA-MRSA prevalence were 12.0% (95% CI: 8.0-19.0%, 2=0.7476; P<0.01) and 7.0% (95% CI: 5.0-10.0%, 2=0.3583; P<0.01) for clinical samples and healthy animal samples, respectively. By using meta-analysis, an overall prevalence of LA-MRSA in animals in India was estimated, which will be useful for researchers, veterinarians and policy makers in planning appropriate intervention strategies.
Keywords : Livestock Associated Meta-analysis Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prevalence
Full Text Read : 560 Downloads : 110
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Apparent Prevalence and Associated Risk Factor Assessment in Occurrence of Bovine Brucellosis – A Cross Sectional Epidemiological Study
Seroprevalence of Avian Reovirus Infection in Apparently Healthy Adult Commercial Layer Flocks*
Macro and Micro Mineral Deficiency in Goats in Arid Zone of Rajasthan
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Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths and Assessment of Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cows from Punjab Districts, India
Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Buffaloes of Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
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Dog Secrets
Secrets Your Dog Wants You to Know
TEN IMPORTANT TIPS
by Paulette Cooper & Paul Noble
IS ALCOHOL OR MARIJUANA BAD FOR YOUR DOG?
A dog won't be harmed by alcohol in moderation, like a half a bottle of beer for an average-sized dog. But beer is fattening, so if your dog is overweight, keep him on the wagon.
That will probably be easy, because dogs generally don't like the taste of alcohol, unless they were fed it as puppies. So yours is unlikely to raid your liquor cabinet and take a snort of his own.
But what about a marijuana brownie? Actually, the chocolate in the brownie might hurt him more than the marijuana. Although in larger quantities marijuana may cause depression, vomiting, and respiratory problems, in small quantities, "Marijuana is not bad for dogs in the sense that it will harm them," says Dr. Steven Radbill, co-author of "The Complete Book of Questions Dog Owners Ask Their Vet and the Answers," and owner of the Radbill Animal Hospital in Philadelphia. "But, like people, marijuana would probably make some dogs lose some of their judgment.
"Dogs can act very bizarre under it," he continued. "People call me in the middle of the night and don't say what happened, but I know what is going on, because they say their dog has fallen out of the bed, is acting really weird, vocalizing, and his eyes are dilated."
Still, he says marijuana isn't a good idea for dogs psychologically because, "the dog doesn't realize what's happening to him. Cats wouldn't have as strong a reaction because they're used to their catnip."
DOGS WITH BAD BAD BREATH
Many dogs, especially those who eat moist food, have breath that could knock the Statue of Liberty off her perch. Dogs smell of the food they eat; and if they eat manure or fish they'll smell like it. So one solution is to change their diet, especially to dry kibbles.
Commonly, though, the source of room-clearing bad breath in dogs is bad teeth and gum problems. So have their teeth cleaned annually by the vet; brush them yourself regularly (sure); or try one of the many products sold to improve dogs' breath.
To get your dog to eat that dry boring stuff, try mixing a small amount of tasty moist food in with it, microwaving the kibbles for a few seconds, or both.
HOW OJ SIMPSON'S DOG PROVED HE DID IT
The only known living witness to the Nicole Simpson murder is Kato. The dog, that is, not Kato Kaelin. But why didn't Kato (the dog, or the one with brushed hair), try to stop the murder, and why did he behave so oddly afterwards?
Why didn't the Akita attack the killer that night? The dog probably not only knew the killer, but the killer was a boss to him or he would have attacked him. If the killer is also a boss to the dog, he becomes confused, doesn't know who to defend, and does nothing. "An Akita will attack someone harming his family unless it's another dominant household member," says Barbara Bouyet, national coordinator of the Akita Rescue Society of America, and author of Akita: Treasure of Japan.
How else did the dog prove that OJ did it? People who have dogs know that when they come home, their dogs greet them warmly. But OJ's dog barked angrily at him when he saw him right after the murder.
When OJ arrived back home in his white Bronco after the famous chase, the Akita, who had been taken to OJ's home, did not act normal. He did not greet O.J., or go up to anyone in the car. "Instead, that dog looked into the car, stiffened, backed up, barked, and backed up again when he saw OJ," says Bouyet who watched the scene on local TV.
Why did the dog show such defensive behavior? "I don't believe that an Akita would ever behave that way toward someone unless that person had done something very bad," she says.
Did Nicole's Akita do anything else incriminating after the murder? People reported that they heard strange howls of a confused and anguished dog. "These are quiet dogs," says Bouyet. "They hunt silently like cats. I think he was confused because the person attacking his mistress was not an outsider."
DOGS WHO PASS GAS
What can you do about dogs who pass gas? Leave the room. Seriously, this problem is especially likely to occur in older dogs (because of their slowed intestinal function), or among dogs who eat only once a day. That can cause them to become ravenous and gulp down food, swallowing air in the process.
If your dog is causing you to walk around holding your nose, constantly saying to others "it's him" in case there should be any confusion, try feeding him more often; not more food, just more times.
Or change the foods you serve him. Or crumble charcoal pills onto his food. Or buy a product call Curtail, which reduces gas in dogs. Or take him to a vet and see if there's anything wrong. (And let it be the vets who hold their noses this time.)
IS IT SAFE TO KISS YOUR DOG?
Letting your dog "kiss" you will probably not harm you; indeed, the danger may be greater to him than to you! But beware: what you might catch is rather surprising and what your dog could contract is even more astonishing.
But don't worry too much if you've got a dog who likes to leap and love and lick you. "Obviously, it's not really a sanitary thing to do, for example, dogs do sniff other dogs' fecal matter. But you probably won't get anything from that particular bacteria or others," says James B. Miller, D.V.M., from the Atlantic Veterinary College at the University of Prince Edward Island in Canada.
Dr. Miller points out that one surprising disease you can catch is cat scratch disease! "Although dogs never get sick from it themselves, they can be carriers." A far more common ailment you might get from kissing your dog, though, is strep throat, which has been reported among families that have dogs and children who trade kisses back and forth.
But in general, face licking is probably far riskier for dogs to do to you than for you to do to them because they can catch tuberculosis from it! And since people don't always know they have TB in the earlier stages, "They can transmit it to their dog without realizing it. They may cough, and have sputum on their lips and then the dog kisses or licks their mouth. Or they cough into a tissue, which falls to the floor and the dog chews it."
THE MOST DANGEROUS DOGS TO KISS
No, I'm not going to try to tell you that it's the pits to kiss a pit bull. It's the wrinkly-faced dogs that you also have to watch out for! Steven Radbill, D.V.M., believes that kissing dogs with "smushed-in" faces, like Sharpeis, Pugs, or Boston terriers can cause problems on your kisser if you try to kiss them.
These dogs "have a tendency to get Pseudomonas infections in their lip folds, and people can catch it from them. I have one client who won't stop kissing her dog and she has gotten it several times," he says.
He suggests you protect yourself by checking before you let your dog kiss you by sniffing to see if his face emits a strong smell -- which indicates he may have this infection.
Incidentally, to stop a dog from kissing your face, blow into his face and firmly say "no" as soon as he gets into "position."
STOPPING DOGS FROM MOUNTING YOU
One reason dogs hump human legs is that they can't reach higher than that! Seriously, although grabbing the opposite sex is wrong for people to do, dogs don't view themselves as people so such rules don't apply to them. They think we're big dogs and see us as part of their pack, treating us accordingly.
But we, big dogs, don't act like dogs, because we stop them from doing what comes naturally to them. And we often don't let them do it with dogs either. So they're frustrated -- which is why they go after your leg or anything standing or lying still, including cats, other male dogs, cushions, and, yes, human legs, which are easy for them to get their own legs around.
As for sniffing you or your guests in embarrassing places, Dr. Peter Neville, a top English consultant in animal behavior, writes in Pet Sex that "It's all very natural" for dogs to "head for an area where there's lots of scent information to be gleaned. It's like shaking hands in a world that we have so little sensory awareness of. They do things which are natural for them, no matter how rude they may be for us."
In order to stop this tawdry behavior, it's not a good idea to pick your dog up and put him on your lap, or make a big deal out of the mounting or sniffing. That just gives him extra attention and encourages him to continue the behavior.
While some dog experts advocate hormones, or castration, simpler methods are to divert them in some way, such as spraying something like water or lemon juice whenever they mount or sniff.
Lifting a knee to a large dog's chest to force him to get down also works but it isn't considered a nice thing to do (as if mounting people was).
Isolation is often recommended, that is, putting the dog in a quiet room for a few minutes each time he tries to mount. Be warned! One salacious dachshund had to be isolated eighty-four times the first day this technique was used! But three weeks later, the dog was no longer mounting.
SHOULD YOUR DOG TAKE PROZAC?
Is your dog dejected? Is your canine compulsively scratching himself? Since we live in a Prozac Nation, and our dogs live here with us, it was inevitable that we'd eventually share our Prozac with them, too.
Furthermore, many people with "mutt cases" on their hands don't want or can't afford to go to dog behaviorists and psychologists. Besides, the latter don't always succeed, perhaps because while most dogs enjoy lying on a couch, they can't tell anyone what's wrong with their mothers.
Seriously, one problem for which Prozac is being prescribed is dog depression, an ailment it's hard to believe any of them get since it's supposed to be a dog's life. But some dogs do get depressed, and this pill may give them a whole new leash on life. However, since dogs sleep all the time anyway, it can be hard for us see much change in their behavior after they're given Prozac.
The second problem for which Prozac is prescribed is dogs' constantly licking, scratching, biting, or chewing the same spot on themselves, sometimes for hours. The problem is probably psychological, possibly corresponding to human obsessive-compulsive disorders. After all, a compulsive dog can't wash his hands ten times before he eats, or check the door a dozen times to see if it's locked after he goes out.
Well, if Prozac doesn't work for your dog, there's always that couch. But make sure if you go the Prozac route (hey, it's better than a lobotomy) that your vet prescribes the medication and determines the proper dosage.
If you're on Prozac too, don't give him yours, since the dosage is different. And if you're having a Prozac moment, don't reach for his Prozac for the same reason.
ARE RAWHIDE CHEWS SAFE?
A Harvard study on rawhide bones found that while they were effective in removing dental calculus--they're not always so safe for your dog, depending on how much they chew and where you buy them.
As for the first, throw away the small pieces rather than letting your dog chew them down to the last few inches. Small pieces can get stuck in their throats.
You also have to be careful where you buy them. In the early 1980s, some dogs died after ingesting some rawhides chews. These bones can be purchased inexpensively at flea markets, and other el-cheapo outlet stores. But they may be cheap because they're foreign, and treated differently.
Rawhide from some parts of the world may have traces of arsenic in them, used to cure the raw cattle hides. They may also be contaminated with insect eggs. Or come from the hides of water buffalo which have a lot of fat. Or they may even have been washed with water that has high levels of mercury.
So only buy genuine 100 percent rawhide bones from a respectable pet supplier.
ODD WAYS TO TELL IF YOUR DOG HAS FLEAS
If your dog has fleas, chances are your house is infested with them too. One way to tell if you've got a problem is to walk through your house with white socks. If there are small black specks on your socks afterwards, there are fleas on your dog as well.
Another way is to look on your pillows (if your dog sleeps there), or any place where you see tiny black specks that you're not really sure of. Pick up these pepper-like pieces, put them on a white piece of paper or white napkin and put a little water on them. If the speck turns red, it's "flea debris," all right, that's a nice name for droppings filled with blood. (Ughh.)
Finally, if you suspect that fleas are on your dog, and you have tiny bites on you below your knees, your dog probably does have a problem.
Fleas prefer your lower areas, much like they prefer the rump end of the dog. (The rows of bites fleas make on you are referred to by doctors as "breakfast, lunch and dinner.")
From 277 Secrets Your Dog Wants You to Know by Paulette Cooper and Paul Noble. Copyright ©1997 Paulette Cooper and Paul Noble. Excerpted by arrangement with Ten Speed Press. $8.95. Available in local bookstores or call 800-841-BOOK or click here.
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Home › Heritage Society Albums › News › 2008
2008-10-05 Longchamp
event_link:
Brilliant Zarkava wins the Arc - 2008-10-05
2008-10-05-zarkava-win
Simply the best: Rivals are left trailing as Zarkava scoots clear to land the race
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The owner of Zarkava his highness Aga Khan, his daughter Zahra Aga Khan and French jockey Christophe Soumillon after winning the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race at Longchamp race track in Paris , Sunday, Oct. 5, 2008.
20081005zarkava01
Winning Filly Zarkava
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H.H. the Aga Khan celebrates his win with Jockey at Longchamp Racecourse near Paris October 5, 2008.
Princess Zahra Aga Khan (L) and the Aga Kahn owner of French horse Zarkava wave at the crowd after his horse won the 87th Arc de Triomphe horsing race ,the world's richest race on turf, at Longchamp Racecourse near Paris October 5, 2008. mbdartz
Zarkava's owner-breeder Karim The Aga Khan poses with a trophy after his three-year-old filly ridden by Belgian jockey Christophe Soumillon won the 87th Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe race on October 5, 2008 at Longchamp racetrack in Paris . Zarkava produced one of the greatest performances in racing history here as she became the first winner to come from stall one since Prince Royale II in 1964 to win the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.
The owner of Zarkava his highness Aga Khan, center, his daughter Zahra Aga Khan and French jockey Christophe Soumillon hold their trophies after winning the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race at Longchamp race track in Paris , Sunday, Oct. 5, 2008.
Belgian jockey Christophe Soumillon poses with his trainer Alain de Royer Dupre (R) and the Aga Khan (L), owner of French horse Zarkava, after capturing the 87th Arc de Triomphe horsing race, the world's richest race on turf, at Longchamp Racecourse near Paris October 5, 2008.
Belgian jockey Christophe Soumillon (2dR) poses with his trophy after winning the 87th Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe race riding favorite filly Zarkava, flanked by Zarkava's trainer Alain de Royer Dupre (R), owner of the horse the Aga Khan and his daughter Princess Zahra on October 5, 2008 at Longchamp racetrack in Paris . Zarkava produced one of the greatest performances in racing history here at Longchamp as she became the first winner to come from stall one since Prince Royale II in 1964 to win the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.
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Belgian jockey Christophe Soumillon after capturing the 87th Arc de Triomphe horsing race, the world's richest race on turf, at Longchamp Racecourse near Paris October 5, 2008.
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Princess Zahra Aga Khan celebrates the win at Longchamp.
Aga Khan's Horse Zarkava Racing - 2008
Belgian jockey Christophe Soumillon rides Zarkava and captures the 87th Arc de Triomphe horsing race, the world's richest race on turf, at Longchamp Racecourse near Paris October 5, 2008.
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Director of tourism advocates for balance in the news
Published:Wednesday | November 27, 2019 | 12:14 AM
Director of Tourism Donovan White (right) participates in the panel discussion as he responds to moderator Archibald Gordon. Other panellists are (from left) Kaymar Jordan, editor-in-chief, The Gleaner; Jaevion Nelson, social activist; and Franklin McKnight, veteran journalist.
Noting that he was not advocating to censor or change the way news is reported, Jamaica’s Director of Tourism Donovan White says he is making the case that in finding truth, fact and accuracy, the word ‘balance’ is worth pursuing aggressively.
The tourism director, who presented to the recently held Press Association of Jamaica public forum on the theme ‘Is the News Too Negative’, used the occasion to shed light on the impact of the news on the island’s tourism sector.
Commenting on the Jamaican reality, White highlighted the critical role that tourism plays as Jamaica’s leading industry and a major economic earner, contributing nine per cent to the island’s gross domestic product, and as the second-largest employer. “Tourism supports the continued development of health, education, infrastructural development, manufacturing sectors, among others; and as much as we understand the importance of news, and delivering news that is factual, true and accurate, there ought to be a case for presenting balanced content.”
The tourism director also spoke of the benefits of the news to the destination when he said, “At the Jamaica Tourist Board, we are happy that our stories are part of the content that is consumed by your audiences – from launches to broadcasting our growth, to heralding new partnerships, and to our successes in the international marketplace.”
Returning to the impact of negative news on the destination, White referred to the possible adverse repercussions on the image of the island, and, by extension, on arrival figures. This, he said, sometimes dissuade travellers from choosing Jamaica as their vacation destination.
White continued, “With today’s technology, a story told in Jamaica will have global impact and will be replicated in the international space and across other platforms as ‘validated news from Jamaica’”.
As a strategic position, the tourism director maintains that the Jamaica Tourist Board’s approach has been a proactive one, to stand up and face the media questions and provide reliable information. Through engaging their publics and communities with more interactions, the Jamaica Tourist Board helps to shape the lens through which the news is interpreted.
Citing that the destination enjoys a 42 per cent return guest rate, White theorises that there are still some really great opportunities to tell truly positive stories. “We are so much more than what is currently in the news,” he concluded.
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Posts filed under: Health
Hospital parking charges still on the rise across England a decade after Scotland & Wales abolished them!
Patients and visitors of Poole Hospital are said to be “annoyed” over the recent increases to the price of using the hospital’s multi-storey carpark. The new parking costs, which recently increased by 10 per cent...
Brexit party MEP supports new measures to tackle air pollution
Environment, Health
Dr Julia Reid MEP, who represents the South West Counties & Gibraltar, has recently come out in support of a number of measures, put forward by Public Health England (PHE), to significantly reduce air pollution....
More can still be done to reduce missed hospital appointments
Dr Julia Reid, Health
Millions of patients have failed to turn up to their appointments between January and June, resulting in almost £350 million waste in the NHS. According to the latest figures from NHS England, out of the...
UKIP Health Spokesperson explains why the new NHS recruitment drive is likely to fail
The biggest recruitment drive in the entire history of the National Health Service has been launched in a bid to fill around 100,000 vacancies. The £8 million campaign, called “We Are The NHS”, will target...
UKIP Health Spokesperson SLAMS Greedy Drugs Manufacturers
A report published today (Friday 8th June), by the National Audit Office (NAO), revealed that the sharp and unexpected rise in some generic medicines has cost the NHS an extra £315m during the year 2017-2018...
Green spaces reported to generate £34bn in health benefits
Dr Julia Reid, Environment, Health
Parks and green spaces generate health benefits worth a total of £34 billion annually*, research by Fields in Trust charity has suggested. Their latest report, Revaluing Parks and Green Spaces, which was compiled using HM...
Computer errors led to 450,000 missed screenings in England since 2009
Up to 270 women in England may have died because they did not receive invitations to a final routine breast cancer screening, the Health Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, announced on Wednesday. Speaking in the Commons, the...
NHS “unprepared” for another cyberattack
Last year, the NHS fell victim to a global ransomware attack which led to the cancellation of nearly 20,000 hospital appointments. However, since the attack, both the government and NHS bodies have allegedly failed to...
Should Britain introduce tougher rules on the food & drink industry in order to cut obesity rates once we leave the EU?
BREXIT, Health
Simon Stevens, the Chief Executive of NHS England, has said that freedom from EU law will mean the UK could introduce tougher rules on the food and drink industry. He has suggested that a post-Brexit...
The tax-payer should never have to subsidise the recreational habits of vapers
Public Health England wants e-cigarettes to be made available on prescription. The agency wants them to be prescribed on the NHS within the next few years because of how successful they have been at helping...
Brexit Party names Dr Julia Reid as prospective parliamentary candidate for Chippenham constituency
Boycotting the EU Elections won’t help
Dr Julia Reid MEP joins THE BREXIT PARTY
Check out my latest YouTube video.
Dr Julia Reid
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‘Welfare policy for artists of the state will be introduced soon’
IMPHAL | Dec 16: Chief minister, N. Biren Singh said that the root cause of the present unrest in the state is due to mistakes committed in the past. The CM was speaking as chief guest at the 9th and 10th Manipur State Film Awards Distribution Ceremony held at the auditorium of Manipur State Film Development Society (MSFDS) today.
He stressed that various issues such as conflict between the communities, illegal migrant and other issues can be erased if people of the state worked together for a common goal. Past is past but the present generation should be cautious to avoid mistakes done in the past, he added.
He also stated that the present government will ensure transparency in governance to avoid the past mistakes.
Condemning the burning of CM’s effigy recently during a protest, N. Biren stated that the present government is committed to bring positive change in the state and will not do anything wrong which is against the people of the state. He further stated that the present government has already initiated several schemes which aim to deliver good governance.
Stating that government’s intervention is needed to support the artists of the state, he said that the government is working out a welfare policy for better livelihood, to uplift the living standards and welfare of the performing artists and their families. The CM lamented that though Manipur is a small state, the films made here have brought many laurels at national and international arena. He mentioned that the state has huge potential and talent in the field of cinema however there are less number of people who appreciate and support.
Mentioning some of the initiatives of the present government, N. Biren Singh said that ‘Imphal Evenings’ was introduced to present an opportunity to the people to spend some quality time with their families and friends together and to show to the world that Manipur is no more a conflict state. He stated that various MoUs worth 5000-6000 crores had been signed with different companies during the recently concluded North East Development Summit (NEDS) 2017. The government would be signing MoU with a company for setting up of a private medical college in the state soon, he added.
On the occasion, he announced that he would be visiting Behiang, border village between India and Myanmar on December 19 and would be laying the foundation stone for the construction of Maharaja Chandrakriti Memorial Park.
Delivering his presidential speech, minister for Art and Culture, L. Jayantakumar Singh said that the journey of Manipuri films has just begun but it has brought many laurels to the state in both national and international platforms in a short span. He announced that MSFDS would be screening films from various states and countries on every Saturdays and Sundays soon.
On the occasion, the CM conferred Lifetime Achievement Award to the veteran artists, Oinam Biramangol Singh and Lourembam (O) Pishak for their contribution towards Manipuri cinema. Various film awards in the different categories were also given to various artists during the award ceremony. The award ceremony was organised by MSFDS.
Source: Imphal Free Press
Imphal Evenings
Maharaja Chandrakriti Memorial Park
Manipur State Film Awards Distribution Ceremony
Manipur State Film Development Society
N. Biren Singh
North East Development Summit
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Chitra Khwairakpam bags best of AMMIK
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Sangai – Brow Antlered Deer – Panolia Eldi Eldi
moirangthem ranjit - July 15, 2013
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More about Improv
Random thoughts on the noble art of making stuff up on stage.
Monologues (pt 3): What a monologue can do
I'm sure this list is not conclusive, but it sure shows the range and power of monologues.
Move Forward: advance the story.
To start or end the story.
Tell or further the story; by saying what comes next or moving the action to a different place and time.
Can also be used to move on other stories that are happening in parallel, for example by telling what's happening to another character outside the scene. ("At that same time, in her small bedroom 3 miles away, Jeanette sighed because she somehow knew she would never get Jack back" But we don't (yet) go to see that scene.)
Expand: give more information about the characters, relationships, objects or environment. Can also tell us events related or tangential to the story without forwarding it. This is usually a form of narration.
Add description and details.
For objects and environment, this usually sets the scene or creates an atmosphere: "The library is old. A thin layer of dust lies on the wood and leather covers belong to another era." "Outside, a police siren wails and then fades into the night."
Tell us history or back-story.
Inform us of the effects of an action. ("The glass fell from the window and narrowly missed an old lady below who swore at a passing taxi driver who went home and shouted at his wife.")
In rare instances, tell us the future of something or someone (usually as an aside). ("Six weeks later, I found that same teapot broken on the kitchen floor. The spout had smashed to smithereens." "That was the last time she said, 'I love you' to me." The latter could count as furthering the story, depending n context.)
Perhaps rarer, in improv, are details from outside the scene. Often to illustrate what is happening, metaphorically. ("Somewhere across town, a tree in the middle of the park fell over.")
Dig Deeper: explain things from within the mind of one of the characters.
Give inner thoughts: add depth, layers, point of view, wants, desires, phobias, motivation (explain why a character is doing what he or she is doing).
Tell a secret: explain something one character knows that the other doesn't.
Posted by Peter More at 23:04 No comments:
Labels: Character, Monologues, Scenework
Monologues (pt 2)
So let's look at our 3 types of monologue in more detail:
Outside the Scene
This is where the actor (as a narrator or character not in the scene) begins, interrupts or ends the scene delivering information to the audience. I can see two main types:
Pure Narration – continuing the story or adding details direct to the audience
Meta-monologue – where a character narrates or adds information as a character giving a monologue from outside the scene. (examples include where the story is read from a book or a ghostly voice laments the action that is going on now.)
Inside the Scene
This is where a character in the scene has a monologue. It usually involves one characters taking focus and speaking for longer than normal, totally (or minimally) uninterrupted by the other character(s). They are delivered either partly or directly to the audience. There are two main types based on who the monologue is directed at.
Monologue is delivered to the other character(s). There are two types, that I can see:
Expected: delivering a speech, lecture or pep talk to a crowd, team, class, jury, wedding guests, boxer, child, etc. Basically in an environment or situation where a speech is expected and the norm is for little interaction with the speaker.
Unexpected: where one character in a conversation "goes off on one" and keeps talking, perhaps as a rant, usually revealing what the character thinks or feels or some information the other character didn't know before.
Monologue is delivered to the audience. The character tells us, the audience, his or her inner thoughts or emotions, or a secret the other character doesn't know. It can be as short as a sentence, and then it's called an aside.
Solo Scene
This is where the whole scene is a monologue. Usually there is just one actor. (Although others can appear to heighten the monologue or be background, perhaps representing the listeners, but have no (or hardly any) lines. Once these background actors to do more than murmur, it starts to become a scene.) Solo Scenes are nearly always delivered to the audience. And then, in most cases, the audience represents the implied second character, the listening group or the character's own reflection. I count three types of Solo Scene:
A character telling something to one or more persons. e.g. giving a speech, pep talk, straight-to-camera piece such as a dating video.
As one side of scene or conversation. e.g. being interviewed (where we don't hear the interviewer), on the phone, conversation over garden fence.
As a person speaking aloud to themselves, often to a mirror. e.g. preparing for a meeting, rehearsing a part in a play, giving self a pep-talk in the morning, etc.
I don't claim this is exhaustive, but it seems to cover most bases.
Posted by Peter More at 16:52 2 comments:
I've been giving a lot of thought to monologues lately, so expect a few more musings and lists such as these. As ever, I'd love to hear your views, disagreements, questions.
Types of monologue:
Outside the scene (direct to audience by a narrator or characters not in the scene)
Inside the scene (where characters in the scene take focus and speak for longer than normal (usually uninterrupted))
Solo Scene where the whole scene is a monologue.
Posted by Peter More at 10:31 1 comment:
Johnny starts a scene in a collection around the motif of "rock." He puts a mimed guitar around his neck, tunes it and them plays some notes with haunting feedback. He provides the noises himself. The audience is in awe. Charlene enters and says, "Why are you playing that invisible guitar?"
Actually this mime isn't so great.
Look how thin that guitar is.
The audience laughs. It's a classic standup-style gag. Set it up and break it. Funny, but very destructive to the scene. Johnny has trouble continuing with the scene because Charlene blocked his clear offer of his character playing a real guitar. And his character has gone from being a rock guitar god to a delusional crazy person. What's more, Charlene now doesn't know what to do after her initial gag. The guideline here is: Treat mimed objects as real. Otherwise we are reminding the audience this is all fake.
And whilst the audience laughs, I think it's with a little regret. Certainly any of them who has had some improv training will feel that. The audience will probably feel a little cheated. As if Johnny roped them into his world with his great commitment, miming, and sound effects only to have it thrown back in their face. Stupid you for believing that was real. But if we reinforce the reality of these objects, the audience can be brought in further, their wonder used to fuel great a story and, on the way, we can tell better, less disappointing and destructive jokes.
Labels: Accepting, Object Work, Scenework
What is Improvised Comedy?
It's fair to say, if you are reading this blog, you probably have an idea what impro is. Maybe you call it improv, I know I do about half the time. But whilst you probably know what it is, it is instructive to have people define it. You can learn a lot about people's approach and passion to something by their definition of it.
Often it's easier to define impro by what it isn't. It isn't scripted theatre and it isn't stand-up comedy. It isn't pantomime and it isn't avant garde socio-political monologue. But it does combine elements from all of those.
Jochem Meijer as Yeus, God of Improv by Rick vd Meiden
When telling an audience what it is, I say it's "the noble art of making stuff up on stage." But to a more scientific audience, such as yourselves, I would say it is "a form of comedy theatre using simple techniques to create new scenes based on little or no initial information." And now it doesn't sound fun at all. So let's get a bit more artsy, "a system of theatre using listening and positive play techniques to build scenes and stories using a combined imagination." But quite frankly, once you are an advanced improviser, who has absorbed so many of the general improv guidelines and for whom the core rules of listening and agreeing are habitual, you could describe it as "dicking around on stage." The problem is that for a tight group of advanced improvisers, dicking around on stage is like watching wonderful theatre. Lesser performers can't just dick around on stage because it just looks like dicking around on stage, and nobody wants to watch that for an hour unless you already really, really like the performers.
So if I had to give one definition out of all of these it could be "The noble art of dicking about on stage to build stories through simple listening and positive play techniques" But I'd like to go with something simpler, that I'm sure has been used before:
Stories from a collective imagination.
Labels: Definitions, Theories
The author at work/play
Peter More has been learning, performing and teaching improv for over fifteen years. Over those years, much has been pushed into his brain and finally some of it gets a chance to come out. This blog is for anyone interested in the art, craft, science and engineering feat that is improv comedy.
Mr Peter More .com
Sprout, London
easylaughs, Amsterdam
Main Blog: More About Life
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"SO right on the nose!" - Fluoresence
"Right on the money" - Annelies van Dam
"Somehow I get an urge to shout Halleluya after reading these blogs of yours... Amen, Reverend More!" - Miriam Brouwer
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JMU Sports Blog
anything and everything related to the Dukes
Sep 26 / jmusport
Guest Post: Revenge Against the Phoenix
Hart won last week’s prediction contest and earned the right to guest post. Here’s a little something he put together to get us all ready for this Saturday’s game.
Revenge against the Phoenix. It sounds like a good movie title or, rather, a good title for a bad sci-fi movie. I am not a fan of make believe and story time when it comes to entertainment. Let’s stick to what is real – sports, sports, sports. Fierce competition, Winners and Losers, objective results, let’s find out who is the best. ‘Merica! Speaking of ‘Merica, shout out to our youngest, Chase, who is stationed at the Coronado Naval Base in San Diego. He is living the dream in sunny SoCal while committed to making the sacrifices necessary to defend our country. Freedom ain’t free y’all.
Well, Lightning struck twice and somehow I was lucky enough to win the JMU SportsBlog prediction contest again so I get to write the guest blog inserting a bunch of random thoughts and meaningless prose. Since I am on fire I will throw out this Saturday’s Powerball lottery numbers 1,3,13,34,35 and 21. Please submit 10% of your winnings to the Hart retirement fund. Thanks in advance.
Just a little Conference monologue
It seems the collegiate athletic atmosphere is ripe for JMU to FINALLY make a move to the promised land. The administration has been teasing us for a decade while former FCS peers have moved up to compete at the highest football level. JMU said no to Conference USA. JMU said no to the Sun Belt conference. JMU hasn’t made advances towards the MAC. These conferences were all considered not good enough for picky JMU. Well, good enough is finally here. UConn announced its departure from the American Athletic Conference AAC this Summer and the conference is down to 11 football teams. This is a big boy football conference with exactly the types of universities JMU should align with. None of them are the state flagship school, but many are a very loud second fiddle in their state: Cincinnati, Temple, East Carolina, Central Florida, South Florida, Memphis, Houston, Navy, SMU, Tulsa, & Tulane. What is JMU’s all-time football record against these teams? 6-3. That’s right kids. This program already belongs even before investment into 22 additional scholarships and other necessities for FBS football. It is easy to see that there would be a short transition from FCS power to competing at the top of the AAC. Throw in 4 OOC games a year similar to what former peers are getting now and you would see UVA, Va. Tech, ODU, and Richmond/W&M on the schedule too. Conceding that JMU will never get into a Power 5 conference, the current opening in the AAC is the best case scenario for JMU to move up. If president Alger can’t get all sports into the AAC, then a great plan B is to get only football into the AAC. CAA football is separate from the CAA Olympic sports and it would be an easy separation if needed. Throw in the fact that the AAC has already shown the willingness to take partial members with Navy (Football only) and Wichita State (all sports except football).
The AAC has a huge, long-term 12 year $1 Billion media contract with ESPN which provides the financial stability everyone is looking for. The AAC commissioner, Mike Aresco, worked for CBS and ESPN previously and mostly in the negotiations for and the broadcasting of college sports. In short, he is well connected. Guess who else has worked many years at ESPN with college sports programming. JMU Alum Lee Fitting, that’s who. Can you say JMU to the AAC? All the puzzle pieces make sense and have fallen into place. Grease the skids Lee! Do your duty for the Dukes of JMU! Check out the numerical sequence for his personal impact… 2015 College Gameday at JMU, 2017 College Gameday at JMU again, 2019 JMU to the AAC. It is science.
Commish Mike Aresco quote from July 16, 2019 – “People have my phone number. If somebody is interested in our conference, we’d listen. Someone interested in us who could enhance our strength and brand, we would consider it.” Hopefully, Jeff Bourne is having a daily good morning call with his new best buddy Mike Aresco.
Travel tip of the week
For those who love seeing new places, be intentional and schedule a vacation to Israel (Spring or Fall, not Summer because the desert areas get too hot). We love seeing different countries and how people live across the world, but our April trip to Israel was top notch. It is a very small country and you can see most of the inhabitable land in less than 2 hours drive East to West and maybe 4 hours drive North to South. The variety of geography and climate is tremendous in such a small land area. The Mediterranean Sea, snow capped Mt. Hermon, the most productive agricultural acreage in the world, the Dead Sea 1400 feet below sea level and on and on. It is worth the money even though there is a next level hate there with Muslims, Christians, and Jews all claiming the small country as their Holy Land. There has never been peace there and there never will be for that reason. IMO, it was very, very interesting to see the dynamic up close and personal where you could absolutely feel the tension. For us the coolest part of the trip was walking exactly where Jesus walked. It doesn’t get any more powerful than that and the words of the Bible come alive when you are standing where it all went down 2000 years ago. The Hart recommendation is to add Israel to your bucket list, you won’t regret it.
This week’s opponent – Elon
Ok, Revenge against the Phoenix this Saturday is necessary to heal JMU nation from last year’s huge upset. Elon was a massive 28 point underdog last year, but pulled it off with a +2 advantage in turnovers and then a tipped, immaculate reception on the game winning drive seen at the :22 mark of this video clip.
Amazingly, Elon only converted an anemic 1 of 15 on 3rd downs and still won the game 27-24. Pedestrian QB Davis Cheek completed just 16 of 32 passes and 6 were on Elon’s 16th and penultimate possession. This is a once in a lifetime type anomaly. We should not see a repeat this week and JMU’s defense will dominate. The Dukes are giving up hardly anything on the ground at 69 yards rushing per game which ranks 3rd in the nation. This spells big trouble for Cheek who survives on play-action passing to be a serviceable QB. Without an effective running game, he gets exposed for having inadequate passing skill to get it done. The rumor is that JMU’s elite CB Rashad Robinson will be back from his injury which makes things even more bleak for Elon. On the defensive side of the ball, the Phoenix are bad this year giving up an average of 30 points per game. If they try to load the tackle box with defenders as expected, JMU could and should have a field day throwing quick, short passes to the perimeter. JMU WR’s Riley Stapleton and Brandon Polk have no match on the opposite side of the ball. That’s for sure.
One year after the upset, coach Cignetti has been hired away from Elon and is now roaming JMU’s sidelines at $425,000 per year. This game should not be close, but Cignetti certainly will not run up the score. He was the leader for not only the players on Elon’s current team, but also the new Elon head coach and multiple remaining assistants worked for him. He intimately knows the strengths and weaknesses of every player on Elon’s roster and it should be a no-brainer gameplan for him. It is, however, his chance to prove that he can beat yours with his and beat his with yours. It is his chance to show that coaching matters in college sports. In fact, the coach = the program. At hiring day, he stated that JMU significantly underachieved going 9-4 last year and a new sheriff was in town to rectify the situation. He immediately set the expectation at Championship or bust. The road to the FCS National title goes straight through and over Elon as well as other middling teams in the CAA.
Prediction time
I always like to check with my wife for her thoughts on the outcome of the upcoming game of the week. Her profound and eloquent answer this week was “I don’t knoooooooow”. Exactly, I don’t know either. Nobody knows. That is one of the reasons why sports are so great and riveting. We could see another once in a lifetime upset like last year, but I’m not expecting anything of the sort. JMU has control of this one by halftime and Cignetti plays nice in the sandbox so his former players/coaches don’t get too embarrassed.
JMU 34
Elon 13
Go Duuuuuuukes!
The Beer of the week doesn’t fit into JMU SPORTSBLOG’s penchant for niche craft beer, but I stumbled into it at Outback Steakhouse a year ago and now it is my fave. Introducing Sam ’76 a mass produced “craft” beer from Samuel Adams Brewing Boston, MA. It is a hybrid ale and lager that is tasty while not being too heavy on the ol’ stomach. Just as stated in their advertising campaign, it is crushable. Sam ‘76 – I CAN TASTE MY BEER! Please Bridgeforth Aramark beverages manager person, add Sam ‘76 to your gameday can menu. I will commit to buying one every game. (as part of the deal, must stop ridiculous giant X marker on hand)
And while I’m at it, now is a good time to support building a public Beer Garden in the new Atlantic Union Bank Center. Other College arenas have already done this. Git-r-done. Beer = $$$ and happy people. JMU sports fans are showing in Bridgeforth stadium that they know how to imbibe in line with James Madison’s vision of yore. If you ever visit his Montpelier home, check out the gigantic size of his wine/beer cellar. Or refer to his colonial platform promoting beer manufacturing among the Founding Fathers. Madison wanted to form a national beer brewery in 1809 and appoint a Secretary of Beer to the presidential cabinet. That’s right, Secretary of Beer. Who wouldn’t want that cushy job? Although Congress didn’t agree with the plan, it was clearly an ingenious idea 200 years ahead of its time. Let’s get this thing done right on the campus bearing his name. Based on construction photos, it looks like there is plenty of room in the basement of the new Atlantic Union Bank Center to fit brewing equipment. Instead of Sam ’76, let’s start cranking out some James ’09 and all of America’s problems will be solved overnight.
p.s. on a related stadium beverage note, Mrs. Hart is not happy with the elimination of Cheerwine from the soda fountains in Bridgeforth stadium. Fix it or else! Happy wife = happy life.
Deacon Danny / Sep 26 2019
Well Done! Go Dukes & Go ‘Merica!
Deez / Sep 26 2019
The Atlantic Union Bank Center will serve beer. Football was a pilot project for alcohol. Good times are ahead of us!
CJ / Sep 26 2019
Even more than Elon, the team I’d really like for the Dukes to open up a good can of whoop-a**on is Colgate. We owe them big time.
Robert L Bailes / Sep 26 2019
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Pale Fire Brewing Co.
Go check out Pale Fire Brewing Co. in the 'Burg!
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1 Chronicles Chapter 18
1 And after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them, and took Gath and its towns out of the hand of the Philistines. 2 And he smote Moab; and the Moabites became servants to David, and brought tribute. 3 And David smote Hadarezer king of Zobah unto Hamath, as he went to establish his dominion by the river Euphrates. 4 And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen; and David hocked all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for a hundred chariots. 5 And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succor Hadarezer king of Zobah, David smote of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men. 6 Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus; and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought tribute. And Jehovah gave victory to David whithersoever he went. 7 And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadarezer, and brought them to Jerusalem. 8 And from Tibhath and from Cun, cities of Hadarezer, David took very much brass, wherewith Solomon made the brazen sea, and the pillars, and the vessels of brass. 9 And when Tou king of Hamath heard that David had smitten all the host of Hadarezer king of Zobah, 10 he sent Hadoram his son to king David, to salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadarezer and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had wars with Tou;) and he had with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass. 11 These also did king David dedicate unto Jehovah, with the silver and the gold that he carried away from all the nations; from Edom, and from Moab, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from Amalek. 12 Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah smote of the Edomites in the Valley of Salt eighteen thousand. 13 And he put garrisons in Edom; and all the Edomites became servants to David. And Jehovah gave victory to David whithersoever he went. 14 And David reigned over all Israel; and he executed justice and righteousness unto all his people. 15 And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder; 16 and Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Abimelech the son of Abiathar, were priests; and Shavsha was scribe; 17 and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and the sons of David were chief about the king.
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Effects of a Biologically Relevant Antioxidant on the Dehydrogenative Polymerization of Coniferyl Alcohol
KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.
Henriksson, Gunnar
Zhang, Liming
2008 (English)In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 9, no 12, p. 3378-3382Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs or synthetic lignins) were synthesized from coniferyl alcohol by enzymatic oxidation in the presence of ascorbic acid to study the potential effects of an antioxidant upon their structure. Specific interunit substructures (beta-O-4', beta-beta', and beta-5') were quantified by C-13 NMR, which showed how ascorbic acid altered their amounts compared with control syntheses without this antioxidant, especially by increasing the amount of beta-O-4' substructures. The effect of ascorbic acid increased with its concentration. Surprisingly, no influence on the sizes of the synthetic lignins, as determined by size exclusion chromatography, was observed. The chemistry of this antioxidant effect during dehydrogenative polymerization and the potential biological significance (cell wall lignification) of these observations are discussed.
2008. Vol. 9, no 12, p. 3378-3382
peroxidase-dependent oxidation, lignin biosynthesis, ascorbic-acid, cell-wall, hydrogen-peroxide, picea-abies, spruce, lignification, phenolics, cultures
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-18033DOI: 10.1021/bm800704kISI: 000261510400006Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-58149145606OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-18033DiVA, id: diva2:336078
1. Biochemical Control Aspects in Lignin Polymerization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biochemical Control Aspects in Lignin Polymerization
2008 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other scientific)
Lignins are produced by all vascular plants and they represent one of the most abundant groups of biopolymers in nature. Lignin chemistry research, which has been of great importance for the progress of pulping technologies, has been plagued by the difficulties of its isolation and characterization. The pioneering work of Karl Freudenberg in the 1950’s with synthetic models of lignin paved the way for a detailed structural characterization of many lignin substructures. His work with the so-called “synthetic lignins” or dehydrogenative polymers (DHP) also laid a foundation for understanding how different lignin substructures are formed, reinforcing the already existing theory of lignin polymerization. However, subsequent structural characterizations of DHPs and lignins have repeatedly put this theory to the test. In the past decade, even a new radically different hypothesis for lignin polymerization has emerged and is sustained by a few researchers in the field.
In this work, DHPs were produced from phenolic monomers, mostly coniferyl alcohol, a common lignin monomer, in a variety of reaction conditions. This was done in order to establish how different chemical factors, potentially active in the plant cell wall during lignin polymerization, influence the polymer’s final properties. In the presence of nicotine amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a quinone methide model, which is an intermediate formed during lignin polymerization, was effectively reduced. An equivalent reduced structure was produced during DHP synthesis in the presence of NADH. These studies showed that reduction might take place during oxidative polymerization, possibly explaining how reduced lignin structures are formed in the plant cell wall. Another reductive agent, ascorbic acid, was also tested during synthesis of DHPs. It displayed a totally different effect than NADH, probably due to its anti-oxidant nature, by altering the final amounts of certain inter-unit substructures, in favour of β-O-4′ structures, which are so prominent in natural lignins. Furthermore, the new suggested model for lignin polymerization, stating that lignin itself possesses the ability for template replication, was tested by synthesizing DHPs in the presence of a simple β-β′ substructure model. The DHPs produced the same amounts of β-β′ substructures as a control synthesis without the model structure, indicating that no replication had occurred. Finally, the role of the monolignol γ-carbon oxidation state in lignin polymerization, was studied. Hypothetically, lignin- like polymers could be produced by the plant, using monolignol biosynthetic precursors which exhibit γ-carbonyl groups instead of an alcohol group, like the common lignin monomer. Synthetic lignins produced with ferulic acid, coniferaldehyde and the normal monolignol, coniferyl alcohol, displayed important differences in chemical and physical properties. Both the ferulic acid and coniferaldehyde polymers exhibited almost no saturated inter-unit substructures and very few cyclic structures, both of which are very common in coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenative polymers and natural lignins. This could have significant implications for the formation of an important type of lignin carbohydrate complexes (LCC). Also the hydrophobicity of the alcohol-type polymer was lower than the other two. The biological implications of all these findings are discussed and some suggestions are made to explain how all these factors might affect lignin polymerization and structure in nature.
Stockholm: KTH, 2008. p. 60
Trita-CHE-Report, ISSN 1654-1081 ; 2008:10
Lignin polymerization, DHP, Ascorbic Acid, NADH, template polymerization, melanin
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4632 (URN)978-91-7178-864-1 (ISBN)
2008-02-29, STFI Salen, STFI Packforsk, Dr Kristinas Väg 61, 10:00
Sipilä, Jussi
Helsinki University.
Holmgren, AndersHenriksson, GunnarZhang, Liming
Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology
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La Salette Journey
Catholic Blog dedicated toward Our Lady of La Salette: Reconciler of Sinners.
The duty of fostering vocations...
Vatican II's Decree on Priestly Training (Optatam Totius) says that, "The duty of fostering vocations pertains to the whole Christian community, which should exercise it above all by a fully Christian life...All priests especially are to manifest an apostolic zeal in fostering vocations and are to attract the interest of youths to the priesthood by their own life lived in a humble and industrious manner and in a happy spirit as well as by mutual priestly charity and fraternal sharing of labor. Bishops...are to encourage their flock to promote vocations and should be concerned with coordinating all forces in a united effort to this end. As fathers, moreover, they must assist without stint those whom they have judged to be called to the Lord's work." (No. 2).
Unfortunately, this duty is not taken seriously by many within the Church. In fact, many vocations have been sabotaged by dissident priests and religious anxious to exclude those who are deemed "too rigid" or too "pre-Vatican II." Recall Michael S. Rose's book "Goodbye, Good Men." Such was my experience with the La Salette Missionaries. Because of my orthodoxy, I was never even seriously considered as a candidate. In fact, when I expressed concerns over La Salette priests promoting the ordination of women to the ministerial priesthood during a vocation retreat, a La Salette Provincial accused me of "evil." I still have all my correspondence with several La Salette priests, one of whom actually had the grace and kindness to apologize to me for the way the La Salette community treated me.
Because I accept everything which is taught in the Catechism of the Catholic Church and because I defend the teaching authority of the Church's Magisterium, I am treated with nothing but contempt in my own diocese. I am not even permitted to participate in the life of my parish. And I am not alone. As Archbishop Elden Curtis explained in an article entitled "Crisis in Vocations? What Crisis?":
"There is much media hype these days about the present and projected shortage of priests and its effect on the sacramental life of the Church. It is time to pay close attention to the dioceses and religious communities reporting increasing numbers of candidates. There have to be reasons for these increases that bear objective analysis from which some conclusions can be drawn.
I personally think the vocation "crisis" in this country is more artificial and contrived than many people realize. When dioceses and religious communities are unambiguous about ordained priesthood and vowed religious life as the Church defines these calls; when there is strong support for vocations, and a minimum of dissent about the male celibate priesthood and religious life loyal to the magisterium; when bishop, priests, Religious and lay people are united in vocation ministry—then there are documented increases in the numbers of candidates who respond to the call.
It seems to me that the vocation "crisis" is precipitated and continued by people who want to change the Church's agenda, by people who do not support orthodox candidates loyal to the magisterial teaching of the Pope and bishops, and by people who actually discourage viable candidates from seeking priesthood and vowed religious life as the Church defines the ministries.
I am personally aware of certain vocation directors, vocation teams and evaluation boards who turn away candidates who do not support the possibility of ordaining women or who defend the Church's teaching about artificial birth control, or who exhibit a strong piety toward certain devotions, such as the Rosary.
When there is a determined effort to discourage orthodox candidates from priesthood and religious life, then the vocation shortage which results is caused not by a lack of vocations but by deliberate attitudes and policies that deter certain viable candidates.
And the same people who precipitate a decline in vocations by their negative actions call for the ordination of married men and women to replace the vocations they have discouraged. They have a death wish for ordained priesthood and vowed religious life as the Church defines them. They undermine the vocation ministry they are supposed to champion." (Full article here).
It is incredible to me that while Senator Edward Kennedy's life was celebrated during a very public funeral - even though he publically dissented from the Church's teaching regarding the sanctity of life - I am treated with nothing but contempt by those who would exclude me because of my fidelity to the Church's teaching. The Senator was referred to as "Our brother and friend." I cannot even participate in the life of my parish. I am held in so much contempt that when I contacted my Diocese to inquire about the priesthood, I received no response whatsoever.
Maybe if I promoted the killing of the unborn or women's ordination, I too would be welcomed as "brother and friend." That's not going to happen though. For what does it profit a man....you know the rest.
Posted by Paul Anthony Melanson at 5:59 AM
Labels: Church Teaching, Contempt, Diocese, Diocese of Worcester, Evil, Excluded, La Salette Missionaries, Magisterium, Michael Rose, Orthodox Catholics, Promote, Vocations
Paul that is just sad. You are in my prayers. The Church in the Northeast is in bad shape. I know what you mean. Lord have mercy on us.
Ashley Pelletier said...
2303 of the Catechism says that: "Deliberate hatred is contrary to charity. Hatred of the neighbor is a sin when one deliberately wishes him evil. Hatred of the neighbor is a grave sin when one deliberately desires him grave harm. "But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven."
The La Salette Missionaries and others have committed spiritual violence against you Paul. Deliberate hatred is a grave sin. So too is discrimination.
I will pray for these people.
Michael Cole said...
Worcester priest Father James Aquino was accepted as "brother and friend." Remember him? He was the priest arrested in Las Vegas for lewd conduct:
http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/abbott/051025
Sad. Tragic and sad. Faithful vocations are thrown into the trash while men such as James Aquino are welcomed.
Pope Benedict XVI: "..like God, from whom it comes, wisdom does not need to impose itself by force, because it has the invincible vigor of truth and love, that affirms itself.
That is why it is peaceful, meek and docile; it does not need to be partial, nor does it need to lie; it is indulgent and generous, it is recognized by the good fruits that it bears in abundance."
I think the La Salettes need to reflect very carefully on that. It doesn't seem that they have embraced indulgence and generosity but rather partiality.
Paul Anthony Melanson said...
The real tragedy is that a religious community which SHOULD BE committed toward promoting reconciliation and peace has instead opted for hatred and falsehood. In other words, as Ashley put it, spiritual violence.
The greater tragedy is that while Ted Kennedy was being celebrated and honored as "our brother and friend," numerous unborn babies were being put to death. Not only were they denied a place at the table, they were denied even life itself.
Were they not our brothers and sisters as well? They were poor and silent. But did they not still have value?
A "gospel" which embraces such partiality is a gospel from Hell.
ACatholicinClinton said...
Liberals in the Church have long entertained sheer hatred toward those Catholics who are loyal to the Holy Father and the Bishops and who want no part in dissent. The Church is polarizing more and more as the prophecy of Akita is fulfilled. Cardinals will be against Cardinals, Bishops against Bishops as the Church approaches its chastisement.
Archbishop Burke says there should be no funeral rites for pro-abort politicians.
http://insidecatholic.com/Joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6902&Itemid=48
B flat said...
You see the death throes of Catholic Christianity in your diocese and in the LaSalette Missionaries. You see what the Second Vatican Council said about vocations, how the next generation of clergy and religious is to be fostered, nurtured and grown. You love the Church, and you love the Truth, Who is Christ. Look at Abram who was called and became Abraham, the father of many. Look at his descendants, the Israelites in Egypt, and then in the Promised land. Look at the apostles and there initial faithfulness to the daily worship of the Temple, but later expulsion from the synagogue by the Jews. Ecclesia means the ones who are called out of the environment (the World) by God. What you have experienced is that "your diocese" and the religious, like most others, has regressed, returned to the World from which it was called, and is living a lie. In its ranks, it barely tolerates those who are quietly faithful to Christ, but it hates them. It is a parasitic cancer that has invaded and controls the body. You either accept a slow and inevitable death by trying to go along, or you move to a faithful diocese or religious house and revive your life within the Church which is Christ. God will not fail you, if you do not abandon Him. But you cannot do good by supporting this travesty of Catholic Christianity which is so prevalent today. This is so near to schism mentality, it is very dangerous. Even Mohammed is believed by millions to have followed God's revelation, but he followed a demon. But you are not innovating, nor seeking a new religion. You know where the truth was sixty years ago, and He is no longer served or taught, or worshipped, by these corrupt men who control what is left of the life of the Church. Go where the Sacraments are, where they always have been, where Christ and the eternal Truth is not mocked, and there Christ is found in His Church.
Spirit Digest
And Amazing Grace
Vox cantor
Mark Mallett
Melanson Family History
Greater Fitchburg for Life
Our Lady's Tears
Defend the Faith
Paul Anthony Melanson
Born in Bitburg, Germany, Paul Melanson is a Catholic lay-philosopher and apologist whose work has appeared in many publications and websites including The Union Leader, The Wanderer, Seattle Catholic, Newsblaze, Helium, and Amazines. He has been interviewed by The National Catholic Register, the Southern Poverty Law Center and the television newsmagazine Chronicle.
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Edit
Denys Mallister
Ser Denys Mallister © FFG
Commander of the Shadow Tower
House Mallister
Night's Watch
In 245 AC or before[1], at Seagard
Book(s)
A Game of Thrones (mentioned)
A Clash of Kings (mentioned)
A Storm of Swords (appears)
A Feast for Crows (appendix)
A Dance with Dragons (mentioned)
Ser Denys Mallister is a knight of House Mallister and a member of the Night's Watch. He has commanded the Shadow Tower for thirty-three years. Denys is an uncle of Jason Mallister, Lord of Seagard.[2]
1 Appearance and Character
3 Recent Events
3.1 A Game of Thrones
3.2 A Clash of Kings
3.3 A Storm of Swords
3.4 A Dance with Dragons
Appearance and Character
See also: Images of Denys Mallister
Denys is an old man. He has blue-grey eyes and a long white beard. He has lost almost all his hair and his face is deeply lined. He still has his teeth and is graceful in his movement. He clasps his Night's Watch cloak with a silver eagle. In his communication with other people Denys is courteous and well-spoken due to his high-born roots.[3][4] He is also considered cautious and chivalrous.[5]
Denys was born at Seagard as a member of House Mallister.[3] He was a squire at twelve, a knight at eighteen, and a champion at twenty-two years old. He once unhorsed both of Samwell Tarly's grandfathers at the same tourney (Alester Florent and the father of Randyll Tarly). Denys has been the commander of the Shadow Tower for thirty-three years (since 267 AC), and a candidate in the two last elections of Lords Commander of the Night's Watch.[3]
When Mance Rayder returned from his ranging with scarlet silk woven into his cloak from a wildling who nursed him back to health, Denys ordered him to burn the cloak and wear only the black cloaks of the Night's Watch. Denys's stern order influenced Mance's decision to desert the Shadow Tower and the Night's Watch the next day, joining the free folk living beyond the Wall.[6]
Ser Denys writes to Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, reporting that wildlings from the Frostfangs are moving south, slipping past the Shadow Tower in numbers greater than ever before.[7]
Denys sends another raven to Jeor, informing him rangers from the Shadow Tower have found whole wildling villages abandoned, and at night huge fires have been sighted, blazing in the mountains from dusk till dawn.[8]
A Clash of Kings
Denys confirms the report of Mance Rayder gathering an army from the wildling captured by Qhorin Halfhand in the depths of the Gorge, writing this to Lord Commander Mormont.[9]
When discussing the Night's Watch, Tyrion Lannister advises his father, Lord Tywin Lannister, to deal with Denys or Cotter Pyke rather than Janos Slynt; Tywin dismisses Denys as a Mallister of Seagard, one that would not serve his purposes.[10]
Denys leaves the Shadow Tower to attend the choosing for the next Lord Commander to replace Jeor, who was slain in the mutiny at Craster's Keep. Traveling with Bowen Marsh and the other Castle Black survivors of the fight at the Bridge of Skulls, this party happens across Samwell Tarly and Gilly on the road, escorting them to Castle Black.[11]
Denys is a leading candidate to become the next Lord Commander, along with Cotter, collecting two hundred and thirteen votes by the time only seven candidates remain in the race.[11] Because the support between them is divided, Janos Slynt appears as a potential alternative. Though Cotter and Denys hate each other, both agree that Janos would be a worse choice; both are persuaded by Sam Tarly to support Jon Snow instead.[3]
Denys sends regular ravens to Castle Black requesting additional men.[12] He writes back to express disappointment in the ten untrained men from Mole's Town sent by Jon, and he also reports sightings of fires in the night north of the Gorge.[13] Denys believes wildings are amassing to force the Bridge of Skulls once more.[14] Denys later writes of seeing great camps of wildlings in the mountains beyond the Shadow Tower.[15]
Mallister
Patrek
↑ See the Denys Mallister calculation.
↑ A Feast for Crows, Appendix.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 78, Samwell V.
↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 79, Jon XII.
↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 48, Jon VI.
↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 7, Jon I.
↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 21, Tyrion III.
↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 70, Jon IX.
↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 23, Jon III.
↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
↑ 11.0 11.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 75, Samwell IV.
↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 10, Jon III.
↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 28, Jon VI.
↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 31, Melisandre I.
↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 53, Jon XI.
Retrieved from "https://awoiaf.westeros.org/index.php?title=Denys_Mallister&oldid=247816"
Characters from the Riverlands
Commanders of the Night's Watch
Members of the Night's Watch
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+61 (0) 8 8379 2171 | Recommended Browsers: Latest versions of Chrome, Safari, and Firefox.
School Sport SA
Respect | Responsibility | Creativity | Diversity
Teaching & Learning Our Approach
At Linden Park Primary School your child’s learning program is based on the unique blending and strengthening of two curricula: The Australian Curriculum and the International Baccalaureate (IB) in years Reception to Year 5 and an Australian Curriculum Middle Years Programme in years 6 and 7.
Linden Park Primary School is proud to be accredited with International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP) and has the honour of achieving the status of World School.
The philosophy underlying the programmes encompasses global education, intercultural communication and international mindedness. We strive to develop students who will build a better world through intercultural understanding and respect.
Mission Statement of the IB:
The International Baccalaureate organisation aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect.
To this end the IB works with schools, governments and international organisations to develop challenging programs of international education and rigorous assessment.
These programs encourage students across the world to become active, compassionate and lifelong learners who understand that other people, with their differences, can also be right. (Making the PYP happen: A curriculum framework for international primary education 2009)
The Programme:
Students at International Baccalaureate (IB) World Schools are given a unique education. They will:
be encouraged to think independently and drive their own learning
take part in programmes of education that can lead them to some of the highest ranking universities around the world
become more culturally aware, through the development of a second language
be able to engage with people in an increasingly globalized, rapidly changing world.
Our teaching and learning programs are committed to students becoming active, compassionate and lifelong learners.
IB Primary Years Programme (PYP): Reception to Year 5
The PYP prepares students to become active, caring, lifelong learners who demonstrate respect for themselves and others and have the capacity to participate in the world around them. It focuses on the development of the whole child.
Click here to view “The IB Primary Years Programme” from International Baccalaureate on Vimeo.
Click here to view an overview of the IB PYP.
The Learner Profile:
The Learner Profile encompasses the aim of the curriculum. We aim for our students to be internationally minded people who strive to be:
· Inquirers
· Knowledgeable
· Thinkers
· Communicators
· Principled
· Open-minded
· Caring
· Courageous
· Balanced
· Reflective
(p4 Making the PYP happen: A curriculum framework for international primary education 2009)
What do we want students to know about?
Six transdisciplinary themes provide the framework for exploration and construction of knowledge. Transdisciplinary learning involves interconnecting and applying understanding across traditional subject areas. Students inquire into, and learn about, 6 globally significant issues in the context of units of inquiry.
The six transdisciplinary themes are:
· Who We Are
· Where We Are in Place & Time
· How We Express Ourselves
· How the World Works
· How We Organize Ourselves
· Sharing the Planet
These themes are transdisciplinary because they focus on issues that are integrated across all learning areas, they are not single subject based. The transdisciplinary themes help the teacher to develop investigations into important ideas, which require motivation and involvement on part of the students.
What do we want students to understand?
Central to the philosophy of the PYP is that it is a concept-driven curriculum to support inquiry. The use of concepts helps the learner to construct a deeper understanding of their learning. Today’s modern world is ever changing. Our role as educators is to prepare our students as best we can for the real world. We encourage students to view the world with flexibility, encouraging them to design, create, manage, problem-solve, think critically, communicate, collaborate and use tools to seek for and access information when needed. Through concept based learning students learn about transferrable ideas that allow learners to organize and make sense of the world.
There are 7 fundamental concepts, also expressed as key questions that help teachers and students to consider ways of thinking and learning about the world. They act as a provocation to deepen student inquiry. The concepts drive the inquiry in the form of broad, open-ended questions.
The 7 fundamental concepts are:
· Form: What is it like?
· Function: How does it work?
· Causation: Why is it like it is?
· Change: How is it changing?· Connection: How is it connected to other things?
· Perspective: What are the points of view?
· Reflection: How do we know?
· Responsibility: What is our responsibility?
Resources: http://www.whatisib.com/concept-based-learning.html
SKILLS (Approaches To Learning)
What do we want students to do?
Skill development is recognised as a valuable part of the programme. Not only in the units of inquiry, but also for any teaching and learning that goes on within the classroom, and in life outside the school.
(p21 Making the PYP happen: A curriculum framework for international primary education 2009)
Learners develop:
· Thinking skills
· Communication skills
· Social skills
· Research skills
· Self-Management skills
How do we want students to act?
Inquiry should lead to responsible action, initiated by the student to demonstrate the understanding of the learning. This action will extend the learning process. Students have the right to make informed decisions and choices that will assist their peers, school and wider community.
(p26, Making the PYP happen: A curriculum framework for international primary education)
Participation– contributing as an individual or in a group.
Advocacy– action to support social/environmental/ political change.
Social Justice– relation to rights, equality and equity, social well-being and justice.
Social Entrepreneurship– innovative, resourceful and sustainable social change.
Lifestyle choices– eg. Consumption, impact of choices
Resource: www.magicstorybooks.com/learning-resources.html
For more information click here to visit the IB website. For the IB General regulations click here.
Click here to to view IB Programme Standards and Practices.
Australian Curriculum Middle Years Programme – Years 6 & 7
Students in years 6 and 7 participate in an interdisciplinary inquiry based programme that also maintains the integrity of Australian Curriculum subject disciplines. It is a challenging programme that supports students in their transition to high school aimed at developing learning skills such as collaboration, self-management and organisation. For more information click here to visit the Australian Curriculum website.
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Browse: Home / HONEST WORDS ABOUT RACE AND WAR AND MONEY: a conversation with Tanya Olson
HONEST WORDS ABOUT RACE AND WAR AND MONEY: a conversation with Tanya Olson
Evan Karp / April 30, 2014 / Leave a comment / Columns, hello, typewriter
Tanya Olson holds an M.A. in Anglo-Irish Literature from University College, Dublin and a Ph.D. in 20th Century British Literature from UNC-Greensboro. Her first book, Boyishly, was released by YesYes Books in May 2013. Her work has been published in Review, Beloit Poetry Review, Southward (IRL), PANK, Cairne, Fanzine, Bad Subjects, Main Street Rag, Pedestal Magazine, Elysian Fields, and Southern Cultures. Olson won first place in the 2005 Independent Poetry contest and was a runner up for the 2009 Rita Dove Award.
She is a recipient of an Emerging Artist Grant from the Durham Arts Council and was the 2008 Fortner Award winner. In 2010, she won a Discovery/Boston Review prize and was named a 2011 Lambda Fellow by the Lambda Literary Foundation. She helps coordinate Durham’s Third Friday, is a member of the Black Socks poetry group, and serves on the board of the Carolina Wren Press. She lives in Durham, North Carolina and teaches at Vance-Granville Community College.
STEPHANIE GLAZIER: Tonally, your work has something in common with The Dream Songs for its slippage between firmly poetic image and these surreal personae narratives — you’ve got this old southern storytelling melody and lyrics told over a fire — when you think of the voice you have, who’s in it? Who’s formed you?
TANYA OLSON: I love stories, especially stories that preserve voices. That’s almost always the work that attracts me. Berryman is a great example of that. The people I love to read right now? Susan Howe is probably the poet I admire most, who I think of as my model of how to be a poet. She seems to me an artist who has simply followed the work, done what she’s interested in, without worrying about what she “should” be doing. I’m intrigued by Jack Spicer and Hannah Weiner for similar reasons. I think of CA Conrad and Dorothea Lasky as my current “poetic family.” (That’s self-assigned and nominated by the way.) I love writers who are brave enough to feel, brave enough to sit with those feelings, brave enough to come back and report what was there.
SG: Many of your poems deal with citizenship in various realms — with different public and literary and religious figures. What ‘country’ do you most feel a citizen of? Where do you most belong?
TO: I absolutely think of myself as an American poet; Boyishly is totally an American book. I’m really fascinated by America — all the Americas we are and have been, what it means and has meant to be an American. I love that we spend time — sometime more, sometime less — thinking about who we are as a country; the more time we spend having real conversation about that, the better. I guess that’s one thing that feels important about poetry, about Boyishly, right now.
We have few models of how to have that kind of national discussion, of how to say honest words about race and war and money. Poetry is one of the places that kind of discussion can happen in a real way, although I don’t think that potential of poetry is encouraged right now. Poetry, in my world, has real and important work to do; when that work doesn’t happen, individuals, people, and countries suffer.
Tanya Olson, 2011 Writers Retreat Fellow in Poetry from Lambda Literary on Vimeo.
SG: I really feel “The Saccades” — imagining the lives we might have had if we had turned out to be different people. I think in the face of all the hatred and bigotry in the world, I sometimes feel pressure to be (or present) this total happiness and satisfaction [as a lesbian], lest anything else be read as doubt of myself, when the truth is what you’ve written — I do sometimes fantasize about that other life, especially when other people call it to my attention. I think there needs to be more room, more examples of the real of it, and I felt less alone reading yours.
TO: In some ways, I believe there are parallel universes where alternative lives are being lived out, that there are key moments in each person’s life where possibilities branch. And sometimes I think those universes touch or you get a glimpse of one world from another. Mostly, I think the world is more mysterious and complex than we can understand. I’m fascinated by the moments we can’t explain and how and why we work so hard to make them explainable. Poetry is a great place where we can learn to live with the unexplainable, maybe even welcome it.
SG: You’ve made your living teaching. Has it been in those rooms that you’ve conceived of some of this material — have you taught history? I’m thinking of “O Lemuel”; what’s your research process for writing something like this? Or, more simply — what feeds these poems? More moments of revelation appear in these personae poems: “Paired, I come to think,/ is how the Lord keeps us whole.” I wonder if you start with these moments and build poems around them — or do these things happen while you get to know these characters?
TO: I love the research process and it’s one of my favorite things to teach students: how to research, the process and joys of floating around a topic or issue until you find a way through it. ‘Lemuel’ was a poem that came out of reading I was doing about Chang and Eng Bunker, the conjoined brothers from whom we got the old term, ‘Siamese twins’ (they were born in Siam, now Thailand). I read a lot about Chang and Eng just because I was fascinated by their story.
But I would have been hard pressed to say what it was about Chang and Eng that drew me while I was reading about them. It really took writing the poems to find out what the interest was. And I never let the research limit the poem: Chang and Eng wouldn’t have had a Civil War veteran on the ship bringing them to the States; it doesn’t work chronologically. But getting the year right isn’t important; the connection of the Civil War and the conjoined twins is what needs to be served by the poem.
SG: Have you waited long for the book to come out? Was the process of finding the right home for it a long one? Has its coming into the world changed your relationships? Has it changed you? Is your work being received in the way you’d hoped? Tell me something wonderful that’s happened during the time you’ve been out reading from Boyishly.
TO: It certainly felt like I waited a long time, but the truth is, I didn’t sit down to write a book. For a long time I was just writing the poems I was interested in writing. I wrote poems for probably 5 or 6 years before I ever started thinking about a book. It was tough to look at those poems and figure out what they had in common and that took a long time. But when YesYes asked for a manuscript, I was feeling good about where the book was. It had just been a National Poetry Series finalist and Arktoi had taken a long look at it as well. I was disappointed and frustrated it was getting passed on, but I could also feel it was getting better. YesYes has really been the right home for the book though. Both the publisher, KMA Sullivan, and the editor, Justin Boening, did great work with the manuscript and understood the book from the start.
I love the book — I think it looks fabulous and I’m thrilled with it — and I love the doors having a book has opened. YesYes has arranged some fabulous readings and having the book has gotten me invited to a couple of series I think wouldn’t have otherwise. But I’ve also felt frustrated by who hasn’t paid attention to the book. My not having an MFA seems to keep the book off the radar in quite a few places; I also feel like the queer and lesbian interest has been non-existent.
All in all though, it’s been a blast. YesYes puts together great reading tours where the same poets read together 3 or 4 nights in a row. That’s been brilliant and a really intense experience. Hearing the same poets several nights in a row is a unique and beautiful opportunity. I feel like those poets are my brothers in some special way and my love for them and their work feels very familial.
Stephanie Glazier’s poems appear or are forthcoming in the Iraq Literary Review, Alaska Quarterly Review, YEW, Calyx, and others. She has been a Lambda Fellow in poetry and holds an MFA from Antioch University LA. She lives and works in Portland, Oregon.
Tags: boyishly, ca conrad, dorothea lasky, hannah weiner, jack spicer, john berryman, stephanie glazier, susan howe, tanya olson, the dream songs, yesyes books
← VOZ SIN TINTA: sarah carpenter, javier huerta, diana cervera + jason schenheit
UNDER THE INFLUENCE: chloé veylit, brandon brown, melissa r. sipin, maggie heaps lauffer + sunnylyn thibodeax →
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Nov / Dec 2015 Issue
"Revolution Part II"
Dismantling History: An Interview with Titus Kaphar
by Lindsey Davis | Dec 2, 2015
Titus Kaphar. Sacrifice (Diptych), 2011. Oil on canvas, 73 x 52 x 2 1/2 inches. Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York ©Titus Kaphar.
A canvas curtain slips from its place of prestige, revealing another that’s hidden beneath. The folds of a Thomas Jefferson portrait gracefully fall, and behind it we see an African woman bathing; her gaze at once determined, curious and solemn, as if she knows that she’s only just now being seen, but it’s already too late to matter. Titled Behind the Myth of Benevolence, this painting beautifully demonstrates the hidden histories that have been buried deep beneath the convenient narratives told in textbooks and on the news.
Titus Kaphar’s work deconstructs history and memory simultaneously, twisting familiar images to uncover those who’ve suffered under the prejudices institutionalized by the “heroes” we revere. Through The Vesper Project in 2012, he explored confabulation sculpturally, constructing chaotic scenes of a fictitious and yet misremembered 19th century house and family. In 2014 Kaphar addressed contemporary injustice with The Jerome Project, a series of small gold-leaf portraits of the men in prison who share his father’s name.
Kaphar’s paintings and installations constantly oscillate between forgotten and fiction, past and present, misremembered and myth – forcing viewers to challenge what they know, or think they know, as real.
Titus Kaphar. Behind the Myth of Benevolence, 2014. Oil on canvas, 59 x 34 x 6 inches. Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York ©Titus Kaphar.
Lindsey Davis: What led to your style of reinterpreting history through the breakdown of images?
Titus Kaphar: I’ve come to realize that all reproduction, all depiction is fiction – it’s simply a question of to what degree. As much as we try to speak to the facts of a historical incident, we often alter those facts, sometimes drastically, through the retelling itself.
Understanding this has given me the freedom to manipulate, and change historical images in a way that recharges them for me. Knowing that artists throughout time who have attempted to retell history have always embraced, whether consciously or unconsciously, a degree of fiction, in order to achieve the sentiment of the facts is liberating. Magritte’s Ceci n’est pas une pipe is one of my favorite reminders of how confounding it can be to get words, ideas and images to align.
LD: Was there any part of your childhood that informed your desire to recreate history?
TK: I think my childhood and upbringing had less to do with my desire to reconstruct history than the undergraduate curriculum of my art history education. What seemed to be obvious oversights in the canon were regularly understated, suppressed or ignored.
Titus Kaphar. The Jerome Project, 2014. Oil, gold leaf and tar on wood panel
7 × 10 ½ inches.
Courtesy of the artist and Jack Shainman Gallery, New York ©Titus Kaphar.
LD: What does cutting figures off at the nose or mouth signify to you? Are we all in some way helpless witnesses to the events that befall us?
TK: In The Jerome Project series the obscuring of the bottom portion of the face occurs as a result of submerging the panels in tar. This began as an attempt to visually communicate the impact that “custodial citizens” (to use a term coined by scholars Vesla Weaver and Amy Lerman) endure as a result of the criminal justice system. The portraits were submerged into tar in proportion to the amount of time the individuals had spent in prison.
After doing more research I realized that my initial formula was insufficient in its ability to communicate the impact of finding oneself in the criminal justice system. I then abandoned the formula, and the tar became symbolic in communicating the varied impact jail, prison, probation or parole has on millions of people in this country.
LD: When memories fail us by being inaccurate or not there at all, do you see your art as serving in its place, as something more real than the actual events we were trying to remember?
TK: While I was working on The Vesper Project, the issue of the way in which we recall information became an obsession for me. In waking from a dream about this project, this quote was running through my head. I still don’t know where it comes from, but I think it precisely addresses this question: “In the absence of adequate facts, our hearts rifle through memories, foraging satisfactory fictions.”
LD: How does the overwhelming tendency of the privileged to misremember history motivate your work?
TK: This tendency is not a flaw exclusive to the privileged. This is the human condition.
“I’ve come to realize that all reproduction, all depiction is fiction – it’s simply a question of to what degree.”
LD: We glorify the Founding Fathers despite the fact that they owned slaves, and most of the country still has yet to acknowledge that institutionalized racism is systemically perpetuated. What sort of revolution do you think our country needs to get its history right? Or is this even possible?
TK: I’m not sure what kind of revolution is needed to change the future, but I am optimistic that, as with all revolutions, artists will be deeply engaged in the process.
Titus Kaphar
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Current & Future Operations
The Scale of Need
Our Journey So Far
Our Partners and Sponsors
Standing Orders and CAF Cheques
In May 2019 we shipped our first period pad micro-factory to Kibera, the largest slum in Nairobi. It was financed by Lois Harris, an Australian lady who, when filming in Kenya, became aware of the global crisis of girls not attending school when they have their period.
Our micro-factory is operational, with sufficient raw materials to produce period pads for 18 months. We hope that, by then, through other local initiatives in Kibera, this micro-financed business will become self-sustaining.
750 girls from Kibera slum, Nairobi, receive free period pads – their first ever!
In December 2016 we opened our first factory in Zaatari refugee camp, 8km south of the Syrian border. We employed 30 of the most vulnerable Syrian refugee women to make washable nappies with materials imported from Turkey and disposable period pads made with machines and raw material imported from India.
As a result of several operational and political challenges we re-located our factory in January 2019 to the compound of a church in Amman. It is now flourishing, being run by a team of Iraqi women who fled from ISIS in Mosul. It produces washable nappies only which are distributed to refugees in the city through NGOs and churches. It also supplies the Amman Mother Teresa home, which looks after 70 adults living with disabilities, and a supply centre supporting families who have children living with disabilities.
Our factory in action.
Besides our challenging goal of setting up 50 factories by the end of 2020, Loving Humanity has other exciting possibilities – which will need managing and funding – in truth our factories and products are needed wherever disadvantaged girls and women live and where incontinence goes untreated.
Two current examples are:-
Yazidi women
We have recently been approached by a large international agency with a view to supporting the work of Nadia Murad who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2018 for bringing the world’s attention to the horrendous treatment of the Yazidi women in Northern Iraq by ISIS. Loving Humanity is in the frame to provide sanitary pads and nappies.
By the end of 2020 we plan to have shipped our first container of commercially made pads from Sweden to the Yemen to support the women and girls enduring unimaginable hardship and trauma.
Our vision is that all vulnerable people suffering in war zones and slums are able to live with dignity by the provision of a nappy or period pad. This is a huge but exciting challenge and we need your help.
The best way you can help us is to commit to a personal monthly donation of £5 or more, tell others about Loving Humanity and to encourage your employer or company to sponsor a factory on behalf of its staff.
©2020 Sorel Harrison · Designed and built by Sorel Harrison Design .
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48 Hours in Seoul
By Kristina in Asia, iExplore, Kristina, Seoul, South Korea
From kimchi to Gangnam Style, Seoul has made its mark on the world as a fiercely modern city that still keeps its traditional charm.
I write for iExplore [my articles!] sometimes and my latest is a 48 hour guide to exploring Seoul! We’ll be moving on to our Japan blogs later this week, so here’s a great way to wrap up our adventures in the bustling capital of the Land of the Morning Calm!
Read 48 Hours in Seoul!
Kristina is an ardent traveler and has been to over 48 countries and has no plans to stop. She taught English in a small fishing city in Japan for a year, volunteered on an archaeological dig on an Iron Age site in Israel, drove 10,000 miles in a 1994 Corsa from London to Ulaanbataar for charity, and accidentally fell in love with K-pop in Seoul. It’s been a wild ride.
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Nurses uniform in General Hospital
ryanluke
Joined: Sat Aug 16, 2008 10:19
Tue Aug 26, 2008 05:39
Could anybody enlighten me as to the working uniform of nursing staff at an overseas General Hospital?
Also, I assume Doctors wore officers wools whilst on duty, though were white coats worn?
Any info on uniforms at Generals appreciated.
LOSMP
Any uniform? How about the working uniform of physical therapists, at a General Hospital?
September, 1944, through May, 1945, 203rd General Hospital, Paris
littlelotte
How about this one...
As the two ladies have already posted, the photographs represent a good selection of the numerous Duty and Dress uniforms worn by members of the female staff at two General Hospitals (i.e. 102d & 203d). I think that the following list of Uniform Regulations, as prescribed in the General Orders of the 100th Gen Hosp, 1945 (the Regulation also contained Class A uniforms, and Athletic uniforms, but since you have requested duty uniforms specifically, I have only posted those sections which are pertinent to the discussion):
Male Officers' Duty Uniform
Cap, Garrison
Shirt, Wool, OD (Green or Pink)
Trousers, Wool, OD (Green or Pink)
Necktie, Khaki
Belt, Web, Waist
Shoes, Service or Low Quarter (when combat or paratrooper boots are worn, the trousers will not be tucked in)
Socks, Plain Tan or Brown
The Eisenhower Jacket is optional for wear with the Duty Uniform
Jacket, Field may be worn from the billet to the place of duty
Dog Tags are considered part of the uniform and must be worn at all times.
Female Officers' Duty Uniform:
Seersucker Uniform will be worn while on duty at the Post.
I hope that the above will be of use to you.
P.S. Please note that I have also moved this post to the "General Discussion" Forum...
And then there's this verbal description, from the "Testimony" of Nurse Elinor Warner Bird, 203rd General Hospital. See "Testimonies" section of this website for the entire narrative. She's writing here about preparing to go overseas:
"Christmas Day, 1943, was spent in preparing for movement overseas. Our Blue Uniforms had been replaced by Olive Drab, our White Uniforms replaced by Brown and White cotton Seersuckers which were one piece and fastened like a bathrobe. Everything else had been or had to be sent home. Our Capes were of Olive Drab material. We were issued Class A Uniforms which consisted of a Suit (2), Shirts, Skirts, Neckties, Russet Brown Oxford Shoes and Gloves. The Cap had a large eagle on the front. We had Rayon Stockings, a Service Gas Mask, which was worn over the shoulder, a Pistol Belt to which was attached our Canteen and a Mess Kit. The latter consisted of two parts, inner and outer container, and furthermore a Canteen, Cup, Knife, Fork and Spoon. We carried water in the Canteen.
The Musette Bag which we carried on our backs would hold 40 pounds and we packed it to capacity. We had a footlocker, which was a ‘must’, where we put some things that we would not be using for some time. We had bedrolls that held two blankets and other things. It had what you would call a hood, for when we were camped this would hang over the head of our cot and the rest of the bedroll served as a mattress. We were issued a Red Cross pin which was the only pin you were supposed to wear. Our bedrolls were rolled by our enlisted men as our Commanding Officer did not think it proper that women should do this."
No comment on the last sentence.
Other brief comments re uniforms and gear are found in her Testimony.
Wed Aug 27, 2008 02:31
Thank you all so much.
This covers everything I neede to know. The photos are fantastic, and I was also particularly interested in Physical Therapists which is a great coincidence! The written information is extremely useful also.
Thu Aug 28, 2008 05:08
One last comment on Elinor Warner Bird's statement about her nursing uniform:
"We were issued a Red Cross pin which was the only pin you were supposed to wear."
This is significant because when American nurses graduated from nursing school, they were given a distinctive pin designed by the school, which they were supposed to wear throughout the rest of their career, as part of their nursing uniform. The army, apparently, did not permit personal "school pins" in certain settings.
In addition to a distinctive pin, each school had a distinctive cap which also was to be worn by their graduates, from then on.
So in most private hospitals, nurses wore different caps and pins, identifying the school they graduated from, not the place where they worked. That practice has been abandoned for years, but was the norm in the war years.
Real Name: LOZ WRIGHT
Location: BLACKPOOL UK
Re: Nurses uniform in General Hospital
Outside the Conntinental United States, Army Nurse Corps, Physical therapy aides and Hospital dietitians all wore the same uniform ( olive drab, shade # 51 ) class "A"
and the brown and white seersucker for ward duty, the only difference was the devices of the caduceus, N , P or H
AR 600-37 29 July 1943
Prescribed service Uniforms
that last line sould read
N or
P over T or
H over D
Wed Sep 01, 2010 15:59
Thanks for the information Loz. Do you have a copy of the Army Regulations that you might be able to copy for me?
Not sure I can copy it , the uniform regs are part of a collection of FM's in a period binder that runs to several hundered pages of army regs from 1921-1943.
I think it must have belonged to a career army nurse ( Chief Nurse )as it cover marriage, transportation sick reports etc.
Are you going to Malvern?
Loz.
Ah right, I see. Yeah should be at Malvern in November, not sure if I'm standing with a stall this year though.
I think it is an important collection of documents covering almost every aspect of a nurses life in the army. i have just checked the strapping on the binder and it will come apart without damage. I have decided to loan you the binder(and some other FM's) I will bring it to Malvern .
I trust you and I you lose it I can always strap you into that chair!
Thu Sep 02, 2010 09:26
Thanks Loz, that would definitely be a great help. I look forward to catching up with you in November!
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Home / Art, Drama, Music & Books / Concordia Conservatory's 20th Annual Holiday Musical "The Spirit Society" is Coming Soon: Link to Tickets
Concordia Conservatory's 20th Annual Holiday Musical "The Spirit Society" is Coming Soon: Link to Tickets
By Marilou Yacoub, Administrative Coordinator, Concordia Conservatory
Nov. 27, 2019: Concordia Conservatory will present its 20th holiday musical, "The Spirit Society" by Conservatory alumnus J.P. Redmond '17, currently a junior at the Julliard School with lyrics by Greg Suss, on December 7 (4 & 7 pm), and December 8 (1 & 4 pm) in Schoenfeld Campus Center at Concordia College New York.
The cast hails from throughout Westchester and Fairfield Counties.
It includes Ryan Alix, Ciara Andrews, Siena Angelani, Nicholas Arakas, Natalie Beit, Amelia Bornmann, John Bush, Abigail Chang, Elizabeth Cioffi, Mary Debany, Colleen DeGennaro, Lily Delaney, Caris Erman-Thurmond, Anthony Evangelista, Kailee Fino, Gabriel Garcia, Elizabeth Hara, Daisy Harblin, Paul Hodulik, Annie Jaquette, Luke Kennedy, Ingrid Kraweic, Abigail Luca, Carter Mack, Alana McGinness, Maeve & Kelly McWilliams, Lauren & Sarah Mickley, Katie Miller, Sebastian Mord, Kaitlyn O'Shea, Xeni Pavan, Sophia Petrillo, Charlotte & Patrick Phillips, Rory Pingel, Alexis Pinto, Porter Rao, Jeffrey Rohr, Caroline Ryan, Laura Sanchez, Lyndsie Schultz, Katarina, Lauren & Alexandra Seuffert, Max Shearon, Sean Spillane, Connor Spillane, Julia Tobin, Jenna Velez and Ben Wien.
The backstage crew will include Katie Suss (stage manager), with John Langan, Luke Moncada, Annie Petrillo, and Mine Sung.
The production team includes Greg Suss (stage director), Jon Klibonoff (music director), Ana Dimas (choreographer), and Eric Zoback (set design).
The Conservatory's annual tuition-free musical is both a beloved community institution and an effective theatre arts outreach program supported by generous donors who, since 1999, have given over $500,000. In its 20-year history, the musical has seen over 1,500 performers and crew entertain over 18,000 enthusiastic audience members.
Clilck here to get tickets or call 914-395-4507. Tickets are $20 adult and $10 senior/ child.
Photo courtesy Concordia Conservatory
Editor's note: As a public service, MyhometownBronxville publishes articles from local institutions, officeholders, and individuals. MyhometownBronxville does not fact-check statements therein, and any opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the thinking of its staff.
The 105th Annual Bronxville Christmas Pageant Is on Tuesday, December 24; List of Cast Members
By Jennifer McGrath Dec. 23, 2019: The 105th annual Bronxville Christmas Pageant will be back on the hillside of the Reformed Church of Bronxville on Tuesday, December 24th. The...
Books & the Arts Directory
Art Restoration and Framing
Fine Arts Gallery of Bronxville
The Fine Arts Gallery is a beautiful gallery in the heart of our village. It sells original art and specializes in local artists from Bronxville past and present. It provides high end custom framing, art consulting, restoration and appraisals. Appointments are available upon request. It also sells the Historical Conservancy Journals which include a history of the village as well as the artists who have lived here and are presenting living here ($20/copy).
The O'Silas Gallery at Concordia College
171 White Plains Road
https://osilasgallery.org/
Bronxville Public Library
The Bronxville Public Library traces its origins back to 1875, when it was a small lending library housed in a room attached to the “Bronxville Model School.” The Library was officially chartered in 1906 and moved into the Village Hall Building. The needs of the library grew with the town and, in 1942, a new standalone building was erected, which is where the Library is today. Over the years, the Library was renovated and expanded to meet the needs of the community.
The Library has wonderful resources for adults and children and offers a comfortable and relaxing environment. The Library also houses a fine art collection, consisting principally of Bronxville painters and sculptors.
The Library offers special events, art exhibitions, and programs for adults, young adults and children. All events are open to the public, unless otherwise indicated.
The Bronxville Public Library
201 Pondfield Road (Midland Avenue & Pondfield Road)
http://bronxvillelibrary.org/
Womrath Bookshop
Womrath Bookshop is a located in the heart of Bronxville village. In addition to selling books, the store also sell children's toys and holds readings both at the store and elsewhere in the community, such as at the Library.
76 Pondfield Road, Bronxville
http://www.womrath.com/
Music & Performing Arts Schools
Concordia Conservatory
Concordia Conservatory, a preeminent center for music education in Westchester County, is a welcoming community where children and adults find lifelong inspiration and joy through learning, performing, listening to, and participating with others in music. Concordia Conservatory, a community outreach division of Concordia College, offers top quality music programs for early childhood, youth, adults and seniors. The Conservatory's vision is to enrich the lives of the people in our community through music.
Executive Director: Kathleen Suss
Concordia Conservatory of Music & Art
Concordia College-New York
Kathleen.Suss@concordia-ny.edu
www.concordiaconservatory.org
Crestwood Music Education Center
Crestwood Music Education Center, founded in 1987, has established itself as one of the most reputable and premier music schools in Westchester County with well over 800 students studying piano, guitar voice, Suzuki and much more. Their philosophy is to create a very positive, stimulating environment that gives each student the chance for creative self-expression. They believe in the importance of having a world-class faculty with extensive education as well as the teaching and performing experience that can only found in America's finest music schools.
Eastchester, New York 10709
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Posted by Mindy Starns Clark at 8:00 AM 1 comment:
Labels: bible verse, inspiration, Serenity Sunday
Book Research at the Civil War Museum in New Orleans
As research for My Daughter's Legacy (Cousins of the Dove), I spent some time recently in the Civil War Museum in New Orleans, LA. Built in Confederate Memorial Hall, the museum has an excellent collection, and the workers there were extremely helpful in answering all sorts of book-related questions.
One item that caught my eye was this doll, which belonged to the daughter of President Jefferson Davis. My co-author, Leslie Gould, and I actually have a scene set at the Davis’s house, in the children’s nursery, so I imagine we just might give this doll a mention in the story.
Also in the story, our heroine’s mother wears tintypes in a locket (though hers are on a necklace rather than a bracelet.) This was a cool find regardless, and the photo looked exactly as I’d pictured.
The Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama plays a part in the story, so I was pleased to find this painting of the ship:
And here are a few more items that were on display…
In the end, this museum was exactly what I needed here in the home stretch of writing this book. Many thanks to my family for going there with me, especially my two daughters, Emily and Lauren, whom I found waiting patiently for me out front once I’d finished my research inside. They’ve been doing these research trips with me for so long now, they know the drill!
Posted by Mindy Starns Clark at 8:30 AM 4 comments:
Labels: Book Research, Christian fiction, History
Posted by Mindy Starns Clark at 8:00 AM No comments:
Mindy's Top Picks of 2016
How many books did you read last year? I’ve just gone through my list and was surprised to see that it totals 102. (Higher than my usual of about 60-80. Good for me!) From those, I pulled together a list of the ones I enjoyed the most. Clearly, I’m no literary snob—note that my top ranked fiction is a YA novel that reads like a (much better) DaVinci code for teens—and I’m not ashamed to admit it. I will, however, mention that I do read plenty of “good” fiction as well, it’s just not my favorite. Literary is the green vegetable, but these 10 are the dessert. And if I’m being honest, I always like dessert more than vegetables!
I also read a lot of great nonfiction last year as well, and it was especially tough to narrow those down to just 10 favorites.
Thanks to eye issues, I only read via audiobooks, so I’d like to add an Honorable Mention for the BEST READER of the year: Humphrey Bower who narrated Shantaram by Gregory David Roberts. Though the book didn’t make my top ten, Bower was by far the best reader I listened to all year. Considering my total, that’s saying a lot!
One last thing, please note that these weren't necessarily books that were released last year, they’re just books that I happened to read last year.
Anyway, for what it’s worth, here are my top ten picks for the most compelling fiction and nonfiction of 2016. Enjoy!
MINDY'S FAVORITE FICTION
1. The Conspiracy of Us by Maggie Hall
2. Bruno, Chief of Police: A Novel of the French Countryside by Martin Walker
3. The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax by Dorothy Gilman
4. The Cold Cold Ground: A Detective Sean Duffy Novel by Adrian McGinty
5. The Girl You Left Behind: A Novel by Jojo Moyes
6. The Prayer Box (A Carolina Heirlooms Novel) by Lisa Wingate
7. I Am the Traitor (Unknown Assassin) by Allen Zadoff
8. Salvage the Bones: A Novel by Jesmyn Ward
9. If You Find Me: A Novel by Emily Murdoch
10. The Pecan Man by Cassie Dandridge Selleck
MINDY'S FAVORITE NONFICTION
1. American Girls: Social Media and the Secret Lives of Teenagers by Nancy Jo Sales
2. Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men by Leonard Sax
3. Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow
4. The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less by Barry Schwartz
5. The Ghost in My Brain: How a Concussion Stole My Life and How the New Science of Brain Plasticity Helped Me Get It Back by Clark Elliott
6. A Long Way Home: A Memoir by Saroo Brierley
7. Off Balance: A Memoir by Dominique Moceanu
8. The Secret Life of the American Musical: How Broadway Shows Are Built by Jack Viertel
9. The Personal MBA: Master the Art of Business by Josh Kaufman
10. The Great Beanie Baby Bubble: Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute by Zac Bissonnette
What books did you enjoy in 2016?
Labels: Books, Christian fiction
New Releases in Christian Fiction: January 2017
More in-depth descriptions of these books can be found on the ACFW Fiction Finder website.
Romance Grows in Arcadia Valley by Valerie Comer, Mary Jane Hathaway, Elizabeth Maddrey, Danica Favorite, Lee Tobin McClain and Annalisa Daughety -- Is love possible for a makeshift mom and a handsome widower? What about a bed and breakfast owner and the farmer next door? A curvy jilted bride and a mysterious, handsome chef? Then there's the real estate consultant and the grandson of her elderly client; a high-powered lawyer and a woman farmer, and a formerly engaged couple. Can love make a difference in their lives? Exploring food, friends, and family in Arcadia Valley, each of these novellas kicks off a three-book series, intertwined with the works of the other authors. This collection is only the beginning of your adventure! (Contemporary Romance, Independently Published)
Restoring Love by Jennifer Slattery -- Mitch, a contractor and house-flipper, is restoring a beautiful old house in an idyllic Midwestern neighborhood. Angela, a woman filled with regrets and recently transplanted to his area, is anything but idyllic. As Mitch struggles to keep his business afloat, and Angela works to correct the mistakes of her past, these two unlikely friends discover they have something unexpected in common--a young mom fighting to give her children a better life after her husband's incarceration. While both Mitch and Angela are drawn to help this young mother survive, they also find themselves drawn to each other. Will a lifetime of regrets hold them back from redemption and true love? (Contemporary Romance from New Hope Publishers)
Murder on the Moor by Julianna Deering -- Drew and Madeline Farthering visit the Yorkshire moor to catch a killer and solve a mystery that involves an old feud, a new rivalry and a huge, spectral hound that may or may not be a harbinger of death. (Historical Mystery from Bethany House [Baker])
Historical Romance:
A Note Yet Unsung by Tamera Alexander -- A master violinist trained in Vienna, Rebekah Carrington manages to get an audition at the newly-formed Nashville Philharmonic. But the conductor--determined to leave his mark on the world of classical music--bows to public opinion. Women are "far too fragile and frail" for the rigors of an orchestra, he says, and Rebekah's hopes are swiftly dashed. Nathaniel Tate Whitcomb is Nashville's new orchestra leader. And despite a reluctant muse--and a strange buzzing and recurring pain in his head--he must finish composing his symphony before the new opera hall opens. But far more pressing, he must finish it for his dying father, who inspired his love of music. Then Tate's ailment worsens. Rebekah can help him finish his symphony. But how do you win back a woman's trust when you've robbed her of her dream? (Historical Romance from Bethany House [Baker])
The American Heiress Brides Collection by Lisa Carter, Mary Eileen Davis, Susanne Dietze, Anita Mae Draper, Patty Smith Hall, Cynthia Hickey, Lisa Karon Richardson, Lynette Sowell and Kimberley Woodhouse -- Meet nine young women in America between 1880 and 1911 who have been blessed by fortunes made in gold, silver, industry, ranching, and banking. But when it comes to love, each woman struggles to find true love within a society where "first comes money, second comes marriage." What kind of man can they trust with their greatest treasure—their hearts? (Historical Romance from Barbour Publishing)
Two Suitors for Anna by Molly Jebber -- In 1903 Ohio, a young Amish woman must choose between the life she has long planned for with her beloved Noah Schwartz, and a new, very different future… But Noah has a surprise for Anna: once they're married, he wants them to travel and live in other communities. Anna, who loves her home and her job at the quilt shop, is distraught when he takes her hesitation as rejection—and leaves. Daniel Bontrager's arrival adds to Anna's confusion. Since taking over his late brother's farm, the handsome roofer has offered friendship and gentle attentions. Yet the pull of first love is strong and deep, especially when Noah returns. Through each revelation, Anna must search her faith for guidance, knowing she is choosing not just a husband, but a life to nurture and to share… (Historical Romance from Kensington)
My Heart Belongs in Fort Bliss, Texas by Erica Vetsch -- Journey to Fort Bliss, Texas, where a battle of emotions versus ideals is about to be waged. When a high-steppin' eastern fashion artist, Priscilla Hutchens, swoops down on the fort to gain custody of her twin niece and nephew she is met with resistance by their uncle, post surgeon Major Elliot Ryder, who thinks he knows what is best for them. Who will win the battle? Or will a truce be called for the sake of love and family? (Historical Romance from Barbour Publishing)
Dead Run by Jodie Bailey -- Kristin James's morning run turns deadly when she's attacked by a stranger who's after something her deceased soldier brother stole overseas. Her neighbor Sergeant First Class Lucas Murphy steps in to help her and won't let her brush the attack under the rug. He'll do everything he can to keep Kristin alive, but he can't tell her that he's under orders to investigate her link to her brother's misdeeds. Kristin has no idea what the bad guy is after and doesn't want to believe that her brother wasn't on the straight and narrow. But as evidence against him piles up, can they catch the criminals without becoming the next casualties? (Romantic Suspense from Love Inspired [Harlequin])
Justice Delayed by Patricia Bradley -- It's been eighteen years since TV crime reporter Andi Hollister's sister was murdered. The confessed killer is behind bars, and the execution date is looming. But when a letter surfaces stating that the condemned killer didn't actually do it, Detective Will Kincaide of the Memphis Cold Case Unit will stop at nothing to help Andi get to the bottom of it. After all, the person who confessed to the crime is Will's cousin. They have less than a week to find the real killer before the wrong person is executed. But much can be accomplished in one week--including uncovering police corruption, running for your life, and falling in love. (Romantic Suspense from Revell [Baker])
Undercover Protector by Elizabeth Goddard -- Undercover at a tiger sanctuary, Special Agent Grayson Wilde is convinced the owner's involved in a wildlife trafficking ring--until someone tries to kill her. Gemma's determined to rebuild the tiger oasis she lost when her family died, but someone wants her out of the way, and she's starting to wonder if her parents' and uncle's deaths were really accidental. Grayson says he'll do anything to protect Gemma, but she can't shake the feeling that her alluring new volunteer might not be all that he seems. With a vicious criminal closing in, though, she has to trust Grayson…because she won't survive without him. (Romantic Suspense from Love Inspired [Harlequin])
Buried Memories by Carol J. Post -- A soldier hero suffering from PTSD and a young woman struggling to overcome a traumatic childhood fight for their lives and find healing together. (Romantic Suspense from Love Inspired [Harlequin])
Still Life by Dani Pettrey -- Blacklisted in the photography business over a controversial shot, Avery Tate answered an ad for a crime scene photographer. She expected to be laughed at, but crime scene analyst Parker Mitchell hired her outright--and changed her life. But six months ago, when her feelings for Parker became too strong, she left his employ to sort out her heart. Now, for the first time, Avery is facing the world that rejected her to attend the gallery opening of a photography exhibit and support her best friend, who modeled for the show. But the only image of her friend is a chilling photo of her posing as if dead--and the photographer insists he didn't take the shot. Worse, her friend can't be found. She immediately calls Parker for help. As Avery, Parker, and his friends in law enforcement dig into the mystery, they find themselves face-to-face with a relentless and deadly threat. (Romantic Suspense from Bethany House [Baker])
Supernatural Thriller
Fatal Accusation by Rachel Dylan -- Attorney Olivia Murray hopes her life in Windy Ridge will get back to normal after a hard-fought trial. But she soon finds out that the forces of evil have not given up. An embezzling scandal rocks the community church to its core. The New Age groups are ready to declare victory when a high-profile prosecutor files criminal charges against the local pastor. However, Olivia is not willing to give up on the community she's come to love. She takes on the defense pro bono knowing it could destroy her career, but it's a case she is called to defend. The battle will be fierce, but she's not fighting it alone. Her friend and fellow attorney Grant Baxter is by her side. Olivia must use all the tools in her arsenal to combat those who seek to destroy the believers in the community. If Olivia can't prove the pastor's innocence, more than her career is on the line. The entire community of Windy Ridge could fall to the forces of darkness. (Supernatural Thriller, Independently Published)
Selfie Day: …And a Crusty New Year
Last January, I posted about how my husband and I love to make pies and how we always use the extra crust to decorate the top in honor of something relevant. So, for what it’s worth, here is a look back at our year in pie…
Year of Pies
January: Our first good snowfall of the year!
February: Call it a “Hallmark holiday” all you want, but we love Valentine’s Day—and always enjoy it with a pie.
March: This is a “Huguenot pie,” to celebrate turning in the manuscript for My Sister’s Prayer.
April: My husband did this one, in honor of one of our favorite shows, Person of Interest. (That’s a pay phone and a computer, both of which are relevant to the series.)
May: Too early for swimming in the lake, but the Spring winds were great for a little sailing.
June: Back out on the water, this time in our new kayak.
July: I made this one to bring as a hostess gift when we visited friends at their vacation house at the Jersey Shore. I even pulled up the Street View image on Google Earth of their gorgeous home so I could get it just right. Considering that I’d never seen the place in person at that point, I think it came out pretty good. J
August: Celebrating the Olympics with our own torch on a pie.
September: Time for school!
October: Loving the changing leaves!
November: A partially eaten cornucopia for fall :)
December: Wreath-ing in the new year with another festive pie. So long, 2016! Hello, 2017.
Labels: baking, cooking
Book Research at the Civil War Museum in New Orlea...
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Kayla Miles
Student at Kennesaw State University majoring in BS in Elementary Education
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Kayla Miles of Austell makes President's List for Spring 2019
Kayla Miles of Austell was recently named to the President's List for Spring 2019 at Kennesaw State University. Miles was among the more than 3,000 Kennesaw State students who were honored for aca...
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Congratulations to Kayla Miles Named to the Spring 2018 Dean's List at Kennesaw State University
Kayla Miles of Marietta was named to Kennesaw State University's Dean's List for the Spring 2018 semester. Students named to the Dean's List were enrolled in at least 9 credit hours of courses and ...
June, 19 2018 - Verified by Kennesaw State University
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Micro Medical Solutions Announces CE Mark for MicroStent
Steady stream of innovation, approvals, and clearances continues, more to follow in 2017
Wilmington, MA February 10, 2017—Micro Medical Solutions announces it has received European CE Mark approval for the MicroStent, the third of its key innovations to receive CE Mark in the last year.
“This is a major milestone, one step closer to our Micro Vascular Integrated Platform, including the MicroStent, becoming available to European physicians. It’s exciting news for interventionists seeking much-needed innovation in an underserved area.” said Gregory Sullivan, CEO of Micro Medical Solutions. Greg Mathison, Director, Regulatory and Clinical Affairs for Micro Medical Solutions, confirms the importance of CE Mark but anticipates even more exciting news to follow. “This approval is an important step forward in our regulatory path and we look forward to providing U.S. based data in the near term from our clinical trial with the MicroStent.”
The Micro Vascular Integrated Platform (mVIP) includes the MicroStent, MicroBalloon, and MicroGuide, and is designed for treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI) lesions that are Below the Knee (BTK). This latest CE Mark approval is in addition to recent CE Mark and 510(k) clearances for the MicroGuide and MicroBalloon.
“The MicroStent is the centerpiece of an integrated delivery platform that will help fill an unmet need in the interventional community. Amputation prevention in this CLI patient population is an ongoing fight, and we welcome new tools that have such promise to make a difference,” commented Dr. Jihad Mustapha, a board-certified interventional cardiologist specializing in minimally invasive, non-surgical therapy for heart and peripheral vascular disease. Dr. Mustapha has been instrumental in guiding clinical and regulatory pathways for MMS, and is a global thought leader for amputation prevention in the treatment of patients with Critical Limb Ischemia.
NOT FOR COMMERCIAL SALE IN THE US.
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Micro Source was started by Henk Scholten in 1982 selling hardware and software.
In the early days of general accessible computing Micro Source was the best known Sinclair specialist in the Netherlands. In those days it was a "miracle" to be able to apply computers to a broad range of measuring tasks. Offering a range of add-ons to the Sinclair ZX81 and Sinclair Spectrum we had customers like ESA and all Dutch university hospitals.
In 1984 we created a serial interface for the Sinclair Spectrum with Viditel software. Viditel was the Videotex service operated by Dutch Telecom (PTT, now called KPN) This interface and software was sold and demonstrated in all shops of V&D department stores, and was also sold by Dixons and a lot of Dutch computer stores. At that time we also supplied other hardware to these stores.
We also created a Sinclair Spectrum based Videotex server. So even from before the Internet became a public accesible service we offered on-line services.
We published articles in Sinclair Gebruiker magazine by LOI. For instance in februari 1985 an article was published on a Sinclair Spectrum controlled robotarm built with Fischertechnik.
In 1985 we created a 1200/75 baud modem for Viditel and software to connect two Sinclair Spectrum computers through CB radio (27 MHz free band). This was demonstrated on the HCC fair in 1985. Henk Scholten is a fully licensed HAM radio operator. This translates in our current support for IoT radio links like LoRa, Zigbee, NB-IoT and LTE-M. An article on this modem was published in Sinclair Gebruiker december 1985.
We created a universal I/O system called "Mikrosysteem" and wrote a book on this subject that was published by Elektor. Mikrosysteem offered a universal interface for Elektor MCS-51 (8051) based micro controller board, ZX81, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Acorn Electron and BBC, Atari ST and IBM-PC.
In 1994 Elektor published our book on Fuzzy Logic and PID control, this has also been translated into French.
At the same time cover articles on Fuzzy Logic and an AutoRanging digital input card appeared in the Dutch, English, German and French Elektor magazine.
In 1993 the attention was shifted to Business Intelligence, starting with implementing and supporting software like Harvard Graphics. In 1999 Micro Source started specialising in selling and implementing the Applix TM1 multidimensional in-memory database. For this we started BI-Team BV which was a fully owned subsidary of Micro Source BV. This database system was bought by Cognos in 2007, half a year later Cognos was acquired by IBM and the Applix TM1 database became the core of the IBM Business Intelligence software. Our main BI customers were ABN-AMRO and NS-reizigers. But we supported many other companies like Heineken, BAT, Bacardi, ProLogis, Xycarb, NIBC, etc. After a while IBM took over the customers because they wanted to service the top-80 companies direct.
Henk Scholten published articles on BI in DataBase Magazine and presented on many BI conferences.
Micro Source / BI-Team focussed from 2009 onwards on semantic technologies to support Meta Data and Process Mining as foundations of Business Intelligence. We supported Semantic MediaWiki and organised the Semantic-MediaWiki user conference SMWCon Fall 2010 with Open University in Amsterdam. The initiative to organise that conference in Amsterdam came from BI-Team, we involved Open University as the main organiser to the public to get maximal support.
In 2014 Micro Source shifted its attention back to hardware, this time focussing on Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Currently we support Internet of Things projects with emphasis on LoRa, NB-IOT and LTE-M radio technology. At the same time Henk Scholten is a certified Data Vault specialist and finished the Coursera data science on-line courses; Stanford University Machine Learning by Andrew Ng, Johns Hopkins Data Science and TU Eindhoven Process Mining. In 2019 he finished the LoRaWAN Academy course.
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Page last updated at 12:32 GMT, Wednesday, 9 September 2009 13:32 UK
UK soldier dies in Afghan rescue
Stephen Farrell (left) and Sultan Munadi were held in Kunduz
A UK soldier has died in a raid to free a kidnapped reporter in Afghanistan, the Ministry of Defence has confirmed.
He was killed in a bid to rescue New York Times reporter Stephen Farrell. Journalist Sultan Munadi and two other Afghan civilians also died in the raid.
Mr Farrell, who holds British and Irish nationality, was "extracted" by "a lot of soldiers", the New York Times said.
Prime Minister Gordon Brown praised the "breathtaking heroism" of those involved in the rescue operation.
The soldier's next of kin have been informed, the MoD said, and the number of British soldiers killed in Afghanistan since 2001 is now 213.
Flying bullets
In a separate incident, two British servicemen were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up near the entrance to Camp Bastion, the UK's main military base in Helmand province.
Full list of British fatalities
In the rescue mission in Kunduz in northern Afghanistan, Mr Munadi, who worked as an interpreter with Mr Farrell, also died along with two other Afghan civilians during a firefight between Nato forces and the Taliban.
Mr Farrell, 46, had travelled there to investigate an air strike last Friday on two hijacked fuel tankers when he was kidnapped.
The New York Times website reported he phoned the foreign editor of the newspaper at about 0030 BST (2330 GMT) on Wednesday and said: "I'm out! I'm free." Mr Farrell said he also called his wife.
In a telephone call to his newspaper, he said he and his captors had heard helicopters approach before the rescue.
"We were all in a room, the Talibs all ran, it was obviously a raid," Mr Farrell told the New York Times. "We thought they would kill us. We thought should we go out?"
Stephen Farrell called his newspaper to tell them he had been freed
Mr Farrell said he ran outside with his interpreter, who AFP news agency reports was a 34-year-old man working in Afghanistan while on a break from university studies in Germany.
"There were bullets all around us. I could hear British and Afghan voices," he continued.
The correspondent said father-of-two Mr Munadi advanced shouting: "Journalist! Journalist!" But the translator was shot and collapsed.
Mr Farrell said he did not know whether the shots had been fired by militants or their rescuers.
"Greatest of courage"
He said he dived into a ditch and after a minute or two, shouted: "British hostage!"
Mr Farrell then heard British voices telling him to come over and as he did, saw the body of Mr Munadi.
Mr Brown hailed the soldier who died for displaying the "greatest of courage", adding: "His bravery will not be forgotten."
The prime minister said the operation had taken place "after extensive planning and consideration" but praised the heroism of those involved, who "knew the high risks they were running".
He also offered his condolences to Mr Munadi's family.
Afghan journalists have condemned the translator's killing
The head of the Afghan Independent Journalists' Association, Rahimullah Samandar, said the raid showed international forces did not care about Afghan reporters.
Mr Samandar said it was not the first time a kidnapped Afghan journalist had been killed while a Western colleague was freed.
Bill Keller, the executive editor of The New York Times, said: "We're overjoyed that Steve is free, but deeply saddened that his freedom came at such a cost."
It is not the first time Mr Farrell has been abducted while on assignment - in 2004 he was kidnapped in the Iraqi city of Falluja while working for the London Times newspaper.
Mr Farrell is the second New York Times journalist to be kidnapped in Afghanistan in a year.
In June, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter David Rohde and his Afghan colleague were abducted in the Afghan capital, Kabul, and moved across the border to Pakistan from where they escaped.
TALIBAN CONFLICT
US 'questions top Taliban leader'
Karzai seeks to allay US concerns
Key al-Qaeda man 'died in strike'
Charm offensive
Karzai seeks to heal rifts in US visit
Pakistan's Afghan role
Impact of Taliban arrest
Operation Moshtarak
Who are the Taliban?
Map: Foreign forces
Q&A: Who is fighting the Taliban
Mapping the militant nexus
Isaf defends Afghan security
'Getting on with life' in Afghanistan
Pakistani army claim victory in Bajaur
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Play Dirty
(Jordan’s Game #4)
Publication date: June 27th 2018
From NYT Bestselling Author, JA Huss, comes the final sexy standalone in the Jordan’s Game series. Can a threesome really work? Or does it always crash and burn at the end?
They were never meant to be just two. It was always three. But seven years ago Jordan Wells broke the trust he’d built with Alexander and Augustine and everything changed.
Everyone moved on and got over it. Put the past behind them where it belonged and started new lives.
But now Alexander and Augustine are back—looking for a new game and the final third to complete their threesome.
And they won’t take no for an answer.
Jordan Wells is about to play his final game.
Will he win? Or will he be too afraid to try?
BOOKS IN THIS SERIES: Total Exposure, The Pleasure of Panic, The Boyfriend Experience, Play Dirty – ALL STANDALONE BOOKS.
How Alexander and I got to this moment really isn’t the point. It’s not. We’re here. He’s got his hand on my cock, squeezing it, only the fabric of my pants separating us.
His eyelids are heavy, but I know him. They always look like that. He could be watching the last innings of the final game of the World Series and his eyelids would still be heavy.
So the look on his face means nothing.
He could be turned on, or not.
He could be doing this for me.
Or her.
Or himself.
None of this is the point.
The only point is… I need him and he needs me, and either we find a way to get through this or we all lose. He will lose her, I will lose the Club, she will walk away and life will probably implode.
Dramatic, I know. I get it. But it feels honest.
“Should I kiss you?” Alexander asks.
I have so many things to say back to him right now, it’s ridiculous. But none of them are the point either, so I just reach up, grab his hair, and pull him in until our lips meet.
He’s not gay.
He’s a little bit bi, which is why he’s here with me. And I’m a lot bi. Which is why I’m here with him.
But this kiss isn’t anything spectacular.
It’s rather stiff, actually. His lips don’t meld with mine. There’s no tongue. There’s no moaning or anything like that.
Fingers thread through my hair.
Not his.
Hers.
Her nails are long and today they’re painted a deep, shiny red. She presses them against my scalp—lightly—as her lips join ours.
Alexander changes immediately. First, a sigh. Then he moves closer to me. His hand gripping my cock tighter. His mouth softer, his breath faster, his eyes closed.
We kiss like that for a long time, it seems. No one is undressed. No one makes a move to undress.
We just kiss.
Which is a little bit nice. I guess. Kinda high-school. Kinda innocent.
But I’m not really out for a little bit nice.
I want to take her over to the couch, lay her back against the cushions, and fuck her like a man in a threesome.
And hell, her husband is welcome. Like I said, I’m a lot bi. So I welcome that part.
He, however… well, let’s just say he doesn’t feel the same way.
“You used to like this,” Augustine says, kissing Alexander’s neck now.
He doesn’t open his eyes and I’m grateful. Because he kinda fascinates me and those heavy-lidded eyes come with an intense gaze when they’re open.
It gives me an opportunity to look at him.
“I only ever did it for you,” Alexander replies. “It was always you who liked this.”
I could make him change his mind. I could. I’m that good. But I’ve given up on the dream of a bonded threesome.
Those feelings have long since passed. I live in a reality of my own making. Which might not be a hundred percent real these days, but it’s a lot more realistic than Alexander ever getting used to the idea of me.
I grab his hand and remove it from my cock.
This is enough to make him open his eyes.
“What are you doing?” Augustine asks.
“Leaving,” I say.
And I do.
JA Huss is the New York Times Bestselling author of 321 and has been on the USA Today Bestseller's list 21 times in the past four years. She writes characters with heart, plots with twists, and perfect endings.
Her books have sold millions of copies all over the world, the audio version of her semi-autobiographical book, Eighteen, was nominated for a Voice Arts Award and an Audie Award in 2016 and 2017 respectively, her audiobook, Mr. Perfect, was nominated for a Voice Arts Award in 2017, and her audiobook, Taking Turns, was nominated for an Audie Award in 2018.
She lives on a ranch in Central Colorado with her family.
Facebook / Twitter / Instagram / Bookbub / Amazon / Facebook Fan Group
Labels: Book Blitz, Giveaway
Ogitchida Kwe's Book Blog June 25, 2018 at 6:25 PM
Lol, never ever have I had two at once. But hey, each to his or her own liking though!
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Ohinemuri
Exploring our historic and natural heritage literature
Search is temporarily out of order. Indexing is underway.
Interpretive Maps
Ohinemuri Regional History Journals1964 - 2012
Journal ImagesBrowse images from all the Journals
Historic TextsOld publications
Waihi Borough Council Diamond Jubilee Booklet 1902-1962
KARANGAHAKE the years of the gold 1875 -1935
Diamond Jubilee of the Ohinemuri County 1885 - 1945
Karangahake School and District 70th Jubilee 1889-1959
Mining and Ore Treatment at the Talisman Mine 1911
Horahora Hydroelectric Works Reports
Modern TextsRecent publications
Bange on the Waihi Borough
History Waiorongomai GoldfieldA.G. Matheson
Royal Standard Mine
Ohinemuri Coal Mines
Waihi Street Names
Waihi Gladstone Battery
Waihi Municipal Water Supply Dams
Heritage on the HRT CyclewayWaihi to Waikino
Waihi Mill Stream HeritageWaihi Walkways research
Isdale on Owharoa
Silverton Battery Site
Water-Power DamsOhinemuri
Samuel Chalton and NethertonNetherton's Naming
Weka Watch files
Kokako Lost
Chook's TracksHistoric routes
Legacy pages
Ian's Tracks
Old Bridle/Foot Trails
Samuel Marsden's Walk
HRT Heritage Image
Waihi Dredging Plant circa 1904 (hand coloured post card).
Inlet structure of WGMCo.s Victoria Battery low level water race in fore ground (dam not visible to left), Black Bridge on the rake line top right.
Waihi Dredging Plant
Waihi Dredging Plant circa 1904 (hand coloured post card)
Historical Summary
Site Interpretation
Photographs – Present Day
Photographs – Historic
HP Barry, description of tramway
Annual Reports of the Directors, Waihi Gold Mining Company
The New Zealand Railway Observer
Extracts from Mines Statements
Waihi Gladstone Gold-mining Company Battery
Heritage on the Hauraki Rail Trail Cycleway
Low Level Water Race - Victoria Battery
Tramway to Victoria Battery
Cyclists and Walkers
Waihi Mill Stream Heritage
Water-Power Dams
Samuel and Ellen Chalton, Netherton
Heritage on the HRT Cycleway
Tramway to Victoria Battery - The Rake
As early as 1894/5 the Company was investigating the Waikino site for a battery so as to considerably expand their crushing capacity. The attraction was water power. "Water-races from Waitekauri and Ohinemuri Rivers, also from the Mangakara Creek, have been surveyed to the site at the foot of Thorpe's Hill" (Mines Statement, 1895).
This new battery, named Victoria in recognition of the 60 year or Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria's "Record Reign" in 1897, was operating in early 1898 with 100 stamps. Water power was provided by the high pressure Waitekauri supply, and the low level Ohinemuri race.
"The company is erecting a new mill at Waikino, Owharoa, a description of which is given in the following extract from Mr. H. P. Barry's [Waihi Gold Mining Company’s superintendent from 1891 to 1915 (McAra, p 146) – E] general report:—
"The length of the tramway from mine to Owharoa Mills is, approximately, five miles and three-quarters. It has been constructed of a gauge of 2 ft. 9 in., the smallest curve having a 6-chain radius. It has been well graded throughout, being, with only one exception (which has an up-grade of 1 ft. in 90 ft.), all down-hill with a load, the steepest grade being 1 ft. in 40ft. The line crosses from the north to the south bank of the Ohinemuri River, at a distance of two miles and three-quarters from the mine, by means of a strong truss bridge
[The "Black Bridge" by the Dredging site – E], upwards of 185ft. in length, and 30ft. 6 in. high from water-level to decking, and built of good sound heart of kauri and totara. The whole of the formation of this tramway has been completed, and upwards of three miles laid with heart of kauri sleepers and 40 lb. iron rails. All the culverts have been made with glazed earthenware pipes, which will be more durable than wooden culverts; and all the swamps which the line traverses have been drained by good substantial drains. The locomotive has been put together, and is now busily engaged ballasting the line and hauling building-stone to the mill. Twelve of the iron side-tipping trucks are on the ground, and we have received advice that fifty more, which should be sufficient for our requirements, are now on their way out from England."
(From: Papers and Reports Relating to Minerals and Mining, 1897 Pages 85 to 97)
There was a loop in the tramline at the halfway mark (called "the halfway") to allow one locomotive hauling a full rake to pass the other locomotive returning to Waihi with an empty rake. "A loop line to allow of the trains passing one another midway between the termini has been constructed. An application was lodged at the Warden's Court for permission to divert and use a small stream for the purpose of feed water for the boilers. This permission has since been granted." (Superintendent’s Report, February 19th 1901).
A total of six locomotives had been in service over the life of the tramway. In order of acquisition they were: Ohinemuri, Victoria, Albert, Waikino, Dominion, and Empire.
Details of the locomotives as published in the "New Zealand Railway OBSERVER" June 1947 (supplied by Mr. W.W. Stewart ) were :-
"Ohinemuri" built 1896 by Manning Wardle, Leeds, England. Makers No 1329.
"Victoria" built 1896 [more likely 1898, see time line – E] by Manning Wardle, Leeds, England. Makers No 1424.
The first was delivered as an 0-4-0T with square saddle tank and canopy cab. It was altered later to 0-4-2T and a windshield added to back of cab. The Victoria was built an 0-4-2T. Both weighed about l6 tons, had 30" diameter driving wheels and 2 cylinders 9"x14".
"Albert" supplied by same firm in 1900, weighed l8 tons had closed in cab and bunker and fair sized dome appeared above the tanks, otherwise similar.
"Waikino" built by the same firm again, in 1905 (makers No 1497) was a big step forward. It was a 4-4-2T side tank with big dome, cylinders set midway along running board and outside Walschaerts valve gear. A fine looking loco it weighed 20 tons, had 2 10"xl6" cylinders, 30" diameter drivers, carried 150 (or possibly later 200lbs) lbs. boiler pressure, and a rigid wheelbase of 4' 3" of a total wheelbase of 18 feet. This is the engine in our photo on page two taken 45 years after the engine was built!
"Dominion" was obtained from the firm in 1909 (makers No. 1753) and was a full sister to "Waikino". She later had a new boiler from Kitsons of Leeds.
The sixth and last locomotive was "Empire" a 2-4-2 side tank built by the W.G. Bagnall Ltd., works at Stafford (No 2513) in 1934. This solid looking locomotive had side tanks running right up to the front of the smoke box, weighed 20 tons, fixed wheelbase was 4’9" out of 16'6". The two cylinders were 10"x16". Boiler pressure was l801bs per sq. inch. Grate area 7.72sq.ft. and heating surface 413 sq.ft. Coupled wheels were as usual 30" diameter, bogie wheels, 22" diameter and 500 gallons of water and 27 cubic feet of coal were carried. The engine was fitted, with the most unusual, in N.Z., Bagulely type of valve gear.
Writing in the "OBSERVER" in July 1952 Mr. L.J. Hostick noted that the "Waikino" and "Dominion" were working the quartz trains, "Empire" was under repair and "Albert" was out of service on 1st December 1951.
All the locomotives together with all other useable scrap were cut up and sold probably to Japan in the period 1956-59.
(The above descriptions are taken from "Steam Through the Karangahake - The Railway Enthusiast’s Society Incorporated. 1963".)
Of the process of transporting ore from mine to battery, McAra has this to say: "The ore, on leaving the shaft up which it was wound, was tipped into the shaft hopper. These hoppers, at Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7 and Grand Junction shafts, were equipped with special loading-chute gates or doors to control the flow of ore into the two-and-a-half-ton [Bacon has them as 1.5 ton – E] Waikino-type trucks, usually made up into rakes of about forty trucks each. This filling work was done by a contract party of about six men who had to use horses for shunting the trucks in and out from beneath the shaft hoppers.
"At No. 6 shaft particularly, owing to the subsidence and sinking of the ground in that locality, the levels of the tramline were very difficult to maintain and it was generally necessary to handle the trucks three or four at a time. Sometimes the horse had to be galloped right to the mouth of the hopper drive and the pulling chain disengaged instantly so that the impetus would carry the trucks up to the filling chutes. In making up the rakes of full trucks a similar procedure in reverse was adopted.
"No. 2 shaft, which was situated up on top of the Martha Hill approximately ninety feet above No. 4 shaft, was operated until about 1940; there the trucks had to be hauled up on a self-acting incline, three at a time, loaded under the shaft hoppers and lowered to the main line near No. 4 shaft to be connected up into a rake. The incline was designed so that the descending three full trucks pulled the three empties to the top, a passing-loop being placed halfway up.
"At No. 7 shaft, which did not come into operation until about 1940, an old driveway in the Martha footwall was enlarged so that the whole rake could be placed behind the loading chutes in the hopper, making this a very simple and convenient hopper at which to load.
"As the rake-truck axle-boxes were of the "open" type, equipped with oil reservoirs and wick feeds, they had to be oiled frequently and the "oiler" became a familiar figure about Nos. 6 and 4 shafts. The rake-fillers must have organised their work very well for there was seldom any undue delay in emptying the hoppers and for the most part they were kept down sufficiently to allow the work underground to continue. This was always considered first priority. Even so, occasional crises did arise, usually through breakdown of crushers or other plant at Waikino, but considering the amount of equipment that had to be maintained in the process of pulverising eight hundred tons a day of the hardest of rocks to minus two-hundred-mesh to the linear inch, it was remarkable how few holdups there were.
"The tramway to Waikino, for practically the whole of its five-mile length except the last few hundred yards, was on a down-gradient with grades of up to one in forty, and had a passing-loop about halfway. The rakes were normally hauled by the two larger locomotives the Empire and the Dominion, the Waikino taking over during boiler checks or breakdowns. The other three smaller locos, the Albert, the Ohinemuri and the Victoria, were used occasionally for shunting but at Waikino most of this was done by a beautiful big white horse which became a familiar sight about the plant over many years. The smaller locos all had their days of hauling ore but had to run for a good many hours each day to cope with the volume.
"The rattle of forty, unsprung, rigid, four-wheeled trucks going full-speed down-hill through some of the main streets of Waihi created quite a din but the townspeople never seemed to mind, probably because they saw not only the noise, inconvenience and possible danger, but also the life-giving stream of gold to which their town owed its existence."
"Ore Crushing. On arrival at Waikino, the rake was shunted into position on the tipping line and the loco picked up the empty waiting rake and returned to the mine. The tippers, two of whom worked together, drew the first trucks along with their winch until they were vertically above the grizzlies leading to the four primary gyratory crushers. To tip a truck the two men each seized an end and, after lifting the tipping latch, with a skilful rocking motion they overturned the heavy truck body; a third man attended to the removal of sticky material using a chisel-pointed pick or bar. The gyratory crusher could be choke-fed so there was little delay on that score. When one rake was disposed of there was usually another waiting and the work went on". (Gold Mining at Waihi 1878 – 1952, JB McAra, 1988)
Repair and maintenance of tramway and rolling stock was on-going. A locomotive repair workshop was operated at the Victoria Battery. "There were workshops at the loco sheds, the transport repair depot and the foundry. New truck bodies and new chassis were fitted at the transport workshop, the wheels and housing being cast at the foundry and the axles, bearings and wheel-hubs turned in the fitting shop. Running repairs were carried out by an engine fitter and his mate in the loco workshop.
"Running maintenance of locomotives consisted mainly in replacing broken springs, worn bearings, leaking glands, boiler tubes, and so on. For larger jobs, like renewing or turning up axles or fitting new tyres, the work would be done in the fitting shop. The two locos engaged in hauling ore from the mine had to be serviced and cleaned each night, and steam raised ready for the engines to go out at seven each morning. This work was done by a loco cleaner, who had to clean the boiler tubes (which tended to choke with clinker and ash), clean the exterior and interior (giving particular attention to the rods and metalwork), lubricate the axle-boxes with pure castor-oil, and fill the boiler and water tanks.
"Rail Track Maintenance. A team of surfacemen left the battery in an open carriage attached to the loco every morning to maintain the five-and-a-half-mile tramway to Waihi and the lines in and about the surface of the mine and the battery, including ballasting, laying rails, renewing sleepers and cleaning culverts, as well as many other incidental jobs. Their work was well done because only on the rarest of occasions did a derailment occur. It must have been very difficult to maintain the tramway foundations in such a high rainfall region where the top layer of soil generally consisted of light volcanic ash. The continually subsiding surface near No. 6 shaft also posed problems." (JB McAra, 1988)
As soon as the "Government Railway" (East Coast Main Trunk) arrived in 1905, a siding allowed for easy transfer to the tramway of coal and other goods bound for Martha and the Company’s other mills. "The battery railway-siding was used as a receiving depot for materials for the mine as well as the battery, because the railhead at Waihi was remote from the mine and it was more economical to transfer such things as timber, coal, and steel to the Company's waggons and take them with the loco to the place at the mine where they were to be used. Generally there would be sufficient material for a special rake to be run at regular intervals.
"For short hauls about the plant a horse was used, in addition to a spare locomotive, and the arrangement was both convenient and economical." (JB McAra, 1988)
A quarry was established close to the battery, and beside the tramway, to supply ballast for the tramway, and construction stone for the battery. This quarry is a substantial feature largely hidden by bush, roughly opposite the confluence of the Waitekauri and Ohinemuri Rivers. "The ballast was a hard white type of rhyolite occurring in columnar form alongside the railway about half a mile from the battery. As this deposit readily yielded blocks of stone about a foot square it was also used for constructing walls in the battery and for embankments. A similar quarry on the opposite side of the Ohinemuri River for many years supplied stone for building railway embankments as far south as Taumarunui." (JB McAra, 1988)
Operations at Martha mine ceased in 1952, (with clean up at the battery for a year or two after this date) when the tramway was no longer required.
© 2020 Ohinemuri
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17. Giovanni de' Vecchi (?), Christ on the Mount of Olives
Rome, Oratorio del Gonfalone
Photo G.F.N.
Zuccari, at the height of his michelangelesque maniera, holds down
his titanic figures in an oppressive sleep, he puts them in a depressed,
unredeemed state of massive but helpless "creaturehood," and from this
he gains at the same time the polar contrast of a Christ who rebels violently in his agony. On the other hand, Cesari's figures represent sleep
through a conscious attitude. They aim at the achievement of the grazia
of an academically inspired ideal. The bent heads of the sitting figures
express an element of yielding. In the St. John in particular the spiritual
element of melancholy overshadows the physical element of sleep.
Where Zuccari shows anguished "creaturehood" Cesari shows a lyrical
mood. The content loses its problematic nature. The gesture of Christ
Contributors Röttgen, Herwarth
Contents Christ on the Mount of Olives' by Giuseppe Cesari; Some French Nineteenth Century Drawings in the Allen Art Museum
Artists Boudin, Eugène (French, 1824-1898)
Cavaliere d'Arpino ( Giuseppe Cesari ) (Italian, 1568-1640)
Delacroix, Eugène (French, 1798-1863)
Diaz de la Peña, Narcisse-Virgile (French, 1807-1876)
Doré, Gustave (French, 1832-1883)
Forain, Jean-Louis (French, 1852-1931)
Guys, Constantin (1802-1892)
Millet, Jean-François (French, 1814-1875)
Scarsellino (Italian, 1550-1620)
Séguin, Armand (French, 1869-1903)
Taddeo Zuccaro (Italian, 1529-1566)
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de (French, 1864-1901)
Vecchi, Giovanni (Italian, 1536/7-1615)
List of Illustrations 2. Cesari. Studies for Two Apostles; 3. Cesari. Christ on the Mount of Olives; 4. Cesari. Studies for Two Apostles; 5. Bernardino Cesari. Christ on the Mount of Olives; 6. Workshop of Cesari. Christ on the Mount of Olives; 7. Cesari. Jacob Wrestling with the Angel; 8. Cesari. Finding of the Roman She-Wolf ; 9. Cesari. St. Francis in the Desert ; 10. Cesari., Capture of Christ; 11. Cesari. Battle between the Roman and the Veians; 12. Cesari. Annunciation; 13. Cesari. Mary in the Temple; 14. Cesari. Transfiguration; 15. Cesari. Transfiguration; 16. Scarsellino. Christ on the Mount of Olives; 17. Giovanni de' Vecchi (?). Christ on the Mount of Olives; 18. Taddeo Zuccari. Christ on the Mount of Olives; Boudin, watercolor Private Collection, London; Boudin, Eugene. Philodendron: Vase with Hanging Plant; Eugene Delacroix, lithograph, D. 110, II. Cleveland Museum of Art; Eugene Delacroix. Study for 'Hamlet Tempted to Kill the King'; Eugene. Delacroix. drawing; Narcisse Diaz de la Pena. Landscape; Gustave Dore. Beggar Girl with Two Babies; Forain, etching, G. 106, I; Jean-Louis Forain. Fainting in the Courtroom; Constantin Guys. Cavalry Officer with Retinue; Millet. drawing; Millet. Landscape, Barbizon; Auguste Renoir. Madame Renoir in a Boat; Armand Seguin. Breton Woman; Toulouse-Lautrec. Lithograph, D 210; Toulouse-Lautrec. Seated Woman (Mme. Palmyre)
Transcript 17. Giovanni de' Vecchi (?), Christ on the Mount of Olives Rome, Oratorio del Gonfalone Photo G.F.N. Zuccari, at the height of his michelangelesque maniera, holds down his titanic figures in an oppressive sleep, he puts them in a depressed, unredeemed state of massive but helpless "creaturehood," and from this he gains at the same time the polar contrast of a Christ who rebels violently in his agony. On the other hand, Cesari's figures represent sleep through a conscious attitude. They aim at the achievement of the grazia of an academically inspired ideal. The bent heads of the sitting figures express an element of yielding. In the St. John in particular the spiritual element of melancholy overshadows the physical element of sleep. Where Zuccari shows anguished "creaturehood" Cesari shows a lyrical mood. The content loses its problematic nature. The gesture of Christ 21
List of Illustrations 17. Giovanni de' Vecchi (?). Christ on the Mount of Olives
Christ on the Mount of Olives by...
Some French Nineteenth Century...
Christ on the Mount of Olives by Giuseppe Cesari
Some French Nineteenth Century Drawings in the Allen Art Museum
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1910 Velo Porteur ‘Goods’
The origin and invention of the Bowden Cable is open to some dispute, confusion and popular myth. The invention of the Bowden cable has been popularly attributed to Sir Frank Bowden, founder and owner of the Raleigh Cycle Co who, circa 1902, was reputed to have started replacing the rigid rods used for brakes with a flexible wound cable. There appears to be no current definitive reference for this.
The Bowden mechanism was invented by Irishman Ernest Monnington Bowden (1860 to April 3, 1904) of 35 Bedford Place, London, W.C. The first patent was granted in 1896 (English Patent 25,325 and U.S. Pat. No. 609,570), and the invention was reported in the Automotor Journal of 1897 where Bowden’s address was given as 9 Fopstone Rd, Earls Court. The principal element of this was a flexible tube (made from hard wound wire and fixed at each end) containing a length of fine wire rope that could slide within the tube, directly transmitting pulling, pushing or turning movements on the wire rope from one end to the other without the need of pulleys or flexible joints. The cable was particularly intended for use in conjunction with bicycle brakes, although it had the potential for other applications. The Bowden Brake was launched amidst a flurry of enthusiasm in the cycle press in 1896. It consisted of a stirrup, pulled up by the cable from a handlebar mounted lever, with rubber pads acting against the rear wheel rim. At this date bicycles were fixed wheel, additional braking being offered by a ‘plunger’ brake pressing on the front tyre. The Bowden offered extra braking power still, and was novel enough to appeal to riders who scorned the plunger arrangement, which was heavy and potentially damaging to the (expensive) pneumatic tyre. The problem for Bowden was his failure to develop effective distribution networks and the brake was often incorrectly, or inappropriately fitted, resulting in a good number of complaints being aired in the press. Its most effective application was on those machines fitted with Westwood rims which offered flat bearing surfaces for the brake pads.
The potential of the Bowden cable and associated brake was not to be fully realised until the freewheel sprocket became a standard feature of bicycles, over the period 1899-1901, and increasing numbers of applications were found for it, such as gear change mechanisms. It is reported that “on 12th January 1900 E. M. Bowden granted a licence to The Raleigh Cycle Company of Nottingham”, whose directors were Frank Bowden and Edward Harlow. At this signing they became members of ‘E. M. Bowden’s Patent Syndicate Limited’. The syndicate included, among others, R. H. Lea & Graham I. Francis of Lea & Francis Ltd, and William Riley of the Riley Cycle Company. The Raleigh company were soon offering the Bowden Brake as an accessory, and were quick to incorporate the cable into handlebar mounted Sturmey-Archer (in which they had a major interest) gear changes. Undoubtedly this is why E. Bowden and F. Bowden are sometimes confused today.
Early Bowden cable, from the 1890s and first years of the twentieth century, is characterised by the outer tube being wound from round wire and being uncovered. Each length is usually fitted with a brass collar marked ‘BOWDEN PATENT’, (this legend is also stamped into the original brake’s components). More modern outer tube is wound from square section wire. From c1902 the cable was usually covered in a waterproof fabric sheath, in the early post war period this gave way to plastic.
After Starley’s famous design of the Safety Bicycle, and Dunlop’s marketing (not invention) of the pneumatic tyre, E.M. Bowden Patents Syndicate Ltd was responsible for one of the most important innovations in the history of cycling (and motorcycling) – the first effective rear brake kit. It was introduced soon after the freewheeel hub (1897) made an efficient brake necessary on bicycles and was immediately adopted by every cycle manufacturer.
The development of Bowden wire was stepped up in WW1, as it was used in aeroplanes, tanks and submarines for throttle control and gun triggers. As a result, Bowden brake technology also developed fast. I’m not sure when they introduced their first drum brakes: Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing’s excellent book ‘Bicycle Design: An Illustrated History’ explains that what may have been the first drum brake for a bicycle was patented by W.R Mortimer in 1881, though they did not catch on at that time, and that the British Hub Co launched drum brakes in Great Britain in 1926.
I had always assumed drum brakes to be a 1920s innovation; however, in 2012, I bought and sold two 1922 Monet Goyon Velocimane tricycles, both with a cable-operated Bowden drum brake in the front wheel (PLEASE CLICK HERE) and was surprised when the Monet Goyon Club mentioned that they were introduced in 1917; an advert claimed for that year shows a Monet Goyon invalid carriage with drum brake. Louis Renault patented automobile drum brakes in 1902 (though they were apparently used in a Maybach car in 1900). So I wondered if perhaps the first serious production of bicycles with drum brakes was in France?
This Velo Porteur ‘Goods’ appears to be an early adopter of the drum brake; it is the same Bowden brake used on the Monet Goyon Velocimane, only in the rear wheel rather than the front. I found no information regarding the age of this machine, but the fact that it has inch pitch chain would suggest an early model.
For many years, I was still unsure if Bowden drum brakes were developed before or during WW1, until I recently found the article below, from 1907, where Bowden announce the introduction of their new hand-operated hub brake suitable for both front and back wheels…
with Inch Pitch Chain & Bowden Drum Brake
Rear Wheel: 28″ (700 x 45C)
Front Wheel: 22″ (550 x 42)
Dedicated carrier bicycles – i.e. ‘low gravity’ models with smaller front wheel – were not used as extensively in France as they were in Great Britain. The reason is that the ‘velo porteur’ that became popular in France was merely a normal bicycle with an accessory front carrier rack that fitted over the handlebars, and the triporteur commercial three-wheeler was more popular for transporting heavier goods. It’s an interesting machine in its own right, but I added this example to the collection because of its two interesting features: inch pitch chain and rear Bowden drum brake.
BOWDEN BRAKE HISTORY
E.M. BOWDEN’S PATENTS SYNDICATE Ltd
BOWDEN DRUM BRAKE
CYCLES GOODS
M. Maherrault, 32, Rue Greffier, Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Makers of ‘Cycles Good’s’ et marchands en gros des pieces.
They were listed post-WW1 and up to WW2, but not after that.
BOWDEN WIRE LTD
TO SEE THE
BOWDEN MOTORCYCLE ENGINE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowden_cable
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Rupee is the flavor?
Goldman Sachs Asset Management and William Blair Investment Management are buying the rupee as India reins in a current-account deficit that drove the currency to a record low in August.
The rupee, which slid 21 percent in the past two years, looks “cheap” relative to India’s improving external finances, according to Goldman Sachs Asset, which opened a “small long” position on the currency this year. William Blair has boosted the currency to about 20 percent of its foreign-exchange holdings for its higher yield and inexpensive valuation, said Chicago-based fund manager Brian D. Singer.
The rupee has rebounded more than 10 percent from last year’s all-time low of 68.845 per dollar as India curbed gold imports to shore up the current account and the central bank acted to spur dollar inflows. Only Indonesia’s rupiah has fallen more than the rupee among Asian emerging markets.
Options are signaling increased confidence in the rupee as external balances improve and price pressures cool. One-month implied volatility, a gauge of expected moves in the exchange rate used to price options, has eased to 8.17 percent from last year’s peak of 22.4 percent in September, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Carry traders, who borrow in currencies with lower yields and buy those with higher rates, have earned 4.1 percent on rupee investments using dollars since Sept. 30, the most among 23 emerging-market currencies tracked by Bloomberg. Favorable policies will help the rupee and Indonesia’s rupiah perform better than currencies of other nations with current-account deficits such as Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. economist Fiona Lake wrote in a Feb. 19 report.
The appointment of Rajan, an economist credited with presaging the 2008 global financial crisis, as the RBI’s head encouraged William Blair, which oversaw more than $72 billion as of Dec. 31, to boost bullish positions on the rupee, according to portfolio manager Singer.
“The rupee is a cheap currency with significant carry,” he said in an interview in Melbourne yesterday. It “has deviated from fundamentals and should not be included in the fragile five,” he added, referring to a description used by Morgan Stanley last year to describe currencies most vulnerable to capital flight.
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Publication Date 05/09/17
Trim Size / Pages 9.3 x 6.5 in / 400
Request a review copy or press kit
A Twisted Vengeance
A Kate Clifford Novel
Candace Robb
As the fourteenth century comes to a close, York seethes on the brink of civil war—and young widow Kate Clifford, struggling to keep her businesses afloat, realizes that her mother is harboring a dangerous secret…
1399. York is preparing for civil war, teeming with knights and their armed retainers summoned for the city’s defense. Henry of Lancaster is rumored to have landed on the northeast coast of England, not so far from York, intent on reclaiming his inheritance—an inheritance which his cousin, King Richard, has declared forfeit.
With the city unsettled and rife with rumors, Eleanor Clifford’s abrupt return to York upon the mysterious death of her husband in Strasbourg is met with suspicion in the city. Her daughter Kate is determined to keep her distance, but it will not be easy—Eleanor has settled next door with the intention of establishing a house of beguines, or poor sisters. When one of the beguines is set upon in the night by an intruder, Kate knows that for the sake of her own reputation and the safety of her young wards she must investigate.
From the first, Eleanor is clearly frightened yet maintains a stubborn silence. The brutal murder of one of Eleanor’s servants leads Kate to suspect that her mother’s troubles have followed her from Strasbourg. Is she secretly involved in the political upheaval? When one of her wards is frightened by a too-curious stranger, Kate is desperate to draw her mother out of her silence before tragedy strikes her own household.
Candace Robb is the bestselling author of 13 crime novels set in 14th century England, Wales, and Scotland, including the acclaimed Owen Archer series and the Margaret Kerr trilogy. Writing as Emma Campion, Candace has published historical novels about two fascinating women she encountered while researching the Owen Archer mysteries: Alice Perrers (The King's Mistress) and Joan of Kent (A Triple Knot). Candace lives in Seattle, Washington.
Buy it now in print: Amazon Barnes & Noble IndieBound
Buy it now in ebook: Amazon Barnes & Noble Apple Kobo
Endorsements & Reviews
“Candace Robb’s latest absorbing and carefully detailed work of historical fiction is A Twisted Vengeance. Robb is a compelling writer, skilled in conjuring a feel for life back then—both the sweeping backdrop of history and the day-to-day workings of a household in that turbulent period.” Seattle Times
“A historical mystery well worth your time with its satisfying, textured characters and hard-to-guess-where-it’s-all-going plot.” Criminal Element
“Lovers of Shakespeare’s Richard II will find Robb’s intricate sequel to 2016’s The Service of the Dead a particular treat. Kate Clifford is compelling and finely drawn, and the answers to a series of mysteries are highly satisfying.” Publishers Weekly (starred)
“A Twisted Vengeance will remind you of Shakespeare. A compelling female lead and solid historical details make this a satisfying read.” Mystery Tribune
“As with Robb’s other books, this is rich in meticulous historical detail and vivid characters.” Seattle Times [praise for the Kate Clifford series]
“Robb’s deft hand creates a realistic political and commercial climate as King Richard II’s reign draws to a close in 1399, making this a satisfying historical read.” Booklist [praise for the Kate Clifford series]
“The author’s research is evident in this book, as with her previous novels. Her knowledge of the time and place creates a strong foundation for an exciting and readable tale. Her characters are skillfully drawn, and the pacing is strategic. A very satisfying read.” Historical Novels Review
“The heroine's second adventure is most likely to appeal to fans of serious historical intrigue.” Kirkus Reviews
“Robb is an ace at re-creating the medieval setting.” Booklist
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Magazine illustration
Political cartoons (65)
Political corruption (54)
Tweed, William Marcy, 1823-1878 (44)
Tweed Ring (42)
Sweeny, Peter B. (Peter Barr), 1825-1911 (31)
Hall, A. Oakey (Abraham Oakey), 1826-1898 (28)
Tammany Hall (21)
Parodies, imitations, etc. (8)
Irish Americans in art (7)
Democratic Party (U.S.) (6)
Hoffman, John T. (John Thompson), 1828-1888 (6)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 (6)
Draft Riot, New York, N.Y., 1863, in art (5)
Anthropomorphism in art (4)
Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877) in art (4)
Stereotypes (Social psychology) in art (4)
African Americans in art (3)
Animals in art (3)
Blacks in art (3)
Falstaff, John, Sir (Fictitious character) (3)
Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885 (3)
Greeley, Horace, 1811-1872 (3)
Ku Klux Klan (19th cent.) (3)
Mayors (3)
Personification in art (3)
Press and politics (3)
Tigers in art (3)
Art and the war (2)
Columbia (Symbolic character) (2)
Devil in art (2)
Family in art (2)
Gladiators in art (2)
Justice in art (2)
Murder in art (2)
Patience in art (2)
Police in art (2)
Poverty in art (2)
Presidential candidates (2)
Seymour, Horatio, 1810-1886 (2)
Violence in art (2)
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 1818-1881 (1)
Barnard, George G. (George Gardner), 1829-1879 (1)
Bars (Drinking establishments) (1)
Belmont, August, 1813-1890 (1)
Bennett, James Gordon, 1841-1918 (1)
Bryant, William Cullen, 1794-1878 (1)
Children in art (1)
Church and state (1)
Clowns in art (1)
Crime in art (1)
Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889 (1)
Defoe, Daniel, 1661?-1731 (1)
Dickens, Charles, 1812-1870. David Copperfield (1)
Dickens, Charles, 1812-1870. Oliver Twist (1)
Diogenes, d. ca. 323 B.C. (1)
Fisk, James, 1835-1872 (1)
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 1821-1877 (1)
Germans in art (1)
Ghosts in art (1)
Giraffe in art (1)
Governors (1)
Green, A. H. (Andrew Haswell), 1820-1903 (1)
The New York Metropolitan Police. A pictorial analysis of the report to the Legislature.
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 19 March 1859
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 6 April 1867
This is a white man's government
Time, midnight. - Scene, New York City Hall.
Patience on a monument [copy 1]
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 10 October 1868
Matched(?)
We fights mit sigel
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 6 November 1869
Robinson Crusoe ‒ the foot print on the land of peace
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 4 December 1869
Senator Tweed in a new role
Origin: New York:Harper's Weekly 16 April 1870
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Topics: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Hilaly Quotes
There is tremendous interest in e-mail and what it will tell you when it comes to an information request because that is today's statement of record. No one writes memos and tucks them away in a desk anymore. Today it starts and ends with e-mail. - Aaref Hilaly
The business climate has changed a lot in the last few years, post-Enron and post-Eliot Spitzer. Courts have become a lot more active. Email has come to be viewed as a source of truth. If you want to know what really happened, you look at the email. That's why companies are storing more and more of it, and referring back to it. - Aaref Hilaly
Sheik Hilaly is making a good contribution. He is making a good contribution. - Alexander Downer
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Home » A Voice From the Grave?
A Voice From the Grave?
Theodore Butler
May 2, 2019 - 9:49am
The news that Bart Chilton, the former commissioner of the CFTC, suddenly passed away was truly sad but also shocking, so much so that some were given to fabricating conspiracy-type explanations. Chilton certainly had a larger than life persona and many came to appreciate his colorful pronouncements, enthusiasm and willingness to respond to just about everyone who contacted him – qualities quite rare in a regulator. I learned this first-hand very early on when I started communicating with Chilton shortly after he became commissioner in 2007, as I recounted not even a month ago in reaction to his last known interview, with Chris Marcus from Arcadia Economics –
http://silverseek.com/commentary/confirmation-outrage-and-disgust-17622
I stated in the first sentence of that article that Chilton’s interview nearly knocked me off my feet, but I didn’t fully explain why that was so, which I’d like to rectify today. Yes, I found the interview shocking because Chilton seemed to confirm much of what I had contended for more than a decade, but it was much more than that. I was confounded because I couldn’t quite fathom what prompted Chilton to “spill the beans” about the inner workings at the agency regarding JPMorgan’s manipulation of silver after so many years. After all, there was never any acknowledgement from the “inside” that the Commission was quite close to cracking down on JPMorgan – Chilton’s clear admission of this in his interview was the first ever. And perhaps the last.
With the revelation that Chilton was dying from pancreatic cancer, I was confounded no more - Bart Chilton was setting the record straight before his passing – perhaps the most noble act of a life that was more than notable. It is regretful that it would take such unfortunate circumstances – the immediacy of pending death – for the revelation to be made. While the burden on Chilton has been lifted, what does this say about all the other past and current officials at the agency and elsewhere who have chosen to remain silent about a matter of vital public interest?
The hundreds of meetings that Chilton had concerning JPMorgan’s excessive and manipulative short positions starting in 2008 featured other participants, not just Chilton. Most of these other participants have been quick to publicly lament his untimely passing, but still appear bound by some type of strict inner code not to admit to what Chilton admitted – the revelation that JPMorgan had been manipulating the price of silver (and gold) since it took over Bear Stearns in 2008. I thought all these officials took an oath of office to abide by the constitution and the rule of law – not to continue to conceal that JPMorgan was breaking the law in full view.
Bart Chilton set the record straight and for that he is to be commended and remembered. But what about those who have remained silent or worse, continue to deny that JPMorgan is at the heart of an ongoing manipulation? The most serious market crime of all is price manipulation and the fact that the CFTC refuses to deal with the silver manipulation openly and honestly is absolutely shameful.
Another matter that has continued to puzzle me is that lack of any public reaction or admission by JPMorgan that it has been openly accused of manipulating the silver and gold markets. I think I understand JPM not challenging my allegations over the past decade that it is manipulating these markets because it seeks to avoid a potential quagmire – although the thought of a major financial institution turning its back on open allegations of criminal activity without reaction is unprecedented.
But I’ve also been puzzled how JPMorgan could possibly avoid public acknowledgement that it is the subject of criminal investigation by the Justice Department as a result of the DOJ’s announcement on Nov 6 which unsealed a guilty plea by one of the bank’s former traders and an ongoing investigation into precious metals manipulation. It is, after all, a legal requirement that public companies disclosed material information – which being involved in a criminal investigation by the US Department of Justice would qualify. However, that particular puzzle has been solved with the following statement in the JPMorgan 10-K and annual reports.
Here’s the statement from JPMorgan’s recently released 10-K report, page 280 –
“Precious Metals Investigations and Litigation
Various authorities, including the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division, are conducting investigations relating to trading practices in the precious metals markets and related conduct. The Firm is responding to and cooperating with these investigations. Several putative class action complaints have been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Firm and certain current and former employees, alleging a precious metals futures and options price manipulation scheme in violation of the Commodity Exchange Act. The Firm is also a defendant in a consolidated action filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging monopolization of silver futures in violation of the Sherman Act.”
Of course, it remains to be seen if the Justice Department will confine its investigation to the narrow issue of spoofing or will it open its eyes to the much more serious and pernicious overall manipulation by JPMorgan over the past eleven years; in which JPMorgan never once suffered a loss in trading COMEX silver and gold futures, only profits, and by which the crooked bank amassed 850 million physical silver oz and 20 million oz of gold on the down low.
It has now been exactly one year since I formally and privately complained to the Justice Department about JPMorgan’s manipulation of the silver market and the CFTC’s malfeasance in dealing with it. Initially, I did think that there might be a connection between my complaint and the DOJ’s announcement of the guilty plea and ongoing investigation six months later on Nov 6, but feel less so today. I hope I’m wrong and the Justice Department has a good sense of what’s really going on with JPMorgan in silver and gold, but I’d be lying if I told you my confidence was still high in that regard.
Primarily, my confidence in the DOJ doing the right thing has sagged because the manipulation is continuing while the investigation is supposedly in force. In other words, the serial killer (JPM) is still littering the countryside with bodies, while the Justice Department appears to be contemplating its belly button. I’m not aware of any legitimate law enforcement process that allows for new crimes of the very same type to be committed continuously in the course of an investigation. I just hope the DOJ handles allegations of terrorism with more care than it appears to handle allegations of serious market crimes. As I said, I hope I’m wrong.
www.butlerresearch.com
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About Theodore Butler / Commentary Author
After publishing unique precious metals commentary on the Internet since 1996, I have decided to offer a subscription service. The main reason for the change is that I felt somewhat restricted by my weekly format.
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Molecular Playground/HIV Protease Inhibitor
Molecular Playground at the University of Massachusetts. MOVIE.
1 AIDS Before Protease Inhibitors
2 HIV Protease Inhibitors: A Breakthrough
3 Ritonavir
4 Molecular Playground Animation
6 Additional Resources
AIDS Before Protease Inhibitors
From 1981, when Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized[1], until the mid-1990's, the life expectancy of a person after infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was about 7-12 years[2], and even less for infants and children[3]. During this era, the available anti-HIV (anti-retroviral) drugs all worked on one target, the virus reverse transcriptase. The limited scope of these drugs made it easier for HIV to develop resistance to the drugs available at the time.
HIV Protease Inhibitors: A Breakthrough
HIV Protease and Inhibitor Drug Ritonavir
In 1995, the US FDA approved the first HIV protease inhibitor drug, saquinivir[4], which was the first anti-retroviral drug with a completely different target. Hence it was deemed to be in a new second class of antiretroviral drugs. Combining an HIV protease inhibitor with two or more reverse transcriptase inhibitors was called highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)[5]. HAART produced "an immediate and precipitous decline in HIV/AIDS mortality"[6]. Although young people infected with HIV may still have their lives shortened by 15-25 years, the life expectancy of HIV-positive people for whom optimal drug therapy is available is now 24 years or more[6].
At right is shown the structure of Ritonavir® [7] (), an HIV protease inhibitor approved by the US FDA in 1996[4]. Ritonavir, the second HIV protease inhibitor to be approved by the FDA, improved the efficacy of the first, saquinivir, when the two were given together, by slowing the inactivation of saquinivir[8]
Molecular Playground Animation
You may rotate the molecule at any time during the animation.
There is also a LARGER version of this animation.
The Molecular Playground interactive projection in the Integrated Sciences Building at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA, shows the molecular display that you see when you press the button above. This is only one of a series of modules that are shown. Instructions for authoring modules that display molecules in Molecular Playground are available.
Methods. The Play Animation button above runs a Jmol command script, which was authored by hand, and uploaded to Proteopedia. You can examine the script at Image:MP hivdrug.spt, which uses Image:MPSupportVersion01.spt (see Molecular Playground/Authoring). The atomic coordinate file (PDB file) displayed above (Image:Hivpi binding simulation.pdb.gz) contains 21 models, representing a simulation of the binding of Tamiflu to HIV protease. The simulation was done with MDL Sculpt starting with 1hxw, which remains as the 21st model.
Structural Biology of HIV, an interactive Flash graphic of the virion with explanations of its components.
MolviZ.Org for visualization of other important 3D structures.
Morphs for an introduction to visualization of macromolecular conformational changes.
For additional information, see: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
↑ History of AIDS up to 1986
↑ Lifetime Cost And Life Expectancy For Current HIV Care In The U.S. (2006).
↑ Care and treatment for HIV & AIDS orphans in Thailand: FAQ
↑ 4.0 4.1 HIV Protease Inihbitors at Wikipedia.
↑ HAART at Wikipedia.
↑ 6.0 6.1 HIV Life Expectancy Approaching Normal (2008).
↑ See also Ritonavir at Wikipedia, and Ritonavir.Com.
↑ Saquinivir at Wikipedia.
Eric Martz, David Canner
Retrieved from "http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Molecular_Playground/HIV_Protease_Inhibitor"
Category: Molecular Playground
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OSA Publishing > Optical Materials Express > Volume 6 > Issue 3 > Page 734
Alexandra Boltasseva, Editor-in-Chief
In situ monitoring the optical properties of dielectric materials during ion irradiation
O. Peña-Rodríguez, M.L. Crespillo, P. Díaz-Nuñez, J.M. Perlado, A. Rivera, and J. Olivares
O. Peña-Rodríguez,1,* M.L. Crespillo,2 P. Díaz-Nuñez,1 J.M. Perlado,1 A. Rivera,1 and J. Olivares2,3
1Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
2Centro de Microanálisis de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
3Instituto de Óptica Daza de Valdés (CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
*Corresponding author: ovidio.pena@upm.es
O Peña-Rodríguez
M Crespillo
P Díaz-Nuñez
J Perlado
A Rivera
J Olivares
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.6.000734
O. Peña-Rodríguez, M.L. Crespillo, P. Díaz-Nuñez, J.M. Perlado, A. Rivera, and J. Olivares, "In situ monitoring the optical properties of dielectric materials during ion irradiation," Opt. Mater. Express 6, 734-742 (2016)
Femtosecond lasers
Gradient index optics
Scattering measurement
Silica fibers
Thin films (240.0310)
Surfaces (240.6700)
Spectroscopy (300.0300)
Original Manuscript: September 21, 2015
Revised Manuscript: January 15, 2016
Manuscript Accepted: January 31, 2016
In this work we have used in situ reflectance to study structural modifications in silica and quartz irradiated with swift heavy ions. Quantitative analysis of reflectance spectra allowed us to (i) obtain the detailed kinetics of surface modification and (ii) reconstruct the refractive index profiles created in the irradiated materials. We have shown that in situ reflectance yields very accurate results; for instance, track radii and irradiation threshold in silica and quartz obtained from our measurements are similar to those reported in the literature. In particular, reflectance has several advantages over Rutherford Backscattering in the channeling configuration (RBS-C) because it can be measured in situ (allowing recording of detailed kinetics not attainable by RBS-C), requires less sophisticated equipment and, more importantly, can be used with any material whereas RBS-C is restricted to mono-crystalline materials.
Low loss optical waveguides fabricated in LiTaO3 by swift heavy ion irradiation
V. Tormo-Marquez, M. Díaz-Hijar, M. Carrascosa, V. Ya. Shur, and J. Olivares
Thick optical waveguides in lithium niobate induced by swift heavy ions (~10 MeV/amu) at ultralow fluences
José Olivares, Miguel L. Crespillo, Olga Caballero-Calero, María D. Ynsa, Angel García-Cabañes, Marcel Toulemonde, Christina Trautmann, and Fernando Agulló-López
Tailoring the optical constants of diamond by ion implantation
M. A. Draganski, E. Finkman, B. C. Gibson, B. A. Fairchild, K. Ganesan, N. Nabatova-Gabain, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, A. D. Greentree, and S. Prawer
Nonlinear optical waveguides generated in lithium niobate by swift-ion irradiation at ultralow fluences
J. Olivares, A. García-Navarro, G. García, A. Méndez, F. Agulló-López, A. García-Cabañes, M. Carrascosa, and O. Caballero
High-contrast step-index waveguides in borate nonlinear laser crystals by 3D laser writing
Airan Rodenas and Ajoy K. Kar
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Paumier, E.
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Prada, A.
Price, P. B.
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Schiwietz, G.
Schnohr, C. S.
Schwen, D.
Shcheblanov, N. S.
Sklad, P. S.
Sordo, F.
Sprouster, D. J.
Staufenbiel, F.
Stoquert, J. P.
Studer, F.
Szenes, G.
Tikhonchuk, V. T.
Toulemonde, M.
Townsend, P. D.
Trautmann, C.
Volkov, A. E.
Walker, R. M.
Weber, W. J.
White, C. W.
Xue, H.
Ynsa, M. D.
Zinkle, S. J.
Acta Mater. (1)
Appl. Phys. Express (1)
Diffus. Defect Data Solid State Data Pt. B Solid State Phenom. (1)
IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits (1)
J. Lumin. (2)
J. Nucl. Mater. (2)
J. Phys. Appl. Phys. (1)
Mater. Chem. Phys. (1)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact, Mater. At. (2)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. (11)
Phys. Rev. (1)
Phys. Rev. B (5)
Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter (3)
Phys. Status Solidi., A Appl. Mater. Sci. (1)
Proc. IEEE (1)
Thin Solid Films (1)
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the setup used for in situ reflectance measurements. Samples can be irradiated with swift heavy ions and simultaneously illuminated with white light (blue arrows). Reflected light is collected by an optical fiber and guided to a CCD array spectrometer.
Fig. 2 Reflectance spectra for (a) silica and (b) quartz irradiated with 5 MeV F ions at different fluences. Continuous red lines are the best fit of the experimental data using the multilayer model.
Fig. 3 Schematic representation of the refractive index variations as a function of fluence for (a) low and (b) high fluences. (c) Multilayer model used to fit the reflectance spectra. In all cases regions 1, 2, and 3 represent the vacuum, the irradiated region and the pristine material, respectively.
Fig. 4 Surface refractive index (at 633 nm) for silica (curves increasing) and quartz (curves decreasing) samples irradiated with various types of swift heavy ions.
Fig. 5 Normalized variation of the dielectric function for silica and quartz samples irradiated with F ions at 5 MeV. Experimental values were fitted using a modified Poisson law: Δεn = Δεmax[1−exp(−σϕ)], which allowed us to determine first the cross section of the track (σ) and then its radius (σ = πR2).
Fig. 6 Surface track radii in silica and quartz as a function of the stopping power. Orange continuous lines are a fit of the data using Szenes’ model [43].
Fig. 7 Effective dielectric function profiles obtained from the fits for (a) silica and (b) quartz samples irradiated with 5 MeV F ions at various fluences. The nuclear stopping power predicted by SRIM-2013 is plotted in orange.
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The foundation of socio-economic development of a country is the education of its youth in general and technical education in particular. Technical education is an instrument which uses the tools of science and makes the natural resources available for the people at large. Therefore the institutes which are providing technical education to the Indian youth are playing important role in the development of this country The history of development of technical education in India dates back to 1847 when first engineering college ,Thomson College of Engineering which later became IIT Rookee .was established by Britishers at Roorkee in Uttar Pradesh The growth of technical institutes during British India was slow but after independence socio-economic development became the priority program of our planners and leaders. Consequently large number of technical institutes have been started by the Central and State Govts including Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Information Technology and National Institutes of Technology. Besides this large number of Private Technical Institutes have been set up across the country Unfortunately profit motives of number of private operators have adversely affected the quality of technical education rendering large number of graduating students from such institutions unemployable. Ours is also a non-government institute established and run by Surajmal Memorial Education Society which aims to create centers of excellence to educate and produce technically competent graduates to meet emerging requirements of dynamics of development market, government or private. The strategy of the Society to achieve this goal is reflected in the following aspects of its work culture:
l. No profit making from its Institute.
2. Strictly follow the standards and norms prescribed by AICTE & Affiliating University regarding infrastructure and faculty including their numbers, salary and other facilities.
3. Appointment of qualified and competent faculty and provide environment for their development and academic growth as the Society considers that good teachers produce good students.
4. Extra course inputs to students commensurate with market requirement, Inculcate discipline and moral values among students.
6. Strong and effective mechanism for placement.
7. Transparency in all aspects of working.
This work culture has its own reward. Today our 100% graduating students are getting placement in reputed companies of the country and they are earning name and fame by their competence and hard work MSIT is now recognized as an important centre of technical education and is marching ahead to become one of the premier technical institutes of the country.
Kaptan Singh
Surajmal Memorial Education Society
It makes me very happy to get in touch with you through the website.
In the times of arduous competition we are moving forward with a vision of holistic development of our students as a technical professional who will not only contribute with their knowledge and skills to the field engineering but also add value to the social life at large with their educated and sensitive thoughts and action. We believe that proper education is related to the exposure to new techniques and methods and a conducive atmosphere, therefore we have made continuous effort towards upgrading our infrastructure and quality of education. We are proud to have well equipped Labs and seminar halls, a rich library, well built hostels, a sizable auditorium, to cater to the various pedagogical and accommodative requirements of our students. Our keenness on multifarious development of our faculty and students can be seen in our extensive organization of various academic and technical programs for them. Every year a number of faculty development programs are organized across departments for the professional growth of our teaching community. Besides, many expert lectures by distinguished academicians from IIT Delhi and other reputed technical organizations, are routinely arranged. A fundamental requirement of any good institute is a well developed Information System to ensure monitoring and evaluation of key indicators, and to provide information critical to all concerned.
Our institute website aims at an easy access to all relevant information about the institute and I hope that the masses find the information included in the website useful.
The new website is only a feather in the cap of the robust technical and communicative infrastructure of Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology. This website will serve as a strong medium to show case our attributes and achievements by virtue of which we enjoy a great reputation amongst the leading colleges and institutes affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology has acquired and earned a coveted name and fame over a period of time and has become one of the most admired and preferred centre of academic excellence in the field of engineering and technology for all round integrated professional growth to match and meet the technological needs of the country. We aim to provide our students a composite and comprehensive technical education for a satisfying and professional career in life. To achieve this, we take care from the very beginning quality class room, teaching by trend, competent and qualified faculty members with exposure to the application of concepts through lab experiments, industrial visits and expert lectures of eminent personalities and experts in their field of specialization. Besides, we provide congenial atmosphere to the students for their all round enhancement of inter-personal communication skills.
I am sure that the website will enable a better transmission of relevant information to the various stakeholders of the institute which will help in building up and strengthening the relationship among them and ensure success of our institute.
Rajpal Singh Solanki
MSIT ranking by India Today
Revised Final Practical Date Sheet Nov-Dec 2019
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All Rights Reserved | Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology | 2017
Adeel Hashmi
Hiten Sharma
Sahil Khurana
Special thanks to Tanmay Bhatia, IT for providing the photographs of campus.
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Trevor Bolder (bass)
Mythical bassist, Trevor Bolder was born on June 9th, 1950 in Kingston upon Hull, East Yorkshire, England.
BAND PERIOD DETAILS
The Chicago Star Blues Band
Ronno 1 recording
The Rats
David Bowie Band [Apr 71-1973] 9 recordings + 5 compilations
Arnold Corns [1971]
Mick Ronson Band [1973-?] 2 recordings + 2 compilations
Spiders From Mars [1975-1976] 1 recording
Uriah Heep [Sep 76-Sep 80] 26 recordings + 4 compilations
Wishbone Ash [Apr 81-Apr 83] 2 recordings
Uriah Heep (again) [May 83-May 13]
The Hidden [1993] (a few gigs)
Cybernauts [1997-?] 1 recording
The Chicago Star Blues Band is the first band I´ve been able to trace featuring Trevor Bolder, then playing guitar. He formed the band with his brother:
THE CHICAGO STAR BLUES BAND #?
Trevor Bolder †
+ others unknown to me. Help!
Trevor Bolder was a member of Jelly Roll, a local band from Hull:
JELLY ROLL #?
Trevor Bolder was also a member of another band from Hull, called Flesh:
FLESH #?
Again, no other info at all.
RONNO
Trevor Bolder and Mick Ronson first played together in the band Ronno:
RONNO #?
Benny Marshall
Mick Ronson †
Woody Woodmansey
They released the single ´Fourth hour of my sleep / Powers of darkness´ in 1970.
Other info on members of Ronno (I know up to 4 members)
Mick Ronson, Woody Woodmansey
Trevor Bolder played in The Rats along with Mick Ronson, but can´t find info about the complete lineup(s). Any help, please?
THE RATS #?
Other info on members of The Rats (I know up to 12 members)
John Cambridge
Jeff Appleby, Frank Ince, Mick Ronson, Jim Simpson, Woody Woodmansey
DAVID BOWIE BAND
from left to right: Trevor Bolder, David Bowie, Woody Woodmansey & Mick Ronson
from left to right: Trevor Bolder, David Bowie, Mick Ronson & Woody Woodmansey
from left to right: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson & David Bowie
from left to right: David Bowie and Trevor Bolder
In April 1971, David Bowie forms what was to be his most famous band:
DAVID BOWIE BAND #?
Apr 71-1972
guitar, vocals
Some months later, after the release of the masterpiece album The rise and fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders From Mars, the band was dubbed The Spiders From Mars.
In June 1971, David Bowie performed a John Peel session with an expanded version of his band, also featuring his protegee Dana Gillespie and old friend George Underwood on vocals:
Mark Carr-Pritchard
Dana Gillespie
Geoffrey McCormack
In 1972, David Bowie adds a keyboardist to his band to enrich the sound. The chosen was the great Matthew Fisher:
Matthew Fisher
But Fisher´s stay in the band was short as he only played two gigs with them.
New keyboardist in David Bowie Band was Robin Lumley, still in 1972:
Robin Lumley
But again, Lumley didn´t stay too long.
Nicky Graham becomes the 3rd keyboardist to join David Bowie Band in 1972:
Nicky Graham
Graham appeared in some BBC sessions with Bowie in May 1972, as documented in Bowie at the Beeb.
Still in 1972, Mike Garson joins as the definitive keyboardist for David Bowie Band:
Mike Garson
In 1973, David Bowie expands his band with a horn section, up to 8 musicians:
John Hutchinson
Brian Wilshaw
sax, flute
Ken Fordham
This was the band that played at the famous farewell concert as shown in the Ziggy Stardust - the motion picture in July 1973. After that, Bowie dissolved his Spiders From Mars, and apparently retired from music... but not for so long.
After the breakup of the original Spiders from Mars band, Aynsley Dunbar joins David Bowie in 1973:
Aynsley Dunbar
After releasing Pin ups, an album made of covers of songs Bowie always loved (from The Kinks, The Who, Pink Floyd, The Easybeats, The Yardbirds, Them... and The Mojos, a band where Aynsley had played!), the remaining survivors from Spiders from Mars, the great ones Mick Ronson and Trevor Bolder leave David Bowie.
This lineup never gigged.
from left to right: Trevor Bolder, David Bowie, Mick Ronson & Aynsley Dunbar
from left to right: Trevor Bolder, David Bowie, Aynsley Dunbar, Mick Ronson & Mark Carr-Pritchard
almost the whole band for the 1980 Floor Show
On 18-20 August 1973, David Bowie recorded an NBC Midnight Special at London´s Marquee Club titled The 1980 Floor Show, with an augmented lineup of the band:
Jason Guess
+ unknown 3 horn section. Help!
They played for this show, as well as Marianne Faithfull, The Troggs and a Spanish group called Carmen (ooops!). By the way, this was the only live show Aynsley ever did with Bowie.
from left to right: Trevor Bolder and David Bowie at the farewell concert in 1973
Other info on members of David Bowie Band (I know up to 83 members)
Tim Renwick
John Cambridge, Aynsley Dunbar, Michael Kamen, Tony Visconti, Mick Wayne
Zachary Alford, Carlos Alomar, Guy Andrisano, Kevin Armstrong, Adrian Belew, David Bowie, Sterling Campbell, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Ava Cherry, Alan Childs, Robin Clark, Neil Conti, Richard Cottle, Dennis Davis, Thomas Dolby, Gail Ann Dorsey, Steve Elson, Jeanie Fineberg, Matthew Fisher, Herbie Flowers, Ken Fordham, Rick Fox, Peter Frampton, Reeves Gabrels, Dennis Garcia,... up to 76 musicians.
ARNOLD CORNS
Around mid 1971, David Bowie forms a ghost band called Arnold Corns with his musicians, supposedly to act as backing band for Rudi Valentino (aka of Freddi Buretti, Bowie´s clothes dresser):
ARNOLD CORNS #1
êDavid Bowie Band
Rudi Valentino
David Bowie Bandê
They recorded 4 tracks that remained unreleased until a couple of them were included as bonus in the reissue of The man who sold the world.
Other info on members of Arnold Corns (I know up to 6 members)
David Bowie, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Mick Ronson, Woody Woodmansey
MICK RONSON BAND
Still in 1973, as David Bowie was getting rid of all his fellow mates (why??), Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Aynsley Dunbar projected to stay together in a new band, along with vocalist Scott Richardson, under the name The Fallen Angels:
MICK RONSON BAND #?
Nothing came from this combo, and they finally split after a few months.
This was the new Mick Ronson Band around February 1974:
Ritchie Dharma
Thunderthighs
Mick Ronson also hired an extended horn section for one of his tours:
Mike Bailey
Phil Kenzie
Geoff Driscoll
Dave Coxhill
Miquel Brown
+ unknown drummer and backing vocalists. Help!
I´m missing some of the singers, as well as the drummer (probably Ritchie Dharma?), so any additional info would be very welcomed!
Other info on members of Mick Ronson Band (I know up to 19 members)
Aynsley Dunbar, John Turnbull
Jeff Appleby, Mike Bailey, Mick Barakan, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Bobby Chen, Dave Coxhill, Jay Davis, Ritchie Dharma, Geoff Driscoll, Mike Garson, Phil Kenzie, Mick Ronson, Jim Toomey, Blue Weaver
Years after having left David Bowie, three of his musicians revived the name Spiders From Mars with a new lineup around 1975:
SPIDERS FROM MARS #?
Dave Black
They released a self-titled album, Spiders From Mars with help from their mate Mike Garson on keyboards, but split soon later in 1976.
Other info on members of Spiders From Mars (I know up to 4 members)
Dave Black, Pete McDonald, Woody Woodmansey
Uriah Heep #8: top: John Lawton, Mick Box, Trevor Bolder. Bottom: Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake
Uriah Heep #8: Mick Box, John Lawton, Lee Kerslake (hidden), Trevor Bolder, Ken Hensley
Uriah Heep #8: Mick Box, Lee Kerslake, John Lawton, Trevor Bolder, Ken Hensley
In September 1976, Uriah Heep are joined by two great musicians, John Lawton and Trevor Bolder:
URIAH HEEP #8
Sep 76-Oct 79
êLucifer´s Friend
John Lawton
But in October 1979, Kerslake and Lawton leave.
Uriah Heep #9: Mick Box, John Sloman, Chris Slade, Trevor Bolder, Ken Hensley
In November 1979, Uriah Heep get another new singer and drummer:
Nov 79-May 80
John Sloman
Chris Slade
Shotgunê
But in May 1980, founder member Ken Hensley leaves the band to start his solo career.
The axemen in Uriah Heep: Trevor Bolder, Mix Box and Ken Hensley
Gregg Dechert joins in July 1980 as new keyboardist for Uriah Heep:
URIAH HEEP #10
Jul 80-Sep 80
Gregg Dechert
Wishbone Ashê
But something doesn´t work in the band, and just a couple of months later, in September 1980, they disband. For a couple of years, the band remained inactive (it was just Mick Box trying to find a different approach).
In April 1981, Trevor Bolder joins Wishbone Ash:
WISHBONE ASH #6
Apr 81-May 81
êUriah Heep
Andy Powell
Laurie Wisefield
Steve Upton
In May 1981, wonderful vocalist Claire Hamill joins Wishbone Ash for touring:
May 81-Jul 81
Claire Hamill
In July 1981, Wishbone Ash reverts to a quartet again:
Jul 81-Apr 83
Uriah Heepê
In April 1983, Trevor Bolder leaves (to rejoin Uriah Heep), although he remained friends with the band (in fact, Trevor appeared onstage with the band as a featured guest in May 2009).
Other info on members of Wishbone Ash (I know up to 26 members)
Andy Pyle
Mark Birch, Joe Crabtree, Jamie Crompton, Roger Filgate, Robbie France, Ben Granfelt, Claire Hamill, Rob Hazard, Tony Kishman, Brad Lang, Graham Maitland, Muddy Manninen, Phil Palmer, Al Payson, Andy Powell, Bob Skeat, Mervyn Spence, Michael Sturgis, Martin Turner, Ted Turner, Steve Upton, Ray Weston, John Wetton, Laurie Wisefield
URIAH HEEP (again)
Uriah Heep #12: John Sinclair, Trevor Bolder, Lee Kerslake, Mick Box, Pete Goalby
In May 1983, Trevor Bolder comes back to Uriah Heep, replacing Bob Daisley:
May 83-Nov 85
êWishbone Ash
Peter Goalby
This was the lineup that I was fortunate to see live in my city. A great concert.
In November 1985, Goalby and Sinclair left the band. They were replaced after a few months.
This was the new Uriah Heep band in July 1986:
êThe Sweet
Steff Fontaine
Phil Lanzon
But singer Steff Fontaine didn´t fit in the band, so he left after a couple of months.
Uriah Heep #14: top: Mick Box, Trevor Bolder, Lee Kerslake. Bottom: Bernie Shaw, Phil Lanzon
In September 1986, Uriah Heep finds the definitive singer in Bernie Shaw:
Sep 86-Mar 07
êStratus
Bernie Shaw
This was the most stable lineup by the band ever, staying together for 21 years, when Lee Kerslake left the band in March 2007.
Uriah Heep #15: Russell Gilbrook, Phil Lanzon, Bernie Shaw, Trevor Bolder, Mick Box
In March 2007, Russell Gilbrook joins Uriah Heep as their new drummer, replacing long-time member Lee Kerslake:
Mar 07-May 13
Russell Gilbrook
Other info on members of Uriah Heep (I know up to 26 members)
Keith Baker, Mick Box, David Byron, Iain Clarke, Mark Clarke, Bob Daisley, Gregg Dechert, Steff Fontaine, Russell Gilbrook, Peter Goalby, John Jowitt, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, John Lawton, Al Napier, Paul Newton, Nigel Olsson, Dave Rimmer, Bernie Shaw, John Sinclair, Chris Slade, John Sloman, Gary Thain, John Wetton
When his commitments with his main band (Uriah Heep) allowed, Trevor Bolder also played in 1993 with The Hidden, a band from his hometown, Hull:
THE HIDDEN #?
CYBERNAUTS
Cybernauts was a David Bowie tribute band, put together around 1997 by Joe Elliott and Phil Collen (from Def Leppard), avid fans of Bowie. They teamed with Bowie´s mythical rhythm section from the early 70s:
CYBERNAUTS #?
êDef Leppard
Dick Decent †
Def Leppardê
They released the live album Cybernauts live.
They were supposed to tour again in January 2001, but don´t know if it finally happened.
Other info on members of Cybernauts (I know up to 5 members)
Trevor Bolder sadly passed away on May 21st, 2013, after suffering from pancreatic cancer. He'll always remain in my memory both for the David Bowie golden years as for my much-loved Uriah Heep band. I saw him live in my city when he had just rejoined the band in the early 80s. A great gig, I couldn't believe I was watching one of the Spiders From Mars musicians in front of me.
TRIBUTES TO TREVOR BOLDER
From Pip Williams (sent to me on May 28th, 2013):
The glamour position in rock bands is usually reserved for the lead singer and lead guitarist. However, occasionally, one of the other members forces us to take notice.
Trevor Bolder was one such person. I first had the pleasure of working with Trevor during Uriah Heep´s Sonic Origami album in 1998. Obviously, I was very familiar with his distinctive playing style within Bowie´s Spiders From Mars.
Trevor had the rare ability to elevate the role of bass player far beyond that of just an accompanist. His bass lines were inventive, melodic, intricate where necessary and always attention-grabbing.
Despite this, his parts were never fussy or cluttering. He was in short, the consummate rock bass player!
I once asked him why he never opted to play 5-string bass. He replied that 5-string bass would put him into a different mindset from pure rock and might take him into other areas. I immediately understood what he meant!
In addition, he was a fine songwriter and singer. His contributions to Heep in this respect cannot be under-estimated. He became indispensable to their vocal harmony blend and their set-list was all the better for his songs.
Then there was Trevor the man. A lovely, caring, witty and funny person, with a dry and sometimes wicked sense of humour!
My heart goes out to his family and to his mates in Uriah Heep. Life for them all will never be the same again.
You will be very sorely missed Trevor!
Pip Williams
UNRELEASED PROJECTS:
In 1973, there was a try of forming a band with ex-Bowie bandmates: John Hutchinson, Trevor Bolder (bass), John Cambridge and Mick 'Woody' Woodmansey, but they finally decided not to stay together.
DISCOGRAPHY: (61 albums known to me - Status: In progress)
ALBUMS AS A BAND MEMBER (42 credits)
The Man who sold the world - David Bowie (1969)
Members: David Bowie, John Cambridge, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Herbie Flowers, Tim Renwick, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Producer: Tony Visconti
Technical: Ken Scott
Comments: The man who sold the world was Bowie's next album. For this one, he had assembled a band with the much missed Mick Ronson (guitar), Tony Visconti (bass), Ralph Mace (keyboards), Mick 'Woody' Woodmansey (drums). The superb CD reissue from Rykodisc contains 4 bonus tracks, including musicians that didn't appear in the original album: Tim Renwick (guitar), John Cambridge (drums), Herbie Flowers (bass), Freddi Buretti (vocals, aka Arnold Corns aka Rudi Valentino), Mark Carr-Pritchard (guitar), Trevor Bolder (bass).
Fourth hour of my sleep / Powers of darkness (SINGLE) - Ronno (1970)
Members: Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Hunky dory - David Bowie (November 1970)
Members: David Bowie, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: Rick Wakeman
Producer: Ken Scott
Comments: Some CD reissues contain 4 bonus tracks.
The Rise and fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders From Mars - David Bowie (June 1972)
Members: David Bowie, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Dana Gillespie, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: Lindsay Scott
Comments: There is a CD reissue with 5 bonus tracks, but the most interesting is the 30th anniversary edition, expanded to a double CD with 12 additional tracks.
Aladdin sane - David Bowie (1973)
Members: David Bowie, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, Geoffrey McCormack, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: Juanita Franklin, Linda Lewis
Pinups - David Bowie (October 1973)
Members: David Bowie, Aynsley Dunbar, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, Geoffrey McCormack (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: Ron Wood
Comments: Some CD reissues contain 2 bonus tracks (one of them featuring Ron Wood on guitar, who didn´t appear in the original album).
Slaughter on 10th avenue - Mick Ronson (1974)
Members: Aynsley Dunbar, Mike Garson (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: David Hentschel
Comments: Recorded in 1973. CD reissue contains 4 bonus live tracks recorded in February 1974.
Play don´t worry - Mick Ronson (1975)
Members: Ritchie Dharma, Aynsley Dunbar, Mike Garson (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Guests: Paul Francis, Tony Newman (RIP: Vicki Brown)
Spiders From Mars - Spiders From Mars (1976)
Members: Dave Black, Pete McDonald, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Guests: Mike Garson
Comments: The CD edition lacks some tracks.
Innocent victim - Uriah Heep (1977)
Members: Mick Box, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, John Lawton (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Firefly - Uriah Heep (February 1977)
Fallen angel - Uriah Heep (July 1978)
Guests: Chris Mercer
Comments: The lineup in this album was: John Lawton (vocals, from Lucifer's Friend), Mick Box (guitar), Trevor Bolder (bass, from Spiders from Mars), Ken Hensley (keyboards, guitar, vocals), and Lee Kerslake (drums). They are always great!! Recorded from April to August 1978, Chris Mercer plays sax solo on the song 'Save it'.
The CD reissue contains bonus tracks.
My opinion: My favourite songs are 'Love or nothing' and 'I'm alive'.
Conquest - Uriah Heep (February 1980)
Members: Mick Box, Ken Hensley, Chris Slade, John Sloman (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Producer: (RIP: Gerry Bron)
Twin barrels burning - Wishbone Ash (September 1982)
Members: Andy Powell, Steve Upton, Laurie Wisefield (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Producer: Stuart Epps
Rare - David Bowie (1983)
Members: Carlos Alomar, Guy Andrisano, David Bowie, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Herbie Flowers, Mike Garson, Richard Grando, Geoffrey McCormack, George Murray, Tony Newman, Pablo Rosario, David Sanborn, Earl Slick, Tony Visconti, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Michael Kamen, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross)
Guests: Terry Cox, Brian Eno, Robert Fripp, Andy Newmark, Rick Wakeman, Willie Weeks (RIP: Larry Washington)
Ziggy Stardust - the motion picture - David Bowie (October 1983) (LIVE)
Members: David Bowie, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, John Hutchinson, Geoffrey McCormack, Brian Wilshaw, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Technical: Ken Scott, Tony Visconti
Comments: Live album recorded on July 1973, but not released until 10 years later. Obviously, there´s also the movie. There´s a special edition from 2003 with extra tracks.
My opinion: Interesting live concert, but I´ve always been disappointed that it doesn´t include the part where Jeff Beck joined the band onstage.
Equator - Uriah Heep (March 1985)
Members: Mick Box, Peter Goalby, Lee Kerslake, John Sinclair (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Guests: Gary Moberley
Comments: Recorded from August to October 1984 and in January 1985.
Live in Europe 1979 - Uriah Heep (1986) (LIVE)
Comments: 2LP recorded live in 1979 in different locations. Some CD reissues contain 4 bonus tracks.
Live In Moscow - Uriah Heep (1988) (LIVE)
Members: Mick Box, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, Bernie Shaw (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Comments: Recorded live in December 1987.
Raging silence - Uriah Heep (1989)
Guests: Brett Morgan, Frank Ricotti
Producer: Richard Dodd
Technical: Tim Young
Comments: Recorded from December 1988 to February 1989.
Different world - Uriah Heep (1991)
Guests: Brett Morgan, Stephen Piggott
Comments: The album was produced by Trevor Bolder. Some CD reissues contain bonus tracks.
Santa Monica ´72 - David Bowie (1994) (LIVE)
Members: David Bowie, Mike Garson, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson)
Comments: Recorded live in October 1972, after being a fantastic booleg for decades, it was finally officially released in April 1994.
My opinion: Fantastic performance, David Bowie at his best, with a killer band.
Sea of light - Uriah Heep (1995)
Guests: Peter Beckett
A Time of revelation - Uriah Heep (1996)
Members: Keith Baker, Mick Box, Iain Clarke, Mark Clarke, Bob Daisley, Peter Goalby, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, John Lawton, Al Napier, Paul Newton, Nigel Olsson, Nigel Pegrum, Bernie Shaw, John Sinclair, Chris Slade, John Sloman, John Wetton (RIP: Trevor Bolder, David Byron, Gary Thain)
Producer: Richard Dodd (RIP: Gerry Bron, Jimmy Miller)
Comments: 4CD boxset with 20 unreleased tracks.
My opinion: A very good, interesting boxset. I just miss some more unreleased live tracks.
Spellbinder - Uriah Heep (1998) (LIVE)
Comments: Recorded live in June 1994, with an additional studio track.
Sonic origami - Uriah Heep (September 1998)
Producer: Pip Williams
Comments: Limited edition contains 1 bonus track.
Bowie at the Beeb - David Bowie (2000) (LIVE)
Members: David Bowie, John Cambridge, Mark Carr-Pritchard, Herbie Flowers, Dana Gillespie, Nicky Graham, John Lodge, Geoffrey McCormack, Tim Renwick, George Underwood, Tony Visconti, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson, Mick Wayne)
Guests: Alan Hawkshaw, John McLaughlin (RIP: Barry Morgan, Steve Peregrine Took)
Producer: Jeff Griffin
Cybernauts live - Cybernauts (December 2000) (LIVE)
Members: Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Dick Decent)
Comments: Recorded live in their 1997 tour. There was a special edition including a bonus CD with studio recordings sold through their official website.
Future echoes of the past - the very best of Uriah Heep live - Uriah Heep (2001) (LIVE)
Comments: Double live CD recorded in two different concerts in November 1999.
Electrically driven - Uriah Heep (2001) (LIVE)
Guests: Ian Anderson
Comments: Recorded live in March 2001 with special guest Ian Anderson (from Jethro Tull).
Acoustically driven - Uriah Heep (March 2001) (LIVE)
Comments: Recorded live in December 2000 with help from Ian Anderson (from Jethro Tull).
The Magician´s birthday party - Uriah Heep (April 2002) (LIVE)
Members: Mick Box, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, John Lawton, Bernie Shaw (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Guests: Thijs Van Leer
Comments: Recorded live by the band, featuring guest appearances by former members John Lawton and Ken Hensley, as well as Thijs Van Leer (from Focus).
Rock legends - Uriah Heep (2003) (LIVE)
Comments: Live DVD.
Lost pearls - Wishbone Ash (April 2004)
Members: Claire Hamill, Andy Powell, Martin Turner, Steve Upton, Laurie Wisefield (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Wake the sleeper - Uriah Heep (2008)
Members: Mick Box, Russell Gilbrook, Phil Lanzon, Bernie Shaw (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Producer: Mike Paxman
Technical: Dennis Blackham
Celebration - forty years of rock - Uriah Heep (2009)
Comments: CD+DVD comprising an album with new recordings of their greatest hits, plus 2 new songs and 1 live DVD recorded in 2009.
Official bootleg volume II - Live in Budapest Hungary 2010 - Uriah Heep (2010) (LIVE)
Comments: 2CD recorded live in May 2010.
Official bootleg - Live at Sweden Rock Festival 2009 - Uriah Heep (2010) (LIVE)
Comments: Recorded live in June 2009.
Official bootleg volume three - Live in Kawasaki Japan 2010 - Uriah Heep (2010) (LIVE)
Guests: Micky Moody
Comments: 2CD recorded live in 2010, with Micky Moody guesting on guitar in some tracks.
Into the wild - Uriah Heep (April 2011)
Comments: Recorded in January 2011.
Live legends - Uriah Heep ( - ) (LIVE)
Comments: Live video.
Rarities from the Bronze age - Uriah Heep ( - )
Members: Mick Box, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake (RIP: Trevor Bolder, David Byron, Gary Thain)
COMPILATIONS AS A BAND MEMBER (11 credits)
ChangesOneBowie - David Bowie (1976)
Members: Carlos Alomar, David Bowie, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Elson, Herbie Flowers, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, Omar Hakim, Stan Harrison, Emir Kassan, George Murray, Tony Newman, Lenny Pickett, Carmine Rojas, Pablo Rosario, David Sanborn, Frank Simms, George Simms, Tony Visconti, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross)
Guests: Roy Bittan, Andy Clark, Terry Cox, Brian Eno, Sammy Figueroa, Robert Fripp, Mac Gollehon, Chuck Hammer, Curtis King, Andy Newmark, Mark Pender, Rob Sabino, Rick Wakeman, Willie Weeks (RIP: John Lennon, Ralph MacDonald, Arif Mardin, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Larry Washington)
Producer: Nile Rodgers
ChangesTwoBowie - David Bowie (1981)
Members: Carlos Alomar, Adrian Belew, David Bowie, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Aynsley Dunbar, Herbie Flowers, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, George Murray, David Sanborn, Earl Slick, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross)
Guests: Roy Bittan, Andy Clark, Ricky Gardiner, Chuck Hammer, Andy Newmark, Alan Parker, Rick Wakeman, Willie Weeks, Roy Young (RIP: Larry Washington)
Producer: Ken Scott, Tony Visconti
Another face - David Bowie (1981)
Members: Carlos Alomar, Guy Andrisano, Adrian Belew, David Bowie, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Herbie Flowers, Mike Garson, Richard Grando, Simon House, Geoffrey McCormack, George Murray, Tony Newman, Roger Powell, Pablo Rosario, David Sanborn, George Simms, Earl Slick, Tony Visconti, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Michael Kamen, Sean Mayes, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross)
Sound + vision - David Bowie (April 1989)
Members: Carlos Alomar, Guy Andrisano, Adrian Belew, David Bowie, John Cambridge, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Aynsley Dunbar, Herbie Flowers, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, Richard Grando, Simon House, John Hutchinson, John Lodge, Geoffrey McCormack, George Murray, Tony Newman, Roger Powell, Tim Renwick, Pablo Rosario, David Sanborn, Earl Slick, Brian Wilshaw, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Michael Kamen, Sean Mayes, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross, Mick Wayne)
Guests: Roy Bittan, Paul Buckmaster, Brian Eno, Robert Fripp, Ricky Gardiner, Chuck Hammer, Andy Newmark, Rick Wakeman, Willie Weeks, Roy Young (RIP: Marc Bolan, Larry Washington)
Comments: Sound + vision is a 4CD boxset, including 3 musical CDs, plus 1 video disk. It's basically a compilation, but it contains many rare or unreleased tracks.
ChangesBowie - David Bowie (1990)
Members: Carlos Alomar, David Bowie, Ava Cherry, Robin Clark, Dennis Davis, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Elson, Herbie Flowers, Ken Fordham, Mike Garson, Omar Hakim, Stan Harrison, Emir Kassan, George Murray, Tony Newman, Lenny Pickett, Carmine Rojas, Pablo Rosario, David Sanborn, Frank Simms, George Simms, Earl Slick, Tony Visconti, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Mick Ronson, Luther Vandross)
Producer: Nile Rodgers, Ken Scott (RIP: Gus Dudgeon)
Still ´eavy, still proud - two decades of Uriah Heep - Uriah Heep (1990)
Members: Mick Box, Bob Daisley, Peter Goalby, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, John Lawton, Bernie Shaw, John Sinclair (RIP: Trevor Bolder, David Byron, Gary Thain)
Comments: Compilation featuring several live tracks.
Only after dark - Mick Ronson (1994)
Guests: Jeff Daly, Paul Francis, David Hentschel, Ian Hunter, Neil Kernon, John Mealing, Tony Newman, Vicky Silva
Comments: Mick Ronson´s two solo albums from the seventies are available on a 2CD called Only after dark, with 5 bonus tracks (including 3 live tracks from 1974, although Aynsley Dunbar isn't the drummer in these live tracks, but Ritchie Dharma).
Main man - Mick Ronson (April 1998)
Guests: Jeff Daly, Ian Hunter, John Mealing, Tony Newman, Vicky Silva
Technical: Mick Brown
Comments: Main man is a compilation, also featuring Ian Hunter, Trevor Bolder, Mike Garson, Jeff Daly, John Mealing, Aynsley Dunbar, Ritchie Dharma, Tony Newman, etc.
Revelations - the Uriah Heep anthology - Uriah Heep (2004)
Members: Keith Baker, Mick Box, Iain Clarke, Bob Daisley, Peter Goalby, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, John Lawton, Paul Newton, Nigel Olsson, John Sinclair, John Wetton (RIP: Trevor Bolder, David Byron, Gary Thain)
The Official live collection - 35th anniversary edition - Uriah Heep (2005) (LIVE)
Guests: Ian Anderson, Thijs Van Leer
Comments: 6DVD boxset compiling 6 different DVDs from live concerts.
Chapter & verse: the Uriah Heep story - Uriah Heep (November 2005)
Members: Keith Baker, Mick Box, Iain Clarke, Mark Clarke, Bob Daisley, Peter Goalby, Ken Hensley, Lee Kerslake, Phil Lanzon, John Lawton, Al Napier, Paul Newton, Nigel Olsson, Bernie Shaw, John Sinclair, Chris Slade, John Sloman, John Wetton (RIP: Trevor Bolder, David Byron, Gary Thain)
Guests: Ian Anderson, Peter Beckett, Mike Gibbs, Manfred Mann, Chris Mercer, Brett Morgan, Teddy Osei, Stephen Piggott, Frank Ricotti, Thijs Van Leer (RIP: Loughty Amao)
Producer: Richard Dodd, Pip Williams (RIP: Gerry Bron)
Comments: 6CD boxset with tracks by the band as well as related groups (Keef Hartley Band, The Gods), etc. It also contains 14 unreleased tracks plus live tracks.
ALBUMS WITH BANDMATES AND FRIENDS (4 credits)
Weren´t born a man - Dana Gillespie (1974)
Members: Dana Gillespie
Guests: John ´Rabbit´ Bundrick, Ray Cooper, Terry Cox, Pat Donaldson, Ray Glynn, Rosetta Hightower, Paul Keogh, Bobby Keys, Ronnie Leahy, Mike Moran, Del Newman, Brian Odgers, Frank Ricotti, Jim Ryan, Liza Strike, Rick Wakeman, Dave Wintour, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Barry De Souza, Keef Hartley, Robert Kirby, Joanne Williams)
Producer: David Bowie, Robin Geoffrey Cable (RIP: Mick Ronson)
Comments: English singer and actress, she was born Dana Richenda Antoinette de Winterstein Gillespie!!! She started her musical career in 1969, and David Bowie helped her in 1974. In Weren't born a man, we can find Jim Ryan (guitar), Paul Keogh (guitar), Dave Wintour (bass), Pat Donaldson (bass), John 'Rabbit' Bundrick (keyboards), Ronnie Leahy (keyboards), Mike Moran (keyboards), Rick Wakeman (keyboards), Bobby Keys (sax), Ray Cooper (percussion), Frank Ricotti (percussion), Terry Cox (drums), Barry De Souza (drums) and Keef Hartley (drums), plus Rosetta Hightower, Lisa Strike and Joanne Williams on backing vocals. It includes a David Bowie cover, ´Andy Warhol´.
Hey Sadie / Move on down the road (SINGLE) - Geoff Appleby (1976)
Members: Jeff Appleby
Guests: Tony Braunagel, Albie Donnelly (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Producer: Mutt Lange
Free Spirit - Ken Hensley (1980)
Members: Ken Hensley
Guests: Denny Ball, Mark Clarke, Kenny Jones, Ian Paice, Gary Taylor, Jim Toomey (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Comments: Free Spirit was the third solo album by Ken Hensley. With Denny Ball (bass in two songs, ´Inside the mystery´ and ´Woman´), Trevor Bolder (bass, Ken's bandmate in Uriah Heep), Gary Taylor (bass, from The Herd), Mark Clarke (bass, from Colosseum, once he also was in Uriah Heep), Jim Toomey (drums, from The Tourists), Geoff Allan (drums), Ian Paice (drums, from Deep Purple), Kenny Jones (drums, from Small Faces, Faces and The Who). This was the album that Shotgun was to promote.
From time to time - Ken Hensley (1994)
Members: Mark Clarke, Ken Hensley
Guests: Denny Ball, B J Cole, Kenny Jones, Simon Kirke, Patrick Leonard, Dave Markee, Lynton Naiff, Ian Paice, Mick Ralphs, Henry Spinetti, Liza Strike, Claire Torry (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Boz Burrell, Paul Kossoff)
Comments: From time to time is a collection of outtakes and unreleased tracks. It includes many of the musicians that appear in his solo albums. Denny Ball appears playing in one song, ´Love at first sight´, recorded sometime in 1980, probably for the Free Spirit album. With Geoff Allan in drums in that track.
My opinion: Unlike many similar projects, this album is really a fantastic album, with great songs. I love it!
COMPILATIONS WITH BANDMATES AND FRIENDS (1 credit)
Andy Warhol - Dana Gillespie (1994)
Members: Dana Gillespie, Simon Phillips (RIP: Bob Weston)
Guests: Mel Collins, Ray Cooper, Terry Cox, Pat Donaldson, Ray Glynn, Bryn Haworth, Rosetta Hightower, Eddie Jobson, Paul Keogh, Bobby Keys, Ronnie Leahy, Mick Liber, Jody Linscott, Mike Moran, Del Newman, Brian Odgers, John Porter, Frank Ricotti, Jim Ryan, Dave Skinner, Liza Strike, Rick Wakeman, Dave Wintour, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Barry De Souza, Mick Ronson, Joanne Williams)
Producer: David Bowie, Robin Geoffrey Cable
Technical: Phill Brown
Comments: Compilation with some unreleased tracks.
COLLECTIVE ALBUMS (2 credits)
Glastonbury fayre - the electric score - VVAA (March 1972) (LIVE)
Guests: John ´Twink´ Adler, Laurie Allan, Bob Andrews, David Bowie, Dave Brock, Edgar Broughton, Steve Broughton, Del Dettmar, Ian Gomm, Nick Graham, Arthur Grant, Alan ´Bam´ King, Simon King, Bill Kreutzmann, Lemmy, Phil Lesh, Nick Lowe, Dik Mik, Roger Powell, Billy Rankin, Paul Rudolph, Brinsley Schwarz, Martin Stone, Pete Townshend, Nik Turner, Victor Unitt, Bob Weir, Ian Whiteman, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Marc Bolan, Trevor Bolder, Robert Calvert, Mike Evans, Jerry Garcia, Keith Godchaux, Ron McKernan, Pip Pyle, Mick Ronson)
Comments: 3LP with mostly live recordings by different artists such as Grateful Dead, Brinsley Schwarz, Mighty Baby, Marc Bolan, Pete Townshend, David Bowie (with Trevor Bolder), Hawkwind, Skin Alley, Daevid Allen & Gong, Pink Fairies and Edgar Broughton Band (live in June 1971, with Victor Unitt).
The Mick Ronson Memorial Concert - VVAA (2001) (LIVE)
Guests: Gary Brooker, Roger Daltrey, Ed Deane, Dana Gillespie, Steve Harley, Ian Hunter, Phil Lanzon, Glen Matlock, Bill Nelson, Mike Paice, Billy Rankin, Todd Sharpville, Barbara Spitz, Roger Taylor, Woody Woodmansey (RIP: Trevor Bolder, Dave Rowberry)
Comments: Double CD (although I think there is another edition with 3 CDs). The first CD was recorded live in August 1997. The second CD was recorded live in April 1994. There are performances by Ian Hunter, Roger Taylor, Roger Daltrey, Steve Harley, Mick Jones, Joe Elliott & The Spiders From Mars, Bill Wyman, Andy Fairweather Low & Gary Brooker, Glen Matlock, Bill Nelson, Dana Gillespie and The Rats.
SESSIONS (1 credit)
Unfinished album - Andy Bown (September 2011)
Members: Andy Bown
Guests: Brad Lang, Sylvia Mason-James, Juliet Roberts, Mick Rogers, Henry Spinetti (RIP: Trevor Bolder)
Comments: Recorded in 2010.
01. Can someone help me completing the live lineups for Mick Ronson Band with Trevor?
02. In 2007, Trevor Bolder played bass on the song ´Forever´ by the band Innersylum, but don´t know if it has been released in some CD. Does anybody know?
RELATED WEBSITE LINKS: 22
Uriah Heep (by Hani So/Dave White/Rodrigo Werneck / Louis Rentrop) - by the great ones
The Upper Room recording studios (Ken Henley's studio)
From the always interesting Alex's Picks (by Alex Gitlin), we have:
Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation
From the superb site Knights in Blue Denim: The British Blues Scene '68 - '70 (by Christer Fridhammar & Vanja), we have:
The Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation
From the great site DME (by Dmitry M. Epstein), we have fantastic interviews:
Interview with Trevor Bolder
The Ziggy Stardust Companion - A David Bowie website (by Mike Harvey) - SUPERB site, check it out!
Very 'eavy Very 'umble Red Devils Home Page (by Boris Shnitzer) - by my great friend
Moshe Lavi's Wonderworld of Uriah Heep Archives (by Moshe Lavi)
Russian Uriah Heep page (IN RUSSIAN) (by Vladimir Milovidov)
English Uriah Heep page (by Vladimir Milovidov)
Uriah Heep links
RELATED VIDEO LINKS: 3
Disclaimer: I don´t own or upload any of the videos linked here. I just include links to live videos that are already available, in order to show the work of this musician. Anyway, if someone feels that some link shouldn't be included, please write me at the email address shown below. And if you know of more videos featuring Trevor Bolder, please, also write me with the link.
David Bowie - Starman
David Bowie on TV in 1972. (Resolution: 480)
Featuring: Trevor Bolder, David Bowie, Mick Ronson, Woody Woodmansey. pianist (I guess Mike Garson) unknown to me.
Uriah Heep - Unknown Title (2010)
Uriah Heep live in July 2010 with special guest Micky Moody. (Resolution: 720) (HQ)
Featuring: Trevor Bolder, Mick Box, Russell Gilbrook, Phil Lanzon, Micky Moody, Bernie Shaw.
Uriah Heep - Paradise / The Spell
Very Special Thanks to:
Phil Kenzie: for info on David Bowie and Mick Ronson tours (2001).
Aynsley Dunbar: for telling me that he didn´t tour with Bowie (only the Floor Show for TV).
Pip Williams: for sending me his fantastic tribute to Trevor, and for his very kind words (2013).
Boris Shnitzer: my great friend, for sharing so many things about Uriah Heep (1998 to 2013).
Alex Gitlin: my great friend, for so many help with scans and info (1998 to 2013).
Dave White: one of Uriah Heep webmasters, for passing a message from me to Trevor (1999).
Taasan: my friend, for info on a Dana Gillespie album with Trevor (1999).
The Heepsters: a great community which I was proud to be part during some years.
Trevor Bolder mostly worked with these musicians: (name + number of credits)
Mick Box (30)
Lee Kerslake (23)
Phil Lanzon (23)
Mick Ronson (22)
Bernie Shaw (22)
Woody Woodmansey (20)
Mike Garson (15)
Ken Hensley (14)
John Lawton (10)
Page created by Miguel Terol on: 25/May/2013 - Last modified on: 11/June/2013. If you want to contribute with info, please write to: molympus1@gmail.com
Publicado por molympus en 5/25/2013 07:42:00 pm 0 comentarios Enlaces a esta entrada
Etiquetas: Cybernauts, David Bowie, Mick Ronson, Rats, Spiders From Mars, Uriah Heep, Wishbone Ash
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Home › Monthly archive
People Power! Pensioners show the way
Date: Tue, 2008-12-02 12:18
What we were witnessing was a clear demonstration of people power in action. The government was in a panic and was drastically hurtling to reverse the medical card decision. And when this meeting was followed up 24 hours later with a demonstration of 15,000 organised by the Senior Citizens Parliament and another 15,000-strong student demonstration against the re-introduction of 3rd level fees it was obvious that politics in Ireland had changed drastically.
Students say “Feck Fees”
On October 22nd, in the biggest show of student strength in many years, over 15,000 third level students marched through the streets of Dublin. They were united in their opposition to the Budget’s 67% College Registration Fee increase and Minister for Education, Batt O’Keefe’s threat to bring back full college fees by September 2009. Last month, he announced that the return of fees would raise €530 million in revenue at a family income threshold of €120,000. To his embarrassment, he later had to admit that these figures were wrong and that in fact the maximum revenue would be only €130 million.
‘Partnership’ as we enter recesssion – A farce and a con
What a farce! As the economy officially goes into recession, as electricity bills go up by 17.5%, as food bills are officially 6.4% higher than this time last year, the leaders of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions negotiate through the night and emerge bleary-eyed from the ‘social partnership’ talks with 1) a pay pause and 2) pay increases, when we eventually get them, lower than the rate of inflation. And then they have the cheek to tell us that this is “the best deal available in the current economic climate” (1). Lucky for them they’re not on performance-related pay if that’s the best they can do for their members.
Northern Ireland's District Policing Partnerships
Despite its retention of a heavy arsenal of lethal weapons including Tasers, and a litany of repressive anti-terror legislation including Diplock Courts, Hugh Orde, current Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland often refers to the force as the ‘most democratic, accountable police service in the world’. This from the same Chief Constable who has recently unsuccessfully attempted to block the release of vital documents to the Pearse Jordon Inquest. Pearse, an unarmed IRA volunteer, was gunned down by the RUC on the Falls Road in 1992.
Stormont continues to crumble under its own contradictions!
The Stormont administration is at a critical juncture, with the Executive not having met in several months. It seems an eternity since Paisley and McGuinness chuckled their way through meetings and joint events.
NI Women sold out by Labour on equal access to abortion
The hopes of women living in Northern Ireland for the extension of the 1967 Abortion Act were dashed when an amendment to extend the act brought before Westminster on 22nd October was not debated because of a procedural motion put by Harriet Harman, leader of the House of Commons and the Minister for Women and supported by many New Labour ‘feminist’ MPs.
Capitalism is not collapsing
The financial markets have taken a hammering. Speculators (that’s a rich person’s word for ‘gambler’) lost incredible sums of borrowed cash in bets on everything from mortgage values to the possible price of wheat in 2011. Banks who lent out far more money than they actually had needed governments to step in with billions to bail them out. In some countries the state took them over.
Crisis, What Crisis? - Pyramids not houses
The official story is that the origins of the current crisis lie in the collapse of the US subprime mortgage market - i.e. poor people not paying their mortgages. Although this may have been the trigger event, it is not the real cause. The real cause lies in pyramids not houses. Specifically the enormous debt pyramid built up by the Western countries, particularly those following the Anglo-saxon economic model - which, unfortunately for us, includes Ireland.
What’s happening in Bolivia?
Big Business doesn’t like what’s happening in South America. The election of reforming governments in Peru and Ecuador might have been a bearable irritant but that Chavez guy in Venezuela has really got up their noses. In Bolivia sections of the local ruling class got so riled up that they tried to overthrow President Morales in September. The US ruling class, in collusion with local bosses, is trying to destabilise political and economic reforms. As they see it, too much is going to workers and peasants, and not enough into their own coffers.
That's capitalism WS 106
Recession is just another word when you are rich. Google bosses, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, have just spent €17.6 million on a 60-seater Boeing jet for their “personal use”. Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen splashed out €140 million to buy the world’s eighth largest yacht. It comes with two helicopters, two submarines, eight smaller boats, a basketball court, swimming pool, a crew of 60 and running costs of about €15 million a year.
Workers Solidarity 106
Click on one of the thumbnails for a a PDF version of the northern or southern edition of Workers Solidarity 106 which can be printed out on eight A4 pages.
Queer Spraoi Meeting, Dublin
Date: Sat, 2008-12-06 13:43
Queer Spraoi Meeting:
Wed 10th Dec 7.30pm
Seomra Spraoi
The Politics Of Social Centers, Dublin
Following on from recent open political discussion events, Seomra Spraoi is holding an evening of debate and discussion looking at the role(s) self managed social and political resource centers can/have on wider activity for radical and critical anti capitalist activity in the cities where they exist.
The murderous state of Greece
Date: Mon, 2008-12-08 23:59
Statement from Greek anarchists on the shooting of the 16-year-old boy, Alexandros Grigoropoulos, in Athens
Why the WSM is picketing the Greek Embassy
The Workers Solidarity Movement, an Irish anarchist organisation, have organized a picket of the Greek Embassy in Dublin this Tuesday 9th December 2008, meeting at Stephen’s Green at 5pm. The picket is in response to the killing of Alexandros Grigoropoulos, a 15 year old, who was shot and killed by Greek police in Athens on Saturday night. WSM spokesperson, Gavin Gleeson, says that “As fellow anarchists, we want to show our solidarity and support for the Greeks in opposing police brutality.”
Solidarity is Strength- Reinstate Natalia Szymanska Now!
Pickets escalate against the sacking of Subway migrant worker Natalia Szymanska in Belfast.
Pickets against a Subway franchise have been continuing for several weeks, despite intimidating and threatening behaviour by Subway bosses. Attempting to impose a court injunction against pickets outside its premises on Great Victoria Street and Lisburn Road.
Dublin: Greek Embassy Picket
Meet at 5pm at the top of Grafton Street. March to the Greek Embassy on Upper Pembroke Street.
60k protest in Dublin over Education cuts - video
Somewhere over 50,000 people took part in the INTO organised march through Dublin this afternoon in protest at the education cuts, The was the culmination of a series of regional marches called by the INTO.
Fascist attack on Patras demonstration in Greece
Date: Wed, 2008-12-10 11:19
"Toward the end of the demo however the riot police launched a major attack, forcing it to retreat toward the city’s historical university building (the so-called parartima). Soon thereafter, the most incredible attack began: Tens of fascists (that seem to had gathered in Patras from across the country, in a pre-planned joint operation with the police) attacked the demonstration with knives and stones."
Greek general strike shuts down transport
The BBC website is reporting that the general strike in Greece today has cancelled flights out of the airport and that public transport is badly disrupted
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Version for visually impaired persons
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Akorda
Strategies and programs
Constitutional Laws
About National Symbols of Kazakhstan
National Flag of Kazakhstan
National Emblem of Kazakhstan
National Anthem of Kazakhstan
About the Executive Office
Structure of the Executive Office
Presidential Commissions
Presidential Councils
Schedule of the meetings with citizens
Ethics Commissioner
Press Office of the President
Secretary of
About the Secretary of State
Akorda Nur-Sultan - Kazakhstan International community
Meetings with leaders of foreign states
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received GRECO's Executive Secretary Gianluca Esposito
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with members of the Presidential youth personnel reserve
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Minister of Trade and Integration Bakhyt Sultanov
The President held a meeting with the leadership of his administration on priority tasks in 2020
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's New Year's Eve Speech
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Prime Minister Askar Mamin
The Head of State received Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Kazakhstan Alexey Borodavkin
The Head of State took part in a solemn ceremony of awarding state awards and prizes
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received President of LUKOIL Vagit Alekperov
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received the credentials from the Ambassadors of a number of foreign states
The Head of State met with Jens Neugebauer, Director of the External Relations Department at the Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research
The Head of State held a number of meetings with representatives of German business
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with former German President Horst Köhler
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took part in the 28th meeting of the Berlin Eurasian Club
The Head of State met with Chairman of the Munich Security Conference Wolfgang Ischinger
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev addressed the heads of German companies
President of Kazakhstan held meetings with representatives of German business
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held talks with German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier
The Head of State held a meeting with former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
The President of Kazakhstan and the Chancellor of Germany held a joint press conference for the media
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Angela Merkel held talks
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received the delegation of Qatar
The Head of State held a meeting with representatives of French business
The President of Kazakhstan took part in the session of the CSTO Collective Security Council
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took part in the meeting of the Supreme Interstate Council of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Sooronbay Jeenbekov held talks in a narrow format
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held a meeting with the heads of foreign diplomatic missions accredited in Kazakhstan
The Presidents of Kazakhstan and Switzerland held talks in an expanded format
The Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held negotiations with President of Switzerland Ueli Maurer in the narrow format
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visited the “Digital Centre”, the office on the provision of digital services
The Head of State got acquainted with the facilities of Nur-Sultan’s innovation ecosystem
The Head of State received Takehiko Nakao, President of the Asian Development Bank
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Wang Yilin, Chairman of the CNPC Corporation
President of Kazakhstan received Foreign Minister of Iran Mohammad Javad Zarif
The Head of State met with former President of Slovenia Danilo Turk
The Head of State received the Credentials from Ambassadors of a number of states
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Jacques Attali, prominent French politician, President of “Attali & Associes”
The Presidents of Kazakhstan and Russia were presented a number of joint projects
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held a meeting with Vladimir Putin
Kazakhstan's President received Tanzila Narbayeva, Chairman of the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with world tennis stars Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held a meeting with Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic Radek Vondracek
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea Kang Kyung-wha
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security of Singapore
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took part in the meeting of the Council of CIS Heads of State
Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization Zurab Pololikashvili
The Head of State received Foreign Minister of Russia Sergey Lavrov
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took part in the session of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hassan Rouhani
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with the US political and expert community in New York
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Che Jun, Secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held a meeting with the founder of Alibaba Group Jack Ma
The Head of State visited some cultural landmarks of Hangzhou
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visited the office of “Hikvision” company
The Head of State met with Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Li Zhanshu
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held talks with Chinese President XI Jinping
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev delivered a lecture at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with representatives of Chinese business circles
The President of Kazakhstan met with Yang Jiechi, Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Natalya Godunova, Chairman of the Accounts Committee for Control over Execution of the Republican budget
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev met with Vagit Alekperov, President of the Russian oil company “LUKOIL”
The Head of State took part at the First Forum of Asian countries’ writers
The Head of State received Prime Minister Askar Mamin
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Michael Wirth, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Chevron Corporation
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received credentials from ambassadors of 10 states
The Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev delivered his State of the Nation Address
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s State of the Nation Address, September 2, 2019
The President of Kazakhstan took part in the ceremony of awarding the “Nazarbayev Prize for Nuclear Weapon Free World and Global Security”
The Head of State receives Zhang Xiao, Ambassador of China
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visited the Kazakhmys Smelting LLP copper smelting plant in Zhezkazgan
The President of Kazakhstan visited the new clinic in Karaganda
The Head of State visited “Saryarka” special economic zone and “Alfarukh” logistics center
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Askar Beisenbayev, Ambassador-designate of Kazakhstan to Belarus, Permanent Representative to the statutory bodies of the CIS in concurrently
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives the Foreign Ministers of the Central Asian countries
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives David Hale, the United States Under Secretary of State
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Klaus Mangold, former Chairman of the German Eastern Business Association, Independent Director of “Baiterek” National Management Holding” JSC
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received Peter Burian, European Union’s Special Representative for Central Asia
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives US Congressmen Devin Nunes and Rick Crawford
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Yuri Pya, Chairman of the Board of National Scientific Cardiac Surgery Centre
Participation in the opening ceremony of the 10th anniversary of the Presidential Cup on ice hockey
The Head of State receives Bolat Bakauov, Akim of Pavlodar region
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Prime Minister Askar Mamin
The Head of State receives Nurlan Nogayev, Akim of Atyrau region
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Bakytzhan Sagintayev, Akim of Almaty
The Head of State receives Yerlan Aitakhanov, Akim of Shymkent
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives a poet and public figure Nurlan Orazalin
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Tungyshbai Zhamankulov, Chairman of the Union of Kazakhstan’s Theatre Workers
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Bruno Le Maire, Minister of the Economy and Finance of France
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Aidar Arifkhanov, Chairman of the Board of the “National Managing Holding of “Baiterek” JSC
The Head of State receives Bauyrzhan Baibek, First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan Party
The Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Altai Kulginov, Akim of Nur-Sultan
The Head of State receives Nurlan Yermekbayev, Minister of Defence
The Head of State receives Kanat Islam, professional boxer
The Head of State meets Cyril Muller, World Bank’s Vice President for Europe and Central Asia
The Head of State receives Gizat Nurdauletov, Prosecutor General
The Head of State receives Askhat Aimagambetov, Minister of Education and Science
The Head of State held extended meeting of Kazakhstan’s Cabinet
Head of State receives Stephen Kaniewski, President and CEO of Valmont Industries
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Magzum Mirzagaliev, Minister of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev attends concert on the National Day of Dombra
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in the ceremony of hoisting the National Flag
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in 32nd plenary session of Foreign Investors’ Council
The Head of State met with Suma Chakrabarti, EBRD President
President of Kazakhstan receives Ben van Beurden, CEO of Royal Dutch Shell
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Tuncay Ozilhan, President of Anadolu Group
President of Kazakhstan meets with Julie Monaco, global head in Citi’s public sector group
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with Justin Smith, CEO of Bloomberg Media Group
President of Kazakhstan met with Bandar Hajjar, President of the Islamic Development Bank Group
President of Kazakhstan holds meeting of AIFC Management Council
Head of State receives Kairat Kelimbetov, Managing Director of Astana International Financial Centre
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev holds meeting with the Presidential Administration leadership
President of Kazakhstan receives Stanislav Zas, State Secretary of the Security Council of Belarus
The First President of Kazakhstan visits the new metropolitan mosque
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits the regional clinical hospital
The Head of State made a detour of Arys
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits the evacuation centre in Arys
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Zhakip Asanov, Chairman of the Supreme Court
Meeting on social protection issues chaired by the President of Kazakhstan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in 30 Years of Leadership International Conference
Leader of Nation Nursultan Nazarbayev puts the time capsule with message to future generation
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Ahylbek Kurishbaev, Rector of the Kazakh Agrotechnical University
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with the leadership of the State Security Service
The Kazakh President takes part in the 5th CICA Summit
Meeting with Emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
The President of Kazakhstan takes part in the meeting of the Council of Heads of State of SCO
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev inaugurated as President of Kazakhstan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev gives a press conference for Kazakh and foreign journalists on the presidential elections
The President of Kazakhstan visits Nur Astana mosque
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with Nikolai Patrushev, Secretary of the Russian Federation Security Council
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev held talks with Donald Tusk, President of the European Council
The Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits the National Guard’s military unit
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev holds meeting of National Investors Council
The President of Kazakhstan makes speech at the forum of health care workers
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits Kazchrome ferroalloy plant
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev familiarizes himself with Aktobe’s industrial zone
The Head of State visits Green Capital Kazakhstan greenhouse complex
President of Kazakhstan visits SaryarkaAvtoProm LLP
Head of State takes part in Kazakh-Russian youth partnership forum
Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Urszula Gacek, head of OSCE/ODIHR observer mission
Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Vice Premier of State Council of the People's Republic of China Han Zheng
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde
Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev meets with President of Armenia Armen Sarkissian
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Prime Minister of Georgia Mammuk Bakhtadze
The President of Kazakhstan visits Ruhani Zhangyru regional centre
The President of Kazakhstan gets acquainted with Jan Arai agro-industrial complex
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev familiarizes himself with Uralsk airport modernization project
The First President of Kazakhstan visits military parade on the 74th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in ceremony of laying flowers to Otan Korgaushylar Monument
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in ceremony of awarding highest military and special ranks
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Darkhan Kydyrali, President of the International Turkic Academy
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits mayor’s office of Karatal district
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits Kainar AKB LLP
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives the Head of Kazakhstan Temir Zholy
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits the new UN office in Almaty
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in celebration of the Day of Unity of Kazakhstan’s Nation
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev visits Almaty’s urban planning centre
The President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits Bakytty Otbasy, centre for mothers with many children
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits Zhambyl Youth Library in Almaty
XXVII session of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan chaired by the First President of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev
Nursultan Nazarbayev awarded the Order of Friendship of the People's Republic of China
Briefing for the media after negotiations with Viktor Orban, Prime Minister of Hungary
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Altai Kulginov, akim of West Kazakhstan
First President of Kazakhstan gets acquainted with the capital city’s future development plan
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in Nur Otan Party’s 19th extraordinary congress
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in Kazakh-South Korean business forum
Briefing on the results of negotiations with President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in
Nursultan Nazarbayev meets with Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of China to Kazakhstan Zhang Xiao
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev holds talks with President of South Korea Moon Jae-in in expanded format
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev has talks with President of Korea Moon Jae-In in a narrow circle
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visits Kosshy village
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Alikhan Smailov, First Deputy Prime Minister, Finance Minister
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Foreign Minister Beibut Atamkulov
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Murat Bektanov, First Deputy Minister of Defense, Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev takes part in extended meeting of Interior Ministry Board
Briefing for media on negotiations with the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Meeting with President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in expanded format
State visit to the Republic of Uzbekistan
Visit to Aktau International Sea Trade Port
Visit to the Maritime Academy
Visit to Aktau’s municipal polyclinic 2
Visit to the business service centre of Aktau city
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Viktor Sadovnichy, Rector of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and Sergei Ordzhonikidze, Chair of the Russian Public Council for International Cooperation and Public Diplomacy
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Health Minister Yelzhan Birtanov
Address of the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to the nation
The President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Maulen Ashimbayev, First Deputy Chair of Nur Otan Party, Azat Peruashev, Chairman of Ak Zhol Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, Aikyn Konurov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan, and Ali Bektayev, Chair of Auyl People’s Democratic Patriotic Party
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Dariga Nazarbayeva, Chair of the Senate, Askar Mamin, Prime Minister, Kairat Mami, Chair of the Constitutional Council, and Vladimir Bojko, Deputy Chair of the Majilis
Meeting with Miroslav Lajčák, Chair of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Dmitry Rogozin, Director General of Roscosmos
Meeting with Valentina Matvienko, Chairwoman, Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
Participation in ceremony of laying flowers to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Briefing for media on the negotiations with President of Russia Vladimir Putin
Meeting with Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation
Official visit to the Russian Federation
Meeting with Alexey Borodavkin, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Russia to Kazakhstan
President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev receives Andrei Fursenko, Assistant to the President of Russia
Meeting with Zhang Xiao, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People’s Republic of China to Kazakhstan
Participation in the ceremony of accepting credentials
Meeting with akims of regions, cities of Nur-Sultan, Almaty and Shymkent, chaired by the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
First President of Kazakhstan, Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev arrives in Almaty
Attending the 2020 European Football Championship qualifying match
Meeting with Turkestan city's public
Familiarization with construction of residential houses under Nurly Jer Program
Visiting the regional youth resource centre
Visiting Yasawi Mausoleum
Participation in the celebration events on Nauryz
Meeting with Yerlan Turgumbaev, Interior Minister
Meeting with Nurlan Yermekbayev, Minister of Defense
Meeting with Yerbolat Dosayev, Chairman of the National Bank
Meeting with the Secretary of State Bakhytzhan Sagintayev
Meeting chaired by the President of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Prime Minister Askar Mamin
Participation in the meeting, the Senate of Parliament
The President of Kazakhstan takes the oath to Kazakhstan’s nation
Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan
Meeting with representatives of women’s public, Koktem Shuagy
Meeting on the social policy under the chairmanship of the Head of State
Meeting with Natalya Godunova, Chairwoman, Accounts Committee for Control over Central Government Budget Execution
A Statement from the Head of State
Meeting with Akhmetzhan Yesimov, Chairman of Samruk-Kazyna JSC Board
Meeting with winners and prize holders of international sports competitions
Meeting with Bahytbek Smagul, Parliament’s Majilis Deputy
Meeting with Gabidulla Abdrahimov, akim of Shymkent
Meeting with Nurlan Smagulov, Astana Group President
Security Council meeting chaired by the Head of State
Meeting with Iskander Beisembetov, Rector, Kazakh National Research Technical University
Meeting with Maulen Ashimbaev, First Deputy, Nur Otan Party
Meeting with akims of regions and cities of Astana, Almaty and Shymkent
The Head of State chairs the governmental meeting
Meeting with Zhanseit Tuimebayev, akim of Turkestan region
Meeting with Arkhimed Mukhambetov, akim of Kostanay region
Meeting with Yerlan Koshanov, akim of Karaganda region
Meeting with Daniyal Akhmetov, akim of East Kazakhstan
Visiting the screening of Equus: History of Horse documentary
Meeting with Rolf Draak, WTCA Deputy CEO and Mehran Eftekhar, Group Finance Director of Nest Investments Holdings
Meeting with President of Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa
Visiting the Smart Aqkol Situation Centre
Visit to Kazakhtelecom’s data processing centre
Meeting with state and public figure Myrzatai Zholdasbekov
Visit to the Holy Dormition Cathedral
Congratulations by President Nursultan Nazarbayev on New Year 2019
Visit to the New Year's ball in the capital city
Year-end meeting with representatives of national mass media
Participation in the solemn reception on the Independence Day of Kazakhstan
The Head of State chaired a meeting on Turkestan city development
Participation in Industrialization Map projects’ presentation and ceremony of Paryz and Altyn Sapa awarding
Watching The Nutcracker ballet
The President of Kazakhstan takes part in the informal summit of the CIS heads of state
Participation in the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council session
Working visit to the Russian Federation
Meeting with Canada’s Governor General Julie Payette
Visiting the research complex at Nazarbayev University
Attending the premiere of The Leader’s Way. Astana
Meeting with pupils of Zhas Sarbaz, youth military patriotic movement
Meeting with Kanat Bozumbayev, Energy Minister
The Head of State chairs meeting on social security modernization
Participation in the VIII Civil Forum of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Nurdinjon Ismoilov, Speaker of Legislative Chamber, Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan
Meeting with Eraly Tugzhanov, akim of Mangystau oblast
Meeting with Chan Young Bang, President of KIMEP University
Interview for TV channels of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company
Meeting with Azat Peruashev, Majilis deputy, Ak Zhol faction leader
Meeting with Daniyar Akishev, Chairman of the National Bank
Meeting with Dinzuhra Tlendieva, leader of Otyrar Sazy, State Academic Folk and Ethno Orchestra
Head of State chairs the meeting on judicial system modernization
Head of State chairs the meeting on modernization of law enforcement agencies
Meeting with Abdizhamil Nurpeisov, People’s writer of Kazakhstan, Laureate of State Prize
Meeting with the leadership of Kazakhstan’s State Security Service
Meeting with Takir Balykbaev, Rector of the Abay Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Meeting with Peter Pellegrini, Prime Minister of Slovakia
Visit to AstanaGenPlan Research and Design Institute
Participation in AIX Market Opening, Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)
Visiting exhibition on anti-nuclear movement of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Ahmet Davutoglu, former Prime Minister of Turkey
Meeting with Hamid Karzai, former President of Afghanistan
Participation in Astana Club’s fourth meeting
Meeting with Jose Manuel Barroso, former European Commission President
Joint visit to Schoolchildren’s Palace
Meeting with President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin
Acquaintance with New Approaches and Trends in Tourism Development in Kazakhstan and Russia exhibition
Press conference on the CSTO Collective Security Council session
Participation in the CSTO Collective Security Council session in extended format
Participation in the CSTO Collective Security Council session with restricted attendance
The Head of State chairs the Security Council meeting
Meeting with Prime Minister of Estonia Jüri Ratas
Meeting with Zhenis Kasymbek, Investment and Development Minister, Richard Evans, Board member of Samruk-Kazyna JSC and Peter Foster, President of Air Astana
Meeting with the Council members, CIS heads of government
Meeting with Dmitry Medvedev, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation
Meeting with People's Artist Alibek Dnishev
Meeting with Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef, Minister of the Interior of Saudi Arabia
Meeting with State Secretary Gulshara Abdykalikova
Meeting with Nurlan Yermekbayev, Kazakhstan’s Defence Minister
Meeting with the U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross
Meeting with the Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin and the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Meeting with the European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker
Participation in the 12th Summit of Asia-Europe Meeting
Meetings on the sidelines of 12th Summit, Asia-Europe Meeting
Meeting with President of France Emmanuel Macron
Meeting with representatives of European business
Meeting with King Philippe of Belgium
Visit to the Kingdom of Belgium
Meeting with Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland
Meeting with business representatives of Finland
Meeting with Risto Siilasmaa, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nokia Corporation
Visiting Aktobe industrial zone
Visit to ACE Tennis Center
Visiting the Ice Palace
Visit to Ayala children's rehabilitation centre
Visit to DaruZharygy ophthalmological centre
Meeting with Arystanbek Mukhamediuly, Culture and Sports Minister
Meeting with Shigeo Katsu, President of Nazarbayev University AEO
Meeting with Kairat Kelimbetov, Governor of Astana International Financial Centre
Meeting with Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser , High Representative of the UN Alliance of Civilizations
Participation in the plenary session of the VI Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions
Meeting with Askar Zhumagaliyev, Deputy Prime Minister
Meeting with Ahmed el-Tayeb, Grand Sheikh of al-Azhar
Briefing for the media on the results of the official visit of the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vucic
Meeting with the President of Serbia Aleksandar Vucic
State of the Nation Address of President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, October 5, 2018
Meeting with the public of the region and citizens of Turkestan
Meeting on socio-economic development of Turkestan region
Visiting the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Familiarization with the project for Turkestan city’s development
Meeting on the socio-economic development of Shymkent city
Visiting the social service centre in Shymkent
Visit to PetroKazakhstan Oil Products LLP
Meeting with Nikol Pashinyan, Prime Minister of Armenia
Participation in the meeting of the Council of CIS Heads of State
Meeting with Robert Azevedo, WTO Director General
Meeting with Gabit Baizhanov, Assistant to the President, Security Council Secretary
Meeting with Natalya Godunova, Chairperson, Accounts Committee for Control over Central Government Budget Execution
Briefing for the media following the state visit to Turkey
Participation in the Third Meeting of High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council between Kazakhstan and Turkey
Meeting with the President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Meeting with Robert Yüksel Yıldırım, President of Yıldırım Group
Meeting with Ali Koch, the Board Chairman of Koch Holding
Meeting with business people of the Turkish Republic
Meeting on Turkestan city’s growth
Meeting with George Krol, United States Ambassador to Kazakhstan
Meeting with the active of Astana city
Meeting with the Presidential Administration's executive staff
Visit to the Park for Recreation and Leisure
Visiting ArcelorMittal Temirtau JSC
Visiting Ak Saray palace of ceremonies
Meeting on Karaganda region’s socio-economic development
Acquaintance with construction of Karaganda city’s new centre
Visit to Karaganda Pharmaceutical Complex LLP
Visit to Karaganda’s Maker foundry and machine-building plant
Visiting AlmatyGenPlan Research Institute LLP
Visit to Falcon Eurobus LLP
Visit to Almaty’s industrial zone
Inspecting reconstructed streets in Almaty city
Participation in the VI summit of the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States
Participation in the opening ceremony of the III World Nomad Games
Visit to the Kyrgyz Republic
Visit to Astana’s lyceum school 85
Participation in the joint session of the Parliament Chambers
Visit to Tomotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Centre
Participation in the opening ceremony of Beibitshilik Kabyrgasy monument
Meeting with Lassina Zerbo, Executive Secretary, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
Meeting with participants of the international conference on the Constitution Day of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Sauat Mynbayev, Chairman of the Board of KazMunayGas JSC
Meeting with Gabit Baizhanov, Director of Syrbar Foreign Intelligence Service of Kazakhstan
Joint press conference following the meeting of the heads of the founding states, International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea
Participation in the meeting of the heads of the founding states, International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea
Visit to Turkmenistan
Visit to Embamunaigas JSC
Visit to Daulet private industrial zone, Karat LLP
Working visit to Atyrau region
Visiting Hazret Sultan mosque
Meeting with Alik Shpekbayev, Chairman of Civil Service and Anti-Corruption Agency
Meeting on Astana city development
Meeting with Zhakip Asanov, Supreme Court Chairman
Visiting the agricultural complex of Zhuravlevka-1 LLP
Visit to the agricultural complex of Eximnan Agrofirm LLP
Acquaintance with house construction progress in the village of Ilyichevka
Visit to Tayinsha Mai LLP
Meeting with Akhmetzhan Yesimov, Chairman of the Board of Samruk Kazyna JSC
Participation in the ceremony of symbolic release of sturgeon fishes into the natural environment
Meeting with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev
Meeting with President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov
Participation in the briefing for the media following the Fifth Caspian Summit
Participation in the plenary session of the Fifth Caspian Summit
Meeting with President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hassan Rouhani
Inspection of the city seafront
Meeting on Mangistau region’s socio-economic development
Meeting with Prosecutor General Kairat Kozhamzharov
Meeting with the leadership of Defence Ministry
Meeting on preparations for the Fifth Caspian Summit
Meeting on socio-economic development of Pavlodar region
Visit to Pavlodar Petrochemical Plant LLP
Visit to Kazenergocabel JSC
Visiting GiessenHaus LLP
Meeting with public figure Olzhas Suleimenov
Meeting with the National Bank Chairman Daniyar Akishev
Visit to Birzhan Sara opera
Visit to the national skiing base with a ski jump
Familiarization with Promenade Burabay construction plans
Visiting «Visit Centre»
Participation in the solemn reception on celebration of Astana’s 20th anniversary
Meeting with first builders of Astana
Joint participation of heads of Central Asian states in presentation of Astana International Financial Centre
Meeting on the capital city’s 20th anniversary and the birthday of the President of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince, Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, who is on official visit in Kazakhstan
Visit to Akzhaiyk park
Visiting the Paralympics Training Centre
Participation in the ceremony of raising the National Flag
Visiting the Botanical Garden
Taking a view of Astana’s green space
Meeting with Gennady Golovkin, boxing world champion
Visit to the Robot-Based Surgery Centre in Ust Kamenogorsk
Visiting Silumin-Vostok LLP
Visit to OstFish LLP
Acquaintance with Bolgar and Sviyazhsk town-island revival projects
Meeting with President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov
Visiting the exhibition of manufacturing facilities
Visit to Kazan Federal University
Working visit to Tatarstan
Participation in the 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony
Briefing for media representatives on results of the visit to the People's Republic of China
Meeting with President of Mongolia Khaltmaagiin Battulga
Meeting with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi
Participation in the meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State in an expanded format
Working visit to China’s Qingdao
Meeting with business people of the People's Republic of China
Meeting with Wang Yilin, Chairman of the Board of China National Petroleum Corporation
Participation in the ceremony of laying flowers at the Monument to the People's Heroes
Meeting with Li Zhanshu, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China
Meeting with the actors of Composer film
Meeting with Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Meeting with the Chairman of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in expanded format
State visit to the People's Republic of China
Meeting with Ben van Beurden, CEO of Royal Dutch Shell
Participation in the 31st plenary meeting of Foreign Investors Council
Meeting with the President of the EBRD Sir Suma Chakrabarti
Meeting with Eraly Tugzhanov, akim of Mangistau region
Participation in the ceremony of awarding diplomas to Nazarbayev University graduates
Participation in the expanded meeting of Nur Otan Party’s Political Council
Meeting with Alik Shpekbayev, Chairman of the Agency for Civil Service and Anti-Corruption
Public enactment of Law Concerning the Introduction of Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of Kazakhstan on Improving Business Regulation
Meeting with Sergey Shoygu, Defence Minister of the Russian Federation
Meeting with secretaries of security councils and ministers of defence departments, CSTO
Participation in the opening ceremony of KADEX 2018, V International Exhibition of Weapons System and Military Property
Meeting with Beibut Atamkulov, Minister of Defence and Aerospace Industry
Participation in the gala concert on the 20th anniversary of the Kazakh National University of Arts
Meeting with leading foreign experts participating in the XI Astana Economic Forum
Meeting with Arkady Volozh, founder of Yandex
Meeting with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak
Meeting with Francois Hollande, ex-President of France, member of the Constitutional Council of France
Meeting with Ban Ki-moon, the eighth UN Secretary-General, Chairman of the Boao Forum for Asia
Participation in the plenary session of the XI Astana Economic Forum, Global Challenges Summit
Meeting with Ong Beng Seng, founder of Hotel Properties Limited
Meeting on socio-economic development of West Kazakhstan
Visit to the Palace of Youth and Schoolchildren
Visiting the central city square in Uralsk
Visit to Agran LLP
Visit to West Kazakhstan Engineering Company JSC
Visiting the factory of Zhaiyk Agro LTD
Visit to the furniture factory of Quanta LLP
Participation in the meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council
Visiting Atameken Business City exhibition complex
Working visit to Almaty region
Participation in the ceremony of laying flowers at the Memorial of Glory
Participation in the military parade on the Day of Fatherland Defender
Meeting with the honoured artist Yuri Pomerantsev
Meeting with akim of Almaty city Bauyrzhan Baibek
Visit to SmArt.Point start-up site
Visit to "Keruen Medicus" medical centre
Visiting the new tennis centre Ace
Participation in the ceremony of awarding the highest military and special ranks, class ranks and state awards
Meeting with Tigran Sargsyan, Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board
Visit to the new mosque in Astana
Participation in the celebration of the National Unity Day
Participation in the XXVI Session of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Leonid Prokopenko, Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and Head of the Secretariat
Board Meeting on Samruk Kazyna National Welfare Fund Management
Meeting on the National Bank’s results
Meeting with Kang Kyung-wha, Foreign Minister of South Korea
Meeting with Timur Suleimenov, Minister of National Economy
Participation in presentation of textbooks as part of New Humanitarian Knowledge. 100 New Kazakh Textbooks Project
Meeting with Doskhan Zholzhaksynov, People's Artist of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Maulen Ashimbayev, First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan Party
Meeting with Minister of Education and Science Yerlan Sagadiyev
Meeting on the capital city’s development
Participation in the solemn event on the 25th anniversary of Tengizchevroil
Meeting with Michael Wirth, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Chevron
Visit to AstanaGenPlan
Official visit to the United Arab Emirates
Meeting with the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Participation in Nauryz celebration
Meeting with Foreign Ministers of Guaranteeing Powers in the Astana Process on Syria
Participation in the opening ceremony of the Year of Uzbekistan in Kazakhstan
Meeting with Serdar Berdymuhamedov, Chairman of the Mejlis Committee of Turkmenistan
Briefing for the mass media based on the Working (Consultative) Meeting of the Heads of Central Asian States
Participation in the Working (Consultative) Meeting of the Heads of Central Asian States
Meeting with President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov
Joint visit to the Library of the First President of Kazakhstan
Briefing for the mass media on the results of the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon’s official visit
Meeting with President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon in expanded format
Meeting with the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, who arrived in Kazakhstan on an official visit
Meeting with Chung Se Kyun, Speaker of National Assembly of Korea
Visit to the gala concert on the International Women's Day
Interview to The First Channel, TV Channel of Russia
Participation in the joint session of the Parliament’s Chambers
Meeting with Kulyash Shamshidinova, Chairwoman of Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools’ Board
Meeting with Galimkair Mutanov, Rector of the Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Meeting with Altai Kulginov, akim of West Kazakhstan region
Meeting with Dauren Abayev, Minister of Information and Communications
Meeting of the Security Council chaired by the Head of State
Meeting with statesman Zhanybek Karibzhanov
Meeting with Karim Massimov, Chairman of the National Security Committee
Meeting with Foreign Minister Kairat Abdrakhmanov
Meeting with Astana mayor Asset Issekeshev
Interview with CCTV
Meeting with akims of Astana, Almaty and regions
The Cabinet’s expanded meeting chaired by the Head of State
Meeting with Nurmukhambet Abdibekov, Chairman of the Accounts Committee for Control over the National Budget Execution
Visit to the head office of Nur Otan Party
Meeting with Anatoly Smolin, Chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council
Meeting with the Metropolitan of Astana and Kazakhstan Alexander
Meeting with Mikhail Bocharnikov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Russia to Kazakhstan
Meeting after the official visit to the United States of America
Press conference following the official visit to the United States of America
Meeting with Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations
Meeting with Andrzej Duda, President of the Republic of Poland
"Non-Proliferation of WMD: Confidence Building Measures" UN Security Council Meeting chaired by the President of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Darren Woods, the Chief Executive Officer of ExxonMobil
Meeting with Harvey Schwartz, President of Goldman Sachs
Meeting with Adena Friedman, the President of Nasdaq
Meeting with Michael Pence, Vice-President of the United States of America
Meeting with business people of the United States of America
Meeting with Rick Perry, US Energy Secretary
Meeting with Ray Washburne, President of Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
Briefing for the media following talks with Donald Tramp, President of the United States of America
Meeting with Donald Trump, President of the United States of America
The Head of State’s Statement on the Address to Kazakhstan’s Nation
Meeting with George Krol, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Republic of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Bauyrzhan Baibek, akim of Almaty city
Congratulations of President Nursultan Nazarbayev on the New Year
Participation in the New Year's Charity Ball
Meeting with the Defence Ministry leadership
Participation in the informal summit of CIS leaders
Negotiations with Sooronbay Jeenbekov, President of the Kyrgyz Republic, in the expanded format
Meeting with Sooronbay Jeenbekov, President of the Kyrgyz Republic
The year-end meeting with the national mass media representatives
Participation in the solemn reception on the Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Participation in the ceremony of presenting state awards and prizes
Meeting with Serikbay kazhy Oraz, Supreme Mufti of Kazakhstan
Participation in the Senate’s session
Participation in solemn events on the 20th anniversary of capital city’s transfer to Astana
Meeting with Robert Yuksel Yildirim, the CEO and President of Yildirim Holding
Participation in the ceremony of oath taking by the Court Chairman of Astana International Financial Centre
Participation in presenting "Paryz" and "Altyn Sapa" Prizes
Meeting with representatives of business circles of the Federal Republic of Germany
Visiting "Arnau" national dance evening
Participation in the session of the CSTO Collective Security Council
Participation in the ceremony of laying a wreath at the Victory Monument
Briefing for the mass media on the results of the official visit to the Republic of Belarus
Extended negotiations as part of the official visit to the Republic of Belarus
Meeting with Alexander Lukashenko, President of the Republic of Belarus
Meeting with Yerzhan Kazykhanov, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the United States of America
Meeting with the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava
Meeting with Elzhan Birtanov, Minister of Health
Meeting with Bakytzhan Abdraim, Chairman of Kazakhstan’s Trade Union Federation
Meeting with Nurlan Nigmatulin, Chairman of the Parliament Majilis
Meeting with Defense Minister Saken Zhasuzakov
Meeting with John Watson, Chairman of the Board & CEO, Chevron Corporation
Meeting with Kairat Kozhamzharov, Chairman of the Agency for Civil Service and Anti-Corruption
Meeting with Abay Baigenzhin, the Board Chairman of National Research Medical Centre
Meeting with Prime Minister Bakytzhan Sagintayev
Meeting with Danilo Turk, former President of the Republic of Slovenia
Meeting with Vaclav Klaus and Abdullah Gul
Participation in the third meeting of Astana Club
Visiting the exhibition as part of XIV Forum of Interregional Cooperation of Kazakhstan and Russia
Meeting with Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation, at the XIV Forum of Interregional Cooperation of Kazakhstan and Russia
Visit to the Academy of Strength Sport
Visiting "Tennis Centre" sports complex
Visiting "Milh" LLP
Visit to Kostanay Plaza" shopping and entertainment centre
Visiting "SaryarkaAvtoProm" LLP
Acquaintance with construction of “Airport” micro-district
Meeting with Nurlan Yermekbayev, Minister of Religious Affairs and Civil Society
Meeting with Khalid al-Falih, Minister of Energy, Industry and Natural Resources of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Participation in the expanded meeting of the Nur Otan Party Political Council
Meeting with "Rothschild & Co" leadership
Meeting with King of Jordan Abdullah II who arrived in Kazakhstan on an official visit
Meeting with heads of delegations for negotiations on the Syrian conflict settlement in Astana
Meeting with Daniyar Akishev, National Bank Chairman
Meeting with Adilbek Dzhaksybekov, Head of the Presidential Administration, and Marat Tazhin, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration
Meeting with Karim Massimov, National Security Committee Chairman
Meeting with Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef, Interior Minister of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Meeting with Askar Myrzakhmetov, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture
Meeting with Investments and Development Minister Zhenis Kasymbek
Meeting with Energy Minister Kanat Bozumbaev
Briefing for the mass media as a result of the working visit to the Russian Federation
Meeting with representatives of business circles of the Federal Republic of Germany together with the President of the Russian Federation
Participation in the meeting of CIS Heads of State Council in an expanded format
Participation in the meeting of CIS Heads of State Council in private session
Meeting with the Working Group on implementing the Project to Latinize the National Language
Meeting with graduates of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations
Inspecting “Arai” sports complex
Familiarization with construction of a plant for sheet glass production and processing
Familiarization with Baikonur Complex development
Visit to the Academy of Creative Activities
Visit to Arts Centre
Familiarization with implementing the pilot project under Nurly Zher Program
Visit to “Greenhouse Kazakhstan” greenhouse complex
Visiting Aktobe Rail-Belt Plant LLP
Visit to Aktobe ferroalloy plant
The Security Council session chaired by the Head of State
Meeting with the State Secretary Gulshara Abdykalikova
Meeting with Shigeo Katsu, President of Nazarbayev University
Familiarization with the Almaty International Airport development plan
Visiting the base of Kairat Football Club
Visit to the Fund of the First President of Kazakhstan in Almaty
Familiarization with a fitness and health centre construction
Familiarization with the Museum’s construction
Visit to "Batyr Babalar" Memorial Complex
Meeting concerning Almaty city development
Inspection of reconstructed streets and square in Almaty
Visit to akimat and complex of administrative buildings in Nauryzbay district
Meeting with Omurbek Babanov, presidential candidate of Kyrgyzstan
Visit to a new transport bridge
Visiting KazUpackTrade LLP
Visiting the House of Friendship in "Ancient Taraz" Historical and Cultural Centre
Participation in the opening ceremony of the 5th Asian Indoor Games and Martial Arts
Meeting with Kazakhstan’s sports delegation, taking part in the 5th Asian Indoor Games and Martial Arts
Negotiations with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, President of Turkmenistan
Negotiations with Shavkat Mirziyoyev, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Participation in the ceremony of laying a basket of flowers to the monument to former President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov
Visiting of the exhibition of Kazakhstan’s companies
Visiting the architectural complex "Mausoleum of Tole Biy"
Participation in the ceremony of laying flowers to "Independence and Humanism" Monument
Press conference for the national and accredited in Kazakhstan media representatives
Meeting with the leadership of Hyperloop One
Participation in the national meeting concerning digitalization
Meeting with Yuri Pya, Chairman of "National Scientific Cardiac Surgery Centre" JSC Board
Visit to The St.Regis Astana Hotel
Participation in the closing ceremony of EXPO-2017 international specialized exhibition
Meeting with Nicolas Maduro, President of Venezuela, on the sidelines of the OIC Summit on Science and Technology
Participation in the ceremony of awarding the OIC special prize for science and technology
Meeting with the OIC Secretary General, Dr. Yousif bin Ahmad Al-Othaimeen, on the sidelines of the OIC Summit on Science and Technology
Briefing for media following the official visit of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, President of the Republic of Turkey
Meeting with Recep Tayyip Erdogan, President of the Republic of Turkey
Meeting with Ismail Omar Guelleh, President of the Republic of Djibouti
Participation in the Kazakh-Polish business forum
Participation in the opening of the 3rd session of Kazakhstan’s Parliament
Participation in the opening ceremony of the IAEA Bank of Low Enriched Uranium building
Meeting with Yukiya Amano, IAEA Director General
Meeting with Dan Brouillette, Deputy Energy Minister of the United States of America
Participation in the opening of "Hilton" Hotel
Meeting with Umirzak Shukeyev, Board Chairman of Samruk Kazyna JSC
Meeting with the management of “Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant” JSC
Participation in the opening of "Burabay" golf club
Visit to "Kokshetauminvody" JSC
Visiting the farm business of "Umai Zher" LLP
Meeting concerning the regional socio-economic development and state programs’ actualization presided over by the Head of the State
Interview to "Khabar" TV channel
Meeting with Tlektes Espolov, Rector of the Kazakh National Agrarian University
Meeting with Akhmetzhan Yessimov, Chairman of “Astana Expo-2017 National Company” JSC Board
Meeting with Sooronbai Jeenbekov, Prime Minister of the Kyrgyz Republic
Meeting with Dmitry Medvedev, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
Meeting with the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council members
Visit to “Kazanat” race track
Meeting with Doris Leuthard, President of the Swiss Confederation
Meeting on Kazakhstan’s Law Enforcement System Reform chaired by the Head of the State
Meeting with Lee Myung-bak, former President of the Republic of Korea
Meeting with the Honored Artist Alibek Dnishev
Meeting with Ana Pastor, Chairperson of the Congress of Deputies of the Kingdom of Spain
Ceremony of awarding the President of Kazakhstan with the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Visit to "Research Farm of Oilseeds" LLP
Visiting "Nurly Zhol" Park
Meeting with heads of national security agencies of the CIS states
Visiting the Pavilion of Germany together with Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of the Federal Republic of Germany
Briefing for media following the official visit of Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany
Meeting with Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of Germany, who arrived in Kazakhstan on an official visit
The Security Council meeting chaired by the Head of the State
Participation in the solemn reception dedicated to the Capital’s Day
Sightseeing in Astana
Interview to "Russia 24" TV channel
Participation in the solemn ceremony of raising the National Flag
Meeting on Astana’s green zone development under the chairmanship of the Head of the State
Inspection of Astana’s green belt development
Meeting with heads of diplomatic missions and representations of international organizations accredited in Kazakhstan
Meeting with Asset Issekeshev, akim of Astana
Meeting with Malik Murzalin, akim of Akmola region
Meeting with Yerlan Nysanbaev, Vice-Minister of Agriculture
Meeting with Islam Abishev, Chairman of Committee on Water Resources at Agriculture Ministry
Meeting with Abdullah Gul, former President of the Republic of Turkey
Meeting on the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s Internal Affairs and Police Day
Participation in V World Kurultai of Kazakhs
Meeting with "Best Civil Servant" republican contest winners
Bilateral meetings on the sidelines of the Council of Foreign Investors’ plenary session
Participation in the 30th plenary meeting of Foreign Investors Council
Meeting with Suma Chakrabarti, the EBRD President
Meeting with Richard Evans, Independent Director of Samruk-Kazyna JSC, Member of the Board
Participation in “New Energy, New Economy” Astana Economic Forum's plenary session
Meeting with the Nobel Prize winners and leading economists
Meeting with Karim Massimov, National Security Committee Chairman, and Kalmukhanbet Kassymov, Interior Minister
Briefing for media following the official visit of the Georgian President Giorgi Margvelashvili
Meeting with Giorgi Margvelashvili, Georgian President, who arrived in Kazakhstan with an official visit
Meeting with Rustam Minnikhanov, President of the Republic of Tatarstan
Meeting with King Felipe VI of Spain
Meeting with Milos Zeman, President of the Czech Republic
Participation in the opening ceremony of EXPO-2017 international specialized exhibition
Meeting with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, President of Turkmenistan
Participation in the SCO Heads of State Council meeting in an expanded format
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Heads of State Council meeting in a narrow format
Meeting with Antonio Guterres, the United Nations Secretary-General
Meeting with Mohammad Javad Zarif, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Visit to a concert dedicated to the SCO Summit
Meeting with Alexander Lukashenko, the President of the Republic of Belarus
Meeting with Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India
Meeting with Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Participation in "Kazakhstan and China, Transit Bridge of Eurasia" space bridge
Negotiations with Xi JInping, Chairman of the People's Republic of China, in expanded format
Meeting with Xi Jinping, Chairman of the People's Republic of China, who is in Kazakhstan on an official visit
Meeting on holding EXPO-2017 international exhibition chaired by the Head of State
Meeting with Timur Kulibayev, Chairman of the Presidium, "Atameken" National Chamber of Entrepreneurs
Participation in the opening ceremony of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel
Meeting with Kairat Mami, Chairman of the Supreme Court
Meeting with Tugrul Turkesh, Deputy Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic
Visit to "Astana EXPO-2017"exhibition complex
Visiting "Nurly Zhol" new railway station complex
Visiting the new terminal of Astana airport
Visiting "Green Quarter" residential complex
Participation in the ceremony of laying wreaths at the memorial plate of ALZHIR museum-memorial complex of victims of political repressions and totalitarianism
Meeting with Myrzatay Zholdasbekov, state and public figure and prominent scientist
Participation in the meeting of the Supreme Board of Trustees of "Nazarbayev University", "Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools" and "Nazarbayev Foundation" Autonomous Educational Organizations
Meeting with Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates
Meeting with Rex Tillerson, the US Secretary of State, on the sidelines of the US-Islamic World Forum
The ceremony of awarding Asanali Ashimov the title of "Kazakhstannyn Yenbek Yeri"
Meeting with Nurtai Abykayev, deputy and member of the Senate’s Committee for Foreign Relations, Defense and Security in the Parliament
Participation in Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation
Meeting with Xi Jinping, Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Participation in the opening ceremony of "One Belt and One Road" Forum for International Cooperation
Meeting with Samer Al-Sabhan, Minister of State for the Arab-Gulf Affairs in Saudi Arabia
Meeting with Yerbolat Dossayev, Chairman of “Baiterek” National Holding Board
Participation in the ceremony of laying flowers at "Otan Korgaushylar" Monument
Participation in the military parade on the Day of the Fatherland Defender and the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s Armed Forces
Participation in the concert dedicated to the Day of the Fatherland Defender and the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s Armed Forces
Meeting with Sergey Shoigu, Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation
Participation in the ceremony of presenting the state awards
Participation in the ceremony of awarding supergrade, special and class ranks
Interview for National Geographic Channel
Visit to Caspian Food LLP
Meeting with Shavkat Mirziyoyev, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Meeting with the public of South Kazakhstan region
Visit to "DALA-FRUIT.KZ" LLP
Participation in the XXV Session of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan
Meeting with film director Akan Sataev
Meeting with singer Dimash Kudaibergenov
Onsite visit of Astana
Meeting with Gabit Baizhanov, Director of “Syrbar”, Foreign Intelligence Service of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Bakhyt Sultanov, Finance Minister
Meeting with Dmitry Pankin, Chairman of the Eurasian Development Bank Management Board
Visit to the concert of the Presidential Orchestra of Kazakhstan’s State Security Service, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of a special state body’s creation
Meeting with the Foreign Ministers of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member countries
Meeting on Astana’s socio-economic development and preparations for "Astana Expo-2017" specialized exhibition
Meeting with representatives of Kazakhstan’s creative intellectuals
Meeting with Kazakhstan’s Spiritual Board of the Muslims
Meeting with Kalmukhanbet Kasymov, Minister of Internal Affairs
Negotiations with Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov, President of Turkmenistan, in expanded format
Meeting with Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov, President of Turkmenistan, who arrived in Kazakhstan on a state visit
Meeting with Zhang Gaoli, First Vice-Premier of the State Council, People's Republic of China
Meeting with Darkhan Kydyrali, President of the International Turkic Academy
Meeting with Mukhtar Kul-Muhammed, First Deputy Chairman of the Nur Otan Party
Participation in the informal meeting of the CSTO member states’ leaders
Meeting with President of the Republic of Moldova Igor Dodon
Meeting with Marat Beketaev, Minister of Justice
Course towards the future: modernization of Kazakhstan’s identity
Meeting with Beibut Atamkulov, Minister of Defense and Aerospace Industry
Meeting with Saken Zhasuzakov, Minister of Defense
Meeting on the National Bank’s activity results
Interview to "MIR" multinational TV channel on the Collective Security Treaty Organization’s anniversary
Reception of delegation leaders, who arrived in Astana for the 12th Meeting of the SCO Security Councils’ Secretaries
Meeting with Askar Zhumagaliev, Chairman of Kazatomprom JSC Board
Meeting with the public of Mangistau region
Visit to Azersun Production and Logistics Center LLP
Visit to the Aktau Sea Northern Terminal
Visiting "Mangystau Arena Sports Club" multifunctional sporting complex
Briefing for the media after the official visit to the Republic of Azerbaijan
Negotiations with Ilham Aliyev, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in expanded format
Meeting with Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Participation in flower-laying ceremonies to the Eternal Flame at the Martyrs’ Lane and laying a wreath to the grave of Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijan’s National Leader
Visit to the Dubai International Financial Center
Meeting with Sheikh Muḥammad bin Rāshid al Maktūm, Vice-President, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and Emir of Dubai
Sightseeing Astana jointly with Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the President of Uzbekistan
Negotiations with Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the President of Uzbekistan, in an expanded format
Participation in Nauryz Meiramy celebration
Participation in the solemn event on the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s National Olympic Committee
Meeting with the national mass media
Meeting with Akmola region activists on socio-economic development issues
Meeting with the Karaganda region’s active on socio-economic development
Visiting “Astanagenplan” Research and Design Institute
Meeting with Yerlan Sydykov, Rector of the Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Visit to the concert dedicated to the International Women's Day on March 8
Meeting with representatives of Kazakhstan’s "Koktem Shuagy" Women's Community
Meeting with Nurlan Yermekbayev, Minister for Religious Affairs and Civil Society
Participation in the joint meeting of Kazakhstan’s Parliament Chambers
Participation in the meeting of the Working Group on reauthorization between governmental branches
Meeting with the Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin
Meeting with Berdybek Saparbayev, Akim of Aktobe region
Meeting with representatives of the public, intellectuals and politicians
Meeting with Zhanseit Tuimebaev, the akim of South Kazakhstan
Visiting "Kyz Zhibek" opera’s opening night
Meeting on speedy technological modernization of the economy chaired by the Head of State
The Head of State receives Culture and Sport Minister Arystanbek Muhamediuly
Meeting with Kanat Bozumbayev, the Energy Minister
Meeting with Yerlan Sagadiev, Minister of Education and Science
The meeting with the Prosecutor General Zhakip Asanov
Nursultan Nazarbayev meets with Jan Hamáček, the Chamber of Deputies’ Chairman of the Czech Republic Parliament
Expanded meeting of the Government with participation of the Head of State
Participation in the oath rite of the political officers of state
Participation in the opening ceremony of the 28th World Winter Universiade-2017
Visit to the School of Medicine’s new building at Nazarbayev University
Participation in the ceremony of lighting the fire of the 28th World Winter Universiade-2017
Meeting with Kozy-Korpesh Dzhanburchin, the Chairman of the Accounts Committee for Control over Execution of the Republican Budget
Participation in the meeting of the Working Group for reauthorization of governmental departments
Meeting with “Atameken” National Chamber of Entrepreneurs’ leadership
Meeting with the UN Secretary General Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura
Meeting with Anatoly Smolin, the Supreme Judicial Council Chairman
Visit to the Abu Dhabi Global Market Free Financial Zone
Meeting with the IRENA Director-General Adnan Z. Amin
Visit to World Future Energy Summit exhibition
Participation in World Future Energy Summit
Meeting with the United Arab Emirates business community
Meeting with Micael Calatrava, co-CEO of Calatrava Grace
Negotiations with the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in expanded format
Meeting with "Baiterek” National Holding Board Chairman Yerbolat Dosayev
Meeting with "Samruk-Kazyna" Board Chairman Umirzak Shukeyev
President Nursultan Nazarbayev wishes a Happy New Year
Meeting with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs leadership
Visiting the capital city’s New Year Charity Ball
Participation in the meeting of the CSTO Collective Security Board
Participation in the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council meeting
Visit to "Diakont" company
Meeting with the Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board Tigran Sargsyan
Briefing the media as result of talks with President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hassan Rouhani
Talks with President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hassan Rouhani in expanded format
Meeting with the Islamic Republic of Iran President Hassan Rouhani, who arrived in Kazakhstan on official visit
Visit to Almaty museum
Meeting with a community worker and a World War II veteran Amanzhol Kalikov
Meeting with a public man Umirzak Aitbayev
Visiting "Astana EXPO-2017" international exhibition facilities
Participation in the opening ceremony of “Тәуелсіздіктің 25 жылдығы” monument
Visiting "25 Years of Achievements and Gains" gala concert on the 25th anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Participation in the solemn meeting on the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s Independence
Briefing for the media after the talks with the Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu
Negotiations in extended format as part of the Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu’s official visit
Meeting with Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, who arrives in Kazakhstan on an official visit
Meeting with Chairman of the National Bank Daniyar Akishev
Public signing of Law "On amnesty on the 25th anniversary of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s Independence"
On the Republic of Kazakhstan’s national awards
Meeting with Chairman of the Russian Federation State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin
Participation in the National Festival of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan
Meeting with heads of multinational oil and gas companies
Meeting with the oil industry representatives
Participation in presentation of Industrialization Map projects and "Altyn Sapa" and "Paryz" award ceremony
Meeting with Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Rogozin
Participation in the National Youth Forum
Meeting with "KazMunayGas" JSC Board Chairman Sauat Mynbayev
Meeting with the heads in charge of the state media
Meeting with "Nur Otan" First Deputy Chairman Mukhtar Kul-Muhammed
Interview for “Russia 24”
The National Modernization Commission activity session under the chairmanship of the Head of the State
Participation in the meeting on socio-economic development
Meeting with the appointed as the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres
Interview for Bloomberg News
Meeting with the Foreign Affairs Minister of the Czech Republic Lubomír Zaorálek
Participation in the VII Congress of Judges of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić
Participation in the 2nd meeting of the Astana Club
Meeting with the ex-President of the Republic of Korea Lee Myung-bak
A visit to Yonsei University
Meeting with representatives of business circles of Korea
Talks with the President of the Republic of Korea Park Geun-hye in expanded format
The state visit to the Republic of Korea
Participation in the 2016 Goi Peace Foundation Culture of Peace Special Award ceremony
The meeting with the Goi Peace Foundation President and Chairperson, spouses Hiroo and Masami Saionji
Meeting with Сhairman of the Boao Forum for Asia, Former Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda
Speech at the National Diet (Parliament of Japan)
Meeting with business people of Japan
Visit to Tokai University
The meeting with Foreign Minister of Japan Fumio Kishida
Talks with the Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe in expanded format
Meeting with members of the Kazakhstan-Japan Friendship Parliamentary League headed by Chairman Takeo Kawamura
Visit to Tokyo Rope enterprise
Meeting with the Emperor of Japan Akihito
Official visit to Japan
Meeting with Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic Miroslav Lajčák
Interview for Japan Broadcasting Corporation and Kyodo News
Meeting with “Kazatomprom” JSC Board Chairman Askar Zhumagaliyev
Meeting with Governor of “Astana” International Financial Centre Kairat Kelimbetov
Visiting the "Kazakh Eli" film exhibition
Meeting with the Finance Minister Bakhyt Sultanov
Meeting with the Foreign Affairs Minister Erlan Idrissov
Meeting with Yury Luzhkov
Meeting with Minister of National Economy Kuandyk Bishimbayev
Meeting with Samruk-Kazyna JSC Board Chairman Umirzak Shukeyev
Meeting with Chairman of the Majlis al-Shura of Saudi Arabia Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh
The meeting with the King of Saudi Arabia Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Meeting with Vice-President of Amiantit Group Prince Turki bin Mohammed bin Fahd
Meeting with Secretary General of Organization of Islamic Cooperation Iyad bin Amin Madani
Meeting with President of the Islamic Development Bank Bandar bin Mohammed Hajjar
Official visit to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Meeting with Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces
Interview for CNBC Arabia
Meeting with President of the National Academy of Sciences Murat Zhurinov
Meeting with the Minister of Defense and Aerospace Industry Beibut Atamkulov
Meeting with akim of Astana city Aset Issekeshev
The meeting with the Attorney General Zhakip Asanov
The Head of State addresses to workers of the country's agricultural sector over successful harvest
Participation in the ceremony of taking diplomatic credentials
Visit to exhibition of “Panfilov’s 28 Men” film
Participation in the plenary session of XIII Forum of Interregional Cooperation of Russia and Kazakhstan
Meeting with the Board Chairman of ‘National Company Astana EXPO-2017’ JSC Akhmetzhan Yessimov
Visiting the Embassy of the State of Israel
Meeting with the Pavlodar region public
Familiarization with construction of a bridge across the Irtysh River
Visit to Startup Academy of Pavlodar State University LLP
Visiting Saryarka district and the Children's Technical School
Meeting with Honorable Senior Minister, Member of Parliament of Singapore Goh Chok Tong
Meeting with Kostanay region’s public
Visit to Kostanay’s Bayan Sulu confectionery plant
Visit to Uteulin farm enterprise
Visiting a newly-built sports palace
Visiting the exhibition of military industry
Visit to Shagala Agro limited partnership
Visiting the building of Petropavlovsk International Airport
Meeting with the Supreme Court Chairman Kairat Mami
Visiting Zhastar City Park
Visiting the Youth Service Centre
Visiting the Schoolchildren’s Palace
Visiting Taldykorgan’s multi-field hospital
Visiting Tekeli mining and processing complex
Visiting Nam G.N. farm
Visit to the airport and airport terminal buildings
Visiting Halyk Arena sporting complex
Visiting Almaty School 168
Visiting Athletic Village
Participation in the gala concert on the occasion of Almaty’s 1000-year anniversary celebration
Participation in the Council of CIS Heads of State meeting
Meeting with the Minister of Finance of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region John Tsang
Working visit to Akmola region
Statement on personnel and structural changes in the public administration system
Meeting with the Ministry of Defense leadership
Meeting with the Acting President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyeyev
The ceremony of laying flowers to the grave of Islam Karimov
Visit to the National Security Committee
Meeting with the Director of Kazakhstan’s Syrbar Foreign Intelligence Service Gabit Baizhanov
Meeting with Minister of Information and Communications Dauren Abayev
Visiting cultural facilities as part of the working visit to China
Meeting with Deputy Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman at the G-20 Summit
Meeting with British Prime Minister Theresa May on the G-20 Summit fields
Meeting with European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker at G-20 Summit
Meeting with the US President Barack Obama on the sidelines of G-20 Summit
Meeting with the Board Chairman of ‘Alibaba Group’ Jack Ma
Participation in the G20 Summit
Joint press briefing following the talks between the Presidents of Kazakhstan and Turkey
Meeting with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Meeting with Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan Daniyar Akishev
Meeting with Minister of Investment and Development Zhenis Kassymbek
Meeting with Minister of Energy Kanat Bozumbayev
Security Council Meeting under the chairmanship of President Nursultan Nazarbayev
Official visit to the Republic of Cuba
Press briefing following President Nursultan Nazarbayev’s participation in the Nuclear Security Summit
Meeting with Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe on the sidelines of Nuclear Security Summit
Meetings on the sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit
Participation in the first session of the Nuclear Security Summit
Participation in the Nuclear Security Summit Working Dinner
Meeting with professional boxer, Honoured Master of Sports of Kazakhstan Gennady Golovkin
Meeting with public figures and politicians of the United States
Meeting with President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace William J. Burns
Visit to the United States of America
Meeting with President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker
Participation in the opening of the first session of Parliament of the 6th convocation
Meeting with United World Wrestling President Nenad Lalovic
Visit to Greenwhich hypermarket
Visit to Intellectual School of Physics and Mathematics in Aktobe
Visit to Aktobe Oil Equipment Plant
Visit to Aktobe Zhylyzhai greenhouse complex
Visit to Kadir Mirza Ali Centre for Culture and Arts
Participation in the National Forum of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Independence of Kazakhstan
Visit to house building factory Bolashak-T LLP
Visit to McDonald’s restaurant
President Nursultan Nazarbayev attends concert dedicated to the International Women’s Day
Meeting with representatives of women’s community of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Chairman of Board of Directors of National Company KazMunayGas JSC Sauat Mynbayev
Meeting with Minister of Internal Affairs Kalmukhanbet Kassymov
Meeting with Chairman of Locus Solutions and Chief Executive Officer of Ganeden Biotech Andrew Lefkowitz
Meeting with Diplomatic Corps
Meeting with Metropolitan Alexander of Astana and Kazakhstan
Participation in Thankfulness Day activities
Meeting with President of National Railways Company Askar Mamin
Meeting with President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Meeting with Secretary General of International Exhibitions Bureau Vicente Loscertales
Meeting with Chairman of Eurasian Economic Commission Board
Meeting with Chairman of Accounts Committee for Control over National Budget Execution Kozy-Korpesh Dzhanburtchin
Visit to National Election Office of the Nur Otan Party
Meeting on the issues of Almaty development and preparation for the 2017 World Winter Universiade
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits Ice Arena in Almaty
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits mosque construction site in Almaty
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits Carrefour hypermarket
Meeting with poet Olzhas Suleimenov
Participation in Extended Session of Government
Meeting with Chairman of the Board of JSC Samruk-Kazyna Umirzak Shukeyev
Meeting with Minister of Energy Vladimir Shkolnik
Meeting with Prime Minister of Turkey Ahmet Davutoglu
Meeting with Head of Syrbar Foreign Intelligence Service Gabit Baizhanov
Enlarged meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the chairmanship of President Nursultan Nazarbayev
17th Congress of the Nur Otan Party under the chairmanship of President Nursultan Nazarbayev
Meeting with Astana EXPO 2017 National Company Chairman Akhmetzhan Yessimov
Meeting with Chairman of the National Security Committee Vladimir Zhumakanov
Meeting with academician Kenzhegali Sagadiyev
Meeting with Mayor of Akmola region Sergey Kulagin
Meeting with Mayor of Aktobe region Berdybek Saparbayev
Nursultan Nazarbayev holds meeting on early elections to the Majilis of Parliament
Consultations with Chairman of the Constitutional Council Igor Rogov
Сonsultations with Chairman of the Senate of Parliament Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev and Prime Minister Karim Massimov
Сonsultations with Chairman of the Mazhilis of Parliament Kabibulla Dzhakupov and Prime Minister Karim Massimov
Meeting with Chairman of the Majilis of Parliament Kabibulla Dzhakupov
President Nursultan Nazarbayev holds meeting on implementation of the five institutional reforms
Meeting with staff of the Executive Office of the President
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits National Security Committee
Meeting with Rector of Kazakh-British Technical University Iskander Beisembetov
Participation in the meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
Meeting with Principal of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Vladimir Philippov
Meeting with Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Cyril
Participation in the celebratory meeting marking the Independence Day of Kazakhstan
Ceremony of presenting state awards
Meeting with Member of the Committee on International Relations, Defense and Security of the Senate of Parliament Mukhtar Altynbayev
Nursultan Nazarbayev holds meeting on oil and gas development issues
Meeting with Mayor of Pavlodar region Kanat Bozumbayev
Meeting with Chairman of Board of JSC National Holding Baiterek Kuandyk Bishimbayev
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits Astanagenplan Scientific Research Design Institute
Nursultan Nazarbayev visited the military base of Special Forces "Arystan"
Meeting with Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte
Participation in the New Year Tree lighting ceremony
Meeting with Director of the State Hermitage Museum Mikhail Piotrovski
Nursultan Nazarbayev attends concert marking the Day of the First President of Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits National Military-Patriotic Center
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits LLP Kazakhstan Paramount Engineering armored wheeled vehicle production plant
Meeting with governors of the regions and mayors of Astana and Almaty
State of the Nationa Address
Meeting with leadership of the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Meeting with Mayor of Almaty region Amandyk Battalov
Meeting with Mayor of the city of Almaty Bauyrzhan Baibek
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits Kazlegprom Almaty LLP
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits kindergarten No.125 in Almaty
Meeting with President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Mohammad Ashraf Ghani
Enlarged Government meeting under the chairmanship of President Nursultan Nazarbayev
President Nursultan Nazarbayev holds meeting on preparation for International Specialized Exhibition EXPO-2017
Meeting with First Deputy Chairman of the Nur Otan Party Askar Myrzakhmetov
Nursultan Nazarbayev visits French Embassy in Kazakhstan
Participation in the 38th session of the UNESCO General Conference
Meeting with UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova
Meeting with President of the French Republic Francois Hollande
Meeting with Heads of the leading French companies
Meeting with Peugeot Citroen chief executive officer Carlos Tavares
Meeting with the president of Total Company Patrick Pouyanne
Meeting with President of Aubert&Duval Company Georges Duval and President of JSC Ust-Kamenogorsk Titan-Magnesium Plant Assem Mamutova
Meeting with French economist Jacques Attali
Meeting with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Meeting with the former British Prime Minister Tony Blair
Meeting with British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond
Meeting with representatives of business circles of the United Kingdom
Meeting with Chairman of the J. Rothschild Capital Management Jacob Rothschild
Meeting with Chairman and CEO of steel group ArcelorMittal Lakshmi Mittal
Meeting with Chairman and Chief executive officer of Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC Said Darwazah
Meeting with Director General of Rio Tinto Company Sam Walsh
Meeting with Chief Executive Officer of Shell Company Ben Van Beurden
Participation in the opening of the second session of the Kazakh-British Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation
Meeting with Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron
Meeting with the US Secretary of State John Kerry
Address by President Nursultan Nazarbayev to the Senate of Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Participation in the Industrialisation Day
Meetings and sittings
Participation in the First Graduation Ceremony at Nazarbayev University
Participation in events, visits to objects
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The Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, "Akorda" Presidential Residence | 2020
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SeaBee
Appendix: Pipeline
Appendix: Paintings
The First Tour of Duty
Voyage to New Caledonia
Water, water and more water, and two little ships following one another like two little ducks a pond. You know, a 10,000 ton freighter is quite a large object as she lays alongside the dock. And when one sees the enormous amount of material that can be stowed therein, it seems to get bigger and bigger. But as you sail out into the vast expanse of the oceans, the ship shrinks and shrinks, until it seems like a minute part of it's surroundings. Our course was set West-Southwest and for the first few days we kept busy getting used to our new surroundings and exploring the various departments of the ship.
The Alcoa Pennant was a nice neat little ship, only about a year old, and was built for a combination passenger and freighter. We had an old "Swede" for a captain, and another old "Salt" for a first mate. The crew members were civilian merchant marine.
The Island Mail was the lead ship, and as she was a much faster ship, she really kept her distance most of the time. There being only three officers aboard our ship, we were kept quite busy. We had to keep a log of the trip, also stand watches as required by the Captain. We were kept well informed of all details of the trip, in as much as we were expected to do our definite part in case of trouble. This is the reverse of the procedure on a troop carrier, where only information that immediately affects the personnel is allowed to leak out. This is to prevent any danger due to mass fear or misunderstanding. So when I speak of some of the dangers and etc. during the voyage, it is entirely possible that the bulk of the personnel aboard the troop ship were entirely unaware of them.
The start of the voyage was made without escort, and proved to be uneventful except for a few pleasant incidents, such as the crossing of the Equator and the ceremonies incident to the event. All who had not crossed the line before were put through a regular initiation ceremony, and in as much as there were no women aboard, and the class of men making up the crew, you can imagine that it was a pretty rough affair. From Captain on down, all took part in the ceremony. I went through with the rest and received my degree of Shellback. A beautiful piece of paper with the Captain's signature affixed thereto. For the next few weeks my bald head was quite in style and matched closely the great majority of close cropped heads aboard.
Then we approached Samoa, and came into view of the first land that we had seen since leaving the states. We expected to pick up our convoy here and possibly drop anchor for a few days. But neither happened, for as we approached the Naval Base there we were advised that we had missed our convoy by a couple of days and we were ordered to about face and proceed on our course alone.
But we did see a most gorgeous sunset here. This particular place is noted for the colorings of the sky at sunrise and sunset. As the sun sank beneath the water on the horizon that evening, the coloring was fantastic, just beyond belief. The sky changed from the clear blue of day, through deep blues and pastel tints to gold, and then to bright orange and deeper and deeper until it shed a blood red light over all. Then as the sun disappeared, quickly faded into the black of a tropical night, with the blackness overhead studded with bright jewel-like stars. The water, which was as calm as any lake on a still clear day, took on the most unbelievable colors. For a little while it was cocoa colored all flecked with gold and black splotches. The gold flashing in the rays of the setting sun like millions of jewels scattered about. It was simply an indescribable sight and far beyond any human artists' efforts. The wildest colors he could have imagined would be tame in comparison. The islands stood out in silhouette in the background, with the palm fronds lining the profile. It's a memory I shall never forget.
So on we went again, out into that mighty expanse of space. Of course at night everything was blacked out completely. All port holes were closed and covered with steel and curtains. All doorways were covered with two sets of heavy curtains, weighted to keep them from blowing open. As you can imagine it was hot as purgatory all night long inside the ship. And some of the nights were mighty black. It was a strange feeling to be outside on these black nights and to be running without any lights whatsoever. The blackness seemed to wrap around one like a blanket and always left you with a sense of danger, like a blind man moving into unknown territory. When on watch I always felt as though another ship might suddenly come up in front of us and we would not be able to see it in time to clear. But although this was always a real danger, our course had been plotted so that we were not likely to meet any other ships. We were never on any of the regular ship lanes. And only once did we meet or see any other ship and that did happen at night, and it came uncomfortably close. All hands jumped to their gun posts on first sighting it in the dark and things were pretty tense for a while as it slid noiselessly by us in the darkness, like some evil shadow. We never did find out that ship it was, as we were not scheduled to meet any. And I suppose that aboard the other ship things were alert and tense too until we had passed.
We had marvelous weather for practically the whole trip. Most of the time the sea was perfectly calm with gentle swells. Sometimes we would run through rain squalls of short duration, but nothing like a storm. It was interesting to note how many rain squalls we could see and pass by some days without getting into any of them. I have counted as many as six at one time though for the whole time the ship was riding in the bright tropical sunshine.
We also found that flying fishes were not a myth after all and we spent many happy moments watching them. As the ship would plough into a big school of these interesting creatures, they would rise out of the water like spray and glide out of the path of the ship. They would rise some five or six feet out of the water and gracefully glide over the waves some three or four hundred yards then plunge with a splash into the side of an oncoming swell. Many times we would find specimens among the deck cargo, apparently where they had landed at night in confusion and possibly getting started off in the wrong direction. Some of these specimens would be 12" or 14" long.
Also sighted one school of a half dozen whales, which we followed with our binoculars for quite a while. Quite often porpoises would play around and follow the ship. Twice we spotted huge tiger sharks following alongside the ship. We were not allowed to throw any kind of refuse overboard due to the possibility of making a trail for submarines to follow. Once a day just at dusk all garbage was dumped over the side. These tiger sharks, we were informed, had become very numerous of late, especially in or near areas where naval engagements had taken place, and where many bodies and much blood had gone overboard. Some of these sharks were huge specimens, seemingly 18 or 20 feet in length, and they seemed to glide through the water with the utmost ease.
I recall at one port, while we were anchored, a few of us decided to while away some time fishing. We had passed through huge schools of fish in the area, and often you could even see them in the clear water next to the ship. We had good luck getting fish hooked, but only succeeded in getting one fish aboard whole. A grand specimen too, some 25 pounds in weight. The sharks would take over half of the fish before you could haul the fish in. It gave you an odd feeling to be pulling in fish heads, for that was about all that you had left. I soon got disgusted and left the group. Later some of the boys tried to catch some of the sharks, but had no luck. But when we gathered all the fish parts together, and pitched them overboard, they thrashed the water fighting for them. Boy, they were ugly customers and I have no desire to be in the water with them.
We also passed within sight of one waterspout. We followed it through our binoculars and were glad that it did not turn and come our way. The Captain informed us that they were quite numerous in those particular parts and though small could do a great amount of damage if you should happen to get in it's path. It appeared like a huge flexible gray column between a black cloud above and a black spot on the sea below. Through the binoculars it looked real wicked and the sea at the base of the column seemed to be churned and angry.
And so the days passed by, sometimes they seemed endless. We officers really traveled in style during this period, as the Captain considered us as naval passengers unless we were needed in an emergency.
We ate well, at a table of our own, slept as well as possible under the conditions, and did about as we pleased so long as we finished the few little tasks that were assigned to us by our Commanding Officer. So far we did not even have to stand watches.
I shall never forget the tenseness and excitement as we sighted our first planes. We were about two days out of Noumea in New Caledonia when an alert was sounded. Three planes were sighted on the horizon, but they did not come in. All hands were standing by their guns, but the planes swung about and disappeared over the horizon again. We waited for them to return but they never did. Little did we know what that was to mean a little later on. Then early next morning the alert sounded again and two more planes came up over the horizon. But these came on in and circled around us,and you can imagine our joy in identifying them as our own. Two Grumman Wildcats had come out to escort us in to Noumea. Later on two PBY's joined in and how much relieved we all did feel. We came into Noumea Harbor about mid-afternoon and anchored. Were we surprised to see all of the ships there too. We counted some 38 freighters besides all the other type of craft. At that time that seemed like a lot of ships, for we had very few freighters. Later we were to see hundreds of ships in a harbor and never think a thing of it. It was January 26th when we anchored in Dumbea Harbor, Noumea, New Caledonia.
French Currency from Noumea, New Caledonia
We stayed here for a few days while we unloaded some equipment for one of the C.B. Battalions already stationed there. I visited the town of Noumea twice and found it to be a small but quaint little French town. Of course everywhere were marines and soldiers, both American and French. All the little stores and shops were doing a thriving business if they had anything to sell. But stocks were being fast depleted. One little bit of a place seemed to always be full. It was a little pastry shop and they made the most delicious French pastries. We bought a nice big supply to take back to the ship with us. They were surely delicious too.
Fortifications and barrage balloons were everywhere, for at this time this was not far from the front and was the main supply source. The residential section of Noumea was fairly nice though small and was pretty well overgrown and dilapidated. Most of the French had left for the War or the mainland. Only a handful of real French were left. The bulk of the people there were half caste, of all types. Some of them were real good looking according to our standards. Mixtures of French and Native Blacks were most prevalent, but there were also many Oriental and Black.
But the Town and it's environs were literally swamped with our soldiers and the town itself was all but taken over by them. We picked up a few souvenirs here but due to censorship regulations we were not allowed to send any home.
In Convoy
On Monday 1st February 1943 we left New Caledonia in convoy. We picked up two other freighters and a tanker and were convoyed by two large destroyers, the Hopkins (our flagship) and the Pathfinder. Also one small destroyer the Skylark and a corvette (converted yacht). We headed out to sea, the ships in single file, with the four convoy ships out to either side of us about a half mile or so. The Alcoa Pennant was the last ship in line and on our starboard was the corvette and on our port was the Skylark. The two large destroyers were abreast the forward ship in the line.
Editor: Modern day map of the area, the Solomon Islands are highlighted as they would be too small to see otherwise.
We were now in really "Hot" waters and all of us were on watches, four hours on and eight hours off. My post was on the Captain's Bridge, from 800 to 1200 and 2000 to 2400 hours. The sea still remained quite calm and the nights were really gorgeous, especially on a dark night. The canopy of bright stars overhead, and sometimes the reflection of the stars in the quiet waters started at your feet and carried right on up overhead. Made you feel as though you were suspended in space.
Things went along pretty well for a few days. Then one day we faintly heard the rumble of guns in the distance, and word was signaled back that a sea battle was in progress ahead. Soon afterward we had our first submarine alert, and were advised of a pack of subs being detected in the vicinity. About an hour later subs were detected in three directions. We received a message from our flagship to take cover in the harbor of a nearby island. Immediately we changed course and just before nightfall we came into sight of the New Hebrides. We sailed slowly into Havannah Harbor in the island of Efate of the New Hebrides on Thursday, 4th February 1943. This was a beautiful harbor completely surrounded by steep high cliffs and mountains.
A strange sight greeted us as we entered the harbor. The water was completely covered with jellyfish of all sizes and shapes and many colors. The ships literally plowed through a sea of jellyfish.
We stayed here until the next day, when we received orders to proceed. Soon we were on our way again. It was not long before we were alerted for subs. All watches were doubled. This meant four hours on and four hours off for all of us officers on the Alcoa Pennant. From reports some six Subs were reported and on the next day we were again heading for harbor and safety. This time we put into Segundo Channel, leading into the harbor at Espiritu Santo in the northernmost part of the New Hebrides. The channel is quite narrow and some seventeen miles in length and leads into the harbor proper, which is very large. All other entrances to the harbor had been closed by nets and mined. Coral reefs were all about us, and as it was late when we came into the channel our Captain decided against attempting to make the channel after dark, so we dropped anchor off to one side after entering the channel. Two of our destroyers rode ahead through the channel to cover the convoy on entering the harbor. The two smaller craft stayed outside at the entrance to the channel so as to cover the approach. The channel had quite a reputation and only a week previous a troop ship had been torpedoed right at the entrance to the harbor and so great precautions were taken.
A group of children from a little village on the island we originally landed on. Dr. Ulrich kneeling and talking to them. Al Meyers standing in rear. These are from old head hunter tribes. Note sailor's scivvy shirt on man in rear and shirt on youngster at right. These are traded to natives who take a fancy to white man's clothes. Others are in typical native garb. Note pipes in some of the kid's mouths. These are the most prized possessions of natives, and you can get almost anything for a pipe.
All of these details were vividly in our minds as we slowly proceeded through the channel the next morning. About 1030 hours we came to the end of the channel next to the harbor where it widened out considerably. A marker on the shore ahead of us indicated where we would make a 90 turn to the left to enter the harbor. As we slowly passed through this widened area suddenly a terrific blast occurred off our starboard beam. Immediately afterward a second blast occurred as two mines let go and two tremendous columns of water rose hundreds of feet into the air some 150 yards off our starboard beam. The blasts were so severe that the ship shuddered as though her deck cargo had come loose, and it stung the soles of your feet as though they had been struck by a stick. The Captain came rushing on to the deck setting off the alarm as he went. He was much relieved to find out that we had not been torpedoed and immediately had the ship checked from bow to stern for possible damage.
Yes, you guessed it - it's me. It's a rear view of myself that I never get. I was hunting for the key to the office door so as to get the key to the Sawmill Rd. gate, as we started on our trip. Mr. Myers & myself, the new sawmill site our objective on a beautiful Sunday afternoon.
A log trail down a steep side of the mountain. Had to sit a spell and blow as we climbed up. Trail made by the big tractors as they pulled out the big logs that were cut higher up. Note the thickness of jungle growth on either side.
Another view from the log trail a little higher up. Note distant views of other islands. Typical of the South Seas.
The old Sawmill Rd. gate. Some gate. Heaven help the car or truck that hits it. A big tree about 20" in dia. swung from another big tree. Note forked end against big Tree. Locks to a big stump when closed.
Proving how nicely it is hung. Easily pushed open and hooks to another tree when open. Unhook it and it slowly goes closed again.
It is interesting to speculate now on the fact that we had ten tons of dynamite stored aboard as part of our cargo. But no damage except slight shaft alley leaks were found. We surely were relieved when we rounded the turn a few minutes later and entered the safety of the harbor. We were puzzled for awhile as to why the mines had gone off, as we had not passed close enough to detonate them. But we soon found out from the Port Director who came aboard shortly after we entered the harbor. As he said when questioned, "Only two things I know that could set of those mines, a whale or a sub, and I ain't seen a whale in here for years." Navy crews were immediately dispatched to the scene to investigate and replace the mines. A sub had apparently trailed us into the channel, as was done the week before, and swung out at that particular widened spot to get us broadside with their torpedoes. But the mines went off first, praise the Lord, and you can imagine my feelings as I heard the news. We were also informed that those two mines were new ones, placed there after last week's tragedy. It sort of made you feel small and lonely. A few days later as we again passed the spot on our way out I actually felt cold as I noted the ships cut through quite an oil slick that had formed.
We entered Espiritu Santo harbor on Feb. 6th and stayed there a few days while ships and planes hunted around the waters over our route. Espiritu Santo was one beautiful spot. The green and tropical foliage with the palm trees and palm fringed drives making a beautiful picture. We had two nice swimming trips here, going up a little river nearby in a personnel boat to a special swimming hole where the water was sheltered and the bottom covered with smooth gravel. And my oh me did that water feel good, for it was necessary to be very conservative with water aboard ship. And this little stream we found was literally filled up with Marines. The whole area was loaded down with soldiers and Marines. They were all well hidden in the dense foliage and were not visible off shore or from the air either I imagine. But when we entered the little stream it made you think of Coney Island. Looked like Marines were everywhere. Hundreds of them stripped and in the water, other hundreds camped all along the shores of the stream. We had to literally push our way through the throngs of swimmers and went on inland a ways, to a little island where we could beach our boat and be out of the way. These days were greatly enjoyed and appreciated after such a long time of being cooped up on a ship. But it was of such a short duration.
On Tuesday Feb. 9th we hoisted anchor and following our destroyers lead we sailed out into the channel leading to the sea. We picked up our other escort ships at the mouth of the channel and getting into our regular convoy positions we started out on our journey once more. Sailing in convoy under the then existing conditions was not especially pleasant. We must follow a zig-zag course all during the daylight hours and sometimes the patterns we followed were really complicated. They surely must have been a headache to the navigator, who was responsible for keeping us on course.
We had not gone more than a day out of Espiritu Santo before we had again picked up our sub pack. But this time there were no nearby islands for a haven of safety. So one day after we had been alerted a message came back from the flagship, "sub off port. Skylark attempt contact same." So the next thing we knew the little destroyer suddenly came to life, spurted forward and with the foam curling from her bow, made a graceful turn and started off towards the horizon. All hands were quite tense as we watched her progress attentively and realized the danger that she was deliberately running into. Soon she became quite small to the naked eye. But the Mate on watch and myself continued to watch her through our binoculars. She seemed to have changed course and to be running in a large circle, and huge geysers of water were spouting up astern as she dropped her depth charges. Suddenly it looked as tho the little destroyer were afire. I inquiringly turned to the Mate, who just said "gunfire".
Yes, she had surfaced her quarry and was pouring everything she had into the sub as it appeared. Minutes later the dull "WHUMP" of the depth charges just became audible and by listening carefully we could just make out the rumble of the gunfire. After cruising about a bit until she had dropped almost out of sight the little destroyer started coming in. As we watched her, with real pride in our hearts, when about half way back suddenly she changed her course and swung into a circle again and the water spouts again shot up at her stern. The deep "WHUMPS" were distinctly audible this time as she completed a full circle. Again she cruised around and waited. This time she waited so long that she had fallen back to the horizon again before she started coming in, her mission accomplished. She had no sooner takes her place in the convoy, when the corvette on the opposite side took off toward the horizon, and soon disappeared. It was quite dark before she appeared again and quietly took her place in the convoy. The all clear sounded shortly afterward and we all went below with a feeling of gratitude in our hearts for the little escort ships.
I for one, had developed a great respect for these so called "tin cans" and their crews. They are truly the "bull dogs" of the Navy and though not so spectacular and not much in the news, they truly play a most vital part. To waltz right out and tackle an enemy you can not see and one who could blast you clear out of the water with one chance shot, takes guts and courage of the highest sort. Whether subs, planes or ships, they are always out front mixing in and stirring up the enemy so that the Big Boys can get better chances to pick them off. The "Watch Dogs" of the service, whether it be a freight convoy, fighting unit, or a land base. So my Hats off to the "tin cans" and their crews.
Next morning early we were alerted, and the "Pathfinder" was ordered out. We watched her as she gracefully though speedily moved out. She disappeared over the horizon and was not seen again until some three of four hours later when she slipped again into her position, like a huge cat licking its chops after a meal. Some days later, we got the score: four subs to our convoy's credit. For a few days after this things quieted down and the alerts stopped. Then one day as we approached the Solomon Islands we were ordered to circle due to danger ahead. We were just about to enter the channel through the reefs leading to Guadalcanal and the surrounding area. This is a very narrow channel, shown on the map as about 150 yards in width. The battle of Guadalcanal had been at white heat and the Navy had dispersed a large Jap naval force at Cape Esperance. Some ships and subs had escaped and were believed to be in the channel. So we went round and round all afternoon as PBY's and destroyers combed the channel.
Hardy-Hall-Randolph The Three Muskiteers. We have been together ever since our training at Bradford. Mr. Hardy & I have on the typical tropical helmets.Mr. Randolph holds a typical native-made cane, inlaid with shell. The lower tent on left is mine.
W. O. Talbot, W.O. Hall, W.O. Myers, Lt. Smith, and the lowly jeep. One of the greatest inventions of the war.
W.O. Talbot, W.O. Hall, W.O. Myers, Lt. Smith, Florida Island, Haliva beach
Late that evening we were ordered to form convoy again and "Move forward in single file - each ship directly behind ship ahead". This order impressed me inasmuch as it seemed unusually long and detailed. As a rule, "proceed on course" would have been sufficient. So on a dark night, with a slight haze in the air we went forward. I went on watch as usual, at 2000 and it was so dark that it was difficult to see at all. I could just make out the ship ahead as an extra dark spot. I noticed that we were not exactly in line with the ship ahead, but were in our usual place. The Captain always kept quite a bit to the starboard of the ship he was following. The unusual message that we had received that evening kept coming to my mind, so I mentioned the fact that we were out of line to the mate on watch with me. He resented very much my intruding in his business and said so, so I dropped the subject. About 2300 I noticed in the darkness a small object coming towards us and soon after a few small ships passed close by on our starboard. Then as I strained to pick out the ship ahead of us, a huge black shadow loomed up, seemingly directly in front of us. I yelled to the mate and the helmsman put over hard to port, but almost in less time than it takes to tell of it, a huge tanker came up out of the blackness, just off our starboard bow. It swept past us and how it failed to take us with it no one will ever know.
It brushed so close that it cut the painter and scraped the paint off of one of the life boats that were left hanging over the side in case of emergency. As the tanker passed, I noticed an Officer on the bridge with his mouth wide open and holding hard to the rail, as though waiting for the crash. As the danger passed and we came out unscathed, I looked ahead and noticed that we were still out of line to the starboard. I suppose I must have made some sarcastic remark to the mate, but he never said a word.
But before my watch was up I did notice that we had moved over directly in line. My watch was soon up and I was glad to go below and try to relax. I understand we passed several other ships before morning. Apparently under cover of darkness they were moving convoys both ways through the narrow channel and thus the detailed order.
We Reach our Destination: Gavutu
Early next morning I came topside. It was a beautiful and clear morning and we had passed the channel and in regular convoy formation. Pretty soon three of the ships and two of the destroyers pulled away and left the convoy, heading for Gaudalcanal. Our two ships and the other two destroyers proceeded on north to Florida Island where we were informed that we were to land. Gavutu and Tulagi, neighboring islands, had been taken shortly before and another C.B. Unit was busy as bees cleaning things up and making the place liveable.
Gavutu was a sentinel island for the approach to Tulagi and it had been shelled and dive bombed until it was a sight to see. It was a small round island and a high hill made it cone-shaped. The Japs had dug into this hill and hollowed it out until it was a huge cave for storage of stores and ammunition. Near the cave entrance were two six-inch navy guns and all around the hill were gun emplacements and machine gun nests. Our Marines in their original assault here were cruelly beaten back by this island's defences, so the Navy brought up ships and planes and stood off shore and shelled and dive bombed it. The trees were cut off as though a giant pair of scissors had been used on them. The path of the shells was also visible on the mainland of Florida Island proper some three miles back of Gavutu, where a regular swath was noticeable in the thick jungle growth.
Editor: Modern day map of Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands (now known as Ngella Sule and Ngella Pile). Gavutu is just to the East of Tulagi, too small to see.
The story goes that a Marine gave his life to seal the Japs up in this big cave, so that his buddy could take the island. He sneaked in with a case of dynamite and set it off in the opening of the cave and sealed off some 600 Jap troops. The cave was never opened up again, but we completed the sealing off process a little later with good old Portland cement. On one side of this hill where it was protected from the open sea the Japs had built a large foxhole. This hole was some 15 feet by 20 feet by about 6 feet deep. Apparently used as a rest point, safe from gunfire and snipers, it still proved as of no value as protection from dive bombers. During the fight an aerial bomb had dropped close by and this fox hole was found full of dead Japs. There were so many in the hole that they could not fall over when killed by strafing or concussion. We later took bulldozers and just covered over the whole mess. Months later we were assigned a project on this island of building some fuel tanks for ship fueling and we inadvertently cut into one corner of this old fox hole - then we really had a mess on our hands and sealing and liming this area became a real problem.
As we passed this island it was a sad looking sight, and not exactly sweet smelling. It gave us our first real glimpse of the real ravages of war. We slipped into our berth about a mile off shore, and dropped anchor on l2th Feb. 1943.
Chief Petty Officers
Halavo Beach Officer's Club and Mess Hall, Florida Island. This is a view of the Officer's mess hall on our original landing base. Note seats alongside of hill in background. That was our outdoor theatre. This starts the series of views of our original camp site. Note difference in vegetation. No coconut groves here.
Acorn 4 and the 34th C.B. Officers in Officer's Mess Hall shown in previous picture.
Thatched barracks built for Base personnel. Note odd jungle trees.
Gavutu lay about 3/4 of a mile off to one side while Florida, our objective, lay about a mile on the other side of us. The ships must first be unloaded on to lighters or barges, which had to first be built, and then taken to shore and handled again. Of course we had rehearsed this procedure many times on the way over, but now the time had come to put our ideas into practice. Soon after dropping anchor I received orders from our C.O. to remain aboard and look after the unloading of the ship. Then started the first real strenuous days and they were to last for months to come. The Navy assigned two LCT's to us for the first week, giving us a chance to build our pontoon barges. Also the boys on Tulagi sent over a couple of old barges to help out. Our C.O. was very anxious to make a record of unloading the ship so he planned on around the clock work. This proved quite an error in judgment and we were to pay dearly for it a little later on. The Marines and Air Corps boys told us we were crazy to attempt such a thing. But we started out with a bang, two crews working 12 hours a day. Although the weather was warm, it rained incessantly. Not just a little, but regular deluges, such as we had never seen before. Our C.O. and a party went ashore for reconnaissance and soon materials were moving ashore in a steady stream.
We were the first white people to set foot on this island, with the exception of a stray missionary. This was the territory of the famed head hunters of the South Seas. Also just prior to the Tulagi Battle a small group of fliers had sneaked in and hidden among the foliage and did reconnaisence work for the Marines. Some of these were still there and glad to be able to come out of hiding. The spot picked for our landing showed on our brief maps as a sandy beach. Instead of being sand it was coral and all around the area were treacherous reefs that even the personnel boats would hang on. Furthermore the one small bit of shore that was available was surrounded by a strip of swamp averaging some 100 yards in width. The beach itself was not more than 200 yards long and the dry ground back of it was only about a 150 to 200 hundred feet wide. Then came the swamp strip. Getting across this morass to the higher ground beyond was our first stumbling block.
The first Cat (Caterpillar tractor) that hit this swamp dropped nearly out of sight and liked to have scared the operator to death. But by cutting trees and dragging logs in and sinking them in the mud we finally got passage for the Cats to the main ground beyond. But materials and equipment were coming ashore faster than we could get them across the swamp. So besides sheltering the Battalion personnel the little strip of beach ground was accumulating a huge mass of materials awaiting transportation across the swamp. The men were living on the little beach strip further up the shore under whatever shelter they could find, as the tents were not all ashore. The jungle was so thick one had to actually hack a space out with machettes to put up a tent. Many of the boys just set up their cots and would fall down on them in their wet soggy clothes and fall asleep with the rain pattering down on them as they lay exhausted.
Everywhere was mud, and more mud, and the more we worked the worse the mud. Storm clothes were a nuisance and were discarded by most of us. If they kept off the rain, they made you sweat so that you were soaking wet anyway and they did not help the mud. It finally got to the point where trucks would sink and turn over and about the only thing that could navigate the stretch were the Cats and equipment with caterpillar treads. We found no rock on the island and finally went to the shore and shoveled out coral. So things went for the first few days. We were so busy and worked so many hours and plowed through so much mud that life seemed to be all aching bones and mud, Mud, MUD. Then came February 22, Washington's birthday to you, but to us a nightmare never to be forgotten.
Our First Bombing
Shortly before 100 on that fatal day, a Jap bomber slipped in, flying so low that the radar on Guadalcanal (the only one in operation at the time) failed to pick him up. He apparently had seen our lights from a distance and used them as his target and believe me he DID NOT MISS. He dropped his load of bombs squarely across our camp site. From the craters that we afterward noted they must of have been of the 250 pound demolition type, six in all being dropped. The first one landed among a large supply of loose pontoons that we had tied together on the beach. Another fell in a ditch quite close to a little bridge we had built to help take the water away from the roadway we had built across the swamp. A third fell squarely in the middle of our supply dump. A fourth dropped at the edge of the swamp just missing a group of headquarters company tents. The other two dropped harmlessly in the jungle beyond our area, one leaving quite a large crater.
It all happened so quickly, without warning that the actual time was only a fraction of the time that it takes to tell it. The lights went out and the roar of the bombs and a blinding flash came next, then after a very brief period of quiet, apparently from shock, all Hell seemed to break loose and pandemonium reigned. The supply dump caught fire and set off an ammunition dump next to it. The flames leapt for a couple of hundred feet into the air, dwarfing the tall stately palms that were seemingly holding their fronds so proudly some 8o feet or more in the air. The ammunition began going off and 40 MM anti-aircraft shells started whizzing in all directions leaving weird tracer trails as they flew off into the jungle. I had just completed my shift a bit past midnight and was just about to go below when the first detonations came and the flames leaped high in the air.
Immediately sensing what had happened, myself and a few others standing by jumped aboard the personnel boat which had just unloaded the new shift of working crews and made our way to shore to help in any way that we could. In the excitement of the moment, to this day I have no idea of who or how many came ashore, or which boat brought us in. I think the main idea in the most of the minds of those who could still think clearly, was the fact that the brilliance of the fire was a regular beacon to guide other bombers to the scene. And all through the balance of that awful night we were definitely expecting more. In the maddening fear and excitement immediately following the explosions, especially as the ammunition started going off, about half the men and officers took to the jungle. We had not taken any time to build fox holes and the only available ones were a few left by the Japs as they moved inland upon our arrival. These were soon filled to overflowing, and the balance of the men figured the jungle was safer than the vicinity near by.
A detachment fresh from the States temporarily attached to our Battalion. Note officer in midst of group at left of picture, Al Meyers, Personnel Officer.
Thatched huts for Acorn 4 enlisted personnel quarters.
These last two pictures show another set of thatched huts built for base personnel. Note coconut trees again. Jungle cleared and left these standing. No regularity, just hit or miss. One of the main sources of food for the natives.
No fire equipment had as yet come ashore and a neighboring battalion who saw and realized our plight saved the day by rushing a barge load of fire pumps to our aid. The confusion and horror of the following hours can not be described, even details and people being all confused and jumbled in one's mind. Two individuals stand out definitely in my memory on that fatal night. Lt. White, a vet of the first world war, as he earnestly and frantically tried to get some order out of the chaos and systematically fight the fire. And Chief Irwin, another older man, and also a vet of the first war. I seem to see him flying up and down the beach, smoke and shells flying all around him. Helping to push or pull fire equipment, rushing someone or something here or there. I can still hear Lt. White's voice as he would yell to the Chief to keep the Hell out of some place or other. Later when Chief Irwin had a chance to take stock of himself, he found his shirt actually in tatters from shrapnel and bullets and he had two places on his body where he had burns, apparently from bullets. We counted nearly a hundred holes in his shirt, believe it or not, and his cap was all but annihilated. He later sent these two items home to his wife as souvenirs.
Yes, these two men stood above all others in that emergency. Another hero of the hour was a little corpsman, who held a mattress up in front of himself and crawled toward the burning ammunition dump and pulled a wounded buddy back to safety. For this deed he received a special citation, and it was well deserved.
The details of that night are too horrible to print. Sufficient it is to give one or two incidents to illustrate the queer quirks of the hand of fate in times like these. Three men asleep in one pyramid tent. One mans body was found on the cot as he lay asleep, the head completely decapitated by a large piece of steel from one of the pontoons and lying by itself in another part of the tent. On the cot next the body of another was found half on and half off the cot, just as though he was in the act of arising from his sleep. The man of the third cot was blown completely out of the tent by the concussion and quickly arose and ran to safety without getting a scratch.
The Medical Officers surely deserve a word of praise too. An emergency operating room was quickly made up in a large tent that had been erected for supplies. Oil Drums with boards laid across them served as operating tables. Emergency lights were fixed up inside the tent and four doctors operated steadily until the wee hours of dawn. There were some fifty casualties by next morning. Six of these dead and some 26 or more who were so badly wounded that they were put on board ships for transportation back to the base hospital. Of these some dozen or so came back to the battalion some six or eight months later. The balance I never heard of any more.
All the rest of the night we worked feverishly trying to extinguish the fire and expected momentarily to be visited by the bombers. But morning came at last and no more enemy planes appeared. We found out later that one of the few fighter planes then on Gaudalcanal, being used for patrol, had seen the flash in the sky and moved off his route to investigate. He, fortunately for us, intercepted the bomber coming out and shot it down. Otherwise we could easily have been wiped off the map in short order. Such is life in war and surely a greater power than man is guiding the hands of Fate. One thing we really learned and that was no more work after dark. To observe a strict Blackout. After this when it got dark it was DARK. Even a lighted cigarette was apt to bring on loud curses and a fusillade of shots from the men.
Halavo Sea Plane base
A beautiful view of our original landing spot.
View from Halavo Beach
Gavutu Island in the distance (another view of our original landing place)
But by daylight the fire had been brought under control and we had an opportunity to see the results. It was an appalling sight. All the small arms ammunition, all our extra rifles and arms, most of our small store and clothing supplies, about half of our tents and all of our sand bags and etc. were gone; vanished in smoke. Then we got another shock, for there, about 150 feet from where the ammunition was burning was a huge stack of some 2000 drums of aviation gasoline hidden in the jungle. How it came through undamaged no one will ever know, and if it had caught fire, just the thought of the horrible results made you shudder. So score No. 2 for the hand of fate and our Guardian Angel for that night.
It was about two days before we were able to get a complete muster of the men. Some of them got lost in the jungles and had a time finding their way back to camp. But work proceeded as usual next day. That day was highlighted by the gruesome work of preparing the bodies of the dead. These were carefully assembled and sewed up in canvas, secured by ripping up some damaged tents. These canvas-shrouded bodies reminded one vividly of Egyptian mummies. Then rough boxes were made of salvaged lumber and these canvas wrapped bodies placed therein. Special funeral services were held at high noon and the bodies were placed aboard an LCT for transportation to Tulagi, where they were held for burial in the cemetery just being prepared there.
Some of the effects of these demolition bombs were strange to see. One bomb fell among the pontoons we had stored on the shore with devastating effect. Some dozen of these pontoons were an entire loss due to being twisted and filled with holes. One must realize too that these pontoons are built of 1/4" steel plate, solidly and tightly welded to heavy angle iron frames. They are five feet by five feet by seven feet in length and weigh over 2200 pounds apiece. So from this you can imagine the destructive power of these bombs. Three of these pontoons had entirely all of the plate ripped off. We found these three blackened and twisted frames submerged in the water. Pieces of these pontoons were later found in the strangest places. A few months later while clearing a portion of the jungle for the Officers Mess building we found a tree with a piece of pontoon over a foot square,wedged clear through the trunk of the tree. This tree was some three quarters of a mile inland from the beach.
In about 30 days we had our ships unloaded and one really got a funny feeling and a big lump came into your throat as you watched the last ship pull away and disappear over the horizon. Now we were really on our own. But with the vast amount of work to be done, the continual rain and the frequent air alerts,we did not have much time for retrospect.
Malaria was one of the biggest enemies we had to fight. This became a major factor in our site due to the extreme swampiness of the terrain. Soon after landing our C.O.came down with Malaria and he had quite a fight with it for most of the time he was overseas. There was a period when nearly half of the battalion was incapacitated due to Malaria. The island was put "Out of Bounds" for a month or more the first Spring. The swamps and the continual rains made it almost impossible to get any permanency to the roadways and our trucks and equipment were not of the type for use in the extreme mud conditions that we encountered. We were supposedly landing at the end of the rainy season, but there actually seemed to be no end. We continuously fought the rain and mud until the middle of June. The average rainfall in this particular place we found out was around 285 inches per year.
We finally licked the swamp by cutting about two miles of canal, some twenty feet wide through it, and tying it in with the sea. Then for all the low lying roads deep ditches were first cut and tied into the canal. By summer we had quite a few miles of roadways built and in good condition.
34th CB Chapel - Halavo Seaplane Base
Florida Island
A marvelous picture of our original Chapel. This is a grand jungle picture and shows how the area was actually carved out of the jungle. Note density of jungle in background.
Native Chapel on the Island of Savo: This is a better church on a neighboring island where the missions have had a hand. Two of these churches on this island, which is quite thickly populated & quite a large island. The natives take great pride on this church of matting, as you can note from the care of the ground around. The grass is green and the flowers pretty.
This is the inside of the church and the designs are woven into the matting in various bright colors. The effect is startling but beautiful in a wild way. A cool and peaceful spot, and kept as clean as can be.
Major Air Raids
Air raids were frequent during these early months. Tulagi and Guadalcanal were main targets for Jap planes and we lay between the two. Also Purvis Bay was developed into a large rendezvous for Navy Fighting Craft including Battleships and it became a favorite target. Thus we were situated in the center of a triangle formed by three huge Aerial Targets and so an alert for either one meant an alert for us too. Our PBY's soon became noticed too and came in for their share of bombings. Many nights were punctuated by three of four alerts, making sleep impossible. Old "Washing Machine Charlie" was a frequent visitor. This name was assigned to him due to the odd rhythmic sound made by his plane, making detection easy. His method was to upset morale by making himself a nuisance and keeping us awake more than anything else. He would come in around 2000 hours and stay above the reach of the shore batteries and keep flying around until just before dawn when he would drop his bombs and then disappear until the next night. But eventually we even got used to "Charlie" and did not pay much attention to him.
Three large scale attacks stand out during this period and deserve special mention.
Some 125 Jap planes made a concerted assault on Tulagi. At this time we were not very well protected by anti-aircraft and fighter planes were only just beginning to get out to the Pacific area in any quantity. Tulagi and the surrounding area took quite a beating, but the harbor was empty. Guadalcanal sent over all the fighters they had to help out the meager shore defenses. After spectacular dog fighting the enemy planes were finally dispersed and our pilots had downed an average of over five to one. Over half the enemy planes were downed. Tulagi suffered quite heavy damage and casualties.
In broad daylight the enemy made a large scale attack on Guadalcanal. Some 150 planes were estimated to be in the attacking force. Landing facilities and shipping at Lunga Point and the Henderson Air Field seemed to be the main targets. By this time the shore defenses were pretty well completed and the shore gunners really put up anti-aircraft shells in a big way. Destroyers and other small navy craft also took a very active part and the fighter force from Henderson Field did a grand job. For the first time we could put up a sizeable fighter force. Over 77 Jap planes were shot down while our losses were only about 15 planes. Most of our downed pilots were rescued. An oil depot on Guadalcanal was set afire, two freighters off shore were sunk, three other Navy Craft were hit, and numerous barges sunk. The freighter Captains attempted to run their ships on reefs after being hit and one succeeded, allowing over half the cargo to be salvaged. The PBY's on our base came in for some of the bombs and two of these craft were badly damaged. This raid got wide publicity and caused a great deal of worry among the home folks. But to us it had become just another raid.
June 5th, l943
On this date the Japs made their greatest effort to break the American hold on the Solomons. Warning came over the loudspeakers early in the afternoon that over 200 planes were heading our way. All hands were ordered to stop work and stand by their fox holes. All equipment was ordered to be dispersed and cleared off the highways. I happened to be inspecting the work of one of the crews working on Water Storage Tanks, located out in the jungle on a hill quite some distance from the camp. Thus we did not get the preliminary warning for we were out of range of the speakers. But we did hear the sirens as they went off on the "Red" condition. We were working on a high hill overlooking Tulagi harbor. We noticed quite a movement of ships out of the Harbor so we figured the alert was quite serious. We stopped work and it was agreed that in an emergency we would get into a large ditch running between the tanks that were being erected. After each one had assured himself of a protected spot, we all sat down to watch the show.
Pictures from a trip by PBY to
the Stewart Island Group:
Polynesian Women
People feared the camera and it was difficult to get close-ups.
#1 - PBY pilot and daughter of King - a Princess and educated in England if you please. She talked beautiful English and posed for this picture to prove that the camera would not hurt anyone.
This broke the ice and made way for other pictures of the more daring damsels.
#2 - Pilot with two more girls. About as close as the camera could get to them.
Two more girls enticed to have their picture taken. But to get them close enough to the camera was another thing. This first long range snap and as nothing happened it led to the close up of #3. Note the expressions on the girls' faces and the experienced man laughing and coaxing them on.
#3 - A little closer now. No one got hurt in that last shot. Note little lassie on pilot's right all set to hop overboard.
#4 - All set now for water sports and races. These people are as much at home in the water as on the land. Toss a dime into the water and they will catch it in their mouths before it hits bottom. Can paddle these canoes like they were part of them. Some fancy paddling and lots of shrieks as the canoes ride out to see the great bird take off.
All set and the girls watch in wonder as the big plane warms up and gets under way.
Bye bye to the Americans. Its been swell knowing you and we had lots of fun. 'Only you came for fun and laughter and friendship. All others came shooting and killing and making us slaves.'
This from a little speech of a native King to the fliers
And it was not long in coming, although the planes came in so high that they were mere specks in the sky. But with a roar like thunder all the guns in the area let go and by this time we really had defenses. It was a beautiful clear day with only one cloud in the air and it hovering almost directly over Tulagi. A perfect setup for an air attack. The Jap planes took cover in this cloud and started dive bombing Tulagi and it's shipping. They dropped out of the cloud at a very high altitude and went into their dives. Our planes were handicapped by the cloud formation, it being necessary to catch the enemy as he emerged from the cloud. By this time the earth fairly trembled from the anti-aircraft fire and the little black puffs as the shells exploded were beginning to pock mark the clear blue of the sky.
Seven dive bombers started off the fireworks and the battle was on. One after another they dived towards the ships, dropping out of the sky at a real steep angle, about 60 degrees from the horizontal. The first three were caught by anti-aircraft fire, but not until they had dropped their bombs. The fourth came right through and got a direct hit and apparently got away. The fifth was picked up by a P-38 (Lightning) as he went into his dive and the P-38 followed him down shooting as he came. The Jap plane never came out of the dive but went straight into the water with a big explosions as his unreleased bombs went off, making a huge geyser of water and plane. How the P-38 got through all the flak is a mystery, but he came out of his dive and flew low over the water until he had cleared the island, before he started his climb and then I mean he climbed. Appeared to go almost straight up into the air. The sixth bomber got his bombs away but never made altitude again. He caught fire and after drifting horizontally for a few seconds blew up in the air. The seventh and last bomber came in close on the tail of number six and placed his bombs squarely on the decks of a large tanker at the entrance to the harbor. He immediately pulled up and started to climb. He was plenty fast too, and went out of sight with the shells bursting just in back of the tail of his ship.
Soon the fight settled down in to a huge dog-fight in the air. Some 250 planes were estimated to have been in the original Jap formation. As was the custom, our fighters would intercept them some hundred miles from the target. But this time they had figured us out and were in two separate formations. As our fighters ripped into one, the other went on through to the target. Some 150 planes got over Tulagi. We had about 50 planes to fight them off and they did just that. 117 Jap planes were finally downed and we lost about 30 planes, or a little over half our force. This did not include the casualties of the intercepting group, which we later heard had accounted for every plane in the formation.
It was a thrilling and exciting spectacle to watch, but I would not recommend it to anyone with a weak heart. A couple of times bullets from the dog fighters would spray the territory around us and we would dive for the trench until things quieted down a bit. Most of the dog fighting was done at extremely high altitudes and the planes dove and banked and buzzed around like a swarm of bees. A crippled plane would drop out every now and then and leave a thin trail of smoke as he fell. Others would catch fire and explode in the air. At the same time the shore batteries were putting up a regular umbrella of shells and woe be to any plane that got low enough to get caught in it.
Slowly the battle moved out to sea and things quieted down. Then to take stock of the damage. The Japs really got in their licks too. One big tanker in flames, two destroyers damaged, one sunk, two freighters damaged, one of which sunk. Besides this quite a bit of damage done to shore installations. Many casualties too, especially aboard the ships and on the docks. The burning tanker was a threat for hours after as she had not cleared the harbor. The Captain made a heroic try at saving his ship. He managed to keep his engines going and cleared the harbor. We loaded a barge with fire fighting equipment and sent out a crew to help if possible. But we could not get near enough to be of any use due to the extreme heat. Finally in desperation, the Captain ordered all fuel oil pumped overboard. What a sight. A veritable sea of flames leaping hundreds of feet into the air. We all wondered what would happen to the ship. Then slowly but surely she crawled through the smoke and flames until she was clear. But it was too late. Some of the plates were now red hot, and the Captain just had time to order abandon ship and to jump overboard himself when steaming and hissing and cracking, the hull of the ship suddenly went down by the bow. We helped pick up the oil soaked and terribly burnt survivors and brought them to shore and sent them in to the hospital. Ambulances were waiting for us at the beach.
AIR ATTACKS END
The defeat of the Japs at Tulagi ended the large scale attacks. Not that all air raids ended, we still had occasional ones up until November. But the raids after this were more of the nuisance variety, of only a few planes for observation or photography. None of these caused us much worry or damage. A two plane raid in early November made the biggest impression. One of the planes got a lucky hit and sank a freighter with all of our Thanksgiving turkeys as part of her cargo. Now we really missed those birds, but we made out pretty well at that with canned turkey and chicken meat.
WHAT DOES A C.B. DO?
So much for the combat side of the trip. Now what kind of work did we do and what was my particular part in this work? Our assigned project on Florida Island was the construction of an amphibious repair base for PBY patrol and bomber planes. At its peak it maintained 24 PBY's and 8 smaller fighter craft. All facilities for assembly, maintenance and repair were available. Also the project included a 1000 bed combat hospital to be used for the next pushes (New Georgia and Bougainville). This would be the first stopping place for casualties from these operations. It was also our job to build the camps for the air group, hospital group, and for ourselves.
My main assignment was to take charge of the construction and maintenance of the water supply system for the Base. This consisted of supply pumps, storage tanks, purification and chlorinating plants, and all water mains and distributing pipe lines. Our camp alone consumed some 70,000 Gallons of water per day after final completion. We ran a 6" line out to the shore for ship fresh water supply. This line was used to fill a water barge which in turn supplied the ships with fresh water. The construction of this water barge was another one of my assignments.
It consisted of pontoon barge with two 15,000 gallon tanks water pump, and necessary piping mounted thereon. This water barge became a familiar and very much sought after piece of equipment for drinking water for ships was one item that was very scarce.
Another large additional project assigned to me was the construction and maintenance of an aviation Tank Farm, consisting of twelve 1000 barrel steel tanks and connecting piping, with a supply line running to the shore some three quarters of a mile distant and about 800 feet of flexible hose line carried out from the shore to the ships anchorage. There was also a pumping plant on shore to assist in filling the tanks. Besides this a four-inch line was run out to the service station located on the air field and a small boat supply line run to the small boats dock.
Officer's Quarters Guadalcanal Two buddies and tent mates, Lt. Donahue, later Lt. Com. Donahue and Ch.W.O. Hall
Christmas Card made up by battalion photo lab for Xmas 1943
Xmas Menu Dec. 25 1943
(Ed: this photo hangs over the fireplace in the Xmas photo to the right) 34th CB Mess dressed up for Xmas 1943
Interior of Officer's Mess Hall - Guadalcanal
The C.O.'s birthday cake. Note little bar in rear, also open sides near floor.
Tulagi and Guadalcanal
On November 20th l941, I was assigned to Tulagi as Utilities Officer, having charge of maintenance of Water, Power, Communication and refrigeration systems. Here I also acted in the capacity of consulting engineer for the C.O. on a proposed water line for ships supply and Island use. This proved to be one of my most interesting projects. I made a preliminary trip to one of the neighboring islands and located a large waterfall in a section where white men had never before set foot. Taking a good survey party out with me on my next trip, we surveyed a line from the falls to a convenient shore point and then on over to Tulagi proper. A complete report, including map and material requirements was made up and sent in to the island command. This project was eventually approved as far as the boat docks for supplying water for ships and proved to be a real life saver for the smaller ships.
While making this survey we came across some timber that would make good piling. Before the pipe line was completed I was assigned the project of cutting and hauling out a large amount of piling for dock work that the Battalion had under construction. This project turned out to be quite a large scale and difficult undertaking as the timber had to be cut quite a ways inland, and after cutting and stripping the logs had to be hauled by tractors through the swampy jungle to the shore where they were loaded on barges and towed to the sites where dock building was going on.
On Jan. 22, 1944, I left Tulagi having been assigned to the Staff of the 18th Regiment, located on Guadalcanal. Here I was assigned to the O.B. Materials Depot as Yard Officer. All C.B. Materials for the area passed through this Depot and due to a lack of intelligent planning and handling the materials were mixed up and laid out in the mud until they were almost inaccessible.
Yours truly, drilling some of the boys while we are waiting for our ship to come in. (July '44)
And I would have to take over in the midst of the rainy season. My job was to take inventory, clear out those materials that did not belong in the yard. Also have all good equipment, that would not be required for Island Maintenance, hauled out, marked and loaded on to ships for transfer to the new forward area Depot on New Georgia. All the balance of the materials were to be marked and properly stored for local use. This necessitated draining the yard building roads, etc. So for some six weeks I worked a twenty hour day, sometimes 24 hours, and plowed through mud and rain until sometimes I did not know whether I could make another day or not. But in the end I succeeded and got order out of chaos and received the commendation, not only of my own C.O. but of the base Captain too.
A little later when my C.O. had moved over to Gaudalcanal and taken over the duties of Public Works Officer and the Regimental Staff had moved on up the line, I was assigned the duties of Transportation officer for Public Works. After all the kinks had been ironed out of the Public Works and things were operating smoothly, my C.O. decided that I was needed in the Battalion again to take over some work projects, so I was assigned back to the Battalion as Construction Officer and worked on various projects such as storage buildings, Red Cross Canteen, a Recreation Hall and a new dock at Kukum Beach. This kept me pleasantly busy until the latter part of August.
Then one day we were told to close out all of our work and to dispose of all our equipment and get ourselves ready to embark for good old "Uncle Sugar". Now was that one thrilling announcement. For over twenty one months we had been fighting, mud, jungle and disease without let up. Most Battalions had had a rest period between assignments, but we were continually on the job.
So until the middle of September we did practically nothing but wait for that ship to come in. My, but it seemed a long wait too, but finally word came for us to pack and be ready to move out early the next day. And early the next day you can just bet we were all ready. Our baggage started moving out and by evening of that same day we were all aboard and the ship was slowly getting under way. It was crowded and the ship was an old one and dirty and about worn out. But who cared, for we were at least going in the right direction, TOWARDS HOME.
In October of 1944, we landed quietly in San Francisco and turned over a new page and wrote finis to a never to be forgotten chapter of our lives.
End Part Two.
Ch. W.O. Myers, Ch. W.O. Sam Hall - "Two Pals"
Com. of Coast Guard visits merchant ship Coast Guard publicity group visits British Compound on Gaudalcanal. Note Native Marine Sgt.
#1 Equipment piled high on beach at Guadalcanal. Site for Officer's Quarters at left. Kukum Beach at right, full of materials. Mountains of Guadalcanal seen faintly in background at Cape Esperance.
#2 - The land side of Officer's Country showing how lagoon water completely surrounds the area. To right of lagoon is the Main Camp area. This picture taken before starting work. Note how it is one continuous coconut grove, even on the island."
#3 - Our new camp site. Ain't that a beauty? This shows type and condition of ground when building camp. #4 - Another view of site just before starting to work. Looks rather hopeless doesn't it? But wait until you see the finished camp shots.
#5 - Another view of the main entrance to our camp on Guadalcanal. This is near the shot taken in picture #3. A good view of the rows of coconut trees. #6 - The same spot as picture #4 after completion. Note tremendous size of coconut trees. Note man next to tree in right-hand lower corner. These are planted coconut groves, owned by Lever Brothers, soap manufacturers. This one grove was some 10 miles long and 2-3 miles wide.
#7 - The main mess hall. Square part is galley. Mess Hall and storage rooms fan out from it. #8 - Another view showing the tents nestled among the rows of coconut trees. Note perfect camouflage they make. A perfect idea of the coconut plantation. These trees in rows just as you see them extend for miles in every direction.
Two views of the Memorial Chapel, located in American Cemetery on Guadalcanal
Built by natives and decorated inside by them. All thatch and logs - no nails. Note heavy thatching for roof and matting sides, also log corners. Building has a log frame.
Interior view of transept just off entrance. This is the native caretaker and he is really proud of his job. Note big wooden "prayer fish" in the corner.
This is a native religious fish. It has a clever little opening in the side where one leaves prayers, confessions and gifts for the witch doctor. The shell on little figure's head is a common shell fish of these parts.
"The Bee", newsletter
Officers of the 34th Batt. Guadalcanal - 1944 Co. "C" - 34th C.B. - Guadalcanal - 1944
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Finland Population: 5,537,364
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy.
Long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
Size comparison: slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana
Land Boundaries: total: 2,563 km border countries (3): Norway 709 km, Sweden 545 km, Russia 1309 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
Land use: agricultural land: 7.5% (2011 est.) arable land: 7.4% (2011 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 0.1% (2011 est.) forest: 72.9% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land: 690 sq km (2012)
Natural hazards: severe winters in the north
Current Environment Issues: limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
International Environment Agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Nationality: noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish
Ethnic groups: Finn, Swede, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
Languages: Finnish (official) 87.6%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.4%, other 5.8% (2018 est.)
Religions: Lutheran 69.8%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2018 est.)
Population: 5,537,364 (July 2018 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.44% (male 465,298 /female 445,186)
65 years and over: 21.51% (male 519,775 /female 671,353) (2018 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 32 (2015 est.)
male: 41 years
Death rate: 10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.279 million HELSINKI (capital) (2018)
rural: 88% of population (2015 est.)
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form: Suomi/Finland
etymology: name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.
Capital: name: Helsinki
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish "helsing," an archaic name for "neck" ("hals"), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; "fors" refers to "rapids," so "helsing fors" meaning becomes "the narrows' rapids"
Administrative divisions: 19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]
Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Russia)
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
Constitution: history: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000 amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)
Legal system: civil law system based on the Swedish model
Executive branch: chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)
head of government: Prime Minister Antti RINNE (since 6 June 2019); note - date when he was approved by parliament
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament
election results: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party/coalition - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, Aland Coalition 1; composition men 107, women 93, percent of women 46.5%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
Political parties and leaders: Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands) Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH] Finns Party or PS [Jussi HALLA-AHO] Green League or Vihr [Pekka HAAVISTO] Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]] National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE] Swedish People's Party or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]
International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
National symbol(s): lion;
national colors: blue, white
National anthem: name: "Maamme" (Our Land)
lyrics/music: Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsti KAUPPI (since 17 September 2015)
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert "Bob" Frank PENCE (since 24 May 2018) (2018)
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone: [358] (9) 6162-50
FAX: [358] (9) 6162-5135
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years. Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.
Gross national saving: 23.3% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 20% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 54.4% (2017 est.) government consumption: 22.9% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 38.5% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -38.2% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 2.7% (2017 est.) industry: 28.2% (2017 est.) services: 69.1% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products: barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish
Industries: metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 4%
note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Current account balance: $1.806 billion (2017 est.) -$819 million (2016 est.)
Exports: $67.73 billion (2017 est.) $51.9 billion (2016 est.)
Exports - commodities: electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber
Exports - partners: Germany 14.2%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.8%, China 5.7%, Russia 5.7%, UK 4.5% (2017)
Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains
Imports - partners: Germany 17.7%, Sweden 15.8%, Russia 13.1%, Netherlands 8.7% (2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $10.51 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $11.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $135.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $84.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $185.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $116.7 billion (2016 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $231 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $207.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $208.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
Exchange rates: euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.885 (2017 est.) 0.903 (2016 est.) 0.9214 (2015 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.)
Electricity - imports: 22.11 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 17% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 2.35 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 4 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: n/acu m (1 January 2016 est.)
Cellular Phones in use: total subscriptions: 7,307,800
Telephone system: general assessment: modern system with excellent service; one of the most progressive in Europe; one of the highest broadband and mobile penetrations rates in the region; forefront in testing 5G networks; for 2025 and 2030 FttP (fiber to the home) and DOCSIS3.1 (new generation of cable services for high speed connections) technologies (2018)
domestic: digital fiber-optic, fixed-line 7 per 100 subscription; 132 per 100 mobile-cellular; network, and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs (2018)
international: country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
Broadcast media: a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio
Internet country code: .finote - Aland Islands assigned .ax
Pipelines: 1288 km gas transmission pipes, 1976 km distribution pipes (2016)
(2016) broad gauge: 5,926 km 1.524-m gauge (3,270 km electrified) (2016)
(2012) highways: 78,000 km (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved) (2012) private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012) urban: 26,000 km (2012)
Waterways: 8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)
by type: bulk carrier 7, container ship 1, general cargo 88, oil tanker 4, other 159 (2018)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma
Military branches: Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat, includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2016)
Military service age and obligation: all Finnish men are called-up for military service the year they turn 18; at 18, women may volunteer for military service; service obligation 6-12 months; individuals enter the reserve upon completing their initial obligation; military obligation to age 60 (2016)
Disputes - International: various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 8,523 (Iraq) (2018)
stateless persons: 2,759 (2018)
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Paul Schimpf
General Assembly Website
District Art Contest
Veteran Information
Senator Schimpf's Senate Week in Review: New Laws Part 1
As citizens throughout Illinois toast the New Year and sing Auld Lang Syne, 253 new laws will take effect. From controversial gun-control laws to fighting human trafficking and celebrating our state’s rich history, these new laws cover a wide range of topics.
Controversial gun-control measures take effect
Several controversial gun-control measures will take effect as the New Year begins. Senate Bill 3256/PA 100-0606 creates a 72-hour waiting period on all firearm purchases, not just on handguns. Family members and law enforcement officials who suspect that someone poses a significant danger of causing harm to themselves or others will be able to petition the court for a firearms restraining order under House Bill 2354/PA 100-0607.
Fighting back against human trafficking
A number of new laws for the 2019 take aim at human trafficking. House Bill 4340/PA 100-0671 expands the list of locations at which information about hotline numbers to call for help or to report unlawful activity must be posted for the public and victims of human trafficking.
Human trafficking survivors will be allowed to bring a civil suit against traffickers under Senate Bill 3108/PA 100-0939, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Recognizing the trauma inflicted on trafficking victims, and the barriers that trauma may create to seeking justice, the law also allows others, like family members and victims’ advocates, to bring an action on behalf of a victim.
House Bill 2063/PA 100-1037 changes the Crime Victims Compensation Act to make it easier for victims of human trafficking to meet requirements for compensation. Among the changes is a provision that allows for a longer time frame for reporting.
Get your kicks on the Route 66 Centennial Commission
Route 66, one of the original highways within the National Highway System, will mark its centennial in 2026. House Bill 66/PA 100-0649 creates the 20-member Route 66 Centennial Commission to plan and coordinate commemorative events throughout Illinois to celebrate 100 years on Route 66, and to highlight the history of how local communities grew and changed thanks to the construction of this historic highway.
The full list
There’s a lot more to know as we kick off 2019! To view the full list of all 253 new laws coming in the New Year, visit: new laws
Sen. Schimpf Facebook Page
105D State Capitol Building
P: 217/782-8137
1032 W. Industrial Park Road
Murphysboro, IL 62966
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Montaza Palace
Pompey's Pillar
Pharaonic Village
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral
Smart Village
Al-Azhar Mosque
Babylon Fortress
The fort was first built by the Persians in about the sixth century B.C., but at that time it was on the cliffs near the river.
Sunday، 24 April 2016 09:04 PM
Salah Edden al-Ayobi's Castle
Built by Saladin El Ayouby, the famous king and army leader and the founder of the Ayyubid Dynasty, during the end of the 12th century, the Citadel has witnessed many important events in the Egyptian history.
The High Dam
Located near Aswan, the world famous High Dam was an engineering miracle when it was built in the 1960s.
The Hanging Church
The Hanging Church is one of the oldest churches in Egypt and the history of a church on this site dates to the 2nd century AD.
Tuesday، 14 October 2014 12:00 AM
Supreme Council of Tourism
105 British tourists arrive in Luxor
New Investment Law Offers Businessmen Great Guarantees, Incentives: Minister
Egypt committed to ten principles of Bandung conference : diplomat
Egypt condemns suicide blast in Baghdad
Egypt, Bahrain launch "Khalid ibn al-Walid" military drills
Egypt, Britain mull joint plan to resume flights to Sharm
Egypt says hopes UNSC to shoulder responsibilities toward Syrian people
Egyptian envoy hands message from President Sisi to Togolese president
Muslim Council of Elders holds emergency meeting on Israel's violations in Aqsa Mosque
Osiris exhibit in Paris reflects close ties between Egypt, France: FM
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Snake River Records LLC
Tag Archives: Brigham Griffin
The Making of “I’ll Be Free” from Mythica Movie Soundtrack
Image January 19, 2015 brighamgriffin Leave a comment
Purchase Ill Be Free feat Megan Hansen as an MP3 now from your favorite online music store.
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Megan Hansen] on iTunes.
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Megan Hansen] now on Amazon.
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Megan Hansen] on Google Play.
I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Jessie Griffin]
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Jessie Griffin] on iTunes.
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Jessie Griffin] in Amazon.
Buy I’ll Be Free (From “Mythica”) [feat. Jessie Griffin] in Google Play.
Vocals:
Megan Hansen
Jessie Griffin
Whitney Permann
Guitars: Brigham Griffin
Strings live performance by: Andrea Blaney
Strings Vst: Vienna Symphonic Library Orchestral Strings.
Bagpipes: Garritan World Instruments
Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Recording Interface
Reaper DAW
Dell XPS PC
Blue Yeti Pro
Vienna Symphonic Library Orchestral Strings
Garritan World Instruments
Garritan Personal Orchestra
Martin Accoustic Guitar
I had not attempted to write a song in many years before sitting down for this challenge. Because I play guitar, I typically write songs like a lot of guitarists do, starting with the guitar chords– find a chord structure I like, then add the melody over that, then finally add the words. This song was no exception.
The music structure for this song came fairly easily over the course of several days. I am a believer in most creation simply being rearranging and adapting things that you already like, and both the music and lyric of “I’ll Be Free” are essentially taking what I liked already out there and tweaking it to suit my needs. For example, while trying to come up with ideas, I just listened to the Last of the Mohicans soundtrack over and over again, noted the hooks and progressions, and tried to emulate that.
I also need to give a shout-out to indie artist Victoria Vox, because I had been listening to some of her music around the time I wrote this song (see http://www.victoriavox.com/voxukulelecello ) and really liked the emotional quality of the chord structures she uses, the best example being her song “Make a Mess,” and that chord progression influenced this music track. Nigel Tufnel, in Spinal Tap, says D minor is the “saddest of all keys. People weep instantly when they hear it, and I don’t know why.”
I personally have always feel more attracted to F#m, which is also probably why I began writing in that key, and which is the key in which both Jessie and Whitney performed the song. However, Megan must come from the Nigel Tufnel school of rock, because she wanted it lowered to Dm. You will notice that Megan has a kind of Tracy Chapman or TanitaTikaram quality to her singing voice, (for those of you who still remember the ’80’s) and Dm certainly suited her voice and the feel of this song very well. I was surprised at how different the Dm version was overall to the F#m track, and required an entirely new approach to the guitar track especially. There are not a ton of guitar songs written in Dm, although Irish folk song “Whiskey in the Jar” comes to mind, which in the end was kind of the style we were all going for, because the feel was supposed to be Gaelic or Celtic.
After a couple of days of playing with the chords on guitar, I knew I needed bagpipes for this song, and purchased Garritan World Instruments because I honestly didn’t know anybody who played the pipes.
There is a strings theme that plays in the background during the second and third verse which I titled “Jessie’s theme” in the mix, because my daughter Jessie actually wrote that theme. I was looking for a variation to include, so asked her to hum along with the track, and that soaring theme is what she came up with on literally her first attempt.
Adding lyrics are the most difficult part of songwriting for me. In my teenage and college days, I felt like had a lot more issues with the world around me to complain about, and my brother Kynan wrote most of the lyrics for our band anyway. (He ended up writing movie scripts for a living.) Songwriting is more difficult when life is so good. I essentially still write for a living, but in the marketing field, so trying to write poetry is outside of how I operate anymore. All my efforts over the past decade have been geared towards making the copy as simple, overt, and credible as possible, so it was difficult to take myself seriously while trying to write a movie song about a fantasy world of dragons, magic and orcs.
After a few nights of getting nowhere, I asked my brother Kynan Griffin, who besides being the producer, was also one of the writers of Mythica, to send me his screenplay, which he did, and I read the whole thing. That made a feel a whole lot better–it was a very good script–I could picture the entire movie in my mind. I also made more of a human connection with Marek, the main female character, and realized this was not really about orcs and wizards, but the universal and timeless human story of rising above the odds, reaching for freedom, and fighting for simple dignity in a brutal world.
After that it was a more simple case of simply rearranging what was already there in the storyline. I extracted all the quotes from the script that seemed important to the human struggle of Marek, pasted them all into a Google Doc, and then edited them to fit within the verse and chorus structure. The rest of the lyrics kind of flowed around the quotes I chose to include. So, the lyrics to the song are really just a very summarized version of the first movie script, and only took a single evening to complete. I sent Kynan the lyric the next day, and he of course liked it, since they were mostly his own words anyway.
I actually had three different people record vocal tracks for this song –Jessie Griffin, Megan Hansen and Whitney Permann. The first vocal recording was with Jessie Griffin, who I initially asked to provide a demo so the film producers could hear how the lyrics and music fit together, even though she was very young at the time, but the producers liked her clear voice so much that for most of post production, her version was being considered for the official soundtrack. The film producers put it out to vote to their Kickstarter audience and the film target audience really liked both artists polled, and a lot of people suggested that we release both versions, which is why we decided, in conjunction with Arrowstorm Entertainment, to release two separate tracks featuring both Megan’s and Jessie’s versions. Of course, only one could make it into the official movie soundtrack, and the final choice was left to the Director.
I had performed before with Megan Hansen, who is my wife’s cousin and just a brilliant all-round musician, for several years in Pioneer Day folk bands, and when this opportunity came up, I immediately thought her unique voice would be a perfect fit for the theme and setting of this movie song. However, since we live in different states, and were up against a deadline, getting together to do the actual recording proved to be challenging, so in the end, we ended up collaborating virtually, with me sending her a basic instrument track, and Megan recording 5 different vocal tracks in her home studio, each with their own unique style and variations, then sending them to me via Google Drive to insert back into the final mix. <insert links to 5 vocal tracks.> We ended up using her most simple version, because the producers wanted to keep any contemporary vocal hooks out of the mix.
As the deadline approached, I also asked my friend Whitney Permann, who is the only person I have ever known with a real record contract, if she would do a vocal track for me. She very graciously agreed to do it, although she expressed concern that she probably wouldn’t be the best fit for this particular style. She brought a whole new level of professionalism to my little basement studio, and taught me a lot of new things, like how to properly compile a vocal track. I really liked her final vocal track–it was very strong, but in the end it was too good, and her prediction was correct–the film producers and director felt it was a little too “modern” and too “American.” They wanted something that couldn’t be placed in our contemporary world. But, I’m hoping all of Whitney’s fans will listen to the song, so you can listen to it here. <insert link>
My best editor has always been my wife, Kathy. She will always tell me honestly what she thinks, what can be improved, and my work always turns out better after her feedback, in all spheres of life. I tend to get caught up in the technical capabilities of the tools, like the Vst instruments for example–thinking I should throw everything in there just because I can, and if I like a hook or riff, will keep looping it throughout. The first mix of this song was a lot like that–I had the violin and bagpipes going all the way through, and Kathy really helped me to pair that down and get back to more clean and sparse sound that the song setting needed. She had me listen to Ed Sheeran’s “I see Fire” a few times and pointed out the emptiness of that mix. The vocals needed to be the focus. So, we started again with just the bare-bones guitar, and started added tracks back in one by one, but later in the song.
Choosing cover artwork
The next step in releasing the single was to create and choose cover artwork. The differences were all minor, except for one which I tried to make look like an old letter, but most people I asked preferred incorporating the movie poster as the artwork to the movie song.
Snake River Records
arrowstormarrowstorm entertainmentBrigham GriffinI'll Be FreeJessie GriffinMegan Hansenmythicasnake river recordsWhitney Permann
Producers of I'll Be Free – Theme Song from Mythica
Rock Permann covers “Glorious” by David Archuleta from Meet the Mormons.
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