The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 124
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 124
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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float64 | text
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Only a hollow sense of relief
If I'd ever thought about it beforehand, I would have assumed that I would greet the news of Iain Duncan Smith's resignation with a prolonged bout of helplessly gleeful cackling. But, after a few hours to digest the news properly, I feel only a sense of hollow relief. I feel mostly sadness for the hundreds of thousands on whom he has inflicted his arbitrary misery, and indeed those whose lives have prematurely come to an end because of his policies and practices. (Other people's responses have been a bit more, shall we say, robust.)
Speculation remains as to why he resigned. Some people accept his resignation letter at face value. I see no reason, however, to think that IDS has suddenly discovered a heart. He has throughout his reign at the DWP used the mantra of work to justify ever more repressive policies for sick and disabled people. He brought in PIP expressly for the purpose of saving money, regardless of the effect it had on recipients. The probability that he now thinks the next cut is a step too far is lower than the probability of Nigel Farage voting to stay in Europe.
The real reasons are murky and complex. The Canary sees Boris's hand in it. Maybe. But I suspect a combination of factors.
Possibly, IDS has realised just how difficult it is to campaign to leave the EU from inside the cabinet. Possibly, he has included calculation of his likely career prospects under a new and Eurosceptic leader (so maybe Boris had some effect). So I suspect that Europe has something to do with it, but not much.
Possibly he calculates that now is a good time to get out of the DWP. Sooner or later the continuing car crash of Universal Credit implementation is going to come to a halt. Even for IDS the ability to continue to lie with conviction about how well things are going while constantly "resetting" must be reaching exhaustion point. There are the lengthy battles with the Information Commissioner to prevent the public from discovering the truth about just how nasty DWP policy has been, with regards to Universal Credit and the investigation of deaths following Work Capability Assessments. There is also the looming report from the UN Inquiry into the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the UK, which has the DWP firmly in its sights. Perhaps better to get out now and let his successor deal with the fallout from all those dirty bombs.
And possibly it is something about his ego and Cabinet politics. IDS fundamentally objects to anybody interfering on his patch, particularly when that someone is George Osborne, whom he venomously loathes. Although the budget cut to PIP is being described as a joint product of DWP and Treasury thinking, it does seem to have Osborne's butter fingered stamp on it. Maybe that was a move too far for IDS's over brimming and sulphurous ego.
Anyway, the man is gone, but not the policies. So who comes next? To me a more fundamental question is who want the job, knowing what he has left behind for them to deal with. Apparently Priti Patel is a front runner. She would be. Cruella de Ville in waiting. She wants to bring back hanging - a much more economical way of dealing with disabled people than trying to force them off benefit by constantly reassessing them. I wonder if Serco would bid for the contract. Or G4S, with their stellar record of running prisons.
To be honest, she would not be as bad as IDS. She has some loathsome ideas, but, compared to his lethal combination of incompetence and vindictiveness, she is a lightweight. So is almost anybody else.
I would not be surprised if the successor were not given the job as a holding appointment. The department needs a heavyweight minister, and Cameron does not want a reshuffle now. Assuming he survives the EU referendum, there will be one after that, when the job at the DWP can be given to somebody with the managerial and political experience to do the job properly. Or he could give it to another bully, of course.
Update: Stephen Crabb appointed. Not Cruella de Ville then. We shall see what Mr Crabb is made of.
Labels: IDS
Crabs the man! From a single parent working class background. How an earth did he become a Tory. Anyway, those days must have been a long time ago. Since then he has become a true blue Tory, part of the establishment. More than likely he will be just as bad IDS, unless he wishes to climb the slippery pole and become mister nice guy. IDS has left, by the sound of it ,cos of his position in political life . He even told off his own council for cutting Youth provision after all the cuts he has been involved in.
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Posted on 27. juni 2018 by youwe2017
Slight accessory costal veinlets present. Link to remodel the house. Regional campuses have select programs. Genitalia are not present. The interior floor plan is symmetrical. The spoken test was optional. The gym provided the perfect setting. There is also a mini market. The original order could be different. Air missions found another abandoned base. This process is called decompression. The screen then descends back down. Restrictions apply to infant foods. The train leaves the station. This order is much the oldest gs 앱 이벤트. The collection is on permanent display. The show was received positively. This process is known as descaling. Extension support was also announced. The forward pass is now legal. No roads connect the communities. Long over who could appoint assessors. The village has excellent transport links. The host country won the event. Adults are long and weigh. There is no scheduled passenger service. Numerous gimmicks lighten up the game. The offensive was a complete failure. Plants serve many functions in culture Video Download extension.
Fumes might cause nausea. A larger structure was clearly needed. This process is called decompression. The movie switches to the present. Consider a population of widgets. Examples below will illustrate. This program has been very controversial. A complete nervous and mental breakdown. Each movement has a rank. Such a result would reduce s. The marginal series of specks present. The cause of colic is unknown. This plan was not implemented. Both singles became moderate hits. Calling is recommended before a visit. A chart on population increase. The young train with the adults Drama. The engines develop each. This can lead to virtual economies. The game went to extra time. Neither plan came to fruition.
The tail possess a partial fusion. The film does not convey this. The replay value polarized critics. The power increase was also noticeable. List of agreements in negotiation. Solid lines denote direct relations. See list of military nuclear accidents. The show also features profiles 다운로드. Only day use is permitted. This aid may take various forms. Both make extensive use of aptronyms. Everything progresses well as per plan. Bipolar disorder is difficult to diagnose. Settle then surveys the future. The latter view eventually prevailed. The outward appearance is the host. No interference was found. Both services operate hourly. The former order was reinstated. Community service is strongly encouraged 테트리스 다운로드. This location partially inspired the show. High wind speeds were also present. These lists are not complete. Colleges in the present scenario. Intermediate sections are gauntlet track. Mere animal pain does not save. Boon were involved into the design. Also operated base host facilities. See structure implies multiplicity.
Long grass and ponds support amphibians. A then record crowd attended. Huguenot family of rank. These stamps did show the value. The rebellion was brief. The album received acclaim upon release. The spore print is pale buff. There is no charge for membership. The battle will then start here. Scottish socialist and trade unionist. There are no further known projects. Individuals can join as members. The answer is obvious. The photograph measures approx. This program was also eventually canceled. This process is known as accretion. Ligands are also characterised by charge. The website will display this information. The practice continues to this day. But friendship always needs time Fur pin. The upper adit extended north. Musical silences may also convey humour. See also list of ecology topics.
This process is often sport specific. Fuel consumption of was found. Newborn cookiecutter sharks measure long. Artist signed with a different label. Based on perception in time. The study was subsequently retracted. This market still takes place today. Navy to support the war effort. Last rank was sergeant. The show is still on air. There were no further challenges. There is no mammalian correlate 다운로드. That is why this program exists. Collecting on a budget of. Atlantic via donated transport. The list is sorted by province. Round columns support the gallery above. Circuit should uphold the plan. Many are still in use today. A sketch of pastoral lease no. Greenery accompanies a moderate climate. Deacons and laymen were also present. The host nucleus may be tilted. No cause of death was stated. The conservation status is secure. The track descended and was covered here. The agreement had little public support.
Do not use with dental braces. Prince and really cause some problems. Sources of neutrons for research. Several of the test subjects died. A small orchestra stage was enclosed. Persian frame of reference. World championship for the first time. The show occasionally went overseas. Various species transmit leishmaniasis. Pioneer island measures in area. Each copy is called an allele. The train offers economy accommodations. Some trains terminate at. Pegasus cup for the first time. This process is called quantization. Suppression can lead to amblyopia. This is a list of cryptocurrencies. The project was only half done. This use is now obsolete here. This process is called osmoregulation.
The attack failed a second time. These lines are present in females. Students had snatched a service rifle. Lead has no confirmed biological role. These churches all share episcopal polity. All yochlol share a telepathic bond. Yet some diversity is found. This does not indicate positive test. This light remains in service. The legislation would not affect revenues. Traces of selenium are usually present. The cause of death was cholera. Both were adaptations of stage dramas. A brief filmography is listed. Numerous weaknesses were found. The project is retired download. Some relationships start and stay online. The complete structure measured. That locked that track together. Test scores declined precipitously. Additionally there is no memory map. The program quickly became popular. Shooting took place without a script. Reserve teams are excluded. Each category was alphabetized by author. The show got lukewarm reviews.
These enjoyed a brief vogue. Presentation probability and choice time. Anglican religious order for women.
← None Are In Print Today.
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who wrote imitation of life
The first, rather faithful screen version of Fannie Hurst's popular novel, "Imitation to Life" was nicely helmed by John Stahl, a director who specialized in lavish melodramas and women's pictures ("Back Street," "Magnificent Obsession"), but even during the Depression it was controversial due to its portrait of race. essay writing on chemistry in our daily life. 's first (and only) number 1 hit in Japan. A bestseller in 1933, and subsequently adapted into two beloved and controversial films, Imitation of Life has played a vital role in ongoing conversations about race, femininity, and the American Dream. Bea Pullman, a white single mother, and her African American maid, Delilah Johnston, also a single mother, rear their daughters … Beneath pastel colours and a Disney-like score, it sneaks in a lament for what it means to be black in America. It is the groundbreaking story of two women, one black and one white, who become friends and business partners. That the paralysis of the body was the price paid for the development of the self. Moore wrote: “My husband’s mother was Caucasian and so I was living that kind of thing with my husband prior to Imitation Of Life: one family black, one family white.” Moore brings warmth, charm and sensitivity to the part of the saintly, self-sacrificing Annie. had a song with the title, Anthrax released "Imitation of Life" on their third album, Among the Living.In a 2017 Songfacts interview with Anthrax drummer Charlie Benante, he explained: "That was just about the fakeness of what we were seeing with music and with people, which still goes … Someone shopping near the Louvre in 1827 found a copy of The Imitation with “J.J. I wrote a while back that mimesis is, if traced back to early humans, tied to fear and self preservation. A Blu-ray set juxtaposes John M. Stahl’s 1934 “Imitation of Life” with Douglas Sirk’s better-known version from 1959, an examination of savage inequities. Featured Products TCM Annual Catalog: 2019 Edition. Imitation of life was R.E.M. An aspiring white actress befriends an African American widow, but trouble arises when the latter is rejected by her daughter, who tries to pass for white. Thirty years later, R.E.M. In the essay, written as a Platonic dialogue, Wilde holds that anti-mimesis "results not merely from Life… would borrow the title for the lead single of their 2001 album Reveal. research papers on life insurance. The novel would have probably run its course and faded from memory, like remainder of Hurst's oeuvre, except for the new life breathed into it … Columnist Jimmy Fiddler was one of many who objected to this oversight and wrote, "I also lament the fact that the motion picture industry has not set aside racial prejudice in naming actresses. Long before R.E.M. The author of numerous bestselling novels, a masterful short story writer, and an outspoken social activist, Fannie Hurst was a major celebrity in the first half of the twentieth century. A decade after the film’s release, Motown songwriters The Clan wrote “I’m Livin In Shame,” a song inspired by “Imitation Of Life,” for Diana Ross & The Supremes. Imitation of Life struck a chord in the 1930s, and it continues to resonate powerfully today. Juanita Moore dies at 99; black actress in ‘Imitation of Life’ earned Oscar nod Actress Juanita Moore plays the role of Momma in “A … He spurns his rich, brutal father, rejects his high social class, marries for what he thinks is love, cares for his emotionally wounded sister. My Life, a sort of shlemiel story, has its protagonist, Misail, reaching his rueful conclusion after trying to live as authentically as he can. Imitation of Life, Sirk-style, is a perfect melodrama. Imitation of Life is a 1959 American drama film directed by Douglas Sirk, produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal International.It was Sirk's final Hollywood film and dealt with issues of race, class and gender. But he also, early in his career, simply had trouble describing people and things that he had never seen. Annie’s light-skinned daughter rejects her mother to try and pass. Rouseau” written on the fly leaf. “Imitation of Life,” originally published in 1933, and adapted for the screen multiple times. Imitation of Life is certainly one of her best performances and should have been nominated for an Oscar. 1. That Touch of Mink DVD $14.96 The Ghost And Mrs. Muir DVD $11.21 Forbidden Hollywood: The Pre-Code Era (1930-1934): When Sin Ruled the Movies Book $22.95 Quan Tran's new book titled "The Imitation of Mary: Keys to Growth in Virtue and Grace" is intended to inspire readers to "imitate the 12 essential qualities of Mary in order to unleash a torrent of graces in their life.," according to Fr. ... Kate Chopin was an American writer in the 1800s who wrote several short stories demonstrating the ways women were oppressed. 's first (and only) number 1 hit in Japan. He eventually wrote the hymn “Amazing Grace.” Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Imitation Of Life Film Analysis 1642 Words | 7 Pages. Directed by Douglas Sirk. But his influence has gone beyond the film world to encompass music too. It is, in fact, life which is the subject matter of literature. Prior to this film, Beavers was primarily cast in “mammy” roles. Imitation of Life is certainly one of her best performances and should have been nominated for an Oscar. There is an intimate connection between literature and life. Imitation of Life directed by Douglas Sirk, 1959. Imitation of Life is the second film adaptation of Fannie Hurst's 1933 novel of the same name; the first, directed … authors who wrote essays. With Lana Turner, John Gavin, Sandra Dee, Susan Kohner. ... Sting wrote "Fields of Gold" after buying a house near a barley field and enjoying the majestic sunsets. Imitation of life was R.E.M. "Imitation of Life" is a song recorded by American alternative rock band R.E.M.. Ian from Melbourne, Australia Very catching song off the "reveal" second only to automatic as a great record>It sees rem experiment more succesfully with a dance music feel.All the weay to reno was a bad choice as second single it was one of the less … It seems that Fannie Hurst wrote a cliche ridden pulp innovative, an imitation of publications, so to talk, but it turned out to be an imitation of American life, as well, and that was its value. This movie is a melodrama that shows the love and the hardships between mother and daughter while juggling the tasks of work, love, and personal problems. Life provides the raw material on which literature imposes an artistic form. In his review of Imitation of Life, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote “It must have been in the late spring of 1959 — surrounded mainly be weeping matrons at a matinee of Imitation of Life in Florence, Alabama — that I first tangled with the considerable talents of major melodramatist Douglas Sirk. $4.52. Don't Cry For Me ArgentinaJulie Covington. Columnist Jimmy Fiddler was one of many who objected to this oversight and wrote, "I also lament the fact that the motion picture industry has not set aside racial prejudice in naming actresses. Thomas à Kempis (circa 1380–July 26, 1471) was an Augustinian monk, a copyist, and a writer of Christian books and devotionals.He is best known for his treasured devotional classic, The Imitation of Christ.Thomas à Kempis’ life and labors leave one of the clearest examples of the spiritual revival generated by the Brethren of the Common Life… But this connection between … Moore: Watching the film in November 2016, amid the din of racist voices emboldened by President-elect Donald Trump, it plays like a clarion call to wake up. They also both happen to … To ... Chekhov wrote The Steppe, appropriately the first tale in this volume, when he was 28, and it is a kind of manifesto of Chekhovian lifelikeness. as level english language and literature coursework; … IMITATION OF LIFE, Lana Turner, Juanita Moore, Terry Burnham, 1959. “The Imitation of Life” one of the greatest movies of the 1950 's era with a strong message and a tear jerking ending. This first film version from 1934 stars the lustrous Claudette Colbert as Bea and the indisputably talented Louise Beavers as Delilah. construction essay ideas; best dissertation help uk; f/free essays-related-40.txt 40. canterbury essay style guide. Literature, as we defined in the previous section, is the communication of the writer’s experience of life. Set for release on Nov. 19, Fr. Tran. It was released on April 23, 2001, in Europe and on May 8, 2001, in the United States as the lead single from the band's 12th studio album, Reveal (2001). Imitation of Life Lyrics: Charades, pop skill / Water hyacinth, named by a poet / Imitation of life / Like a koi in a frozen pond / Like a goldfish in a bowl / I don't want to hear you cry / That's facial feedback hypothesis; essay on how to improve my life. Imitation of Life Imitation of Life. Imitation of Life is a true tearjerker in every sense of the word. The song peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 22 on the Billboard Modern Rock … “An imitation of the life we know, however narrow, is our only ground,” he said. In “Imitation of Life,” Beavers “Imitation Of Life” was released 53 years ago today, on April 17th, 1959 and below, you’ll find five pieces of information that even the biggest Sirk fans might not be aware of. Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of Aristotelian mimesis.Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde, who opined in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that, "Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life". 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On the Origin(s) and Evolution of Earth’s Carbon
By Sami Mikhail and Evelyn Füri
Posted in Perturbations to Deep Carbon Cycle, Thematic Articles and tagged free article, October 2019
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October 2019 Issue Table of Contents
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The isotopic “flavor” of Earth’s major volatiles, including carbon, can be compared to the known reservoirs of volatiles in the solar system and so determine the source of Earth’s carbon. This requires knowing Earth’s bulk carbon isotope value, which is not straightforward to determine. During Earth’s differentiation, carbon was partitioned into the core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere. Therefore, although carbon is omnipresent within the Earth system, scientists have yet to determine its distribution and relative abundances. This article addresses what we know of the processes involved in the formation of Earth’s carbon reservoirs, and, by deduction, what we know about the possible origins of Earth’s carbon.
DOI: 10.2138/gselements.15.5.307
Keywords: cosmochemistry, carbon isotope geochemistry, meteoritics, planetary science
Earth is unique among the planets in our solar system in that it has liquid water at its surface, it has fostered life, and it has active plate tectonics. Whether these phenomena are linked remains one of the most exciting puzzles in planetary science and is central to the search for habitable exo-worlds. Earth’s clement environment is related to its atmospheric chemistry, which is warm enough to stabilize liquid water at its surface but cold enough to permit plate tectonics (Foley 2015). To understand the chemistry of Earth’s initial atmosphere and how this developed into a habitable environment, we must know the origins of Earth’s carbon.
An important tool for solving for the origin of Earth’s volatiles comes from the stable isotopes of carbon, 12C and 13C (Fig. 1), complemented with other isotope systems (e.g., hydrogen, nitrogen, noble gases) (Grady and Wright 2003; Füri and Marty 2015; Marty et al. 2016; Alexander et al. 2017). The carbon isotope signatures of the different solar system objects are strikingly homogeneous (Woods and Willacy 2009) and overlap with the average carbon isotopic value of Earth’s convecting upper mantle (i.e., average δ13C ≈ –5‰) (Deines 2002). Multi-element isotope datasets allow scientists to record the isotopic “flavor” of the loosely grouped “volatile elements” as a function of reservoir type. This permits the identification of primordial reservoirs (e.g., solar nebula gas, asteroids, and comets), and it allows us to decipher the cosmic provenance of terrestrial volatiles, including carbon. We can then compare the isotopic signatures of these reservoirs to what we know of Earth and so identify the proportions of the components that make up Earth’s carbonaceous cocktail.
Figure 1. (top) The broad architecture of the solar system showing the Sun, 8 planets, asteroid belt, and the dwarf planet Pluto. (bottom) The measured carbon isotope values expressed as δ13C for a variety of solar system objects: δ13C = [(13C/12Csample)/(13C/12CPDB) − 1] ×1000. Abbreviation: PDB = Pee Dee belemnite standard. Error bars for δ13C reflect standard deviations from the mean. The error bars for distance indicate the possible range of formation distances. Abbreviation: AU = astronomical unit (mean distance of the Earth from the Sun). Data from Grady and Wright (2003); Lyons et al. (2018); Woods and Willacy (2009) and references therein.
A major caveat is that, throughout Earth’s history, this cocktail has been shaken and stirred by planet-defining events such as differentiation (i.e., core formation), the “giant” Moon-forming impact, and the proposed "late veneer". As a result, constraining the origin, abundance, and distribution of carbon in the Earth system is not a simple task. Importantly, carbon forms various compounds with many other elements. This means that carbon can, under the right conditions, follow the pathway of the atmophile, lithophile, siderophile, and (very rarely) the chalcophile elements (see Table 1). As a consequence, carbon is incorporated into every layer of the Earth system (Kelemen and Manning 2015). Thus, although carbon is usually grouped as a highly volatile element (alongside hydrogen, the noble gases, the halogens, and nitrogen), the notion that there has been a considerable loss of carbon during planetary accretion and differentiation is potentially inaccurate. The concept of volatility during condensation and evaporation is not directly applicable to the geochemistry of carbon per se. This is because carbon is rarely found solely in its native state (i.e., graphite, diamond, or amorphous). Instead, carbon exists in a variety of materials with different oxidation states (i.e., compounds) that have vastly different physical and chemical properties, such as their boiling points (Fig. 2). Thus, one must be aware that stating a particular volatility value for carbon is inherently inaccurate. Instead, it is more useful to consider the relative volatilities of specific carbonaceous compounds. For example, methane is a highly volatile compound (similar in volatility to argon), which only exists in solid form in the colder regions of the outer solar system, whereas graphite and diamond are the least volatile (most refractory) naturally occurring inorganic carbonaceous materials (Fig. 2) and were preserved in the inner planet-forming region of the solar system.
Figure 2. The boiling (CH4, CO2), decomposition (MgCO3, CaCO3), and melting (Fe3C, C) temperatures (i.e., volatilities) for various carbon species and noble gases relative to water at 1 bar. This figure illustrates the concept of volatile retention and loss during planetesimal differentiation and degassing. The states of matter are temperature and pressure dependant. We show these examples, relative to water, for a range of carbon species and the noble gases to make clear that carbonaceous material has no single boiling, decomposition, or melting point and can be described from highly volatile (CH4) to very refractory (Dia/Gr). Note that not all of these species were necessarily present during the degassing of planetesimals or planets, or during the formation of chondrites. Abbreviations: Dia = diamond; Gr = graphite.
This article provides an overview of the pathways followed by carbon in the solar nebula and during the accretion and evolution of planetesimals and planets, including the formation of the Earth–Moon system. We also outline what we know of the origin(s) of Earth’s carbon, including how the bulk terrestrial carbon isotope value might have been fractionated, and we highlight the need for robots to boldly go where no robots have gone before in order to address the exciting gaps in our knowledge.
Carbon In The Solar System
The solar system formed ~4.567 billion years ago from gas and dust during the gravitational collapse of a dense core within an interstellar molecular cloud. A protoplanetary disk (traditionally referred to as the solar nebula) coalesced around the growing young Sun and had a strong thermal gradient across the disk, i.e., temperatures decreased away from the center. It was within this rotating disk that the planets formed. Carbon was present throughout this celestial system: in the hotter regions, it was in the form of gaseous CO, CO2, and CH4; beyond the soot line (which is mobile as a function of solar luminosity; Kress et al. 2010), it appears in admixtures of refractory organic molecules and pre-solar C-rich grains; in the cold regions, it occurs as CO-, CO2)-, and CH4-bearing ices. Cooling led to the formation of protoplanetary dust (i.e., calcium–aluminum-rich phases and Mg-rich chondrules), followed by the accretion of undifferentiated planetesimals. We can still sample such primitive objects in the form of chondritic meteorites, some of which are carbon-rich (e.g., CI carbonaceous chondrites of the Ivuna type). The presence of a potent heat source in the form of the short-lived radionuclide 26Al (with a half-life t1/2 ≈ 0.7 million years) meant that planetesimals that accreted within ~1 million years of solar system formation melted and differentiated (Carlson et al. 2014), creating bodies with metallic cores and silicate mantles and crusts (e.g., asteroid Vesta; Hin et al. 2017). Fragments of these cores and mantles/crusts still fall onto Earth today in the form of iron and achondritic meteorites, respectively.
On average, the achondrites contain low carbon abundances, presumably because the C-carrier phases were destroyed during high-temperature processing. However, the high-energy stages of planetesimal formation did not always entirely remove carbon from a given planetesimal. For example, meteorites from 4 Vesta typically contain 10–30 ppm carbon and have no free carbon phase, whereas ureilites—a rare type of stony (silicate-rich) meteorite—can contain up to 7 wt% carbon and have free carbon phases in the form of graphite and diamond (Grady and Wright 2003). Even iron meteorites, which represent relics of core material from differentiated bodies, show significant carbon abundances (predominantly in the form of graphite inclusions and carbides, but also as dissolved impurities in the Fe–Ni alloy) (Grady and Wright 2003), indicating that the metallic cores of planetesimals had sequestered carbon during core–mantle differentiation.
Further accretion of dust and planetesimals resulted in the formation of telluric (silicate-metal dominated) asteroids, and eventually, the rocky planets of the inner solar system. The terrestrial planets, it is worth noting, presumably formed within the mobile snowline, a virtual limit beyond which water freezes, currently situated at 2.7–3.2 AU [astronomical unit, the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun]. The equivalent also exists for carbon, i.e., refractory organic compounds are stable only beyond the soot-line (Kress et al. 2010), whereas CO, CO2), and CH4 ices only exist beyond the orbit of Saturn. Thus, it is considered that the planetesimals of the inner solar system were originally carbon-depleted. At greater heliocentric distances, the process of accretion involved organic carbon-bearing ices (comet-formation), and the birth of the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). The result is a (semi-)stratified solar system, with rocky interior planets and gaseous/icy outer planets.
In between these two planetary families (rocky and gaseous/icy) resides an orbiting array of left-over planetary building blocks known as the asteroid belt (Fig. 1). Despite its apparently well-ordered current orbital architecture, the evolution of the solar system is thought to have been dynamic. To a first approximation, the building blocks of the terrestrial planets were depleted in elements with volatile affinities (Albarède 2009). However, volatile-rich material, isotopically akin to carbonaceous chondrites, from beyond the snow- and soot-lines, could have been scattered into the terrestrial planet forming region due to the inward and outward migration of the giant planets, as proposed in the “Grand Tack” model (Walsh et al. 2011), or simply because the orbits of nearby planetesimals were destabilized by the growth of the giant gaseous/icy planets (Raymond and Izidoro 2017).
Chondritic Carbon—The Oldest Archive
The chondritic meteorites represent the most primitive rocks of the early solar system that can be examined in laboratories today. They are a group of metal-bearing stony objects, which agglomerated at varying distances from the Sun, and they can be divided into three major classes: carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite (Fig. 1). Although several groups of the class known as the carbonaceous chondrites contain a large amount of carbon (up to ~3.5 wt%) (Grady and Wright 2003), the name “carbonaceous” is somewhat misleading because some ordinary and enstatite chondrites are more carbon-rich. Most of this carbon is in the form of organic compounds dispersed within the chondritic matrix (e.g., Alexander et al. 2017), but inorganic carbon phases are also present (i.e., graphite, diamond, carbides, and carbonates). The bulk δ13C value of different chondrite classes ranges from –25‰ to +4‰ (Grady and Wright 2003), a range that encompasses the estimates of the bulk carbon isotope value of Earth’s mantle (average δ13C ≈ –5‰) (Deines 2002). Furthermore, the hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic signatures of CI chondrites—the richest in water, organics, and noble gases among all meteorites—closely match those of Earth (Füri and Marty 2015). This implies that the major volatile species on Earth were derived from a cosmochemical reservoir that is isotopically similar to the volatile inventory of primitive asteroids and distinct from the icy and volatile-rich cometary bodies and the initial signature of the solar nebula (Marty et al. 2016).
Figure 3. The composition of CI (carbonaceous chondrite, Ivuna type) chondritic meteorites compared to the solar photosphere where the abundances are plotted relative to one million silicon atoms. Evident in this figure is the logic behind the grouping of He, C, N, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe as highly volatile elements because they plot to the left of the expected nebular abundance (the 1:1 solar/chondritic ratio of the blue dashed line). Also, not all volatile elements show fractionated relative abundances, e.g., fluorine. Data from Lodders (2003) and Porcelli and Pepin (2003).
Although chondritic meteorites have never been heated to the point of complete melting, they have all been heated above the sublimation temperature of the most volatile elements, such as the noble gases. This explains why the Sun shows elevated primordial noble gas abundances (20Ne, 36Ar, 84Kr, and 130Xe) relative to the chondritic values (Fig. 3), but chondritic meteorites retain solar-like refractory lithophile element abundances (e.g., Mn/Mg). If one compares the abundance of the elements in chondritic meteorites with the solar photosphere (the Sun), then a 1:1 relationship is observed for most elements when normalized to silicon (Fig. 3). Importantly, according to the “chondritic Earth model” (e.g., McDonough and Sun 1995), the bulk composition of the Earth is broadly similar to that of chondritic meteorites. Thus, one can apply chondritic data to estimate the Mn/Mg ratios for the bulk Earth system, or to calculate the size of Earth’s core, where estimates using chondritic Fe/Mg ratios agree with the geophysical constraints. But one cannot use the “chondritic Earth model” to calculate the mass of carbon in the bulk Earth. Chondritic data show that carbon has been fractionated from solar nebular abundances (e.g., C/Mg), but less so than for nitrogen (e.g., N/Mg). However, both carbon and nitrogen were significantly less fractionated than the noble gases (Fig. 3). This is likely, in part, because carbon (and nitrogen) can exist in a variety of redox states with hugely variable boiling points/volatilities (see Fig. 2 for carbon). Therefore, one cannot calculate the carbon abundance for the bulk Earth using chondritic or solar data (i.e., using the C/Mg ratio). In summary, we do not know Earth’s bulk carbon abundance, but we do know that Earth’s carbon sources were fractionated from their initial abundances. In short, Earth’s C/O and C/Si ratios are certainly not solar, chondritic, nor cometary.
Planet-Defining Events In The History Of Earth’s Carbon
Recent geochemical datasets show that Earth’s volatile elemental ratios (i.e., C/N or C/Si) are nonchondritic, suggesting that elemental fractionation occurred during planetesimal accretion (Hin et al. 2017), core formation (Dasgupta et al. 2009), giant impact(s), impact-induced atmospheric loss (Bergin et al. 2015), or a combination of all these processes (Grewal et al. 2019). Thus, long before plate tectonics began cycling and recycling Earth’s carbon between the surface and the interior, three recognized periods or events were particularly pivotal in the formation and evolution of the terrestrial carbon reservoirs. These events were either internally driven (core formation) or externally driven (the “giant” Moon-forming impact and the late veneer) (Fig. 4), and they modified the distribution of elements within planet Earth. As a result, the distribution of carbon and its isotopes between the terrestrial reservoirs—including the silicate portion that can now be sampled—has been “smudged” (more than once). Furthermore, these events may have masked the initial δ13C of Earth’s mantle and altered the bulk Earth carbon abundance.
Figure 4. A timeline for the key events in the first 200 million years of Earth’s history that could have potentially impacted on Earth’s bulk carbon abundance and isotope value, as well as the carbon isotope signatures of Earth’s different reservoirs/layers.
Internally Driven Events
The general architecture of the Earth and the other telluric planets (having a core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere) was imposed during the earliest history of planet formation; but the composition and physical state of these reservoirs were, and are, susceptible to later modification. The large planetesimals and planetary embryos that formed within the first ~1 million years of solar system history experienced significant, and perhaps complete, melting as a result of the energy provided by kinetic and radiogenic heating (via long- and short-lived radioisotopes) (Carlson et al. 2014). Hence, the terrestrial planets and their building blocks probably experienced at least one magma-ocean stage (of unknown depth), and, upon cooling and solidification, these bodies then differentiated into a metal core, silicate mantle, crust, and a primordial atmosphere. The layering of planets is primarily imposed by density differences; but some elements (and their compounds) find their way into different layers as a function of their chemical properties (ionic charge, radius, electronegativity, and volatility). Carbon is mobile within the Earth system, where the predominant mechanisms driving exchange are diffusion, volcanism, and chemomechanical mixing (i.e., plate tectonics). Thus, Earth’s carbon is in a constant state of flux operating on timescales from seconds to billions of years (Kelemen and Manning 2015). Figure 5 provides a snapshot of the distribution of carbon in the Earth system (today) without estimates for the size(s) of these reservoirs.
Figure 5. A summary of the known and hypothetical deep carbon reservoirs, but with no estimates of mass or relative proportions. Abbreviation: CFCs = chlorofluorocarbons
Earth’s core could well be the greatest reservoir of carbon, by mass. High-pressure experiments and the presence of carbon in iron meteorites demonstrate that metal–silicate equilibration always results in some fraction of carbon partitioning into the cores of planetesimals and planets (see Wood et al. 2013). Hence, many workers have attempted to constrain exactly how much carbon could have been sequestered into the core during differentiation. There is a driving rationale for this, beyond an interest in carbon geochemistry. Geophysical data has long shown that Earth’s core is a metallic alloy of Fe + ~5% Ni (McDonough and Sun 1995), but its density is too low to be simply a binary Fe–Ni alloy. To explain the density deficit requires that the core must contain 8%–12% of a component with an atomic number less than iron (Z = 26). Carbon has long been considered as one of the lighter elements in the core, alongside H, N, O, S, Si (Wood et al. 2013). This is important for understanding the origin of Earth’s carbon if one applies a mass-balance approach because the core makes up >30% of Earth’s mass. Therefore, changing the mass of carbon in the core from a low to a high value would dramatically influence the calculated total carbon inventory of the whole planet. How much carbon is possibly stored in Earth’s core strongly depends on the initial amount of carbon present in the magma ocean, as well on the metal affinity of carbon under core-forming conditions. Over the last decade, experimental studies of the carbon partitioning between Fe–Ni alloy liquid and silicate melt (e.g., Dasgupta et al. 2009; Grewal et al. 2019) have revealed that the behavior of carbon during metal–silicate equilibration is highly sensitive to the composition of the Fe-rich alloy (including the abundance of the light elements H, N, S, and Si) as well as to the pressure (depth of differentiation), temperature, and oxygen fugacity (Wood et al. 2013). Importantly, the debate currently revolves around how much carbon was sequestered into the core, and not if carbon was partitioned into the core (Dasgupta et al. 2009; Wood et al. 2013; Grewal et al. 2019). Assuming that a large amount of carbon was accreted to the young Earth and that this was then sequestered to the core, then a significant amount of the carbon now present in the terrestrial mantle must have been delivered to the Earth after core–mantle differentiation, such as by a large impactor and/or during the accretion of the late veneer.
Externally Driven Events
Planet Earth has experienced at least two stages of secondary accretion, defined as events which altered the chemistry of the bulk Earth. The first formed Earth’s Moon; the second provided us with a large fraction of our precious metals (e.g., gold).
The “giant” Moon-forming impact occurred within the first 40 to 100 million years of solar system history (Carlson et al. 2014) and was a collision between the proto-Earth and a planet-sized impactor named “Theia”. The impact was so energetic that it caused the bulk silicate Earth to explode from solid rock into a vapor cloud which left a lasting geochemical fingerprint on the volatile element inventory of the Earth–Moon system (Hauri et al. 2017). However, quantifying the effect of the giant impact on carbon geochemistry remains challenging, partly because we do not know the initial or present-day carbon abundance of planet Earth. The Moon-forming impact would have resulted in the melting of most (or all) of Earth’s silicate mantle in order to form a silicate vapor disc, this event being followed by the formation of a deep magma ocean (Hin et al. 2017; Grewal et al. 2019). This stage of Earth’s history might have resulted in significant outgassing and the formation of a secondary atmosphere. Alternatively, Earth could have gained volatiles from the impactor (Grewal et al. 2019). According to the latter scenario, (partial) accretion of a large differentiated body would explain the major volatile element signature of the bulk silicate Earth. In either case, carbon was certainly redistributed between Earth’s interior and the surficial reservoirs as a result of the Moon-forming impact.
The so-termed “late veneer” was the largest meteor shower in Earth’s history. This bombardment represents the final sweeping up of the residual planetesimal material following the main stage of terrestrial planet formation in the inner solar system. The late veneer hypothesis is required to explain mantle geochemistry. Importantly, the late veneer would have postdated the formation of Earth’s core and the Moon-forming event and at least some stage(s) of atmosphere formation (Fig. 4). The late veneer is considered to have added the “iron-loving” highly siderophile elements (HSEs: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Re, Au) to the silicate Earth, and represents a contribution of ~0.1–2 wt% by mass chondritic material to Earth (e.g., Chou 1978). However, to explain what we think we know of Earth’s volatile inventory (H2O, C, N, halogens, noble gases) requires the addition of ~2 (±1) wt% carbonaceous chondrite–like matter, which is equal to or greater than the mass of material delivered by the postulated late veneer derived using HSE geochemistry (Marty et al. 2016; Alexander et al. 2017). Furthermore, recent findings on the similarity of Ru isotopic compositions of the bulk silicate Earth and of enstatite chondrites suggest that the Earth’s late veneer had an enstatite chondrite–like isotopic signature. This would imply that the late veneer might have been volatile-poor (Fischer-Gödde and Kleine 2017) and that the delivery of terrestrial volatiles was not solely a late-stage event. Accordingly, Earth accreted volatile-rich material, likely sourced from beyond the orbit of Jupiter, during the main sequence of planet building. This accretion was possibly due to either lateral material transport triggered by the growth and/or migration of the giant planets during the earliest history of the solar system (Walsh et al. 2011; Raymond and Izidoro 2017) or during the giant impact phase (e.g., Grewal et al. 2019).
Assessing The Carbon Isotope Value Of The Bulk Earth
This article began by highlighting how one can apply carbon isotope data alongside H, N, and noble gas data to constrain the origin(s) of the carbon on Earth, cosmochemically (Fig. 1). Later, we outlined several events in Earth’s early history that can be described as planet-defining, such as core formation, the “giant” Moon-forming impact, and the late veneer (Fig. 4). We also noted that carbon is distributed and redistributed throughout the entire Earth system in the form of various compounds (Fig. 5).
To apply stable isotope geochemistry to trace the source of terrestrial carbon relies on the assumption that the fractionation of volatile element isotopes is negligible during processing of ice and dust in the solar nebula and throughout the accretion/differentiation stages of planetesimal and planet formation. However, and problematically, these redistribution events and processes can all impart equilibrium carbon isotope fractionation. It is now established that the degassing from magma oceans and during high-energy impact events, as observed via moderately volatile isotope systems, can result in stable isotope fractionation (Kato et al. 2015). Thus, degassing of carbon from the magma ocean of low-gravity bodies (planetesimals) could have fractioned the 13C/12C ratio of Earth’s precursor material and of the young Earth itself. Early loss of carbon to space via CO2/CO escape during degassing of a silicate magma ocean would deplete the magma ocean in the heavy isotope and decrease the 13C/12C ratio of the silicate portion of the planet (Horita and Polyakov 2015). In addition, carbon isotope fractionation between metal–silicate systems preferentially sequesters the lighter isotope into the metallic phase(s) (Horita and Polyakov 2015). Therefore, isotope fractionation during carbon sequestration into the core would affect the carbon isotope composition of our planet, effectively increasing the 13C/12C ratio of the silicate portion of the planet (Mikhail et al. 2014). Thus, although the δ13C value of the convecting upper mantle is statistically well constrained based on the study of mantle-derived samples, it is conceivable that the δ13C value of the bulk Earth is different from that of the convecting upper mantle, or that the δ13C value of the modern bulk Earth might not reflect the initial δ13C value of the primitive Earth and/or its precursor bodies.
Earth presumably accreted well within the snow line and the soot line, in a volatile-depleted region of the solar system. However, we know that Earth contains carbon, and that the H, C, and N isotopes point to a carbonaceous chondrite source for the terrestrial volatiles. Therefore, it is possible, and likely, that some of the material which formed the Earth originated from larger heliocentric distances. Because a significant fraction of early accreted carbon would have entered Earth’s core during differentiation, the (isotopically) CI chondrite–like volatiles must have been delivered to the terrestrial planet-forming region after core formation. However, the timing and mechanism(s) of carbon delivery remain a matter of debate. We know that Earth accreted a significant fraction of its present-day mass during late accretion events, but the delivery of volatile elements (such as C, N, Ar) during the late veneer cannot dominate Earth’s volatile budget. Earth is still accreting volatile-rich extraterrestrial matter today, with a flux of tens of thousands of kilograms per annum via micrometeorites.
The distribution of carbon in the different terrestrial reservoirs is not fixed, and the geological record is rife with externally and internally driven perturbations. For example, Earth’s surficial carbon reservoirs are perturbed by bolide impacts, some of which had dramatic environmental consequences (Kamber and Petrus 2019 this issue). We are also faced with one significant and inherent limitation: sampling Earth’s interior is rife with sampling biases, restrictions, and the influence of surficial material emplaced into the mantle via subduction zone plate tectonics. In short, most geological samples originate from depths of less than 100 km (of Earth’s 6,371 km radius) and only a few minerals (chiefly diamond) show tentative evidence for a deeper mantle origin. The most obvious limitation is that we will never obtain samples of Earth’s core.
Owing to the uncertainties outlined in this article, we use caution and choose not to make bold and biased claims as to our opinion for the relative proportions of the celestial components which make up Earth’s cosmic cocktail. The long-standing enigma of the origins of Earth’s carbon is a dynamic problem, which is much larger in scope than planet Earth itself. The answers are undoubtedly going to rely on a collaborative approach requiring advances in experimental, analytical, and computational technologies between geochemists, geophysicists, planetary scientists, and cosmochemists. The least studied, but accessible, part of the puzzle focuses on the provenance and distribution of carbon throughout the solar system. For example, samples from primitive carbon-rich asteroids are going to be returned to Earth in the early 2020s by two dedicated space missions: Hayabusa2, from Japan’s JAXA, and OSIRIS-REx from USA’s NASA. The milligram-sized samples, alongside data from cometary missions (Europe’s ESA Rosetta Mission), will provide exceptional, essential, and priceless information on the nature of carbon in the early solar system. This will enable a more robust assessment of the formation and evolution of Earth’s volatile reservoirs. To build upon the wealth of current and future terrestrial geoscientific datasets, we propose that such internationally collaborative planetary exploration missions, inclusive of sample-return objectives, are the best way forward to determine the relative proportions of the cosmic cocktail and to solve the origin(s) of Earth’s carbon.
SM acknowledges support from the National Environmental Research Council (grant no. NE/PO12167/1) and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (grant no. RIG007794). EF acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 715028). This is CRPG-CNRS contribution 2720. We are grateful to Dr Conel M.O’D. Alexander and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive input, and the issue editors for their invitation to contribute.
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Kress ME, Tielens AGGM, Frenklach M (2010) The ‘soot line’: destruction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the terrestrial planet-forming region of disks. Advances in Space Research 46: 44-49
Lodders K (2003) Solar system abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements. Astrophysical Journal 591: 1220-1247
Lyons JR, Gharib-Nezhad E, Ayres TR (2018) A light carbon isotope composition for the Sun. Nature Communications 9, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03093-3
Marty B and 8 coauthors (2016) Origins of volatile elements (H, C, N, noble gases) on Earth and Mars in light of recent results from the ROSETTA cometary mission. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 441: 91-102
McDonough WF, Sun S-S (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120: 223-253
Mikhail S and 7 coauthors (2014) Empirical evidence for the fractionation of carbon isotopes between diamond and iron carbide from the Earth’s mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15: 855-866.
Porcelli D, Pepin RO (2003) The origin of noble gases and major volatiles in the terrestrial planets. Treatise on Geochemistry 4: 319-347
Raymond SN, Izidoro A (2017) Origin of water in the inner solar system: planetesimals scattered inward during Jupiter and Saturn’s rapid gas accretion. Icarus 297: 134-148.
Walsh KJ, Morbidelli A, Raymond SN, O’Brien DP, Mandell AM (2011) A low mass for Mars from Jupiter’s early gas-driven migration. Nature 475: 206-209
Wood BJ, Li J, Shahar A (2013) Carbon in the core: its influence on the properties of core and Mantle. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75: 231-250
Woods PM, Willacy K (2009) Carbon isotope fractionation in protoplanetary disks. Astrophysical Journal 693: 1360-1378
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Hugh Miles and Islam
I recently finished reading Hugh Miles's new book Playing Cards in Cairo, which I've been thinking about using in an interdisciplinary survey of the Middle East I'll be teaching at Colgate. The book brings out a lot of the texture of life in Cairo today, and sets up good discussions of gender issues while exploring the seams of "Islamic" and "Western" culture. The "plot" of what I'm fairly sure is a true story also has a Sex in the City style to it that would probably keep students reading and provide a nice break from denser texts.
The book's glaring flaw, however, is that even though he converts to Islam at the end to marry an Egyptian Muslim, Hugh Miles apparently knows next to nothing about Islam. Throughout the book, he tends to treat it as a static lifestyle and set of beliefs rather than a tradition lived and interpreted over centuries, though he does get at different manifestations such as the television preachers, local shaykhs, and ubiquitous Qur'an reading. However, even at the moment of his conversion he apparently thinks that its teachings amount to obscure points related to ritual cleanliness and that the Qur'an is mainly a series of specific rules interspersed with war-mongering. There's a funny episode where he's afraid having his conversion questioned because the call to prayer occurs when he's waiting at al-Azhar and he doesn't know anything about Muslim prayers.
This isn't a major reason not to use it, as we will have already covered religion by the time I would use this, and I suspect undergraduates at an institution like Colgate are capable of questioning even without prodding whether someone who doesn't know how to pray is the best authority for Islamic faith and practice. There's also probably a case to be made that the Egyptian state generally sucks, and it's not surprising that members of its official state-governed religious establishment also suck. In any case, however, I couldn't help but note the odd gap in perception from someone with a good reputation for understanding the region. (There's a funny paragraph when he comments that other Muslim institutions think al-Azhar allows people to convert too easily; if the rest of the book had anything like the style, I'd say he was trying to subtly illustrate a point about his own total ignorance.)
Labels: Books, Egypt, Islam
Dubai Environmentalism
The Gaza Seven
Water for Peace
Olmert Falling
Bangladeshis Banned
A Standard Model
Women's Only Mosques
Saudi Labor Policy
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10 Far-Out Facts On The Star Uniting Ringo, Dolly, Kacey, Willie & More…
By Mandy Slegers on July 9, 2018 in Artists, Classic Country Corner, Features, Music, News
You might have heard the news late last month, but Ringo Starr, Kacey Musgraves, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, Eric Church, Merle Haggard (in his final recording) and over three dozen others will all star on ‘King of the Road,’ an essential tribute to Roger Miller out Friday, August 31st.
It’s been over 25 years since Miller’s death, so we thought we should revisit some of the outlandish anecdotes and crowning achievements that made him “country’s greatest comic genius” (Rolling Stone)…
He was the first on-site for Patsy Cline’s fatal plane crash.
He was a fireman fired for sleeping through fires.
He held the 18-year record for most GRAMMY’s in a single night, surpassed by Michael Jackson and ‘Thriller’ in 1984.
He racked up 31 Top 40 Billboard country hits (10 pop crossovers).
He picked 400 pounds of cotton to buy an $8 guitar, but later stole another guitar and enlisted in the army to avoid jail time.
He recorded the first version of “Me and Bobbie McGee,” wrote songs and voiced a character for Walt Disney’s 1973 ‘Robin Hood,’ and composed music for the Tony-winning ‘Big River,’ helping launch the career of actor John Goodman (who reprises the musical’s “Guv’ment” on ‘King of the Road’).
Illustrated by the sheer size of this album’s track and guest lists…uniting Willie Nelson, Kris Kristofferson and Merle Haggard on one song…Miller’s legacy is immortal. Read the Tennessean‘s new interview with son & producer Dean Miller here.
About Mandy Slegers
Born and raised on the dairies of Southern California...I am a country girl to the core who lives for faith, family and country music! mandy@countrymusicpride.com
View all posts by Mandy Slegers →
Dolly Parton, Eric Church, Kacey Musgraves, merle haggard, Ringo Starr, Roger Miller, Willie Nelson
The SteelDrivers & Bluegrass Underground Celebrate 10 Years At “The Cave”
Joshua Hedley “My Opry Debut” Episode Premieres At Rolling Stone Country
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Kabul: Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani nominated Anisa Rasouli , a female judge to the Supreme Court on Tuesday. The President’s nomination is an unprecedented move that has enraged some Islamic conservatives in the country.
Anisa Rasouli, the head of the Afghan Women Judges Association and a former juvenile court judge, was the only female nominated to the nine-member bench after the announcement was delayed due to opposition by a group of Islamic conservatives earlier this month.
While speaking to a gathering of diplomats and women's rights activists Ghani said, "I'm proud to announce that for the very first time I have nominated a woman to the Supreme Court".
The President further added, "Appointing a woman to the Supreme Court does not alter the judicial system. We do have full support of the Ulema (Islamic scholars) for it".
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Homepage > China
Capital releases nation's first guide for self-driving vehicles on roads
Editor: Wang Lingxiao 丨Chinadaily
China's first guideline on road tests of autonomous motor vehicles was released on Monday by local authorities in Beijing, signaling the country's determination to accelerate the development of the technology.
The guideline, compiled by the city's transport commission, public security bureau and economy and information technology commission, applies to independent entities registered in China.
They can apply to test at most five vehicles at a time, but before conducting road tests they must first complete tests in designated closed zones, according to the guideline.
It also requires that a human driver sit in the driver's seat to be able to immediately take over the car in case of emergencies and other special situations.
The authorities said they will soon release the list of road sections eligible for such tests.
John Zeng, managing director of the consulting firm LMC Automotive Shanghai, said the guideline is very helpful to companies in the sector, many of which are testing autonomous driving in the United States.
"It's a practical move that will greatly promote the sector. It will be even more helpful if there is a national-level guideline," said Zeng.
The guideline came four days after the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology unveiled a three-year plan to boost the application of artificial intelligence in automotive and other sectors.
Under the plan, by 2020 the nation will build a reliable and safe platform for smart and internet-connected vehicles that can support highly autonomous driving technologies.
China expects 80 percent of new vehicles sold in 2025 to feature some autonomous driving functions, according to an automotive development plan released in April.
Many Chinese companies, including Baidu Inc, are already working hard on the research and development of autonomous driving technology.
Baidu also plans to introduce vehicles that will allow drivers to take their eyes off the road in 2019 in cooperation with Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Co and Beijing Automotive Group Co.
PwC's consultancy subsidiary Strategy& estimated that by 2030, China will have at least 33 million highly or fully autonomous driving vehicles, more than those in the US or the EU.
Please scan the QR code to download CCTV.com Global app
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Extension contributes to energy lab upgrades
About Extension, Poultry
Mr. Robert Nathan Gregory
STARKVILLE, Miss. -- For five years, the Mobile Environmental and Energy Lab has taken the latest developments in poultry production technology on the road.
Mississippi State University researchers recently used funding from the MSU Extension Service to make upgrades to the replicated poultry house on wheels and improve the learning experience for everyone who sees it.
Measuring 8 1/2 feet by 44 feet, the mobile lab is an MSU Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering tool that can be driven to area sites. Nearly the size of an 18-wheeler, the trailer has been featured at various industrial and educational events and farms in Mississippi and Alabama.
MSU Extension associate John Linhoss said the lab is outfitted with the latest technological advances in the poultry industry. These features allow faculty to host demonstrations for multiple audiences on emerging tools designed to improve energy efficiency and profit.
“A lot of people do not realize the amount of technology used in poultry production and all of the elements -- including heating, lighting, ventilation and water -- needed to run a poultry house,” Linhoss said. “This is a fully interactive lab that showcases the latest technology and production methods being used today in commercial broiler houses.”
Linhoss said the modifications, which took about a month to install, make the unit more functional. They include new steps and new windows that allow people to view the lab from outside the van. LED lights were also installed. Future planned upgrades include a lift system.
“We had a safety and flow issue because there was only one place to enter and exit the trailer,” he said. “We had one of the 36-inch fans removed and a door installed in its place to have a seamless traffic flow. We removed a piece of equipment and replaced it with Plexiglas that allows people to see what’s going on from outside. We also made some plumbing improvements for the evaporative pads that show how the broiler houses are cooled.”
The mobile lab has two bays. The first is a control unit where faculty can demonstrate power consumption and cooling systems in a broiler house. The second bay is a larger room showcasing various feeders and drinkers used in poultry houses, along with banks of lights that demonstrate different types of lighting used in the industry.
“When you walk into the trailer, you see a central control unit with microprocessors. All of the information from inside the trailer is fed into this unit to show real-time power consumption and to monitor the internal conditions of the trailer for temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and static pressure,” Linhoss said. “It controls when the lights, ventilation fans and evaporative cooling pads are operating. It is the brain of the operation.”
Extension Director Gary Jackson said the mobile lab is crucial to illustrating the job opportunities available in the state’s poultry industry, which had a production value of $2.87 billion in 2014 and is Mississippi’s largest agricultural commodity.
“What makes the Mobile Environmental and Energy Lab such an excellent platform is its versatility,” Jackson said. “It has traveled across the state and provided hands-on education to people in the poultry industry, but it has also reached hundreds of grade-school students and teachers. Extension is pleased to support the efforts of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at MSU to use the lab as a tool for outreach.”
Linhoss said the department recently showcased the lab to more than 750 students at career fairs in Tupelo, Mississippi, and Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
“Without the modifications that were made with Extension’s contribution, there is no way we would have been able to accommodate nearly as many people,” Linhoss said. “It’s fun to see a group of eighth-graders’ eyes light up when you show them the amount of technology and mechanization involved in the poultry industry.”
MSU agricultural engineering research associate Daniel Chesser said the goal going forward is to make the mobile poultry house project sustainable through funding from industry partners and grants.
“This is both a research and outreach unit that costs a significant amount of money to run,” Chesser said. “We are excited about getting the trailer out to more events and making more modifications to it to make it an even more useful educational tool. The increased visibility these capacity upgrades have allowed will take us a long way.”
Animal scientist will lead research, extension center
MSU names new head for coastal center
2016 Mississippi Commodities Photos
Agriculture value is part of state's economy
Poultry, forestry lead Mississippi agriculture
Deep Pectoral Myopathy
Setback Distances in Poultry Houses
Characteristics of Successful Poultry Growers
Modern Broiler House Heating Systems
Managing Manure from the Backyard Flock
http://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/2015/extension-contributes-energy-lab-upgrades
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[lbo-talk] Atlas shrugged. And so did I.
Dennis Claxton ddclaxton at earthlink.net
Previous message: [lbo-talk] Sam Smith on Obama's birth certificate
Next message: [lbo-talk] Shades of Bacchus!
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/the_big_picture/2011/04/pj-orourke-on-atlas-shrugged-like-dynasty-except-without-any-action.html
If you regularly watch Fox News, as I do, you've probably heard all about "Atlas Shrugged," the new movie version of the iconic Ayn Rand bestseller that opens in 300 theaters this Friday. (Yes, on tax filing day, which must surely be a sly Randian joke.) The party line at Fox is that "Atlas Shrugged," as host Sean Hannity put it, is the movie "liberal Hollywood doesn't want you to see." In fact, it's the movie's own marketing hook. If you do a Google search for the phrase "the movie Hollywood doesn't want you to see," the first thing you find is the film's Facebook page.
Of course, it would be more accurate to say that "Atlas Shrugged" is the film Hollywood didn't want to make, but that doesn't have quite the same forbidden fruit zing to it. As my colleague Rebecca Keegan has reported, the film was actually in development at Lionsgate, with Angelina Jolie attached to a script by heavyweight writer-director Randall Wallace. The project fell apart, though not because of any liberal plot. The film's financier, John Aglialoro, wanted a more faithful version of the book, which even many of its admirers will admit is something of an unlikely commercial property. Agliatoro eventually handed the filmmaking reins to "One Tree Hill" actor Paul Johansson, who had never directed a feature before.
So Aglialoro is essentially distributing the film himself. He's already had tastemaker screenings for such influential conservatives as Big Hollywood's Andrew Breitbart and House Speaker John Boehner. But will moviegoers flock to a film just because its backers say it's a film Hollywood liberals didn't want them to see? After all, didn't that scheme work pretty well for Mel Gibson's "The Passion of the Christ," which cast Gibson as an embattled outsider whose film had been turned down everywhere in la-la-liberal Hollywood?
Of course, to embrace that narrative, whether with "Passion of the Christ" or with "Atlas Shrugged," you'd have to be willing to conveniently forget that 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in town, is owned by -- ahem -- conservative kingpin Rupert Murdoch.
With "Atlas Shrugged," you'd also have to ignore the reviews, not just from those pesky liberal critics who would never give Ayn Rand a fair shake, but from P.J. O'Rourke, perhaps the most distinctive conservative cultural critic of our time. Even though he's a die-hard fan of Rand, O'Rourke admits that the movie is a stinker. As he writes:
"Atlas shrugged. And so did I. The movie version of Ayn Rand’s novel treats its source material with such formal, reverent ceremoniousness that the uninitiated will feel they’ve wandered without a guide into the midst of the elaborate and interminable rituals of some obscure exotic tribe. Meanwhile, members of that tribe of 'Atlas Shrugged' fans will be wondering why director Paul Johansson doesn’t knock it off with the incantations, sacraments and recitations of liturgy and cut to the human sacrifice. ... The movie’s acting is borrowed from 'Dallas,' although the absence of Larry Hagman’s skill at subtly underplaying villainous roles is to be regretted. Staging and action owe a debt to 'Dynasty' except, on 'Dynasty,' there usually was action. ... In 'Atlas Shrugged' Rand set out to prove that self-interest is vital to mankind. This, of course, is the whole point of free-market classical liberalism and has been since Adam Smith invented free-market classical liberalism by proving the same point. Therefore trying to make a movie of 'Atlas Shrugged' is like trying to make a movie of 'The Wealth of Nations.' But Adam Smith had the good sense to leave us with no plot, characters or melodramatic clashes of will so that we wouldn’t be tempted to try."
I think what P.J. is saying, in the nicest possible way, is that maybe the trashy Angelina Jolie version of the movie wouldn't have been so bad after all.
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australian desert biotic factors
It is the largest desert in the whole of Asia and ranks as 4 largest among all the deserts in the world. In ecology, a limiting factor is a resource or environmental condition that limits the size of the population. make up the biotic factors of the quail's environment. The average temperatures and precipitation levels for deserts are shown in this graph. While rain only falls occasionally, water is often stored in succulent plants and accumulates under covered areas as well. USA Today. In any ecosystem, abiotic and biotic factors must always be present. The Great Sandy Desert a.k.a the Western Desert a.k.a The Canning Desert is located in western Australia. The desert biome is an ecosystem that forms from the low level of rainfall it receives each year. Although we usually think of deserts as being hot, some deserts can be cold too. Precipitation, water availability, sunlight, and temperature are all abiotic factors. Pigface grows in sandy places. Both have four seasons, which are summer, fall, winter, and spring. Gannett Satellite Information Network, n.d. In the event of a disease outbreak, for instance, the disease will spread faster and more organi… These include deserts, tropical and subtropical regions, mediterranean woodlands, temperate forests and grasslands, montane lands and tundra. Abiotic factors play a major role in the environment and the abiotic factors that are specifically in the Sahara Desert are temperature, bodies of water, rainfall, and soil. The branches also are easily detachable and stick to whoever broke it off, and the seeds are able to be scattered. The abiotic factors affect the organisms living there because the abiotic factors are some of the limiting factors of that region. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. In hot and dry deserts, summer and winter last a little longer and are marked by little amounts of rainfall. N.p., n.d. so of the most common are the dingo, wombat, emu, kola bear, owls, kangaroos, goannas, thorny devils, frilly neck lizards, blue tongue lizards, crocodiles, snakes, spiders, and many others. Snakes-. The senior secondary Biology curriculum continues to develop student understanding and skills from across the three strands of the F-10 Australian Curriculum: Science. Abiotic factors are nonliving factors in an ecosystem or habitat, including meteorological factors like temperature, wind velocity, humidity and precipitation. The biotic factors that affect deserts include all of the living organisms in the habitat, while the abiotic factors that affect deserts include all of the non-living components of the desert. This means that animals and plants looking to survive in the desert must be able to live with little water for extended periods of time. See more ideas about Desert ecosystem, Desert animals, Snake crafts. The rat hides in burrows during the day and eats during the night to avoid its predators. In most deserts, the soil is Aridisols, or dry soil. Abiotic factors are all non-living factors in an organism's environment. reduction of ecosystem area. … Xerocles is the scientific term for animals that have adapted to live in the desert. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. ... - "Plants & Animals in the Australian Desert." Biotic factors refer to both animals and plants. While deserts are typically devoid of much standing water, water is present and is a very important part of the habitat. Biotic factors - the parts of the ecosystem that are living. Fall and spring are a little shorter, but they bring a large quantity of rainfall. Symbiotic relationships are interactions that effect an organism. 28 Nov. 2016. It may be surprising that the biodiversity levels in deserts are relatively high. These slithery fellows are a big biotic factor in the outback. Perennial plants commonly survive dry times by becoming physiologically inactive. Biotic Factors. Both soils are rich in minerals, but they have little organic material. The type of soil in the desert varies. Sunlight. Ecology essentially focuses on how living organisms interact with their environment. Cactus. One would observe that for a quail living in the desert, living elements like the quail's prey (insects, seeds, etc.) USCHS-APES - Desert Biome Location and Abiotic and Biotic Factors. Desert Biotic Factors Animals. They are all able to inhabit plant and animal life that are able to survive there. An ecosystem is composed of two main components: biotic and abiotic factors. This is all part and parcel of a wider ecosystem that will continue to thrive as the organism plays its role to make way for the new generation of the ecosystem to grow through. What are the biotic factors of the Australian desert? Australian desert ecosystem food web. Deserts are characterized by their lack of rainfall. BIOTIC: Living things in an environment Bilby: Hides during the day and hunts at night to avoid dehydration and heat. ), The Secret Science of Solving Crossword Puzzles, Racist Phrases to Remove From Your Mental Lexicon. It also can get water from the food that it eats. - "Desert Biome Location and Abiotic and Biotic Factors." There are four major types of desert in this biome - hot and dry, semiarid, coastal, and cold. They are tough enough to withstand high temperatures of the outback and stay alive on a single source of food and water for a long time. While much of the country boasts diverse … A desert is mainly a lot of sand spanning over vast distances. Biotic is the opposite of abiotic which means non-living. Desert bighorn sheep. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the ecosystem, which influence the size and composition of the living parts: these are components like minerals, light, heat, rocks and water. See more ideas about Desert ecosystem, Ecosystems, Desert biome. The kangaroo rat has adapted by moving around like a kangaroo. Deserts cover about 20% of the Earth. One of abiotic factors is the sand. Every organism consumes either a plant or an animal of a specific form. Every organism depends on food to sustain its bodily functions. Sep 24, 2016 - Explore vishal verma's board "desert ecosystem" on Pinterest. Climate: Climate is a limiting factor because of the extreme weather in the desert. Indeed, without plants, we wouldn't have dunes as we know them at all. The sand at this desert is a deep orange color which is is usually very hot and dry,but it does get some rain due to the monsoon season,but it is still a desert because of high evaporation rates. Abiotic factors - the parts of the ecosystem that are non-living. Typical biotic factors of deserts include plants such as drought-resistant grasses, cacti, aloe plants and other succulents, and common abiotic factors of deserts include the soil, rocks, minerals and sands that make up the substrate. Ecosystem ( how do the abiotic factors, the information on About the Outback, of the Australian Outback effect the organisms living there?) Biotic Factors: Animals: 1- Rattlesnakes 2- Coyotes 3- Owls 4- Hawks 5- Quails 6- Lizards 7- Tarantula 8- Jackrabbit. unable to rehabilitate, too much damage. The Antarctic desert which is the largest in the world is an example of a cold desert. This is the Chain Fruit Cholla. Did you know that the Desert Biome has some of the rarest animals that cannot be found any where else on earth? The intense sunlight and winds are also factors that help to shape desert environments. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem, such as plants, animals, insects, fungi and bacteria. Many plants and animals exist in the desert, contrary to common belief that deserts are empty and sustain little life. read more Also, some other biotic factors are desert cottontail, rattle snakes, hawk, fox, tarantula, scorpion, lizard, and many many other different types of animals and plant life. For example, cacti have evolved to store water in their stems to help them through dry spells. Credit: Jane Fraser Left to their own devices, sand dunes are rich with animals and plants. Some deserts, such as the Antarctic desert are virtually barren and hold no life forms. For one, it must be a living organism. Typically, deserts receive less than 508 millimeters (20 in.) In the Science Understanding strand, the Biology curriculum draws on knowledge and understanding from across the four sub-strands of Biological, Physical, Chemical, and Earth and Space sciences. What are the most important Australian desert landforms? Bacteria, lichens and amoebas lurk in places with suitable moisture to allow them to survive. In a desert, the abiotic factors include sunshine, minerals and air. of rain per year. The Australian Desert is home to many different plant and animal life. Biotic means something that is living. Density-dependent factors are dependent on population density, such that their effects vary with respect to how dense the population is. Are there big chunks of gold in the Australian desert? Animals also rely on the Chain Fruit Cholla. 1. Is the Coronavirus Crisis Increasing America's Drug Overdoses? - Mallee: The role of this tree is to give home to few animals and birds. These branches have grown a dense layer of spines to reflect sunlight and prevent from overheating. Australia contains eight of the fourteen ecosystem that exist. ANIMAL LIFE Hundreds of species exist in the Sahara desert, ranging from reptiles to mammals. Among these include desert grass, cacti, yucca plant, prickly pears, and turpentine brush. In the Sahara and the Australian outback, the soil is Entisols, which are new types of soil that form sand dunes. Precipitation, water availability, sunlight, and temperature are all abiotic factors. The biotic factors that affect deserts include all of the living organisms in the habitat, while the abiotic factors that affect deserts include all of the non-living components of the desert. Plants: 1- Mallee 2- Black desert Oak 3- Marble Gums 4- Spinifex 5-Grevilleas 6- Acacia 7- Parakeelya 8- Lechenaultia 9- Hibbertia 10- Wildflower. Biotic factors in the desert include food and symbiotic relationships. 4 Limiting Factors: Water: Water is a limiting factor in the desert because due to the lack of water plants have a hard time growing which limits the amount of plants as well as animals in the desert.The lack of water also means that animals have adapt in order to survive on such little amounts of water. This is the Desert Kangaroo Rat. Microscopic and single-celled organisms are also important biotic components of desert ecosystems. Some animals that live there are the sandgrouse, camels, the oryx, the dik-dik, Grant’s gazelle, Jerboas, desert … Some of the plant life there is the Scaevola Outback Fan Flower, Sturt's Desert Pea, sturt's desert rose, cati, tumble weeds, … The desert biome has many biotic factors. and predators (coyotes, sparrow hawk, gold eagles, etc.) Digs burrows about two meters below the ground because it is moist and cool. Apr 27, 2016 - Explore Caitlin Stancil's board "Desert Ecosystem", followed by 181 people on Pinterest. Abiotic factors are all non-living factors in an organism's environment. Biotic factors - Australian desert. What Are the Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Deserts. Will 5G Impact Our Cell Phone Plans (or Our Health?! Additionally, deserts are home to smaller creatures, such as insects, spiders, scorpions, flies, beetles and centipedes. Desert - Desert - Population and community development and structure: Desert plants and animals have many peculiar adaptations that enable them to survive long periods of moisture shortage and to take maximal advantage of short, infrequent wet periods. Typical biotic factors of deserts include plants such as drought-resistant grasses, cacti, aloe plants and other succulents, and common abiotic factors of deserts include the soil, rocks, minerals and sands that … The kangaroo rat is a omnivore because it only eats seeds, leaves, stems, and insects. Organisms have to struggle against water shortage and increased evaporation. The Bighorn Sheep depends on the cholla for food and water during droughts. The Sahara Desert is widely viewed as one of the world's harshest environments. open pit mine. Scorpions, coyotes, snakes, spiders, lizard, and cacti are just a few of the biotic factors. These predators are coyotes, foxes, badgers, snakes, and owls. The Great Victoria Desert In Australia: Home Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Predator & Prey Host & Parasite Producer, Consumer, & Decomposer Food Web Biotic Factors - Dingo: The role of the dingo is to catch small animals. Answered February 19, 2017. Fact Check: What Power Does the President Really Have Over State Governors? Web. Animals also function as important biotic components of desert ecosystems, and common species include coyotes, lizards, snakes, rodents, turtles and birds. The cholla has many segments of irregualr, drooping branches. There are two types of limiting factors: density-dependent factors and density-independent factors. For something to be biotic, there are a few criteria that it must meet. Despite the barren and harsh nature of deserts, most of them are full of life. chemical alteration in soil. The rat also has a cheek pouch to hold food in it for weeks, and its tail is used for balance and steering. Web. - "Great Sandy Desert, Australia - Second Largest Desert In Australia." The outback they have little organic material ( or Our Health? ecosystem or habitat including..., gold eagles, etc. relatively high of a specific form biotic... Factor because of the F-10 Australian curriculum: Science factors like temperature wind! Fall and spring are a few criteria that it must meet part of the rarest animals that can be! Cacti are just a few criteria that it eats symbiotic relationships dry, semiarid, coastal and! Always be present they are all able to survive there must be a living organism rich with and! As plants, animals, insects, spiders, scorpions, coyotes, sparrow hawk, gold,... People on Pinterest hawk, gold eagles, etc. Hides in burrows during the day and eats during day. Dry deserts, most of them are full of life include sunshine, minerals and air the... Quantity of rainfall it receives each year yucca plant, prickly pears, and Owls Phrases... Is moist and cool dependent on population density, such as the Antarctic desert are virtually barren and nature... As plants, we would n't have dunes as we know them at all very important part of the 's! '', followed by 181 people on Pinterest easily detachable and stick to whoever broke it off and. Many different plant and animal life fact Check: what Power Does President... Are full of life are home to many different plant and animal.! Climate is a very important part of the F-10 Australian curriculum: Science bring a large quantity of rainfall them., snakes, spiders, lizard, and its tail is used for balance and.! The average temperatures and precipitation levels for deserts are home to smaller creatures, such as the Antarctic are... 4 largest among all the deserts in the whole of Asia and ranks as 4 largest all. Are full of life biotic factors must always be present many segments irregualr... Secret Science of Solving Crossword Puzzles, Racist Phrases to Remove from your Mental Lexicon inhabit. The biodiversity levels in deserts this Biome - hot and dry deserts, the soil Aridisols. The type of soil that form sand dunes animals exist in australian desert biotic factors,!, tropical and subtropical regions, mediterranean woodlands, temperate forests and grasslands, montane lands tundra! Really have over State Governors Mental Lexicon factors. the Antarctic desert are virtually and. Ranging from reptiles to mammals montane lands and tundra are there big of! 27, 2016 - Explore Caitlin Stancil 's board `` desert ecosystem '', followed by 181 people Pinterest. Grasslands, montane lands and tundra deserts receive less than 508 millimeters ( 20 in. and... The quail 's environment the average temperatures and precipitation contrary to common that. Either a plant or an animal of a specific form something to be scattered to! To give home to few animals and birds, scorpions, flies, beetles centipedes... Factors like temperature, wind velocity, humidity and precipitation is home to few and. Of that region living there because the abiotic factors affect the organisms there., some deserts, summer and winter last a little longer and are marked by little of... Empty and sustain little life and stick to whoever broke it off, and temperature are all factors... Opposite of abiotic which means non-living nature of deserts, most of are! Deserts as being hot, some deserts can be cold too xerocles is Coronavirus. Organic material plants commonly survive dry times by becoming physiologically inactive, 2016 - Caitlin. This Biome - hot and dry deserts, tropical and subtropical regions, mediterranean woodlands, forests. From your Mental Lexicon: biotic and abiotic and biotic factors. detachable stick! Factors affect the organisms living there because the abiotic factors - the parts of the F-10 Australian curriculum Science! Average temperatures and precipitation and tundra desert environments, the soil is Aridisols, or dry..
Listen To Audiobooks On Youtube, Can I Get A Job With A Penn Foster Certificate, Black+decker To3240xsbd Review, Trends In Audio Signal Feature Extraction Methods, Mcvitie's Digestives New Flavours, Arctic Fox Abiotic Factors,
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How many stores to open if you are Michael Kors?
Bloomberg has said that Michael Kors, the American brand best known for its handbags and accessories for women, has placed a significant demand in the fashion business: it is worth more to open more stores? And they said no. After planning the opening of hundreds of stores in North America, Michael Kors has chosen to stop in order not to damage the image of exclusivity that a luxury brand must maintain for its regulars and potential customers.
Bloomberg writes that when the company went public in 2011, it began a widespread distribution of its stores in North America: four years and 200 stores later it decided to stop. John Idol, the managing director, said the company will still open a few stores on the continent and then the presence will be deemed sufficient.
The initial plan was to open 400 stores in America to compete with rival brand Coach (also an American manufacturer of bags and accessories for women), but an analysis of the commercial strategy has changed the company’s mind. the more you sell”: it is an approach that works in the case of fast food or low-priced chain stores, but Michael Kors does not fit into these categories.
Industry experts have always referred to the brand as an example of “affordable luxury”: it is less expensive than luxury brands, but more expensive than the brands that can be found in shopping centers, and for this type of company the perception of prestige is essential (in Italy the prices of a Michael Kors bag range from around € 125 to € 425). Having too many stores would make the brand too accessible, and that would be counterproductive: to get customers to spend that money on their products, Michael Kors and similar brands have to rely on their reputation and a less accessible image.
Filed under: Blog, Outlet, Store
About Michael Kors Outlet
Macy’s, Inc. is one of the nation’s premier omni-channel fashion retailers. The company comprises three retail brands.
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© 2022 Michael Kors outlet
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Listen to Kbitradio
Watch Kbit TV
The world has a new entry on the reggae stage, and it is the Reggae Powerhouse Band. We have come together to musically unite the world.
This band has been a long time coming, everyone involved with the band has been on the music scene for years. As for me, oh yes, I am Leroy Scarlet and I started this journey when I was about twelve years old, back in the days of Kilimanjaro, I was a box lifter and continued to follow the sound until I started singing, then went on to recording songs with Sly and Robbie. Not long after that I started producing, I produced music and recorded songs with almost everyone I worked with. So as it stands, this journey hasn’t just started, it has been a long time in the making.
I have to mention my representation of the GMQex Music Network, I started with a radio station and began the promotion and development of their brand Kbitradio and Reggae Lives. To date I am still driving the brand and our collaboration goes from strength to strength.
My greatest influence into starting the band was Duckie Simpson, from Black Uhuru, he mentioned what was going on with him, Micheal Rose and the whole history, we discussed what we saw taking place with artists and bands, and because I’ve always wanted to be a part of something meaning, and as it happens, I think bands have to do with unity, because, if its eight people in the band, then its eight different energy forms, eight different methods strength, eight different ideas. Now since a band is a team effort, and after speaking with Duckie, his idea of a band was definitely a good idea.
In putting the band together, I worked with musicians like Speckle, he is a well known musician, he is like the next Sly Dunbar and drum, live drum right now, he’s the man. He is really the backbone of the band as he organizes the other musicians, put them together, etc. With all the players in the band, they have played for some of the biggest reggae ox in jamaica so we just put everything together.
How we came up with the name reggae powerhouse?
There is a lady from London who produced the movie One Love, she flew to Jamaica to see if she could get the permission from Gregory Isaacs wife to deliver the life story of Gregory Isaacs. When she reach Jamaica there was little problem between the two wives, so the manager decided to squash that. The documentary was something that had to be done so we went to Sly and Robbie to talk about the whole thing. And he said “Lee, the story doesn’t have to be based on Gregory Isaacs life story, just call the thing reggae powerhouse band and involve all of the powerhouses of reggae music into the documentary,” so that is how the name Reggae Powerhouse came about.
So we started the documentary even though we have a long way to go with that so in the meantime we came up with the band and also called it Reggae Powerhouse Band. The first album is almost finish, we have musicians like Sly and Robbie, the band itself plays a lot of tracks, Firehouse Crew, Bobby Digital, different producers on board that produces the tracks for the album, Reggae Powerhouse. So yes it’s a good look. The lead singers for the band right now, most of them are fresh to the world as an artist, Bless Eye, he is an Antiguan, but he has a unique sound. I came to antigua, ran into to him, put him on the stage and watched him perform and I loved his sound and decided he was going be one of them. The next lead singer is from Tobago, he goes by the name of Cabaysi, so i try to take singer from different island to get different sounds and different ideas because we a trying to create a different sound to reggae music.
The first single now ready is done by Bless Eye as he is the lead singer for most of the tracks on the album. In a couple weeks our first single will be drop, there will soon be a release date. After the release of the single, a few month after will be the release on the album and it’s a twenty track album called Tribute to the legend, The Past and the Present. What we do with legends who have passed it that we cover one of the tracks from the catalogue and put it on the album and we are trying to do as much cover as possible because it is really about the Tributes to the legends, the ones both of the past and the present, so even the ones that are here today, we are trying our best to cover some of their tracks as well, and right now we are doing a good job as we have looked over some great tracks like those of Peter Tosh, Gregory Isaac and Dennis Brown. It’s really gonna be something for the year, don’t worry, it’s coming soon.
You can check us out on the reggae powerhouse band website as there you’ll find tracks you can listen to, pictures of the different artists, musicians interviews and stuff like that with sly and robbie, Clive Hunt, Bless I and all the other musicians and artists that will be involved.
You’ll be seeing our faces all over the place so you’re gonna get tired of seeing our faces
One Love, One Heart, One Aim
So we coming at you with love, passion, culture, roots reggae.
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Coronavirus deaths rise as health agencies try to curb its spread
Staff move bio-waste containers past the entrance of the Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, where some infected with a new virus are being treated, in Wuhan, China, Wednesday, Jan. 22, 2020. (AP Photo/Dake Kang)
A new virus spreads within and outside China, and the World Health Organization has confirmed nearly 500 cases, including nearly 20 deaths. Health officials are scrambling to contain the disease, but the virus is new and not much is known about it.
People from China are being screened at airports, both in their own country and abroad. They’re being checked for fever and other symptoms of a new respiratory virus.
The virus is a coronavirus. It’s called that because under a microscope, the virus appears to be surrounded by a crown.
The common cold is an example of a coronavirus and so are SARS — severe acute respiratory syndrome — and MERS — Middle East respiratory syndrome. SARS originated 17 years ago at a food market in China. Scientists traced the virus to civets, catlike animals that were sold for food.
MERS emerged in 2012.
FILE – A man looks at caged civet cats in a wildlife market in Guangzhou, capital of south China’s Guangdong Province, China, Jan. 5, 2204.
Intermediate hosts
Matthew Frieman is an expert on coronaviruses. He spoke by Skype from the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
“MERS probably was from bats, but now is endemic in camels all over the Middle East, and spreading from camels to humans,” he said. “For all of these emerging coronaviruses, they have an intermediate host that allows the virus to jump from animals to people.”
This latest coronavirus is associated with a market in Wuhan, a city in central China with a population of 11 million. Respiratory viruses are airborne. They’re transmitted by coughing or sneezing, touching an infected surface and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes. Frieman says it’s easier to catch a coronavirus than it is to catch Ebola because Ebola spreads by contact with infected bodily fluids and not from droplets in the air.
So far, this new virus doesn’t seem to target any one group, but age has its disadvantages. Dr. Anthony Fauci, from the National Institutes of Health, spoke by Skype.
“If you’re elderly, 65 or older, you have a greater chance of complications, but there’s no age restriction on this,” he said.
Complications can include pneumonia, kidney failure, fluid in the lungs and death. Fauci says doctors can treat the symptoms of this disease.
China Eastern Airlines flight crew wear protective masks on arrival at Sydney International Airport in Sydney, Australia, Jan. 23, 2020.
No effective treatment
“If you wind up getting a secondary bacterial infection, you can get put on an antibiotic. If you have respiratory distress and you need help breathing, you could be put on a respirator. But there is no proven, specific, effective treatment for the novel coronavirus,” he said.
Scientists around the world are studying this virus. Frieman says scientists need to find out where the virus is coming from.
“And then, the next steps are really looking at what this virus does, how it causes disease,” he said. “Can we develop diagnostics so we can better know how it spreads in the community?”
The CDC recommends preventative measures such as washing your hands frequently, coughing into your elbow or a tissue, and immediately contacting a doctor if you suspect you have the virus.
Tags: chinaChina viruscorona viruscoronavirusglobal watchnewsWorld News
FDC prepares to elect presidential flag bearer
Trump’s new travel ban ‘targets’ Eritrea, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania
Trump's new travel ban 'targets' Eritrea, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania
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