The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 76
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 76
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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Ervin Løffler
VI, VII
30 May 17 - 15 August 17
VI, VII is thrilled to present a major exhibition on the work of Ervin Løffler (1922- 2012) a Jewish-Hungarian sculptor who moved to Oslo in 1947 and had a vigorous practice there until his death in 2012.
Løffler received an early arts education and survived the Holocaust in Budapest by hiding in his studio from the age of twenty to twenty-one. All but one of his early works, which were figurative were destroyed after the war when troops turned his studio into a stable.
After a two-year period in a displacement camp, Løffler’s training as a stonemason enabled him to immigrate to Norway as a refugee. In the thirty-year period that followed he worked various jobs and served as a studio assistant to several sculptors.
Løffler re-entered his practice after working through trauma from the war and started showing publicly again in the 1970s, thereafter returning to several recurring motifs in his work. Among these: riders on horses and musicians — in particular cellists, which he produced lively abstractions of in marble and bronze.
The collection of sculptures at VI, VII are from the period 2002-2005—late in Løffler’s life and all but one are from his ongoing series of horses and riders on horses. While all the sketches and plaster models for his works were produced in Norway, the finished sculptures were fully realized by the finest craftsmen in Italy.
These striking examples of Løffler’s output served to translate international Modernism for a Scandinavian audience from the standpoint of being European and a foreigner in Norway.
Løffler’s works are in the public collections of KORO; North Norwegian Art Museum, Tromsø; Museo dei Bozetti, Pietra Santa, Italy; Norway’s National Museum and the Oslo and Bergen city collections.
Beloved by local artists and private collectors alike, his work is not widely known outside of Norway, and has very rarely been seen abroad.
Notable exceptions include the International Biennial of Sculpture, Budapest (1973), a group exhibition at the National Museum of Monaco (1984) and an International Sculpture exhibition in Pietra Santa, Italy (1994).
In 2017 work by the artist was presented at Independent art fair in New York marking the first presentation of Løffler’s work in the United States.
VI, VII (press release)
Ervin Løffler Installation view at VI, VII.
VI, VII, Oslo, May 30, 2017 – August 15, 2017.
Photography by Vegard Kleven. Courtesy of VI, VII, Oslo
Ervin Løffler, Hest 20 (Horse 20), 2002
Marble, 82 x 59.9 x 40 cm (32 1/4″ x 23 5/8″ x 15 3/4″).
Ervin Løffler, Rytter 3 (Rider 3), 2005
Bronze, 92.5 x 71 x 52 cm (36 3/8″ x 27 1/2″ x 20 1/2″).
Marble, 68 x 59.5 x 36.5 cm (26 3/4″ x 23 3/8″ x 14 3/8″)
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Editor's Choice, Historical Novels Review, August 2009
Paths of Exile is a wonderful story, one that conjures up this long-gone age in extraordinary detail and reveals a profound understanding of its politics, cultures, and religions based on extensive research. It may be true, as Nayland admits, that “solid facts are rare indeed in 7th-century Britain”, but these characters—some real, others pure fiction—are so solid and credible that they will stay with you long after you turn the last page....
Full review on the Historical Novel Society website
Recent updates on my website.
Pictish inscriptions
The people living in what is now Northern Scotland in the Late Roman and early medieval period were known to their Latin-speaking neighbours (and, by extension, to us) as Picts. They spoke a distinct language, but little if any of it survives. A small number of Pictish inscriptions using the Irish script called ogham are known. What can these tell us about the lost language of the Picts?
To Defy a King, by Elizabeth Chadwick (Book review)
Elizabeth Chadwick s Marshal-Bigod family saga reaches the third generation, exploring family and social relationships in twelfth-century England through the marriage between Mahelt Marshal (daughter of William Marshal) and Hugh Bigod (son of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk).
Guallauc ap Lleenauc
Guallauc son of Lleenauc was an important king in late sixth-century Britain. He may have ruled the British kingdom of Elmet, and fought alongside his kinsman Urien of Rheged in Bernicia. What do we know about him?
Better Than Gold, by Theresa Tomlinson (Book review)
The spectacular Staffordshire Hoard, the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon precious metalwork ever found, was discovered in 2009 in the English Midlands. Better Than Gold, a children’s novel set in seventh-century England, imagines events that could lie behind the hoard and its burial, told through the eyes of the ten-year-old prince Egfrid of Bernicia during his time as a hostage in an enemy kingdom.
Ceretic of Elmet
Ceretic was the last recorded king of the British kingdom of Elmet, and lived in the early seventh century. What do we know about him?
The Queen of Last Hopes, by Susan Higginbotham (Book review)
Sympathetic portrait of Margaret of Anjou and her role in the Wars of the Roses in fourteenth-century England.
The What's New panel is available as an RSS feed.
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Read my Blog at
Welcome to Carla Nayland's website.
Here you can read about my novels Ingeld's Daughter and Paths of Exile, find out about the background to the novels, and contact me with your questions and comments.
Paths of Exile is available from Wordery.com, Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.de, Amazon.ca and Amazon.com, and bookshops should also be able to order copies. It is also available from the Book Depository, and as an e-book from Amazon Kindle UK, Amazon Kindle US, and in several e-book formats including Kindle, Epub (Nook, Sony Reader) and Palm from Smashwords. Signed copies (limited stock) available direct from the author, contact me for details.
BBC Radio Suffolk interview about Paths of Exile.
You can also read my non-fiction articles on various aspects of history, lifestyle and culture.
There is also a page of books I like, and a list of my book reviews.
I shall be adding and updating content from time to time, so check back regularly. The most recent additions to the website appear in the What's New panel on this page, and you can also subscribe to our RSS feed.
I also keep a blog, with regular postings about reading, writing and researching historical fiction, plus anything else that interests me.
What's New on my blog
Over the Wine-Dark Sea, by H.N. Turteltaub. Book review
The battle of Catraeth: other evidence and interpretation
The battle of Catraeth: Y Gododdin
December recipe: Chocolate macaroons
Better Than Gold, by Theresa Tomlinson. Book review
Llanthony Priory
Life After Life, by Kate Atkinson. Book review
An Officer and a Spy, by Robert Harris. Book review
Carla Nayland writes historical fiction set in Britain in the period between the Roman occupation and the Norman Conquest (5th to 11th centuries AD), and fiction set in an invented world loosely based on medieval and Renaissance Britain. Carla Nayland has a lifelong interest in history and archaeology and considered doing a degree in the subject in her spare time, until deciding it would be much more fun to explore it in historical fiction instead. Historical fiction is more absorbing to write than a research paper, because it requires imagining a past society in all its detail, and requires the author to make choices and follow up the consequences. The result is also rather more enjoyable to read than a thesis.
She has degrees in Natural Sciences and Pharmacology from Cambridge, UK, and has worked for many years in corporate strategy, cost-benefit analysis, health economics and scientific writing. Carla Nayland is also a keen hillwalker, which is a bit of a problem as she lives in the flatlands of East Anglia. She knows the M6 rather well. Carla Nayland is a pen name, to keep her fiction separate from her scientific writing.
Copyright © 2006-2009 Carla Nayland.
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Baseball in New York – The Casey Stengel Tour Part 1
November 11, 2019 Bat Flips Admin Baseball
There is an absence of any breeze and the sky is cloudless, through the trees steeples and towers can be seen from the nearby Cloisters and a brace of churches of unknown denomination. The tarmac is almost sticky as the temperature surges towards 100 degrees, dogs pant and doze waiting for a sprinkler or for some Italian kids to break a fire hydrant like they do in the movies of urban New York. The baseball season is still young, sixty games have passed but the season has still to be formed into a meaningful pattern. I am searching for history in a time and place where only the future really matters.
Having travelled to North Africa once on a whim and arrived without currency, maps or knowledge of useable languages, you’d think that one of the most populated areas of an English speaking metropolis maybe somewhat less taxing, however there are several things weighing on my mind as I emerge into the perfect early afternoon haze of Upper Manhattan. The first of these concerns can be lightened by the consumption of an extremely cold bottle of water and a jam filled necessity from the Dunkin’ Donuts concession. Other than this I am particularly worried about demographics and racial profiling, especially when entering potentially hostile territory. Jackie Robinson would have laughed out loud and Willie Mays probably still would as I enter a part of town where my own specific identifiers are what you would politely call a minority.
Jack Reacher and James Bond seem to get away with a lot, though you’d think neither of them would last an entire episode of The Wire, especially as one was invented in 1953 and the other tends to only get involved in areas populated by angry white people aged between 25 and 50. As a man who does not entirely look sane mutters something in my direction and the other fifteen gentlemen laugh at that or something entirely different, I realise I am hopelessly out of my depth. A Hummer rests semi-abandoned with doors open and with the keys still in, indicating to me that though the average undeclared wage in postal code 10039 may be quite high, there may be a certain skew to a few individual earners concerned with a niche product market.
I walk along the escarpment which overlooked the Polo Grounds in New York for around 70 years, if you glimpse through the trees you can see directly across the Macombs Dam bridge and the Harlem River to the new Yankee Stadium. As the crow flies it’s probably only half a mile between the two sites but the residential nature and topographic limitations of the area make visiting the Polo Grounds rather more complicated. By engaging my most important infiltration techniques (metal soundtrack, being overtly British and pretending I know exactly where I’m going) I ease towards one of most important sites of world sporting history. The original Polo Grounds were unsurprisingly built for polo, but the hope of seeing Porfirio Rubirosa and his Cibao-La Pampa were dashed when the stadium was made home to baseball and in particular the New York Giants.
Tonight at Citi Field, less than 10 miles away in Flushing, the Giants will return to New York from their home in San Francisco on the West Coast, where they have had their share of ups and downs since abandoning the big apple at the end of the 1957 season. To be fair, the Giants arrived yesterday or possibly even two days ago due to an off day but that doesn’t fit my narrative so we won’t mention it. Tonight’s pitching match-up will hopefully place Jason Vargas as Luis Firpo and the venerable Tyler Beede as Jack Dempsey. In 1923, the Wild Bull of the Pampas, as Firpo was known, survived seven first round knockdowns (seven) to unleash a hammer blow of a right to Dempsey, knocking him clean out of the ring into the ringside reporters laps, one of the most famous boxing contests of its day and alongside Joe Louis beating Billy Conn in 1941, iconic scenes from the home of an entirely different sport.
In baseball terms, the Polo Grounds was famous for it’s distinctive bathtub shape, which meant that the left and right field lines were only 279 and 258 feet respectively, whereas Yankee Stadium today measures 314 feet down both lines and is considered small. The center field was anywhere from 450 feet in left or right center to over 500 feet in direct center, compared to a pitiful 408 in the Bronx. Walking down the steps to the Polo Grounds Towers you can imagine the stadium here, proudly tucked between the Harlem River and the cliffs of Coogan’s Bluff, with center field opening up below the heights, allowing spectators to line the overlook and take in the game. Groups of youths loiter with or without intent. Structural or reconstruction work allows for tunnels of panelled hardwood in the semi-darkness, perfect for ambush or entrapment. Pimped SUVs gleam in the sunlight, oblivious to the fact that this area of upper Manhattan was home to caves and local Indian tribes in the seventeenth century and was one of the final areas of Manhattan to be developed as the population grew from the lower part of the island to the upper. By the end of the nineteenth century baseball had become the sport of the working man and the Polo Grounds in its various guises was constructed, developed, burnt down, reconstructed and finally demolished, a microcosm of the behemoth that is New York City real estate. I listen to Shell Shock by Manowar.
One of the many delights of being British is allowing that part of your brain that considers asking directions or in many cases interacting socially in any situation, can remain dormant. In any case, there’s no way I’m asking these “youths” where the plaque is, they seem at best uninterested and probably less appreciative of the subtle points of Polo Grounds history, although the way they’re kicking that can around means they may be re-enacting one of the football matches played back in the day, possibly channelling the 1961 Karlsruhe victory over Kilmarnock which is still spoken about today, here if nowhere else.
I must be standing very close to where Willie Mays made that unbelievable catch in 1954, in the wilds of center field, probably over there, by those bins. When the Yankees played here while Yankee Stadium was being built between 1913 and 1922 Babe Ruth broke the all time home run record and in 1921 supposedly hit one over 550 feet, Statcast cannot confirm. If you glean nothing else from Ken Burns mammoth series of documentaries, the sights and sounds of baseball from the 1900s to 1930s make you want to throw your woollen hat in the air, then your straw boater once it was officially summer, typically in May. After the 1930s people gradually started to wear less hats, though I suppose they probably started to wear more helmets. Summer hat season would run from around mid May to around mid September, meaning your felt hats came back out for the playoffs, it must have been a nightmare for merchandisers. Today I’m wearing a cap, so most of the above isn’t really relevant.
John McGraw was the architect of the rise of the Giants, despite refusing to play the world series against some Boston upstarts in 1904, they won the pennant again in 1905 and relented, winning the world series versus Connie Mack’s Athletics. The Giants wouldn’t return to the series until their back to back wins in 1921 and 1922 by beating their lodgers the Yankees (formerly the New York Highlanders) proving there can be only one, only to have the result reversed in 1923 and for the Yanks to start their dominant period helped by a certain Mr Ruth, all despite an inside the park home run in game 1 by a certain Mr Casey Stengel. It is also hard to believe that more than 110 years have passed since Merkle’s boner. If unfamiliar with the story, look it up using extreme caution, as a simple keyboard error could cause devastating results relating to the current German chancellor.
As the soundtrack changes to Judas Priest’s Beyond the Realms of Death we must contemplate the inevitable. At the point of writing I still haven’t been shot, despite visiting areas of increased probability in Southern California, Southern Africa and the nicer parts of Coventry. In 1950, Bernard Doyle was accidently shot and killed in his seat at the Polo Grounds after a 14 year old boy helpfully shot a gun into the air from a nearby rooftop, a fate for several people in Turkey after Galatasaray won the UEFA cup fifty years later. What goes up must inevitably come down, demonstrated inevitably by that highlight reel catch from Mr Mays in the 1954 world series. The issue often, as exhibited by the case of Mr Doyle, is that things don’t necessarily come down where they’re expected to, as can be seen by the image of Andy Pafko waiting in vain in 1951. My son’s birthday is October 3rd, the anniversary of the day when baseball became global for the first time and a ball became so famous Don Delillo wrote an entire book about it, a ball that would now be valued upwards of 3 million dollars, should anyone find it in their attic and manage to ascertain provenance.
Everything and every place has its time and an epoch can be established in hindsight. The Polo Grounds was destined for destruction once the crowds waned and the bright lights of the West Coast beckoned for the Giants, having won 5 world series at the New York home. The ground itself would survive seven years beyond the Giants tenure and become home to both New York gridiron teams the Titans (later becoming the Jets) and the football Giants and of course home to the National League’s replacement for the Giants, the New York Mets, playing there for the first two years of their existence.
I eventually find the plaque, after annoyingly finding a much closer subway stop and realising the whole thing would have been much easier by Uber, though without most of the simmering danger and subsequently less interesting to the reader. I take the photos necessary and bind myself forever in the history of the Giants and the Mets before I hastily depart. As I make my way confidently away from the Polo Grounds towers (no newsworthy homicides for at least 4 years) I take a different route back so that I can see the John T Brush stairway before I leave the area. A recently rehabilitated landmark, the stairway is named for the former owner of the New York Giants, the link between the Polo Grounds within the hollow and the heights of the bluff, where the fans without tickets would stand and have a view of the game being played out below. This seems to be my final act of defiance as I inevitably have to squeeze my way through a number of hoody wearing gents who appear to be taking the afternoon off work or school to take in the delights of the afternoon.
The New York Mets and the San Francisco Giants will inexorably be linked by the shared history of the Polo Grounds, the crested NY logo and the shared distinct Dutch royal orange colour of the New York flag. A further commonality is the man himself, Casey Stengel. When Stengel was hired to manage the fledgling Mets in 1962 he’d been out of work, one of the icons of New York having been player or manager for all three New York based teams, the Giants, the Brooklyn Dodgers and one of the most successful managers in baseball history with the Yankees. All thoughts and worries are now put aside for the game, the echoes of Burns and Delillo’s documented history subside as the 7 line drops me at the entrance to Citi Field, the third home of the Mets. In the Mets first year the now San Francisco Giants would reach the world series to be inevitably beaten by the Yankees, it would take the Giants 27 years to get back to the world series only for the battle of the bay to be hit by both an earthquake and Jose Canseco.
The Giants most recent period of dominance has only just passed, as much of a dynasty as can be achieved in the salary cap era, culminating with victory over the Mets in the wild card game towards the end of the 2016 campaign. The game today is threatened by rain but the drama of earlier in the day means the game seems tame by comparison, Jason Vargas continues his fine run since April and pitches a complete game shutout, supported in part by home runs from Amed Rosario and Michael Conforto. A great result for the home team and another series in the shared history of the Mets and Giants will be completed tomorrow, although in the grand scheme of things nobody will really notice.
In Britain we thrive on old rivalries, geographical proximity or politically historical narrative, we almost demand what the Spanish call Morbo, that feeling of tension and heightened anxiety brought on between rival teams and supporters. In America, this is diminished in many ways by geographical distance, the transience of sports franchises and overall apathy towards sports as a life and death enterprise. As I stand by the Stengel Gate, having just spotted Keith Hernandez’ car, I decide that maybe this is how I prefer things, for it all to be more important to me than for anyone else and that maybe, just maybe, I can enjoy things just that little bit more by knowing about the past. It’s time for me to head back to midtown, have a nice pint and some bangers and mash. Here’s to Casey, Willie and a shared history nobody seems to care about but me.
Andy PafkoCasey StengelDon DelilloNew YorkNew York GiantsNew York MetsWillie Mays
Previous Post:Your New Favourite Aspect of the Offseason
Next Post:Do MLB Writers & Broadcasters hate your team?
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A World Designed by Playground Bullies
As the week’s news slaps against my consciousness like road slush, some fragments sting more than others. For instance:
“According to the DOJ’s court filing, parents who are not currently in the U.S. may not be eligible for reunification with their children.”
I can’t quite move on with my life after reading a sentence like this. A gouge of incredulity lingers. How is such a cruelly stupid rule possible? What kind of long-term ramification will it have on the entirety of the human race?
The Common Dreams story goes on: “The ACLU and other immigrant rights advocates have argued that many of the parents who have been deported were pressured to agree to deportation without understanding their rights, following the traumatizing ordeal of family separation—many after fleeing violence and unrest in their home countries.”
Oh, to be a desperate human being, caught between “interests.”
“If they would just confirm to us that my brother is alive, if they would just let us see him, that’s all we want. But we can’t get anyone to give us any confirmation. My mother dies a hundred times every day. They don’t know what that is like.”
This is not more news from the Mexican border. This is from a recently released Amnesty International report on the U.S.-backed war in Yemen, being waged by a Saudi Arabian coalition that has visited famine, a cholera epidemic and mass bombings on the Yemeni people.
Also, as Kathy Kelly notes: Human Rights Watch and the Associated Press have exposed “a network of clandestine prisons” in Yemen, operated by coalition partner the United Arab Emirates. The report, Kelly writes, “described ghastly torture inflicted on prisoners and noted that senior U.S. military leaders knew about torture allegations. Yet, a year later, there has been no investigation of these allegations by the Yemeni government, by the UAE, or by the UAE’s most powerful ally in the Yemen war, the United States.”
This of course is all marginal news, mostly kept in the shadows by the corporate media, which focuses on Russiagate and the Trump Follies, that is to say, on political entertainment, us vs. them, neatly packaged and fed to American news consumers as though it were their unending World Cup tournament. And Hillary Clinton tweets: “Great World Cup. Question for President Trump as he meets Putin: Do you know which team you play for?”
And another gouge of incredulity lingers. Global politics is reduced to winning and losing, our team vs. their team, which makes life a lot more convenient for the powerful because it jettisons the hellish consequences of the game from public awareness: the cholera and torture and such, which are the regrettable side effects of confrontational politics.
Or rather, the hellish consequences are reported selectively — only when “they” do it. The point of the reporting is not to expose the suffering and focus public attention on the need to address its complex causes, but rather to score a point for “our” side (we’re not like that) and quietly justify whatever harsh actions we must undertake in order to (eventually) prevail. What matters is the game, not the human consequences.
All of which adds up to a con game much, much bigger than Donald Trump, who is basically a malfunctioning cog in the machine. The “machine” is sometimes called the Deep State, which Mike Lofgren, the former Republican congressional aide who coined the term, described as “a hybrid entity of public and private institutions ruling the country” — that is to say, Wall Street and Silicon Valley in league with the departments of Defense, State and Homeland Security, along with the Justice and Treasury departments, the CIA and much more. It’s America’s quiet, unofficial government, the military-industrial complex holding hands with the prison-industrial complex. The money just isn’t there for most social programs, but it’s there for war, surveillance and incarceration.
And Donald Trump, malfunctioning cog or not, has contributed to the Deep State’s invisibility simply by accusing it of being the cause of his troubles, thus making it possible for the president’s opponents — almost two-thirds of the country — to dismiss the whole thing as a conspiracy theory and maintain the feel-good assumption that the United States is still a darn-good democracy.
The reality, however, as Benjamin Page and Martin Gilens point out in their book Democracy in America? (as quoted by Paul Street), is that government policy “reflects the wishes of those with money, not the wishes of the millions of ordinary citizens who turn out every two years to choose among the preapproved, money-vetted candidates for federal office.”
Back to the border, then. Back to Yemen and all our other ongoing wars. Back to the 800-plus U.S. military bases located around the world. Back to our militarized police departments. Back to every political and bureaucratic cruelty “our team” commits in defiance of the likely wishes of a true democratic majority.
One consequence of this game is to keep humanity on the surface of what’s possible. We’re living, I fear, in a world designed by playground bullies, with institutions focused primarily on self-perpetuation and indifferent to the harm they create. Rules matter. Values don’t.
Life is sacred? Not at the border. Not across the ocean and “over there.” And if life is only sacred for some, it is, in fact, sacred for no one.
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Uganda: Constitutional Development
Country Study > Chapter 4 > Government and Politics > Constitutional Development
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Uganda has adopted three constitutions since independence. The first was promulgated in 1962 and attempted a quasi-federal arrangement, granting various degrees of autonomy to different local governments established during the protectorate. Of the four kingdoms it recognized, only Buganda received significant federal powers allowing it to raise its own tax revenues, pass laws on specified subjects, enjoy entrenched protection for land tenure and its local courts, and even control through its local legislature the election of the kingdom's representatives to the national parliament. The other three kingdoms -- Ankole, Toro, and Bunyoro -- and the district of Busoga became "federal states" with fewer powers. The remaining districts, with the exception of Karamoja, retained sufficient autonomy to elect their own councils and pass laws on specified topics but were otherwise governed directly by the national authorities. Because it was the least developed part of the country, Karamoja became a "special district" under central government control.
Nonfederal districts were permitted to elect constitutional heads, who occupied a position equivalent to that of the kings in Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro, and Ankole. The central government held no power to alter the constitutions or form of government in Buganda or the federal states. This complex distribution of powers increased local competition among districts and thus strengthened the bases of power of local leaders. After four years of independence, a struggle for power among local leaders seriously weakened the position of then Prime Minister Milton Obote. He responded by suspending the 1962 constitution in April 1966.
At the same time and with a show of military force, Obote ordered members of parliament (MPs) to pass the 1966 constitution without debate. Though understood to be merely an interim constitution, it made sweeping changes that removed all federal provisions in favor of a centralized government. Buganda, the three federal states, and the non-federal districts lost their autonomy; Buganda lost its right to elect its MPs indirectly; and the king of Buganda (the kabaka) lost his privileged status. At the national level, the prime minister became an executive president, in place of the preceding ceremonial president. These arrangements strengthened Obote's precarious hold on government while appearing to respect the rule of law. Obote became president in place of the king of Buganda, who had been elected to the position under the 1962 constitution.
A year later, a draft version of the 1967 constitution was introduced in parliament and debated at length. When it was passed three months later, it completed the process of centralization begun the previous year. The 1967 constitution confirmed the president's position as the chief executive. It also continued to sanction multiparty political competition. Each political party had the right to nominate a candidate for president from among its candidates for parliament. Each parliamentary candidate had to declare which candidate for president he or she supported. The elected members of parliament then elected the president. The constitution defined parliament to include members of the National Assembly and the president and made it impossible for MPs to pass a law without the concurrence of the president. The president could also dismiss the National Assembly and legislate by decree in its absence. The 1967 constitution also took the fateful step of abolishing the kings, the kingdoms, and the constitutional heads of the districts. In the case of Buganda, Obote went even further by dividing it into four districts, thus removing official recognition of its cultural unity. Parliament received the authority to change the form of district councils and to allow council members to be appointed rather than elected. The 1967 constitution also empowered the government to employ preventive detention during states of emergency, or as the government deemed necessary.
The 1967 constitution provided for citizenship on the basis of birth in Uganda to a parent (or grandparent) who was a citizen or birth outside Uganda to a father who was a citizen. It also recognized citizenship acquired prior to this constitution, and it gave the right to register for citizenship to women married to Ugandan citizens. According to the 1967 constitution, Ugandan nationals holding dual citizenship who failed to renounce their other citizenship would lose their Ugandan citizenship. The most important purpose of these provisions was to deprive Indians whose applications for Ugandan citizenship had not been approved by 1967, and those who had dual citizenship, of any claim to be Ugandan nationals, and thus it allowed the government to treat them as non-nationals. Citizenship was also the basic criterion for the right to vote, although a voter also had to be twenty-one and a resident in Uganda for six months.
Upon coming to power in January 1986, the NRM government issued a proclamation accepting the authority of the 1967 constitution but suspending portions that granted executive and legislative powers to the president and parliament. Citizenship, most fundamental rights, and government procedures continued on the basis of the 1967 document. With regard to executive and legislative powers, however, the NRM government declared that the National Resistance Council (NRC) "shall have supreme authority of the Government," including the power to pass laws and to choose the national president. Members of the NRC included the chair, representatives of the NRM, and representatives of the NRA. However, the 1986 proclamation noted that the NRC would be increased "from time to time" by adding members from other "political forces" and districts. In addition, the NRC was enjoined "to seek the views of the National Resistance Army Council (NRAC) "on all matters the National Resistance Council considers important." Finally, the proclamation declared the NRM regime an "interim government" to "hold office for a period not exceeding four years."
For the first time in Uganda's history, the national army acquired constitutional standing in the legislative process by virtue of the requirement in the 1986 proclamation that the NRC had to consult the NRAC on any matter the NRC thought important. In 1989 amendments to the original proclamation expanded this principle by declaring that both the NRC and the NRAC "shall participate in the discussion, adoption, and promulgation of the Constitution." These amendments also gave the NRC and NRAC the power to "assemble together and jointly elect or remove the President from office," or "approve a declaration of a state of emergency or insurgency." The effect of the changes in the 1967 constitution created by the 1986 proclamation, and reinforced by the 1989 amendments, was to give the NRM -- although only for a four-year period -- a monopoly of constitutional authority, even while it brought members of other political forces into the government.
In October 1989, the NRC extended the interim period for five more years until January 1995 in order to allow time to draft, debate, and adopt a permanent constitution, and to complete the political, economic, and rehabilitation programs that had been interrupted by the civil wars in the north and east. Thus, by the end of 1989, the membership of the NRC had been greatly expanded beyond the trusted followers of the NRM and NRA. The government retained the authority to legislate its own program over the objections of any other political forces and extended that authority for an additional five years.
The NRM government had also declared its intention to introduce a new constitution democratically. In November 1988, the NRC passed the Constitutional Commission Act of 1988, which established a body to hear public testimony and draft a new constitution. The government also set guidelines, or minimum requirements, for the commission that included guarantees of fundamental individual rights; separation of the three powers of government, with checks and balances among them; an independent judiciary; a democratic, free, and fair electoral system; and popular accountability. These guidelines conformed to conventional constitutional virtues, though the separation of powers and the imposition of checks and balances represented a change from the notion of parliamentary supremacy in the British Westminster tradition as well as in the original NRM proclamation of 1986.
The guidelines for the constitutional commission did not suggest the creation of a vanguard organization made up of NRM figures who had waged the guerrilla struggle, nor the continuation of a political role for the army. They were also silent on the question of a single or multiparty system. Many Ugandans believed the old political parties would be likely to regain power in a multiparty system. Consequently, they suspected the NRM would need the shelter of a single party, or a ban on all parties, to remain the government after elections were held. Furthermore, the guidelines did not suggest how members of the constitutional commission would eliminate sectarian politics or ensure the achievement of the strategy for an independent self- sustaining economy proposed in the Ten-Point Program. In May 1989, the newly appointed head of the commission announced that it would be two years before the draft was ready to be debated by the Constituent Assembly. The process of hearing public testimony began a few months later.
Data as of December 1990
Editor's Note: Country Studies included here were published between 1988 and 1998. The Country study for Uganda was first published in 1990. Where available, the data has been updated through 2008. The date at the bottom of each section will indicate the time period of the data. Information on some countries may no longer be up to date. See the "Research Completed" date at the beginning of each study on the Title Page or the "Data as of" date at the end of each section of text. This information is included due to its comprehensiveness and for historical purposes.
Note that current information from the CIA World Factbook, U.S. Department of State Background Notes, Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Country Briefs, the UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office's Country Profiles, and the World Bank can be found on Factba.se.
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Volume XIX | Issue 2
Regional geography
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Disease Incidence in the population of Lviv region
Ruslana Vlasenko1, Oleksandr Harbar1,*, Vitalij Kostiuk1, Tamara Andrijchuk1, Nataliia Demchuk1
Abstract: The paper focuses on the spatio-temporal analysis of the dynamics of the incidence in the population in Lviv region by the main classes of diseases for 2009-2018. Groups of factors influencing the incidence in the population and the demographic situation in general have been investigated. It was found out that each group of factors can have positive and negative effects in certain regions. The structure of the disease incidence in the population of Lviv region by classes of diseases for the period 2010-2018 has not changed. It is traditionally formed by diseases of the respiratory system, blood and blood-forming organs, circulatory system, endocrine system and neoplasms. The quantitative indicators of changes in the incidence in the population of the region until 2018 by the main classes of diseases in the context of administrative districts are calculated and analyzed. A cluster analysis was carried out to determine the spatial differentiation of the incidence in the population of Lviv region. For clustering, the main indicators were selected by classes of diseases that have the largest specific weight in the structure of morbidity. The cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish two clusters within the region, for which the characteristics in the population morbidity indicators were identified. The analysis of variance (LSD-test) showed the presence of significant differences between the incidences in the population in Lviv region on respiratory diseases. The study of the disease incidence in certain areas makes it possible to predict the state of health and to work out measures to improve the health in the population.
Keywords: Lviv region, morbidity, cluster analysis, spatial distribution
1 Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology and Geography, V. Berdychivska Str. 40, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
* o.v.harbar@gmail.com
Acknowledgements: The authors express their gratitude to the KNP ENT "Lviv Regional Center for Public Health" and State Statistics Servise of Ukraine. Main Department of Statistics in Lviv Region for providing information to our official request.
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World TV
Hockey Sport TV
2020 FIH Hockey Pro League interview of the week with Brooke Peris
International Hockey Federation (FIH)
2:54 4 March 2020
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About the FIH
Set up in 1924, the FIH is recognised by the International Olympic Committee, as well as by the FIH’s Members and the Continental Federations, as the sole ultimate governing body for the sport of Hockey throughout the world.
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Australia v Argentina | Match 20 | Women's FIH Hockey Pro League Highlights
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WA Public Schools--Most Earn "C" And "D" Grade
Each year the more than 2000 Washington State public schools are rated according to the state Public Achievement Index.
The Index is based on the State Board of Educators Achievement index from the previous year.
The rating is based on reading, writing, math, science and graduation rates.
The latest report is out and it isn't pretty.
Most public schools across the state are, at best, "C" and "D" grades.
We have published the list.
Washington Policy Center (WPC) says, "Public education is in decline. Nearly one-third of Washington public school students fail to graduate, another third graduate without the knowledge and skills necessary for college or the work place."
This is the complete list of schools, alphabetically listed under school districts. WPC has attached a grade to each school.
Of 50 the states, WPC says that Washington schools graduation rates rank 42nd in the nation.
Of Washington freshman attending a four-year university or two year community college, 37% of them require remedial math or reading courses.
WPC says, "Student failure rates are so high, the legislature and the governor canceled the math portion of the Washington Assessment of Student Learning test (WASL).
WPC recommends these eight ways to improve public schools:
Eight Ways to Improve Public Schools:
Put the principal in charge
Give parents choice among public schools
Let teachers teach
Double teacher pay
Replace current state tests with the Iowa Test of Basic Skills
Create no-excuses schools
Transparency: Put school budgets and teacher qualifications online, and rate schools based on their ability to educate children
Make the Superintendent of Public Instruction an appointed office
There is another issue with public or government run schools.
It has to do with mission and morality.
The National Department of Education says in their mission statement, "ED's mission is to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access."
Public education has become so obsessed with "equality" they have redefined "access" to mean "outcome."
Political correctness and cultural Marxism has caused public education to confuse "access" with "outcome" and "opportunity." And in attempting to manage the outcome, they have generally restricted high achievers and rewarded low achievers---all in the name of fairness and equality. Consequently, they are failing to properly educate in the areas of reading, writing, math, and science.
The stated mission has been further eroded by extreme social activism, using the classroom as a social experimental lab.
At times, public education is more focused on assisting a young girl in getting an abortion during the school day without parental knowledge (Ballard High School) than teaching the child how to read and write.
Public schools can successfully provide condoms on demand, all the time, but can't teach our children to read.
It is more important in public education to normalize homosexuality and transgenderism than to teach science. If not, then why the emphasis and effort on social experimentation?
The extreme social activism advanced in our public classrooms by the NEA, Planned Parenthood and a number of homosexual "rights" organizations has clouded the stated mission and caused public education in America to decline to our lowest global standing in the history of our country.
Public education has been hi-jacked.
Not only has government run education failed to "promote student achievement," it has also failed to foster excellence with many classrooms becoming ghettos.
Noah Webster is most often considered the father of modern public education. Our present condition does not reflect his vision.
He said, "Discipline our youth in early life in sound maxims of moral, political, and religious duties."
Our present system has no room for "moral duties."
Webster said, "Education is useless without the Bible." And he said, "God's Word contained in the Bible has furnished all necessary rules to direct our conduct."
Because of the extreme secular progressive influence in public education today, morality is only presented as a relative choice. Students are taught there are no absolutes, no enduring principles, no higher authority than one's self and no real consequences to our life choices.
Chaos in the classroom.
Welcome to public education in 2013.
In nearly every legislative session in Washington State, special sessions are held, the legislators meet over the weekend and the state spends money it doesn't have trying to find more money for education---for our kids.
There is no amount of money that will solve this problem.
A culture, particularly one founded on Judeo-Christian values and principles, cannot sustain itself if it abandons the very principles upon which it was founded.
Our Founders told us the Constitution would only function properly in a moral and religious society.
The founder of public education, Noah Webster said, "The moral principles and precepts found in the Scriptures ought to form the basis of all of our constitutions and laws...All the miseries and evils which men suffer from vice, crime, ambition, injustice, oppression, slavery and war, proceed from their despising or neglecting the precepts contained in the Bible."
Public education both neglects and despises the precepts in the Bible.
In fact he said, "The Bible was America's basic textbook in all fields."
This is not a conviction found only among a select few in the late 1700's and early 1800's. This conviction continued into the 1900's. And America prospered. Only in more recent times have we discarded the strong advice of our Founders and the ancient wisdom of the Bible.
This conviction also predated our Founders. Martin Luther, the reformer in the 1500's said, "I am much afraid that schools will prove to be the great gates of hell unless they diligently labor in explaining the Holy Scriptures, engraving them in the hearts of youth. I advise no one place his child where Scriptures do not reign paramount. Every institution in which men are not increasingly occupied with the Word of God must become corrupt."
Strong language.
How did we get to this place?
Think about this. Public schools were originally called "public" not because they were government controlled but because they were open to the public, to every segment of society. These "public" schools were mostly run by parents or churches and emphasized Christ and the Bible as the foundations of education.
When a movement began to separate schools from Christianity and to tie them to government control, Princeton professor A. A. Hodge saw what was corning. He wrote in 1887, "I am as sure as I am of Christ's reign that a comprehensive and centralized system of national education, separated from religion, as is now commonly proposed, will prove the most appalling enginery for the propagation of anti-Christian and atheistic unbelief, and of anti-social nihilistic ethics, individual, social and political, which this sin-rent world has ever seen."
Education is not an end in itself. It must have a solid foundation and a sound purpose.
If there is no absolute Truth or purpose in life, then education is pointless.
If so-called "public education" is ever salvaged, it can only be done by parents and concerned local leaders who invest themselves in local leadership with the purpose of restoring those values and principles which Webster and other early education advocates deeply held.
Be Informed. Be Vigilant. Be Discerning. Be Active.
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Analytical Toolbox
Glacier Lake Mapping
Pilot Sites
Activities/Outputs
Glacier Lake Outburst Floods
Video e-Library
University of Zurich (Switzerland)
Relevance to Project / Involvement in Project Design
The University has a wide profile and long-term experience in glacier lakes research, including aspects of their formation, assessment and monitoring, as well as in the field of GLOF modeling and assessment of associated hazards, vulnerabilities and risks. The formulation process of the project proposal was coordinated with the University specialists, who were consulted repeatedly.
Proposed Role in the Project
The University will be responsible for the implementation project components related to the EWS and associated with it.
Center for Emergency Situations and Disaster Risk Reduction (CESDRR)
The Center is a permanent interstate body, an international organization, established to ensure effective mechanisms for mitigating risks of emergency situations and mitigating their consequences, as well as stimulating regional and international cooperation. The tasks of the Center also include mitigating disaster risk factors, identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risks and predicting them. The Center was consulted during the formulation of the project.
UNESCO supported the CESDRR in establishing the Regional Science and Technology Council for Emergency Situations and Disaster Risk Reduction in Central Asia, which is designed to bridge the gap between science and policy in the field of the DRR.
CESDRR will be engaged as a platform for distribution of knowledge and lessons-learnt about the risks, from targeted demonstration projects. Its annual inter-ministerial forums on DRR will be used as a regional mechanism to exchange project findings for supporting policy making.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics under the State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources
The Institute is a multidisciplinary scientific institution in which scientists solve topical and applied problems of geology, glacial geology, geoecology, geophysics, and other related areas. The Institute continues to make a significant contribution to the development of the fundamentals of geology and the expansion of the mineral resource base of the country. Consultations were held with the Institute during project formulation.
The Institute will be involved in conducting a scientific assessment of the hazards and risks of GLOFs. In addition, the Institute will be involved in conducting activities at the local community level in the pilot areas.
Ministry of Emergency Situations
The Ministry is the central government body that manages and coordinates work in the field of civil protection, prevention and response to emergency situations, caused by accidents and natural disasters. It is responsible for overseeing and coordinating government disaster relief efforts. Consultations were held with the Ministry during project formulation.
Member of the Project Steering Committee. Focal Point on Disaster Risk Reduction activities in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Center of Hydrometeorological Service under the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan (UzHydromet)
The mandate of this government agency focuses on hydro-meteorological forecasting, and it issues disaster warnings in case of extreme weather events. The tasks of the Center include the development and improvement of the state system of hydrometeorological observations, hydrometeorological support of economic sectors, research, improvement of short-term and long-term weather forecasting, river flow, climate change. UzHydromet also works in research related to climate change and reporting on the UNFCCC. Consultations were held with UzHydromet during project formulation.
Member of the Project Steering Committee. As the designated authority for the AF, Uzhydromet will liaise with the project as necessary on matters related to the project implementation. The project will maintain communication, coordination and exchange of information with UzHydromet.
© GLOFCA 2022
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Supreme Court Permits Trans Military Ban To Go Forward
January 22, 2019 Bea Bischoff
The Supreme Court issued an order that will allow President Trump’s ban on trans military members go into effect immediately.
Today, the Supreme Court issued an order that will allow President Trump’s ban on trans military members go into effect immediately. The Supreme Court did not hear arguments on the underlying ban or make a ruling on the actual merits of the underlying court case. Instead, this decision allows the ban to go into effect while the underlying cases surrounding its constitutionality are litigated in lower courts.
This policy was originally announced on Twitter by President Trump in July 2017. Officials then scrambled to enshrine the tweet into official policy. The official policy was released by then-Secretary of Defense James Mattis. The policy prohibits those diagnosed with “gender dysphoria” from serving the military with very limited exceptions. Additionally, it requires that recruits may only serve under the sex they were assigned at birth. Today’s ruling will undoubtedly be considered a victory for the Trump administration, which is currently beleaguered because of the ongoing government shutdown.
The ruling will allow the ban’s immediate implementation while lower court cases continue to determine the constitutionality of the ban. This means that the Trump administration can immediately start preventing trans recruits from joining the military, and may even discharge trans military members while the lower court cases continue. This leaves the fate of approximately 8,980 trans service members in question.
In the ruling, the four more liberal justices disagreed with allowing the ban to go into effect pending a final ruling on the merits of the case. Attorney Jennifer Levi, director of GLAAD’s transgender rights project, told The Washington Post that the decision is “based on the absurd idea that forcing transgender people to suppress who they are in order to serve is not a ban. It ignores the reality of transgender people’s lives, with devastating consequences, and rests on a complete failure to understand who transgender people are.”
We are thinking of our trans brothers and sisters today in the wake of this news. We stand with you in solidarity. #translivesmatter
anti-transanti-trans legislationanti-transgender legislationDonald TrumpGLAADlgbtq militarymilitary transgender bantrans rightstrans rights matterU.S. Supreme Court
Swiss To Allow Self-Declared Legal Name & Gender Marker Changes
Two More Transgender Women Have Been Identified As Victims Of Violence In 2021
December 7, 2021 Robin Kish
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WOMEN MUST LEARN TO PLAY THE GAME AS MEN DO
Narrated by Kimberly Schraf
Download mp3 file: Women Must Learn to Play the Game as Men Do
Women have been voting for years. But have they achieved actual political equality with men? No. They go through the gesture of going to the polls; their votes are solicited by politicians; and they possess the external aspect of equal rights. But it is mostly a gesture without real power. With some outstanding exceptions, women who have gone into politics are refused serious consideration by the men leaders. Generally they are treated most courteously, to be sure, but what they want, what they have to say, is regarded as of little weight. In fact, they have no actual influence or say at all in the consequential councils of their parties.
In small things they are listened to; but when it comes to asking for important things they generally find they are up against a blank wall. This is true of local committees, State committees, and the national organizations of both major political parties.
From all over the United States, women of both camps have come to me and their experiences are practically the same. When meetings are to be held at which momentous matters are to be decided, the women members often are not asked. When they are notified of formal meetings where important matters are to be ratified, they generally find all these things have been planned and prepared, without consultation with them, in secret confabs of the men beforehand. If they have objections to proposed policies or candidates, they are adroitly overruled. They are not allowed to run for office to any appreciable extent and if they propose candidates of their own sex, reasons are usually found for their elimination which, while diplomatic and polite, are just pretexts nevertheless.
In those circles which decide the affairs of national politics, women have no voice or power whatever. On the national committee of each party there is a woman representative from every State, and a woman appears as vice-chairman. Before national elections they will be told to organize the women throughout the United States, and asked to help in minor ways in raising funds. But when it comes to those grave councils at which possible candidates are discussed, as well as party policies, they are rarely invited in. At the national conventions no woman has ever been asked to serve on the platform committee.
Politically, as a sex, women are generally "frozen out" from any intrinsic share of influence in their parties.
The machinery of party politics has always been in the hands of men, and still is. Our statesmen and legislators are still keeping in form as the successors of the early warriors gathering around the campfire plotting the next day's attack. Yes, they have made feints indicating they are willing to take women into the high councils of the parties. But, in fact, the women who have gone into the political game will tell you they are excluded from any actual kind of important participation. They are called upon to produce votes, but they are kept in ignorance of noteworthy plans and affairs. Their requests are seldom refused outright, but they are put off with a technique that is an art in itself. The fact is that generally women are not taken seriously. With certain exceptions, men still as a class dismiss their consequence and value in politics, cherishing the old-fashioned concept that their place is in the home. While women's votes are a factor to be counted upon, and figure largely in any impending campaign, the individual women who figure in party councils are regarded by their male confrères as having no real power back of them. And they haven't.
They will ask women to run for office now and then, sometimes because they think it politic and wise to show women how generous they are, but more often because they realize in advance their ticket cannot win in the district selected. Therefore they will put up a woman, knowing it will injure the party less to have a woman defeated, and then they can always say it was her sex that defeated her. Where victory is certain, very rarely can you get a woman nominated on the party ticket.
Of course there are women all over the United States who have been elected to high and important offices. There are three women in Congress; there have been two woman governors; and women sit in various State legislatures and hold State offices. In New York City one could cite several who have not only been elected but who have conducted themselves in office with ability and distinction. But does that indicate any equal recognition of share in political power? Infinitely more examples come to mind of women who were either denied a nomination or who were offered it only when inevitable defeat stared the party leaders in the face.
To many women who fought so long and so valiantly for suffrage, what has happened has been most discouraging. For one reason or another, most of the leaders who carried the early fight to success have dropped out of politics. This has been in many ways unfortunate. Among them were women with gifts of real leadership. They were exceptional and high types of women, idealists concerned in carrying a cause to victory, with no idea of personal advancement or gain. In fact, attaining the vote was only part of a program for equal rights�an external gesture toward economic independence, and social and spiritual equality with men.
When the franchise was finally achieved, their interest was not held by any ambition for political preferment or honors. To learn the intricate machinery of politics and play the men's game left them cold. The routine of political office held no appeal. One of the most prominent of those early crusaders today gives her energies to campaigning for world peace. By nature a propagandist, it would be impossible to interest her in either of the major parties. Another woman, who donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to the cause, frankly admits she has never even cast a vote. She considers the situation, with women coping with men in the leading parties, utterly hopeless. Like many others, she regards suffrage as an empty victory, equal rights a travesty, and the vote a gesture without power.
Women are today ignored largely because they have no banded unity under representative leaders and spokesmen capable of dealing with the bosses controlling groups of men whose votes they can "deliver." These men bosses have the power of coordinated voters behind them. Our helplessness is that of an incoherent anarchy.
If women believe they have a right and duty in political life today, they must learn to talk the language of men. They must not only master the phraseology, but also understand the machinery which men have built up through years of practical experience. Against the men bosses there must be women bosses who can talk as equals, with the backing of a coherent organization of women voters behind them.
Voters who are only voters, whether men or women, are only the followers of leaders. The important thing is the choosing of leaders.
There are women, as there are men, who frankly are in politics for what they can get out of it. I remember well one woman who had worked hard in an organization and was denied recognition in the tangible way she desired�namely, a paid job. Whereupon she announced she was going over to the opposing political party, where, when they wished to reward a worker, they created a job if one was not available at the time!
This attitude is comparatively rare, however, because most women working in all political organizations are volunteers. Their motives for being volunteers may be mixed. I am far from claiming that as a sex we have a monopoly of disinterested desire to serve our country. Human nature is much the same in men and women. But the fact remains that the great mass of women working in political organizations all over this country are unpaid, and they are so far allowed to do the detail work which bores the men.
Remember, women have voted just ten years. They have held responsible positions in big business enterprises only since the war, to any great extent. The men at the head of big business or controlling politics are for the most part middle-aged men. Their wives grew up in an era when no public question was discussed in a popular manner, when men talked politics over their wine or cigars, and pulled their waistcoats down, on joining the ladies, to talk music, or the play or the latest scandal. Can you blame them if the adjustment to modern conditions is somewhat difficult?
Certain women profess to be horrified at the thought of women bosses bartering and dickering in the hard game of politics with men. But many more women realize that we are living in a material world, and that politics cannot be played from the clouds. To sum up, women must learn to play the game as men do. If they go into politics, they must stick to their jobs, respect the time and work of others, master a knowledge of history and human nature, learn diplomacy, subordinate their likes and dislikes of the moment and choose leaders to act for them and to whom they will be loyal. They can keep their ideals; but they must face facts and deal with them practically.
More information about Eleanor Roosevelt from Wikipedia
A selection from At Home and Abroad; or,
Things and Thoughts in America and Europe by Margaret Fuller
More selections (60) in this category: History/Society/Politics
More selections (52) in the iTunes category: Society & Culture/History
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US establishes new military bases in South America
[Translation of an article from Brasil de Fato of São Paulo for May 15. See original here.]
by Indira Carpio Olivo and Ernesto J. Navarro
On March 24, 2012, the web site aporrea.org published a story from four days earlier, taken from matrizur.org, stating that the governor of the province of El Chaco was granting permission for installation by the [United States] Southern Command of a military base in that Argentine territory.
The story reads, “The building, which will be inaugurated this month, is located on the grounds of the airport in Resistencia, the capital of the northern province of El Chaco, is in the final stage of construction and will be the first such operations center in Argentina. All that is lacking is to equip it with information technology and then to turn over the facility and to finish with the training of personnel,” says Colonel Edwin Passmore of the Southern Command, who had met weeks earlier with Governor Jorge Capitanich.”
Days later, on April 5, the Chile of Sebastián Piñera opened the doors to the same Southern Command. A military complex located at Fuerte Aguayo in the community of Concón, in Valparaíso Region, some 130 kilometers northeast of the capital, Santiago, was opened ceremoniously. In the midst of protests, United States Defense Secretary Leon Panetta appeared, declaring that it is not a military base operated by his country but a Chilean base for training United Nations peace forces.
The Southern Command currently operates military bases in Paraguay, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Peru. In an interview on the radio program La Brújula del Sur, Walter Goobar, writer and editor for the Sunday weekly Miradas al Sur and columnist for the daily Tiempo Argentino, commented that the government of the United States no longer calls these installations, financed by the Southern Command, “military bases,” but in the current terminology they are now referred to as “Cooperative Security Locations” (CSL) or “Forward Operating Locations” (FOL).
“The Southern Command is attempting to penetrate into different countries with programs that are not military (aid for disasters, emergencies, etc.), by which it can avoid authorization by congresses or national authorities,” declares Goobar. Despite the fact that the governor of the province of El Chaco, Jorge Capitanich, denies categorically that the installation granted to the United States army is a military base, Goobar points out, “It is obvious to me that it is a matter of military installations, financed by the Southern Command. The man appearing on behalf of the US, signing agreements with the governor of El Chaco, is Colonel Edwin Passmore, a man well known in Venezuela, since he was expelled for carrying out espionage activities; he is a man from United States intelligence.”
Control of a triple border
The Argentine writer and analyst states that the province of El Chaco is of great importance for several reasons. “In this specific case, (a base) gives the Southern Command control over a strategic area where the borders of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay converge and where the famous Guarani Aquifer flows.” As it loses political leadership in South America, the United States needs a territorial kind of control ; Goobar adds that “the installation of bases in El Chaco and in Chile will also allow for the recruitment of local forces in order to have them under its command and on its payroll.”
Asked about the reasons the governor of El Chaco granted the permit, Walter Goobar tells us, “Personally, I believe that Governor Capitanich is trying to conduct a kind of foreign policy on his own. He is contradicting the basic postulates of the foreign policy of Néstor and Cristina Kirchner.”
Under siege?
In his articles, Goobar analyzes the Southern Command’s military deployment and considers that “there is indeed reason for concern. This military deployment goes hand in hand, or in the footsteps of, Great Britain’s deployment in the South Atlantic, in the Malvinas Islands, with nuclear ships.”
“Part of this deployment has to do with the Pentagon foreseeing some kind of crisis in the ALBA [Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América] countries and also with an eventual attack on Iran by Israel and/or the United States and the necessity of having its own backyard under control.”
Military landing
The base offered to the Southern Command in Argentina by the governor of El Chaco under the euphemism “emergency aid base” is located in the main airport of the region.
The reason? Walter Goobar explains: “At this time, the principal weapon of the United States are 7,500 unmanned airplanes called ‘drones,’ and to operate these airplanes it is not necessary to deploy soldiers; the only military deployment needed is a joystick, 14 computer screens and a pilot capable of flying three drones at the same time.”
The colonel has performed “humanitarian tasks,” commanding his troops in the invasion of Afghanistan. Besides that, he was intelligence adviser to the minister of defense of Kuwait during the Iraq invasion.
Beginning in 2005 he served as military attaché in the United States embassy in Venezuela, a country from which he was expelled for espionage activity in the year 2008. In February, 2011, Edwin Passmore was involved in the introduction of “secret” diplomatic pouches that contained devices for secret communications, encryption and intercept of communications, global positioning devices, software packages (logical support) and a long list of narcotic and psychotropic substances.”
Brazil seeks agreements with foreign intelligence agencies to bar Haitians
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david on OAS representative in Haiti sharply critical of foreign aid and occupation
David Wilson on OAS representative in Haiti sharply critical of foreign aid and occupation
Argentina: A change of skin
Controversy erupts after ATF allows illegal arms shipments to Mexico
Archives Select Month March 2013 (2) May 2012 (1) December 2011 (1) March 2011 (1) January 2011 (1) December 2010 (3) September 2010 (1) May 2010 (2) March 2010 (1)
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navy -- waves (18)
united states. navy -- women (18)
world war ii era (1940-1946) (18)
architecture -- history (4)
historic preservation (4)
city planning -- north carolina -- greensboro (1)
wv0293 katharine w. toll papers (17)
cc066 the historic dimension series (4)
cone 10079 moses h. cone memorial hospital collection, 1908-2003 and undated (1)
ms223 mary mendenhall hobbs papers, 1888-1930 (1)
north carolina collection (greensboro public library) (1)
wv0273 sylvia k. swink papers (1)
toll, katharine w. (5)
uncg department of interior architecture (4)
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rogers, janice a. (3)
mullen, mary e. (2)
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Description: conservation
Conserving American treasures: Progressive & New Deal Era murals
CC066 The Historic Dimension Series
The first half of the 20th century was the most prolific period of mural painting in U.S. history. Two specific time periods, the Progressive Era (1904-1933) and the New Deal Era (1930s-early 1940s), saw the creation of Federal Public Arts...
Linoleum: The ultimate flooring
Linoleum, a flooring material made from plant-based ingredients, was invented in the mid-nineteenth century and remained a popular floor covering until the 1940s. Its long-lasting, sustainable, water-resistant, and sound-absorbing attributes made...
Conservation record for the portraits of Bertha and Moses Cone
Cone 10079 Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital Collection, 1908-2003 and undated
The conservation record for the portraits of Bertha and Moses H Cone, dated 2011.
Oral history interview with Sylvia Kenny Swink, 2003
WV0273 Sylvia K. Swink Papers
Primarily discusses Sylvia Kenny Swink's service in the U.S. Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) as well as her pre- and post-war personal life.
Swink discusses growing up during the Depression in Minnesota, and her...
Preserving the sacred: The struggle for the preservation of Native American sacred land
Native American sacred lands have been and continue to be at risk of desecration and destruction, often due to a lack of understanding for indigenous cultural and spiritual practices. This brief examines Native American sacred lands through the...
Letters to the editor of the Charlotte Observer [Mary Mendenhall Hobbs papers]
MS223 Mary Mendenhall Hobbs Papers, 1888-1930
This folder contains essays sent by Mary to the editor of the Charlotte Observer. Topics include the importance of educating girls,"The Rich Young Ruler"(1903), women's preaching, and Booker T Washington (1903). Many of these essays were written in...
Essays [Mary Mendenhall Hobbs papers]
This folder contains a collection of essays written by Mary. Essay topics and titles include "This Alarm Over the Danger of Knowledge"(1927)""Know Thyself," home landscaping, the Central Carolina Fair, and Easter (1911). The notebook is titled...
Phillips Avenue neighborhood plan
North Carolina Collection (Greensboro Public Library)
Printed overview of the Phillips Avenue neighborhood conservation plan developed by Greensboro’s Department of Planning and Community Development. Includes photographs, maps, charts and descriptions of the neighborhood concept plans along with...
Future so bright: A history of neon signage
Neon signage has fallen in and out of favor since its invention in the early 20th century. At first considered a necessary form of commercial advertising and later deemed tacky and obtrusive, today it is experiencing a resurgence as an artistic...
Shore salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve news monthly
WV0293 Katharine W. Toll Papers
First Edition of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; 21 October 1943
15 December 1943 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 1, No. 3
15 February 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 2
15 March 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 3
15 April 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 4
15 May 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 5
15 June 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 6
15 June1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 7
15 August 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 8
October 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 10
November 1944 Issue of Shore Salt: First Naval District Women's Reserve News Monthly; Vol. 2, No. 11
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New York (State), Legislature | Assembly
The organization New York (State), Legislature | Assembly represents an institution, an association, or corporate body that is associated with resources found in Biddle Law Library - University of Pennsylvania Law School.
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19 Items by the Organization New York (State), Legislature | Assembly
The Constitution of the State of New-York, adopted November 3, 1846 : together with marginal notes and a copious index, prepared by I.R. Elwood, Esq., late clerk of the Senate
Communication from Hon. John C. Mather, canal commissioner, in answer to certain charges contained in the report of the select committee, accompanied by a resolution of impeachment
Communication from the governor, transmitting certain proceedings of the Seneca Nation of Indians
A Compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon : from 1777 to 1899, inclusive, prepared and arranged in compliance with a resolution of the Assembly, passed April 28, 1899, under the direction of Archie E. Baxter, clerk
A compilation of cases of breaches of privilege of the House, in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of standing and special committees and the proceedings and judgments thereon, together with full references to all action in each case, from 1777 to 1871, prepared pursuant to a resolution of the Assembly, passed April 18th, 1871, under the supervision of C. W. Armstrong, clerk
Papers and testimony in the matter of the election of William D. Murphy as member of Assembly in the first district of the county of Albany, State of New York, contested by Stephen Springsted
Proceedings in the Court of impeachment in the matter of the impeachment of George G. Barnard, a justice of the Supreme Court of the state of New York
Proceedings of the committee appointed to inquire into the official conduct of William W. Van Ness, Esquire : one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the state of New York : with the whole evidence taken by that body
Report of New York State Indian Commission, by E. A. Everett, Chairman ; transmitted to, and rejected by the New York State Assembly March 17, 1922 ; with Memorandum of C. C. Daniels, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, November 21, 1934
Report of the special committee appointed to investigate the local government of the city and county of New York
Special Committee to investigate the affairs of the Assembly ceiling
Was the Assembly true to its trust? : a fight for the federal Constitution in the New York Assembly of 1918, by Eliot Tuckerman
A compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon, from 1777 to 1871 inclusive ; with an appendix of the election laws of the state of New York, prepared and arranged, in compliance with a resolution of the Assembly, passed April 18th, 1871, under the direction of C.W. Armstrong, clerk
A compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon, from 1777 to 1899 inclusive, prepared and arranged, in compliance with a resolution of the Assembly, passed April 28th, 1899, under the direction of Archie E. Baxter, clerk
A digest of taxation in the states, under three heads : 1. Mode or machinery of taxation; 2. Standard of valuation; 3. Property liable to and exempt from, taxation, [compiled] by Alfred B. Street
Abolition of the death penalty : speech of Hon. Burt Van Horn, of Niagara in favor of abolishing capital punishment in Assembly, March 1860
Assembly ceiling investigation : appropriation or Ainsworth committe
Breach of privilege : the matter of Hon. H. Ray : argument of Hon. Platt Potter : the case of a high breach of privilege of the Honorable the Assembly of the State of New York, and its result
9 Items that are about the Organization New York (State), Legislature | Assembly
Albany, the crisis in government : the history of the suspension, trial and expulsion from the New York State Legislature in 1920 of the five socialist assemblymen by their political opponents, by Louis Waldman ; with an introduction by Seymour Stedman
Journal of the Assembly of the state of New York : reformatted from the original and including, A journal of the votes of the General Assembly of Her Majesties colony of New-York in America
Manual, compiled and prepared for the use of the Assembly : exemplifying particularly the mode of proceeding, conformably to the national and state constitutions, and the rules and orders of the House of Assembly of the state of New-York, by Aaron Clark, Esq
The constituent-engagement effect of small donor public financing : a statistical comparison of City Council (2017) and State Assembly (2018) fundraising in New York City, by Nirali Viras, Chisun Lee, Joanna Zdanys
Context of New York (State), Legislature | Assembly
A compilation of cases of breaches of privilege of the House, in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of standing and special committees and the proceedings and judgments thereon, together with full references to all action in each case, from 1777 to 1871
Was the assembly true to its trust? : a fight for the federal constitution in the New York Assembly of 1918
A digest of taxation in the states, under three heads : 1. Mode or machinery of taxation; 2. Standard of valuation; 3. Property liable to and exempt from, taxation
A Compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon : from 1777 to 1899, inclusive
Report of New York State Indian Commission
The Constitution of the State of New-York, adopted November 3, 1846 : together with marginal notes and a copious index
A compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon, from 1777 to 1871 inclusive ; with an appendix of the election laws of the state of New York
A compilation of cases of contested elections to seats in the Assembly of the state of New York : with the reports of committees on privileges and elections, and the action of the House thereon, from 1777 to 1899 inclusive
New York (State), Legislature | Assembly -- Rules and practice
New York (State), Legislature | Assembly -- Periodicals
New York (State), Legislature | Assembly -- Elections
New York (State), Legislature | Assembly -- Contested elections
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<div class="citation" vocab="http://schema.org/"><i class="fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw"></i> Data from <span resource="http://link.law.upenn.edu/resource/CfWCDD7XSo0/" typeof="Organization http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Organization"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a href="http://link.law.upenn.edu/resource/CfWCDD7XSo0/">New York (State), Legislature | Assembly</a></span> - <span property="potentialAction" typeOf="OrganizeAction"><span property="agent" typeof="LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem" resource="http://link.law.upenn.edu/"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a property="url" href="http://link.law.upenn.edu/">Biddle Law Library - University of Pennsylvania Law School</a></span></span></span></span></div>
Data Citation of the Organization New York (State), Legislature | Assembly
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Social and Emotional Development and Infant-Family and Early Childhood Mental Health
California Compendium of Training Guidelines for IFECMH
What is Endorsement?
TMHP/ATMHP
IFECMH Specialists
RPF I and II
RPF Mentor
Endorsement Application Manual
Endorsement Application
Endorsees
Endorsement Candidate
IC3-RPS Certificate
Child Development/Wellness
Reflective Practices
Special Needs/Developmental Disabilities
Trauma/Violence
Infographics and Issue Briefs
Amini Virmani, E. & Ontai, L. (2010). Does Reflective Supervision Foster Caregiver Insightfulness? Infant Mental Health Journal, 31(1), 16-32.
Bernstein, V. (2004). Standing firm against the forces of risk: Supporting Home Visiting and Early Intervention Workers through Reflective Supervision. IDA News, 31(2), 1, 13-19.
Bernstein V., Campbell, S., & Ajers, A. (2001). Caring for the caregivers: Supporting the well-being of at-risk parents and children through supporting the well-being of the programs that serve them. In J. Hughes, J. Close, & A. La Greca (Eds.), Handbook of psychological services for children and adolescents (pp.107-13). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bertacchi, J. (1996). Relationship-based Organizations. Zero To Three/National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 17(2), 1-7.
Bertacci, J. & Coplon, J. (1992). The professional use of self in prevention. In E. Fenichel (Ed.), Learning Through Supervision and Mentorship to Support the Development of Infants, Toddlers and their Families: A Source Book. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Bertacchi, J., & Gilkerson, L. (2009). How can Administrative and Reflective Supervision be Combined? In S. Scott Heller & L. Gilkerson (Eds.), A practical guide to reflective supervision (pp.121-134). Washington DC: Zero To Three.
Bertacchi, J, & Norman-Murch, T. (1999). Implementing Reflective Supervision in Non-Clinical Settings: Challenges to Practice. Zero To Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 20(1), 18-23.
Bulman, C. & Schutz, S. ( Eds.) (2008). Reflective Practice in Nursing, 4th Edition. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Copa, A., Lucinski, L., Olsen, E., & Wollenburg, K. (1999). Promoting Professional and Organizational Development: A Reflective Practice Model. Zero To Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. 20(1), 3-9.
Cox, E. (2005). Adult learners learning from experience: Using a reflective practice model to support work-based learning. Reflective Practice, 6, 459-472.
Doan-Sampon, M. A., Wollenburg, K., Campbell A., & Portage Project Staff. (1993). Growing: Birth to Three. Portage, WI: Portage Project.
Edelman, L. (2004). A relationship-based approach to early intervention (pdf). Retrieved on May 12, 2009 from http://olms.cte.jhu.edu/olms/data/resource/
Emde, R. N. (2009). Facilitating reflective supervision in an early child development center. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(6), 664-673.
Eggbeer, L., Mann, T. L., & Seibel, N. (2007). Reflective Supervision: Past, present & future. In Zero to Three. Special Issue: Reflective Supervision: What is it and why do it? 28(2), (pp. 5-10).
Fenichel, E.(Ed.). (1992). Learning through supervision and mentorship to support the development of infants, toddlers, and their families: A source book. Washington, DC: Zero to Three/NCCIP.
Foulds, B. & Curtiss, K. (2002). No Longer Risking Myself: Assisting the Supervisor Through Supportive Consultation. In J. Shirilla & D. Weatherston (Eds.), Case Studies in Infant Mental Health: Risk, Resiliency, and Relationships (pp. 177-186). Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Geller, E. & Foley, G.M. (2008). Broadening the “Ports of Entry” for Speech-Language Pathologist: A relational and reflective model for clinical supervision. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 22-41.
Germer, C.K. (2005). Mindfulness: What is it? What does it matter? In C.K. Germer, R.O. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
Gilkerson, L. (2004). Reflective supervision in infant-family programs: Adding clinical process to nonclinical settings. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(5), 424-439.
Gilkerson, L. & Shahmoon-Shanok, R. (2000). Relationships for growth: Cultivating reflective practice in infant, toddler and preschool programs. In J. Osofsky & H. Fitzgerald (Eds). WAIMH Handbook of infant mental health. Vol. 2. Early intervention, evaluation and assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Gilkerson, L. & Ritzler, T.T. (2005). The role of reflective process in infusing relationship-based practice into an early intervention system. In K. M. Finello (Ed). Handbook of training and practice in infant and preschool mental health (pp. 427-452). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Harden, B. (2009) Beyond Reflective Supervision: How can my Organization Support Well-being. In S. Scott Heller & L. Gilkerson (Eds). A practical guide to reflective supervision (135-148). Washington DC: Zero to Three.
Hawkins, P. & Shohet, R. (2007). Supervision in the helping professions. Third edition. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press. McGraw Hill Education.
Healthy Families America Self Assessment Tool. (2008-2011).
Heffron, M. C. (1999). Balance in Jeopardy: Reflexive Reactions vs. Reflective Responses in Infant/Family Practice. Zero To Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. 20(1), 15-17.
Heffron, M.C. (2004). Learning to be a reflective supervisor: Techniques and approaches. IDA News, 31(2), 4-5.
Heffron, M.C. (2005). Reflective Supervision in Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Work. In Finello, K. M. (Ed.), Handbook of Training and Practice in Infant and Preschool Mental Health (pp. 114-136). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Heffron, M.C., Grunstein, S. & Tilmon, S. Exploring Diversity in Supervision and Practice. Zero to Three, Vol. 28, 34-39.
Heffron, M.C., Ivins, B., & Weston, D.R. (2005) Finding an authentic voice. Use of Self: Essential Learning Processes for relationship based work. Infants and Young Children. 18(4), 323-336.
Heffron, M.C. & Murch, T. (2010). Reflective supervision and leadership in infant and early childhood programs. Washington, DC: Zero To Three.
Heller, S.S., Jozefowica, F., Reams, R., & Weinstock, J. (2004). Starting where the program is: Three infant mental health consultants discuss reflective practice. Zero to Three, 24(6), 10-20.
Howes, C., James, J. & Ritchie, S. (2003). Pathways to effective teaching. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18, 104-120. Infant Mental Health Journal. (2009). Special Issue. Working within the context of relationships: Multidisciplinary, relational and reflective practice, training and supervision. 30(6).
Johns, C. (2008). Becoming a Reflective Practitioner. Second Edition. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Keyes, A.W., Cavanaugh, A.E., & Scott Heller, S. (2009). How do I, as a reflective supervisor, repair ruptures in the supervisory relationship? In S. Scott Heller & L. Gilkerson (Eds.). A practical guide to reflective supervision (pp. 99-119). Washington DC: Zero To Three.
Larrieu, J. A. & Dickson, A. B. (2009). Reflective practice in infant mental health training and consultation. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(6), 579-591.
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Norman-Murch, T. (1996). Reflective Supervision as a Vehicle for Individual and Organizational Development. Zero To Three/National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 17(2), 16-20.
Norman-Murch, T. (1999). Reflective Practice in Relationship-Based Organizations. Special Edition of Zero to Three, 20(1).
Norman-Murch, T. & Ward, G. (1999) First Steps in Establishing Reflective Practice and Supervision: Organizational Issues and Strategies. Zero To Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. 20(1), 10-14.
Norman-Murch, T. (2005). Keeping our Balance on a Slippery Slope: Training and supporting infant/family specialists within an organizational context. Infants and Young Children. 18(4) 308-322.
Parlakian, R. (2002). Reflective supervision in practice: Stories from the field. Washington, DC, Zero to Three.
Parlakian, R. (2001). Look, Listen and Learn: Reflective supervision and relationship-based work. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Parlakian, R. & Seibel, N. (2001). Being in Charge: Reflective Leadership in Infant – Family Programs. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Pawl, J. H. (1995). On supervision. In R. Shanok, L. Gilkerson, L. Eggbeer, & E. Fenichel (Eds.) Reflective supervision: A relationship for learning. Discussion guide (pp. 41-49). Arlington, VA: Zero to Three.
Pawl, J. & St. John, M. (1998). How you are is as important as what you do. In Making a Positive Difference for Infants, Toddlers and their Families. Washington, D.C.: Zero to Three.
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Schafer, W. (2007). Models & domains of supervision and their relationship to professional development . Zero to Three, 28(2), 10-17.
Schon, D. (1987). Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
Schon, D. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. London: Temple Smith.
Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J., & Flowers, B.S. (2005). Presence: An exploration of profound change in people, organizations & society. New York: Doubleday.
Siegel, D.J. (2007). The Mindful Brain. Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York: W. W. Norton.
Shahmoon-Shanok, R. (2006). Reflective Supervision for an Integrated Model: What, why and how? In G. Foley & J. Hochman (Eds.) Mental Health in Early Intervention: Achieving Unity in Principles and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Shahmoon-Shanok & Geller, E. (2009). Embracing complexity across disciplines: Reflective supervision and post degree training integrate mental health concepts with speech-language therapy and graduate education. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30 (6), 591-621.
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Tomlin, A.M., Sturm, L., & Koch, S.M. (2009). Observe, listen, wonder and respond: A preliminary exploration of reflective function skills in early care providers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(6), 634-648.
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Weatherston, D.J. & Osofsky, J.D. (2009). Working within the context of relationships: Multidisciplinary, relational and reflective practice, training and supervision. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(6), 573-579.
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Weston, D., Ivins, B., Heffron, M. & Sweet, N. (1997). Formulating the centrality of relationships in early intervention: An organizational perspective. Infants and Young Children, (9)3, 1-12.
Weston, D.R. (2005).Training in infant mental health: Educating the reflective practitioner. Infants & Young Children, (pdf) 18(4), 337- 348. http://depts.washington.edu/isei/iyc/weston_18.4_05.pdf
Wajda, Johnston, V., Smke, A., & Nagle, G, (2005). Using technology as a training, supervision and consultation aid. In K.M. Finello (Ed.), The handbook of training and practice in infant and preschool mental health (pp. 357-374). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wightman, B., Whitaker, K., Traylor, D., Yeider, S., Hyden, V.C., & Weigand, B. (2007). In Zero to Three. Special Issue: Reflective Supervision: What is it and why do it? 28(2), 29-34.
Zero to Three (2007). Special Issue. Reflective Supervision: What is it and why do it? (28)2.
View more resource categories.
California Compendium
Reflective Supervision Certificate
© 2012 California Center for Infant-Family and Early Childhood Mental Health at WestEd Center for Prevention and Early Intervention. All rights reserved.
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Guided Visit
Chileans and resident foreigners: $1,000 Foreigners: $8,000 Chilean students and resident foreigners: $500 Foreign students: $4,000
Download recordings of the Permanent Exhibition display texts in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish here. These audioguides are in mp3 format and are arranged by cultural area, following the same order as our exhibit galleries. Descargue desde esta página audioguías en castellano, inglés, francés y portugués con los textos de las vitrinas de la […]
Permanent exhibition at the Art Pre-Columbian America
Permanent Exhibition Chile before Chile
This site focuses on the art of the peoples of the Americas, grouped according to Cultural Areas.
The exhibition ranges from the oldest groups of fishermen to the current native peoples.
These smaller sites are dedicated to the temporary exhibits that the Museum has mounted each year.
Exhibitions performed and produced by the Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art.
This site explores the exhibitions prepared by the Museum and sent on tour across Chile and around the globe.
Central Andes
Mesoamerica is the area that covers the present-day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and part of Nicaragua.
The Intermediate Area includes the territories of Colombia and Ecuador.
The Caribbean Area extends across the Caribbean Sea and the Antilles.
The Amazonas Area envelops the Amazon jungle.
The Central Andes Area covers Peru and Bolivia.
The Southern Andes Area extends Argentina.
Pre-Columbian Cultures
Chile’s Indigenous Peoples
These indigenous groups inhabited the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. They are often identified by the style of their artwork, the territory they inhabited and the period(s) during which they lived.
These human groups are the direct descendants of certain pre-Columbian cultures and retain some of their social and cultural elements, distinguishing them from the rest of the population. Most of these groups also have their own language.
American Influences
Audiovisual Archive
Pre-Columbian technologies
This site contains hundreds of pages of information, drawings, animated clips, comics, audio clips, games and videos made especially for kids about the cultures and prehistory of the Americas.
The Museum's Audiovisual Archive, created in 1989, includes an Ethnographic Video Archive and an Indigenous Music Archive. The Audiovisual Archive is housed in the library.
The colonization of the Americas revolutionized the Old World of Europe in countless ways.
The fifty pieces from the Museum’s collection that are found in this section display basic iconography from several distinct cultural areas of the Americas.
In this section, you can know more about 20 musical instruments in the Museum´s collection through photographs, sound clips, diagrams and explanations.
The need create precision instruments and tools drove precolombians to explore a vast array of manufacturing and engineering technologies.
Rock art refers to the marks and figures applied by humans onto natural stone.
Museum’s Journal
Check the news adcquisitions.
Since it was founded thirty years ago, the Museum has produced a wide range of publications on pre-Columbian art and cultures.
The Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino is a biannual magazine, founded in March 1985. Currently, it is the only specialized periodical of its kind in Latin America.
Our Institution
During the 1970s, Sergio Larraín García-Moreno became increasingly aware of the importance of his collection and of the urgent need to establish an ongoing institution for its permanent and overall care.
The laboratory is responsible for the registry, conservation and restoration of the collections comprising the Museum"s patrimony.
The Museum Store features a wide range of articles: Reproductions of pre-Columbian pieces exhibited in the Museum, indigenous crafts, books, videos, CDs, clothing, tote bags, postcards, and more.
Receive our weekly schedule of events and news of outreach activities offered by the Museum.
Acceder a sitios web de otros museos y publicaciones referidas al tema precolombino.
Exhibitions > Traveling Exhibitions > Taira, the dawn of art in Atacama – 2017 > TAIRE UNDER SCRUTINY > The archive underfoot
The archive underfoot
The archaeological remains found at the rock shelter have allowed us to date the different occupations of the site. The oldest remains date to 800 BC and were likely left by those who created the main images. The panels were worked on and restored intermittently, giving the impression that Taira was a work in constant process, never finished.
After AD 200, enclosures were built that partly covered some of the drawings. Between AD 600 and 800 a ceramic cooking pot and beverage pitcher were stored there to be used in rituals performed at the site. The shelter was occupied sporadically until the Spanish conquest.
Information to visitors
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Expert Witness / Consulting
Questions in the death of Terrance Franklin
UncategorizedSteve
I was recently featured in the Time magazine article ‘“Minneapolis Police Were Cleared in the 2013 Killing of Terrance Franklin. A Video Complicates the Story-and Now the Case May be Reopened”. This feature highlights the work of Attorney Mike Padden and myself on the civil suit that Mr. Padden filed on behalf of the Franklin family after the death of their son, Terrance Franklin, at the hands of the Minneapolis Police on May 10, 2013.
In the days following the publication by Time of the article and documentary video, several questions have arisen in my mind based on my knowledge of the case.
The Time article was the first public mention of the letter by Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman’s office to the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension requesting an independent examination of the case. Freeman stated that “A key piece of evidence brought by the Plaintiffs in the civil suit is a recording by Jimmy Gaines.” This is correct to a degree, as the Minneapolis Police appear to have had the video within a week of the shooting. Our team did, however, obtain the full quality original from Mr. Gaines and submitted that into evidence later.
Notably, the file from the Minneapolis Police we received in the discovery process presumably was downloaded from YouTube, as the police never contacted Mr. Gaines who took the video, the file size matches the known compression ratio that is used when uploading to YouTube, and it was not known to be anywhere else at that time. (I compared the file obtained from the Minneapolis Police to the file gathered by our team from Mr. Gaines’ device that originally recorded it and the file size was about 7% of the original.)
Freeman also mentions in his letter that Mr. Gaines posted the video on YouTube and that the MPD never interviewed him about the video. When he became aware of this is unknown but is certainly relevant.
Freeman also told Minneapolis Public Radio that they had reviewed new evidence “that was not available to us at the time we took the case to the Grand Jury.” This statement is compelling to me and raises some serious questions.
The only way I can see that it is possible, with the information available, that the video was not available to the Grand Jury is if one or more of the following is true :
1 : The MPD did not provide it to Freeman with the other evidence when Freeman decided to convene the Grand Jury. It is a reasonable assumption that the MPD would turn over all evidence to the County Attorney’s office when the decision to convene a Grand Jury was reached. I am not sure on the requirements here, but it’s possible there are some; or,
2 : For some reason due diligence was not done by the County Attorney’s office in looking at what evidence to provide the Grand Jury; or,
3 : The County Attorney’s office for some reason chose not to include the video in the evidence given to the Grand Jury (noting, of course, that they do have complete discretion as to what evidence is given to the Grand Jury.)
Of the first two, this would also raise the question if this case was on the radar at the County Attorney’s office at the time of the press conference on May 30, 2013. It certainly was on the radar at the MPD, as The Chief of Police issued this statement to WCCO that day (which was read aloud at the press conference), “If you have video of events from the scene, I request that you turn it over to me as it is evidence in an active investigation.” At that press conference, Mr. Padden even remarked that, for all he knew, the MPD may have enhanced the sound already.
Here’s the timeline:
May 10, 2013: Videos shot by Jimmy Gaines when Terrance Franklin was killed.
May 17, 2013: File creation date for the copy of the Gaines video in the evidence file received from the Minneapolis Police.
May 30, 2013: Attorney Padden holds a press conference and plays Mr. Gaines’ video. MPD Chief of Police asks WCCO for any video to aid in the investigation in a letter read aloud by WCCO.
June 7, 2013: MPD clears itself of any wrongdoing in the killing of Terrance Franklin.
Sep 12, 2013: The Grand Jury is convened.
Sep 19, 2013: The Grand Jury returns, clearing the police of wrongdoing.
Now, as Mr. Gaines was never contacted by the County Attorney to testify before the Grand Jury, we know the video could not have been used by the Grand Jury, as Mr. Gaines would have needed to testify to lay foundation, which in non-lawyerese means they could not use it without him attesting that he took the video, and where and when it was taken.
While many media outlets are reporting that this is new evidence, I believe the information presented here in this article shows that it is not. Ironically, Fred Bruno, an attorney for Lucas Peterson came out today in a statement saying “The Gaines video was well known to and vetted by Freeman’s office long before the Grand Jury ruled in September 2013,” and “There is no new evidence, only newly procured opinions and shifting politics.”
The problem I have with this is no evidence was presented to support this statement, and at no time during this case, nor in my searches after for this article and other media interviews, have I found a single indicator that Mr. Freeman was aware of or in possession of this key piece of evidence.
Working backwards on the timeline, as we know the Grand Jury was not aware of this recording, we must ask where the system failed. Clearly it failed not only Terrance Franklin, but all of us.
← Training and unnecessary force
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Number Suffixes
Revision as of 17:15, 18 May 2015 by Moldygameswiki (Talk | contribs) (Reverted edits by 37.188.235.180 (talk) to last revision by Rbmoss)
By default, the game uses SI unit suffixes to display numbers that can get very large...
The first few suffixes: K (kilo) for thousand, M (mega) for million, G (giga) for billion may be familiar to you, but the latter ones are likely unfamiliar to most people.
Once we ran out of SI prefixes, we started compounding them (MY - Mega Yotta), check the table below for more details...
Raw Number
K 103 1 000
M 106 1 000 000
G 109 1 000 000 000
T 1012 1 000 000 000 000
P 1015 1 000 000 000 000 000
E 1018 1 000 000 000 000 000 000
Z 1021 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Y 1024 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
KY 1027 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
YY 1048 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
KYY 1051 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
The advanced player may find usefulness to use Scientific Notation instead of SI prefixes. This can be changed by going to "Settings" and checking the Scientific Notation option.
Retrieved from "http://otwiki.moldygames.com/index.php?title=Number_Suffixes&oldid=611"
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←04:26:13 – Mulberry River, GA
05:10:13 – Towaliga River, GA→
Count how many times “No Alcohol” is mentioned in the above picture!
A bit of history about Newton Factory
Newton Manufacturing Company on the east side of the Alcovy River was the earliest industry in Newton County. It was operated by John Webb in 1845, with Robert White. Sr. as his partner by 1846. They dissolved their partnership in “Newton Factory” by 1847, and Robert Sr. purchased lots 125, 126, and 127 along the west side of the Alcovy River in that year. He deeded 2 acres for a Methodist Church, which was most likely Red Oak Methodist Church as it was already in existence at that time and stands adjacent to the former homes of Hugh and Robert White, Sr.
The will of Robert White, Sr. written 4 November 1852 (he died in 1859) indicates that he owned a factory (cotton mill), saw mill, and grist mill at that time. The mill known as White’s Factory, owned and operated by Hugh and his brother Thomas in Newton County, is referenced in 1864 tax lists and is believed to have been built just before or during the Civil War. White’s Factory stood on lot 125, just below the Jones’ Grist Mill and was reportedly burned by Sherman’s troops in November 1864. Hugh also owned a cotton mill in Butts County on the Ocmulgee River that was destroyed during Sherman’s March to the Sea.
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Home Art Legendary Soul Singer Bobby Womack Dies
Legendary Soul Singer Bobby Womack Dies
Legendary Soul singer Bobby Womack performing at the Roskilde Festival in 2010.
(Photo: Google Images)
Jason Newman of Rolling Stone is reporting that soul music legend Bobby Womack has died. Womack’s death has been confirmed by representatives at Womack’s XL Recordings label, but a cause of death has been undetermined.
Newman writes:
“The son of two musicians, Womack began his career as a member of Curtis Womack and the Womack Brothers with his siblings Curtis, Harry, Cecil and Friendly Jr. After Sam Cooke signed the group to his SAR Records in 1960, they released a handful of gospel singles before changing their name to the Valentinos and earning success with a more secular, soul- and pop-influenced sound. In 1964, one month after the Valentinos released their hit “It’s All Over Now,” the Rolling Stones put out their version, which went to Number One on the U.K. singles charts.
Three months after the death of Cooke in 1964, Womack married Cooke’s widow, Barbara Campbell, and the Valentinos disbanded after the collapse of SAR Records. After leaving the group, Womack became a session musician, playing guitar on several albums, including Aretha Franklin’s landmark Lady Soul, before releasing his debut album, Fly Me to the Moon, in 1968. A string of successful R&B albums would follow, including Understanding and Across 110th Street, both released in 1972, 1973’s Facts of Life and 1974’s Lookin for a Love Again.
Newman adds:
After the death of his brother, Harry, in 1974, Womack’s career stalled, but was revived in 1981 with the R&B hit “If You Think You’re Lonely Now.” Throughout most of the Eighties, the singer struggled with drug addiction, eventually checking himself into a rehabilitation center for treatment. A series of health problems would follow, including diabetes, pneumonia, colon cancer and the early signs of Alzheimer’s disease, though it was unclear if any of these ailments contributed to his death. Womack was declared cancer-free in 2012.”
Womack was also a prolific songwriter. He wrote songs for Janis Joplin, Wilson Pickett, George Benson, Ray Charles, Jo Tex, King Curtis, Dusty Springfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Keith Richards, Rod Stewart, Ron Isley and a host of other musical artists.
He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2009. Bobby Womack was 70.
Read the article in its entirety at Rolling Stone.
Like The Burton Wire on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter @TheBurtonWire.
'If You Think You're Lonely Now'
'It's All Over Now'
Bobby Womack
Bobby Womack and Aretha Franklin
Bobby Womack and Barbara Campbell
Bobby Womack and SAR Records
Bobby Womack dead
Bobby Womack dies
Bobby Womack health issues
Bobby Womack illness
Curtis Womack
legendary Soul singers
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Soul music legends
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‘Harlem’: A ‘Girlfriends’ Show That Rises Above the Trope
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⬅ Help Rescue Girls From Sex Trade
HOLLY STARR’S ‘DON’T HAVE LOVE’ SURPASS... ➡
Holly Starr Finds True Beauty ‘Through My Father’s Eyes’
NASHVILLE, Tenn.—“Through My Father’s Eyes,” the latest single from acclaimed singer/songwriter Holly Starr, is rapidly climbing radio charts as the song’s official music video is set to premier next week. Featured on Starr’s 2012 critically-praised Focus, “Through My Father’s Eyes” was penned by the artist along with Chuck Butler (Royal Tailor, Group 1 Crew) and Juan Otero (Newsboys, Audio Adrenaline), while the video was directed by Stephen Byrum of Fearless Productions.
Landing at #22 on Billboard’s Christian Hot AC chart this week, “Through My Father’s Eyes” can be heard on Minneapolis’ KTIS; KFIS in Portland; KLJC in Kansas City, Missouri; WVBM in Tampa, Florida; Columbia, South Carolina’s WMHK;
and New Life Media, among other key radio outlets. Resonating with women around the world, the song’s theme—which is reflected in the video—emphasizes the importance of embracing God’s love and acceptance instead of unrealistic and critical cultural standards.
“I wrote ‘Through My Father’s Eyes’ after struggling with my own self-image for about five years,” Starr explains. “I became so fearful of people’s opinions of me and what I saw in the mirror every morning, that no matter what I did to try and escape it, I felt trapped. I cried out to the only One I knew was Healer, and the slow process of that healing began through Christ renewing and changing my mind.”
“I hope both the song and video show people a tangible picture of the Hope they have through Christ, and how faith is so beautiful and worth the fight of perseverance,” Starr says. ”Our God is the God of Hope. There is nowhere we can be where He cannot reach. At the cross God showed us this Truth—how much more should we believe it in everyday struggles? His love shows how He can make the impossible possible.”
This month Starr is slated to perform “Through My Father’s Eyes” at Hungry For Hope, the premier Christian conference for eating disorders and body image issues. The Franklin, Tennessee, event will also feature such presenters and performers as Mandisa, Constance Rhodes and Teasi Cannon. In addition, Starr will appear this summer at Creation Northeast and Northwest, as well as Rock The Coast, Lifest and Fish Fest.
A 21-year-old Quincy, Washington, native, Starr’s Artist Garden Entertainment (Save The City Records/Provident Distribution) recordings include Embraced (2008), Tapestry (2010) and last year’s Focus, a noteworthy collection of vibrant pop songs reflecting her artistic maturity and heart for worship. She has collaborated with such lauded writers and producers as Chris Stevens, Ian Eskelin, David Garcia, Chuck Butler and Rusty Varenkamp, among others. Known for a loyal online fanbase instrumental in launching her career, Starr’s 2012 single, “Don’t Have Love,” is approaching nearly 500,000 views on YouTube.
http://artistgardenentertainment.com
Posted on Wednesday, May 8, 2013
Categories: Christian Music, Christian Music Marketing, Marketing Christian Music, Marketing Music, Music Marketing, Uncategorized
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Warren — Feature, Musings —05.03.2020 09:44 AM
The future, no future
The New York Times‘ Frank Bruni is the writer I’ll never be. Here, in its entirety, is his column in today’s paper, about the woman above, the one who foresaw it all – and what she foresees next.
Don’t expect to feel very hopeful by the end.
I told Laurie Garrett that she might as well change her name to Cassandra. Everyone is calling her that anyway.
She and I were Zooming — that’s a verb now, right? — and she pulled out a 2017 book, “Warnings: Finding Cassandras to Stop Catastrophes.” It notes that Garrett, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, was prescient not only about the impact of H.I.V. but also about the emergence and global spread of more contagious pathogens.
“I’m a double Cassandra,” Garrett said.
She’s also prominently mentioned in a recent Vanity Fair article by David Ewing Duncan about “the Coronavirus Cassandras.”
Cassandra, of course, was the Greek prophetess doomed to issue unheeded warnings. What Garrett has been warning most direly about — in her 1994 best seller, “The Coming Plague,” and in subsequent books and speeches, including TED Talks — is a pandemic like the current one.
She saw it coming. So a big part of what I wanted to ask her about was what she sees coming next. Steady yourself. Her crystal ball is dark.
Despite the stock market’s swoon for it, remdesivir probably isn’t our ticket out, she told me. “It’s not curative,” she said, pointing out that the strongest claims so far are that it merely shortens the recovery of Covid-19 patients. “We need either a cure or a vaccine.”
But she can’t envision that vaccine anytime in the next year, while Covid-19 will remain a crisis much longer than that.
“I’ve been telling everybody that my event horizon is about 36 months, and that’s my best-case scenario,” she said.
“I’m quite certain that this is going to go in waves,” she added. “It won’t be a tsunami that comes across America all at once and then retreats all at once. It will be micro-waves that shoot up in Des Moines and then in New Orleans and then in Houston and so on, and it’s going to affect how people think about all kinds of things.”
They’ll re-evaluate the importance of travel. They’ll reassess their use of mass transit. They’ll revisit the need for face-to-face business meetings. They’ll reappraise having their kids go to college out of state.
So, I asked, is “back to normal,” a phrase that so many people cling to, a fantasy?
“This is history right in front of us,” Garrett said. “Did we go ‘back to normal’ after 9/11? No. We created a whole new normal. We securitized the United States. We turned into an antiterror state. And it affected everything. We couldn’t go into a building without showing ID and walking through a metal detector, and couldn’t get on airplanes the same way ever again. That’s what’s going to happen with this.”
Not the metal detectors, but a seismic shift in what we expect, in what we endure, in how we adapt.
Maybe in political engagement, too, Garrett said.
If America enters the next wave of coronavirus infections “with the wealthy having gotten somehow wealthier off this pandemic by hedging, by shorting, by doing all the nasty things that they do, and we come out of our rabbit holes and realize, ‘Oh, my God, it’s not just that everyone I love is unemployed or underemployed and can’t make their maintenance or their mortgage payments or their rent payments, but now all of a sudden those jerks that were flying around in private helicopters are now flying on private personal jets and they own an island that they go to and they don’t care whether or not our streets are safe,’ then I think we could have massive political disruption.”
“Just as we come out of our holes and see what 25 percent unemployment looks like,” she said, “we may also see what collective rage looks like.”
Garrett has been on my radar since the early 1990s, when she worked for Newsday and did some of the best reporting anywhere on AIDS. Her Pulitzer, in 1996, was for coverage of Ebola in Zaire. She has been a fellow at Harvard’s School of Public Health, was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and consulted on the 2011 movie “Contagion.”
Her expertise, in other words, has long been in demand. But not like now.
Each morning when she opens her email, “there’s the Argentina request, Hong Kong request, Taiwan request, South Africa request, Morocco, Turkey,” she told me. “Not to mention all of the American requests.” It made me feel bad about taking more than an hour of her time on Monday. But not so bad that I didn’t cadge another 30 minutes on Thursday.
She said she wasn’t surprised that a coronavirus wrought this devastation, that China minimized what was going on or that the response in many places was sloppy and sluggish. She’s Cassandra, after all.
But there is one part of the story she couldn’t have predicted: that the paragon of sloppiness and sluggishness would be the United States.
“I never imagined that,” she said. “Ever.”
The highlights — or, rather, lowlights — include President Trump’s initial acceptance of the assurances by President Xi Jinping of China that all would be well, his scandalous complacency from late January through early March, his cheerleading for unproven treatments, his musings about cockamamie ones, his abdication of muscular federal guidance for the states and his failure, even now, to sketch out a detailed long-range strategy for containing the coronavirus.
Having long followed Garrett’s work, I can attest that it’s not driven by partisanship. She praised George W. Bush for fighting H.I.V. in Africa.
But she called Trump “the most incompetent, foolhardy buffoon imaginable.”
And she’s shocked that America isn’t in a position to lead the global response to this crisis, in part because science and scientists have been so degraded under Trump.
Referring to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and its analogues abroad, she told me: “I’ve heard from every C.D.C. in the world — the European C.D.C., the African C.D.C., China C.D.C. — and they say, ‘Normally our first call is to Atlanta, but we ain’t hearing back.’ There’s nothing going on down there. They’ve gutted that place. They’ve gagged that place. I can’t get calls returned anymore. Nobody down there is feeling like it’s safe to talk. Have you even seen anything important and vital coming out of the C.D.C.?”
The problem, Garrett added, is bigger than Trump and older than his presidency. America has never been sufficiently invested in public health. The riches and renown go mostly to physicians who find new and better ways to treat heart disease, cancer and the like. The big political conversation is about individuals’ access to health care.
But what about the work to keep our air and water safe for everyone, to design policies and systems for quickly detecting outbreaks, containing them and protecting entire populations? Where are the rewards for the architects of that?
Garrett recounted her time at Harvard. “The medical school is all marble, with these grand columns,” she said. “The school of public health is this funky building, the ugliest possible architecture, with the ceilings falling in.”
“That’s America?” I asked.
“That’s America,” she said.
And what America needs most right now, she said, isn’t this drumbeat of testing, testing, testing, because there will never be enough superfast, super-reliable tests to determine on the spot who can safely enter a crowded workplace or venue, which is the scenario that some people seem to have in mind. America needs good information, from many rigorously designed studies, about the prevalence and deadliness of coronavirus infections in given subsets of people, so that governors and mayors can develop rules for social distancing and reopening that are sensible, sustainable and tailored to the situation at hand.
America needs a federal government that assertively promotes and helps to coordinate that, not one in which experts like Tony Fauci and Deborah Birx tiptoe around a president’s tender ego.
“I can sit here with you for three hours listing — boom, boom, boom — what good leadership would look like and how many more lives would be saved if we followed that path, and it’s just incredibly upsetting.” Garrett said. “I feel like I’m just coming out of maybe three weeks of being in a funk because of the profound disappointment that there’s not a whisper of it.”
Instead of that whisper she hears wailing: the sirens of ambulances carrying coronavirus patients to hospitals near her apartment in Brooklyn Heights, where she has been home alone, in lockdown, since early March. “If I don’t get hugged soon, I’m going to go bananas,” she told me. “I’m desperate to be hugged.”
Me, too. Especially after her omens.
As much as COVID-19 has proven itself to be highly contagious and therefore menacing, the number one contributor to infection, serious and even deadly illness is individualism, whether expressed by one person or a collective unit of individualists. Those are the people in front of government buildings, on the beaches and in the parks. And they all share the same trait: social distancing is not for them. Well, Good Luck with that.
Vaccines are not a panacea. Far from it. If developed, how are they supposed to keep up with the mutation cycle? If they can provide baseline protection or limited immunity, great. But don’t expect vaccines to wipe out this pandemic because they can’t and won’t.
P.S. Every reasonably talented writer thinks his or her stuff is garbage. I absolutely loathe my first drafts.
I’ll bet the original Cassandra whined a lot about not getting enough hugs too.
This is savory meat for gloom addicts like NYT readers, Ivy league profs, Hollywood directors etc. Meanwhile, over in flyover country, naive optimistic crewcuts are working out problems in their studies and labs and whispering “Return to Normal? Can do!”
I’ll believe that one when I see it. Remember, we aren’t talking a universal polio-type vaccine, or standard routine vaccinations for infants and children. Far from it.
Far be it from me to play Candide to her Cassandra, but it’s been all of two months, Ronald. Don’t you think it’s a little early to be attributing dark clairvoyant powers to an “award-winning journalist” whose dystopian views amazingly correspond to the traditional editorial positions of the New York Times? There have been at least three pandemics in the last hundred years that killed many more than the coronavirus so far, and nobody remembers them or attributes transformative cultural changes to them. The 1919 flu pandemic lasted two years and killed as many as two hundred times more than as the Co-vid. When it was over (without a vaccine), we got the Roaring Twenties, the flapper era and an an explosion of technological development and cultural renewal. The truth is nobody has a clue what’s in store for us, and that includes her.
But I can see how this will be good for NYT readership and revenue. It’s a tried and true formula. Take a liberal dose of American leftist self-flagellation, add a very large measure of Trump-bashing and serve on a table decorated in sombre, hell-in-a-handcart colours. It’s the perfect recipe for Boomer progressives starting to go squirrely from the effects of self-isolation.
And while we’re at it, will those optimistic, good, true-faith genuine real-deal capitalists break with their larger group of crony capitalists and clamour loudly to put investment and money-center bank bigwigs in jail (this time)???
Maybe they can get the StableGeniusTM to throw away the key!Forgive me if I can’t stop laughing.
Stranger things have happened. Looks like some FBI, DOJ and intelligence types will soon be indicted (can’t wait to see that smarmy prick Comey in an orange jumpsuit, myself). It’s not too much of a leap from them to the bankers…
Yes, the Flynn thing is coming back to life. His alleged lying to the FBI is one thing. If people responsible for his file did something improper, illegal or unethical, I’ll bet they’ve already started sweating.
Ditto on Hillary but that will be a much harder nut to crack if improprieties or illegalities can be proven. My sense is 50-50 on whether the Trump DOJ can get there.
Agreed. I still say that part of the reason for Trump’s election was the US housing crash and resulting world-wide recession brought on by the “sub-prime mortgages” thing (thanks, Bill Clinton!).
Millions of average lower-to-middle class people lost everything, but were treated to the spectacle of big banks being bailed out *with taxpayer money*, followed by seeing many of the millionaire executives responsible being rewarded by BONUSES, rather than terminations. I think they looked at Donald Trump as the maverick who might, just might, be the guy to “drain the swamp”.
(and yes, I’m fully cognizant of the irony of a billionaire New York real estate mogul and Democrat becoming the hero of millions of rednecks…)
Daryl Gordon says:
https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/05/fbi-set-up-michael-flynn-to-preserve-trump-russia-probe/
Quick summary of this from a Trump critical author. Trail leads right to Obama through Susan Rice. Without doubt, this is the biggest political scandal ever. Will the truth ever come out?
The Doctor says:
Yes, clearly any guy who writes a book entitled “Ball of Collusion: The Plot to Rig an Election and Destroy a Presidency” is “Trump critical”.
Are you sure it wasn’t Flynn’s tweeting about Pizzagate that got him so egregiously and unjustly framed? Don’t you think it was Hillary and Podesta who ordered Flynn to be arrested because he was blowing the lid off of the secret pedophile ring that Hillary and Podesta were running out of the basement of Comet Pizza? Surely that’s the REAL story here . . .
More accurate would be describing McCarthy as “initially critical of Trump “. As for Flynn, the failure to register as a foreign lobbyist is problematic in itself. The article mainly deals with getting Flynn removed by any means so that the illegal surveillance of Trump and the transition team could continue.
Clearly anyone who notices (and is alarmed by) any unethical, underhanded or illegal activities engaged in by the Democrats, the DOJ and the FBI must simply SIT DOWN AND SHUT UP or forever be branded a “Trump lover”, right Doc? Because the truth is just an inconvenience, and utterly unimportant when it comes to the True Believers getting their TDS fix.
I wonder if you felt the same way about our host when he was expressing many people’s concerns about Justin Trudeau and his sexist, racist and unethical behavior. A few people on the Progressive Bloggers began accusing him of being a “Conservative shill” and were demanding that he be removed from the blog roll and silenced…were you perhaps one of them?
Michael Flynn lied to the FBI. That’s a felony. Deal with it Fred.
I guess you’re also cool with the US National Security Advisor being a paid consultant to a foreign government.
In other news, I have no idea WTF Justin Trudeau has to do with any of this. But in any event, I’m not a fan of JT and never have been. I think he’s more or less a vapid cheeseball, although I’ve never met the guy. Yet here you are, lamely attempting to accuse me of having views I don’t have and saying things I’ve never said.
“Michael Flynn lied to the FBI. That’s a felony.”
After he was maneuvered into it, sure. Big deal. The FBI themselves have now been proven to have lied to judges to get illegal warrants (and let’s not even get into Hillary’s people deleting emails and smashing hard drives and cell phones, right?). Why are the Democrats allowed to lie, but not the Republicans?
” Deal with it Fred.”
I have. I’m unimpressed.
“Yet here you are, lamely attempting to accuse me of having views I don’t have and saying things I’ve never said.”
Exactly my point here (and thanks for the lead-in):
“Trump lover”
“Trump supporter”
“just as guilty as him…”
So now you know, if you didn’t before, just what that feels like when YOU do it to OTHERS, don’t you?
Many people have smugly predicted the imminent demise of the US. I’ll believe it when I see it. I still believe in the American people, notwithstanding their current political ordeals. If you want a balanced and objective view, don’t watch cable news.
Wasaga Beach, Ont., abduction suspects posed as police officers, struggled with victim
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The Lex Mercatoria (Old and New) and the TransLex-Principles
Dussan Laverde, Santiago, A Commentary on the Meaning of Objective Good Faith in the Translex Principles through International Arbitration – a Law & Economics Approach, Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito, Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021), p. 164
Document-Id: 131150, Please cite as: "https://www.trans-lex.org/131150"
See original publication at: http://www.revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/RECHTD/article/view/21554
A Commentary on the Meaning of Objective Good Faith in the Translex Principles through International Arbitration: a Law & Economics ApproachAbstractIntroductionThe enunciation of objective good faithObjective good faith as a negative conceptLaw & economics approach to objective good faitha) Bad faith as opportunism2) Opportunism3) Good faith as anti-opportunism in contract lawThe role of the duty to perform in good faith as an anti-opportunism tool in the Principlesa) The general process of rendering objective good faith operationalb) Transnational trade, international arbitration and the open rule of objective good faithConclusionsReferences
A Commentary on the Meaning of Objective Good Faith in the Translex Principles through International Arbitration: a Law & Economics Approach
Santiago Dussan Laverde1
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali/Colombia
sdussan@javerianacali.edu.co
Despite its numerous enunciations, the meaning of objective good faith remains obscure. The usual manner in which legal scholars have attempted to provide for such meaning is by presenting a definition of the general principle of good faith into more general principles, such as fairness. Objective good faith, as presented in the Translex Principles does not escape from this problem. This theoretical reflection attempts to provide for such a meaning in this particular codification. This will be achieved by means of the findings of economic institutionalism, paying attention to the transaction costs that potentially arise in context of wide information asymmetries, at which point, it is the objective of institutions to reduce said asymmetry. In international commercial transactions, opportunistic behavior is ripe. There is a demand for a legal institution that is able to, directly or indirectly, curtail opportunistic behavior, which from the standpoint of legal studies is equated to bad faith. In this sense, objective good faith is identified with a general legal institution, the aim of which is precisely to limit opportunistic behavior. From it more specialized legal institutions are born, its concretization being possible partly possible by the practice of international arbitration, contributing thusly to transnational law.165
Keywords: objective good faith; transnational commercial law; New Law Merchant; international arbitration; opportunistic behavior.
The general objective of this paper is to shed some light onto the question of the meaning of objective good faith as it is enunciated in the Translex Principles (henceforth, the Principles), and how international arbitration contributes to a degree in the process of making it operational. Methodologically, this will be done by means of law & economics, in particular: with the aid of the findings of economic institutionalism, paying attention to those transaction costs that potentially arise in context of wide information asymmetries, at which point, it is the objective of institutions to reduce these costs. In such contexts –of which international commercial transactions are a prime example– there is a high propensity to opportunistic behavior. There is a demand for a legal institution that are able to curtail opportunistic behavior, which, from the standpoint of economics, is equated to bad faith. In this sense, objective good faith is identified with a general legal institution, the aim of which is precisely to limit opportunistic behavior –and from which additional legal institutions, with the same, but more specialized aim, can be logically deduced.
Even though the findings of this work pertain principally to the Principles, they can be applied to additional transnational commerce law –such as the UNIDROIT Principles or any other codification attempt of transnational commercial law. The Principles, however, have166been first and foremost chosen for their particularly dynamic nature. It is a digital codification on the internet, constantly being updated with the latest commentaries and decisions –from both national and international arbitrators and judges by a team of scholars of the University of Cologne (CENTRAL - University of Cologne, n.d.).
It should be mentioned, however, that this paper does not provide for a detailed discussion, nor an explanation, on the specific process through which international appointed arbitrators create new rules using the objective good faith clause. Its objective is more moderate, in as much as it presents both the meaning of objective good faith in the Principles, and argues that, without it, international arbitration could not contribute to transnational commercial law –which, controversial as it may be, it does. The emphasis of this work is placed rather on the critical importance of the open rule that is the objective good faith provision in the Principles in the expected contribution to transnational commercial law on the side of international arbitration. In this sense, this work opens the door for further research.
Beyond this brief introduction, the concept of objective good faith will be presented as a negative concept, functioning as an institutional tool to exclude sets of bad faith behavior. Within Section 3 good faith will be explained as a negative concept, while Section 4 presents a law & economics dissertation of objective good faith as an anti-opportunism in contract law. Section 5 provides a discussion on the “utility” of the open rule of objective good faith within international transnational commercial law codifications efforts such as the Principles, and the role international arbitration plays building from the bottom the inner system of good faith. Lastly, Section 5 concludes.
The enunciation of objective good faith
To the question of what are the principles and rules composing what has come to be known as the New Law Merchant (henceforth, NLM), the Translex creeping codification of the Principles attempts to provide for an answer (Berger, 2019). Among the more than 130 principles and rules of international law that it gathers, and presents with their corresponding commentaries, objective good faith is one of those. Rule No. I.1.1 of the Principles states that observance of the principle of good faith shall not be waived by the parties to a contract, and that they should not limit its application, prescribes that parties to an international contract must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing -and that such imperative is expected to be observed during all contract stages -the negotiation, formation, performance, and interpretation of the contract (Berger, 2019).
Primarily in civil law systems, objective good faith can be summarized as not taking advantage of a contractual position in situations that might lend itself to it (Mackaay, 2012, p. 154). As a key concept, it is argued that it is a principle capable of creating, modifying and extinguishing legal relationships. It allows the judge or arbitrator, in some cases, to deviate from the wording of the contract or applicable contract law, whenever the application of either of these would result in opportunistic behavior -or inefficient risk allocation.167
Up until the moment this text is being written, there is no work casting doubt upon the importance of the objective good faith. However, its meaning as enunciated in the Principles –as in the many enunciations presented by many civil law compilations– is far from clear. Most attempts to clarify it have been simply unsuccessful, as they appear to translate what could be a general term into other general terms to which without question objective good faith is related –such as fairness and honesty. As an apparent principle, objective good faith appears to be capable of justifying almost any rule of contract law. Such could be the case of § 242 BGB, according to which an obligor has a duty to perform according to the requirements of good faith. As a general provision, it suffuses all the law of the contract (Heinrich, 2006; Hennrichs, 1995; Wieacker, 1956). Furthermore, having no clear enough meaning could lead to the conclusion, that it is a kind of general mold, a sort of open rule, in which more specific doctrines can be cast, then to assume an independent existence within the positive law of different legal systems (Mackaay, 2012, p. 159)– and within codifications of transnational commercial law such as the UNIDROIT principles.
In short, objective good faith is related to the honesty the parties shall exercise towards each other –in terms of revealing critical pieces of information that would determine contract perfection. In this sense, a lack of a clear meaning of the concept runs the risk of rendering the notion simply not operational, eventually resulting in a market for lemons a la Akerlof (1970) at an international level.2
Objective good faith as a negative concept
Keeping up the search for meaning, one interesting position is to see objective good faith as a sort of cradle rule, from which judges create additional rules in order to supplement, limit and qualify other specific legal rules and contract terms (Summers, 1968, p. 198). If it is admitted for the sake of argument, that judges do in fact have a duty to create legal rules – regardless of the clarity of this duty, by invoking good faith, it may be possible for judges to do justice in a contract relationship, in which one of the parties has taken unduly advantage of the other one precisely in a situation that has lend itself to it; and in which strict compliance of the wording of the contract would result in an absurd outcome – like inefficient risk allocation. Without such a resource, justice might be achieved by the judge, as the case analyst, but probably at the cost of raising uncertainty for future legal cases, as the rule would not logically derive from any graspable principle (Summers, 1968, p. 198). Notwithstanding, when the judge is trying to impose a specific duty of good faith to one of the contract parties, the meaning of the decisions runs the risk of not being timely grasped. Regardless of the manner in which the judge is using the term, there may be still some lack of clarity surrounding the 168expression "acting in good faith". In this sense, it could be argued that the purpose of unveiling the meaning of good faith is better served by asking: what is it that the judge is called upon to rule out -in the real or hypothetical situation, whenever he is invoking objective good faith?
What the judge is seeking to rule out are sets of bad faith behaviors (Summers, 1981, p. 196). Once the relevant form of bad faith is identified, a specific meaning to good faith can be assigned by formulating an opposite for the species of bad faith being ruled out. For example, a judge may say that the seller must act in good faith when transferring the property title to the buyer. From the language of the case, or its facts, it could be that the judge is actually saying: that the defendant acted in bad faith because he did not disclose critical pieces of information in time, that would support the purchase decision by the claimant. It could be said, that, in this particular case, acting in good faith means: complying with a general and obvious duty to lessen the asymmetry of information that is pervasive at contract formation in favor of one of the parties (Summers, 1968, p. 201). It would follow that, in contract law, good faith is better understood as an excluder; a phrase without a meaning of its own, but useful nonetheless to rule out a wide range of distinct forms of bad faith behaviors. In a particular context, the phrase takes on specific meaning, but only by way of contrast with the specific bad faith behavior identified for later on being ruled out (Summers, 1968, p. 201).
This particular excluder approach, it turns out, is reflected to a considerable degree in the enunciation presented by the Principles, specifically in Rule No. I.1.1. According to it, parties to an international business transaction must act in good faith. By implication, the principles should be interpreted in a way in which each party has the obligation to display a behavior towards the other one, which cannot harm it, having this one formed reasonable expectations about the performance of that one. Furthermore, the parties have to display a normal degree of honesty and sincerity, which is reasonable for the safeguard of the party’s interests, particularly in trying not to act in a way that potentially is to unduly surprise or to inflict damages to the other party (Trans-Lex, 2019). The rule also prescribes that the standards and requirements imposed on the parties by the principle of good faith vary depending on the individual circumstance involved, such as the trade sector in which the parties are operating, or the nature and duration of the contract. This implies that the application of the good faith principle always requires a determination of what is deemed to be an improper conduct of a party, taking a case-by-case approach.
Law & economics approach to objective good faith
a) Bad faith as opportunism
While useful, the approach consisting in understanding objective good faith as an excluder still begs the question of operational meaning for bad faith. Let us say from the start, that our intention is to present bad faith as being equal to opportunism. It operates as opportunistic behavior. Hence, objective good faith operates as a limitation for opportunistic behavior across and during contract stages. The operation meaning of objective good faith is founded upon such limitation.169
In order to do just that, it is essential to gain a better insight into the notion of expectation interest – which is, after all, an element referenced within the enunciation of good faith as presented in the Principles (Trans-Lex, 2019). It traditionally comprises property, services, or money to be received by the promisee upon entering a contract (Schäfer & Can Aksoy, 2015, p. 3). On the other hand, it also encompasses the costs of performance by the promisor. These expected costs are composed of the forgone opportunities upon entering a particular contract (Burton, 2017, p. 372). Paying attention primarily to these costs of performance by the promisor becomes essential to the proper understanding of good faith as opportunism.
Bad faith performance occurs precisely when discretion is used to recapture opportunities forgone upon contracting – as when the party exercising discretion bare the expected costs of performance. In turn, good faith performance occurs when the discretion conferred onto the party is used within the reasonable contemplation of the parties at the moment of contract formation. In other words, acting in good faith is equivalent to capturing opportunities that were preserved upon entering the contract. The good faith doctrine therefore directs attention to the opportunities forgone by a discretion-exercising party at contract formation, and to that party’s reasons for exercising discretion during performance. It is because of this reason that bad faith is equated to opportunism (Burton, 2017, p. 373). In order to identify if bad faith behavior constitutes a breach of contract3 attention must be paid to the eventual fact that the promisor used his discretion to recapture said forgone opportunities – while complying with the wording of the contract (Burton, 2017, p. 378; Houh, 2003, p. 22). Independently of how this discretion is conferred upon (Burton, 2017, p. 380), the dependent party must rely on the good faith of the other, controlling party. Only in such cases, the judge can expressly invoke the implied covenant of good faith, or interpret a contract in light of good faith performance.4170
2) Opportunism
In contract law, bad faith can be equated to opportunism; and good faith to abstention from opportunistic behavior (Muris, 1980, p. 566)5. The key here is to focus on the involuntary transfer of wealth that occurs, when the controlling party exercising discretion behaves contrary to the dependent party’s understanding of the contract, but not necessarily contrary to the explicit terms of the agreement (Muris, 1980, p. 522). Because of such an involuntary transfer of wealth, parties experience incentives to avoid becoming victims of opportunism. Yet, whatever strategy they choose, deterrence will be achieved at a cost. Many legal doctrines, it follows, appear to be efficient means of deterring opportunism, when compared to the costlier option of self-protection by the potential victims. Good faith can be understood as one of such doctrines (Mackaay, 2012, p. 161).
In the law & economics literature, there are a number of particular forms of opportunism such as: free riding, shirking, agency problems (Carnahan, Agarwal, & Campbell, 2008, pp. 1451–1563), moral hazard (MacKenzie, Ohndorf, & Palmer, 2012, pp. 350–374), etc. Institutionalism places opportunism in an important, central role. Williamson defines it as self-interest seeking with guile (1985, pp. 64–67); a concept opposed to trust, and closely linked with partial disclosure of critical information, with uncertainty, with bounded rationality; and with self-disbelieved promises about the opportunist’s own future conduct. It is an effort to realize individual gains through a lack of honesty in transactions, being the most common form the strategic disclosure of asymmetrically distributed information by individuals to their advantage (Williamson, 1973, p.317).
The reason why good faith is to be observed during all stages of an international contract, within the Principles, is because opportunism potentially affects all of them, and hence, it is one particular phenomenon with which contract law should concern itself (Cohen, 1992, p. 957). If opportunistic behavior is left unchecked, it would lead to all potential contract parties to raise their guards, taking more extensive measures against becoming victims of opportunistic behavior. The ultimate precaution would be forgoing the contract altogether, which is surely the costliest option. If such choice is adopted by many contractors at an international level, this would shrink the market. Precautionary measures short from abstaining from contracting are wasteful relative to social welfare. Defending against opportunistic behavior is a primary responsibility of the contracting parties. Certain legal systems could, however, be useful by allowing contracting parties to reduce their self-protection and loss-absorption costs. Where, and if, this can be accomplished at a cost of the rule itself and its enforcement that is lower than the savings generated, we could expect such gains where public authorities have access to greater scale economies in framing and enforcing rules that are open to private actors (Mackaay, 2012, p. 166).171
3) Good faith as anti-opportunism in contract law
On account that there are always innovative forms to behave opportunistically, the argument could be stressed that contract law needs an open-ended set of responses to it. Over time, legal systems have developed a variety of specific concepts to deal with particular forms of opportunism. Consider the case of fraud (or dolus), defined as any trick to deceive a person (Mackaay, 2012, p. 166). In this sense, consider one of the UNIDROIT Principles, according to which a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed. Reference is being made here to the basic idea of opportunism in terms of strategically failing to disclose asymmetrically distributed critical pieces of information (Williamson, 1973, p. 317). In it, the party has the right to step aside from the contract, which he would never have entered into, had he not been deceived by erroneous or incomplete information provided by the other party.
The example of fraud is appropriate if it is thought of as: aiming to deter opportunistic behavior by manipulation of the information by one of the parties. Accepting opportunism as the reasoning underlying fraud, for instance, directs attention to new factual patterns that might be relevant to curtail opportunism, as other individual actions could be identified as related to such patterns. By doing this, as new cases are presented to courts and to codifiers – probably consolidating the courts’ efforts – these broadens the existing formula to cover closely related forms of opportunism. Gaps are then filled marginally at the edge of existing concepts, and the result thereof are legal institutions, that can be identified as anchors to good faith – composing what has come to be known as the inner system of rules and duties within the good faith concept. These serve the purpose of keeping legal uncertainty within acceptable boundaries, contributing to the broad legal objective of curtailing opportunism (Mackaay, 2012, p.168), while providing for important limitations for discretionary decision making by the judiciary. Institutions such as laesio enormis, fraud or culpa in contrahendo are important elements of such an inner system, on account that are derived from the general clause of good faith.
However, occasions may arise where the opportunistic behavior being faced is not covered by any of the elements within the inner system – as developed so far in positive law. For such occasions, it becomes useful to count on an open-ended concept, capable of being applied, as a last resort to new forms of opportunism. The duty of good faith plays precisely this last resource function. The duty to act in good faith is applied as a rule of last resort in exceptional cases, in the expectation that this will lead in due course to the crystallization of a new concept; a new anchor applicable to a specific set of problems, as has happened with culpa in contrahendo in German law (Mertens, 2003). This anchoring process may be operated by the courts under the general cover of good faith. It may also be undertaken by legislation. Lastly, at an international level, it may also be undertaken by codification efforts such as the 172 one undertaken by the Principles, resulting from the systematization efforts by legal scholars identifying different groups of cases from the general practice of international arbitration.
The role of the duty to perform in good faith as an anti-opportunism tool in the Principles
Even though it is presented as a rule, the good faith provision in the Principles does not contain one in the same sense as Civil Codes do. It presents no facts to which it applies, nor any legal effect; neither of these are even capable of being established from the wording of the provision itself. Hence no clear logical deduction can be advanced with it to the point of a logical conclusion, presenting a legal consequence deriving from a set of facts. Notwithstanding, it is in fact a rule – an open rule. Its content, the elements that compose its inner system, cannot be established in an abstract manner, but with the attention placed on the circumstances of the cases analyzed, and through concretization (Hesselink, 2004, p. 622). Being an open rule, what really matters is the way in which good faith is applied by case analysts, such as judges, but also by international arbitrators. Its meaning is fundamentally best shown by the way in which it operates.
a) The general process of rendering objective good faith operational
We could argue, based on the above, that, on the one hand, objective good faith has been historically a mouthpiece through which new legal rules are created, which would be illustrated by the example of laesio enormis, or culpa in contrahendo.
The process through which this has taken place has been traditionally known as concretization. In the German legal tradition, this method has consisted in the application of the law in general, and of general clauses like good faith in particular, as rational and objective (and hence predictable) as possible. The result has been that there is little to no discretion for the deciding judge to use his subjective criterion when applying the general clause6. The method consists in distinguishing functions and developing groups of cases (Fallgruppen) in which good faith has previously been applied. The result: a system of sometimes quite specific duties, prohibitions, sub rules, and doctrines, which are all part of the inner system of good faith (Hesselink, 2004, p. 624).
The particular use of this method in Germany has provided for four distinct functions of objective good faith, which are: supplementation of duties; limitation of rights; correction (Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage); and interpretation7. Concerning the groups of cases, these gather various stages of the contractual process, such as formation; interpretation; content; and performance. From these, the result has been a variety of well-established legal forms defining terms and conditions under which the general concept of good faith is to be used. 173
Adding the above mentioned elements that provide objective good faith with internal structure, among others, it is worth mentioning culpa in contrahendo (Kessler & Fine, 1964); contract with protective effects for a third party (Vertrag mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter); liability for breach of trust; adaptation of the contract to changed circumstances; side obligations of a contract; principle of trust in formation, interpretation, and gap filling of legal transactions; abuse of rights; and the duty to inform (Schäfer & Can Aksoy, 2015, p. 3).
Given the open character in which the good faith norm is usually presented – as in the case of German and Colombian law8, as well as in the compilations such as the Principles – it has been discussed how this can become problematic. On the one hand, it may give wide discretion to judges, which may be used to import ideology into contract law, or to promote personal opinions of their own. On the other hand, it may also foster judicial activism, which is particularly problematic in civil law countries (Arnull, 2013). Judges may develop the law rather proactively, blurring the lines between branches of public power. Furthermore, the open norm can be used to redistribute wealth from the rich to the poor using a deep pocket approach (Schäfer & Can Aksoy, 2015, p. 2).
Notwithstanding this risk, it can also be asserted that one particular function of the inner system that has been structured within the shadow of the principle of good faith is to diminish the risk of arbitrary interference by the judiciary. Furthermore, Schäfer and Aksoy (2015, p. 3) argue that there is a well-founded agreement among legal scholars on the specific conditions that are to be observed for the application of any of the legal subcategories that derive from the good faith principle by the judiciary9.
Regarding the applications that judges make of good faith, taking into consideration the case groups identified by legal scholars, and its different functions, it has been argued, that judges in civil law countries have felt traditionally uncomfortable with their role as creators of legal rules, and not merely applicators of them. However, when they do produce decisions based on good faith, this general clause is used as a cover for such new creations. Judges, in this sense, do create new rules, in spite their uneasiness. If the role of the judge as a creator of new rules is fully recognized, there is no need for a general good faith clause in a code or restatement of rules. In turn, where there is such doubt regarding the function of judges, good faith would have a place as a formula empowering judges and arbitrators to create new rules. And in this sense, good faith is a kind of cover for the judges for the creation of new rules –when it is so demanded from them (Hesselink, 2004, p. 645).
It could be argued that the situation in international trade is precisely one in which, in some cases, international arbitrators are expected to contribute to the transnational rule of law by creating a rule that supplements, for instance, the will of the parties expressed initially in the contract. What is specially characteristic of the Principles is that they rely heavily on the notion of the Creeping Codification of transnational commercial law: “a non-exhaustive, open 174list of principles and rules of the New Lex Mercatoria that is constantly updated but never completed” (Berger, 2019; Trans-Lex, 2019). Its most striking and noticeable feature is its dynamism. And operating on this particular premise, such constant, never-ending effort clearly must be heavily based on what international arbitration tribunals produce when adjudicating international trade disputes. Regarding the norm, the norm of good faith intentionally made open, it is important to observe what international arbitrators have to say – either by applying the good faith principle as a last resort, or by tackling innovative forms of contract opportunism by producing a new legal subcategory, or anchor, logically derived from good faith. Such should aid in the process of enrichment of the inner system that is derived from objective good faith at an international level with the distinct objective of providing for tools that curtail opportunistic behavior.
So, with the “raw material” that would be the open rule of objective good faith within the Principles, international arbitrators should be able to contribute to the transnational rule of law applicable to commercial disputes. One question that appears to be relevant at this point is whether arbitration, at an international level, is structurally capable of creating legal rules – as it would be the case when, based on the open norm of good faith, they would do in order to tackle new forms of opportunistic behavior at an international level. If the question is given an affirmative answer, good faith would be recognized as an important element for the process of concretization of new legal institutions curtailing opportunistic behavior in a constant effort to contribute to transnational commercial law.
b) Transnational trade, international arbitration and the open rule of objective good faith
It remains arguable if all kinds of arbitration can be expected to produce legal rules, taking into consideration some aspects of its current practice.10 However, as Weidemaier (2010, p. 1899) argues, “although not every system of arbitration generates precedents, some clearly do.” That they can be understood as the situation around transnational commercial law cases.11 And if it is expected from international commercial arbitration to – sometimes-produce some new rules, an open norm of good faith habilitates this process, for the specific purpose of tackling new forms of opportunistic behavior.
Asymmetry of information is a characteristic feature of transnational trade. In this sense, facing constantly innovative ways in which one contract party can behave opportunistically toward the other one, international arbitrators experience incentives to meet the demand for new subcategories of the inner system of good faith – for those cases that are not yet covered by the already existing anchors tackling opportunistic behavior.12 In fact, producing obscure decisions with no visible rule to lessen uncertainty in future cases, particularly those related175to opportunistic behavior, can result in lower demand for the services of a specific arbitrator – or a specific arbitration center. In short, it can be argued that international arbitrators in transnational commercial disputes are interested in meeting the demand for clear rules, especially for those curtailing opportunistic behavior for future cases.
Based heavily on international arbitration case law, the Creeping Codification that is represented by the Principles should count on the raw resource that is an objective good faith clause as an open rule. After all, international arbitration, as it has been discussed in the literature, does contribute to the transnational commercial law as codified in the various manifestations of the NLM (Benson, 1989, p. 658; Drahozal, 2009, p. 1036).13 In spite of the risks of judicial activism that could be enhanced at an international level by international arbitrators, it could be argued the benefits of such a clause outweigh those. It is an appropriate strategy to secure to a reasonable degree the production of new specific legal rules that could potentially aid in the enhancing of legal certainty at an international level. After all, one important source of rules and principles composing the NLM are those which are extrapolated from individual cases in the context of international commercial arbitration (Berger, 2019, para. 73).
One interesting illustration comes from international arbitration practice. On the case known as Westland Helicopters, member states of an international organization were held subsidiary responsible for certain debts, which were initially incurred by the organization itself, the Arab Organization for Industrialization (henceforth, AOI). The AOI later on defaulted. The reason underlying the ruling was that such member states had not excluded their responsibility on the states of the organization. The core of the reasoning of the arbitrators was based on the principle of good faith – once again reinforcing the insight regarding the operational meaning of it. At the time, the appointed arbitrators were confronted with the inquiry of the extent to which there is a subsidiary responsibility of member states in an international organization such as the AOI. If the claimant heavily discounts the possibility that the organization can live up to its promises, which raised legitimate expectations at some point, can he count on the possibility to sue the member states composing that organization? This question was given an affirmative answer. The arbitrators presented the argument that, given that there was no express exclusion of subsidiary responsibility in the statutes of the organization, the parties contracting with it could legitimately expect such subsidiary responsibility. Parties can, in these kinds of situation, rely on the principle of objective good faith as a clause that compels parties to refrain from opportunistic behavior. Indeed, the arbitrators argued that such rule of subsidiary responsibility flows from the general clause of good faith (International Chamber of Commerce, 1994, p. 613).
The merit of this particular case rests on the fact that the general clause of good faith can be summoned in a relatively flexible manner in order to justify the appointed arbitrator’s quest for further developing international law, where there are legal gaps in it – and the strict 176application of the binding contract would lead to absurd results. Nowadays, this particularly timid process has resulted in the concretization of the subsidiary responsibility rule of an international organization, which is regulated in Art. 62 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (Kolb, 2017, pp. 193–194).
In the particular case of the Principles, an interesting example comes from Principle No. I.2.1, relating to the standard of reasonableness (Trans-Lex, 2020). According to the wording of the legal provision, the parties always have to act according to what is reasonable in view of the particular nature of their transaction and the circumstances involved, in particular the economic interests and expectations of the parties. Clearly, the provision is making an indirect reference to those situations in which, opportunism can be present, whenever discretion is being exercised in order to recapture forgone opportunities, against the legitimately formed expectations of one of the parties.14 The provision, in this sense, is based on the general, open clause of objective good faith as enunciated in Rule No. I.1.1 of the Principles.
Evidence of the logical deduction linking both norms is presented by an international commercial arbitration decision. In the context of a contract of land and sea transportation between an English enterprise and a French transportation company, the latter affirmed a raise in the price, because the transported pieces were more than the ones originally intended, and more voluminous. The English enterprise denied such petition. It argued that, indeed, the parties had agreed on eventual price adjustments, but only to those related to changes in sea freight tariffs. The arbitrator produced the award in favor of the French transportation company. It argued, that the conventions have to be interpreted in good faith, meaning by this, in the particular case, that each party has an obligation to display a behavior towards the other party which is not supposed to harm the other one. This implies that renegotiations are usual in international economic affairs in case of abrupt changes in conditions leading to disequilibrium. Behaving unreasonably in this case would have been tantamount to behaving in bad faith, in as much as a strict application of the contract terms – which would initially block the renegotiation of the price based on the French claims – would unjustifiably harm one of the parties (ICC, 1975, p. 990).
Good faith, as included in the wording of the Principles – but also in civil law codifications – means refraining from behaving opportunistically in a contract relationship. The inner system that is found within the open rule of good faith has been traditionally built through concretization advanced by dispute resolution mechanism of an adjudicative kind – such as judges and arbitrators adjudicating contract disputes.
That international commercial arbitration is capable of creating rules is, of course, a controversial subject. However controversial as this issue might be, in the international trade context, it is usually argued that arbitrators do create rules, and thus contribute to the body of177transnational commercial legal rules that is the NLM. Furthermore, the fact that the duty to perform in good faith is included as a norm with such a degree of openness in the Principles should be evidence enough of the potential for opportunistic behavior in international contracts. That it is open can be explained by the economic rationale that there is a constant demand for those new anchors that curtail opportunism – in a way in which the general clause of good faith, or its already concretized rules, cannot. The wording of the principle must be open-ended, the argument would follow, so international appointed arbitrators can meet the demand of newly created rules – potentially becoming anchors in the future – that curtail opportunism at an international level.
Lack of an open norm of good faith could stale this process. Such is the meaning of good faith, which calls constantly for concretization by both judges and arbitrators adjudicating cases with international elements, and relying on the Principles. This, of course should be the object of further research. This paper, however, is concerned in setting the first rock in such a rocky path.
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1Profesorde Derecho. Departamento de Ciencia Jurídica y Política. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Calle 18 n. 118-120, CEP 26239, Cali, Colombia.
2For example, in long distance international transactions, if potential parties come to expect that acting dishonestly has no clear way of affecting the obligations of a contract, if they are considerably risk averse, parties will only differentiate between potential business partners in terms of price. Being wealth maximizers as they are, and thus preferring only those partners offering lower prices, high quality partners would see themselves forced to copy the strategy of the low price suppliers, which could entail offering goods and services of a lower quality. Hence, high quality potential business partners are squished out of the market, leaving behind mostly low quality sellers. Furthermore, another visible effect would be that parties, interested in avoiding to become victims of opportunistic behavior, could opt for the costliest choice, which would be forgoing contracting altogether, with clearly overall diminishing welfare consequences.
3Objective bad faith performance is only capable of modifying, creating, or supplementing a contract obligation if it is considered a breach of contract. It would only be such, if in important aspects it resembles a breach by failing to perform as expressly stipulated in the contract.
4According to Burton (2017, p. 380), discretion “in performance arises in two ways. The parties may find it to their mutual advantage at formation to defer the decision on a particular term and to confer decision-making authority as to that term onto one of them. Discretion also may arise, with similar effect, from a lack of clarity or from an omission in the contract.”
5In order to make operational the concept of opportunistic behavior as being opposite to objective good faith, Mackaay and Leblanc (2003) have developed a test, which consists in identifying “an asymmetry between the parties; which one of them seeks to exploit to the detriment of the other in order to draw an undue advantage from it; the exploitation being sufficiently serious that, in the absence of a sanction, the victim and others like him or her are likely substantially to increase measures of self-protection before entering into a contract in the future, thereby reducing the overall level of contracting.”
6If there is a more specific legal institution than the good faith open norm when tackling opportunistic behavior, the latter takes precedence over the former.
7All four of them derived from the general provision of good faith contained in 242 BGB, and a fourth one specifically from 157 BGB.
8In article 1603 of the Colombian Civil Code, objective good faith is mentioned also as a – particularly- broad concept, being presented without any explanation of its meaning. According to it, a contract must be executed in good faith. In line with its discussed capacity to create, to modify and to extinguish obligations, parties are not only subject to the wording of the contract, but also “to all the things that emanate precisely of the nature of the obligation, or that by law pertain to it.”
9Candidly, these authors mention that, if the good faith principle is potentially a monster, it has been domesticated as a farm animal.
10For important manifestations of this debate see: Carbonneau (2002), Cooter and Rubinfeld (1989), Landes & Posner (1979), Brunet (1987), Edwards (1986), Benson (1990, 1999, 2000), Caplan & Stringham (2008a), and Stringham (1999).
11Such views further supported by Bjorklund (2008), Benson (1989, 1990a, 1999, 2000) and Cheng (2006).
12See Section Good faith as anti-opportunism in contract law.
13For introductory remarks on the economic analysis of arbitration, and its capacity to create legal rules, see Caplan (1997) and Caplan and Stringham (2008b).
14See section 0.
Referring Principles
Trans-Lex Principle: I.1.1 - Good faith and fair dealing in international trade
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Culture of Taiwan
Taiwanese Aborigines Singing
The Culture of Taiwan is Mixed
The culture of Taiwan is very interesting as it is a mixture of many other cultures like Confucianism Han Chinese, Japanese, European, American and Taiwanese aborigines cultures.
In the past, all these nations have been a part of Taiwan and they have had a great effect on the culture of Taiwan. The people in Taiwan actually came from China so a new concept of multiculturalism has developed.
Taiwan’s Religions
When looking at the religions of Taiwan, there are many including Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese folk religion. There are also many Christian churches and people worship in these churches according to their beliefs.
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan is a very famous Christian church in Taiwan. It has a very old history from the times when the Japanese were ruling Taiwan and also during the law period of the Republic of China.
Buddhists are 93% of Taiwan’s populations, 4.5% are Christians and the remaining 2.5% are other religions.
Taiwanese Culture
Taiwanese Food Culture
The food culture of Taiwan has had a great influence from the west and many western food items are popular in Taiwan such as Subway or Burger King.
One very famous drink in Taiwan, especially in the South of Taiwan such as Kaohsiung is “Bubble Tea”, also known as “Pearl Milk Tea”. Tea culture in Taiwan has been around since the time of the Japanese ruling.
Japanese cuisine is very popular in Taiwan due to the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule.
Taiwanese cuisine also has similarities and is influenced from mid to southern provinces of China such as from the Fujian province.
Language in Taiwan
Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese are the two main languages spoken in Taiwan. Mandarin Chinese is a difficult language to learn. The Taiwanese language is a way that the Taiwanese are able to differentiate themselves from the Mainlanders.
The Hakka people consist of about 10% of Taiwan’s population. The Hakka people speak the Hakka language. To meet the universal need to communicate to the world, English is becoming more widely taught in schools.
Taiwan’s Media
In 1980, Taiwan was under martial law and due to this, the Taiwan media and press have had many restrictions. However, overall the freedom of opinion is welcomed everywhere in Taiwan and this is the reason that worldwide press freedom index has ranked the freedom of press of Taiwan at number 32 among 169 nations.
Taiwan’s Sports Culture
The sports culture of Taiwan, there is a great variety of sports. People like to play badminton, baseball, basketball, golf, martial arts, swimming, table tennis and volleyball.
Taiwan’s Recreation
Taiwanese drama is very famous in the culture of Taiwan. People love to watch drama collectively.
Karaoke is very popular for the people of Taiwan. You will see many KTV places (Karaoke Television) that are open 24 hours.
The Taiwanese love to play Mahjong. In parks or at home, families and friends will group together to play.
Hot Springs are also becoming increasingly more popular. Hengchun near Kenting in South Taiwan has many Hot Springs that are beautiful and relaxing.
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God-like Appearance
Patrick Reardon on image and reality
Although the history of icons may give us an idea of what some early saints looked like (the very primitive sketch of Peter and Paul in the excavation under the Vatican, for example), it is generally hard to gain knowledge of this sort from the New Testament. True, unless the expression ‘of short stature’ in Luke 19.2 refers to Jesus (which is grammatically possible), we know that Zacchaeus the tax collector was not tall, and we are probably justified in suspecting that Mary of Bethany was blest with ample tresses (cf John 11.2; 12.3). On the whole, however, the New Testament is not a copious source for such information.
It differs, in this respect, from the Old Testament, which more often remarks on the physical characteristics of this or that individual. We are told, for example, of David's handsome complexion (1 Samuel 16.12; 17.42), Saul's unusual height (9.2; 10.23), and the density of Absalom's hair (14.26; 18.9). Indeed, with respect to the women of the Old Testament, the reader may lose track of how many are described as beautiful. We also learn, with no little distress, that Esau's skin felt like a goat's (Genesis 27.16–23).
If the New Testament is less satisfactory in providing these engaging details, there is a major exception in the case of Barnabas. We really do have a good idea of what Barnabas looked like, because some ancient devotees of Zeus mistook him for the object of their devotion.
It happened in the city of Lystra, where Paul had just healed a life-long cripple. In immediate response to this marvel, the citizens of the city ‘raised their voices, saying in the Lycaonian language, 'The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men!'’ After that, matters got very much out of hand. In the enthusiasm of the moment, ‘the priest of Zeus, whose temple was in front of their city, brought oxen and garlands to the gates, intending to sacrifice with the multitudes.’ Because of the language barrier, which apparently required them to speak through an interpreter, it took several minutes for the two apostles to put a stop to the business, but they eventually did so, proceeding then to preach one of the shortest sermons in history (three verses). Even then, says the text, ‘with such sayings they could scarcely restrain the multitudes from sacrificing to them’ (Acts 14.8–18).
Now the curious point here is that the crowd, persuaded that the gods had just arrived in town, took Barnabas for Zeus. It was somewhat natural, given their premise, that they thought Paul to be Hermes, the messenger god, ‘because he was the chief speaker.’ Indeed, it was Paul who had healed the lame man with a simple command. But why Barnabas as Zeus? It must have had something to do with his appearance. These folks would never have taken an average-looking guy to be Zeus.
Now it happens that we know exactly what sort of fellow those people thought Zeus, should he ever come to visit his temple, would look like, because Zeus is portrayed in dozens of extant old art works and described in scores of ancient texts. This ‘father of gods and men’ was massive in height and powerfully muscular in bulk. His great brow extended broad and serene over clear, far-seeing eyes, and a full majestic beard lay upon his barrel chest. Brother to Poseidon, god of the sea, Zeus, when he condescended to speak, spoke with the deep rumblings of oceanic authority. Now this … this is what the citizens of Lystra saw in Barnabas! No wonder they were impressed.
In fact, they never quite lost their awe in the presence of Barnabas. A few days later, when some Jews from Iconium arrived and stirred up the crowd against the two apostles, it was Paul that they stoned, nearly to death. Nobody dared throw a stone at Barnabas! (14.19f)
The impressive appearance of Barnabas was matched by his generosity and nobility of soul. He made one of the first large financial donations to the Christian Church, and it was the trusted Barnabas who could introduce the recently converted Saul of Tarsus to the frightened Jerusalem church, oversee the new ministry at Antioch, lead the first mission to Cyprus and Pisidia, and later restore young John Mark to the mission field (4.36f; 11.22-25; 13.2-14; 15.36-39). Reassured even to be in the presence of this huge, competent, and gentle human being, all Christians knew Barnabas as the ‘Son of Consolation’.
Patrick Henry Reardon is a Senior Editor of Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity. www.touchstone.org
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