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__label__cc	0.60362	0.39638	Home > Cultural Tours > HINDUKUSH & KARAKURAM CIRCLE TOUR HINDUKUSH & KARAKURAM CIRCLE TOUR Islamabad-Taxila-Peshawar-Bamboret-Chitral-Swat-Besham-Gilgit-Karimabad-Gulmit-Duiker Village-Chilas-Islamabad Day 01: Islamabad Arrive at Islamabad International Airport. Meet, assist & transfer to the hotel. AM at leisure. PM Islamabad city tour. Our sightseeing tour will start from, Faisal Mosque, Shakar Parian & National monument with a trip to Damn-e-Koh, to catch an eye bird view of the twin cities. Dinner & overnight at the hotel in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. (Lunch & Dinner). Breakfast at the hotel. Morning drive to Peshawar, en-route visit Taxila on the G.T Road. Taxila is a Tehsil in Rawalpindi District of Punjab province situated just off the Grand Trunk Road about 40 kms northwest of Islamabad the capital city of Pakistan. It is an imperative archaeological site. Taxila accurately claims to be the confluence of the immense civilizations of the world. It came to celebrity when it was under enemy control by Mouriyans, Kushans, Greeks, Scythians and Parthian. Taxila is the region from where Buddhism traveled to the Far East and Persians, Greeks and Hindus all later left their mark. View the sun set from the ruins of a Buddhist monastery or stroll all the way through streets of a dug up Persian city in the information that there are two older ones buried underneath. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with many locations. Now it has been given a status as the top tourist destination in Pakistan. Lunch in a local restaurant. After lunch drive to Peshawar. PM. Peshawar city tour. Visit Museum, Mohabat Khan Mosque. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Dinner & overnight in Peshawar. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 03: Peshawar-Bamboret via Lowari Pass Breakfast at the hotel. Morning drive to Bamboret via Lowari Pass. Lowari Pass is situated at an elevation of (10,230 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in Khyber-Pukhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Lowari Top is a comparatively low pass. Lowari Pass is closed by snow from late November to late May every year. During this time, jeeps cannot cross so men must travel by foot. This is dangerous, as there are high mountains on each side of Lowari Top, and a fatal avalanche can come at any moment without warning. Lowari Top remains popular because it is the shortest route from Chitral to Peshawar. This pass is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are the Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Brughul Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. The Lowari Tunnel is currently being constructed under Lowari Pass by a Korean company. The tunnel is expected to be fully open in 2012. On the way lunch in a local restaurant. Arrival in Bamboret and transfer to the hotel. Bamboret is the main valley of three valleys, away from Chitral of 2 hours drive. Inhabitants of Kalash valley exist in two unique types of Kafirs (Infidels) the red and the black until the ending of the last century. The Red Kafirs (Infidels) were subjugated by Amir of Afghanistan and converted to Muslims. The Kalash were however not debilitated till to day and preserve their pagan rites. Dinner & overnight in Bamboret. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 04: Bamboret-Kalash Valleys Excursion-Chitral After breakfast proceed for full day excursion to two Kalash valleys by Non A/C Willy Jeep. We shall explore the two valleys of Kalasha (Rambur & Birir). Muslims used the word Kafir to stand for infidels or nonbelievers. There used to exist two distinctive types of Kafirs, the Red and the Kalash (Black). Now, there are only the Kalash, existing in the three valleys south of Chitral. To this day the Kalash people maintain their pagan life, and one can watch their ancient dances and ceremonies. The women are out and about in their villages and will invite you for tea, to look at their unusual dresses and jewelry, and will offer to braid your hair in their fashion. As well as observing the people and their customs, one must notice the spectacular scenery. Birir remains relatively unspoiled and less visited. The majority of the people are still Kafirs. One can see the village constructed on a mountain slope in a terrace-like fashion, with houses perched upon each other. Evening drive back to Chitral. Dinner & overnight in Chitral. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 05: Chitral Valley tour Another interesting place near Chitral is Birmoglasht, the summer residence of the former Mehtars (rulers). About 45 Kms north of Chitral Town are the famous hot springs Garam Chashma, known for their curing properties. Polo, the “Game of the Kings” is best seen here in its land of origin. Played by skillful, daring participants in traditional style, Polo tournament is held every year in July near Chitral at Shandur Pass between Gilgit & Chitral. Shahi Mosque, a beautiful white structure built by the former rulers of Chitral, is one of the most interesting buildings in Chitral. In its courtyard are buried former rulers and members of their families. Nearby is the historic Fort of Chitral where a small contingent of the British Army was besieged for almost thirty days. From the fort is an overwhelming view of Trich Mir Mountain with the Chitral River flowing nearby. The winding street of the Chitral bazaar has shops selling house hold objects, antiques and handicrafts obtained from the remote valleys. Day 06: Chitral-Swat via Lowari Pass Morning drive to Swat via Lowari pass. On the way lunch at Dir. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Mingora Bazaar is the commercial hub of Swat region and well-worth visiting; there some one will find emeralds for which Swat is well-known. If time permits then continue to Murghazar to visit old white palace constructed from white marble and adorned with ornate carvings. Day 07: Swat-City tour-Besham After breakfast proceed for sight seeing of Swat. The museum in Saidu Sharif has a huge compilation of Gandhara sculptures collected from some of the Buddhist sites in Swat Valley. There are some local embroidery, carved wood, rare coins & tribal jewelery displayed. After lunch PM. drive to Besham via Shangla Pass. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Dinner & overnight in Besham. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Breakfast at the hotel. AM. Drive to Gilgit along Karakuram Highway. En-route lunch in Chilas. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Gilgit is administratively capital city of Gilgit/Baltistan and business hub in the region. Its ancient name was Sargin, later it is locally known as Gilit. Gilgit was an important city on the Great Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from south Asia to rest of the Asian countries. Dinner & overnight in Gilgit. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 09: Gilgit-Karimabad Breakfast at the hotel. Morning Kargah Buddha visit. Then drive to Karimabad Hunza. Located on a rock near Kargah Nullah (Narrow valley), 10 km away from Gilgit city is a Beautiful rock impression of Buddha from 7th century A.D. On the way lunch at Rakaposhi View Point. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. PM. At leisure. Day 10: Karimabad full day tour Breakfast at the hotel. Proceed for excursion to Nagar valley, Baltit Fort and Karimabad Bazaar. A short jeep traveling will take us to Nagar Valley. The beauties of the village are fruit orchards, longevity of local people and enjoy the many mountain flowers that point the landscape. We have excellent views of Ultar Peak, and the Hunza Valley as seen from Nagar. Day 11: Karimabad-Gulmit Excursion-Duiker Morning drive from Karimabad to Gulmit by visiting Attaabad Lake via friendship tunnels. Gulmit is the head quarter of Tehsil Gojal, in the upper Hunza region of District Hunza/Nagar of Gilgit/Baltistan. Territory is located in the deep in the Karakuram Mountain Range. Gulmit is a centuries-old historic town, with mountains, peaks and glaciers. It is a tourist spot and has many hotels, shops and a museum. Its altitude is (7900 ft / 2408m) above the Arabian Sea level. Gulmit is also a Turkish or Iranian word which means the valley of flowers. Before 1974, when Hunza was a state, Gulmit used to be the Summer Capital of the formerly Hunza state. After the abolition of the state it became the Tehsil’s set up of government. The oldest undamaged house in Gulmit is more than six centuries old. After lunch in Gulmit drive back to Karimabad. Arrive and transfer to Duiker Village. Dinner & overnight at the hotel in Duiker. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 12: Duiker-Chilas Early morning view Sunrise from Duiker village. Breakfast at the hotel. After some times drive back to Karimabad and continue drive to Chilas. Chilas was on the very old caravan track over the Babusar Pass into India and on the Indus trail of Besham, and many rock engravings/impressions were left by travelers in this area. Chilas is standing under the shadow of world famous Killer Mountain Nanga Parbat. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Dinner & overnight in Chilas. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). Day 13: Chilas-Rawalpindi/Islamabad Breakfast at the hotel. Morning drive to Islamabad via Besham & Abbottabad. On the way lunch in a local restaurant. Arrive and transfer to the hotel. Dinner & overnight in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. (Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner). After breakfast transfer to Islamabad International Airport for home bound flight. (Breakfast only). Leave a Comment on HINDUKUSH & KARAKURAM CIRCLE TOUR	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line0
__label__cc	0.509358	0.490642	aeroscale.co.uk web mainAircraftAircraft: Props Messerschmitt Bf 109 G/K by: Rowan Baylis [ MERLIN ] Author Jakub Plewka's study of the ultimate wartime incarnations of Messerschmitt's famous fighter follows the established format of the Kagero Monograph series: Format: Softbound A-4 71 x pages of bilingual Polish/English text 101 x B&W photos 7 x pages of colour profiles Fold-out colour centre section Production tables 21 x sheets of scale drawings 1 x sheet of decals After a brief introduction describing the operational needs for developing the Bf 109, the author begins a quite detailed analysis of each variant of the Bf 109 G & K. In this very useful chapter, a short section is devoted to every version, from the Bf 109 G-0 through to the 'K-4, which includes manufacturing dates and numbers, details of the equipment specific to each mark along with a list of Rustsatze as appropriate. The translation of the Polish text is very readable with only occasional, minor, idiosyncrasies to give away its origins. The differences between the early marks are easy enough to follow, but the situation becomes much more complicated by the time we reach the 'G-10 - just as in real life. Thanks to chaotic production of this variant, the text demands careful reading, but the author does a good job untangling the nightmare of different "stop-gap" variants introduced by the three major production plants - all nominally the same, but actually far from identical. Along the way, these sections form a kind of "spotter's guide" to the different production versions, and this theme is reinforced upon by the next section - "How to identify a Gustav version?". This is only a short section, but will be very useful for historians and modellers alike. How often are you faced with photos of machines in books - with either incomplete or misleading captions accompanying them? Well, with the aid of 3 photos of a particular aircraft, this guide shows how to analyse each photo, picking out distinctive features to rule out some versions and finally narrow the search down to arrive at an identity with a fair degree of confidence. Next up is a technical description of the 'G & 'K. This is quite comprehensive and covers the basic structure, through most of the systems from the engine, fuel and hydraulics etc., radio, armament and landing gear. "Pilot's mark of Gustav" is the slightly quirky title of a quite unusual section for a book of this nature. It forms a combination of pilot's notes and impressions of the fighter, from getting aboard, pre-flight checks and start-up through take-off into normal flight conditions. Further sections then discuss combat in the Gustav, landing and even emergency bale-out and crash-landing procedures. The only book I've ever read anything similar in was Capt. Eric Brown's "Wings Of The Luftwaffe", and it's a very interesting way to "flesh out" the bare bones of the machine. A real bonus is the inclusion of a full set of Bf 109 G & K production batch numbers - which is a real asset to accompany the earlier "How to identify a Gustav?". The charts include serial numbers, manufacturer and notes about the variant where known. Last, but not least, there is a discussion of the camouflage and markings applied in the various theatres where the 'G and 'K saw combat. Obviously, on a topic where entire volumes have been written, this cannot hope to cover the myriad of colour variations, but it does provide a good basic guide for anyone modelling a mid- to late-War Bf 109 and includes some details of internal colours to boot. Photos and Illustrations The text is illustrated throughout with some useful B&W photos which have been well chosen to illustrate the different versions. A few are "old friends", having often appeared in print before, but there plenty which are unfamiliar (to me at least). The photos deal almost exclusively with the exterior of the '109 (there aren't any photos of the cockpit, but there are several of the engine and nose armament - some seeming to originate in German technical manuals) and include a fair number of crash-landed or derelict aircraft which give an interesting insight into the variety of colour-schemes prevalent at the end of the War in Europe. Along with the B&W photos, there's a colour centre section with a couple of quite well-known photos, plus a full-page fold-out of computer-generated 3-D artwork of a Bf 109 G-2 (Trop). This isn't entirely convincing and appears to be the type of 3-D model featured in flight simulators with texture-mapped details, while some of the contours, the airfoil and the canopy area all look rather suspect. On the plus side, the section also includes a set of 3-D illustrations of the cockpit and and instrument panel which work rather better. It's certainly an unusual approach, but I think most modellers would prefer some detailed cockpit photos as a reference. Turning to more conventional artwork, the book includes an excellent set of 7 full-colour profiles. These are beautifully reproduced and, most importantly from a modeller's perspective, include views of both sides of each aircraft, plus a plan view and details of the underwing markings. The subjects give an excellent cross-section of striking colour schemes, including a Bf 109 G-2 which is the subject of an accompanying sheet of decals. The decals are beautifully printed by Techmod in 1/32, 1/48 and 1/72 scales, being thin and glossy with minimal carrier film. The sheet includes a full set of stencil data in each scale and the registration and printing is perfect, with the tiny text legible with the aid of a magnifier even in 1/72 scale. The plans section will be of great value to modellers. Sheets 1-10 cover the Bf109 G-1 to 'G-4 in 1/48 scale, with enlargements of areas such as the armament and undercarriage. The drawings include full cross-sections and riveting patterns, plus ETC 50/VIIId pannier and Mg 151/20 underwing cannon-pod. The main Bf 109 G-2 5-view plan is repeated in 1/32 scale, which should be popular with anyone building the Hasegawa / Revell kits. Sheets 11 - 19 are a series of 1/72 scale plans covering every version from the 'G-0 through to the K-4, highlighting the differences in an effective visual guide. Sheet 20 is a 1/72 scale placement guide for national insignia, while Sheet 21 is a stencilling guide for the 'G-2, 'G-6, G'-10/U4 and 'G-14 This is a very useful guide to the Bf109 G/K series. It is well aimed at modellers with it's emphasis on identifying the different versions and the inclusion of scale plans will increase its usefulness as a long-term reference. The colour profiles will definitely serve to inspire some spectacular models and, while markings are only included for one aircraft, the excellent set of stencilling in 3 major modelling scales is a real bonus. Recommended. Thank you to MMD-Squadron for kindly supplying the review sample. Kagero can usually be relied upon to add a unique twist or two in their excellent series of aircraft monographs and this is certainly true of the latest volume about the Messerschmitt Bf 109G/K. DETAIL: 80% PHOTO COVERAGE: 60% COLOUR PROFILES & DECALS: 80% Mfg. ID: ISBN 83-89088-77-0 About Rowan Baylis (Merlin) FROM: NO REGIONAL SELECTED, UNITED KINGDOM I've been modelling for about 40 years, on and off. While I'm happy to build anything, my interests lie primarily in 1/48 scale aircraft. I mostly concentrate on WW2 subjects, although I'm also interested in WW1, Golden Age aviation and the early Jet Age - and have even been known to build the occas... Copyright ©2019 text by Rowan Baylis [ MERLIN ]. Images also by copyright holder unless otherwise noted. Opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of AeroScale. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2019 AeroScale and Kitmaker Network, a subsidiary of Silver Star Enterprises AeroScale Visitors 4 Members online: 27-1025, dinovision79, gastec, T0MM0-0172 non-logged in visitors 2745 is the record for most users online at AeroScale on January 03, 2019. 3881 is the record for most users online at KitMaker Network.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line1
__label__wiki	0.910063	0.910063	AETC Working to Reduce Number of Airmen Required to Fly RPAs Brian Everstine SrA.Than, a 42nd Attack Squadron MQ-9 sensor operator, flies a simulated training mission Nov. 28, 2016, at Creech AFB, Nev. Air Force photo by SrA. Christian Clausen. The Air Force needs to change how its remotely piloted aircraft community operates if it wants to meaningfully address its manning shortfall, because it simply takes too many people to operate an RPA, the head of Air Education and Training Command said Thursday. The shortfall in the RPA community stems from the fact that it takes 10 people to fly one unmanned aircraft, while a manned squadron operates on a 1.5 to 1 ratio, AETC Commander Lt. Gen. Steven Kwast said at AWS18. "We have more people doing this RPA business ... than we do any of the other business lines of aviation," Kwast said. "It doesn't mean we have to live with that. We have to change that, because it's too expensive in manpower." The Air Force's RPA infrastructure was a "solution in the throes of Afghanistan and Iraq," one that "fit the need of the day." Now, efficiency is as important as effectiveness and AETC is trying to find ways to reduce how manpower intensive it is to conduct ISR operations at a time when the need for more ISR continues to skyrocket. The Air Force could address this by effectively using emerging technology and techniques, or finding other types of talent. There has already been some progress in this area, Kwast said. When the Air Force first flew remotely piloted aircraft operationally, it required 13 personnel to operate one MQ-1 Predator, he said. Kwast said he is working with the whole of the Air Force to "build a strategy" and "change the game" to find ways to produce more ISR with fewer people. This process is still early on, with the biggest progress possibly happening years from now, he said.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line2
__label__wiki	0.923013	0.923013	இவற்றிற்கான களஞ்சியம் 'World Socialist Web Site' வகை [World Socialist Web Site] The government and their supporters want to encourage a war mentality in this country – teledrama director Athula Pieris Published by CAPitalZ under Racism,Sri Lanka,Terrorism,World Socialist Web Site Censorship of filmmakers, artists and writers is escalating in Sri Lanka in line with the Rajapakse government’s intensification of its war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In a recent case, the Sri Lanka Ruphavanini Corporation (SLRC), the island’s state-funded television channel, cut dialogue from the weekly teledrama Sudu Kapuru Pethi (White Camphor) early last month and a few days later axed the series entirely, claiming it “disgraced” the military. The then SLRC chairman Newton Gunaratne told the media the television show had insulted the security forces. “Some parts of this teledrama bring disgrace to these soldiers and their self-respect,” he claimed. Gunaratne, however, made no attempt to substantiate his claims. In fact, the multi-episode drama directed by Athula Pieris and funded by the broadcaster is a love story involving a Sinhalese girl from Sri Lanka’s south and a Tamil boy from the north. Based on Thushari Abesekera’s award-winning novel of the same name, the teledrama is set during the island’s protracted civil war prior to the 2002 ceasefire. The drama was initiated following the 2004 Boxing Bay tsunami and promoted by the SLRC as part of the network’s attempts to present “a new vision of peace”. While Sudu Kapuru Pethi is not an explicit antiwar drama, it is a humane work. Its central love story between Tamil and Sinhalese youth is anathema to the Sinhala communalists, who dominate the Sri Lankan state, including the army. Its censorship follows a pattern of increasingly serious attacks on artists, filmmakers and journalists who reject Sinhala racism or dare to raise questions about the government’s war drive. Last year Rear Admiral Sarath Weerasekera published a comment in the Sunday Times denouncing local filmmakers—Asoka Handagama, Vimukthi Jayasundera, Prasanna Vithanage and Sudath Mahadiwulvewa—for making antiwar movies. He claimed these films aided “terrorism” and were tantamount to treason. A few days later Weerasekera, accompanied by Brigadier Daya Ratanayke, met with several filmmakers, including Handagama and Mahadiwulvewa, and said those who failed to produce pro-military movies when war resumed against the LTTE would “face the consequences”. The “consequences” were soon made clear. In March, Culture Minister Mahinda Yapa Abeywardana suddenly banned Asoka Handagama’s Aksharaya even though the film was not about the civil war. It had been already approved by Sri Lanka’s censorship body, the Public Performance Board (PPB) and cleared for local release. Handagama’s movie was denounced as a “foreign-inspired” attack on Sri Lankan moral values. State authorities threatened criminal charges against the director, claiming he had violated the country’s child protection laws. Last month’s axing of Sudu Kapuru Pethi was equally arrogant and provocative. SLRC management did not even bother to tell director Athula Pieris that dialogue had been cut from his show. He only learnt about it during the broadcast of its tenth episode on September 3. When Pieris protested this violation, management “suggested” he re-edit the entire program. He refused and the show, which had another 13 episodes to run, was summarily cancelled. Pieris is a well-known local television director whose Sindu kiyana Una Pandura (Singing Bamboo Bush) won Sri Lanka’s best single episode teledrama prize in 2005. He told the World Socialist Web Site the SLRC invested some 4.7 million rupees in the production, which had been initiated under the previous Kumaratunga government. The Rajapakse government approved its script in late 2005. “After broadcasting 10 weekly episodes the SLRC stopped my teledrama without providing any acceptable reason. Without my knowledge they censored the dialogue—‘Jaffna tears are as cold as tears in Hambantota [Rajapakse’s electorate]’—in the tenth episode and then telecast it,” he said. Pieris’s ability to legally challenge the axing of his production is limited because he is an SLRC employee and does not own the rights to the teledrama. But he is determined to fight this attack on artistic freedom. “I condemn any sort of censorship, let alone state-sponsored censorship, which effects the creator’s and the viewer’s freedom,” he continued. “This is what happened with the recent banning of the local film Aksharaya (A Letter of Fire). “The government and their supporters want to encourage a war mentality in this country. My drama attempts to discuss the real situation here and that’s why they censored some scenes.” The cancellation of Sudu Kapuru Pethi foreshadows further assaults on democratic rights. As it widens its deeply unpopular war, the Rajapakse government is determined to silence any opposition. In this case, the suggestion that ordinary Tamils and Sinhalese share common problems and concerns was enough to provoke the ire of those who are deliberately stoking communal hatreds. Sri Lanka’s state-owned television censors drama series	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line5
__label__wiki	0.51437	0.51437	Since the early days of modern smartwatches, we’ve sought to test as many relevant models as we can and recommend the watches that do the best job of making a smartwatch convenient and useful. We test Wear OS watches by wearing them while they’re connected to Android phones. Whenever possible, we ask other people to try out our potential picks to get an idea of how others react to a watch’s size, style, interface, and other features. On-Screen Workouts/ Connected GPS/ Bluetooth/ Smartphone Notifications/ 4 Day Battery Life/ Heart Rate Tracking/ 15 Exercise Modes/ SmartTrack/ All-Day Activity/ Female Health/ Sleep Tracking And Stages/ Cardio Fitness Level/ 3-Axis Accelerometer And Gyroscope/ Optical Heart Rate Monitor/ Color LCD Touchscreen Display/ Water Resistant To 50 Meters/ Grey And Silver Aluminum Finish But your phone will play an important part if you do get a Fitbit or Garmin device with the aim of tracking your activity. It will be the place where your health data is synced to, you can tinker with your tracking settings and review your progress. There’s also a whole ecosystem of health apps that plug into tracking devices, combining them with exercise and diet advice - MyFitnessPal, Runtastic and Strava are three of the most popular ones worth checking out. Out of a vast field of similar watches, we picked the Q Explorist and Q Venture because of their middle-of-the-road prices, wide availability, and variety of styles. These two models are flagships for the Fossil Group’s collection of 14 style brands producing more than 300 planned smartwatches. This means that if you find a smartwatch from Diesel, Skagen, Tag Heuer, Kate Spade, Movado, or another Fossil-connected brand that fits your style better, you should feel free to buy it, because it will have roughly the same internal hardware as our picks. The touchscreen, button, and dial (what Apple calls the “crown”) help you zoom in and out and move between apps fairly effortlessly. With this easy navigation it’s easy to forget we’re typing on a screen slightly smaller than an Oreo. In particular, we loved Apple’s app homepage, which displays all of the apps as icons in a honeycomb-like display. You can use the touchscreen to move around, and the dial to zoom in or pan out, to precisely tap on the one you want. Overall, the updated lower price makes the Huawei Watch 2 a much better prospect if you’re in the market for a smartwatch, especially if you’re an Android user. While Wear OS smartwatches will work with iPhones, the experience is more limited compared to pairing with Android. For this reason, if you’re an iPhone user for whom money is no problem, then we’d still recommend opting for an Apple Watch. Despite that, it's a very competent Android Wear 2 watch. What's more interesting, however, is the concentration on fitness.While it features all of the necessary sensors to track running, cycling and swimming, our initial testing has revealed the Huawei Watch isn't the stellar performer we hoped it would be. Which is a shame, because emphasising the fitness element was exactly the right thing for Huawei to do, and hopefully the company can improve its fitness tracking software updates. That same attractive stainless steel design is here. The 240 x 240 pixel display at the heart of the body is by no means the brightest or most vibrant you'll find, but crucially delivers strong visibility in most workout conditions whether you're sweating it out indoors or outside. However, there is no touchscreen or touchpad here, you'll have to resort to pressing some buttons - that could be a deal-breaker for some, but we're sure it won't be a massive one for most. The newest member of the TicWatch family from Mobvoi is the TicWatch Pro. The biggest feature about this smartwatch is that it actually has two displays. The first is a transparent and low-power FTSN LCD display, and that is placed on top of its OLED display. While the top FTSN display shows you basic info like the time, the date, your heart rate and step count, you can switch over to the OLED display, which shows off all of the features of Google’s Wear OS. Google confirmed to Tom's Guide that the company won't be releasing its own Wear OS smartwatch this year. The news comes after months of rumors that a Google-branded Pixel Watch running on Qualcomm's latest processor would be launched at Google's October hardware event. Instead, Google plans to focus on adding features to Wear OS on the software side and support the companies who are currently making Android smartwatches. Google's hardware event is Oct. 9.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line7
__label__wiki	0.816186	0.816186	Mourinho laying blame at the wrong door... So Chelsea are six points behind the league leaders United and for the first time we are seeing slight cracks in Jose Mourinho's composure, sure the 'special one' has gone on the offensive before, but more often than not he's targeted officials or opposing teams. However following the 2-2 draw with Fulham the Chelsea manager attacked over half this first team... Alan Hansen the former Liverpool defender and MOTD pundit analysed Jose's post match comments and concluded that not only do the Chelsea players need to respond and show their worth but so does the manager - the pressure is on. Quite. The thing is, yes Chelsea have been leaking goals but they've also been showing the mark of champions by often fighting back to either draw or win games which any normal side might have lost. The problem with this latest public outburst is that it can work in one of two ways, the players will either respond in a positive manner or it could, worst case, work against Mourinho. Also, it's all well and good blaming players, but Mourinho has no excuse for not having top class cover for John Terry, he isn't managing Macclesfield Town is he? The 'special one' has made few mistakes during his brilliant managerial career, but he's making a fair few at the moment. Blasting your players in private is one thing, doing it via the media isn't recommended. Mourinho has made it clear to everyone he has favourites in the Blues camp, but by blaming certain stars in public for the current defensive problems, he's in serious danager of widening any exsiting rifts. Meanwhile, Manchester United will hopefully not be distracted by the in-fighting at the West London club, and we will be left to concentrate fully on winning our next game at Newcastle on Monday as Chelsea will be left to row among themselves for another 24 hours before they face Aston Villa in what could be a very interesting game. Everyone is to blame barring the 'special one', or so it seems.. Chelsea slip on Fulham banana skin as the Reds go 6 points clear A couple of days ago on here I suggested Fulham's visit to Stamford Bridge was a potential banana skin and low behold the Blues conceded another two goals and only managed a draw with their near West London neighbours - that Chelsea defence currently has more holes in it than a pair of fishnet stockings. Meanwhile United beat Reading by the narrow margin of 3-2 with Ronaldo once again bagging a brace and in doing so putting on another man-of-the-match performance. The visitors had substitute Sam Sodje sent off in the second half - he managed only nine minutes on the pitch as that was how long it took him to collect two yellow cards. Prior to that Solskjaer headed in his eighth goal of the season from Ronaldo's perfect cross on 33 minutes. However Reading fought back and equalised before the break with a header from Ibrahima Sonko, but two second half goals by Ronaldo put United well and truly into the driving seat before Leroy Lita pulled a goal back late on to make it another nery ending for the Old Trafford faithful. Ferguson will be delighted with this win and the Chelsea result, the United manager is 65 years of age tomorrow, what better present could he have on the eve of officially becoming a pensioner? United linked with non-league player...just how bad are the finances? As I have mentioned several times on this blog United were the lowest net spenders in last summers transfer window, which many fans are linking directly to the Glazer family takeover, which has left the club with the biggest debt in this history of world football - currently the debt stands at around £600m and the figure is rising fast. The January transfer window opens on Monday and of course United have been linked strongly to Owen Hargreaves - whether United will be able to prize away the England star from Bayern Munich next month remains to be seen, one thing is for certain United have done that much carping about this transfer via the media that the German club will demand a very high price and will United be able to find that kind of money given the dreadful debt situation? The latest news is that United have been linked to a winger from non-league football as apparently boss sir Alex Ferguson wants Michael Kightly from conference side Grays - dubbed "the Ryan Giggs of non-league". I haven't seen this player in action and a few non-league players have made it to the very top of the English game, so it would be wrong to pre-judge this lad, but while United are rummaging in the bargain basement for new players Chelsea are talking about spending another £20m on Man City's Micah Richards - the gulf between Chelsea's spending power and United is so large it is difficult to even quantify, the Blues are in fact on other planet in that respect. IF United only sign Kightly this January, it wont be enough and it wont convince many United fans about the clubs ability to strengthen the team under the Glazer regime. The reds need Hargreaves and another striker - if it doesn't happen next month it will be a missed opportunity and one which the club could live to regret in the remaining months of this season. Chelsea's surgery gamble with John Terry... Earlier this week Jose Mourinho hinted that John Terry might need surgery to sort out his back problem, some 48 hours later and the operation has been done, but the surgery technique used is so new that the club had to send Terry to France for sugery as you cannot have this operation in the UK. The good news for Chelsea fans is that the Blues skipper is up and running already, apparently he's been photographed using a running machine at the Chelsea training camp. The fact is Chelsea have taken a huge gamble on choosing this surgery to cure the problem, even the clubs own doctor has more or less admitted that surgery is always the last resort - so it begs the question just how bad was the problem? I cannot answer that, but what we do know is it was bad enough for the Blues to take a chance on a new surgery technique. The fact that Terry is up and running the day after surgery is amazing really, and the latest news is that Terry is expected to back playing for the Chelsea first team for the league game with Liverpool at Anfield on January 20th. Banana skin fixtures for the Reds and Chelsea Having read the rather unfortunate news about John Terry going under the surgeons knife to resolve his back problems I have been running my good eye over the remaining league fixtures for United and The rent boys and I've graded each according to their banana skin potential for either club slipping up. Three bananas represents the highest potential (obviously) Bananas League Man U v Reading, 15:00 Geordies v Man U, 17:15 Sunday, January 2007 Banana Cup Man U v The Villa, 14:00 The Arse v Man U, 16:00 Man U v Watford, 20:00 Spurs v Man U, 16:00 Man U v Charlton, 15:00 Lille v Man U, 19:45 Fulham v Man U, 12:45 Scousers v Man U, 15:00 Bananas Champs League Man U v Lille, 19:45 Man U v Wanderers, 15:00 Another season defining game - for Wanderers fans at least. Man U v Rovers, 15:00 Unless you are The Arse, Rovers are almost always difficult to beat under the guidance of the man of iron AKA Mark Hughes Portsmouth v Man U, 15:00 'Happy Harry' has made a habit of peeing on United's parade. Man U v Sheff Utd, 20:00 Barclays Premiership The rent boys v Man U, 15:00 Man U v Middlesbrough, 15:00 We've slipped up before at home against this crowd Toffees v Man U, 12:00 North West rivalry runs deep - the Mickey's haven't forgotten Wayne Rooney's defection - even if they needed the brass The Bitters v Man U, 15:00 Reason? City's whole season rests on this fixture - they'd love it if United's did too... Man U v West Ham, 15:00 The rent boys's remaining fixtures The rent boys v Fulham, 15:00 A London derby alway has the potential for ending up arse over apex The Villa v The rent boys, 20:00 Without John Terry this could be tricky! Bananas Cup The rent boys v Macclesfield, 15:00 Wycombe v The rent boys, 20:00 The rent boys v Wigan, 15:00 Scousers v The rent boys, 12:45 Nothing needs adding Fizzy Pop Cup The rent boys v Wycombe, 19:45 The rent boys v Rovers, 19:45 Hughes remains a big Red... Charlton v The rent boys, 15:00 The rent boys v Middlesbrough, 15:00 Banana Champs League FC Porto v The rent boys, 19:45 The Bitters v The rent boys, 15:00 You never know what City will do..but would they do United a favour? Portsmouth v The rent boys, 15:00 The rent boys v FC Porto (agg 0-0), 19:45 The rent boys v Sheff Utd, 15:00 Watford v The rent boys, 15:00 The rent boys v Spurs, 15:00 Hammers v The rent boys, 15:00 The Hammers could be fighting for survival Geordies v The rent boys, 15:00 Never easy - Owen could even back for the Mags.. The rent boys v Wanderers, 15:00 Big Sam could put a big banana skin under Jose et al The Arse v The rent boys, 15:00 Sweaty palms time The rent boys v Toffees, 15:00 Moyes wont give anything to Jose - he's matey with Fergie United have a banana skin factor of 25 while The rent boys's is only 23, but of course United have to face The rent boys which is itself is a banana skin x 3 game, added to which United have a better goal difference and a four point lead at this juncture. United have slightly tougher looking fixtures hence higher banana skin factor - however Terry's back problem somewhat evens out the potential for slip-ups. At this point I'm giving United the title by one point. Why City WILL sell Richards this January.. According to Stuart Pearce, Chelsea haven't been in touch with Manchester City about signing Micah Richards and furthermore City are now on a 'sound financial footing' so they don't have to sell the solitary jewel in their crown. I have no doubt that Pearce isn't telling any lies when he says Chelsea haven't been in touch, but money talks and everyone in football knows that City aren't exactly awash with money, they are in fact in debt. The clubs two main shareholders have both given the club large loans, so putting it bluntly if Chelsea did offer £18m for Richards they are in no position to turn it down and so if the Blues do offer that kind of money Richards will be off to West London. Boxing Day tinkering works a treat.. Having watched rivals Chelsea drop two valuable points at home to Reading, Fergie tinkered with his starting line-up in time honoured tradition by leaving out five players including; Ronaldo, Rio Ferdinand, Louis Saha, Gary Neville and Ryan Giggs. Thankfully for the Red Devils, United's Boxing Day visitors didn't offer that much in the way of a serious threat as the home side created several excellent chances during the opening period. The best move of that 45 minute spell ended with a Rooney effort raking past Wigan keeper Kirkland's far post after a superb pass from Darren Fletcher, but Wigan held on and went into the break on level terms. Fergie no doubt fearful of a disaster sent on United's best player of the season so far, Ronaldo, and with his first touch the Portuguese star headed the home side into the lead after he was left unmarked in front of goal from a corner. There was more to come though as United were awarded a penalty for a foul on Park. Ronaldo belted his spot-kick straight down the middle, only to see it saved, but the ball came back to the winger who didn't miss at the second time of asking. Ole Gunnar Solskjaer hammered home the final nail in Wigan's coffin after Rooney put him through on goal with a flicked header. The visitors scored a late penalty consolation after a clumsy challenge by Silvestre - though it look like a bit of a dive by the wigan forward. United rested five players and ended up increasing their lead at the top and improving their goal difference. All in all a very happy ending to a good day for United. Chelsea = 2 man team?... Is it not amazing given how much money has been spent building Chelsea's galaxy of stars that at present and for most of this season they've effectively become a two man team? I refer to Didier Drogba and John Terry, I adire both players greatly, unlike many of our revisionists in the media like Andy Gray who's spent the last two seasons saying 'all Chelsea need is a goal scorer'... The Ivory Coast striker has arguably been the best player thus far in the Premier league this season, the only other player who might have a claim to that title is United's Ronaldo. However, the interesting thing is without John Terry in that Chelsea back four, the Blues have been leaking goals for fun, six in the last four games - this is very unlike the champions. Following the 2-2 Boxing Day draw with Reading, Jose Mourinho hinted that Terry may require surgery, if so that will be a massive blow to Chelsea's hopes of retaining the title for a third time and of course it also reduces their chances of lifting the big one - the Champions League. It also makes both competitions a lot more interesting for all observers of the game. It is also true to say that United have relied heavily on Ronaldo this season and should he get injured then the Reds will be in trouble. Right now there's nothing between these two sides, apart from the narrow four point lead, Terry's injury has changed things dramatically in terms of who will lift the title, a lot depends on his back injury. But if United sign Hargreaves and a striker in January I'd make United slight favourites to win back the title. Time will tell. Tribute to the quiet man.. United took on Aston Villa on at Villa Park on Saturday, it finished up 3-0 to the visitors, with Ronaldo bagging a well earned brace that earned him the man of the match award in my book. But it was Paul Scholes who scored the goal of the game and possibly of the season too. Midway through the second half and with the Reds leading by a goal to nil, Scholes got onto the end of a high clearance. The 'ginger prince' was stationed roughly 25 yards from the Villa goal, he never took his eye off the ball as it rose high above the ground, as the ball came back down to earth the former England midfield star lashed it first time without allowing it to bounce, it crashed in off the crossbar - though the Villa keeper did manage to get a hand onto it but to no avail. It was goal worthy of winning any game and how fitting it came from the boot of the quiet man of football - in this day and age all too often we hear big-mouth managers and players spouting-off via the media, not our Scholesy who allows his boots to do his talking. Long may it continue. Fergie wants to scrap post-match press conferences - the case against! Fergie has revealed that he wants to put an end to post-match press conferences. The United manager said: "I don't think I would fall into the trap of criticising individual players myself but it is not easy. "Sometimes managers react after a game and leave themselves open. It is not easy. I have said this time and time again, after-match press conferences should be abandoned. "It is a waste of time and does the manager no good whatsoever. All you end up with are sensational headlines. They should be stopped." Ferguson has a point of course and much of what he says is very true, but what about the paying public, aren't they entitled to hear what the manager has to say following good or bad performances? Let us not lose sight of the fact of who pays the players and managers wages. The fans. Further to this, if they did scrap the post-match conference then the fans would be denied comedy classics like Kevin Keeagan's 'love it' outburst in 1996 following Newcastle's win over Leeds United. Comedy Gold - Kevin Keegan at his best Posted by James Ryddel - Editor at 12:39 pm 0 comments United 'set to sign' Hargreaves... According to the latest news on the transfer grapevine United could be about to sign Owen Hargreaves. Up and until this week Bayern have said the player is going nowhere, however, their position has softened with the club stating that if they can replace Hargreaves then they'd consider selling him. The Mail on Sunday is claiming that the Reds will sign the player for £12m this January when the transfer window opens. Following United's win 3-0 over Villa on Saturday Fergie said: "We are waiting to see about it. "Chief executive David Gill is always in touch with them because of the G14 and he sees Bayern chairman Karl-Heinz Rummenigge quite regularly, so we will see." It was thought any deal for the 25-year-old star would have to wait until the summer because of Bayern's Champions league commitments. IF they deal goes through it will be a massive boost in terms of the Reds chances of winning some silverware this season. Personally I can see United paying a lot more than £12m, because we always pay over the odds, but all Reds fans will be hoping that the deal is completed in January. Exit door beckons for United stars.... United have apparently agreed to loan right-back Phil Bardsley to Sunderland until the end of the season, the Salford youngster spent the first half of the season on loan at Scottish club Rangers but was recently sent back to United. Sunderland manager and reds legend Roy Keane also wants to sign another brilliant young United defender, Northern Ireland international, Johnny Evans. Fergie hasn't yet decided if the club will allow the player to join Sunderland but the manager has given the Black Cats some hope by saying that the North East club would be the right sort of place for Evans to develop and gain experience. United Blog Towers predicts a massive future for Evans at Old Trafford and so it would be bordering on criminal negligence if the player was sold. Please Fergie et al do not even think about it. One player who reportedly will be allowed to leave is Kieran Richardson. I honestly feel a move for Richardson is the best for all concerned, despite being a full international I personally can see no future for the player at Old Trafford. A move to a club with a lower profile and expectations is most definitely on the cards. Of more of a surprise comes the news that Alan Smith isn't for sale under any circumstances. Granted Smith broke his leg against Liverpool and has been unlucky with injuries and in the view of many reds fans he's been treated a bit shabbily by the manager, when he first arrived he was told by Fergie that he'd only ever be used as a striker. That soon changed as he was played anywhere but up front. The player is now fully fit yet rarely features in the squad, but apparently Fergie has stated he's not for sale. Surely the United manager is bluffing? Every player has his price and I suspect the reds are trying to encourage the right bid. I fully expect Smith to be sold be it in January or in the summer. "Bah, humbug" message to fans on future transfers.. Scrooge - went out of his way to make people feel miserable at Christmas... The season to be jolly is almost upon the mass ranks of the red army and so how ironic that just a few days before the festivities begin proper, comes a message from the faceless Glazer regime, who have apparently revealed their latest business plan to The Times. The Glazer business plan has been adapted / rewritten nearly as many times as Charles Dickens novel A Christmas Carol which stars 'Scrooge' the similarities don't end there... WE all know the story of Scrooge, in the original novel Dickens doesn't actually state the nature of Scrooge's business, but we're led to believe that it's connected with money lending and he's portrayed as being generally quite mean to the likes of Bob Cratchit, his loyal clerk... Roll the clock forward to Christmas 2006 and it's another tale of woe as we're once again hearing about this mythical annual £25million NET transfer budget again, in point of fact United made a profit on transfers last summer, as the club where the lowest NET spenders in the whole of the Premiership... For one thing, many fans including myself do not believe that our very own version of Bob Cratchit, AKA Fergie will be given this annual £25m - that feeling is based on the evidence of what has happened and not on empty promises from nameless sources. On top of this much is being made of an apparent 'one-off' £25m additional superstar signing to play alongside Rooney and Ronaldo. The proof of the Christmas pudding will come in the shape of action not talk, as with all things connected to football, results is what matter on the pitch and no manager seriously hoping to compete with Chelsea can do so with one hand tied behind his back when it comes to transfers. Apparently the plan also reveals that tickets prices are currently 'under valued' and that by 2012-2013 they will have risen by a further 36%, on average that's 6% per year. Ticket prices vary depending on where fans are situated in the ground but currently an adult will be shelling out around £500 per season which doesn't include any cup games - that figure will have risen to around £680 for the start of the 2012 season. At 6% per year it is a rise which is way above inflation in the UK. However, while fans pockets will have proverbially picked, and revenues from media and tv income will have risen by over 40% Glazer will reportedly limit Bob Cratchit's transfer budget to £25m per year...bah humbug indeed! I'm sure many United fans will be hoping like the novel A Christmas Carol that the story of the Glazer family ownership of the club has a happy ending. In the novel Scrooge is visited by three ghosts, the Ghost of Christmas past, the ghost of Christmas present, and the ghost of the future. Scrooge has a nightmare vision of the poor people celebrating his death, he then sees the errors of his ways and puts things right and everyone lives happily ever after...at this time of goodwill to all men let us hope for the same outcome at United. (if only!) Fact or fiction, the long running story of the Glazers business plan, how many more times will it be rewritten? The clock ticks for United's transfer games... United fans will no doubt be looking forward to the January transfer window, when many reds will be hoping that Fergie has something up his sleeve other than a new Christmas cardigan. United's failure to replace Van Nistelrooy hasn't actually cost them thus far, because Carling Cup exit apart the team is doing better than last season, but it will not and cannot carry on like that. IF United want to win a trophy then Ferguson must be supported in the transfer market. This isn't just about this season, it is what needs to happen when required, like when you sell your top goal scorer and allow your midfield general to leave. The problem is there's a growing suspicion among some fans that some of the stories that have been leaked to the press about certain players who've been linked to United is nothing more than a smoke screen which the club hides behind when things go wrong. Take the Michael Ballack transfer, while the German was still at Bayern, rumour had it that United had a pre-contract agreement with the Munich star. Not true. Ferguson eventually stated that Ballack wasn't right for United, this even though he was available on a free transfer and of course we already have the likes of John O'Shea and Darren Fletcher.... In the end United had to spend silly money on a player with nowhere near the abilities of Ballack in Carrick. Fergie's assertion that Ballack wasn't right was the biggest load of rubbish he's come out with in a long time and that is saying something. Maybe Ballack weighed up United's lack of potential under the new regime and the player decided that Chelsea would offer more chance of honours, which is actually the reason he said he'd joined the blues. Whatever the clubs true position on Ballack is or was, United ended up looking a bit foolish. The second example of the clubs transfer smoke screen centres on Owen Hargreaves. Until this week Bayern Munich have stuck to the 'not for sale' line. United are supposed to have good relations with the German club, yet David Gill (United CEO) recently revealed that United hadn't even officially asked Munich about the players availability, but Fergie and United have been leaking stories to the press about wanting Hargreaves. The suspicion is that Fergie wants Hargreaves alright, but United know his club wont release him - if that is true then why are United making public their interest? Is this just to say to the fans 'look we tried to sign Hargreaves? United have gone public about the player so much that if Munich call United's bluff and announce he can leave they will demand a huge fee. What happens then? United have backed themselves into a corner, losing Ballack on a free is one thing, but given the amount of talk emanating from Old Traffford they cannot lose out again on Hargreaves. United's policy of leaking stories to the press seems to be a flawed one. Here's why. Firstly, if the intention is an attempt to satisfy transfer demanding fans - it will only work if the deals go through. But what happens in the case of Ballack when the deal doesn't happen? The answer if course fans get angry knowing that the club has missed out on a player who went on a free transfer. Secondly the selling club knows the buying club is desperate and so the price rises, as with the case of Carrick. Once the deal been done stories attributed to Spurs claimed that the North London club would have accepted a lot less for Carrick, this was clearly an attempt to run United's noses in it, no doubt partly for publicing so much interest in the Spurs player. So you can bet United will have to pay top money to acquire Hargreaves, and so there has to be a huge element of doubt about any deal going through. Hargreaves will cost United £20m, that might be too much for the clubs new owners. And From the outside looking in, lack of transfer cash for the manager lies at the heart of the problem for now and definitely in the future under the debt laden Glazer regime. When the Glazer's took over United, we were told that there would be an annual transfer budget of £25m per season, yet last summer United actually made a net profit on transfers of £8.7m. The truth is the £25m figure is a media myth, it is another example of spin which comes from where exactly? We know who it hasn't come from, at least directly at any rate, and that is the Glazer family, because they don't actually talk to the press about United. Make no mistake the clock is ticking for United and the Glazer family. The current side was built with old PLC money - so the lack of investment in the team hasn't kicked in yet, but if last summer was a sign of things to come then it wont be long before it does. Quite simply the club wont get away with continuing not to back the manager properly in the transfer windows - it is a recipe for disaster. I always thought the impact of the Glazer family takeover would take three years before we started to see signs of a meltdown on and off the pitch. However one article which I read recently was asking how long will it before the bailiff's are sent into Old Trafford? Balsa wood man signs new contract.. Louis Saha AKA 'Balsa wood man' has signed a contract extension with United until 2010. Saha has suffered terribly with a succession of injuries over the last few seasons at United, hence the less than flattering nickmane, but thankfully this season he's been pretty much injury free and he's scored a few goals - long may it continue. However, reds fans will be hoping that United sign another striker in the January transfer window to ease the burden on the Frenchman. FA 'bracing' themselves for 'bung inquiry' findings Apparently the FA are 'bracing' themselves for Lord Stevens report into bungs in football. The former top cop known as 'Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington' (why does every report on this bloke include reference to his funny sounding town name? It is of course precisely for that reason, if he came from Grimsby or Fleetwood it wouldn't get a mention, it doesn't quite have the same ring about it, does it?) will present his report today to the FA, but do not expect any earth shattering revelations or radical changes to the system. There's talk of the FA setting up some sort of clearing house for transfers. That alone will be totally and utterly pointless. The clearing houses which the FA needs access to is those which service football managers own personal bank accounts, if the FA could find a way of getting managers to disclose their account details then perhaps the bung allegations could be laid to rest once and for all. But why would a Turkey vote for Christmas? And why should clean managers open up what is their personal bank account details to the hapless FA et al? Quite simply it will not happen. Incredible Beckham insurance deal brokered... They've given men nearly as much pleasure as Beck's down the years, but Dolly's airbags aren't worth a fraction of 'Goldenballs' legs News reaches United blog Towers that David Beckham has signed a world-record breaking insurance deal for an incredible £100m! Apparently the deal dwarfs even those taken out to safefguard spaceships and even the Olympic Games. Other well known star insurance policies include: Bruce Springsteen's voice £3.5m, Dolly Parton's boobs £350,000, Ken Dodd's teeth £4m, Ben Turpin's eyes £20,000. Mind boggling figures Only a scouse comic could get away with insuring chompers like Doddy's Why Fergie is likely to finish second to Jose again... This is no knee-jerk reaction to United's loss at Upton Park yesterday, because I've felt all season long that Chelsea will make it three titles in a row. Last week John Terry said that United couldn't play any better than they had done in this first half of the season, he's right as well. Chelsea on the other hand can play a lot better, providing the manager finds the right blend on the pitch and despite the blues spectacular comeback at Goodison Park, Chelsea are still struggling to find the right formation and so we have yet to see the West London side at their very best. My gut feeling is that Chelsea can only throw away the title this season because as Mourinho rightly says United will drop more points and so they will. Chelsea's big strength is that they don't normally concede many goals added to which despite their often less than pleasing style on the eye, they have match-winners throughout the side, Ballack, Essien and Lampard are all registering in the goals column. It also goes without saying that Chelsea have far more strength in depth in terms of quality. Ferguson is really limited in his engine room - take the West Ham game, Fergie took off Carrick who was once again very poor and replaced him with John O'Shea, no disrespect but he's not going to change a game is he? I speak to many United fans and I've yet to find one who believes Carrick is a top midfield player, or was worth the money we paid. Let us not forget he was bought by Spurs for £2m - that figure is about right in the view of many United fans - yet United shelled out over 7 times that to sign him. Go figure. IF we rated him when he was at West Ham then why didn't United take a punt on him when he was available on the cheap? Only Fergie and his accolytes can answer that one. The fact is Carrick doesn't score goals from midfield, his passing is all too often poor and he cannot tackle or tank up and down the park. In comparison Veron whose time at Old Trafford is viewed as a failure was miles better than Carrick. Expecting the midfield combination of Scholes and Carrick to take United to the title isn't realistic. Owen Hargreaves would of course improve United massively but that deal probably wont happen until the summer, if at all. For the reasons outlined above I can see Ferguson ending the season with a sideboard full of second prizes for his work this term, but let us not lose sight of the fact that finishing runner-up to Chelsea is no disgrace. I for one will settle for a second half of the season the same as the first with United at least trying to play the game the right way and attacking teams. Chelsea show their metal as United reveal their soft under belly United and Chelsea both had difficult looking away fixtures on Sunday and twice Chelsea went behind at Goodison Park only to come back and score three second half goals to snatch all three points. In East London in the 4pm kick-off United failed to notch against Alan Curbishley's West Ham United as Nigel Reo-Coker tapped home a soft goal late on to earn his new manager and his club a much needed three points. At Goodison Park, Arteta gave the home side the lead from the penalty-spot towards the end of the first half to give Everton a deserved lead. As ever Chelsea came out after the break with all guns blazing and it looked as if it would only be a matter of time before they equalised. The Chelsea goal eventually came from another free-kick, this time from outside the box, and it was Ballack who crashed his shot home off the post, though Tim Howard the Everton keeper had the last touch. Chelsea were more or less in complete control for the first 15 minutes after the break and it was somewhat against the run of play when Yobo scored with a header from a corner to ease the pressure on the home side. Once again though the visitors responded and it was Frank Lampard who crashed home a stunning rocket of a shot from fully 30 yards to give Howard no chance, even then Chelsea weren't done though as they hit the woodwork twice before Drogba scored the goal of the game to seal a dramatic victory. The winning goal came after substitute Shevchenko flicked a ball onto the Ivory Coast striker who controlled the ball outside the box with his back to goal, the Everton defenders stood-off the big man and that allowed him to turn, the Chelsea talisman wasted no time and smashed his shot beyond Howard giving him no chance again. Quite simply it was a stunning goal worthy of winning any game. Meanwhile later on in the day at Upton Park United failed to take advantage of the majority of possession they had and despite having the better of the stats in just about every department it was West Ham who created the most clear-cut chance of the first half as Bobby Zamora should have given the Hammers a first half lead after easily brushing off Rio Ferdinand, luckily for United Van der Sar saved the resulting shot and Rio's blushes. United troubled Robert Green in the West Ham goal, but only from distance and so the West Ham back line who'd lost three times at home prior to today in the league never really looked to be in that much trouble as the visitors never got behind them. The stat count did indeed show that United had created the lion's share of the chances, but in truth United's efforts on goal were nearly all speculative efforts which Green dealt with comfortably apart from one effort by Ronaldo which required an excellent save. United knew this fixture would be a difficult one, it always is, but too many players didn't rise to the occasion, Rooney, Saha, Giggs, Ferdinand and Neville and in particular Carrick were very poor, the latter gave the ball away cheaply time and time again during the opening 45 minutes. The only goal of the game came late on in the second and it was United old boy Teddy Sheringham who did the damage by playing the ball through the legs of a United defender to Marlon Harewood who turned Ferdinand too easily to find Reo-Coker who wandered into the United box unmarked to slide the ball home as Gary Neville and Paul Scholes were left ball watching. United will argue that they didn't deserve to lose, but they didn't deserve to win either. At least West Ham created two clear-cut chances inside the penalty area. United didn't create a lot apart from one good effort by Ronaldo. The harsh truth is when Chelsea needed their big-guns to save them, they did so twice. In contrast United were firing misfiring all afternoon at Upton Park and yet the United players had the luxury of a whole week without a midweek game to prepare for this game. Individually and collectively the performance was nowhere near good enough. On Sunday only one team played like champions, sadly it wasn't the boys in red. United still haunted by Upton Park memories... United are in action today at Upton Park when they face West Ham under the management of Alan Curbishley who was installed this week after the sacking of Alan Pardew. Down the years there's rarely been a good time to visit West Ham United from a red perspective because the Hammers have a fairly decent home record against Manchester United. It's bound to be an explosive occasion today, it usually is and the sacking of Pardew has angered many home fans and this will just add to the mix. Many older United fans will have mixed memories of this fixture, especially where the race for the title is concerned. Most notable of all was 1966-67 season when on May 6th United needed an away win to seal the title. The reds romped home winning 6-1 with goals from Denis Law (2), Best, Charlton, Crerand and Foulkes, in doing so lifted the old first division title. Happy days. More recently United's championship ambitions have faltered at Upton Park during the run-in. In 1992 United lost out to Leeds United who became Champions of the old first division with the reds finishing as runner-up. To this day pundits often point to United's failure to beat West Ham United that season as the main reason United lost out to rivals Leeds. To rub salt into United's wounds that day it was a former Man City player who scored the West Ham goal. The truth of the matter is that United had actually messed things up badly in their previous two fixtures, by firstly only managing to draw away at Luton Town and then on Easter Monday two days before the trip to Upton Park United losing at home to Nottingham Forest 1-2. United then lost away at Anfield and in the final league game of the season we beat Spurs as Leeds won the title by four points and with the aid of a fair bit of luck along the way. From a Manchester United perspective we had thrown it away. On the last day of the season in 1995 United travelled to Upton Park needing to win to lift the Premiership title, but the reds only managed a 1-1 draw and so handed Blackburn Rovers the title - in truth United only had themselves to blame for missing a succession of chances, most guilty was Andy Cole along with Brian McClair who did actually manage to get onto the scoresheet that day. To make things worse, United then lost 1-0 in the FA cup final to Everton. As for today and this season, it's the week before Christmas but the pressure is on for United as Chelsea wont drop that many points in the league this season. Ironically we face the Hammers on the final day of the season this time at Old Trafford, in the previous fixture we face our bitter rivals Man City. It is to be hoped United recapture some of the spirit of '67 for that trip to City, a similar result would do very nicely thank you. We reds would of course settle for any kind of win in the remaining games as long as we are still in the race for the title when those fixtures come around. Today we will be happy to exercise the ghost of '95. Lottery selection curse strikes rivals Arsenal... The curse at work United fans can sit back tonight and reflect on another fairly good day in the Premiership as rivals Arsenal dropped yet more points in the 2-2 draw with Portsmouth at the Emirates Stadium. Apart from what turned out to be a very exciting second half performance by the home side and another stunning goal by Pompey's Matt Taylor, the main talking point post match surrounded Arsene Wenger who appears to have been struck down by the dreaded lottery selection curse, common symptons of which include blurd vision and lack of clarity of thought. Alex Ferguson has been struck by the curse more often than most - Fergie was struck down most recently against FC Copenhagen in the Champions League. Today Wenger gave Jeremie Aliadiere his first league start of the season, with Adebayor and Theo Walcott dropping to the bench from the midweek win at Wigan. After going two goals down Wenger's vision returned to normal as Adebayor and Theo Walcott returned to save a point and Wenger's embarrassment in a stunning comeback. The magnificent seven set to return... OK I got you with that headline didn't I? You thought United might be about to resign the 'son of god' - our very own 'messiah', AKA Eric Cantona or perhaps David Beckham didn't you? No such luck, but United are set to welcome seven potential big stars of the future, who've been on loan at other clubs, namely Lee Martin and Phil Bardsley (Rangers), Chris Eagles (NEC Nijmegen) and Giuseppe Rossi (Newcastle), plus Jonny Evans and Danny Simpson, and of course Dong at Antwerp. OF those names, I'm fairly confident most of them will make it as professional footballers - whether or not that will be at United remains to be seen. Jonny Evans looks to be the real deal, he looks like another John Terry to me - a class act in other words. It is to be hoped that these lads are given some chances to shine for the first team between now and the season end, but with United so heavily involved in the title race and in Europe and especially being out of the Carling Cup then you'd think first team opportunities might well be slim - so the seven stars could well be vying of reserve team places. Further to this last week rival manager Jose Mourinho restated his belief that reserve team football is by and large a waste of time in England. Why? Because it isn't competitive enough. In Spain for example clubs like Rea Madrid have a proper second team named Real Madrid Castilla - who are the only reserve to play in the Spanish second division, to all intensive purposes they are run as a separate club - but they are not allowed to play in the same division as their parent club. I think that perhaps Mourinho has a point, the English FA needs to look at this idea - but don't hold your breath - the FA cannot do much right including appointing the right man to manage England. United solve Chinese puzzle as Dong gets green light.. So then, three years after United gambled a massive £3.5m on an untried and unknown 18 year old Chinese star, Dong Fangzhou, he finally gets a work permit which will enable him to play for United proper. When the red devils signed Dong he wasn't a full international and therefore getting a work permit was going to be tricky. To get round the red-tape United have an agreement with Belgium club Royal Antwerp, who are United's feeder club. The good news is that Dong Fangzhou has now played a few games for China's national side and so he now qualifies to play for the club and so he heads to Old Trafford next month. Of Dong Fangzhou Ferguson says 'the boy has a big chance' and so he does, but only the same chance as any other youngster who is lucky enough to be signed to play for United - except of course there's additional problems to overcome for forgein stars with the added burden of having to settle into a new country, the culture and then there's the small matter of the language barrier. Sceptics might well argue that Dong has been partly signed with a view exploiting any future commercial opportunities in the Far East - that of course may well be part of the thinking. However, if Dong cannot cut the mustard at Old Trafford, then he his name is less likely to shift products at home or indeed in China. Watch this space on Dong's future, I wish the lad well and hope he does the business for the shirts. Brit's Champion's League draw looking good.. The five remaining British teams in the Champions League had mixed fortunes in today's draw for the first knockout round. Liverpool were handed a tough looking assignment away to Barca first leg, providing the reds keep their heads in the Nou Camp and don't get stuffed then they've got a very good chance of beating Barca over two legs as Barca don't look half the side they were last season minus Eto'o up front. If Barca under estimate Liverpool it will be to their cost. Celtic face AC Milan who are of course capable of beating anyone and as such I doubt Gordon Strachan's side will come out on top over the two legs, but you never know as Milan have been blowing hot and cold this season following the turmoil of the summer and the departures that followed. Chelsea face Mourinho's old club Porto, this game will be very interesting as the opposition will know as much about Chelsea as Jose will know about his old club. Again nothing can be taken for granted for the West London club, but all thins being equal Chelsea will prevail. Arsenal face PSV and this looks like a fairly easy tie for the Gunners, I'd be amazed if Arsenal don't progress to the next round, the same goes for my club United. The reds should be too good for Lille over two legs - the only thing which may stop United is Ferguson's crass stupidity and complacency regarding team selection. All in all we should see at least three British clubs in the next round, and if that happens we will then see two British clubs meeting for certain. No way will Uefa allow two British clubs to reach the final. John Terry talking tough...but running scared? Following a very narrow one-nil win over Newcastle United at Stamford Bridge on Wednesday night the Chelsea skipper John Terry took time out to warn league leaders Manchester United that the best is still to come from the boys in blue. The fact that Terry is even talking about United provides further evidence that Chelsea are genuinely concerned about United's credentials. Terry says that Chelsea can go on to another level of performance while United are playing at the top of their game, he might have a point. However, what the Chelsea skipper doesn't mention is that this season the champions have looked less than a combined unit. All too often this new blues formation has looked disjointed and lacking balance, much of this is due to the summer arrivals of Ballack and in particular Shevchenko whose presence in the team has led to Jose Mourinho playing without specialist widemen. Added to which the fall-out between Shevchenko and Mourinho seems to be widening by the week. The Chelsea manager had to once again explain his decision to bench the Ukrainian striker in his post-match interview. To rub salt into Shevchenko's wounds Jose hinted again that Drogba is special, as the Ivory Coast striker played while injured after coming on at half-time. Chelsea can talk all day long about what they are going to do, but from the outside looking in the blues camp doesn't look to be a totally happy one. Terry talking up a good game - let us see the reality come the end of the season FA to press FIFA for video evidence to cut out diving. ..the FA are apparently going to press FIFA to introduce video evidence in a bid to cut down the amount of players who dive. The FA say they are the only national association pressing for the use of video evidence. I think that the FA are onto a loser here. Here's why, part of football's beauty is its inperfection, but if video evidence could be used quickly and conclusively without too much of a delay in play, then it would be more appealing to the likes myself and other sceptics. The fact is that wont happen. Take the example of Cristiano Ronaldo who was brought down in the penalty area recently by Boro's keeper at the Riverside - the referee awarded United a penalty kick and the reds went on to win the game. After the game Gareth Southgate went carping to the press about the decision saying it wasn't a penalty, two weeks later and a consensus cannot be agreed, some say it was definitely a penalty while Southgate et al say the player dived. In such situations it will always come down the opinion of someone - so any decision will not be universally accepted as being right because it cannot be conclusively be proven one way or the other, so if that is the case we are no better off. We might as well leave it to the referee. I don't often agree with Sep Blatter, but he is against this technology being introduced, this time I agree with him. AC Milan rule out Shevchenko return... Reports in the British press claim that AC Milan president Silvio Berlusconi has ruled out any possibility of bringing Chelsea's Andriy Shevchenko back to Italy - the news if true may be hard to take for the Ukrainian striker who has so far failed to put in convincing consistent performances since his summmer arrival. I actually think Shevchenko will come good given time, but he's been more or less written off by many pundits who say 'he's lost a yard of pace - you never get it back'. Anyone who writes off Shevchenko is a fool in my book. Chelsea need to keep Sheva, their only other central striker is Drogba if he gets injured they'd be short of strikers. Wayne Rooney hints at career in the USA... Fresh from helping United give Manchester City a dusting last weekend Wayne Rooney visited the 'Big Apple' for some reason, no doubt for some much needed R&R, given United have no midweek game. Rooney recently signed a contract extension with the 'red devils', but in a brief interview with the Staten Island Advance he's hinted at a possible future in the USA. Rooney's current deal runs until 2012.Story United Opus - what's all the fuss about? IF any wealthy reds have a spare £3,000 burning a hole in their pocket and a reinforced coffee table, then you might consider purchasing this huge new book all about United. The book contains over 400,000 words written by a selection of the finest sports writers in the UK, such as Hugh McIlvanney, Paddy Barclay, James Lawton and Jim White. There's plenty of top-notch photo's too for those who like looking at pictures, apparently the publishers looked at least 2 million images prior to publication. For those who are really well-off you might as well push the boat out and get the icons edition which has been signed by Cantona and Bryan Robson aka captain Marvel, the icons limited edition will set you back £4,250. My copy is in the post - and my postman has recently suffered a double hernia too. I will give him an extra mince pie on delivery by way of compensation. Arsenal to sell Henry to United? ...OK, so that was a joke, but I do believe Arsenal are preparing to off-load Henry, sadly they'd never sell him to United, Barcelona is a different matter entirely and it's there that I believe he could be heading this January. Reading between the lines, something has been going on between Wenger and Henry, it could be a similar situation to the Fergie and Van Nistelrooy spat, maybe the relationship isn't totally broken as it was between Fergie and Ruud, but once the decision is made to part company it's usually best for all concerned. Despite his fantastic goal record at United, the team has carried on winning without Ruud. Life does go on. I don't actually like Wenger, but football isn't a popularity contest, it's about results and there's no better manager in the world regarding finding new talent than Wenger. In a nutshell I'd have complete faith his his judgement which is a view shared by the Arsenal big-wigs. It could be perfect timing financially because Arsenal will get a packet for their French striker and Wenger will replace him, maybe not like for like, but he will find a way of replacing him. Ferguson to get financial backing in January.. A report in the turgid Manchester Evening Newsclaims that the Glazer family will back Fergie in the January transfer window. It would be nice to believe this is actually true. To coin a David Gill phrase 'actions will speak louder than words'... Will they or wont they back Fergie in January? Pardew sacked - don't blame it on the Argentine's.. So West Ham United have sacked Alan Pardew - it's hardly a surprise given the clubs position, added to which the stakes have been raised following the takeover having new owners etc. The consensus among football pundits is that the clubs Icelandic owners have over-paid to purchase the Hammers, so the pressure to do well is that much the greater in financial terms - the new investors didn't put their money into the club to see it washed down the Championship drain... What has surprised me slightly is that some reports are blaming the clubs failings on the two Argentine signings - that seems grossly unfair on the two players concerned. The fact is West Ham have a squad of over 25 players and I'm sure Pardew wouldn't blame the two South American's for the clubs misfortune. What has undoubtedly cost the Hammers this season is their home form, they have lost three league games at Upton Park thus far to Newcastle, Reading and Wigan - if only West Ham had won those games they'd be a lot better off and Pardew would still be in charge. You have to win your home games against teams like Reading and Wigan if you want to stay in the big league, it's the same old story though, when something bad happens the media go looking for scapegoats, step forward Johnny Foreigner. "Actions speak louder than words"... How ironic that just a few days after Fergie hinted that United wont be signing a new striker in the January transfer window, David Gill, United CEO, announces to the world that 'actions speak louder than words' - this was in response to Peter Kenyon's recent statement that by 2014 Chelsea will be the world's biggest club. Come the end of the current season should United come up short because of a lack of fire-power up front, United fans and the media will no doubt be keen to remind Gill of his own words about actions speaking louder than words. Chelsea could well achieve Kenyon's goal of having the biggest turnover, but as I've said before they will never be as big as United, Liverpool, Barca and Real Madrid - they aren't even the biggest club in London. United are doing well at present, but it's doubtful United will win the title, because the Chelsea squad has far greater strength in depth. Furthermore, under the new Glazer regime - United have spent little money on new players - this policy is the road to ruin and disaster on the pitch if it carries on like this. Gill can talk all day long about filling Old Trafford with 75,000 fans, but the current squad was largely built on money ploughed in from the old PLC. Those fans wont keep turning up if the team starts failing. United can only compete with Chelsea with serious financial backing for the manager. We have seen little evidence of that so far. United have mountains of debts thanks to the Glazer family - no other club on the planet has such debts, so it is impossible to see where the investment on the pitch will come from, save for perhaps the ruler of Dubai or some such bailing out the Glazer family and United. Gill says "Actions speak louder than words"...In response to Gill, United fans would say "Talk is cheap". BBC sports personality of the year - time to scrap it?. I may come across as something of a spoil sport, but I personally think the BBCs sports personality of the year should be scrapped. Since when does your personality affect anything in the sporting arena? A look down the list of candidates for this years farce includes a darts player (yes, really), a horse rider and an F1 driver. The first category cannot be classed as 'sport', horse riding is elitist and F1 is full of over paid ponces - F1s only ever true personality was James Hunt and that was down to his off the track 'activities' as a playboy. The annual award does remain popular with the British public, but so does Eastenders and Coronation Street - clearly there's no accounting for taste - the BBCSPOTY is cheap tv and in my view needs to be scrapped. Arsenal hold on for credible draw with Chelsea.. An Arsenal side that was decimated by injuries and were without Henry managed to take a well earned point from Stamford Bridge this afternoon, it finished up 1-1 in what was a highly entertaining game. Despite Arsenal's problems they more than matched the home side with some neat build up play but without troubling Hilario in the Chelsea goal. Chelsea don't do attractive football - they play more of a pragmatic game, but the blues side is full of match-winners and they are so tough to beat which is why Mourinho's side have yet to be beaten at home in the league under the Portuguese manager. Late in the second half on 78 minutes that brilliant home record looked as though it might go as Flamini scored an exquisite goal after some fantastic passing and movement by the visitors, the ball was pulled back to the Frenchman who made no mistake with a fantastic low drive which gave Hilario no chance. The home side weren't done though and after some controversial refereeing in which Ashley Cole fouled Alexander Hleb, the home side broke down the left and when the ball eventually found its way to Essien he blasted a fierce rocket of a shot past the Arsenal keeper - it was a stunning reply. Chelsea then hit the woodwork twice before the final whistle. In the end a draw was a fair result. The winners on the day were of course Manchester United whose lead is now eight points. Mourinho to quit Chelsea? There's increasing speculation in the media that Jose Mourinho will walk out on Chelsea, possibly as soon as this summer, some suggest that if Chelsea win the Champions League this season it will be his last game in charge. Last week Jose gave an in-depth and very revealing interview to the Times in which he hinted strongly about managing an Italian club at some point in the future. Whether or not this was a veiled threat to Roman Abramovich and Peter Kenyon about meddling in team selection affairs is a mute point - because in the same interview the Portuguese manager also stated that Schevchenko isn't one of his nine 'untouchable players' at Stamford Bridge. The Ukrainian striker is of course big pals with Abramovich. Added to which fresh reports now claim Chelsea are trying to tie-up players like Drogba on longer term deals in case Jose does walk out this summer. It wouldn't be stretching things too far to suggest that many rivals would like to see the back of Mourinho - basically because he's too good. IF he does go then no one else will find it so easy and that is even with Abramovich's cash mountain. United coach linked to top USA job... According to the latest tabloid gossip Manchester United assistant coach Carlos Queiroz is on the shortlist to become the next boss of the USA. Rightly or wrongly some United fans would be happy to see the back of Queiroz, because he's said to be the brains behind United's attempts to play 4-5-1 which hasn't worked all that well when it's been tried. I don't actually totally go along with this train of thought, because the manager is ultimately responsible and so if anyone is to blame then it is Ferguson, it is a lame and cowardly excuse to blame any failings on your assistant - not that Fergie has done that publicly of course, but rumour has had it on the grapevine that is Queiroz who is responsible. Added to which it is said that Queiroz is less than popular with the players. Obviously I cannot confirm or deny the rumours because they are all hearsay. On the managerial situation at United, something rather strange happened yesterday. United took the unusual step of holding a somewhat melodramatic press conference, it was announced that Fergie, David Gill and Marcello Lippi were to talk to the world's media. The announcement caused a fair degree of interest from United fans as rumours spread about the content of the impending press conference. As it turned out, it was to announce a friendly match date for March 2007. David Beckham will return to United to captain a European select XI and Lippi will be on hand to coach. It's a worthy cause to commemorate not only the 50th anniversary of the Busby Babes’ entry into European competition, but also the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, signalling a united Europe. All monies from the game will go to charitable causes - but as of yet it hasn't been announced if any money will go to the surviving families of the Munich air disaster of 1958. The interesting thing is that despite the reds doing well this season, many seasoned United fans want Ferguson out as soon as possible and as one long time hardcore fan told me last night 'I was hoping it was an announcement that Ferguson was going' - this on the same day that United beat our bitter rivals. Ferguson is now seen as one of Glazer's accolytes, a man who no longer speaks up for the fans which he has done on occasion in the past. Not only that his tactics are appalling, take for example his madness against City withdrawing Saha and thus handing the initiative to the visitors, which was the consensus of our group of United and City fans last night during an after derby warm down in Manchester last night. So I really hope United win a decent pot this year then he might be gone. Narrow derby win seals nine point lead at the top.. United got the breaks today in the Manchester derby and the victory they needed to take a nine point lead over Chelsea. To their credit City and came and took the game to United but where rocked on their heals on just five minutes when United carved open the city back four with a stunning ball in from the right from Ronaldo - who was once again United's best player- Rooney made no mistake gliding his first time left foot drive past Weaver into the keepers bottom left hand corner of the net. For the remainder of the first half it was nip and tuck as both sides had further chances to score, Saha missed an open goal, but on 45 minutes it was the home side who struck after Thatcher made a mistake and gifted United ball on the edge of his own box, the ball was fired into the City area and Saha finished from six yards out. United had the better of the early second half exchanges and Rooney had a couple of good chances to extend the reds lead, but as the half went on City began to take control of the game. What happened next was quite simply ridiculous. City were chasing the game but Ferguson played right into the visitors hands by taking off his centre forward, thus allowing City to push even further forward. Quite simply it was a crazy move which gifted the ball and the majority of the remainder of play to Stuart Pearce's side as United were left with just Rooney up front. As a direct result of Ferguson's lunacy City picked up the ball time and time again as United lost possesion. Eventually City hit back on 72 minutes through Trabelsi. The goal was well deserved given the pressure City had put on the home side, it came after United allowed City to work the ball down the reds left flank and the defender fired home from the edge of the box, Carrick made a half hearted challenge and should have closed down the man on the ball much quicker. Somehow United got lucky late on with some nice build up play down United's right and when the ball was eventually played into the visitors box, it found its way to Ronaldo who looked to be offside - the boy wonder made no mistake and sealed a hard fought win. United won this game despite the best efforts of Ferguson who nearly threw away the points with what can only be described a schoolboy mistake in replacing Saha. United got the breaks today in the Manchester derby and the victory they needed to take a nine point lead over Chelsea. To their credit City and came and took the game to United but where rocked on their heals on just five minutes when United carved open the city back four with a stunning ball in from the right from Ronaldo - who was once again United's best player- Rooney made no mistake gliding his first time left foot drive past Weaver into the keepers bottom left hand corner of the net. For the remainder of the first half it was nip and tuck as both sides had further chances to score. Saha missed an open goal, but on 45 minutes it was the home side who struck after Thatcher made a mistake and gifted United the ball on the edge of his own box, the ball was fired into the City area and Saha finished from six yards out. United had the better of the early second half exchanges and Rooney had a couple of good chances to extend the reds lead, but it was City who hit back on 72 through Trabelsi. The goal was well deserved given the pressure City had put on the home side, it came after United allowed City to work the ball down the reds left flank and the defender fired home from the edge of the box, Carrick made a half hearted challenge and should have closed down the man on the ball much quicker. What happened next was quite simply ridiculous, City were chasing the game but Ferguson played right into the visitors hands by taking off his centre forward, thus allowing City to push even further forward. Quite simply it was a crazy move which gifted the ball and the majority of the remainder of play to Stuart Pearce's side as United were left with just Rooney up front. As a direct result of Ferguson's lunacy City picked up the ball time and time again as United lost possesion. Somehow United got lucky late on with some nice build up play down United's right and when the ball was eventually played into the visitors box, it found its way to Ronaldo who looked to be offside - the boy wonder made no mistake and sealed a hard fought win. Ronaldo named player of the month for November ...ho, ho, ho, Ingurlund fans will no doubt be choking on their own bile at the news that United's Ronaldo has been named player of the month for November. He's had his problems and his critics even among United fans, but he's a very good young player and he's an entertainer, it's well deserved. Why Mourinho is right to lay down the law to Abramovich... IT appears all is not well at Stamford Bridge, as yesterday we saw stories appearing in the British press reportedly coming from Shevchenko's camp hinting at a probable return to AC Milan. As ever there's two sides to this story, from the perspective of Shevchenko, he is one of the world's top strikers, of that there's no argument, but there's no guarantees about selection at a club like Chelsea and so due to a lack of form, the Ukrainian striker has found himself more often than not of late on the bench. Prior to Shevchenko signing there was suggestions that he'd be happy to play his part in Mourinho's system - but it hasn't worked - and the truth is he was never going to put up with being on the bench for too long, at his age and with his experience you can understand it too. Today Mourinho has said that if he wants to, Abramovich can sack him, because he's got enough money to do that. Clearly this smacks of internal meddling in team selection from the Oligarch - why else would Jose Mourinho mention the club owner when talking of team affairs if it wasn't part of the equation? Further to this of late there's been suggestions in the media that both Ballack and Schevchenko were 'forced' onto the Portuguese manager, but that is media spin, what manager in the world would turn down the chance to have those two in his squad? The answer to that is possibly Mourinho - because with him, all that matters is winning and following his tactics - failure to do either isn't recommended. The message to those who don't carry out his orders leads to the exit door. IF the two high-profile signings were indeed forced upon Mourinho, then you can bet Jose told his employers that he'd accept no further conditions and that both would be treated the same as every other squad member and quite right too. The thing is while Chelsea have been winning this season, the two new boys haven't had the impact many expected, the fact is Essien has by far been the blues best player thus far. However, due to the new arrivals and injuries Mourinho has had to alter his system, often playing with either one winger or none, this has left his side unbalanced and lacking all important width. It is also true to say that in part Jose has been trying to get the best from the two new boys by fiddling with something that wasn't broken. Mourinho is 100% right to tell Abramovich to back-off - after all there is only one 'special one'. I seriously doubt despite his wealth the Oligarch is daft enough to sack Mourinho - but should Manchester United claw back the title and the blues fail in the Champions League, then it will be very interesting to see the fall-out. THE big derby preview... Tomorrow United take on City at Old Trafford in what is usually passionate affair. To say there's a lot at stake for both sides wouldn't be exaggerating the situation. As ever City's season rests on the results the two derby games, because they have nothing else to play for - they are no nearer capturing a trophy now than at any other point in the last 30 potless years, in that respect life has been quite tough for those who had the misfortune to find themselves supporting City. On that note yesterday I became the proud owner of an Ulster Bank commemmorative George Best five pound note - it is a work of art, so I've been trying to think of a safe place to store this valuable keepsake - if only I had somewhere where no one goes, like City's trophy cabinet. :0) As for tomorrow, for City, there's the added of advantage of spiking United's title ambitions. Granted the blues have done well in recent derby games over the last few seasons, so tomorrow I'm hoping United take all three points, but the blues have found some decent form of late - and they needed to. From what I've seen of City, their biggest asset is their defence, midfield is so, so, - as is their forward line. The biggest danger for United apart from not taking our own chances will come from set pieces. The blues look good on corners, with Richards and Dunne both powerful headers of the ball. United will have to be at their collective very best to win this one, nothing less than 100% will be good enough. What we don't want is City fans walking round Stockport telling us that all that they stopped United winning the title in 2006 for the next god knows how many years. Arsenal take on Chelsea on Sunday so United have a real chance of opening up a decent gap at the top if results go the right way. United see off Benfica as Champions League looks wide open.. United gave their fans a scare at Old Trafford on Wednesday night after going a goal behind on 27 minutes courtesy of a spectacular 25 yard drive from defender Marcus Nelson - in truth it was the first real serious effort of the night from other side, up and until that point neither team looked up for the game. The goal was actually a blessing as it finally stirred United into action. Vidic got the vital equaliser with a well taken header on the stroke of half-time, if the reds hadn't scored then it might have been a different story. Ryan Giggs who didn't play well on the night gave the home side the lead on 61 minutes with another well taken header - this time the cross came in from the right from Ronaldo, Giggs was totally unmarked and made no mistake. Benfica didn't come close to drawing level, but Simoa roasted Evra on one occasion and was easily the visitors best player. Louis Saha finally made the points and the game safe on 75 minutes and again it was another headed goal. I cannot actually remember the last time United scored three headed goals in one game - so that is something of a quiz question for any footy anoraks out there. After the game Fergie talked about United's inability to play patient football. United had started with a 4-5-1 formation with just Saha up front, but on going a goal behind Fergie sent Rooney forward. The former Everton man didn't actually play well on the night - but United did look and play better once the switch was made. Fergie said that United cannot play patient football and he also talked about being a young side, which is something of a contradiction coming from Fergie, as when United have won he says 'the players have now grown up and have learnt' then we the reds have done badly or leaked a goal he says 'we are a young side and lack experience' and so it goes. Graeme Souness tv pundit, former Liverpool and Rangers manager also picked up on this after the game and said that it's a good point, he says that United's style is suited to the Premier League where 'it's up and at 'em', but perhaps the reds aren't that great at playing the 'European way'. Nonetheless Souness is convinced that an English team will win the CL this season. I'm not so sure, yes the English clubs have as good a chance as anyone, but the competition is so wide open virtually any of around eight clubs could win it. Chelsea must be the favourites, but I wouldn't put a bent penny on anyone right now because in knockout football, over two legs anything can happen. Liverpool wont be the next Chelsea... According to the latest news even if Liverpool are taken over by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, they will NOT be following the same 'spend, spend, spend' route that Chelsea have taken, but money will be made available for the right investments on and off the pitch. The fact is as far as many football fans are concerned, until this week few knew much about the Sheikh, and despite being the fifth richest man in the world, it just shows how your profile can be catapulted into the public eye once you get involved in a big football club like Liverpool. Unlike Roman Abramovich, one doubts that Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum will be spending much time following Liverpool - or taking up residence in Loonypool. Why oh why couldn't this have been United, yes I am ever so slightly envious - is it too much to hope for that the Sheikh will buy-out Glazer instead? High profile Why lack of planning by Fergie could cost United... Tonight United face Benfica in the Champions League, it is a game they cannot afford to lose, so the pressure is very much on. IF the unthinkable happens United will be eliminated from the Champions League at this stage for the second year running. Not only that United face Man City on Saturday in a lunch time kick-off - so it wont give the United players much time to recover for such an important game. Here again United cannot afford to drop points against our local and most bitter of rivals, as we have done all too often over the last few seasons. Quite simply United shouldn't be in this position, we should have been like Liverpool and Chelsea who'd already qualified for the Champions League and as such this week they had the relative luxury of being able to rest key players and take it easy in their last respective group games. United do not have that luxury. The fact that United do need to get a result against Benfica is entirely down to poor planning by Fergie, if he'd have looked at his fixture list and thought matters through no way would he have rested key players for the away trip to FC Copenhagen, it was there that United really slipped up badly by losing. Yes, we should have won against Celtic or at least got a draw, but in football you don't always get what you deserve. Losing to Celtic was no disgrace, the same cannot be said of losing to the Danes. The fact is United players will have to play full out this evening to ensure their passage through to the knock-out stages of the CL, failure to do so could be extremely costly. God forbid United don't slip up against City this weekend, our season doesn't rest on that result, but as far as City fans are concerned - it IS their season - local bragging rights are at stake, we owe them too for recent failings. Has Sepp Blatter lost the plot? Every now and again Sepp Blatter comes out with something that stuns the world of football, his latest idea is that the European leagues should re-schedule their seasons to start in February and end in November. Great idea Sepp, but where would your beloved World Cup fit into that? One presumes the World Cup would be played between December and January - which kind of rules out staging it in Europe - and it always has been held in the summer months. Contrary to Blatter's claim - I cannot see the big clubs agreeing with this. They might be in favour of a collective winter break, but that is entirely different. What would we, the fans do during those dull winter months? What would the clubs do in the summer, many fans would be away during the season on holiday? Not so long ago Blatter announced that the Premier League would soon be reduced to 18 teams - he made the announcement without actually telling anyone - including the Premiership big wigs. Sorry Sepp, this is another barmy half-arsed idea. Barking mad - as reliable as a Swiss watch and as crazy as a cuckoo clock - he never lets you down when it comes to silly ideas Why new owners for 'The Dirties' is a good deal... IF there's one thing worse that Chelsea being owned by Roman Abramovich, it is the news that Liverpool could soon be owned by someone with even more money than the Oligarch. Apparently Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum is the fifth richest man in the world, it doesn't bear thinking about what might happen, perhaps Liverpool will recapture their glory years..oh no, please save us from that. In all seriousness Liverpool are a good buy, even at £450m - which is nearly half what Glazer paid to acquire United - and Glazer did it with other peoples money - in other words borrowed money. That is the big difference here, many United fans wouldn't have been totally against foreign ownership, but they are against putting the club into hock with the banks. The thing is football clubs aren't meant to be money making machines - they do generate cash but the money generated needs to be ploughed back into the team as it largely was prior to the Glazer family taking the club into private ownership, save for the miserly dividends which the club paid out to its shareholders. United fans wouldn't have been totally against private ownership - providing that whoever it was ran the club correctly and had its best interests at heart. The fact is the Glazer family haven't given one live public interview to United fans. No wonder they aren't trusted. The Glazer family aren't in the same league as Abramovich or Sheikh Mohammed. We have all seen what Chelsea have achieved under Abramovich, it could happen at Liverpool too. At United the future is less certain with the clubs rising debt mountain, courtesy of Glazer's madness - it will end in tears. Fergie unhappy with Magpies over Rossi.. So Fergie isn't happy because Rossi isn't getting enough games at Newcastle United. "Giuseppe will come back to us because he is just not getting enough football at Newcastle," said Ferguson. "The understanding we had with them was that he would play more games. "Every manager is subject to their own opinions on players, so I don't want to say too much about that. But we could have done with him here, so he might as well come back to us." Said Fergie. The thing is at one stage United hinted that Rossi would only be joining the Magpies if Ruud didn't join Madrid - but he did join the Spaniards, and still United allowed Rossi to join Newcastle on loan without securing a replacment for the Dutchman. So this is a mess of Fergie's own making - the fact that Rossi hasn't been getting games is nothing to do with the United manager, as Newcastle will be paying his wages. No way should Rossi have been allowed to leave the club in the first place. No money for Ferguson to strengthen? The short term signing of Henrik Larsson has raised more questions than answers about United's ability under Glazer to finance Fergie's needs in relation to a serious title challenge or to win the Champions League again. On Larsson, Fergie says it's a marvellous piece of business, because the Swede can change games. The manager also said it's an important signing because Larsson brings experience he went on talk about the title run-in, but then remembered that Larsson wont be here for that... Apparently Rossi is being recalled from Newcastle which comes as no surprise because quite simply the move to North East was a complete waste of time, Rossi has barely featured for the Magpies. The thing is, despite the shocking lack of options up front United keep on talking about a player who they wont be able to sign, that player is Owen Hargreaves. I for one belief this is United's spin doctors at work. The rationale being that United can say we want to sign him knowing they wont be able to and then when the move doesn't come off they can blame it on Munich. United did a similar thing with Ballack, the word went out via club sources that they had an agreement with the players agent - that went pear shaped when the German decided to join Chelsea and then Fergie stated that he wasn't right for United. This time with Hargreaves the club can say 'we tried but we cannot do it' - but the fact is that David Gill has already confirmed that United have made no official approach to Bayern, so it looks like the club are just stringing the fans along...talk is cheap. Let us not forget that United were the Premiership's lowest net spenders last summer. Also Ferguson hasn't once spoken out against the Glazer regime - he cannot be happy with his options up front. During our historic treble winning season in 1999 Fergie constantly rotated his four strikers - this time he effectively has one out and out number 9 in Saha, granted Larsson will help in the short term, but Ferguson cannot be happy. Chances are United will come up short this season in the title race and if that happens it will more than likely be down to the forward line situation. Ferguson needs to get out of Glazers pocket and start fighting his corner by demanding more cash for transfers - that is of course if he's got genuine ambitions of actually winning it. IF Fergie isn't allowed to bring in another top striker then it will be a missed opportunity and it will probably mean that Ferguson ends his managerial career on low note - because it is highly unlikely United will get a better chance of beating Chealsea over a season while the man from Govan remains in charge. Reds march on as Boro are left complaining.. United continued their excellent league form with an important 2-1 win away at Middlesbrough on Saturday, courtesy of a controversial first half penalty won by Ronaldo and converted by Saha. The home side hit back after the interval through James Morrison after Heinze failed to effectively clear the ball. But not long after the restart United got the vital winner from the head of Darren Fletcher after good work by Ronaldo and Giggs, in truth it was no more than United deserved. After the game all the talk centred on the penalty. Gareth Southgate the Boro boss complained that Ronaldo is a 'serial diver', as you'd expect Fergie didn't agree simply stating that it was a penalty kick. The Riverside has been a not so happy hunting ground for United on occasion, last season we lost 4-1 so despite Southgate's griping reds fans will be very relieved to have won this game. United can now look forward to the seasons most important game so far in terms of Europe, as United prepare for the visit of Benfica in midweek. Larsson signs 3 month loan deal but it's not enough.. The great news for Manchester United fans today is that the reds have captured 35 year old Swedish striker Henrik Larsson who will sign in January - the bad news is that he's only at United for 3 months. He returns to his club Helsingborg in March for the beginning of the Swedish season. IF the deal had gone on until the end of the season it might have been enough for the reds, the fact that United were willing to take Larsson on such a short term deal shows you how desperate the club is - perhaps Fergie has no money to spend, because there is players who are available namely Defoe and Bent, so we reds live in hope that one of them signs this January along with Larsson. The move is also likely to anger the likes of Alan Smith, who I expect to leave the club ASAP. Smith will no doubt feel betrayed given he was told by Fergie he'd play up front when he joined the reds, but the former Leeds man has had limited opportunities up front and of course he broke his leg too. All in all it's best if Smith does move on to another club. Chelsea slip on Fulham banana skin as the Reds go ... United linked with non-league player...just how ba... Fergie wants to scrap post-match press conferences... "Bah, humbug" message to fans on future transfers.... FA 'bracing' themselves for 'bung inquiry' finding... Why Fergie is likely to finish second to Jose agai... Chelsea show their metal as United reveal their so... United solve Chinese puzzle as Dong gets green lig... FA to press FIFA for video evidence to cut out div... Pardew sacked - don't blame it on the Argentine's.... BBC sports personality of the year - time to scrap... Narrow derby win seals nine point lead at the top.... Why Mourinho is right to lay down the law to Abram... United see off Benfica as Champions League looks w... Why lack of planning by Fergie could cost United..... Why new owners for 'The Dirties' is a good deal...... Larsson signs 3 month loan deal but it's not enoug...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line8
__label__wiki	0.517179	0.517179	A PERFECT BOOK SECTION If I was editing a book section right now these are the books I would have written about or have had written about. 9--In 1950 when my sister came down with polio a cloistered nun sent her a 1/4inch square of cloth attached to a card. The fabric had come from the dressing gown worn at the moment of death by Pope Pius X--- who was known to take a great interest in children--- 9--I also knew that in each altar of a Catholic church was embedded a relic of the saint to whom the church was dedicated. I did wonder about churches named for the Sacred Heart or the various aspects of the Virgin Mary, but did not ask too closely. 9--When in European museums and in the Met in New York on display were beautiful containers for relics and always looked closely if it was possible to see exactly what human remain was encased usually in gold. The fascination was always compromised by an understanding that when a religious object becomes a mere object of art some irreparable has been lost and I guess about the only person who knows what I am talking about would be Julian Green and he is now dead. 9--HOLY BONES,HOLY DUST How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe by Charles Freeman (Yale University Press) is exactly what it says it is. Wonderfully written and inviting: “The first downward slice of the sword glanced off the archbishop’s skull and cut through to the shoulder bone, almost severing the arm of one of his attendants as the weapon fell.” 9--The passage ends, “Two more slashing cuts on his head followed and the archbishop slumped dying to the ground. The top of his head was sliced off and finally the exposed brains were scraped out of the skull and scattered on the cathedral floor.” Freeman than goes on to explain how this murdered archbishop became St Thomas Becket and his relics an object of pilgrimage as in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales… 9--How far most people have come from any interest in relics unless they are the possessions of a pop singer like Elvis Presley… But Freeman right down to the notes for his illustrations fascinates: “These early saints’ tombs were given holes into the space under the body and often sacred dust was collected from below and mixed with water to drink.” 9--A model for how history is to be written and happily for those who know Hannah Green’s “Little Saint,” the town of Conques is described and the great reliquary of St. Foy is pictured. 9—Hannah Green wrote THE DEAD OF THE HOUSE. 10—This is the year Kurt Vonnegut gets the authorized biography. Of course it will be widely reviewed as it is the easiest sort of books to review: a potted mini bio of the author and one or two little bits of info and the reviewer is done. But remember literary biographies are always the first books that get tossed from personal libraries, followed by books of literary criticism. 10—the Library of America is publishing the first of a series of volumes devoted to Kurt Vonnegut. I wish they would tell us what the remaining volumes will contain. This one has SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE, GOD BLESS YOU, MR. ROSEWATER, CAT’S CRADLE and BREAKFAST OF CHAMPIONS. These are the books that make his claim to be remembered. I did not read them as they were being published. I heard about them, as one could say. But, now, finally, I realize: SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE together with Joseph Heller’s CATCH 22 for the European theatre and with two novels by James Jones, THE THIN RED LINE and FROM HERE TO ETERNITY covering the Pacific theatre that this is how an American imagines that thing called World War Two. I would add only Curzio Malaparte’s KAPUTT and THE SKIN along with Celine’s CASTLE TO CASTLE and RIGADOON to fill in a little shading. RIGADOON comes with an introduction by Kurt Vonnegut. 10-- The Library of America volume devoted to Vonnegut is the best way to experience Vonnegut if like me you didn’t read him the first time around and even if you did, this is a way to over-come the prejudice that always surrounded his career: an entertaining ScFi scribbler. 11--The only competition for the Library of America is the EVERYMAN series of books from Knopf. In the Strand I notice that EVERYMAN books do not linger on the shelves and they seem to be read when they do end up there, while the Library of America books tend to gather unread. Both series are actually one of the few bright spots of publishing. 1--THE EVERYMAN CHESTERTON, George Orwell’s BURMESE DAYS, KEEP THE APIDISTRA FLYING, COMING UP FOR AIR in one volume and the COLLECTED SHORT FICTION by V.S. NAIPAUL are the three latest books in EVERYMAN. I cannot pretend to have read all three but I can tell you that these books do invite reading. The Chesterton does not have some of his classic short essays such as Writing on the Ceiling, What I Found in my Pocket or Advantages of One Leg but this made up by including his ever new ORTHODOXY, THE EVERLASTING MAN and a large collection of Father Brown Stories, which as everyone knows always delighted Jorge Luis Borges… remember always it was Robert Louis Stevenson and Chesterton to which Borges always returned and provided the constant clarity to the typical Borgesian story. 11--When 1984 came and went as a year Orwell seemed to dim a bit and while ANIMAL FARM remains it is good to have the chance to read these three books again. My own Penguin versions have become brittle and brown. Burmese Days does little for me while the other two novels constantly remind of just how dreary life was and is for the most part in England, right down to the present moment which while slightly more glammed up remains at its core, still a plate of over-cooked take-away food washed down by watery beer, that is if you got back to the dingy over-priced hotel room without being set upon by drunken soccer thugs. 11—A few factual details to remember according to the Note on the Text. BURMESE DAYS was published in England in an edition of 2500 copies with an additional 500 were called for. KEEP THE APIDISTRA FLYING was published in an edition of 3000 copies of which 2194 were sold. COMING UP FOR AIR was published in an edition of 2000 copies and an additional 1000 were called for. 11—These numbers for most books of fiction are still the reality even in the US where the population is now 300 million. And in fact might be considered rather remarkable. 11—V.S. Naipaul has become a little eclipsed though given the reality in what used to be called the Third World he is as relevant, as understandable, as necessary. Though things in that part of the world have become even worse… but these stories fill in his permanent place in the world imagination… but come to them after A HOUSE FOR MR BISWAS. 12—No one would let me write about THE SLY COMPANY OF PEOPLE WHO CARE by Rahul Bhattacharya (Farrar Straus & Giroux). How to say the guy’s last name was a starter and then if I mentioned it’s a novel set in Guyana… quickly the conversation would yo-yo between my talking about the Guyanese students at the various colleges in NYC and Reverend Jim Jones who as you remember put that country on the map with his Kool-Aid transportation into the next world. An opening line, “Life, as we know, is a living, shrinking affair and somewhere down the line I became taken with the idea…” 12—A closing few lines from SLY COMPANY OF PEOPLE WHO CARE: “Light crept like a thief out of the fragile wet houses. Somewhere in the drip drop dark a maga dog whined. And my tears, they kept returning at intervals, and I purse them to no avail. Dayclean. Gone.” 12—I would go to Guyana in the morning if given the chance and while I would not use this book as a guide I would go because of this book. 13—Reviewing Enrique Vila-Matas’s BARTLEBY & CO for the Los Angeles Times (http://articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/19/books/bk-mcgonigle19) and declaring that it is: Perfect. Beautiful. ..what can I claim for his new book, NEVER ANY END TO PARIS? (New Directions) Well, I am jealous of every single line of this book, of every gesture he makes. In memory Vila Matas is back in the attic of Duras, back in his youth in Paris, back midst names of the famous…circling constantly about Hemingway who while it seems at this moment as I am typing to have disappeared is still of course ever present--- I have thought to seek out the man who wrote BARTLEBY & CO and MONTANO’S MALADY and now NEVER ANY END TO PARIS but I have not. How could I, since I have been in Nantes with my daughter as Vila Matas has also been there--- though did we pass in the street?---Vila-Matas gives one the illusion that anyone could write like he does but like the lottery in New York State…the dollar, the dream… I am not sure you have to have gone to Paris to read NEVER ANY END TO PARIS but it is probably necessary but only if you do not speak French. You must become the perfect French tourist in the Unites States: not speaking a single word of English but understanding everything because you have seen Vertigo, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, DOA… 14—Nantes always calls up Julien Gracq and Green Integer has released a short novel of his THE PENINSULA. Again I have reviewed and written about him. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2007/12/the-passing-of.html Each of Gracq’s books is distinct and while I am not going to ever know French and live in constant poverty as a result and why I take pride in my daughter who is very fluent in French with a good accent but who is not living in France so can I ever look forward to listening to her reading Gracq to me in French and then translating his travel journal from his voyage through the American Midwest? 14—In THE PENINSULA a man is waiting for a woman to arrive at a train station. She does not come on the morning train. He sets out driving waiting to come back to see if she will be on the evening train. “She had become simply the force that was hurling him towards their impending meeting, and what he felt was the passive well-being of a pebble skidding down a slope and whose onlt sensation of existence comes from the ever-increasing acceleration.” 14— from THE PENINSULA, “He would let himself be swallowed up by the wide lazy yawn of the countryside.” 14—from THE PENINSULA: (The girl in memory)”What a prude!” delivered with a school girl sententiousness from behind thee tangled barrier of blonde hair through which only the end of her very small nose emerged and which always made him want to kiss her. 15—if you want to have my literary references for writing these sentences you should know that GOING TO PATCHOGUE is again available and now in paper from Dalkey Archive and THE CORPSE DREAM OF N. PETKOV is still available from Northwestern University Press. My other books--- among others--- JUST LIKE THAT, NOTHING DOING, FORGET THE FUTURE have not found a courageous reader. Labels: CHESTERTON, EVERYMAN, HOLY BONES HOLY DUST, JULIEN GRACQ, Library of America, SLY COMPANY OF PEOPLE WHO CARE, VILA-MATAS, VONNEGUT	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line10
__label__cc	0.571139	0.428861	Donate Contact Legal Help Extra Featured Item 1 Extra Featured Item 2 Extra Featured Item 3 Legal Help Contact Donate Feat Item 1 Alliance Alert Areté Academy Young Lawyers BLOG3 Recent Examples of Planned Parenthood’s Abortion Cronyism at Work in U.S. Politics Share this page on Facebook: Share this page on Twitter: Follow @@ADF Post on Google+ Pin to Pintrest Connect with us on Pinterest Email this page to a friend: Personal Note: Recipients Email: By Marissa Mayer Posted on: \| October 06, 2016 Election season seems to bring out the worst in Planned Parenthood as their political arm lobbies support for pro-abortion policies and politicians. This year seems to be particularly bad following eight years of one of the most pro-abortion administrations in our country’s history. Here’s what the abortion giant has been up to lately—and it’s not pretty. 1. Obama Tries to Block States from Defunding Planned Parenthood Thanks to the authenticated undercover videos by the Center for Medical Progress, the whole nation got an intimate look at what goes on behind Planned Parenthood’s doors. And many of us didn’t like what we saw. In the last year and a half, more than a dozen states passed legislation defunding Planned Parenthood and redirecting those funds to Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). Outnumbering Planned Parenthood facilities nearly 20 to 1, these FQHCs are certainly more worthy of our tax dollars compared to a scandal-ridden abortion giant with an extensive rap sheet, fewer actual healthcare services, and a penchant for selling baby parts. It didn’t take long though for the abortion cronies to go into cleanup mode. From federal judges blocking state defund laws, to the Obama Administration funding Planned Parenthood directly through secretive grants, and pro-abortion members of the U.S. House of Representatives’ Select Investigative Panel on Infant Lives stonewalling the Planned Parenthood investigation at every turn, the abortion giant wasn’t going to let go of our tax dollars so easily. But the Obama Administration appears to be looking for a more permanent fix. They’ve introduced a regulation that would not only make it impossible for states to defund Planned Parenthood, but might actually end up giving the abortion giant even more of our tax dollars on top of the $500 million it already receives each year. “It’s difficult to read the president’s new regulation as anything other than a parting taxpayer-funded gift to a loyal crony,” said ADF Senior Counsel Casey Mattox, who wrote about Obama’s parting gift to Planned Parenthood for the Daily Signal. And he’s right. Planned Parenthood’s abortion cronyism is well-documented, and it certainly seems that the Obama Administration will do whatever it takes to protect the nation’s largest abortionist—no matter how the American people feel about it. 2. No Zika Fight Without Planned Parenthood Funding Pro-abortion democrats blocked federal funding to fight the Zika virus outbreak for months because the proposed bill didn’t include funding for two Planned Parenthood facilities in Puerto Rico. But abortion doesn’t treat Zika. All it does is kill innocent children in the womb who may or may not have potential disabilities. It wasn’t until Congress was on the verge of shutting down the government if a spending bill wasn’t passed that they struck a compromise. Unfortunately, that compromise included funding for Planned Parenthood, which abortion cronies so desperately wanted. 3. Planned Parenthood Silences Abortion Critics in California Planned Parenthood has worked with California Attorney General Kamala Harris to silence journalists who distribute recordings of insider communications of conversations involving abortion providers. This wildly unnecessary bill (it’s already illegal to make recordings without someone’s consent in California) is sponsored by Planned Parenthood, and creates extra criminal penalties—in this case $2,500 per violation, imprisonment of up to one year, or both—for those who distribute recordings of abortionists (ahem… “healthcare providers”). First of all, I must point out the irony of Planned Parenthood feeling the need to silence undercover journalists like David Daleiden even though they still claim his videos are “highly edited.” But back to the point: instead of changing their ways and becoming more—oh, I don’t know—humane and palatable to the American people, Planned Parenthood wants to silence anyone who dares show the world the truth about its dirty dealings. And if you wonder how bad this bill really is, consider the fact that not even the ACLU supports this bill that is so damaging to freedom of speech. Unfortunately on Monday, California Governor Jerry Brown signed the bill into law. Round 1 to the cronies. These examples of abortion cronyism are no coincidence. Sure, they've had to ramp up efforts thanks to their growing number of scandals, but since 2008, Planned Parenthood and its affiliates have increased federal election campaign contributions by over $19 million. Clearly the lengths the organization will go to in order to protect its abortion gold mine are nothing short of extreme. They know exactly what they’re doing—and they do it well. Senior Web Writer AZMarissaMayer Marissa Mayer is an Arizona native who fell in love with the written word at a young age. More from ADF View All Amazon Now Gets to Decide Which Information You’re Allowed to Consume DEADLINE APPROACHING Sarah Kramer 07/15/2019 16:16:13 You don’t know what’s good for you. But Amazon does. Mr. Funny \| Words \| Author \| I'm the icon \| www \| 07/15/2019 16:16:13 Read More This Baby Was Saved After These Pro-Life Students Stood for Freedom Maureen Collins 06/28/2019 16:45:44 Across the country, many students, groups, and even some professors are facin... Washington State Wants to Force This Church to Pay for Abortions The state of Washington has passed a law that forces churches like Cedar Park... Should We Follow Europe’s Example and Outlaw Hate Speech? A European Weighs In Is Europe’s approach to speech really the answer? ADF International Executive... Tweets by @AllianceDefends K thru 12 Church Alliance Ministry Alliance Arete Academy About Legal Request Legal Help © 2019 Alliance Defending Freedom is a registered 501(C)(3) Charity. All rights reserved. View Our Financials	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line11
__label__wiki	0.713065	0.713065	WWW & Online Welcome to Aubrey Plaza Online, your only source for everything on the American actress Aubrey Plaza. You may recognize Aubrey from her roles in 'Parks and Recreation', 'Safety Not Guaranteed', 'The To Do List' and 'Legion'. Her upcoming projects include 'The Little Hours', 'Ingrid Goes West' and 'An Evening With Beverly Luff Linn'. We aim to bring you all the latest news and images relating to Aubrey's acting career, and strive to remain 100% gossip-and-paparazzi-free. Please take a look around and be sure to visit again to stay up-to-date on the latest news, photos and more on Aubrey. Follow @aubreyplazanet Stay up-to-date on the latest news and photos by following us on Twitter! The Ark and the Aardvark (2018)Aubrey as Brain the Spider An aardvark named Gilbert lands the job of shepherding all the animals onto Noah’s Ark. News / Photos / IMDb An Evening With Beverly Luff Linn (2018)Aubrey as Lulu Danger Lulu Danger’s unsatisfying marriage taking a turn for the worse when a mysterious man from her past comes to town to perform an event called “An Evening With Beverly Luff Linn; For One Magical Night Only.” Legion (2017—)Aubrey as Lenny Busker David Haller was diagnosed as schizophrenic at a young age, and has been a patient in various psychiatric hospitals since. After Haller has an encounter with a fellow psychiatric patient, he is confronted with the possibility that there may be more to him than mental illness. Choice Affiliates schnetzer mulligan dacre haley lu Owner: Elise Online Since: October 24, 2016 Hosted by: Hostwinds / DMCA Contact: @mail / @form / @twitter Aubrey Plaza Online is a non-profit website made by fans for fans. We have no affiliation with Aubrey Plaza herself or anyone representing her in anyway. All content is copyrighted to the owners. If you feel any of the material rightfully belongs to you & want it removed, contact us & it'll be taken off without question. If you have any complaints please contact us before taking action. See also: Copyright and DMCA Elise on October 24,2017 / 0 Comments / 0 Aubrey @ Valentino and InStyle Cocktail Party Sorry for the delay — I was working on getting the site moved to a new host — but I’ve finally managed to add a few high-quality pictures of Aubrey attending the Valentino and InStyle Cocktail Party in Los Angeles on Sunday (October 22). She got to hang out with Dirty Grandpa co-star Zoey Deutch (they look so cute!), Marisa Tomei, Laura Brown as well as Bella Heathcote. Enjoy! Public Appearances > 2017 > October 22: Valentino and InStyle Cocktail Party, Los Angeles [+9] Gallery Updates / Public Appearances © Aubrey Plaza Online • aubrey-plaza.net / Designed by NWL9 Design / Hosted by Hostwinds / See also: Privacy Policy & Cookies Policy	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line19
__label__cc	0.610588	0.389412	IATA Reported Air Passenger And Cargo Up By Bill Goldston November 30, 2009 - Geneva - The International Air Transport Association (IATA) reported international scheduled traffic results for October 2009 showing improving conditions. Passenger demand was up 0.5% compared to October 2008. Demand for international cargo rose to 0.5% below previous year levels. This is significantly better than the 5.4% decline recorded in September. Load factors for passenger and cargo continue at pre-recession levels of 78.0% and 54.1% respectively. The improvement that started since passenger traffic hit bottom in March is similar to the pace of growth in 2006 and 2007. Without an exaggerated rebound from pent-up demand, there will be no rapid catch-up to the growth trend established in the 2005 to early-2008 period. “The crisis has cost the industry two years of growth. Adjusting costs and capacity to meet that reality will be challenging,” said Giovanni Bisignani, IATA’s Director General and CEO. The improvement in load factors to pre-recession levels is largely the result of careful capacity management. Compared to October 2008, overall passenger capacity on offer was down 3.3%. Stripping out seasonal fluctuations, passenger capacity has been essentially flat throughout 2009. Responding to the precipitous fall in cargo demand, October cargo capacity was 7.4% below the previous year’s levels. Cargo capacity adjustments have come with many freighters being put into storage or retired, resulting in a fleet reduction of 4.9%. In contrast, the passenger fleet continues to expand by 1.8% as new deliveries more than offset those being stored or retired. Aircraft utilization for both wide and narrow-body aircraft is now 6% below early 2008 levels. This low asset utilization is increasing operating costs. Yields remain under severe pressure. Although there has been a modest rise in air fares since mid-year, it remains around 20% less expensive to fly in real terms today than it was a year ago. International Scheduled Passenger Demand Passenger demand is now 6% better than the low point reached in March 2009, but 5% below the peak recorded in early 2008. Compared to September, seasonally adjusted passenger volumes rose by 0.8%. Carriers in all regions except the Asia-Pacific, Middle East and North America saw improved demand in October compared to September. Asia-Pacific carriers saw demand grow 0.9%, lower than the 2.1% recorded in September. The carriers in this region, together with the European carriers, have seen demand rise the most from their low points. While European carriers saw a demand decline of 3% in October, it is an improvement from the -4.2% in September. European carriers demand is still below the levels from last year due to weakness across the Atlantic and within Europe. North American carriers saw significant growth in international traffic through the middle of 2009. Very significant capacity cuts across both the Atlantic and Pacific have reduced traffic carried in October to -2.6% below 2008 levels. Middle Eastern carriers saw demand grow 14.3% (compared to 18.2% in September), the highest among the regions. The region’s carriers continue to add capacity, increasing 15.3% in October and outpacing the growth in demand. Latin American carriers saw significant increases in the demand for air travel, growing 9% compared to 3.4% in September. The region’s carriers continue to add capacity, growing 3.7% compared to 2008 African carriers saw the demand decline 2.6% in October, an improvement from September’s -4.2%. International Scheduled Cargo Demand Cargo traffic is 14% above the December 2008 low point, but remains 15% below the early 2008 peak. Compared to September 2009, seasonally adjusted cargo volumes rose by 2.5%. Carriers in all regions experienced improved demand conditions in October compared to September. European carriers saw the biggest weakness in demand with a fall of 11.3% compared to October 2008 - relatively unchanged from the 13% drop in September. The region’s carriers were also the most aggressive in adjusting capacity with a 12.4% cut compared to previous year levels. Middle Eastern carriers saw demand growth of 18.4%. This is significantly better than the 3.6% growth experienced in September and outpaced a capacity increase of 11.2%. North American carriers saw a 0.5% growth in demand against a 12% fall in capacity. Latin American carriers recorded a 6.7% growth, significantly higher than the 1.8% in September. Carriers in Asia-Pacific saw demand grow 1.9% compared to -3.1% in September. The region’s carriers have benefited from the air freight generated by the earlier and stronger economic revival in the region, with industrial production now rising strongly in a number of economies. African carriers saw demand decline 3.8%, an improvement from the -6.9% in September. “This recession is re-emphasizing a structural weakness in the industry. The inability to merge across political borders has created a hyper-fragmented industry. The industry is financially sick, and the medicine of cross-border consolidation is off limits due to an archaic regulatory structure. Market forces should guide our commercial operations. Instead the bilateral system, established in the 1940’s, puts governments in control of which markets can be served and limits access to global capital with ownership restrictions. No other industry faces such regulatory manacles,” said Bisignani. Earlier this month, Chile, Malaysia, Panama, Singapore, Switzerland, the US, the UAE, with the endorsement of the European Commission, signed a multilateral statement of policy principles focused on aviation liberalization. These principles aim to promote normal commercial freedoms for market access, access to capital (ownership) and pricing on a level playing field. The economic impact of such liberalization could add 0.86% to national GDPs according to studies by InterVISTAS. “Managing through this crisis will require all commercial tools that every other industry takes for granted. The principles have been developed by governments covering 60% of global aviation. Now the challenge is two-fold. States that signed need to apply the principles themselves while bringing more states on board. The statement of policy principles is not a panacea, but it is a historic step in the right direction at a critical time. A financially sustainable aviation industry is a necessary catalyst for the global economy,” said Bisignani. ©AvStop Online Magazine Contact Us Return To News Grab this Headline Animator	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line21
__label__cc	0.712508	0.287492	BOOKS VIDEO AUTHORS CONTACT by Michael Corbin Ray & Therese Vannier “A fine historical fantasy tale featuring a memorable, tenacious protagonist.” —Kirkus Reviews THE LONG WAY by Michael Corbin Ray & Therese Vannier. Take flight to China’s Opium Wars of the mid-19th century in this epic historical fantasy. Young orphan Leung Chi-Yen, born into the seedy world of Canton brothels, finds an opportunity to escape her fate during the chaos of British attacks on her country. Along with an unreliable monk from the fallen Temple of Seven Dragons, she journeys to North America at the time of the gold rush, the Indian wars, and the taming of the Wild West. Can she forge a new life for herself in this strange, dangerous world? And what about that mysterious Chinese dragon that has followed her so far from home? Buy the paperback from Amazon. Also available for Kindle, iBooks, NOOK, and Kobo. Also available in hardcover. READERS SAY What a great gift, to carry this sense of wonder with me in reality, to daydream about dragons, and to champion the strength of a young girl. Thank you! This is just a good old-fashioned, mind-transporting tale. I always enjoy reading, but this gave me a pure, unmitigated pleasure I associate with another time, place...self even! Unbelievably witty and compelling. I read each page as if it were a new kind of candy I tasted for the first time. I love Chi-Yen. She's such a strong character, and it can sometimes be difficult to find strong female characters. The book was really thrilling, and I could barely put it down. Chi-Yen is a heroine for all times and her journey and story are so compelling that once I started to read this tale I was almost unable to put the book down. Ray and Vannier have so beautifully woven this story that at times you will forget it is fantasy and get lost in it instead believing that it is history. What a wonderful book! The great characters, clever backstory and interesting historical backdrop come together to create just the right atmosphere for a marvelous tale that was quite hard to stop reading. I didn't want to put it down. Chi-Yen is a heroine I really want to see again! © 2013 Baaa! Press	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line23
__label__wiki	0.569394	0.569394	Squadron Aircraft: Summary Information Listed below is the information available for this aircraft which served in 550 Squadron. In particular thanks are due as listed below to sites without which it would have been next to impossible to put this information together: Bob Baxter (Bob's Bomber Command) for details of the aircraft. Especially the following very useful link: 550 Squadron Lancasters. Anybody wishing to locate further Lancaster histories, or to trace Lancaster losses for a raid can contact Larry Wright (a Lancaster and Manchester Bomber Historian) or look at his website http://www.lancaster-archive.com/ Finally in the cases of bombers that Failed to Return (FTR) the site http://www.lostbombers.co.uk/ has been invaluable (although this web-site appears to have gone offline permanently). Aircraft Details: The column headers should be fairly self-explanatory. The final column (Web links) contains, where given, links to other items on this web-site or indeed to external sources where further information or photographs, etc can be found. Associated Aircrew: This is the list of servicemen known to have flown on this aircraft at some time or other, it is not a particular crew (that can be found on other lists available on the site such as the crew shown on a specific operation, etc). An extended view of the Squadron Aircraft report providing more detailed information is available here [IMPLEMENTATION STILL TO BE FINALISED]. This extended version of the Squadron Aircraft report lists the crew members known to have flown in a particular aircraft. Definitions of the abbreviations used are available: here. Associated Aircrew No. of Ops BQ-Code X LL852 - - BQ-X FTR 15/16 Mar 1944, Stuttgart. One of two 550 Sqdn Lancasters lost on this operation (see also LM392). Crew: 6 KIA, 1 PoW F/L J F Craig Sgt K Thompson Sgt R D Samuels Sgt K R Sumner Sgt D E Nutter Sgt H C Petty Sgt L W F Overend This aircraft is one of the 550 Squadron aircraft that was lost on operations. The details of those air-crew who lost their lives while on operations in this aircraft are listed on the 550 Squadron Roll of Honour, see: LL852. Return to the top of the full aircraft listing. The details were last updated: 17 June 2019 Return to the top of the page. System time, uptime, load (F): 04:04:28 up 11 days, 10:23, 0 users, load average: 0.04, 0.05, 0.05 Home \| Copyright \| Disclaimer \| Contact	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line28
__label__cc	0.673111	0.326889	Home Health Samsung and Apollo Hospitals Launch Mobile Clinic to fight NCDs Chennai: Samsung India Electronics and Apollo Hospitals Group today launched the ‘Samsung-Apollo Mobile Clinic’ to provide access to quality, preventive healthcare against growing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to the less privileged. With this program, the two organisations aim to leverage technology to ensure citizens in rural areas in need of healthcare have access to it. The Samsung-Apollo Mobile Clinic was inaugurated by Hon’ble Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri. Banwarilal Purohit in the presence of Dr. Prathap C Reddy, Chairman of Apollo Hospitals Group, Ms Sangita Reddy, Joint Managing Director, Apollo Hospitals and Mr. Jae Young Yang, Managing Director, Samsung Manufacturing Plant, Chennai. Samsung-Apollo Mobile Clinic is well equipped with high-end technology for advanced screening of NCDs. NCDs are a growing menace across the world. Responsible for over 50% of deaths, NCDs like Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension and Cardiac ailments cause the biggest fatalities in India. Samsung-Apollo Mobile Clinic is targeted to win over NCDs by driving awareness and through early detection and preventive screening. People in rural areas will receive free-of-cost access to primary screening. Medical professionals from Apollo Hospitals will be engaged to execute the primary requirement of screening and camps through this initiative. Encouraging this initiative Hon’ble Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri Banwarilal Purohit, said: “It is a commendable partnership between Samsung and Apollo Hospitals and I appreciate their endeavour towards serving India and making it healthier. Together, Samsung and Apollo Hospitals will now ensure they will reach citizens by creating access to quality prevention and early detection services right at their doorsteps. Healthcare needs increased focus and I am happy to be part of this journey to make a difference.” Marking this momentous occasion, Dr. Prathap C Reddy, Executive Chairman, Apollo Hospitals Group, said: “The biggest challenge in India is to make Healthcare facilities accessible to one and all, especially in the wake of the rising incidences of NCDs. An estimated 17 million people die of cardiovascular diseases worldwide every year. The solution to all this is early detection and prevention. But in our vast country, everyone cannot access hospitals due to time & distance issues. Apollo Hospitals decided to take the accessibility challenge head on. Powered by Samsung, we now have a Mobile Clinic which will reach everyone who needs healthcare. We are starting this with Tamil Nadu and will soon spread this across other states as well. Our fight with NCDs is not limited to metros, so why must our healthcare be limited to hospitals. Apollo Hospitals will reach every citizen and ensure we all stay healthy. Only healthy and happy citizens can build a prosperous India. And at Apollo we are doing our bit to ensure this.” “Samsung believes in transforming communities and creating a better life for people. We are pleased to partner with Apollo Hospitals for the Samsung-Apollo Mobile Clinic that will provide free medical screening camps and primary healthcare services for non-communicable diseases to the less-privileged in Tamil Nadu. Through this collaboration, we aspire to bridge the gap and provide access to quality healthcare facilities to the people of the state,” said Mr. Peter Rhee, Corporate Vice President, Samsung India. Previous articleLG DELIVERS BOTH INNOVATION AND INTELLIGENCE IN IT’s NEW TELEVISION RANGE Next articleInfant With Complex Congenital Heart Disease who Suffered from Heart Attack Treated at Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line36
__label__cc	0.59267	0.40733	Garden Club makes a big gift by Beacon Hill Times Staff • November 23, 2010 • 0 Comments The Beacon Hill Garden Club made the largest donation in its 82-year history last week to benefit the Boston Common. The club gave $55,000 to the Friends of the Public Garden, which, with the Boston Parks and Recreation Department, will… Mayfair on the Hill gets in holiday spirit with gift drive With help from neighbors, Mayfair on the Hill is doing its part to make this holiday season brighter for patients at MassGeneral Hospital for Children. The salon, located at 81a West Cedar St., will hold its eighth annual gift drive… Playspace planning by Dan Murphy • November 23, 2010 • 0 Comments Members of the Friends of the Esplanade Playspace were on hand at the Beacon Hill Civic Association (BHCA) Parks and Public Spaces Committee meeting last week to discuss their playground proposal. The non-profit intends to build an approximately 10,000 square-foot… by Beacon Hill Times Staff • November 23, 2010 • 1 Comment Everything about our lives and about the well-being of our nation has been put in question by the nagging recession that has cost so many jobs and our belief in the banking system and even our belief in our ability… Larceny – Pickpocket 11/11/10 – At around 2:45 p.m., a female victim reported that an unknown person removed her purse, containing U.S. currency, bankcards and personal items, from her bag while she was sitting in a Charles Street coffee shop.… Hill House launches inaugural Girls on the Run program By John O’Hara The Hill House’s newest children’s program received a great boon recently as local sneaker manufacturer New Balance announced its desire to bestow a ten thousand dollar grant upon Girls on the Run (GOTR) of Suffolk County. GOTR,… ‘Taste of Alsace’ at the Colonade Hotel Guests gathered at the Colonnade Hotel on Nov. 9 to celebrate all things French with the “Taste of Alsace.” Regional gastronomic specialties were featured from 20 of Boston’s finest restaurants, including the Beacon Hill Hotel & Bistro, Sel de la… BHCA board outlines a list of aspirations for the Hill The Beacon Hill Civic Association (BHCA) board of directors voted unanimously last Monday to adopt six aspirations outlined in its community plan for the neighborhood. Michelle Vilms, a former BHCA board member and current Planning and Research Committee member, described… Menino shows strength and common sense on crucial issues Last week, Boston’s mayor showed why he remains relevant after all these years to the vast majority of residents living and working in this city. First, he issued a major statement indicating that he will be going to the State… Police Blotter 11-15-2010 Breaking and Entering – Residence 11/03/10 – Victims reported that an unknown male entered their Joy Street apartment at around 5 a.m. while they were home in the bedroom. One victim stated that he spotted the reflection of the suspect…	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line41
__label__cc	0.72875	0.27125	Volume 10 Issue 01\| January 07, 2011 \| Writing the Wrong Star Diary Write to Mita Those Kolkata Evenings... Park Street, Kolkata. In their later fifties, they had all travelled back to their late teens. On Kolkata's Free School Street, these days known as Mirza Ghalib Street, Zakia (and she is the woman I married long ago, for good, it seems) and her friends were coming together again, with me thrown in for good measure, to chime in the New Year. The conversation was cheeringly loud, the laughter was earth shattering and the jokes, flowing stream-like, made one roll on one's stomach for minutes on end. Kiran Singh came forth with her mixture of English and Hindi; Jawed Hassan, beside the radiant Shireen, demonstrated yet once more the throbbing soul that is his; Jaya and Raaj, with whom my meeting was nearly a quarter century after the last one, were yet the suave Bengali couple they used to be; Romy Oberoi, once the most handsome man in the group, with the girls falling for him because of his Gregory Peck-like voice, asked me in low tones if I wanted a brandy. A pity I couldn't oblige him, for my wife kept glaring at both of us. A glass of coca cola was all that I had. And then it struck midnight. The whole of Kolkata exploded in cheers and laughter and sometimes in the inanity of screams. In that room, it was suddenly hugs and kisses that took over. Everyone felt that life was to be lived. Thoughts of posterity were far from the mind, and very properly too. I watched them all. I saw in those evergreen teenagers the verve and energy that has consistently defined Kolkata. I observed, in happy surprise, the spontaneity which gave Zakia a new dimension, a zest for life that was hers in all the years she had spent growing up in Kolkata. And I wondered what huge compulsion was there for her to move to a new country, to leave behind an ambience that had always been hers and that she ought to have held on to. As Kolkata lighted up in the early minutes of a new year, it felt good to see her laugh and scream. In that vibrant countenance, it was a long-ago, perennial image of womanhood that was fast taking shape before me once more: she striding forth, books hugging her, from the classroom to the teachers' room, to tell me I reminded her of Woody Allen. Rewind to Dhaka 1981. Around me, around us, Kolkata was in a state of delight, as London had been a year previously. In the pre-dawn hours I would be on my way back home to Bangladesh, reliving the intense few days in which I had soaked the city into my consciousness through my long walks along Park Street and Elgin Road. The end of December in Bengal (read here the free state of Bangladesh and the Indian portion of the old landscape) is always a time for self-discovery. In Kolkata this winter, it was again memories of my father that tiptoed back in. On Ripon Street, the imagination went back to a recreation of the quarters he had lived in. I passed by the old geological survey office, the workplace that had been his for five years before he bade farewell to Kolkata for good as he boarded a train for distant Quetta. At New Market and in Chowringhee, cosmopolitan crowds flowed silently, politely by. What then had gone wrong with civility back in the mad summer of 1946, to propel Muslims and Hindus into murderous assaults on one another? Nothing can be more wounding than a mauling of history, than a feeling that what should have been one, indivisible country is today a scarred, charred landscape of geography and soul. Things should not have been this way. Waiting to cross the road, for I meant to walk into Music World on the other side, I asked myself: couldn't 1947 have come and gone, without ravaging lives, without jeopardising the future of the generations to be? At Oxford, the books place on Park Street, I leafed through the volumes I would be taking home. I sipped tea, wishing Shona were around, wishing the moments did not rush to a close. Bibliophiles talked in various states of excitement around me. The oyster in me craved the pearl in her. The earth wished, desperately, to find itself again in the warmth of the sky.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line48
__label__cc	0.710372	0.289628	Posted on June 23, 2014 by Barbara Hattemer Barbara with Long Time Porn Fighters Left to right: Robert Peters, Past MIM President; Bruce Taylor, Justice Department Prosecutor of Pornography Cases; Pat Trueman, Present MIM President Last month I attended the Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation in Washington, D.C. where Morality in Media’s new president Patrick Trueman and assistant Dawn Hawkins gathered anti-pornography leaders from all over the country for the first time in 27 years. They have ignited a fire in anti-pornography fighters and have achieved outstanding successes this year. As the rape rate between men and women in the military soared, Morality in Media convinced the military to stop selling pornography on all their bases and Google to drop all pornography ads. Google has implemented a new advertising policy which eliminates pornographic and sexually explicit ads and they will no longer link to sites that contain such materials. When the Federal Communications Commission decided to lower standards on television, MIM visited the FCC and convinced its new head not to do it. They also publicize a Dirty Dozen List of organizations that promote pornography. Listed organizations are asking what they must do to be removed from that list. With these successes behind them, MIM convened the Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation. Opening the summit at the National Press Club, they presented pornography as a Public Health Crisis and caught worldwide attention. News articles appeared on every continent. The energy of the conference was electric! Young leaders with full technical know-how are producing movies, videos, and YouTubes about the horrors of pornography and writing helpful books. Good Pictures Bad Pictures by Kristen A. Jenson and Gail Poyner teaches adults how to talk to children when they are exposed to porn and how to resist the temptation to look at pornography when they see it. What Can I Do About Him? Me? by Rhyll Anne Croshaw tells those struggling with sexual addiction how couples can work through the long recovery process to heal both the betrayed wife and the addicted husband. My easy-to-read novel An Island Just for Us educates women about the effects of pornography and encourages them to start talking about it in book club and church groups. Covenant Eyes and Net Nanny described technology that protects children from seeing porn on the Internet, Ipads or Iphones. Radical feminists spoke passionately and eloquently about what the porn industry is doing to women. Thirty percent of visits to Internet porn are from women. Formerly addicted women are working to rescue female consumers and those who work in porn films. PornProofKids.com offers a Smart Plan to deal with exposure to porn and trains the whole family to reject it. Their helpful website offers tips and tools to protect young minds and prevent your children from using porn when they are bored, lonely, angry, stressed and tired. Suggestions for how to talk to your children about pornography are invaluable. Ministers are being called to fight this issue. They find that 40% to 80% of their men secretly look at pornography. Jay Dennis, a minister from Lakeland, Florida, has written a book to help ministers tackle the issue in their own churches. He tells fellow ministers how to free men from dependence on pornography and become the spiritual leaders they are meant to be. He is seeking one million men and one million women who will commit to leading a porn-free life and respond to requests for action. These contacts produce results that tell us pornography can be beaten back. I returned home full of optimism that this war is winnable. A former porn producer told us he walked the malls looking for pretty women who were alone. When he approached them, he told them how beautiful they were. By the way they responded he could tell which ones he could flatter and lure into his studio. Once they walked through that door, they were captives who were held prisoner. Drugged, filled with alcohol, often beaten, they were forced to perform on film until they were broken, contracted a disease or became physically unfit to perform. It is such a dark world we find it hard to believe that such cruelty exists today, but we must all work to bring it out in the open where healing can begin. So much porn is now free on the Internet, the pornography industry would fail financially without human sex trafficking. We must realize that different types of sexual exploitation are thoroughly intertwined. Pornography is a major factor in creating the demand for trafficked women and children. Until we curb the demand for pornography, we will not solve the problem of trafficking. I encourage you to join the Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation. Please email me for further information: barbhat@infionline.net. This entry was posted in Live Every Day Of Your Life. Bookmark the permalink. One Response to A Winnable War Melody Bergman says: Great write-up of the Summit, Barbara! Thanks for posting. Maybe we’ll bump into each other next year. 🙂 ← Previous Post - The Epigenetic Revolution Next Post - FLAVON, a Great New Health Product →	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line53
__label__cc	0.629605	0.370395	BREATHMINT Newton “Rotting Rainbows b/w Goodbye Candle Haus” Rainbow Bridge Recordings A bogglin tape-heavy + out of this world noisy collage from a hardcore vet of bizarrities you all know and love. Maybe you know him as half of FUN or his gorgeous label called BREATHMINT. Side A’s an assault of every god damn color in the spectrum. Sounds like total synth madness with a dizzying stereo image panning party. Side B is the legendary and much anticipated and super confusing collage masterpiece of a bunch of super drunk friends of mine totally trashing the basement of Candle Haus, complete with lots of glass, after their last show before they all broke up and ruined the noise scene in Fairfax, VA. – Justin Marc Lloyd Black ink on either light blue, yellow, pale dark red, neon orange, lime green/white zebra print, or dark violet card stock, hand-numbered. Category: Audio Recording \| Comments Off on Newton “Rotting Rainbows b/w Goodbye Candle Haus” Various Artists â€œRainbow Bridge 2014 New Year’s Media Cluster Sample Collection For Internets Only!” Rainbow Bridge 2014 New Year's Media Cluster Sample Collection For Internets Only! by Various Artists Previews / Clips / Samples by: Breakdancing Ronald Reagan, Breakdancing Ronald Reagan + Pregnant Spore, Collapsed Arc, Crank Sturgeon, FASX, JML, Juice Machine, Justin Marc Lloyd, Newton, Path To Lobster Believers, PCRV, Prgnnt Spr, Scant, Silver Moult, Sorcerer Torturer, Swallowing Bile, Widow’s Bath. Category: Audio Recording \| Comments Off on Various Artists â€œRainbow Bridge 2014 New Year’s Media Cluster Sample Collection For Internets Only!” Recorded Works Past Live Performances Newton – Live Performance @ Dustbunny Flag Day I Milton “∞ Brothers” tour Newton – Live Performance @ Vox Populi We Sing a New Language: The Oral Discography of Thurston Moore Noise Show at Jupiter Records, New Jersey Random Gear Festival 2016 Providence edition Newton – Live Performance @ Lava Space Newton – Live Performance @ Heaven’s Gate Categories Select Category Audio Recording (68) Exhibition (4) Festival (83) In-Store (13) In-Studio (13) Installation (3) Live Performance (493) Micro-Show (16) Podcast (6) Press (3) Radio (7) Recommended (7) Tour (126) Uncategorized (132) Video (19) Webcast (1) Archives Select Month June 2019 (2) April 2017 (2) March 2017 (2) November 2016 (1) August 2016 (1) July 2016 (3) June 2016 (3) May 2016 (6) April 2016 (3) February 2016 (9) January 2016 (1) December 2015 (1) October 2015 (4) September 2015 (10) August 2015 (2) July 2015 (3) June 2015 (1) April 2015 (1) March 2015 (1) February 2015 (2) January 2015 (3) December 2014 (1) June 2014 (2) May 2014 (6) April 2014 (11) March 2014 (2) February 2014 (5) January 2014 (6) December 2013 (2) November 2013 (1) October 2013 (6) September 2013 (3) August 2013 (4) July 2013 (7) June 2013 (4) May 2013 (7) April 2013 (3) March 2013 (4) February 2013 (7) January 2013 (12) December 2012 (5) November 2012 (6) October 2012 (4) September 2012 (14) August 2012 (4) July 2012 (6) June 2012 (4) May 2012 (6) April 2012 (3) February 2012 (3) January 2012 (3) December 2011 (6) November 2011 (4) October 2011 (9) September 2011 (11) August 2011 (8) July 2011 (10) June 2011 (6) May 2011 (8) April 2011 (4) March 2011 (3) February 2011 (3) January 2011 (2) December 2010 (2) November 2010 (1) October 2010 (3) September 2010 (3) August 2010 (6) July 2010 (5) June 2010 (7) May 2010 (12) April 2010 (2) March 2010 (2) February 2010 (9) January 2010 (4) December 2009 (2) November 2009 (2) October 2009 (9) September 2009 (21) August 2009 (11) July 2009 (9) June 2009 (7) May 2009 (2) April 2009 (5) March 2009 (3) February 2009 (11) January 2009 (8) November 2008 (2) October 2008 (7) September 2008 (3) August 2008 (8) July 2008 (1) June 2008 (6) May 2008 (5) April 2008 (6) March 2008 (2) February 2008 (8) January 2008 (1) December 2007 (2) November 2007 (2) October 2007 (2) September 2007 (5) August 2007 (4) July 2007 (1) June 2007 (1) May 2007 (9) April 2007 (3) March 2007 (3) February 2007 (4) January 2007 (3) December 2006 (1) October 2006 (1) September 2006 (5) August 2006 (1) June 2006 (3) May 2006 (1) March 2006 (2) February 2006 (2) December 2005 (1) October 2005 (2) September 2005 (4) August 2005 (1) June 2005 (3) May 2005 (1) February 2005 (3) November 2004 (1) August 2004 (2) June 2004 (1) April 2004 (4) March 2004 (5) February 2004 (3) January 2004 (2) December 2003 (5) November 2003 (1) October 2003 (4) September 2003 (1) June 2003 (1) May 2003 (2) April 2003 (4) February 2003 (1) January 2003 (4) December 2002 (2) November 2002 (2) October 2002 (8) September 2002 (1) July 2002 (2) June 2002 (5) May 2002 (14) April 2002 (3) March 2002 (1) January 2002 (5) November 2001 (5) October 2001 (1) September 2001 (10) August 2001 (5) July 2001 (2) June 2001 (5) May 2001 (3) April 2001 (1) March 2001 (5) November 2000 (2) October 2000 (12) September 2000 (2) July 2000 (2) June 2000 (2) May 2000 (1) April 2000 (2) February 2000 (1) January 2000 (2) October 1999 (1) August 1999 (2) July 1999 (1) May 1999 (2) January 1999 (1) May 1998 (1) March 1998 (1) January 1998 (1) December 1997 (1) November 1997 (1) April 1996 (2) June 1995 (1) Recent Uploaded Videos Brooklyn Carlos Giffoni Clang Quartet Cock E.S.P. 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__label__cc	0.661569	0.338431	“I’m home!” she yelled, her voice mostly muffled by a half empty gallon of milk and mysterious tupperware and take out containers. She opened a white paper container, poking at the beef and broccoli in congealed sauce inside, and folded the lid back together, stashing it back in the fridge. She made an attempt on the freezer, and found a pint of ice cream to her liking. She heard the swinging door between the kitchen and dining room open as she was rummaging a spoon out of the silverware drawer, and turned around. Her uncle Theo was there, wiping paint off his hands. “Hey,” he said. “I thought you had a thing,” he said. “Yeah, well, nobody showed.” She jabbed the spoon into the ice cream. It was frozen too hard, and the spoon bent. She frowned and pulled it out, tried to straighten it. Theo reached for the spoon. “I got it,” he said. “Stick that in the microwave for like 30 seconds. That oughtta soften it up real good.” She held the ice cream between her hands. “Nah. It’ll soften on its own just fine.” She looked up at him. “What was school like for you?” “I never went to school.” “So you, what, you were homeschooled?” “Nah, babygirl. I never went to no kinda school.” “What about mom?” “Nothin for her until she got her GED. She took classes for that, and got some college after.” “How is that, I mean, how is that possible? To grow up in the USA and not go to school at all?” “Me an your ma… we were in a real shitty situation.” “She never talked about being a kid.” “Yeah. That’s on accounta she never got to be a kid. That’s somethin your dad gave her, a chance to feel young and not worry about nothin. Until his family found out about her, anyway.” “Yeah, well, they’re assholes and I hate them.” Theo shook his head. “If they called up and said they was around the corner and you should come out and meet ’em, you’d be out the door before they finished the sentence.” She walked over to the fridge and shoved the ice cream back into the freezer. “Yeah, well, what can I say. It’s nice living someplace that has no corpses.” She stalked off upstairs, leaving Theo in the kitchen holding a bent spoon. Cassie kicked the door closed with a big slam. She opened it up and slammed it again. And then again. And then once more.She didn’t think anyone was home, so she literally jumped when someone cleared their throat behind her. She turned and saw Uncle Theo standing at the fridge, a dark blue bottle of […] WIP: Changeling: The Ghost of Pizza FuturePrevious Entry WIP: Summary: King of ThievesNext Entry	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line67
__label__cc	0.608771	0.391229	Peoria, IL – Friday, May 13, 2016 a military blog go to pjstar.com Tag: U.S. Army Medavac mess — another chopper controversy And then we have other news involving choppers, this time, medavac out of the ‘stan. Controversial milblogger Michael Yon has raised the issue that medical choppers should be armed so they don’t have to wait for an escort; a wait he says might have cost hte life of a soldier: Concerns about the evacuation of Spec. Chazray C. Clark have been raised by an Internet blogger, Michael Yon, who had been embedded with Clark’s unit, and by Missouri Congressman Tim Akin, who earlier this week wrote a letter to Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, questioning the army’s policy of using only unarmed medevac helicopters. Those medevacs require an armed escort, which can lead to delays because of the high demand for helicopters. Yon, a former soldier, has embedded dozens of times and has a certain level of celeb status in the milblog world. People either love him or hate him. He takes great pictures, understands the troops but is very candid at times and drives people bonkers with his statements. Here’s a sample from his story on the dust0ff mess: This is not the only time that medevacs have been delayed in responding to 4-4 Cav requests, or had to switch landing zones due to heavy enemy fire. If thePedros were dispatched they would come right in because they can shoot back. After ten years of war, the Army has had every opportunity to fix this problem. If the Army intended to right this wrong it would have been improved years ago. Clearly, the Army lacks the will to address this issue. We need courageous leadership. This issue should be elevated to the level of the Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, who needs to shake the Army’s political tree and fix our medevac issue before more troops die. The Army has nixed that idea saying there is not a need to arm the chopper which are not considered combatants under the Geneva Convention. (of course, the Taliban doesn’t care about that but I guess we do). Another important point is that arming our MEDEVACs would significantly impact the capability of the aircraft. Machine guns, related mounting equipment, ammunition and the gunners all add weight to the aircraft. The added weight would hinder the aircraft’s ability to work at higher altitudes because of reduced lift, as well as its speed and range. Additionally, MEDEVACs can carry up to four litter patients, but if weapons were added, that number would be reduced, which would in turn require the commitment of more MEDEVAC aircraft, an already low density and high demand asset. Further, arming MEDEVACs would not reduce the need for armed escort. Again, our aircraft travel in pairs. The decision to use escort is the tactical commander’s, and the Army does not dictate how or when it is necessary to use these assets. Finally, it’s important to remember that the Army would change its policy if battlefield commanders wanted a change. We take our obligation to perform the MEDEVAC mission very seriously. We’re a learning organization and periodically we review our policies to make sure they remain relevant. We looked at the MEDEVAC policy in 2008, but after a review, we determined no change was necessary. Friend of the blog, Carl Prine, a reporter with mlitary.com, a former Marine and soldier (he did combat duty in Iraq) has this to say about the matter over on his Facebook page. Good guy, intelligent. Friend him and learn. There is a chopper pilot who giving out great information over there. Really well done. Author Andy KravetzPosted on January 20, 2012 Categories Afghanistan, Army, milblogsTags Afghanistan, milblogs, U.S. Army1 Comment on Medavac mess — another chopper controversy Video: Mud stops Abrams tank in its tracks, hilarity ensues That’s the headline from the Army Times’ blog, “Outside the Wire.” Enjoy the video. It’s funny and a good way to waste a few minutes. Anyone who has been in the mud, whether it is a big ole tank or a little car can appreciate this. I can’t embed the video but just surf over to the Army Times’ blog. It’s worth the few minutes. Author Andy KravetzPosted on January 11, 2012 January 11, 2012 Categories Army, humorTags humor, U.S. ArmyLeave a comment on Video: Mud stops Abrams tank in its tracks, hilarity ensues New cammies coming to the Army? Or will they just copy the Marines Remember a year or so ago when I wrote about the Army considering the use of the Marine camouflage pattern because their ACU’s were just, well, not working in Afghanistan? Well, the Army used the Multicam Pattern for its soldiers in the ‘Stan but has continued to look at possibly replacing the UCP on the ACUs. Well, this week, the Army announced its finalists. For those who don’t know what I am talking about, here’s the Multicam pattern used by people in Afghanistan. It’s not authorized for wear back here in the states. I kinda like it better than the ACUs. There are other differences with the pockets, the Velcro and other stuff but the main thing is the pattern. The ACU pattern wasn’t considered very stealthy for the terrain there. When it is used over there, it’s called Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern. Long name, same Multi Cam pattern. Okay, then we have the ACU pattern which uses the UCP or the The Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), also referred to as ACUPAT (Army Combat Uniform PATtern) or Digital Camouflage (“digicam”). So the Army has become a fashionista’s worst nightmare with differing opinions on what looks good in the the war zone. I am reminded of that sketch from Robin Williams in Good Morning Vietnam which basically says to wear black because it looks good in both formal and causal attire. Ha ha. So the news here is that the Army might replace the Multicam, the UCP or keep one or the other or go possibly go with the Marine pattern, which I think is covered under a patent or something. They would have to ask permission to use it. From the news story on the possible change. On Oct. 31, Army Secretary John McHugh and Chief of Staff Gen. Ray Odierno approved the plan to continue forward with the testing of the five patterns. It’s still unclear; however, whether the Army will replace will replace the UCP. Each finalist submitted a family of camouflage patterns for desert, woodland, and transitional along with a single coordinated pattern for individual equipment such as body armor and load-bearing gear so soldiers wouldn’t have to change out their kit from one environment to the next. Rangers units, for some time, have worn equipment in a shade known as “Ranger green.” And Marines chose coyote brown to wear with its woodland and desert camo uniforms. Once the camouflage uniforms are produced, the field trials and other evaluations could take up nine months to complete, Dawson said. The Army will then conduct a cost-benefit analysis to determine if the Army will adopt a new camouflage pattern. Author Andy KravetzPosted on January 11, 2012 Categories ArmyTags U.S. Army5 Comments on New cammies coming to the Army? Or will they just copy the Marines Video of Improved Humvee — Driver’s POV [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL33Opw3Ikc&feature=player_embedded#!] Wanna feel what it is like to riding in a Humvee, complete with the weird sound that a military vehicle makes. Go to this link which came courtesy of AOLDefense blog. The military is currently looking at a new, up armored but more powerful Humvee to replace the current fleet. Seems the jeep-like vehicle which was made for the battlefields of Europe and to shoot across the hard desert (IED free of course) needs some help in the post-IED world as the enemy builds better and better IEDs, ones that can even take out MRAPs. The debate is this. Do we revamp the Humvee which is essentially 1970s or 1980s technology or come up with something all new. They have MRAPs and MR-ATVs out there but the military’s main people-mover probably needs more oomph and more power to handle the increased armor. The problem with the current or legacy Humvees is that their armor is too thin to handle IED blasts and the uparmored ones are underpowered. Sure, they can function and have been but the DOD wants more get up and go for its Jeep. So what to do? The MRAPs and the MR-ATVs have saved countless lives and are a godsend to troops downrange but they aren’t necessarily the best option for all things. In other words, it’s not a one-size fits all as much as some might want to make it that way. The guy from AOLDefense put the new truck through its paces on a test track. the video above is his driving. It did take some time to adjust – after all, driving a 4-ton tactical vehicle down a track designed to mimic the conditions in Afghanistan is not like driving your SUV to the local Safeway. Once comfortable with the mammoth machine, I careened down passes just wide enough to handle the vehicle’s larger wheelbase (compared to the legacy Humvee) and into hairpin corners cut into the rocky, red-clay dirt. To my surprise, the truck turned almost effortlessly into and out of the corners. I’d never driven a Humvee before but I was able to power the truck up and over large dirt mounds smoothly, only leaving V-shaped gashes in the tops of the mounds where the IED-resistent hull scraped the earth. Author Andy KravetzPosted on August 26, 2011 Categories ArmyTags U.S. Army2 Comments on Video of Improved Humvee — Driver’s POV MOH recipient: “It was the right thing to do.” From left, Cpl. Javier Rivera, Pfc. William Parker and Staff Sgt. Leroy Petry watch the Dallas Mavericks play in December 2009. It was announced in May that Petry will receive the Medal of Honor. Sgt. 1st Class Leroy Petry is just a stud, pure and simple. I mean, really. I am amazed at the level of courage and dedication our fighting men and women show. for those who don’t know, Petry is an Army Ranger who in 2008, was serving in Afghanistan when a grenade landed near him. He picked the grenade and threw it away, severing his hand in the process. On Tuesday (today), he was awarded the nation’s highest medal for valor, The Medal of Honor. Stars and Stripes reporter Leo Shane has a great story that can be found right here which has an exclusive interview with the Ranger. Check out this quote from Leo’s story which is just amazing. First off, remember that he was already wounded, that he was in the midst of a firefight and that combat has a whirl of confusion and haze about it already. Put that in your mind and then read this: When the explosion severed his hand, Petry was already fueled by adrenaline and anger from his earlier wounds. “I didn’t feel any pain,” he said. “It was odd. When I sat back up and saw my hand … I grabbed where my wrist was, and it was completely gone. I was waiting for the Hollywood squirt, blood to go flying in the air, but that didn’t happen. Then I went back to my military training, applied the tourniquet that I had.” Unreal. Yeah, I know, you do what you have to. Yes, I know, survival is an instinct and yes, he has been trained but really, wow. I am thoroughly impressed. He’s the second man in the GWOT to get the MOH while they are still alive. I think he’s the ninth person overall to earn the honor. Kudos. Author Andy KravetzPosted on July 12, 2011 Categories Afghanistan, ArmyTags Afghanistan, medal of honor, U.S. ArmyLeave a comment on MOH recipient: “It was the right thing to do.” DOD Buzz Doonesbury's Sand Box Michael Yon's online magazine San Antonio News-Express Military Coverage The Sand Gram This ain't hell but you can see it from here Thomas Ricks' Best Defense US Naval Institute Blog Wings over Iraq pjstar.com Blogs – inFormation RSS CNN's Afghan War coverage Dept. of Defense Illinios' VA Dept. NY Times' war coverage The Journal Star The Military Times The VA Washington Post's Afghan coverage Wired's Danger Room Canton native earns Warrior of the Day aboard USS Harry S. Truman Greater Peoria Honor Flight fundraiser Good luck to the 183rd AOG Rough day for Blue Angels, Thunderbirds and Fort Hood Stolen valor allegations in Rock Island’s federal court Pekin native done good with the U.S. Navy. read all about it!!! 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__label__cc	0.563059	0.436941	New Car Releases Philips Brilliance 328P Review By Paul Hadley - 2 years ago Why Do I Need a New High Quality Display? I believe that any photographers out there have this inner itch that you can never quite catch. And that’s the itch for new and better gears. It’s inevitable, you may say that you have already spent enough money, but once you scroll through these ads innocuously, the next page you’ll be on is Amazon. Sliders, shoulder rigs, crane, new cameras and lenses are all very appetising, but there’s one thing that you might not know you need. A good quality monitor. After all, even the very best photos will look horrendous if it’s processed and viewed on a bad screen. That’s why even if you’re not a photographer at heart, investing in a monitor may be prove to be astute. If you live your life on a computer, putting the money into a solid monitor is even more crucial. Well, the good news is that while high quality panels used to be priced exorbitantly, thanks to the advent of increasingly advanced and complex displays, they’ve come down in pricing a lot. The monitor that we’re taking a look at today is one such example, cue the Philips Brilliance 328P. In short, the 328P is an advocate for great monitors at a reasonable price. It sets out to win the hearts of consumers even just sitting on display, not by its beauty or incredibly thin bezels, but by its sheer value for money. Just by looking at the spec sheets, it is a lot of monitor for current pricing of around £565. The Aesthetics Coming in at 32″, the 328P’s big game is that it’s a 4K display. The golden standard that is slowly becoming the standard for Internet media production nowadays. This is also an appealing resolution choice for content creators, and it’s apparent that the 328P appeases to this particular crowd by touting its broad colour gamut, and 10-bit display. The latter of which still remains to be very much underutilised currently, other than in the pro sector. Other than that, it’s also running a VA panel, which is the current middle ground between IPS and TN panels. VA panels have the advantage in contrast, and the 328P boasts 3 times more static contrast than a comparable IPS display. VA panels tend to be more saturated as well, albeit it traditionally loses out in terms of colour accuracy and reproduction than IPS panels. From the aesthetics, it’s not an eminently attractive panel, as Philips does have to save money somewhere. I do like the understated and conservative ‘pro’ look personally though. Beauty is skin deep, however, as you can adjust how you want the display angle to your heart’s content. With a sturdy and robust chassis, the 328P assertively tilts, swivels, pivot and pans vertically. Since it’s not a light monitor, it does put a lot of stress on the hinge though, and it may wobble if its placed on a dubious support. You can also find a decent selection of ports on the 328P, namely a USB hub with USB 3.0 and fast charging, which is useful in keeping clutter to a minimum. Philips also pack the cables you need to get started, DisplayPort, DVI, HDMI and VGA. There are no physical buttons on the 328P, instead, you’ll be relying on labelled touch sensitive buttons. A nifty novelty the 328P offers is MultiView, which allows for multiple signal input into the monitor itself for seamless work switching, another productivity tool. It’s also possible to mount the 328P with a custom stand. Booting It Up Speaking of colour, the 328P is stupendous. I don’t have a colourimeter to truly measure my results scientifically, but I could tell that it’s an impressive monitor. Looking up for information on the Internet, the 328P musters nearly 100% of the sRGB colour space, and manages a solid score in colour reproduction. Contrast is astounding as well. Overall, it’s a very strong monitor even out of the box without calibration. That said, I believe that buyers of this monitor are definitely the crowd that’ll calibrate it to get the most out of it though. The viewing angle is also impressive, and realistically you won’t be viewing it outside of its zone. It does get pretty bright, however, you’d want to keep it off harsh sunlight anyways. It’s also very quiet under operation, and does not put out much heat at all. What I found the most useful though is the 328P’s generous size, paired with 4K, it offered me a very pleasant experience working with it. I could easily drive multiple programs while keeping them viewable. It’s something that you just can’t do with smaller screens since you’d run out of screen real estate and you’d have to begin squinting for your files. It’s also a great panel for media consumption. If you browse streaming sites and look at videos frequently, you’d gladly acknowledge the size of the display. So, would I recommend it? If you find yourself often needing a larger display with a suitable resolution paired with it, the 328P with its aggressive pricing is hard to beat. There are some things you can pick at, but if you’re just a general user with a passion for photography, the 328P is perfectly suited to the job. I, for instance, found myself yearning for its size and colour after the review, and certainly find the value shockingly good. What do you think? Is the 328P worth your money? Philips Brilliance 328P Review was last modified: December 10th, 2017 by Paul Hadley Previous article DEKRA Opens New Connected Car Test Area Next article Rug Doctor Portable Spot Cleaner Review Michelin Programmable Superfast SUV Tyre Inflator Review We have all been there. We are about to set off on a journey. 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__label__cc	0.524578	0.475422	County Courts District Judges Victim & Witness Register & Recorder Family Centered Services Family Findings Reach Out Mentoring Program (ROMP) School Based Outreach Conservation District … Agricultural Programs Demo Lot Dirt and Gravel Roads E&S Plans Erosion, Sediment Control, Stream & Wetland Permits Farm City Festival No Till Drill Staff & Director Tree Sales Emergency Services … Department of Emergency Services Countywide Fire/EMS Training Planning, Grants, Zoning 2015 Needs Assessment Boards & Authorites - 5 CleanScapes Harzard Mitigation Plan Municipal Meeting Dates Online Public Records Access Jobs - 4 RFPs - 0 Coroner's Office Zachary P. Hanna – Coroner – Began 1st term in January, 2014. Jennifer Eckenroad-Sholley – Chief Deputy Coroner John V. Hanna, Sr. – Deputy Coroner Dustin Sholley Donald “Woozy” Walker – Deputy Coroner (Former Coroner) The duties of the Coroner position are often a mystery to the public. Not many children aspire to grow up to become Coroner, and education around themes of death tends to be taboo in our culture. Exactly what does a Coroner do? And when should the Coroner be called? According to the Pennsylvania Statutes pertaining to the Office of the Coroner, Section 1237: the Coroner must be notified to investigate the circumstances concerning deaths to determine the identification of the deceased, cause and manner of death, and whether an autopsy should be conducted. Deaths that require Coroner’s investigation are sudden or unexpected, medically unattended, suspicious or violent deaths. The Coroner is also empowered to conduct an inquest and subpoena witnesses in deaths that may have resulted from criminal action or a negligent act. Specifically, the Coroner is called to investigate: Death of unknown cause Death occurring under suspicious circumstances, including alcohol, drugs, etc. Unidentified or unclaimed body Death due to known/suspected contagious disease/constitutes a public hazard Operative and peri-operative deaths Death occurring in prison or while in custody of the police Death of persons to be cremated or buried at sea Sudden infant death syndrome and stillbirths The Coroner is also responsible for maintaining the security of the scene, determining medical history, notifying the next of kin, securing the personal property of the deceased until the family can claim it, and issuing death certificates. Annually, there are about 300 deaths referred to the Clinton County Coroner’s Office. Of those, about 10% require autopsies, so the Coroner spends about 30 days a year transporting bodies to and from either Mount Nittany Medical Center in State College or JC Blair Hospital in Huntingdon, where autopsies are performed. He may assist in the autopsy process and determine cause and manner of death, whether natural, accidental, suicide, homicide, or undetermined. A Little History Lesson Even before they were known as Coroners, individuals were designated to investigate deaths in a community. The official title of “Coroner” originated in England around 1100-1200 A.D. At first called “crowners,” these citizens were appointed by the Crown to investigate violent, unexplained deaths and to make sure that any property left by the deceased was added to the treasure trove of the King of England. The term also relates to the Latin word for crown, “corona.” It is believed that William Penn appointed one of the first Coroners to determine cause of death in the Colonies in 1682, after a dead body was found on a river bank. Early American Coroners, like their English counterparts, relied mainly on common sense, since most did not have a medical background. In some cases they simply guessed. The only requirement for a Coroner, at the time, was proof that he was not an ex-convict! As the country grew, Coroners were elected for all of the original 13 colonies. As more new states and territories developed, Coroners were elected as county officers, comparable to sheriffs, with whom they often traded places. PA State Coroners Association PA Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs Clinton County Coroner Lock Haven, PA 17745 (570) 748 - 1642 fax Mon, Tues, Thurs, Fri: 8:00am - 5:00pm Wed: 8:00am - 12:30pm For the hearing impaired, please dial 7-1-1 (PArelay.net) © 2019 Clinton County Government All rights reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line94
__label__wiki	0.562384	0.562384	DIVINO AFFLANTE SPIRITU PDF SUMMARY: DIVINO AFFLANTE SPIRITU (By Fortunatus Nnadi ([email protected] com) Inspired by the Holy Spirit, the Sacred Writers composed the bible which. Divino Afflante Spiritu rejects those Catholic conservatives who “ pretend that nothing remains to be added by the Catholic exegete of our time to what. This chapter treats Catholic biblical interpretation since Pius XII’s encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu (). At the heart of the chapter is Vatican II’s teaching in its. Author: Ferisar Baktilar Published (Last): 10 February 2006 Uploader: Tojajas No less earnestly do We inculcate obedience at the present day to the counsels and exhortations which he, in his day, so wisely enjoined. Moreover there are now such abundant aids to the study of these languages that the biblical scholar, who by neglecting them would deprive himself of access to the original texts, could in no wise escape the stigma diivino levity and sloth. This rivino is due in great part to the diino labor by which Catholic commentators of the Sacred Letters, in no way deterred by difficulties and obstacles of all kinds, strove with all their strength to make suitable use of what learned men of the present day, by their investigations in the domain of archaeology or history or philology, have made available for the solution of new questions. Skip to main content. Sedis XIIp. Divino Afflante Spiritu Quotes Unusually strong emphasis is placed on the importance of evaluating the literary forms used by ancient writers for a clearer understanding of the Bible. Thus can he the better understand who was the inspired author, and what he wishes to express by afclante writings. What is the literal sense of a passage is not always as obvious in the speeches and writings of the ancient authors of the East, as it is in the works of our own time. This is why he advises that the faithful should not lose courage when problems surface today, that they should be courageous knowing full well that new beginnings grow little by little and fruits are gathered after many labours. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. Divino afflante spiritu Pope Pius sets forth to expound the content of Providentissimus Deus and to defend them. Qfflante, In Isaiam, prologus ; PL 24, col. If the professors of this most important matter in the Seminaries accomplish all this, then let spriitu rest joyfully assured that they have most efficaciously contributed to the salvation of souls, to the progress of the Catholic afflsnte, to the honor and glory of God, and that they have performed a work most closely connected with the apostolic office. PS FORM 3971 PDF Brown described it as a “Magna Carta for biblical progress”. Publications Pages Publications Pages. Modern Catholic biblical exegesis, which is both scientific and religious, was greatly furthered by this encyclical. And let all know that this prolonged labor is not only necessary for the right understanding of afflannte divinely-given writings, but also is urgently demanded by that piety by which it behooves us to be grateful to the God of all providence, Who from the throne of His majesty has sent these books as so many paternal letters to His own children. A afflantw section suggests an agenda for the future development of Catholic exegesis. Jerome, to be devoted exclusively to this work. He also mentions the spirit that is required for the task of interpreting the bible which include first, the recommendation by the fathers of the church that scholars should study the ancient languages and should have recourse to the original texts. Divino afflante spiritu \| encyclical by Pius XII \| The encyclical lists without further explanation six areas of scientific progress in biblical studies. For it is the duty of the exegete to lay hold, so to speak, with the greatest care and reverence of the very least expressions which, under the inspiration of the Divine Spirit, have flowed from the pen of the sacred writer, so as to arrive at a deeper and fuller knowledge of his meaning. Sign in via your Institution. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: This article needs additional citations for verification. The opposition between traditional and scientific approaches to Bible studies was epitomized in a pamphlet written by an Italian priest, Dolindo Ruotolo using the pseudonym Dain Cohenelprotesting strongly against the use of scientific, historical, and critical methods in the study and interpretation of Holy Scripture, particularly by the Pontifical Biblical Institute. Let them favor therefore and lend help to those pious associations whose aim it is to spread copies of the Sacred Letters, especially of the Gospels, among the faithful, and to procure by every means that in Christian families the same be read daily with piety and devotion; let them efficaciously recommend by word and example, whenever the liturgical laws permit, the Sacred Scriptures translated, with the approval of the Ecclesiastical authority, into modern languages; let them themselves give public conferences or dissertations on biblical subjects, or see that they are given by other public orators well versed in the matter. And if the Tridentine Synod wished “that all should use as djvino the Vulgate Latin version, this, as all know, applies only to the Latin Church and to the public use of the same Scriptures; nor does it, doubtless, in any way diminish the authority and value of the original texts. Thus it has happened that certain disputed points, which in the past remained unsolved and in suspense, in our days, with the progress of studies, have spiriyu a satisfactory solution. KENWOOD TH-D72E PDF SUMMARY: DIVINO AFFLANTE SPIRITU \| Fortunatus Nnadi – For its very purpose is to insure that the sacred text be restored, as perfectly as possible, be purified from the corruptions due to the difino of the copyists and be freed, as far as may be done, from glosses and omissions, from the interchange and repetition of words and from all other kinds of mistakes, which are wont to make their way gradually into writings handed down through many centuries. This text promoted an account of revelation as a multifaceted reality, and outlined a rounded account of biblical interpretation that endorsed some styles of modern historical critical analysis while insisting that Scripture should be interpreted in the light of a knowledge of what God intended to convey through Scripture. The Holy Church considers divono heaven-sent treasure the most valuable source of doctrine on faith and morals. What those exactly were the commentator cannot determine as it were in advance, but only after a careful examination of divvino ancient literature of the East. Sign in to annotate. For not a few things, especially in matters pertaining to history, were scarcely at all or not fully explained by the afflantf of past ages, since they lacked almost all the information which was needed for their clearer exposition. Riding Time Like a River: November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Retrieved Idvino 26, from Encyclopedia. If, with the greatest satisfaction of afflanhe, We perceive that these same interpreters have resolutely answered and still continue to answer this call, this is certainly not the last or least of the fruits of the Encyclical Letter Providentissimus Deus, by which Our Predecessor Leo XIII, foreseeing as it were this new development of biblical studies, summoned Catholic exegetes to labor and wisely defined the direction and the method to be followed in that labor. DIVINO AFFLANTE SPIRITUS PDF SECRETS OF THE PSALMS GODFREY SELIG PDF THE ENEMY WITHIN KRIS LUNDGAARD PDF MARTYN LLOYD-JONES JOY UNSPEAKABLE PDF BUILT OF LIVING STONES USCCB PDF CATECHISM FOR FILIPINO CATHOLICS PDF THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE SERTILLANGES PDF THE FREEDOM PATH BY ROBERT DETZLER PDF ATMEL 93C45 PDF	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line96
__label__cc	0.69783	0.30217	Moody's Follows Suit Behind Our Analysis and Downgrades 4 Greek Banks From Capital.gr: Moody's Downgrades Five Greek Banks Moody’s Investors Service said Wednesday it downgraded the deposit and debt ratings of five of the nine Moody’s-rated Greek banks due to a weakening in the banks’ stand-alone financial strength and anticipated additional pressures stemming from the country’s challenging economic prospects in the foreseeable future. [Moody's is late to the party, but their logic is solid, see "Greek Crisis Is Over, Region Safe", Prodi Says - I say Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire! followed by our forecast of the weaker vs. stronger Greek banks (premium content subscribers only) - Greek Banking Fundamental Tear Sheet] The affected banks are: National Bank of Greece (to A2 from A1), EFG Eurobank Ergasias SA (to A3/Prime-2 from A2/Prime-1), Alpha Bank AE (to A3/Prime-2 from A2/Prime-1), and Piraeus Bank (to Baa1/Prime-2 from A2/Prime-1). Moody’s has also downgraded the deposit and debt ratings of Emporiki Bank of Greece SA (to A3/Prime-2 from A2/Prime-1), but as a result of a reassessment of the credit enhancement associated with systemic support for this institution. The outlook on all five banks’ ratings remains negative. This action concludes the review of these banks initiated on 3 March 2010. [It looks as if Moody's peaked at the blog's subscription content :-)] The agency said that the rating actions were prompted by the country’s weakening macroeconomic outlook and its expected impact on these banks’ asset quality and earnings-generating capacity. Pressures on the macroeconomic fundamentals have been evident for the past year and are expected to intensify as the year unfolds, said Moody’s. [Subscribers, see Banks exposed to Central and Eastern Europe as well as the links above, then all readers should reference The Depression is Already Here for Some Members of Europe, and It Just Might Be Contagious!] Although additional measures taken to address fiscal imbalances at the national level may have a positive impact over the longer term, Greece’s fiscal challenges will weigh negatively on economic growth over the short to medium term. As recently noted by the Bank of Greece, the magnitude of the economic contraction this year is likely to be more pronounced than was anticipated at the beginning of the year. Negative growth will give rise to unemployment, lower consumer disposable income and reduced profitability in the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) and corporate sectors. Moody’s expects the upward trend in non-performing loans, which began in 2008, to continue in 2010 and, possibly, 2011. Combined, these factors will place additional pressure on the banking sector’s already weakened asset quality and profitability. Over the past year, Greek banks have increased their dependence on short-term market funding as access to the wholesale capital markets has been limited due to the global financial crisis. This, in turn, has led to a rise in maturity mismatches. In recent months, negative market sentiment towards Greece has further constrained the banks’ access to the bond and interbank markets. As a result, Greek banks have had to increase their reliance on European Central Bank (ECB) funding by an estimated 50%. Going forward, the agency expects a rise in the average cost of funding as banks seek longer-term maturities, which in turn will pressure interest margins. Moody’s takes comfort in the fact that the ECB will remain a reliable source of funding for the banks until market confidence returns. Continued access to ECB funding has been part of Moody’s mainstream scenario since the beginning of the crisis... National Bank of Greece SA Moody’s downgrade of NBG’s deposit and debt ratings to A2 and bank financial strength rating (BFSR) to C- (which maps to a Baseline Credit Assessment (BCA) of Baa1) reflect the deterioration in the bank’s financial fundamentals, especially its asset quality, earnings and funding/liquidity indicators. Non-performing loans (NPLs) as a percentage of total loans have risen to 6.4% in December 2009 (2008: 4.0%); earnings fell by 40% in 2009 on the back of increased provision charges and slower revenue growth; while the bank has increased its reliance on short-term market funding, with "due to banks" (including ECB funding) increasing to 19% of total liabilities. For the current year, Moody’s expects asset quality to deteriorate further, and access to the wholesale capital markets to remain limited, with the bank’s revenue/earnings indicators unlikely to record any material improvement... EFG Eurobank Ergasias SA Moody’s downgrade of EFG Eurobank’s deposit and debt ratings to A3 was triggered by the lowering of its BCA to Baa2 from Baa1 and reflects the deterioration in the bank’s financial performance both in Greece and abroad. The bank’s BFSR was confirmed at C-. For the year-ended December 2009, the bank’s foreign operations reported post-tax losses of EUR44 million compared to profits of EUR135 million the previous year. Similar to its local competitors, EFG Eurobank’s credit quality indicators have weakened, with NPLs rising to 6.7% of gross loans as of December 2009 and provision charges absorbing 75% of pre-provision earnings, while its reliance on short-term market funding has increased and accounts for 20% of total liabilities. All these issues will likely continue to adversely affect the bank’s financial performance and funding profile for at least the remainder of 2010. Alpha Bank AE Moody’s downgrade of Alpha Bank’s deposit and debt ratings to A3 were triggered by the lowering of its BCA to Baa2 from Baa1, and reflects the deterioration in the bank’s financial performance and its increased reliance on ECB funding. The bank’s BFSR was confirmed at C-. For the year-ending December 2009, the bank has witnessed an increase in NPLs to 5.7% - likely to be accelerated further in 2010. Profitability also fell by 32%. Alpha Bank’s ECB funding increased to 15% of the bank’s total liabilities; this percentage is the highest among the Greek rated banks, with the current market conditions indicating that the reliance on ECB funding is unlikely to be substantially reduced during the course of the year. Piraeus Bank SA Moody’s downgrade of Piraeus Bank’s deposit and debt ratings to Baa1 and BFSR to D+ (mapping into a BCA of Baa3) reflects the bank’s increased dependence on short-term market funding and its deteriorating financial performance. The bank’s "due to banks" (primarily ECB and interbank repo funding) accounts for approximately 26% of total liabilities as of December 2009 -- the highest percentage among the big Greek banks -- while its liquid assets and investments account for 21% of total assets, down from 27% in 2007. Similarly, the bank’s 2009 bottom-line profitability fell by 36%; for 2010 Moody’s expects continued pressure on the bank’s asset quality and profitability indicators as the weakening economy hits the SME sector, which accounts for nearly 50% of Piraeus Bank’s loan portfolio. Emporiki Bank of Greece SA Moody’s downgrade of Emporiki Bank’s deposit and debt ratings to A3/Prime-2 reflects Moody’s assignment of a lower systemic uplift given the relatively small size of the institution. Moody’s notes however that Emporiki’s deposit and debt ratings continue to benefit from a five notch uplift as a result of parental and systemic support. The institutions is 91% owned by Credit Agricole SA. The ratings of the other four Greek banks rated by Moody’s namely, Agricultural Bank of Greece ( Baa1/Prime-2), Attica Bank (Ba1/Not-Prime), General Bank of Greece (Baa1/Prime-2) and Marfin Egnatia Bank (Baa1/Prime-2), are not affected by today’s announcement. All ratings carry a negative outlook. Of particular interest may be the prospects of the various banks caught in this interwoven web (premium subscription material). To date, this analysis have proven to be right on the money: Greek Banking Fundamental Tear Sheet Italian Banking Macro-Fundamental Discussion Note Spanish Banking Macro Discussion Note Banks exposed to Central and Eastern Europe (15) The sovereign analysis that drives these banking studies are available here: Italy public finances projection 2010-03-22 10:47:41 588.19 Kb as well as their other major exposures: Spain public finances projections_033010 2010-03-31 04:41:22 705.14 Kb and Greece Public Finances Projections 2010-03-15 11:33:27 694.35 Kb. I will soon be releasing the foreign claims model which will reveal all types of juicy stuff to both subscribers and the public that I am sure Moody's either overlooked or didn't elaborate on. For the complete Pan-European Sovereign Debt Crisis series, see: The Coming Pan-European Sovereign Debt Crisis - introduces the crisis and identified it as a pan-European problem, not a localized one. What Country is Next in the Coming Pan-European Sovereign Debt Crisis? - illustrates the potential for the domino effect The Pan-European Sovereign Debt Crisis: If I Were to Short Any Country, What Country Would That Be.. - attempts to illustrate the highly interdependent weaknesses in Europe's sovereign nations can effect even the perceived "stronger" nations. The Coming Pan-European Soverign Debt Crisis, Pt 4: The Spread to Western European Countries The Depression is Already Here for Some Members of Europe, and It Just Might Be Contagious! The Beginning of the Endgame is Coming??? I Think It's Confirmed, Greece Will Be the First Domino to Fall Smoking Swap Guns Are Beginning to Litter EuroLand, Sovereign Debt Buyer Beware! Financial Contagion vs. Economic Contagion: Does the Market Underestimate the Effects of the Latter? "Greek Crisis Is Over, Region Safe", Prodi Says - I say Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire! Germany Finally Comes Out and Says, "We're Not Touching Greece" - Well, Sort of... The Greece and the Greek Banks Get the Word "First" Etched on the Side of Their Domino As I Warned Earlier, Latvian Government Collapses Exacerbating Financial Crisis Once You Catch a Few EU Countries "Stretching the Truth", Why Should You Trust the Rest? Lies, Damn Lies, and Sovereign Truths: Why the Euro is Destined to Collapse! Ovebanked, Underfunded, and Overly Optimistic: The New Face of Sovereign Europe	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line100
__label__cc	0.639578	0.360422	HOME EVENTS/NEWS OFFICERS SPONSORS MEMBERS & CARS It Is TIME for the 2017 30th Annual Car Show! A Little About Border Queen Cruisers The Border Queen Cruiser's have been active in the Caldwell community in several different ways. We broke ground on the Cemetery Directory Project in Sept. 2011, July 2011, we provided a stone & wood ring around one the tree and filled it in with wood chips to prevent injuries. In 2009, we paid to have Fans installed in the community building. On 6 June 2005, Diane's Dream Project of a Slide for the City Pool was formally dedicated. We have also provided funds to purchase a trolley, enhance the City sound system trailer, stage at the park, lighting for the Chisholm Trail Silhouettes, a block of Christmas decorations for Main Street, supported Project Prom with prizes, new steps for the city pool, provided funds to our local family so they could attend the National Recognition for Firefighter who lost their lives in the Line of Duty, established a Memorial Plaque in Honor of Caldwell's MIA/POW's, USA & POW Flags for the Flag pole, donated funds to the Miss Chisholm Trail Beauty Pageant, and various other civic minded projects. Our main money making project for the year is the Annual ALL WHEELS SUPER SATURDAY Car Show held on the Saturday of Labor Day Weekend. This event attended by car show enthusiast from the surrounding States has become one of the BEST CAR SHOWS in the region and has some of the Best Prizes offered to our attendees. Site designed and hosted by KanOkla Design Studio © 2011-2016 Border Queen Cruisers, Inc PO Box 8 • Caldwell, KS 67022 • p 620.845.6726 Email BQC - vette@kanokla.net	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line101
__label__cc	0.616119	0.383881	Board index » Research GUESTS AND MEMBERS CAN POST HERE. Not moderated, so you are on your own. Spambots and stalkers and anti-semites will be deleted and banned without notice. Else, try to be thoughtful, protect your own privacy, don't swear much (makes one appear infantile), but I won't censor. POLICE YOURSELF. Anonynomenon's Matt 24 metering [quote="Anonynomenon"]Haven't had much time to spend on the meter this past week, however there is something I've wanted to look into for a while now; Magna Carta. In the Revelation series, Thieme has been going [b]on and on and on,...and on[/b], about Magna Carta for about 4 lessons in a row now. At first, I was starting to get a little annoyed, but I do see the parallel between the Millennial kingdom and the old feudal system. Now I'm wondering if Magna Carta had something to do with the Meter in Matt 24. It took place around 1216, which is syllable 1186. That is right smack in the middle of Matt 24:36. Given our recent stand-off on this issue, I find the timing ironic, in a way, especially with the timing of Thieme's nearly obsessive emphasis of Magna Carta. I'll see what I can find tomorrow.[/quote] Read vs. Reed: Topic review - Anonynomenon's Matt 24 metering Post subject: Re: Anonynomenon's Matt 24 metering Reply with quote Series will resume after October 15th, with a much-more indepth 'Quantum Bible' showing all the related passages for the Constantine-Justinian I period. Post Posted: 08 Oct 2017, 01:56 Update: still haven't had time to review 'barbarian' history, so to better map Luke 21. The other five chapters are mostly done. Post Posted: 24 Sep 2017, 00:30 Now I'm certain Luke 21 is charting the 'barbarians' history. I don't know their dates as well. So will update Luke21 doc/pdf after I know which dates he references. Post Posted: 27 Aug 2017, 09:42 Quantum Bible will change to show Matt24-25 as part of a 4-way demo of Justinian, sometime maybe next week. Okay, going back to Luke's Meter, viewtopic.php?t=521 His Chapter 21 is the only chapter whose meter pattern I still can't prove historically per clause. The keywords fit perfectly with their fellows in Matt24 (prior), Eph1 (seems prior), Mark 13 (after), Rev17 (long after). Meter looks sound, but I didn't break the clauses apart all the time. Will have to see what difference that makes. Okay, going back to Luke's Meter, http://brainout.net/frankforum/viewtopic.php?t=521 Post Posted: 16 Jul 2017, 18:28 Yeah, it would. Focus in Matthew is not apolitical, we saw how biting it gets starting with Matt24:50 onward. All those refs are political. But the benchmarks (cum syll totals) aren't. Here's where I started tracing the morph to kurios from the prior parousia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0SdIPsAcKA&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&index=79 In Mark and Rev, the benchmarks seem to stress political. I can't tell WHAT Luke stresses. Basic idea is that when volition to Bible goes negative, mankind becomes religious then political in that sequence. So yeah, 2018 onward is public. You and I have been batting around the question of intensity. Now I'm beginning to think it will be VERY intense, as the religio-political is going toward CRUSADE by 2030 (for in Russia, the parallel movement is called Third Rome, look it up); which means a 2nd Reformation to free Bible will also go on, within the same time frame or after. I don't know how long the 2nd Reformation will last, but the 2nd Crusade Reset seems like it ends soon, about 2062. I have no idea how violent it will get, but it doesn't have to, now. We can kidnap/enslave each other via cyber wars. Like nearly everything else I type and say, these are hypotheses or speculations, guesstimates. So yell at me if they seem wrong. [center][bbvideo=560,315]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0SdIPsAcKA&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&index=79[/bbvideo][/center] Anonynomenon So "Lord, Lord" and following, is a prediction of Bible rollout being rejected, not so much a direct commentary on the political apostasy? Of course, the apostasy would be the natural result of negative volition, but the Alt-Right is merely a primer at this point. Apostate Alt-Right rises as Bible rollout occurs so that people can be presented with both options. If so, then wouldn't 2018 have to be a very public rollout? Post subject: Re: THEMES Matt Eph1 Luke Mark Rev Reply with quote Think I know the themes: Matthew 24-25 traces the relationship between Volition to #Bible rollout (positive or negative) and historical results (positive and negative, direct correlation). It's not expressly political. Eph1 ties the political results to the teaching going bad. Luke 21? I still don't know. Mark 13, same theme as Eph1, but tracks Matt24-25. I can't tell exactly how it tracks Luke 21, tho it does track the anaphora and focuses on the same Charlesmagne period, tho for Byzantium. Rev17 is baldly political. Matt Mark Rev all use 'kai' to mock a dying emperor, similar to how Paul used the eta in thelematos. Rev uses it pointedly, Mark's pattern of use I've yet to determine. Matt doesn't focus that much on it? Unsure. I can't find whether it's used in Luke. The Luke 21 meter is obvious, but I can't tell what he tracks. Update: I'm comfortable with the videos now on all but Eph1 and Luke 21. May have to redo some of the Matt24-25 explanation, too. I'm really stymied at what Luke 21's benchmarking. So am in the middle of revisiting Luke 1 dateline meter for clues. Also, Rev1 dateline meters, as I think John's doing a 3-D meter Rubik's cube to tie up all the themes in Scripture. Proving that idea true will take awhile. Or, finding what is true instead. Have started but not yet uploaded the video revisit on Rev1. I will not post them in vimeo, but in Youtube, in the same playlist, sometime later. Post Posted: 24 Jun 2017, 10:08 For now, I'm done proofing the explanation. The doc/pdf are updated now, same name, and also in the http://www.brainout.net/downloads directory, along with the videos above in their originals, so you don't have to watch them in Youtube but can download. Post Posted: 10 Apr 2017, 18:48 Now updated, but am still proofing the explanation. New Feature: click on the keyword in the Greek to go to the note (it's green and underlined now); when in the note, click on the green underlined word to return to the text. The interlinks at the top of each page go to the text. There are seventy whopping anaphora. Meter is the same, but the sevening is documented now and even the Amen anaphora seven, EXCEPT the one at 1110. But it's deliberately not sevening, tho I'm not yet sure why. Should work well on mobile, too. Again, download link is still same name, http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf So here's a navigation video which incidentally covers the astonishing SEVENING between each of the anaphora keywords: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9Dp56eJA_M&index=121&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&t=162s [center][bbvideo=560,315]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9Dp56eJA_M&index=121&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&t=162s[/bbvideo][/center] Not yet updated: the same keywords for their AD years, as I did for Mark 13 and Rev17. I'm kinda pooped out right now. Might be in a month or two before I can document all the keywords now indexed in the revised pdf. Matt24-25's Meter was updated, so use the link again if you want to see it, http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf . Can now download en masse from the downloads directory, http://www.brainout.net/downloads . Post Posted: 15 Mar 2017, 12:13 Post subject: Re: German guys who know Ephesians 1 is METERED Reply with quote I finally found the link on another computer to the other guys who long ago realized Ephesians 1 was metered. It's in German, though. I don't know if Google Translate will translate the page, but here's the link: http://www.stichometrie.de/text.html I used Google translate on the page, https://translate.google.com/translate? ... edit-text= Notice what scholars call the UBS text (the formal name for United Bible Society, the copyright owner) they call 'GNT', which is the Bibleworks name and also used by scholars as the name. 'NA' stands for Nestle-Aland, a German couple who periodically update the text. In any name, this is the standardized 'critical edition', meaning a compilation of all extant mss leaving in only the text they think is closest to the original. That's what 'Textus Receptus' (which Erasmus did, and the KJV translators initially used) and 'Majority Text' are as well. So there are three major critical editions, but the most prized thus far, is the UBS/GNT/NA. You can get older NA editions for free in Google Books (free download), but the Greek is not searchable. You then view it with what's called an 'apparatus', which is a compilation of all the mss VARIANTS from the UBS/GNT/NA text, and that's what's in Bibleworks, along with some of the actual major mss which have long since been on facsimile and are also freely online. But Bibleworks indexes each verse, so you can see the original and the transliteration side by side. Point is, when you get into these weeds, you have to know the nomenclature scholars use, to know what you're looking at. And these guys are scholars. But they don't know the meter of BIBLE, but instead are evaluating GREEK CLASSICAL METER and testing Ephesians 1 (among others) as fitting that meter, too. I can't get into Twitter right now. Seems like they are refurbishing the site, cuz the signin page keeps changing then does nothing when you click on it. So I'll put the link in your Youtube comments on my videos, too. I used Google translate on the page, https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stichometrie.de%2Ftext.html&edit-text= Notice what scholars call the UBS text (the formal name for United Bible Society, the copyright owner) they call 'GNT', which is the Bibleworks name and also used by scholars as the name. 'NA' stands for Nestle-Aland, a German couple who periodically update the text. In any name, this is the standardized 'critical edition', meaning a [i]compilation of all extant mss[/i] leaving in only the text they think is closest to the original. That's what 'Textus Receptus' (which Erasmus did, and the KJV translators initially used) and 'Majority Text' are as well. So there are three major critical editions, but the most prized thus far, is the UBS/GNT/NA. Okay, all three are up now, and they coordinate with boxed cum meter totals where they are the same. http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf or doc (done in MSWord 2003) http://www.brainout.net/Luke21Meter.pdf or doc http://www.brainout.net/Mark13MeterR.pdf or doc So too Rev, http://www.brainout.net/Rev17Meter.pdf or doc http://www.brainout.net/downloads now has copies, if you only want one link to keep. It's easier to see the convergences. For Mark, since he's forecasting Byzantine history, there are many intra-doc links so you can see what rulers he marks. Uncanny how the Blepw/horaw instances EACH TIME mark someone's death. See what you think. Post Posted: 27 Feb 2017, 19:45 So you're counting four I'm not counting, and not counting 6 I am counting. So you get 56 versus my 67. I'm also counting the apokriteis, because they seven and are pregnant judgment preambles. So that's the diff: 9 apok + 6 amen. You need both verbs and nouns. In verse order, the keywords alternate into precis sentences, effectively saying 'Answering (with juridical rule), Christ Believe See Sign (of His) Coming Answering See Jesus Christ See Christ the Sign' etc. I put the keywords in verse order in the Notes section of the Matt24-25 pdf (link below). Pretty amazing. I don't count idou cuz it's an adverb. Only verbs and nouns. Not counting semeion but maybe should. If I do, all three occurrences are before v.47, and the result is still Matt25:11ab as center (total 70 is meaningful, so the 35-36th would be center). So maybe should count it, but the center result doesn't much change, drat! Paired center now starts with the prolife movement, Matt25:10, ends at Matt25:11a. I updated http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf accordingly, adding semeion. older post is below. Do the 42 you counted, all seven to each other? Example, does 2nd Iesous seven to the first? Then seven to parousias? If they don't, then either the count is wrong or it's not intended as an anaphora, and there MUST be at least a pair of them. Do the Basileus refs seven to each other (I get the distance at 210, so yes)? Do the ho christos refs seven to each other (I get the distance of 504, so yes)? Adding these makes the kurios center later and later. Adding these 4 to the 23 I have (including numphios, in verse order, count every occurrence even if repeated in the verse), makes the center Matt25:20. Adding ho Iesous, seven to each other at 154-7. So now the total becomes 29 (23 plus the six you found). So then 14 left and 14 right means (in verse order) the 15th occurrence, Matt25:18. Including parousia as a synonym, then 10 more means 39. In verse order, then the 20th occurrence puts us back at the second of the pair in Matt25:11, which is our own 2017 (yikes). But in no event do the other anaphora occurrences converge with them. The center of the prophecy is where they converge, which brings us back to amen legw humin, which has six occurrences, so must be a pair to center, which is between English Reformation (24:47) and (ulp) our Matt25:12. The only items not converging are parousia, and the above basileus/christos refs, tho they may be 'spokes' out from the convergences, I'm not sure. Not sure to onomati mou is meant to be an anaphora either, since it's a fake claim in His name, but not Him, tho the ho christos refs might seven. It does in Mark. I'd leave out all the pronouns, autos, su, me, etc. And why did you inclulde kleptis, since that's a thief? If there's only one occurrence (like poimen) then it's not an anaphora, which by definition, repeats. There are several centers to plot. One per keyword, its own center. Then the center for the sum of all the synonyms. The real center is where they all converge. Here's an example (the big red box section), but it doesn't take into account your additions yet. http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25Center.jpg . I can't put a large jpg in here, sorry. So you're counting four I'm not counting, and not counting 6 I am counting. So you get 56 versus my 67. I'm also counting the [i]apokriteis[/i], because they seven and are pregnant judgment preambles. So that's the diff: 9 apok + 6 amen. You need both verbs and nouns. [highlight=yellow][b]In verse order, the keywords alternate into precis sentences, effectively saying 'Answering (with juridical rule), Christ Believe See Sign (of His) Coming Answering See Jesus Christ See Christ the Sign'[/b][/highlight] etc. I put the keywords in verse order in the Notes section of the Matt24-25 pdf (link below). Pretty amazing. I don't count [i]idou[/i] cuz it's an adverb. Only verbs and nouns. Not counting [i]semeion[/i] but maybe should. If I do, all three occurrences are before v.47, and the result is still Matt25:11ab as center (total 70 is meaningful, so the 35-36th would be center). So maybe should count it, but the center result doesn't much change, drat! Paired center now starts with the prolife movement, Matt25:10, ends at Matt25:11a. I updated http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf accordingly, adding [i]semeion[/i]. Do the 42 you counted, all seven to each other? Example, does 2nd Iesous seven to the first? Then seven to [i]parousias[/i]? If they don't, then either the count is wrong or it's not intended as an anaphora, and there MUST be at least a pair of them. Do the [i]Basileus[/i] refs seven to each other (I get the distance at 210, so yes)? Adding these makes the [i]kurios[/i] center later and later. Adding these 4 to the 23 I have (including numphios, in verse order, count every occurrence even if repeated in the verse), makes the center Matt25:20. Adding [i]ho Iesous[/i], seven to each other at 154-7. Including [i]parousia[/i] as a synonym, then 10 more means 39. In verse order, then the 20th occurrence puts us back at the second of the pair in Matt25:11, which is our own 2017 (yikes). Not sure [i]to onomati mou[/i] is meant to be an anaphora either, since it's a fake claim in His name, but not Him, tho the [i]ho christos[/i] refs might seven. It does in Mark. Here is what I hope is a complete list of synonymal nouns used for our Lord in Matt 24-25. The synonyms are numbered, but I also included other phrases and terms that do not represent Christ. I'm still working on the list, so it might grow a bit more. 1) ὁ Ἰησοῦς 24:1 2) βλέπετε 24:2b ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 24:2c 3)τὸ σημεῖον 24:3d 4) τῆς σῆς παρουσίας 24:3d τῷ ὀνόματί μου 24:5a 7) ὁ χριστός 24:5b 8) ὁρᾶτε 24:6 τὸ ὄνομά μου 24:9c 9) ἴδητε 24:15 10) ὁ χριστός 24:23 11) σημεῖα 24:24a 12) ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 24:27b 13) σημεῖον 24:30a 14) τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 24:30a 15) ὄψονται 24:30c 16) τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 24:30c 17) ἴδητε 24:33 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι 24:34 18) ὁυἱός 24:36c 21) ὁ κύριος 24:42a 22) ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 24:44 24) ὁ κύριος 24:46 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι 24:47a 27) τοῦ νυμφίου 25:1b 28) τοῦ νυμφίου 25:5a 29) Ἰδοὺ 25:6 30) ὁ νυμφίος 25:6 31) ὁ νυμφίος 25:10a 32) κύριε 25:11 ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν 25:12b 34) ἄνθρωπος 25:14 35) τοῦ κυρίου 25:18 37) κύριε 25:20b 38) ἴδε 25:20b 40) τοῦ κυρίου 25:21b 41) κύριε 25:22a 46) ἄνθρωπος 25:24b 48) ὁυἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 25:31a 49) ὁ βασιλεὺς 25:34a 51) εἴδομεν 25:37b 52) εἴδομεν 25:38 αἰώνιον 25:41b αἰώνιον 25:46 [b][u]1)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ Ἰησοῦς[/b] 24:1 [b][u]4)[/u][/b] [b] τῆς σῆς παρουσίας[/b] 24:3d [b][u]7)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ χριστός [/b]24:5b [b][u]10)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ χριστός[/b] 24:23 [b][u]12)[/u][/b] [b]ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b] 24:27b [b][u]14)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου [/b]24:30a [b][u]16)[/u][/b] [b]τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b] 24:30c [b][u]18)[/u][/b] [b]ὁυἱός [/b]24:36c [b][u]21)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ κύριος [/b]24:42a [b][u]22)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b] 24:44 [b][u]23)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ κύριος[/b] 24:45a [b][u]24)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ κύριος [/b]24:46 [b][u]26)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ κύριος[/b] 24:50 [b][u]27)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ νυμφίου[/b] 25:1b [b][u]28)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ νυμφίου[/b] 25:5a [b][u]30)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ νυμφίος[/b] 25:6 [b][u]31)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ νυμφίος[/b] 25:10a [b][u]32)[/u][/b] [b]κύριε[/b] 25:11 [b][u]34)[/u][/b] [b]ἄνθρωπος[/b] 25:14 [b][u]35)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ κυρίου[/b] 25:18 [b][u]37)[/u][/b] [b]κύριε [/b]25:20b [b][u]40)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ κυρίου[/b] 25:21b [b][u]41)[/u][/b] [b]κύριε[/b] 25:22a [b][u]44)[/u][/b] [b]τοῦ κυρίου [/b]25:23b [b][u]45)[/u][/b] [b]κύριε[/b] 25:24b [b][u]46)[/u][/b] [b]ἄνθρωπος[/b] 25:24b [b][u]48)[/u][/b] [b]ὁυἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b] 25:31a [b][u]49)[/u][/b] [b]ὁ βασιλεὺς[/b] 25:34a Yeah, could be. I forgot to include the Iesous and Christos references as synonymal with all those kurios and numphios, to find the center. Am doing it with Mark right now, but my brain keeps going out. The idea is to first sum all the synonymal occurrences, then find its middle. Say there are 11. Then 6 is the middle, so that 5 is on either side. But when the number is even, you have to PAIR to get even on either side. Yeah, so Mark knows that, and did that in Mark 13:21 to make it easy to find. But v.20 has to be paired too, since the sum of the synonyms in Mark for Lord/Christ/son ends up being 8. Clever way to stress the HU. How that same thing works in Matt, I don't yet know. Maybe you'll find it. Point is, the meaning of Matt25:12 is much more severe than I'd thought. Sorry! I don't know yet, but the 1050 starts with "and they will see the SON OF MAN COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF THE SKY with power and great glory". That is a bold way to start a new 1050. Then it ends with our Lord's reply to the foolish: ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν. That is dramatic. Then after the Lord finishes the discipline, its like a type of Millennium with thirds spiritual. I don't know yet, but the 1050 starts with [b]"and they will see the SON OF MAN COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF THE SKY with power and great glory"[/b]. That is a bold way to start a new 1050. Then it ends with our Lord's reply to the foolish: [b]ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν[/b]. That is dramatic. Then after the Lord finishes the discipline, its like a [b]type of Millennium[/b] with thirds spiritual. I don't know. Bible does run embedded 70's, 490s, 1050s, not merely the qualifying ones. Qualifying ones are contiguous, every 490 years (no interrupting 70s) someone must spiritually mature enough to renew the next 490, wash rinse repeat. Same for the 1050. The begats in Gen5, 7, 11 plot this out, so when you map the years, you see Enoch was born just when the 490 signified by Seth's birth, ran out. Noah's 490 ran out so Abraham had to mature 54 years early (and did). Even so, Moses in Gen 1 and Psalm 90 makes a point about writing 1050 from the Flood, which isn't a historical or qualifying 1050. Christ died the 980th anniversary of the Temple had it not been razed, and the 1470th anniversary of the original Exodus. So there are other 490 trackings. We know of other 70 trackings from Jeremiah 25 and 29. So what would your numbers be tracking? Dunno, but it's hard to believe the value is coincidental. Then again, maybe the time plays back to some Biblical date in the past. Like, 1050 flood, tho I can't find any yet. Now, 950 is just after κόψονται πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ. If you add 950+560=1510 which is just after μακάριος. .....and, 1510+490=2000, terminating with ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν which ends the year 2030 AD. So we are going to end a hidden 560+483+7 of some kind? Now, [b]950 is just after κόψονται πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ[/b]. If you add 950+560=[b]1510 which is just after μακάριος. .....and, 1510+490=2000, [b]terminating with ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν which ends the year 2030 AD. [b]So we are going to end a hidden 560+483+7 of some kind?[/b] Post subject: Re: Updated version 6 for 'prophetic center', download link within this post. Reply with quote Update on the meter. I'm trying to find the prophetic historical-trend 'center', and thought it was simply the English Reformation, since that was the third amen legw humin. But I miscalculated it. There are six occurrences, so the 'middle' is not 3, but 3-4, so there are two on either side. So Christ via Matthew is saying the nexus of history STARTED with the English Reformation, but that 'center' doesn't END until (gulp).. the end of Matt25:12. Here's the link for the latest version: http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6.pdf . Am still working on the doc, so I don't want to upload it yet. Now you'll find intra-doc links. Click on the 'Notes' link, and you'll see there two center maps of the verses: first one is in anaphora order (in order of first appearance in the text), and the second is in verse order (in order of actual appearance of all references in the text). I missed a couple in prior versions, so this count is more accurate. First, you go by anaphora. How many occurrences? If say seven, then the fourth one is center for that anaphora. So those are shaded in the first set of links in the Notes. But then you also count the total number of occurrences and then find the center of it (i.e., the 24th occurrence is center, as the total occurrences including same-verse occurrences, is 47). The link listings make it easy to count. The goal is to find overlap, a kind of 'nest' which contains ALL the types of anaphora sandwiched within the bookends of one anaphora. Right now, that seems to be the same amen legw humin running from Matt24:47-25:12. But parousia doesn't occur within that 'nest'. All the others, do. So I wonder if that's the real center. Am still trying to figure it out. Point is, like Day of the Lord and Greek drama, to find the nexus of the'play' of history, into which all prior is purposed, and out from which all results flow. That's how Revelation is written, that's how Paul did his epainon anaphora (centering on Constantine) in Ephesians, so I bet he got it from Matt. Mark's doing the same thing, but with only three anaphora, so the centers might be easier to map. But those will be for the Byzantine Empire, not global. Matthew's, is global. I don't know if Luke uses the anaphora nests. Paul did, so maybe Luke didn't. Have yet to test Luke. Update on the meter. [b]I'm trying to find the prophetic historical-trend 'center'[/b], and thought it was simply the English Reformation, since that was the third amen legw humin. But I miscalculated it. There are six occurrences, so the 'middle' is not 3, but 3-4, so there are two on either side. FANTASTIC. This really helps, thank you! I was looking online to see if there were more Christian organizations that recognized life at birth, and I found something noteworthy. In the parable of the Wise vs. the Foolish Virgins, Jesus Christ Himself tells us that fully half of Christendom will not have enough of the Holy Spirit in them [oil in their lamps] to meet the Bridegroom [Christ] when He has been late for the wedding. I was really just skimming through their page for some more Bible verses to debunk the "pro-life" propaganda, and that really caught my eye, since it ties to the meter and our current political situation. [quote]In the parable of the Wise vs. the Foolish Virgins, Jesus Christ Himself tells us that fully [b]half of Christendom will not have enough of the Holy Spirit in them[/b] [oil in their lamps] to meet the Bridegroom [Christ] when He has been late for the wedding. [/quote] [url=http://www.lifebeginsatbirth.org/index.html]Link[/url] Post subject: Re: Version 6 updated with handy anaphora centering links. Reply with quote Okay, version 6 of the Matt24-25 meter is up, and it's much easier to follow, too. Total is now 3213, which is the lowest the total can be. The more I vet it, the more it makes sense, so when Anonynomenon did it at 3213, he got the right total first. That total is more right, cuz 3213+30=3243 AD + 4106 (converter to YOW from our BC/AD, original planned Bday for Christ had Temple/David been on time) = 7349 one year SHY of 7350, which is 1050 x 7. Has to be deliberate, right? Link: http://www.brainout.net/Matt24-25ParsedR6temp.pdf CHANGES are highlighted in yucky green. I won't upload the doc version yet. Still vetting the dipthongs. It's due to the dipthongs and a few of the variants which I mislisted, that the seven syllables had to be subtracted. I strongly suspect any further changes will be self-cancelling, so if you see a syllable needing to be cut, there's somewhere near by one which is under counted. But YOU decide. Wow, what a timesaver! MS Word lets you search on the Greek letters. Dunno if Adobe will, maybe. Thing is, to paint them first then use Find. Okay, I think I got the themes now. Christ plays Talmudic 7000 cuz he dies 4136 (which you round to 4137 to make the new total seven at 7357 by the end of the next 3220). Presumably that includes the Mill, but since it doesn't evenly end, you can't call it a true final literal calendar, just a map of the next 3220 years. Luke then maps only a pre-post-Church 1050, to show the 1050 CIVILIZATION TREND. It's literal history, which you then use after the 1050 to know how to read the next 2 1050's in Matt. So a 1050 always ends in some kind of crusading, mass migration, etc. Ours ends 2130. Paul then maps a 490, again same style as Luke, but only for the 490, to show how Church becomes apostate and how that affects the quality of the civilization. So Church apostatizes, life turns bad, then God cleans house during the intervening 70, and the 'Year' starts over again. So again, first literal history, but after that it becomes paradigmal. So now we have three ways to read the Matt, Luke, Pauline text: 1. Literal for the generation getting it. So those alive 30AD would need all that text to know how to orient during their lifetimes. 2. Literal for the future generation just before Trib starts, for Matthew text. By then, they are supposed to know all the above, to know how to read the literal unfolding of the text for their own, shorter lifespans. 3. Paradigmal, to show historical trends. So now, to Rev. Looks like Rev 6 reaffirms the trends, so its syllable counts should be interesting. Looks like a 490. Rev17 tags Ephesians 1:9 musterion to show FAKE CHURCH which Paul mapped out year by year, stressing the Constantinian takeover (I bet Rev17 tags Constantine as the trend of Fake Church, which trend will be true in the Trib as well). The larger theme is the kidnapping of Bible, and how the few run away with it, so others can still get it; enough finally believe so it's freed up, then due to its popularity the faith politicizes, then the kidnapping begins all over again. So now, here when the Bible even in the original mss is freely available, what kind of kidnapping trend occurs next? And when, cuz it looks like from 2062-2662, Bible is more accepted than ever before, since 1st century. During the 1st century, there was no hierarchy, and everyone was free to get Scripture. There were occasional expulsions from an area or even from Rome, but Rome's policy was that the provinces had a right to their own religions. So after Christ died, you see a gradual increasing of politicizing Christianity, and when Constantine finally gets into power, it's CHRISTIANITY which becomes the tyrant. For awhile. Wash rinse repeat. Each new 490's apostasy is more widespread and worse than the one prior, cuz a) Scripture is more available to more people, b) most individuals reach some maxed-out acceptance before spiritual adulthood, so go political or religious (same thing) about one's 'faith'; c) more who do not believe react against those who do more strongly, and since Bible is more available they make more arguments which center more and more on its own validity. So each 1050 is marked by worldwide crusading of non-believers, not only believers, as this reaction progresses. That's where we are now, with Islam and others who are neither Jews nor Christians. But the Jews and Christians become more proprietary about their faiths rather than Bible too, as we're seeing now. The English Reformation freed Bible. But now that it's freed, it needs to be disseminated, translated, studied, fought over in study.. but that always leads to politicizing and religifying. On a wider scale. So that accounts for why the US, why every country on the planet has Freedom of Religion in its constitution, why so few countries have official state religions anymore. At the same time, the arguments among the people are sharpening, though not likely will become military engagements anymore, except for what the Islamicists might do. Post Posted: 18 Jan 2017, 01:17 Maybe. I keep wondering if John updates the Matt24-25 timeline past 3250AD. Im thinking about metering the first 4 seals in Revelation. Maybe it will tie in with Matt 24 since the Four Horsemen are Historical Trend regulators. Well, maybe it's a mix of both. And the other thing: OT timelines are sometimes dual (Ps90, Daniel 9). So what about the NT? In particular, is the Eph1:1-2 '56' a setup for a dual timeline? Luke 21 clearly brackets Matt24 to show different sevening results that are complementary. Is Paul doing that as well? Peter makes a song out of Paul; Jude, from Peter. I dunno about John yet. So what's the significance of those? Questions, questions. A. Accounting, no 'theme' in the meter, except its totals based on 490, 1050, etc. Examples are Gen1, Daniel 9, Magnificat, Matt24-25, Luke 21. B. Balancing the accounting to the Plan of God. These have themes and are symmetrical around them: Psalm 90, Isaiah 53, Eph1. The 'A' writers tag the 'B' material. Moses tags Ps90 in Gen1, Daniel 9 tags Psalm 90 and Isaiah 53, Mary tagged them also along with Daniel, esp. Daniel 9:24-27. Ok, so lets look at Psalm 90 versus Gen 1. Psalm 90 provides the skeletal structure, while Gen 1 puts meat on the bones. Hence, it would make more sense for the skeletal structure (B) to bear the general theme, whereas the organic structure (A) goes into the nuances. But as you said, that would be the opposite, if Paul tags Matt 24 [quote]A. Accounting, no 'theme' in the meter, except its totals based on 490, 1050, etc. Examples are Gen1, Daniel 9, Magnificat, Matt24-25, Luke 21. The 'A' writers tag the 'B' material. Moses tags Ps90 in Gen1, Daniel 9 tags Psalm 90 and Isaiah 53, Mary tagged them also along with Daniel, esp. Daniel 9:24-27.[/quote] I'm still not coming up with anything definitive on 91 in Paul. Closest thing is a hypothesis that there are two basic time meter types: So does Luke tag Paul? Not sure. Seems more the other way around, which goes against the hypothesis here. Paul definitely tags Matt24-25, so does Luke. Paul definitely tags Ps90, Isa53, even Dan9, also indirectly the Magnificat, but I can't see how he's tagging Luke directly. Stumped. A. [b]Accounting[/b], no 'theme' in the meter, except its totals based on 490, 1050, etc. Examples are Gen1, Daniel 9, Magnificat, Matt24-25, Luke 21. B. [b]Balancing the accounting to the Plan of God[/b]. These have themes and are symmetrical around them: Psalm 90, Isaiah 53, Eph1. Stumped. :?: :appleface: :cherryface: :grin: Post subject: Re: How Luke 21 SEVENS to Matt24 keywords, sample Reply with quote Still working on the 91, and will now hypothesize that Paul's getting it from Luke (thread here ), not Matt24. Why? Clever addition of 28+63 in Luke's two datelines equals 91, which is a play on the content of the chapter, the upcoming Tribulation. Season of Church due to Trib not yet. Christ was supposed to be 91 when Trib began, had there been no Church. So it's the season of Church, not the Season of the Last Seven Daniel 9:27 years. Another significance to 91 I didn't spot before: Chanukah is always the 85th day after autumnal equinox. 25 Chislev is the 85th day at sundown on the 84th day, which is the day forecast in Haggai 2 to Zerubbabel. So now if we counted 8 days from the 24th, we get the 92nd day, but it's piggybacked on the 91st day at sundown. Luke's playing a very particular game with his syllable counts versus Matt24, and ends up sevening more, but I'm still not sure WHAT game. So a) Luke KNOWS Matt24 sevens at each anaphora and keyword occurrence, and b) does the same (but less often), ON the Matt24 syllable counts, RELATIVE TO HIS OWN syllable counts. Still trying to figure out Luke's handle, but look: Matt24:4, ending at syll 169, βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ· Luke moves it up to end at syll 112, Luke 21:8, βλέπετε μὴ πλανηθῆτε Here's a wiki partial list of claimants, but it's slapdash, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants 199 AD: Septimus Severus is in power, and the chiliasts were expecting the Millennium to begin, falsely counting from ab urbe condita (753+199), which caused problems in Rome and fostered a bit of backlash against Christians. Also then was the rise of the claim that 'bishops' were vicars of Christ, and by 217 Demetrius of Alexandria for the first time 'helps' Julius Africanus claim Peter is on a bishop's list for Rome, in part to make Origen look less important (who will then (217) be courting the Severan mothers to get them to convert to Christianity). Raw end-to-end distance is 57, ring a bell? However, if you count from the first syll in Matt you get 160-56=104, the last syll before Luke's 'requote' begins. At 112, the focus is Bar Kochba aftermath. Depending on who you read, the rebellion was quelled in 135 AD, 7 years prior; with Jews thereafter being forbidden to enter the city; it's renamed Aeolia Capitolina, but it's not then finished in reconstruction. Judaea becomes Syria Palestina the following year, first time the name is used. So what's the tie? Seems like the end of the world; plague (189), burning (190), Commodus going nuts so then assassinated (192) so civil war (Year of the Five Emperors, ending with Septimus Severus). The other tie? This is the heyday of that vile anti-semite, Tertullian, who couldn't read the Bible if it bit him, https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.ix.xiii.html False christ, him. Why anyone praises him I'll never fathom. The guy was a total spiritual retard. Matt24:32, Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς συκῆς, sylls 1037-42. Luke 21:20, Καὶ εἶπεν παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς· ἴδετε τὴν συκῆν, sylls 821-34. Note the τῆς συκῆς in Matt ends 1042. Note it begins in Luke, at 832. Distance? 210! Now, the event Luke flags with the term is the same as the ending parousia clause in Matt 24:27, παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· which we know is an anaphora in Matt which Luke omits. But the end of the clause in Matt is 833, sevened. So Luke's use of τὴν συκῆν EXACTLY MEETS IT IN THE MIDDLE (so one syll on either side). Import? Well, the Matt use of fig tree exactly coincides with the takeover of Jerusalem in 1071-73 as part of the Arabs warring with Byzantium. But 210 years prior, 863, when Luke's in the middle of his use of fig tree, thus corresponding to Matt 24:27's 833: three years after Russia raided Byzantium (860), she converts; in the very year the Moravian alphabet was invented to evangelize the Moravians, as ordered by Louis the German. Bulgaria converts, the next year. See the tie? Arabs and Normans were then invading Byzantium too. But 210 years later, Russia would be helping. for the 1071-73 invasion was the proximate cause of the Crusades. No doubt that earlier raid in 860 brought with it Greek mss; so now when Russia converts, she has both translation and original script, for comparison, replete with the two guys who can read both (Cyril and Methodius). Still working on the 91, and will now hypothesize that Paul's getting it from Luke (thread [url=http://brainout.net/frankforum/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=521]here[/url] ), not Matt24. Why? Clever addition of 28+63 in Luke's two datelines equals 91, which is a play on the content of the chapter, the upcoming Tribulation. [i]Season of Church[/i] due to [i]Trib not yet[/i]. Christ was supposed to be 91 when Trib began, had there been no Church. So it's the [i]season of Church[/i], not the Season of the [i]Last Seven Daniel 9:27 years[/i]. Another significance to 91 I didn't spot before: Chanukah is always the 85th day after autumnal equinox. 25 Chislev is the 85th day at sundown on the 84th day, which is the day forecast in Haggai 2 to Zerubbabel. So now if we counted 8 days from the 24th, we get the 92nd day, [i]but it's piggybacked on the 91st day at sundown.[/i] [quote]Matt24:4, ending at syll 169, βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς πλανήσῃ· Luke moves it up to end at syll 112, Luke 21:8, βλέπετε μὴ πλανηθῆτε[/quote] 199 AD: Septimus Severus is in power, and the chiliasts were expecting the Millennium to begin, falsely counting from [i]ab urbe condita[/i] (753+199), which caused problems in Rome and fostered a bit of backlash against Christians. Also then was the rise of the claim that 'bishops' were vicars of Christ, and by 217 Demetrius of Alexandria for the first time 'helps' Julius Africanus claim Peter is on a bishop's list for Rome, in part to make Origen look less important (who will then (217) be courting the Severan mothers to get them to convert to Christianity). At 112, the focus is Bar Kochba aftermath. Depending on who you read, the rebellion was quelled in 135 AD, 7 years prior; with Jews thereafter being forbidden to enter the city; it's renamed [i]Aeolia Capitolina[/i], but it's not then finished in reconstruction. Judaea becomes [i]Syria Palestina[/i] the following year, first time the name is used. [quote]Matt24:32, Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς συκῆς, sylls 1037-42. Luke 21:20, Κ[u][color=#aa0000][b]αὶ ε[/b][/color][/u]ἶπεν παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς· ἴδετε τὴν συκῆν, sylls 821-34.[/quote] Import? Well, the Matt use of [i]fig tree[/i] exactly coincides with the takeover of Jerusalem in 1071-73 as part of the Arabs warring with Byzantium. But 210 years prior, 863, when Luke's [i]in the middle[/i] of his use of [i]fig tree[/i], thus corresponding to Matt 24:27's 833: three years [i]after[/i] Russia raided Byzantium (860), she converts; in the very year the Moravian alphabet was invented to evangelize the Moravians, as ordered by Louis the German. Bulgaria converts, the next year. That answer on the 91 still isn't good enough. Still piecing more stuff together. For example, now we see Paul's theme is quite wry: starts with Crassus, a Roman general who will later be sacked, sacking the Jerusalem tample. Paul's endpoint is 434 AD when a sacked Roman general extracts sack money from BOTH Western and Eastern Rome as ransom for not sacking them (Aetius, see here, here, and here). Christ's start point was when Egypt was defeated by a general, too. 30 BC, she became a province of Rome. Of course at the end of Matt25 He is the Conqueror. Cute. Any Roman would have gotten that immediately of course. They knew their history like we know the latest sitcoms, TV series, sports or pop songs. Paul's endpoint is 434 AD when a sacked Roman general extracts sack money from BOTH Western and Eastern Rome as ransom for not sacking them (Aetius, see [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/434]here[/url], [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III]here[/url], and [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II]here[/url]). Post Posted: 31 Dec 2016, 08:03 Post subject: Re: Yep, Eph1:1-2 is metered! Reply with quote You did it again, Anonynomenon: yep, I see the Eph1:1-2 meter now. Verse 1, 33, same as Christ's age at death; verse 2 (standard formula which Peter and Jude use, lyrical), 23 syllables, the number of years' elapse after Christ died. So maybe this is the earliest use of non-sevening for dateline meter, rather than how John (who also uses it that way). So Paul's writing in 59 AD by our timing, since we use Varro's ab urbe condita which has net 3 too many years in it (really four, but Christ is born at the end of one of them, hence we are all stuck with saying end 4 BC). My hangup was the insertion of the en+Place, but grammatically it's not needed. Isaiah 57:19 LXX uses the same ousin kai structure, somewhat poetic. The mss leave en Ephesw out or include it IN THE MARGIN (i.e., Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, Bibleworks has indexed those mss).. which wrecks the meter if you include it in the text. But the mss don't include it in the text. AHA. Hi, I Paul write after Christ Died at age 33, which was 23 years after Judaea became a Roman province, which is 109 years after Crassus sacked the Temple, though due to Varro's error we have to say 112 if measuring from ab urbe condita; which error also reflects the fact Christ shoulda been 56 when I write, had He been born per the original Abrahamic schedule of 2000 years after Jacob, in 4106 after Adam's fall. Whereupon, in v.3, Paul neatly starts with Christ's birth and then his second dateline is 112 really (but the new 56 is in its own new subsevened package of 434, playing on Daniel's 62nd week BECAUSE He died at 33, and BECAUSE He was really born 4103). So Paul just minuses 3 like we do, to start the AD clean. THAT is why it tracks so perfectly to the Roman history (then future) which we HAVE. Added bonus: Daniel 9 left out 56 from his ending meter, using only 742 sylls (think 5x1050 minus 56, cuz there are 750 sevens in 5250). Cuz he's praying for the finish of history, knowing that all but the 56 (which is post-Messiah) can be reimbursed based on past time, just as Moses wrote in Psalm 90:16-17 (which is 56 syllables rather than 70), and just as Isaiah calc'd (using 42 not 56, as the 14 was already past Israel's deadline pre-Messiah). PS this is why I call 56 'Vote Critical', whereas if 63 and time's up, it's Vote Short. So what about that 91? Well, now it stands for the remaining 7 to Mill, cuz under the old AND new Schedules, Christ was supposed to be 91 when it would start. But it starts 3 years EARLIER due to Him having to be born 3 years earlier, and that in order to align with the 1st Temple starting late, 1Kings 6:1. Its own next 490 ends 30 AD, so if He's not accepted by Israel by then, He'll have to die (and will). Golly, I've been looking for this smoking-gun proof since 2010. And all along YOU gave it, but again I was stubborn, and wouldn't LISTEN. Mea maxima culpa! Crow sure tastes good! I need an ambulance to restart my heart, it's overpowered with happy shock. You did it again, Anonynomenon: yep, I see the Eph1:1-2 meter now. Verse 1, 33, same as Christ's age at death; verse 2 (standard formula which Peter and Jude use, lyrical), 23 syllables, the number of years' elapse after Christ died. So maybe this is the [i]earliest[/i] use of non-sevening for dateline meter, rather than how John (who also uses it that way). So Paul's writing in 59 AD by our timing, since we use Varro's [i]ab urbe condita[/i] which has net 3 too many years in it (really four, but Christ is born at the end of one of them, hence we are all stuck with saying end 4 BC). My hangup was the insertion of the [i]en+Place[/i], but grammatically it's not needed. Isaiah 57:19 LXX uses the same [i][b]ousin kai[/b][/i] structure, somewhat poetic. The mss leave [i]en Ephesw[/i] out or include it IN THE MARGIN (i.e., Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, Bibleworks has indexed those mss).. which wrecks the meter if you include it in the text. But the mss don't include it in the text. AHA. [i]Hi, I Paul write after Christ Died at age 33, which was 23 years after Judaea became a Roman province, which is 109 years after Crassus sacked the Temple, though due to Varro's error we have to say 112 if measuring from ab urbe condita; which error also reflects the fact Christ shoulda been 56 when I write, had He been born per the original Abrahamic schedule of 2000 years after Jacob, in 4106 after Adam's fall.[/i] PS it's not a problem that Zephaniah, written some 500+ years after David, would smoosh syllables. So in David's day maybe two syllables ne-um, but by Zeph's, a dipthong of one syllable. Just as Deut 6:4 should be pronounced SHE-MAAH, but modern Jews say SHMAAH. BINGO. Notice how 2Sam23:3 'answers' Psalm 1:1-3. MERRY CHRISTMAS, huh! Yeah, I see it now. A righteous ruler is as a fruit bearing tree, firmly planted by the stream of God's word. Its about the work that God does through us. Look at the text of verse 3, for your answer. Really pretty clever. If not clear, then I'll elaborate, but I bet you'll have a bigger enjoyment if I ask you go ask God and guess... HINT: compare the text of Psalm 1 to the same 91 here. So what do you think is the doctrinal significance of having a 91 one at the end of verse 3, over ending in verse 5? I just need to reconcile that before I can be comfortable with either version. Cuz I really had a problem with some of my old elisions too, so I am split right down the middle. Okay, well if you can get 77 some other way (maybe other words have a +1 so you can still say divrei), lemme know. It has to be deliberate, and it has to be by clause. I still suspect the 42 occurs, just not sure where. Cuz Isaiah 53 breaks 52:13-14 as 42, then 35. So maybe either it's also in Psalm 1 or 2Sam23, the meter would have to be in Isaiah, something the reader would already know. For Matthew 1 uses the 42, and Luke 3 uses the 77. I'm so excited I can't see straight. Been looking for proof in the meter BY David for a long time. Ok, I got the 77 if I treat ne'um as two syllables and une'um as three, but remember, that Zephaniah seems to treat ne'um as one syllable. And, we have to treat דִּבְרֵ֥י in verse 1 as diverei instead of divrei, in order to reach 77. I'll have to see how the rest of the meter works before I can know for sure. clause 1= 20 Total=77 I went back and change the meter post on 2 Sam. I got 77+14+105 now, though I don't know its really correct. Before, I had the 91 ending at verse 5 (making salvation and desire grow). It seems like a seasonal thing, like bearing fruit. I'll have to think it over. [highlight=yellow]Edit[/highlight] Okay, well I got the 91 by the end of verse 3, in part cuz I counted neum as two syllables. Got 77, the first time it sevened, in the middle of v.3, by the end of אָמַר֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לִ֥י דִבֶּ֖ר צ֣וּר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל Okay, well I got the 91 by the end of verse 3, in part cuz I counted neum as two syllables. Got 77, the first time it sevened, in the [i]middle[/i] of v.3, by the end of אָמַר֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לִ֥י דִבֶּ֖ר צ֣וּר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל K. Here is 2 Sam 23:1-7. The meter didn't break evenly at verse 3, so I just did all 7 verses. I think I got all the elisions marked, but double count behind me and let me know if its off. Also, let me know if you think it should be elided differently. 20 וְאֵ֛לֶּה דִּבְרֵ֥י דָוִ֖ד הָאַֽחֲרֹנִ֑ים נְאֻ֧ם דָּוִ֣ד בֶּן־יִשַׁ֗י 27 וּנְאֻ֤ם הַגֶּ֙בֶר֙ הֻ֣קַם עָ֔ל מְשִׁ֙יחַ֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב וּנְעִ֖ים זְמִרֹ֥ות יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ 15 ר֥וּחַ יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֶּר־בִּ֑י וּמִלָּתֹ֖ו עַל־לְשֹׁונִֽי׃ 15 אָמַר֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לִ֥י דִבֶּ֖ר צ֣וּר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל Paragraph Total: 77 14 מֹושֵׁל֙ בָּאָדָ֔ם צַדִּ֕יק מֹושֵׁ֖ל יִרְאַ֥ת אֱלֹהִֽים׃ 13 וּכְאֹ֥ור בֹּ֖קֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁ֑מֶשׁ בֹּ֚קֶר לֹ֣א עָבֹ֔ות 11 מִנֹּ֥גַהּ מִמָּטָ֖ר דֶּ֥שֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃ 7 כִּֽי־לֹא־כֵ֥ן בֵּיתִ֖י עִם־אֵ֑ל 16 כִּי֩ בְרִ֨ית עֹולָ֜ם שָׂ֣ם לִ֗י עֲרוּכָ֤ה בַכֹּל֙ וּשְׁמֻרָ֔ה 13 כִּֽי־כָל־יִשְׁעִ֥י וְכָל־חֵ֖פֶץ כִּֽי־לֹ֥א יַצְמִֽיחַ׃ 12 וּבְלִיַּ֕עַל כְּקֹ֥וץ מֻנָ֖ד כֻּלָּ֑הַם 7 כִּֽי־לֹ֥א בְיָ֖ד יִקָּֽחוּ׃ 15 וְאִישׁ֙ יִגַּ֣ע בָּהֶ֔ם יִמָּלֵ֥א בַרְזֶ֖ל וְעֵ֣ץ חֲנִ֑ית 11 וּבָאֵ֕שׁ שָׂרֹ֥וף יִשָּׂרְפ֖וּ בַּשָּֽׁבֶת׃ פ Paragraph Total: 105 Sum Total=196 [quote][b]20[/b] וְאֵ֛לֶּה דִּ[b]בְ[/b]רֵ֥י דָוִ֖ד הָאַֽחֲרֹנִ֑ים נְאֻ֧ם דָּוִ֣ד בֶּן־יִשַׁ֗י[/quote] [quote][b]27[/b] וּנְאֻ֤ם הַגֶּ֙בֶר֙ הֻ֣קַם עָ֔ל מְשִׁ֙יחַ֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב וּנְעִ֖ים זְמִרֹ֥ות יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃[/quote] [quote][b]15[/b] ר֥וּחַ יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֶּר־בִּ֑י וּמִלָּתֹ֖ו עַל־לְשֹׁונִֽי׃[/quote] [quote][b]15[/b] אָמַר֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לִ֥י דִבֶּ֖ר צ֣וּר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל [/quote] [quote][b]14[/b] מֹושֵׁל֙ בָּאָדָ֔ם צַדִּ֕יק מֹושֵׁ֖ל יִרְאַ֥ת אֱלֹהִֽים׃[/quote] [quote][b]13[/b] וּכְאֹ֥ור בֹּ֖קֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁ֑מֶשׁ בֹּ֚קֶר לֹ֣א עָבֹ֔ות[/quote] [quote][b]11[/b] מִנֹּ֥גַהּ מִמָּטָ֖ר דֶּ֥שֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃[/quote] [quote][b]7 [/b] כִּֽי־לֹא־כֵ֥ן בֵּיתִ֖י עִם־אֵ֑ל [/quote] [quote][b]16[/b] כִּי֩ בְרִ֨ית עֹולָ֜ם שָׂ֣ם לִ֗י עֲרוּכָ֤ה בַכֹּל֙ וּשְׁמֻרָ֔ה [/quote] [quote][b]13[/b] כִּֽי־כָל־יִשְׁעִ֥י וְכָל־חֵ֖פֶץ כִּֽי־לֹ֥א יַצְמִֽיחַ׃[/quote] [quote][b]12[/b] וּבְלִיַּ֕עַל כְּקֹ֥וץ מֻנָ֖ד כֻּלָּ֑הַם[/quote] [quote][b]7[/b] כִּֽי־לֹ֥א בְיָ֖ד יִקָּֽחוּ׃[/quote] [quote][b]15[/b] וְאִישׁ֙ יִגַּ֣ע בָּהֶ֔ם יִמָּלֵ֥א בַרְזֶ֖ל וְעֵ֣ץ חֲנִ֑ית[/quote] [quote][b]11[/b] וּבָאֵ֕שׁ שָׂרֹ֥וף יִשָּׂ[color=#FF0000]רְ[/color]פ֖וּ בַּשָּֽׁבֶת׃ פ[/quote] [b]Paragraph Total: 105 Sum Total=196[/b] Okay, so the datelines are 14 AND 28. Doesn't matter the meter doesn't suit our verse names. Sum is 42. Have to think over what that means. For sure Psalm 1 isn't the earliest Psalm (which we know, cuz Psalm 90 is by Moses). How about this idea, I'm 42 when I write, was anointed king by Samuel 28 years ago when I was 14, have been king 12 years; 14 years from now, I will have 21 years left to live. Not sure what the 16 references. It's not sevened, but may have to do with his offspring. So now let's all kill ourselves. Look at the Last Words of David, 2Sam23:1-3, count the syllables there. Happens that, at our first numphios which spans 1748-49, two metrical translations were made, one of Job and another of those same last words, the latter being 1749 and available for sale at Amazon, here: https://www.amazon.com/divided-accordin ... 1170259006 Listings of those dates are here: https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIA ... 2&lpg=PA92 Here's a more-easily-searched and downloadable version, https://archive.org/stream/cu3192402961 ... 0_djvu.txt So I made an 8-part subseries showing this book and the arrogant reason why the 'scholars' did NOT pay close attention to the wider purpose of the meter, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wGRQv4tP9I&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&index=61 Kill me now. Lemme know what syllable count you get in 2Sam23:1-3, cuz it's our smoking gun, been looking for this kind of thing since 2004-2005 when I learned David died at age 77 from 1Kings 6:1. [i]I'm 42 when I write, was anointed king by Samuel 28 years ago when I was 14, have been king 12 years; 14 years from now, I will have 21 years left to live.[/i] Happens that, at our first numphios which spans 1748-49, two metrical translations were made, one of Job and another of those same last words, the latter being 1749 and available for sale at Amazon, here: https://www.amazon.com/divided-according-critical-explanatory-Richard/dp/1170259006 Listings of those dates are here: https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92 Here's a more-easily-searched and downloadable version, https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029617010/cu31924029617010_djvu.txt [center][bbvideo=560,315]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wGRQv4tP9I&list=PL1bv_xPIih3fs-vKfMgiVbt4fmi3Xs3Yf&index=61[/bbvideo][/center] Kill me now. [b]Lemme know what syllable count you get in 2Sam23:1-3[/b], cuz it's our smoking gun, been looking for this kind of thing since 2004-2005 when I learned David died at age 77 from 1Kings 6:1. Wow, you just made my Christmas. I don't know if there are variances in the Hebrew of Psalm 1, but in Psa 1:1a, I get 14 syl, and Psa 1:1b-2a I get 28 syl. [ אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי־הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּעֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים =14 ] [ וּבְדֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּבְמֹושַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב כִּ֤י אִ֥ם בְּתֹורַ֥ת יְהוָ֗ה חֶ֫פְצֹ֥ו=28] Then I get a 49 in Psa 1:2b-3, so a sum total of 91 (seasonal pun). [ וּֽבְתֹורָתֹ֥ו יֶהְגֶּ֗ה יֹומָ֥ם וָלָֽיְלָה׃ = 12 ] (12 hour days/nights) [ וְֽהָיָ֗ה כְּעֵץ֮ שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר פִּרְיֹ֨ו ׀ יִתֵּ֬ן בְּעִתֹּ֗ו = 21] (12+21=33 Christ baring fruit in season) [ וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבֹּ֑ול וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ׃=16] 14+28+(12+21)+16=91 Post subject: Kurios distances are SEVENED. Same kurios-numphios Reply with quote Okay, now I'm officially creeped out. The DISTANCE from one kurios to the next, is divisible by seven. Sometimes you start the count at the beginning (including the article) and sometimes at the end, through the NEXT full occurrence, and sometimes between them. ALSO, the count from the last kurios to the next numphios (exclusive to Matt25) is also divisible by seven, viz the last ὁ κύριος in Matt24 is at verse 50, and it runs from syll 1610-1612. Add 30 to get AD, and it's 1640 (end of the historical voting period after Christ's death 1050+490+70) and the end of the English Reformation, per historians. So then 1640-42. First τοῦ νυμφίου ref is in Matt25:1 and ends the verse at syll 1719. 1717-1612=105, here counting BOTH FIRST SYLLABLES of each term. Please kill me now. ὁ κύριος in Matt24 is at verse 42, sylls 1373-1375. Stands for Wycliffe&JanHus when you add 30 to convert to our AD. Matt24:45, sylls 1485-1487. So 1487-1375=112, 16 sevens. Stands for Zwingli, Erasmus, Luther from 1515-1517. And also, for their 'houses' of Bible translations, at least in English, based largely on what these three did ('houses' phrase is wry, huh): https://bible.org/seriespage/1-wycliffe ... -challenge Matt24:46, sylls 1520-22. So 1522-1487=35. Stands for 1550-1552, John Knox after he got out of prison and went to England teaching, at least; could stand for Calvin, as during those years Calvin faced Geneva opposition while teaching. During these years, both were foreigners with new teaching positions, arguing for ONLY BIBLE. This is when Stephanus mss and the Geneva Bible come out, too. Matt24:48, sylls 1581-83. Here it changes: 1583-1520 (so now includes BOTH instances), is 63. Period AD is 1611-1613. Easy to see why: 1611 was the KJV made official English translation, and it was revised each year thereafter. If you count the oddly proleptic ἐλθὼν for HIS COMING prior, then you go back to 1609 when Douhay-Rheims done (see above link). So v.50, noted above, from syll 1610-1612, stands for 1640-1642. Its distance is more sophisticated. Historically, the 1611 KJV was developed directly from Erasmus. But Erasmus, got some of his Greek text from what Zwingli had. So now notice: 1611-28=1583, which are syllable counts, not AD years. Or, you can count from 1610 syll back 28 and get 1582, counting the whole year before the prior ho kurios starts. Other Bibles were then printed, here's a free download of the editions, https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIA ... 2&lpg=PA62 The 'Royal' listings are KJV Bibles, as that was the printing company authorized to print ('authorized' had to do with the publisher getting the license, and the KJV is still copyrighted to this day; publishers get around it by adding stuff to the Bible and thus publishing the same text with additions as a 'new edition'). As each print run was limited, the annual printings of the KJV were updated each time to fix prior errors. So there is nothing special about 1611 except it was the first print run. But there was something special about the Bible publishing in 1640: it was really only part of a Bible, but was the first published in America, the Bay Psalm book.. and it was METERED. Toward the bottom of that Wiki page there's an example of Psalm 88 being metered. So, I checked versus the Hebrew we have. They didn't meter the title (Bible always does, but maybe they didn't know that).. but the Hebrew syllables in verses 1 and 2 AFTER the title, match the ENGLISH syllable counts. A longer sample of it is in the Appendix of this book recording the initial 1640 edition, here (free download): https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIA ... &lpg=PA177 The longer sample is hard to search for; it's on page 371 of the book, called the 'New England' edition rather than 'Bay Psalm', and begins at left-counter '28' on that page, https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIA ... &lpg=PA371 So now compare to the Hebrew. It's clear they are counting what they think are the HEBREW SYLLABLES and then making English to FIT their counts. Someone please kill me. I've been looking for a smoking gun like this since 2004. Cuz 364 years after 1640, I first realized Isaiah 53 is metered, and started trying to figure out what words might be missing from the Great Isaiah scroll. You can see me do that in http://www.brainout.net/Isa53.htm . I had first learned the 1050s not by meter, but by the begats. My pastor suspected the 490 was a recurring thing, in his last two classes on Daniel, but I didn't hear them until 2008 or so, when I'd already done the Isaiah meter, which is in Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=P ... 4356BE4BDC ) and vimeo (final version, https://vimeo.com/channels/isaiah53 ) But that's not the first time METER was employed! If you search on 'metre', 'meeter' (Dutch spelling) and 'meter' you'll find earlier metered sections, mostly on Psalms, but guess what? JOHN KNOX metered Deut 32, Song of Moses! I can't find a pic of it, but found the listing here, Catalogue listing 738: https://books.google.com/books?id=QIdMA ... &lpg=PA143 It was printed in 1615, but Knox was long dead by then, so I don't know when he wrote it. Or maybe the syll counts are wrong between verses 48 and 50? Or there's a shift in fiscal, or we're looking ad mid-years (so .5 on one side or the other but you can't use half a syllable so the total is one off a sevening)? It is true that the historic importance of the KJV to newly-forming American colonies was vast. Ironic too, that if this is an intentional 28, that the KJV-onlyists YES have a prediction of their Bible.. but not in ENGLISH, lol. A prophecy they couldn't read, unless reading the inspired Greek which is CLEARLY preserved, for the syllable counts.. SEVEN. If you look at that whole paragraph from verse 42 on, it's so wry a commentary on 1386-1703 AD, you lose breath. [b]Okay, now I'm officially creeped out. The DISTANCE from one [i]kurios[/i] to the next, is divisible by seven.[/b] Sometimes you start the count at the beginning (including the article) and sometimes at the end, through the NEXT full occurrence, and sometimes between them. ALSO, the count from the last [i]kurios[/i] to the next [i]numphios[/i] (exclusive to Matt25) is also divisible by seven, viz the last ὁ κύριος in Matt24 is at verse 50, and it runs from syll 1610-1612. Add 30 to get AD, and it's 1640 (end of the historical voting period after Christ's death 1050+490+70) and the end of the English Reformation, per historians. So then 1640-42. :step1: ὁ κύριος in Matt24 is at verse 42, sylls 1373-1375. Stands for Wycliffe&JanHus when you add 30 to convert to our AD. :step2: Matt24:45, sylls 1485-1487. So 1487-1375=112, 16 sevens. Stands for Zwingli, Erasmus, Luther from 1515-1517. And also, for their 'houses' of Bible translations, at least in English, based largely on what these three did ('houses' phrase is wry, huh): https://bible.org/seriespage/1-wycliffe-king-james-period-challenge :step3: Matt24:46, sylls 1520-22. So 1522-1487=35. Stands for 1550-1552, John Knox after he got out of prison and went to England teaching, at least; could stand for Calvin, as during those years Calvin faced Geneva opposition while teaching. [i]During these years, both were foreigners with new teaching positions, arguing for ONLY BIBLE. This is when Stephanus mss and the Geneva Bible come out, too.[/i] :step4: Matt24:48, sylls 1581-83. Here it changes: 1583-1520 (so now includes BOTH instances), is 63. Period AD is 1611-1613. Easy to see why: 1611 was the KJV made official English translation, and it was revised each year thereafter. If you count the oddly proleptic ἐλθὼν for HIS COMING prior, then you go back to 1609 when Douhay-Rheims done (see above link). :step5: So v.50, noted above, from syll 1610-1612, stands for 1640-1642. Its distance is more sophisticated. Historically, the 1611 KJV was developed directly from Erasmus. But Erasmus, got some of his Greek text from what Zwingli had. So now notice: 1611-28=1583, which are syllable counts, not AD years. Or, you can count from 1610 syll back 28 and get 1582, counting the whole year [i]before[/i] the prior [i]ho kurios[/i] starts. Other Bibles were then printed, here's a free download of the editions, https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62 [highlight=yellow][b]But there was something special about the Bible publishing in 1640[/b][/highlight]: it was really only part of a Bible, but was the first published in America, the [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book]Bay Psalm book[/url].. and [highlight=yellow]it was METERED.[/highlight] Toward the bottom of that Wiki page there's an example of Psalm 88 being metered. So, I checked versus the Hebrew we have. They didn't meter the title (Bible always does, but maybe they didn't know that).. [highlight=yellow]but the Hebrew syllables in verses 1 and 2 AFTER the title, match the ENGLISH syllable counts.[/highlight] A longer sample of it is in the Appendix of this book recording the initial 1640 edition, here (free download): https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177 The longer sample is hard to search for; it's on page 371 of the book, called the 'New England' edition rather than 'Bay Psalm', and begins at left-counter '28' on that page, https://books.google.com/books?id=fZAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371 Cuz 364 years after 1640, I first realized Isaiah 53 [i]is metered[/i], and started trying to figure out what words might be missing from the Great Isaiah scroll. You can see me do that in http://www.brainout.net/Isa53.htm . I had first learned the 1050s not by meter, but by the begats. My pastor suspected the 490 was a recurring thing, in his last two classes on Daniel, but I didn't hear them until 2008 or so, when I'd already done the Isaiah meter, which is in Youtube ( https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8523934356BE4BDC ) and vimeo (final version, https://vimeo.com/channels/isaiah53 ) But that's not the first time METER was employed! If you search on 'metre', 'meeter' (Dutch spelling) and 'meter' you'll find earlier metered sections, mostly on Psalms, but guess what? JOHN KNOX metered Deut 32, Song of Moses! I can't find a pic of it, but found the listing here, Catalogue listing 738: https://books.google.com/books?id=QIdMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143 It was printed in 1615, but Knox was long dead by then, so I don't know when [i]he[/i] wrote it. I'm not sure how to read the text as it might relate to the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire, which impacted the development of the Balkans and Russia. Portal link is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire Text seems to favor concentration on the West, not the East, and traces the parousia of Word to the West from the East. So far, none of the Eastern dates seem benchmarked by the text? Post subject: Re: Matt24-25 usage of parousias and ho huios tou anthropou Reply with quote By contrast, the παρουσίας references, which start in Matt24:3, seem to talk about when folks ENCOUNTER missionaries and convert. So He 'appears' to them via the missionaries, they learn the doctrines enough to convert (even if often for secular reasons or monetary gain). Really important: this accounts for why the distances between parousia clauses always seven. I didn't notice that when we parsed through revision 5, but I did notice that the sevening was out of place, not at the end of a paragraph as is normal in Bible meter I've found so far. So I thought I miscounted the syllables. But now that I see EVERY parousia clause is a seven-factor distant from the prior and next one, it means the distances are deliberate, no matter whether they end the paragraph textually.. or not. The other implication is that I didn't think to make parousia follow the YA sound, so it's always counted at four syllables. So then maybe my YA assumptions for sound on similar endings, is wrong. Will have to revisit. For how else can I explain the consistent sevening of parousia clauses I didn't want to see sevened? Finally, note how clever: Christ's theme throughout is you don't know when He's coming back, and He will SUDDENLY INTERRUPT when He does, and it will be OBVIOUS when He does. So, He uses the imminency of Rapture (and hence 2nd Advent, in that you can't know when Trib STARTS).. to piggyback on the sudden appearance of MISSIONARIES and BIBLE TEACHERS and BIBLE to a person/people. So that's why the parousia clauses don't come neatly at the end of a paragraph, yet seven. So if we've erred in counting syllables, the error is dual: one word is over counted and another, under counted. BETWEEN the sevens. Handy way to know how to audit the text and fix our elision assumptions! That first Matt24:3 ref is by the apostles to Christ, so that's your big clue that parousia will be analogized to Word Represented. Next time the term shows up is in Matt24:27, followed by 37, 39. Closely related and embedded, tho, is the expression ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. which is in the above verses and Matt24:30, 44. I don't know how to interpret its embedding. What I do know, is that Matt24:27-30 are periods of intense Viking migration and conversion, including the first time (847ff) that Bible is translated into a new alphabet for Moravia. This led to the Christianisation of the Rus, who are also a Viking related people as well as the seemingly-already-established, Slavs. Matt24:27 covers 823 (subtract 30 for the meter benchmark) through 863; with 847, being when Louis the German conquered Moravia and then Cyril et Methodius created the alphabet for translating Vulgate into Moravian. Luke 21:27 maps to Matt24:26 at 780, using ho huios tou anthropou starting at Luke's syll 756 (which is divisible by 7, lol). Luke will use the phrase again in his last verse, 36, ending at 1085, which of course also sevens back to the phrase at both ends of his verse 27. Cute: 1085-7=1078, the syll count including ellipses, in Isaiah 53. So now I really suspect Matt24:32 should end at 1085, not 1082 unless Luke is adjusting for Varro's error. Not only that, but he creates a biting commentary on how the believers were NOT listening to Christ. Cuz, the Daniel 7:13 meaning is not only savior, but Judge... Match the syllables to each other as you read. Matt24:26 sylls 751-780 ἰδοὺ προείρηκα ὑμῖν. 8 758 26 ἐὰν οὖν εἴπωσιν ὑμῖν· 8 766 ἰδοὺ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐστίν, μὴ ἐξέλθητε 14 780 Luke 21:27 sylls 751-780 [kai] τότε ὄψονται τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον ἐν νεφέλῃ μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς. 31 780 Which is a concatenation of what Christ says in Matt 24:30. QUOTING MATT. So bookends EARLIER to 24:26. That's not all. Matt24:32, sylls 1072-1082 read γινώσκετε ὅτι ἐγγὺς τὸ θέρος Luke 1:36, end, same sylls+3, read καὶ σταθῆναι ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Cute, huh. Matt24:30 covers 945 to 1015, when most of the stuff I've read on Viking conversions, occurs. This is the period of Erik the Red; 988 is called 'the baptism of the Rus'. This is deemed start of Kievian Rus as a polity, tho its people started converting in the Matt24:27 period as a result of the Bible being in a language they could read. It is also a period of extensive monastic reform that had significant teaching and economic impact wherever it expanded. What's distinctive of this period is the independence from the Church. Given the new monastic separation (beholding only to the Pope, which meant autonomous), it's easy to see how that independent style would attract plunder, yet also endear the Vikings, whose political culture was much more familial so independent so federal, therefore the idea of some all-ruling pope never caught on. How ironic. Then again, if you wanted Bible but didn't like the Papist trappings, retreat to a monastery was THE ONLY way to get what you wanted. But the later ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου refs don't seem to focus on them, but back to Europe? Matt24:37 spans 1229-1255, a period of those little Paris/Italy Bibles being so popularly used by the many itinerant friars of the Dominicans and Franciscans of the period, as noted in DeHamel's book. People were well enough acquainted with Bible to misread Daniel 12 on the 1260, so they were expecting the world to end in that YEAR. One big reason they WERE acquainted, was the sack of Constantinople in 1204; its massive library was sacked and taken back to Rome, who with Paris had long exchanged Bible mss between their universities. So the mss the East had, came to the West, who ransacked the Greeks passim ever since the Great Schism of 1054. With the Mongol hordes still invading Russia and Eastern Europe (finally stopped at Warsaw I think, in 1294), and with the last Crusades going on (which stopped in the Middle East in 1291), it's easy to see how they would misinterpret Daniel 12. But the point is, they were familiar enough with the Bible TO misread it. As DeHamel records, they lost interest in Bible when the expected 2nd coming (clever, given how 37b reads) .. didn't happen. So they didn't want Christ His Word, but a thrill. Picture Bibles were also developed during that time, to help speed comprehension, and fell out of vogue after 1260 (ibid). Next, is Matt24:39, which spans from 1305-1339, and is a warning. 1315-1317 was the Great Famine period, which (see wry context of the verse re Noah) was caused by TOO MUCH RAIN. The harvests wouldn't dry, so no fodder for animals nor food for man. It would keep on repeating in short bursts from this time onward. The Medieval Warm Period was ending also, meaning it was now too cold for crops to grow well, too. Leviticus 26, Deut28 warnings, then. For folks HAD those small Bibles, KNEW enough of what was in them to MISREAD Daniel 12.. and didn't grow spiritually. They had from 1170 when those Bibles first started coming out of Paris and going to the intinerant monks, so that's 4 generations... Matt24:44 could be broken up into clauses, but I didn't. Spans 1463-1495. It's a closing lesson: for this reason you should LEARN, make ready: as you can't calculate the hour, when the Son of Man comes. So did they? No. They turned the crusades inward from 1291 onward, picking rich pockets of Jews or others by calling them heretics. The Popes offered indulgences now for anyone who went after someone deemed a heretic, INSIDE one's country, or in a neighbor's. But by this time we had Gutenberg's method of printing, which rapidly became popular for all books; prior, we had the Italian Renaissance which began when Hus was just learning about Wycliffe, thus famous, his translations out and hoarded, as were Wycliffe's; there were a few other translations. The mss had come out a bit owing to the folks fleeing from the Middle East from the Crusades, especially in 1204 when the Latin Crusaders sacked Constantinople. So 'making ready' was thus done by some, and the idea of rejecting the RCC was widespread by many. Meanwhile, Constantinople had been definitively ended as a 'Christian' location, its Byzantine Empire by then shrunk to a few small spaces; now, since 1453 (same year as Gutenberg started his first printing but not yet published), the erstwhile New Rome (name Constantine gave it).. was finally under the Ottomans. So only the WEST remained, as a major place you could find Bible. But the West, was in various stages of war, both civil and international. 1469 saw the renewal of who's-the-rightful-king-of-France, so the Hundred Years' war which allegedly started in 1337, didn't end 100 years later. You had rival popes, which started in the West really a bit before the official 1378 'Great (or 'Western') Schism', between Avignon and Rome. You had civil wars within the countries owing to these greater competitions, with groups of people picking one side or the other. Of course, the Black Death would resurface again and again in smaller sections, notably leaving OUT, most of Poland, Milan, Pyrenees. But you also had renewed interest in the Hebrew, Greek, and translations. Lorenzo Valla of Italy, shortly before he died, compiled Greek mss he called Collatio Novo Testamenti, in it seems 1442, which Erasmus would later use. The Jews were expelled from England in 1290, so went to the continent where they had successive expulsions from France (of course, Henry called himself King of Normandy even then), in 1305 and following. So the Jews went to Spain and Portugal, who finally threw off the Arab yoke and shortly thereafter expelled the Jews too. But meanwhile, the Jews brought their OT in Hebrew with them, and so the West had access. After each expulsion, the area expelling plunged into internal 'crusades', civil war, and declined economically. The Jews finally found a more permanent home in Poland and Milan, just in time for the Black Death. So one could vote with his feet to find Bible. Missionary activity went seaward during this time. Gold and God, in that order. So in that sense, the prior meanings we saw for the Vikings of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, but this time in Matt24:44.. now continue with the mostly Spanish and Portuguese, sailing outward. So are you surprised that v.44's ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ends at syll 1462 aka 1492 AD? In 1492, Columbo sailed the ocean blue.. maybe with a newly-minted copy of the Hebrew text, just then being published in Lisbon and Italy. Oh: and the syll distance between the NEXT syll and the syll just BEFORE the ho kurios in Matt24:45 is (drum roll please).. 21! Divisible by seven! And of course THAT ho kurios is.. the Reformation. So now we see two key facts relative to historical prosperity/adversity: 1. If you want Bible, you want to favor the Jews, if only for the selfish reason they have at least initially, more knowledge of the Hebrew. 2. If you want Bible, you want to learn to read. In fact, most folks even through the 20th century learned how to read, from learning Bible (i.e., even in the Dust Bowl they learned to read from KJV and from Sears Catalogue). So notice: if you want Bible, you find someone who has one and can read it, and essentially contract with them formally or informally, to learn to read it yourself. That makes you a better worker, as you're motivated; that makes you a more valuable employee especially once you learn to read; so you get promoted. God promotes what you're attached to, so you can get the Word (seek ye first the Kingdom of God), so what you're attached to, is prospered even if they are not as interested. Multiply that over a whole region, and it's easy to plot how increase in Bible interest resulted in more monks, missionaries, Bibles and better treatment of the Jews, hence agriculture and other economic and political increasing prosperity; how when the Jews are expelled, there is a contravening (tho maybe not universal) hostility to Bible. Just as Lev26, Deut 28 say. In the patterns we know from history, which so far, Christ wryly annotates by year. The Son of Man title used, has often been mistaken to mean only 'prophet'. It should be translated son of ADAM, cuz in Dan7:13 the Hebrew is different, son of man (Aramaic bar enosh, generic nature). Son of Adam term is literal, but comes to mean 'prophet', as the prophets were all fallen like Adam was. First obvious use of it this way, is in Ezekiel 2:1, though prior uses of Ben Adam are many. It's the exclusive title used for Ezekiel throughout his book. Noteworthy is Eze40:4, where Christ in theophany is called ISH in the Hebrew. But not Adam. And of course, Eze40 is about the Millennial Temple, and Christ WILL BE AGAIN manifest as MAN then. Interestingly enough, the last Son of Adam usage is in Daniel 8:17, with God addressing Daniel as Son of Adam. Same vocative style as used for Ezekiel, who was his younger contemporary. So we can infer it means someONE discoursing on the Word of God. Christ always inserts articles, ho huios tou anthropou. Two-article usage is a title, not merely monadic, same as for official calendar dates in the OT (same in Luke 1:26 versus :36). THE Son of MAN (not Adam, but the Last Adam). Really clear in the Greek versus OT, dunno why there is so much confusion. Really boring videos demonstrating all this live in Bible, start here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKQIhhtUFbk&index=31&list=PLDA3CF01F9BA03EB9 So now, back to Matt24-25 and the anaphora. Notice the interplay between amen legw humin, kurios, parousia, ho huios tou anthropou (which in Dan7:13 LXX omits the articles, just as other LXX refs do). They are meant as anaphora in some kind of causal sequence. I don't yet know how to describe it. What I do know, is that this sequence is in descending order of intensity, and is thesauretical. Notice also that numphios in Matt25, is used as a synonym for kurios, but obviously the relationship is restricted to BELIEVERS (parthenoi). So Christ EQUATES yet RANKS His 'appearance' or 'coming' to people with the coming of His Word in the mouths of sons of men who expiate, explain, translate and transcribe it. We'll see the most interesting interrelationships between these anaphora (term is neuter in Greek), from now on, as now we enter THE REFORMATION. By contrast, the [b]παρουσίας[/b] references, which start in [b]Matt24:3[/b], seem to talk about when folks ENCOUNTER missionaries and convert. So He 'appears' to them via the missionaries, they learn the doctrines enough to convert (even if often for secular reasons or monetary gain). [list][highlight=yellow]Really important: this accounts for why the distances between [i]parousia[/i] clauses always seven.[/highlight] I didn't notice that when we parsed through revision 5, but I did notice that the sevening was [i]out of place[/i], not at the end of a paragraph as is normal in Bible meter I've found so far. So I thought I miscounted the syllables. But now that I see EVERY [i]parousia[/i] clause is a seven-factor distant from the prior and next one, it means the distances are deliberate, no matter whether they end the paragraph textually.. or not. The other implication is that I didn't think to make [i]parousia[/i] follow the YA sound, so it's always counted at four syllables. So then maybe my YA assumptions for sound on similar endings, is [i]wrong[/i]. Will have to revisit. For how else can I explain the [i]consistent sevening[/i] of [i]parousia[/i] clauses I didn't want to see sevened? [i]So if we've erred in counting syllables, the error is dual: one word is over counted and another, under counted. BETWEEN the sevens. Handy way to know how to audit the text and fix our elision assumptions![/i][/list] That first [b]Matt24:3[/b] ref is by the apostles to Christ, so that's your big clue that [i]parousia[/i] will be analogized to Word Represented. Next time the term shows up is in [b]Matt24:27[/b], followed by [b]37, 39[/b]. Closely related and embedded, tho, is the expression [b]ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b]. which is in the above verses and [b]Matt24:30, 44[/b]. I don't know how to interpret its [i]embedding[/i]. What I do know, is that[b] Matt24:27-30[/b] are periods of intense Viking migration and conversion, including the first time (847ff) that Bible is translated into a new alphabet for Moravia. This led to the Christianisation of the Rus, who are also a Viking related people as well as the seemingly-already-established, Slavs. [b]Matt24:27[/b] covers [b]823[/b] (subtract 30 for the meter benchmark) through [b]863[/b]; with [b]847[/b], being when Louis the German conquered Moravia and then Cyril et Methodius created the alphabet for translating Vulgate into Moravian. [list]Luke 21:27 maps to Matt24:26 at 780, using [i]ho huios tou anthropou[/i] starting at Luke's syll 756 (which is divisible by 7, lol). Luke will use the phrase again in his last verse, 36, ending at 1085, which of course [i]also[/i] sevens back to the phrase [i]at both ends[/i] of his verse 27. Cute: 1085-7=1078, the syll count including ellipses, in Isaiah 53. So now I really suspect Matt24:32 should end at 1085, not 1082 unless Luke is adjusting for Varro's error. [b]ἰδοὺ προείρηκα ὑμῖν[/b]. 8 758 26 [b]ἐὰν οὖν εἴπωσιν ὑμῖν·[/b] 8 766 [b]ἰδοὺ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐστίν, μὴ ἐξέλθητε 14 780[/b] [b][kai] τότε ὄψονται τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον ἐν νεφέλῃ μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς.[/b] 31 780 [b]γινώσκετε ὅτι ἐγγὺς τὸ θέρος[/b] [b]καὶ σταθῆναι ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b]. Cute, huh.[/list] [b]Matt24:30[/b] covers [b]945 to 1015[/b], when most of the stuff I've read on Viking conversions, occurs. This is the period of Erik the Red; [b]988[/b] is called '[url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus']the baptism of the Rus[/url]'. This is deemed start of Kievian Rus as a polity, tho its people started converting in the [b]Matt24:27[/b] period as a result of the Bible being in a language they could read. It is also a period of [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century]extensive monastic reform[/url] that had significant teaching and economic impact wherever it expanded. What's distinctive of this period is the [i]independence from the Church[/i]. Given the new monastic separation (beholding only to the Pope, which meant autonomous), it's easy to see how that independent style would attract plunder, yet also endear the Vikings, whose political culture was much more familial so independent so federal, therefore the idea of some all-ruling pope never caught on. How ironic. But the later [b]ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b] refs don't seem to focus on them, but back to Europe? [b]Matt24:37[/b] spans [b]1229-1255[/b], a period of those little Paris/Italy Bibles being so popularly used by the many itinerant friars of the Dominicans and Franciscans of the period, as noted in DeHamel's book. [highlight=yellow]People were well enough acquainted with Bible to misread Daniel 12 on the 1260, so they were expecting the world to end in that YEAR.[/highlight] One big reason they WERE acquainted, was the [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople]sack of Constantinople[/url] in 1204; its massive library was sacked and taken back to Rome, who with Paris had long exchanged Bible mss between their universities. So the mss the East had, came to the West, who ransacked the Greeks passim ever since the Great Schism of 1054. With the Mongol hordes still invading Russia and Eastern Europe (finally stopped at Warsaw I think, in 1294), and with the last Crusades going on (which stopped in the Middle East in 1291), it's easy to see how they would misinterpret Daniel 12. But the point is, [i]they were familiar enough with the Bible TO misread it[/i]. As DeHamel records, they lost interest in Bible when the expected 2nd coming (clever, given how 37b reads) .. didn't happen. So they didn't want Christ His Word, but a thrill. Picture Bibles were also developed during that time, to help speed comprehension, and fell out of vogue after 1260 (ibid). Next, is [b]Matt24:39[/b], which spans from 1305-1339, and is a warning. 1315-1317 was the [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%9317]Great Famine[/url] period, which (see wry context of the verse re Noah) was caused by TOO MUCH RAIN. The harvests wouldn't dry, so no fodder for animals nor food for man. It would keep on repeating in short bursts from this time onward. The [i]Medieval Warm Period[/i] was ending also, meaning it was now [i]too cold[/i] for crops to grow well, too. Leviticus 26, Deut28 warnings, then. For folks HAD those small Bibles, KNEW enough of what was in them to MISREAD Daniel 12.. and didn't grow spiritually. They had from 1170 when those Bibles first started coming out of Paris and going to the intinerant monks, so that's 4 generations... [b]Matt24:44[/b] could be broken up into clauses, but I didn't. [b]Spans 1463-1495[/b]. It's a closing lesson: [i]for this reason you should LEARN, make ready: as you can't calculate the hour, when the Son of Man comes[/i]. So did they? No. They turned the crusades inward from 1291 onward, picking rich pockets of Jews or others by calling them [i]heretics[/i]. The Popes offered indulgences now for [i]anyone[/i] who went after someone deemed a heretic, INSIDE one's country, or in a neighbor's. But by this time we had Gutenberg's method of printing, which rapidly became popular for all books; prior, we had the Italian Renaissance which began when Hus was just learning about Wycliffe, thus famous, his translations out and hoarded, as were Wycliffe's; there were a few other translations. The mss had come out a bit owing to the folks fleeing from the Middle East from the Crusades, especially in 1204 when the Latin Crusaders sacked Constantinople. So 'making ready' was thus done by some, and the idea of rejecting the RCC was widespread by many. Meanwhile, Constantinople had been definitively ended as a 'Christian' location, its Byzantine Empire by then shrunk to a few small spaces; now, since 1453 (same year as Gutenberg started his first printing but not yet published), the erstwhile [i]New Rome[/i] (name [i]Constantine[/i] gave it).. was finally under the Ottomans. [i][b]So only the WEST remained, as a major place you could find Bible.[/b][/i] But the West, was in various stages of war, both civil and international. 1469 saw the renewal of [i]who's-the-rightful-king-of-France[/i], so the Hundred Years' war which allegedly started in 1337, didn't end 100 years later. You had rival popes, which started in the West really a bit before the official 1378 'Great (or 'Western') Schism', between Avignon and Rome. You had civil wars within the countries owing to these greater competitions, with groups of people picking one side or the other. Of course, the Black Death would resurface again and again in smaller sections, notably leaving OUT, most of Poland, Milan, Pyrenees. But you also had renewed interest in the Hebrew, Greek, and translations. Lorenzo Valla of Italy, shortly before he died, compiled Greek mss he called [i]Collatio Novo Testamenti[/i], in it seems 1442, which Erasmus would later use. The Jews were expelled from England in 1290, so went to the continent where they had successive expulsions from France (of course, Henry called himself King of Normandy even then), in 1305 and following. So the Jews went to Spain and Portugal, who finally threw off the Arab yoke and shortly thereafter expelled the Jews too. But meanwhile, the Jews brought their OT in Hebrew with them, and so the West had access. After each expulsion, the area expelling plunged into internal 'crusades', civil war, and declined economically. The Jews finally found a more permanent home in Poland and Milan, just in time for the Black Death. So one could vote with his feet to find Bible. Missionary activity went seaward during this time. Gold and God, in that order. So in that sense, the prior meanings we saw for the Vikings of [b]ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[/b], but this time in [b]Matt24:44[/b].. now continue with the mostly Spanish and Portuguese, sailing outward. So are you surprised that v.44's ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ends at syll 1462 aka 1492 AD? [i]In 1492, Columbo sailed the ocean blue[/i].. maybe with a newly-minted copy of the Hebrew text, just then being published in Lisbon and Italy. Oh: and the syll distance between the NEXT syll and the syll just BEFORE the [i]ho kurios[/i] in Matt24:45 is (drum roll please).. 21! Divisible by seven! And of course THAT [i]ho kurios[/i] is.. [i]the Reformation[/i]. [b]The Son of Man[/b] title used, has often been mistaken to mean only 'prophet'. It should be translated [i]son of ADAM[/i], cuz in Dan7:13 the Hebrew is different, [i]son of man[/i] (Aramaic [i]bar enosh[/i], generic nature). [i]Son of Adam[/i] term is literal, but comes to mean 'prophet', as the prophets were all fallen like Adam was. First obvious use of it this way, is in Ezekiel 2:1, though prior uses of [i]Ben Adam[/i] are many. [i]It's the exclusive title used for Ezekiel[/i] throughout his book. Noteworthy is Eze40:4, where Christ in theophany is called ISH in the Hebrew. But not Adam. And of course, Eze40 is about the Millennial Temple, and Christ WILL BE AGAIN manifest as MAN then. [center][bbvideo=560,315]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKQIhhtUFbk&index=31&list=PLDA3CF01F9BA03EB9[/bbvideo][/center] [center]. :vikinggirl: :vikinggirl: :vikinggirl: .[/center] So now, back to Matt24-25 and the anaphora. Notice the interplay between [i]amen legw humin, kurios, parousia, ho huios tou anthropou[/i] (which in Dan7:13 LXX [i]omits[/i] the articles, just as other LXX refs do). They are meant as anaphora in some kind of causal sequence. I don't yet know how to describe it. What I do know, is that this sequence is in [i]descending order of intensity[/i], and is thesauretical. Notice also that [i]numphios[/i] in Matt25, is used as a synonym for kurios, but obviously the relationship is restricted to BELIEVERS (parthenoi). So Christ EQUATES yet RANKS His 'appearance' or 'coming' to people with the coming of His Word in the mouths of [i]sons of men[/i] who expiate, explain, translate and transcribe it. Post subject: Use of Kurios as anaphora keyword in Matt24-25 Reply with quote As for the kurios keyword reference (Christ uses specialized names for Himself in paragraphs), which run from Matt24:42-50, all these refs appear to be of BIBLE TRANSLATIONS undertaken by reformers, thread list: https://twitter.com/Clay_Odem/status/808860924211818496 Bible editions: https://books.google.com/books?id=G6ItAAAAMAAJ (free download) http://clausenbooks.com/bible1700.htm The Matt25 kurios refs are POVs, with numphios maybe replacing THE Lord in Matt24. Not sure, needs more testing. Obviously can have significance of one falsely calling Lord someone NOT 'the' Lord. Refs are in Matt25:11, 18-20, 22-24, 37, 44. The last two have JSC and GWTJ language. IF each kurios ref means Bible disseminated via translation or mss, then there seems to be a massive upgrade coming after our generation, given the above refs. Implication is that nations outside the US and Europe, who are the centers for the mss, will then become interested in them. I do know that there are many missionary societies today who are busy translating the Bible into the tongues of small isolated groups (search on Tyndale in vimeo for their vids on this). As for the [i]kurios[/i] keyword reference (Christ uses specialized names for Himself in paragraphs), which run from Matt24:42-50, all these refs appear to be of BIBLE TRANSLATIONS undertaken by reformers, The Matt25 kurios refs are POVs, with [i]numphios[/i] maybe replacing THE Lord in Matt24. Not sure, needs more testing. Obviously [i]can[/i] have significance of one falsely calling [i]Lord[/i] someone NOT 'the' Lord.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line103
__label__wiki	0.730229	0.730229	All the information and advice that you need to claim compensation in an easy to understand and easy to use pack. 'I'm still waiting for my deposit after two months': Your first lesson as a student - how to avoid a renting rip-off Martin Lewis: how to get cash for flight delays Sony Playstation Data Loss Launches Sony to Top 10 in The Largest Data Breaches of All Time Sony Playstation Network Hack was Only the Beginning of the Data Loss Scandal. Mobile Phone Contract Disputes Lost Your Tenancy Deposit? It Can Be Saved! Law Firm in Trouble Under Data Protection Act Compensation Claims for Holiday Issues How Lost Luggage Affects People Each Year More Lost Luggage Claims for BA Tenancy Disputes - Getting Your Deposit Back Data Loss - T-Mobile Sells On Customer Data Claim Compensation - Compensation Pack Makes it Easy ba (1) cashback (1) data loss (4) delayed flights (2) holiday claims (2) lost luggage (3) mobile phone dispute (1) sony playstation network (2) tenancy deposit dispute (2) Compensation Pack Blog Latest news from Compensation Pack, keeping you informed about your right to claim compensation. Monday 02nd September 2013 It was the third excuse from the glassy-eyed airline staff at a packed boarding gate that caused something to snap inside the previously patient passengers. Shortly before 9.30pm in a stuffy Gatwick departure lounge, travellers weary from a sweaty five-hour delay to their flight to Gran Canaria had just been told by Thomson staff they would finally take off. But there was a snag: it would not be for another 11 hours. Many of the cabin crew earmarked for the trip had just spent too many hours in the air to be able to fly, it emerged — and replacements weren’t available. Worse, this bombshell landed after an earlier excuse that an ‘aeroplane with a technical fault’, had forced the new late-evening departure time. At boiling point, families struggling with exhausted children — along with fellow travellers — began to shout and yell at the airline’s staff. Fraught and furious, some tried to push past barriers in a vain attempt to get on the aircraft at any cost. Anxious at the growing melee, airport staff frantically called security in a bid to quell the crowd’s anger. But the attempt to defuse the situation failed. The arrival of security guards prompted others to clamber onto the counter to avoid being pushed back — and get to the plane in a desperate yet fruitless move Ina Harmer, her husband Paul and six-year-old daughter Emily had a ringside seat to the mayhem. ‘Everyone was frustrated, but being told that the airline hadn’t got the right number of crew available tipped people over the edge,’ she says. ‘The staff had to call in security because people were so desperate to get on the plane. ‘In the end, once things calmed down, we were put up in a hotel near the airport for the night. It was so awful for Emily, who was weary, miserable and exhausted. That morning, we’d told her all about the lovely hotel waiting for us and the sunny weather in Gran Canaria — so when we ended up in a nearby Gatwick hotel, barely half an hour from our home, she was distraught. She just didn’t understand what was going on.’ The fiasco, which took place in June 2010, meant the Harmers lost a day of their week-long holiday. When they tried to claim compensation in the following weeks, Thomson said it would have to wait until the EU had drawn up a final ruling on payouts for delays. That meant a two-year wait until last October when rules were passed that say passengers delayed for more than three hours are entitled to compensation of up to €600 (£516) per person, or £2,064 for a family of four. However, the Harmers have also had to spend the past ten months battling Thomson, which still refuses to pay up. The company claims the delay was caused by a technical fault, which it could not have prevented — releasing it from any responsibility to pay. The Harmers refuse to accept this and are taking their complaint to court. Mrs Harmer says: ‘The delay was awful, but how we’ve been treated since is even worse. I’ll never use Thomson again. We’ve been fobbed off at every turn and made to jump through hoops in the hope we’ll just go away.' ‘They have demanded boarding passes from three years ago as proof of our flight and even claimed it has had no record of us being on it! But we won’t give up.’ Their sentiment is being shared by thousands more holidaymakers, including many returning from overseas trips this summer, who are battling to get compensation after experiencing a delay of more than three hours. Every day, more than 100 disgruntled travellers lodge an official complaint, according to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). A record 20,000 are expected to take an airline to the authorities this year, it estimates — compared with just 3,200 last year. Many of these complaints date back as far as six years. All have been spurred on by the new EU law on compensation for delays of more than three hours. They have also been given impetus by two recent court cases, which have seen holidaymakers successfully win compensation for delays from travel agent Thomas Cook — which runs a fleet of aircraft — and airline Monarch. But despite the new law, many airlines are trying to avoid paying out. They are exploiting a loophole in the rules that states that if the delay is caused by an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ outside the airline’s control, they don’t have to cough up. Frequently, airlines won’t give an explanation to passengers of exactly what has happened but refer instead to something vague such as a ‘technical fault’. You may be told the airline could do nothing about it but, in reality, the setback can be of the airline’s own making. Working out who’s right and who’s telling the truth is proving a major headache for holidaymakers — and leaving many confused. Figures from consumer campaign group Flight-Delayed reveal only one in ten delayed passengers who complain to the airline are awarded compensation. Yet the CAA says it rules in favour of the passenger in around half of all cases it subsequently sees. Now, fed up at the airlines’ stubbornness and consumer confusion, the EU has had to publish new guidelines less than a year after introducing the original law. If you’re just back from a trip abroad and have experienced a delay or are about to set off on an end-of-summer break, here’s where you stand . . . Why have the rules been revamped? Five weeks ago, regulators in Europe attempted to clarify once and for all what counts as an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ — something that lets the airline off the hook from a payout if you’re delayed. Critically, blaming a lack of flight-worthy crew for a delay will no longer let airlines wriggle out of compensation. So, too, must they pay out when maintenance checks over-run, or technical issues hold back take-off because of poor overall service levels. From examples seen by Flight-Delayed, this means if shoddy maintenance has led to a broken bulb in the emergency floor lights or a blocked toilet being overlooked until the last minute — which causes a delay — the airline won’t be allowed to call it a ‘technical fault’ or ‘extraordinary circumstance’. And if an airline is late because it failed to get the right paperwork in order or an inspection by an outside safety body finds a technical problem, it also has to pay passengers. There is now a list of 30 examples of an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ when an airline is not at fault and, therefore, does not have to provide compensation. These include obvious examples such as civil unrest, strikes, terrorism threats, natural disasters and bad weather. They also include if a bird strikes the aircraft or a poorly driven airport vehicle collides with the plane. And if an engine part fails before it is due to be replaced, then the airline doesn’t have to pay up. So will all cases now be paid in full? It’s unlikely because many of the 30 extraordinary circumstances are too vague. For example, it allows an airline off the hook if it encounters a technical defect ‘immediately prior to departure’. But what does ‘immediately prior’ mean? Ten minutes, 30 minutes or an hour? It’s likely to be a horribly contested grey area. Raymond Veldkamp, founder of Flight-Delayed, which investigates claims, is concerned the new guidelines do not go far enough. He says: ‘It’s a step forward, but airlines will still be able to get around them. To a passenger, the word ‘immediately’ might mean five minutes, but to an airline, it could be three hours. They still have too much room for manoeuvre.’ Similar confusion is likely to arise over just what counts as a poor standard of maintenance service. Who decides what is and what isn’t acceptable? And how can it be proved that what is said to have happened actually took place? It could end up with the CAA’s word against an airline’s, and a contested service report. The lack of an independent body to oversee this is likely to cause further problems. What's scuppering so many valid claims? Airlines don’t want to dig deep for expensive compensation claims. The rise of budget airlines also means that, in many cases, the sums awarded in compensation are greater than the cost of the flight. As a result, experts fear passengers will continue to be fobbed off despite the new rules. Getting to the truth of what really happened is also tricky. Airlines can say one thing without yet knowing what has actually happened, further muddying the waters. An airline may also tell you the delay is down to a technical problem, but not know if it’s one that will result in them paying up — hence the vagueness of their responses. Hardly any passengers have the knowledge or experience to know what the problem actually is, or to be able to corroborate it. There is also confusion over how far back you can claim. All airlines have been told by regulators to deal with claims from up to six years ago, in line with UK court rulings. But, so far, Thomson has refused to play ball. Instead, it is refusing to look at claims older than two years, and that includes the Harmer family, despite their making a first complaint in 2010. A spokesperson for Thomson says: ‘The law in this area is complex and many situations will not result in an entitlement to compensation.’ It means Thomson passengers who fail to bring their claims within two years will have to take their case to a small claims court. The EU has also ruled that — in a bid to ease some of the pressure on the CAA — using the new rules, airlines have to look again at complaints they have previously rejected. This is holding up claims and adding to frustrations. Not having enough clear information on how to make a valid claim for delayed flight compensation is also a major problem. A spokesperson for the CAA says: ‘It’s vital for airlines to give passengers more detailed explanations of exactly what caused the delay and the steps they took to prevent it. To help customers, they can’t just say there was a technical fault, which is what we’ve seen in the past. They need a clearer explanation.’ How much money can you get back? Under EU law, you are entitled to compensation for flight delays. To qualify, you must be delayed for more than three hours before landing at your destination, and either travelling from an EU airport or on an EU airline. So delayed passengers due to fly into Heathrow from New York on a BA aircraft would be able to claim; but those on American Airlines wouldn’t. How much you get depends on how long you are delayed and how far you are travelling (see table above). For example, if you’re flying from London to Paris and are delayed for three hours you can claim €250 (£215). To get the maximum €600 (£516), you need to be travelling more than 3,500 km and be delayed for four hours or more. The EU is in talks over whether to alter the amount of compensation you get for different-length delays, but any changes are unlikely before 2015. Remember, if you are delayed, your airline is obligated to care for you regardless of whether you are entitled to compensation or not. This means providing you with vouchers for food and drink and putting you up in a hotel if you are delayed overnight. How do I get my compensation? From the minute you’re held up by more than three hours at a UK airport, start collecting evidence. Note down what airline staff tell you about why you’re delayed, the time it is said and any later changes to this if they occur. Keep hold of any letters or information leaflets staff may hand out. Then, when you return from your holiday, complain to the airline citing the EU Regulation 261/2004, and explain you are writing to request compensation. Include your name, booking reference, flight number, when you were travelling and the flight length. You should also include any boarding passes, receipts and confirmation emails you have. If your airline rejects your claim, you can then lodge a complaint with the CAA by phoning 020 7379 7311, visiting its website at caa.co.uk or writing to CAA House, 49-55 Kingsway, London WC2B 6TE. It will investigate whether it thinks you have grounds to make a claim. However, when an airline performs a U-turn and pays out, it does not have to contact everyone else on the flight who should also have received compensation. Others may already have made a successful claim, so don’t delay. The CAA says it will deal with complaints dating back to 2007 (although, with Thomson, passengers face a court action if it’s more than two years ago). It can’t force the airline to pay out, but it can strongly recommend that it looks again at your case. In the last resort, if the airline still refuses to pay, you can take it to a small claims court. If the delay happened outside the UK, you must take your complaint to the equivalent authority for that country — not the CAA. For example, if you are delayed in Spain, you will have to contact the Agencia Española de Seguridad Aérea (AESA); or from France, the Direction Generale de l’Aviation Civile. The CAA will be able to help you with contact details. And watch out even when you are successful: some airlines are trying to pay compensation in vouchers for further flights. However, the CAA says you can reject this as you are entitled to cash. Some airlines also encourage passengers to make a claim on their travel insurance for delays. But most insurers will cover only the food and accommodation expenses incurred — which are covered by your airline anyway — and only stump up for long delays. [Source - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/holidays/article-2403199/Why-claim-compensation-holiday-planes-delayed-blocked-loo--hit-bird.html] Posted on September 02nd 2013 on 09:34am Labels: delayed flights, holiday claims Leave a Comment Enter Your Name Enter Your Web Site: Home l About CompensationPack.com l Contact us l Privacy Policy l Terms & Conditions l Blog © Copyright 2007-2019 CompensationPack.com Ltd.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line108
__label__wiki	0.935663	0.935663	Pakistan woman paraded naked after son's rape case by Nita Bhalla \| @nitabhalla \| Thomson Reuters Foundation Tuesday, 14 June 2011 10:43 GMT About our Women's Rights coverage We focus on stories that help to empower women and bring lasting change to gender inequality Men strip Pakistan woman, another raped for refusing marriage, says report NEW DELHI (TrustLaw) - A woman was stripped and paraded naked in northwestern Pakistan as a punishment for her son who was found guilty of rape by a group of village elders, the Express Tribune reported on Tuesday. The incident, in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, occurred after four men entered the woman's home in Haripur district, stripping her before dragging her into the streets of the village where they beat her with rifle butts. The newspaper said last week a jirga – a tribal assembly of Muslim elders which makes decisions among Pashtun communities in Afghanistan and Pakistan – had found the victim's son and another man guilty of raping another man's wife. "Police sources said the matter was later brought to the notice of local police by some rights activists and they had registered a case against jirga members," said the report. The newspaper said these kinds of incidents are not isolated in the country. In January, a woman in Pakistan's southern province of Punjab was stripped naked and gang-raped for refusing to marry. In many patriarchal and conservative communities across southern Asia, elderly men who set village rules are often accused of instigating violence and sometimes murder – often against women – in the name of culture and tradition. EXPLORE MORE Women's Rights NEWS Britain defends low rate of forced marriage prosecutions FEATURE-Japanese women are running for parliament in record numbers, but face many obstacles	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line116
__label__wiki	0.85634	0.85634	Looking for a barista or two Register Login Contact Us Anyone else up for a chat on new years I Ready Sex Naughty Swinger Searching Webcam Chat Adult Swingers Ready Video Chat Rooms Hit me up ladies just cat for one. M4w I am a financially secure, generous, 5'10, trim, fit, 59 year old SWM with a full head of hair living single in Columbia, MD. Waiting for a woman. Rosaleen Seeking: Look For Teen Fuck City: Wilmington, DE Relation Type: Woman Seeking Sex Clubs On February 14,a gunman opened fire at Marjory Yeears Douglas High School in Parkland, Floridakilling seventeen students and staff members and injuring seventeen others. Police and prosecutors have not offered a motive and are investigating "a pattern of disciplinary issues and unnerving behavior". It is the deadliest shooting at a high school in No States history, surpassing the Columbine High School massacre that took place on April 20, The shooting came at a period of heightened public support for gun control following attacks in Las Vegas, Nevada and Sutherland Springs, Texas respectively in October and November The sheriff's office received a number of tips Anyonne and about Cruz's threats to carry out a school shooting. The FBI learned that a YouTube user with vhat username "nikolas cruz" posted a message in September about becoming a school shooter, but the agency could not identify the user. In Januarysomeone contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI tip line with a direct complaint that Cruz had made a death threat, but the complaint was not forwarded to the local FBI office. Following the massacre, student survivors' anger and frustration towards the perceived inaction of the Republican -dominated legislature on the wider issue of mass shootings and gun violence led to the founding of Never Again MSDan organization formed Anyone else up for a chat on new years survivors and students of the shooting to demand legislative action on gun violence. On March 9Governor Rick Scott chhat a bill that raised the minimum age for buying rifles in Florida from 18 to The legislation also established waiting periods and background checks for gun buyers. The law also allowed for the arming of teachers who were properly trained and the hiring of school police. So-called " bump stocks " yeasr Anyone else up for a chat on new years be banned and some potentially violent or mentally unstable persons would be prohibited from chta guns. Yesrs the shooting, the Broward County Sheriff's Office was nationally criticized for its handling of the police response, with much of the criticism being directed at Sheriff Scott Israel for not addressing loopholes that allowed Cruz to purchase a firearm despite his lengthy record of threatening behavior, as well as Israel's deputies that stayed outside of the school and did not attempt to confront Cruz while the shooting occurred. Several police officers who responded to the shooting later resigned, and Israel himself was suspended by Governor Ron DeSantis in for his conduct in regards to the shooting. A commission appointed by then-Governor Scott to investigate the attack condemned the police inaction in the wake of Single women wants hot sex Independence attack Sub Flint Michigan needing a warm dick now urged school districts across the state to adopt Anyone else up for a chat on new years measures enw security, including the possibility Anyone else up for a chat on new years allowing educators and staff members to carry Amateur women Stuart own firearms on school property to prevent further attacks. Fort Wayne Fuck Buddies Cruz entered Building 12, [note 2] a three-story structure containing 30 Anyoe typically occupied by about students and 30 teachers. The shooting lasted six minutes, [33] after which Cruz dropped his rifle on the 3rd floor of the building and left the scene by blending in with fleeing students. Avoid FOMO this New Year’s Eve with these tips from SuicideLine Victoria He walked to a mall where he purchased a soda. He then walked to a fast-food restaurant and lingered before leaving on foot at 3: School surveillance camera video revealed Cruz as the perpetrator, [37] [38] and he was also recognized yesrs eyewitnesses. These requests were denied by the Broward Sheriff's Office, even after the suspect was arrested. An interactive timeline of the events, beginning with Cruz entering the school property, was compiled by the Sun-Sentinel and yeas on December 28, Entitled Unprepared and Overwhelmedthe report highlighted a myriad of shortcomings by school officials and first responders. Anyone else up for a chat on new years Seventeen people were killed and seventeen people were wounded but survived their gunshot wounds. Twelve victims died Anykne the building, three died just outside the building on school premises, and two died in the hospital. The fourteen students and three staff members killed were: Geography teacher Scott Beigel was killed after he unlocked a classroom for students to enter and hide from the gunman. Commentators commended his actions and described him as Altamont TN sex dating hero. Anyone else up for a chat on new years White House petition was circulated, calling for him to be buried with full military honors. Victim Alyssa Alhadeff was the captain of a local soccer team in Parkland. On March 7—nearly three weeks after the shooting— she was honored by the United States women's national Ladies seeking sex tonight Southport Indiana 46227 team prior to a game in Orlando. Her teammates and family were invited to the game and presented with official jerseys that featured Alhadeff's name. Meadow Pollack was a senior who was shot four times during the shooting. As Cruz shot into other classrooms, she crawled to a classroom door but was unable to get inside. Cara Loughran was alongside Pollack, and Pollack covered Loughran in an attempt to shield her from the bullets. Cruz returned to the classroom and located Pollack and Loughran. Anyone else up for a chat on new years Look Dick He discharged his weapon five more times, killing Pollack and Loughran. The last victim to remain hospitalized, year-old Anthony Borges, from Venezuelawas released yeras April 4. “Are you making any New Year's resolutions?” and “What If you don't know anyone else at the party, introducing yourself can feel intimidating. Finally, invite your speaking partner to weigh in: “Does your job pick up this time of year too?. Forums · Chat · Chat . I always feel like I should do something on New Year's Eve and was considering spending it in Nobody's around where I am to go out with anyway, so I'll probs be spending it in like you. 0 . I will be staying in my bed and when I wake up I will probably say oh another year of loneliness yah lol. If all else fails and you have nothing to do in New Year's Eve, you can . if none of this happens and nobody strikes up a conversation with me. Dubbed "the real Iron Man ", Borges was shot five times after he used his body to barricade the door of a classroom where twenty students were inside. His family has filed notice of its intent to sue the school district for personal injury to cover costs related to his recovery. dlse Cruz had behavioral issues [68] since middle school, but a Washington Post writer said he was "entrenched in the process for getting students help rather than referring them to law enforcement" [78] and he was transferred between schools six times in three years to deal with these problems. Inhe was transferred to a school for children with emotional or ekse disabilities. There were reports that he made threats against other students. Iaeger WV Adult Personals This led the school to ban him from wearing a backpack on campus. Psychiatrists recommended an involuntary admission of Cruz to a residential treatment facility starting in At this time, a school resource officer suggested [83] to have him undergo an involuntary psychiatric examination under the provisions of the Baker Elsse. Two guidance counselors agreed, but a mental institution did not. In their assessment, they concluded he "was at low risk of harming himself or els. Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel described Cruz's online profiles and accounts as "very, very disturbing". Police said that he held "extremist" views; social Anyond accounts that were thought to be linked to him contained anti-black and anti-Muslim slurs. As in most states, in Florida, persons 18 or older can buy rifles from federally licensed dealers. Cruz passed a background check. A year later, he used this weapon to commit the mass shooting at his former school. Items recovered by police at the scene included flr magazines with swastikas carved in them. Watch Octomom Scene 1 on dbaudiosolutionsinc.com, the best hardcore porn site. Pornhub is home to the widest selection of free Masturbation sex videos full of the hottest pornstars. If you're craving busty XXX movies you'll find them here. We are living in exceptional times. The world around us is beginning its descent into madness. While Riots and Protests have been sweeping across the nations of the world, there are many a movements starting to take place that speaks to a different truth, ands a new way of life. The shooting took place during the afternoon of February 14, , at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, an affluent suburb about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Fort Lauderdale. The shooter, former student Nikolas Cruz, was dropped off at the school by an Uber driver at p.m., shortly before dismissal time. Carrying a rifle bag and a backpack, he was spotted and. One student reported that Cruz had drawn a swastika and the words "I hate niggers" on his backpack. He said he wanted to kill gay people and Mexicans, and talked about keeping black people in chains. He said he hated black people "simply because they were black," and Jewish people because he believed "they wanted to destroy the world". He also referred to white women who engaged in interracial relationships as traitors. A former classmate said Cruz had anger management issues and often joked about guns and gun violence, which included threats of shooting up establishments. A student who was enrolled at the school at the time of the shooting said, "I think everyone had in their minds if anybody was going to do it, it was going to be him". He was held back twice. He had aspirations to join the military. A neighbor said his mother would call the police over to the house to try to talk some sense into him. Sheriff Scott Israel said that his office received 23 calls Just friends for kayaking Cruz during the previous decade, but this figure is in dispute. CNN used a public records request to obtain a sheriff's office log, which showed Anyone else up for a chat on new years from toat least 45 calls were made in reference to Cruz, his brother, or the family home. Watch LUBED - Lesbians Nina North and Abigail Mac nasty outdoor sex on dbaudiosolutionsinc.com, the best hardcore porn site. Pornhub is home to the widest selection of free Cumshot sex videos full of the hottest pornstars. If you're craving big dick XXX movies you'll find them here. In his book Confessions of a Reformission Rev, Mark Driscoll might have made one confession too dbaudiosolutionsinc.com image below. Mark’s seemingly funny story about writing as William Wallace II might end up becoming his worst nightmare yet. Because Mark’s Internet ramblings as William Wallace II from 14 years ago have allegedly hit the Internet. Watch Octomom Scene 1 on dbaudiosolutionsinc.com, the best hardcore porn site. Pornhub is home to the widest selection of free Masturbation sex videos full of the hottest pornstars. If you're craving busty XXX movies you'll find them here. On September 23, a peer counselor notified the school resource officer of his suicide attempt nw intent to buy a gun; the school indicated it would do a "threat assessment". In Septemberthree people—a sheriff's deputy who worked as a resource officer at Stoneman Douglas, and two of the school's counselors—stated that Cruz should Ssbbw 4 bbc for ongoing fwb committed for mental evaluation. On September 24, a person with the username "nikolas cruz" posted a comment to a YouTube video which read, "Im[sic] going to be a professional school shooter". According to agent Robert Lasky, the agency conducted database reviews but was unable to track down the individual who made the Anyone else up for a chat on new years comment. On February 16two days after the shooting, the agency released a statement that detailed this information. According to the statement, "The caller provided information about Anyone else up for a chat on new years gun ownership, desire to kill people, erratic behavior, and disturbing social media posts, as well as the potential of him conducting a school shooting. The lack of response by Israel and other yesrs of the Broward Country sheriff's department to the numerous red flags and warnings about Cruz has been the subject of much scrutiny. According to a new report released and reviewed by The New York Times and The Daily Beasta year before the shooting, Cruz sought help from education specialists and it was determined that he might be able to be transferred out of Stoneman Douglas to another school, Omaha Nebraska pussy in the Creek in Pompano Beach. At first, Cruz stayed at Stoneman Douglas, but as his grades started to decline, he requested to be transferred to Cross Creek, but this request was never followed up by school Anyone else up for a chat on new years. At his initial arraignment the day after the shootings, Cruz was charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder and held without bond. Assist For Nice Warm Female Mouth He also told officers that he brought additional loaded magazines hidden in a backpack. The chief public defender said it is not yet known if Cruz's court-appointed attorneys will seek an insanity defense. I Looking Sex Chat She disagreed and declined the request on February On March 7,a grand jury indicted Cruz on 34 charges: Cruz declined to enter a plea, so Judge Scherer entered "not guilty" on his behalf. The defense had earlier offered a guilty plea if the death penalty were taken off the table, and reiterated it immediately before it was refused. During the week of April 8—12,Broward Circuit Judge Elizabeth Scherer included a three-page letter from a Minnesotan into the court record of the case. The letter was addressed to the judge and claimed that research into Cruz's past led the writer to believe that Cruz suffered from a developmental disability and that he was " The same week, a hearing was held to determine if taxpayers will pay for Cruz's defense. Information [ clarification needed ] was revealed that Cruz's inheritance from his late mother's estate could be worth Anyone else up for a chat on new years of thousands of dollars. New Year's Day - British Culture, Customs and Traditions His attorney, court-appointed public defender Howard Finkelstein White girl for latino guy, Anyone else up for a chat on new years with the court to wait until the probate case involving Cruz's late mother's estate was concluded and his net worth could be determined. These liens can complicate the proceedings, although Cruz has reportedly stated vhat wants the leftover money from his defense to be donated to a cause that promotes healing and education in the community. On July 26, Judge Scherer ruled that Cruz's confession, with certain details redacted, would be released to the public. Some portions of the report were redacted to protect Cruz's privacy rights. Cruz can be heard crying near the end of the video, and saying "kill me" to the camera. On November 14, Cruz was faced with additional charges as he attacked a corrections officer the night before on the 13th according to the Boward Sheriff's Office. Looking Nsa Cruz responded by striking the officer in the face and Cruz attempting to grab the stun gun out of the deputy's holster. The weapon discharged during the brawl before the deputy regained control. On May 30,prosecutors released three Adult wants nsa Varina from Cruz's cellphone that were made before the shooting. Cruz describes his personal feelings, his enthusiasm and plan for the shooting, and how it will make him notorious. The school district provided grief counseling to students and their families. Attorney General Pam Bondi said that the fees of funerals and counseling would Anyone else up for a chat on new years paid for by the state. On February 28two weeks after the shooting, Stoneman Douglas reopened to students amid a heavy police presence. Remember our focus is on emotional readiness and comfort not curriculum: I Am Look For Man I Am Look Dating Looking for a barista or two Copyright 2018	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line122
__label__wiki	0.801477	0.801477	Delirious? Support Bryan Adams At London's Hyde Park Delirious? performed on stage at London's Hyde Park last night as 'special guests' for Bryan Adams' leg of the 'Route of Kings' tour, in front of an estimated crowd of 20,000 people. Warm-up act 'Vega 4' opened the concert before Delirious? came on stage to their familiar 'Mission Impossible' video sequence to perform for nearly an hour. Their setlist included songs such as 'Hang on To You','My Glorious', 'Touch' and 'History Maker'. Throughout Delirious' performance they received rapturous applause from the crowd. Large screens on either side of the stage showed videos to accompany Delirious? songs such as 'Everything' and 'Investigate', as featured on their own recent UK tour. Bryan Adams' played an excellant show lasting over 2 hours. The concert was mid-way through the 3 date tour that Delirious? are supporting Bryan Adams on. The tour kicked off on Friday in Leeds (19th July) and Delirious? will also perform in Cardiff today (21st July) before returning to the USA to headline their own tour. Tours: Bryan Adams Route Of Kings Tour Concert Reviews: Bryan Adams Tour - Hyde Park London (20 Jul 2002) Live Photos: Hyde Park London, Bryan Adams Tour (20 Jul 2002)	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line124
__label__cc	0.597832	0.402168	AFTERMARKET REVIEW Eduard Big Sin Fw 190A-4 Advanced -- 1:48 Scale The Fw 190 was one of the best-known fighter aircraft of the 20th century, and Eduard’s new tool 1:48 scale Fw 190A-4 was Detail & Scale’s 2017 Kit of the Year (see our review HERE). It’s also been the subject of a few Eduard Brassin detail sets including the cockpit (see our review HERE) the engine (see our review HERE), and one amazing Royal Class offering (see our review HERE). The Fw 190A-4 Advanced Big Sin set contains the Brassin sets #648355 (Engine and Fuselage Guns), #648356 (Wingroot Gun Bays), and #648366 (Propeller) along with the PE set #48937 (Fw 190A-4) that to the best of my understanding is only offered in this Big Sin set. Also, these are products for the Eduard Fw 190A-4 that we haven’t reviewed yet here at Detail & Scale. Let’s take a look. First, the Engine and Fuselage Guns set contains 30 resin parts and 76 photoetched metal parts distributed across two frets. All the great things that were said about the Brassin engine set in my earlier review (see link above) still apply here, from the impeccable, ultra-high fidelity casting and rich detail, to the great engineering – and now includes some awesome PE details for the engine’s wiring and various braces and ancillary parts. However, this set also integrates Brassin parts for the engine firewall that extends into the nose-mounted machine gun bay, its access cover, various open latches, and the MG 17 machine guns themselves. The quality and detail again is amazing (particularly the barrel detail) and the guns are produced as a single-piece casting, with each gun integrally cast with its mounting armature. It’s just perfect. Also, the recessed and details on the access doors and covers (on both interior and exterior surfaces) exceeds that seen in the kit. Second, this set contains parts to open up and detail the MG 151 20 mm cannon bays found in the wing roots. This set features 10 resin parts and one fret of four PE parts. Again, the casting is exceptional and filled with some beautiful details, from the floor of the cannon bays to the raised and recessed details on the bay covers and the guns themselves. The PE parts serve to detail the inner frame of the bays themselves and will do so to a very nice effect. Third, the propeller set provides some great replacement propeller blades. Since they are cast in resin, these parts achieve a scale thickness at their edges that are more accurate than the plastic prop blades in the kit. It also includes a fabulous cast resin prop hub, spinner, and a very handy (and effective) alignment jig to aid in the assembly of the propeller blades. Fourth, the photoetched metal set contains 49 parts on one fret. It provide various additional details to round out this Big Sin set, the most conspicuous of which are the replacement PE main gear doors (both interior and exterior surfaces), gear well wall details, wiring bundles, main gear brake lines, gear retraction arm details, and a few nice details for the cockpit, windscreen, and canopy. As might be expected, these PE parts are elegantly designed and manufactured with great precision. If you’re a scale modeler interested in opening up your Eduard Fw 190A-4, this Big Sin set will no doubt inspire you when you open the box, and later, these parts will be the basis for one exceptionally super-detailed Würger. It is a very serious tour-de-force of great detail parts that are unequalled anywhere. I cannot wait to use these in my Fw 190A-4. We extend our sincere thanks to Eduard for the review sample. You can visit them on the web at http://www.eduard.com and on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/EduardCompany/	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line129
__label__wiki	0.583685	0.583685	Home / Documentary / Bolshoi Babylon – Review * Bolshoi Babylon – Review * By Sara Galvão on November 1, 2015@DumasG It’s a bit like Black Swan, only it isn’t, really – no lesbian scenes and descents into madness, but expect jealousy and backstabbing aplenty. Director Nick Read manages to access the backstage of one of the most reclusive theaters in the world, and does so as the Bolshoi tries to recover from the scandal involving artistic director Sergei Filin’s acid attack, ordered by a dancer dissatisfied with his casting choices. We’re guided through the backstage of the theatre, one of the national symbols of Russia (the other one being the kalashnikov), and meet a few dancers – the single mom, the principal ballerina recovering from a foot lesion, the disgruntled teacher – while we’re filled in on Filin’s dancing and directing background, as well as the results of the attack investigation. But Bolshoi Babylon only gets serious when the new artistic director, Vladimir Urin, steps in, after being nominated by the Kremlin. Urin, by his own admission, had “bad blood” with Filin, who left the Stanislavsky Theatre where both worked in bad terms, dividing even further the 250 people that worked at the Bolshoi. What happens when Filin comes back to work is just too obvious. Promising more bite but ending up only barking at the trees, Bolshoi Babylon is nonetheless a serious, well crafted look behind the scenes of an old and respectable cultural institution, and its brilliant cinematography and editing will keep you interested on what’s going on even if what’s delivered on the screen is more smoke than fire. Read’s difficulties in getting behind the smiley, cool mask of all Bolshoi performers is visible, and only in the staff meeting scene – when, at last, Filin and Urin have a public confrontation – we feel the director managed to get a good peak through the rabbit hole. The choice of framing it around Filin’s acid attack was a good one – after all it is the perfect turning point of the Bolshoi’s “disease” – but unfortunately it ends up being non sequitur, as the reasons behind the actor’s crime are never explored, and end up being yet another smoke curtain that fades into thin air. Still, as a cultural document Bolshoi Babylon is excellent. People outside the cultural and ballet businesses can find the reality of it all a bit shocking (not to say slightly surreal to see so many individuals completely disconnected from “reality”), but for anyone with an inside view on the day to day life in any theatre the Bolshoi are not so much a viper’s nest as they are a bee’s hive, in search of a new queen bee. Certainly, some wasps wannabes are present, but then again, there’s no business like showbusiness, and why don’t you break a leg down the stairs, will ya. Bolshoi Babylon will be released in UK cinemas on 8th January 2016 Sara is originally from Coimbra, Portugal, where she studied Film Studies before moving to London to enrol in film school. Having made her first short film about her neighbour's chickens when she was 9 (a dystopian sci-fi, still her favourite genre), she is now a London-based film director and editor, and also a writer for the Portuguese Take Magazine. She is a huge fan of Lars Von Trier, Krysztof Kiéslowski, and David Lean. Related Itemsballetbolshoi babylondocdocumentarynick readrussiascandalsergei filinvladimir urin ← Previous Story North – Review Next Story → UK Jewish Film Festival- Closer to the Moon- Review * THE PARKINSONS: A LONG WAY TO NOWHERE – Review * EAST END FILM FESTIVAL – THE OUTSIDER – Review * A GENTLE CREATURE – Review *** © Critics Associated Limited PLC, 9 Blairtummock Place, Panorama Business Village, Glasgow, United Kingdom, G33 4EN. All rights reserved. Scotland company registration number SC453950. Crack for InterBase Data Access Components for Delphi 5 5.0.1	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line132
__label__wiki	0.766683	0.766683	Ekonk Grange donates dictionaries By Chris Owen, The Reminder News (9-28-07) SEPTEMBER 28, 2007 -- Spelling tests won't be so difficult for students in two third grade classes at Sterling Community School. On Wednesday, Sept. 19, two members of Ekonk Grange surprised the students in Mrs. Glaude's and Mrs. Schena's classes with dictionaries that were donated by the Grange. The 40-plus third graders waited anxiously in Mrs. Schena's classroom - at desks or on the rug in front of the white board - for the "The World's Best Dictionary" to be delivered. As the dictionaries were handed out, students eagerly began putting their names in the front cover. "I think we will use it for spelling," said Holly DeRouin , 8 as she flipped through the pages, looking up the word "night." For the fifth year, the Junior Ekonk Grange collected cans, five cents at a time, to buy the dictionaries for 47 Sterling Community third-graders , 32 Voluntown third-graders and 110 of their peers at Moosup Elementary. According to Ekonk Grange member, Rebecca Gervais, the project is part of the national program "Words for Thirds" sponsored by the National Grange. Once Gervais and Cheryl Theuenet had handed out the dictionaries they proceeded to play several word games, merging the donation with a lesson on phonetically-similar words. Theuenet asked the boys in the class to look up "knight" and for the girls "night." But Matthew Maher, 8, was already one step ahead of the game. Having already found his word, he explained the difference. "I just opened to the right page," said Maher, "but I know one's a person and the other's a time of day." "We want to encourage that they use this book and wear it out looking up words," said Theuenet. Theuenet went through a few more examples, before heading to Moosup Elementary with the remaining boxes of dictionaries. The students thanked the two Grange members, as they headed out of the second floor classroom, and Principal Vince Agostine challenged them to find the word with the most definitions. "Remember, what was once somebody's trash has turned into your treasure," said Theuenet.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line134
__label__wiki	0.723781	0.723781	Blocks, Operations, and Retain Cycles There's been some great discussions in the iOS community lately about the pitfalls of Objective-C and things to watch out for while developing iOS apps. One of our projects at Mutual Mobile recently encountered a very difficult to diagnose issue that I wanted to describe so that hopefully others can avoid this happening to them. The issue involved leaking images which resulted in a memory pressure warning and subsequent crash. We knew what the symptoms were and how to reproduce it, but the root cause of the leak was extremely hard to pin down. It used to be the case that most memory management issues were the result of programmer oversight. But as you will see below, this issue would be extremely easy to overlook which is why I felt it was important to share a detailed explanation of it here. You can't start off a conversation about memory management anymore without mentioning Automatic Reference Counting (ARC). Apple knew that managing memory is a big deal and that a lot of people in the iOS community were doing it wrong. At WWDC in 2011, they mentioned that around 90% of the crashes on the app store were due to memory management issues. ARC was their attempt to combat that. Essentially ARC synthesizes calls to retain and release for you so that you the developer can focus on actually building your app. It seemed too good to be true at the time, but I think I can safely say now that ARC has been a huge success. It's now extremely easy for us to manage memory in Objective-C because, well, we really don't have to do anything. As long as we follow the simple conventions the compiler takes care of the rest. It really does work quite well. There are a few gotchas with ARC though. For starters, ARC doesn't really apply to C references (though it can help with converting from C to Objective-C, but that's another topic). You do have to deal with C in iOS projects, because several libraries like CoreGraphics have a C interface. Instead of method calls to retain and release, C libraries include retain and release functions, such as CGContextRelease(context c), to manage their memory. ARC does not synthesize those for you, so you still have to call them. CoreGraphics can be a tough framework to use, so my first thought was that the issue would be somewhere in this layer. But it didn't take long to discover that this wasn't the case. All it took was reading the code. All of the calls to retain and release were balanced out correctly where the images were created. Here's an example below taken from the method that we thought may have been at fault: CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(NULL, target_w, target_h, 8, 0, rgb, bmi); CGColorSpaceRelease(rgb); UIImage pdfImage = nil; if (context != NULL) { CGContextDrawPDFPage(context, page); CGImageRef imageRef = CGBitmapContextCreateImage(context); CGContextRelease(context); pdfImage = [UIImage imageWithCGImage:imageRef scale:screenScale orientation:UIImageOrientationUp]; CGImageRelease(imageRef); So as you can see, at the top of the method the context is being created, so by convention it has a retain count of +1. Then the context is used to draw an pdf into it, which is then copied out to an image so that it can be returned by the method. The image ref also has a retain count of +1, because that's how the creation convention works. It is then the developer's responsibility to release those references, which you can see is done in this example. So far so good. We knew from instruments that the image context was being leaked, but we still didn't know how or why. But since we could tell both from our own inspection, and reading Apple's sample code for this exact use case, that it was being done correct, we went back to the drawing board. The other main gotcha that remains with ARC is the retain cycle. A retain cycle can take a few forms, but it typically means that object A retains object B, and object B retains object A, but nothing else retains object A or B. They are still holding on to each other, so they never get dealloc'd, but nothing else is holding on to them so they both leak. A lot of the time this can happen with a block, where the block retains the thing that created the block, and never gets released, so that the thing that created the block never gets released either. That's clearly a problem. It's also a problem that is tough to solve. The static analyzer isn't well equipped to point these out to you, and Instruments isn't super effective at nailing them down either. It will tell you something is leaking, but that's about it. You do get a stack trace for the leak (or cycle if it detects one), but it's still up to you to pin down exactly what is causing the cycle. You have to have a really strong understanding of how this stuff works and then do the detective work to parse through the code to find out what the cause could be. In this case the team did understand retain cycles and did a lot to prevent them. The view controller in question was responsible for showing all of the images that we are dealing with here. That view controller creates dozens of blocks to perform image conversion operations from a PDF to an image. The concern initially was that perhaps one of these blocks was holding onto the view controller, which holds the view hierarchy...and so maybe the view hierarchy isn't ever getting released. There were indeed a few places where a block could have been "capturing" the view controller, and we took steps to prevent those. Here's how you typically address that issue, by changing any reference to "self" to be a weak reference: __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self; void (^ loadThumbnailBlock)(NSIndexPath indexPath) = ^ (NSIndexPath indexPath) { Page page = [weakSelf.fetchedResultsController objectAtIndexPath:indexPath]; [weakSelf loadThumbnailForPage:page forIndexPath:indexPath]; So we eventually proved that the view controller was always being released, dealloc'd, and that all of it's views were going away. Still the problem persisted, so that was still not the root cause. The view controller was also handling the memory pressure warning correctly. Whenever the app received the warning that it was using too much memory, it would remove the images it wasn't displaying from memory, as well as unload any views it wasn't using. This was only a small fraction of the memory that had already been leaked though, so this only delayed the inevitable. Finally, we nailed it down though. We knew that the image contexts were being leaked both from checking instruments and because that's the only thing that could eat up that much memory. The images are being rendered in blocks that are kicked off by the view controller. We knew now that the view controller wasn't being held on to, because it was being dealloc'd, and so thus it also couldn't be holding onto the blocks that were rendering the images. So something else must be holding onto those blocks... Enter NSOperationQueue and NSBlockOperation. NSOperationQueue and NSBlockOperation are built around Grand Central Dispatch to provide conveniences such as the ability to "cancel" an operation. We were using this convenience to allow the app to cancel image conversion blocks if you closed the view controller before they finished. Makes sense right? Well, it was actually this optimization that was killing us in terms of memory leaks. Take a look at the block of code below: __block NSBlockOperation *operation = [[NSBlockOperation alloc] init]; __weak typeof(self)weakSelf = self; MMVoidBlock thumbnailOperationBlock = ^ { if (!operation.isCancelled) { workerBlock(); [weakSelf.thumbnailOperationList removeObjectForKey:key]; [operation addExecutionBlock:thumbnailOperationBlock]; Notice any problems? In this case we are building a thumbnail operation block that in turn calls a worker block. The workerBlock() is actually what goes off and renders the PDF into a graphics context, converts that into an image, and saves the image. But take a look at what else it's doing. The block has a reference to the operation. That sounds fine, until you look at the last line of that snippet. The block, which holds a strong reference to the operation, is then being added to the same operation. That addExecutionBlock method is going to retain the block, so now we have ourselves a retain cycle. The block is holding onto the operation, so the operation won't be released. But when the operation finishes the queue is going to release the operation, so now the operation has leaked because we don't have anything that holds a reference to it. But the operation also has a reference to the block, so the block is never going to get released. And finally, the block has a reference to the image and graphics contexts, which will now never be released either. All because that silly block captured the operation it was added to. Now the plot thickens even further. The way you would typically solve this problem is by declaring the variable you want to use in the block as being weak by using the __weak specifier. The example above inside the view controller illustrates that method. But in this case, we can't do that because it will fail with ARC. If you were to change __block operation to __weak operation in the example above, the operation would be released immediately. So the performance optimizations of ARC bite us badly here too, because the operation will be nil in the last line of this function, which will cause the app to not work at all. The compiler knows this and will actually warn you not to use __weak there. In this case, what the compiler is telling you to do is actually the wrong thing to do, which is why this problem is so hard to solve. By being a good sport and doing what the compiler tells you, you are lulled into a false sense of security that you will not have a retain cycle. Here is the actual solution below. __weak typeof(operation)weakOp = operation; if (!weakOp.isCancelled) { What we had to do is just make the operation referenced by the block into a weak reference. That way, the block isn't holding onto the operation, it just has a weak reference to it. It's worth pointing out that pre-ARC, __block was sufficient to prevent a retain cycle. But with ARC, __block no longer carries the same meaning and __weak must be used to prevent a retain cycle. When the operation is finished and gets released by the operation queue, it will go away. That will then release the block, which releases the image and graphics contexts just like we see it's supposed to in the sample above. That resulted in dramatically improved memory performance and completely normal memory behavior. Literally just that 2 line fix there. It is worth pointing out that, in some ways, this represents a possible bug (or questionable behavior) on the part of NSBlockOperation. What appears to be happening is that when you add an execution block, it retains it. So far so good. But when the block executes, it does not release the block, which would have actually broken the cycle. Instead, the block won't be dropped until the operation is dealloc'd because, for whatever reason, NSBlockOperation does not release its associated execution blocks until dealloc gets called. What the reason for that is, I do not know, but that's just the icing on the cake for what is already a tremendously ridiculous issue. There is always a risk when dealing with scarce resources and expensive operations if you are not careful about how you use them. Retain cycles are preventable, but it takes a lot of thought to consider how they may be caused by the code we write. This situation represents a perfect storm in terms of memory issues on iOS. It's easy for retain cycles to go unnoticed. This one became so critical because we were leaking images, not strings and numbers. Leaking images will cause an app to get killed due to memory pressure, where as strings and numbers probably never will. Dealing with retain cycles can be extremely painful, and we should be especially careful to avoid them when dealing with expensive objects like Images and other graphical assets. In this case, even with extreme care it was still nearly impossible to avoid a cycle. This was a really tough problem to solve and I hope you all will remember it and avoid it in the future. Tags Programming, iOS Development	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line142
__label__wiki	0.925237	0.925237	Policy Mandate Kenya Prison Service Probation & Aftercare Service Tender Frameworks The Probation and Aftercare Service is the principal administrator of community based sanctions in Kenya deriving its mandate from the Probation of Offenders Act Cap 64 and the Community Service Orders Act No. 10 of 1998 Laws of Kenya. It draws further mandate from the Borstal Institutions Act (Cap 92), Children’s Act 2001, Penal Code (Cap 63), Criminal Procedure Code (Cap 75) and the Sexual Offences Act of 2006. The Power of Mercy Act No. 21 of 2011, Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act No. 32 of 2011, Victim Protection Act and any other relevant Acts, The department also implements other crosscutting government policies issued from time to time • Facilitation in the administration of criminal justice through generation of social inquiry reports to inform decision making regarding Bail, Sentencing and Penal release. • Supervision of offenders on probation orders, community service orders and other penal release licenses • Re-integration and re-settlement of offenders in the community. • Provision of services for Victim protection and promotion of rights and welfare • Participation in social crime prevention activities Vision: A just, safe, secure and crime-free society Mission: To promote and enhance the administration of justice, community safety and public protection through provision of social inquiry reports, supervision and reintegration of non-custodial offenders, victim support and social crime prevention The Probation and Aftercare Service is the principal administrator of community based sanctions in Kenya deriving its mandate from the Probation of Offenders Act Cap 64 and the Community Service Orders Act No. 10 of 1998 Laws of Kenya. It also draws further mandate from the Borstal Institutions Act (Cap 92), Children’s Act 2001, Penal Code (Cap 63), Criminal Procedure Code (Cap 75) and the Sexual Offences Act of 2006. The Power of Mercy Act No. 21 of 2011, Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act No. 32 of 2011, Victim Protection Act and such other relevant statutes. Objectives; 1. Generate the information for the dispensation of justice 2. Supervise non-custodial court sanctions and rehabilitate offenders in the community 3. Reintegrate and resettle offenders in the community 4. Promote social crime prevention and participate in the protection of rights and welfare of victims of crime. Arising from the above, the core functions of the department are: • Participation in the administration of criminal law by assisting courts and penal authorities make more informed decisions on sentencing, protection of victims and on bail information and release license assessments through provision of various assessment reports • Interventions in the lives of offenders (juveniles and adults, men and women) placed on various statutory orders (probation orders, community service orders, compulsory supervision of those classified as dangerous sexual offenders) with the aim of reducing re-offending and effecting behaviour change • Enforcement of various court orders particular to each individual, offence and sentence to be served in the community • Promotion of harmony and peaceful co-existence between the offender and the victim/community through victim information, reconciliation and participation in crime prevention initiatives • Reduction of penal population by supervising non-custodial orders and participation in sentence review prison decongestion programmes • Resettlement and Reintegration of ex-offenders and Psychiatric offenders into the community for peaceful co-existence. 1. Probation Orders programme 2. Community Service Orders programme 3. Aftercare and reintegration programme The above functions and programmes are carried out in all Court Stations countrywide. The Service is headed by a National Director of Probation Service and Aftercare Service and has over the past eight years undergone significant transformation and has embraced new practices, initiated new programmes not within its traditional field but significant for the wider Criminal Justice System. These include programmes related to bail decision making, Alternative Dispute Resolution and victim’s services. Kenya Prisons Service State Department of Interior The Judiciary National Police Service Department of Children Services Related / Useful Links Probation and Aftercare Service Betting Control and Licensing Board My Gov State Department Of Coordination Telposta Towers,Nairobi P. O. Box 30478 - 00100 Kenya E-mail: ps@coordination.go.ke Telephone: Tel. +254 020 2228411 Copyright © 2015 Ministry of Interior & Coordination of National Government \| State Department of Coordination / All rights reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line146
__label__wiki	0.613232	0.613232	British Journal of Nutrition An International Journal of Nutrition Search within journal Search within society URL: /core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition Published on behalf of The Nutrition Society To send this article to your account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about sending content to . To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. By using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services. Please confirm that you accept the terms of use. < Back to all issues Volume 94 - Issue 6 - December 2005 Page/Article number Title Type Online publication date Invited commentary Monounsaturated fatty acids in parenteral nutrition; evaluation of risks and benefits Parveen Yaqoob Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 March 2007, pp. 867-868 Add to cart £25.00 Added An error has occurred, Horizons in Nutritional Science Duration of exclusive breast-feeding: introduction of complementary feeding may be necessary before 6 months of age John J. Reilly, Jonathan C. K. Wells The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. At present, <2 % of mothers who breast-feed in the UK do so exclusively for 6 months. We propose the testable hypothesis that this is because many mothers do not provide sufficient breast milk to feed a 6-month-old baby adequately. We review recent evidence on energy requirements during infancy, and energy transfer from mother to baby, and consider the adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding to age 6 months for mothers and babies in the developed world. Evidence from our recent systematic review suggests that mean metabolisable energy intake in exclusively breast-fed infants at 6 months is 2·2–2·4 MJ/d (525–574 kcal/d), and mean energy requirement approximately 2·6–2·7 MJ/d (632–649 kcal/d), leading to a gap between the energy provided by milk and energy needs by 6 months for many babies. Our hypothesis is consistent with other evidence, and with evolutionary considerations, and we briefly review this other evidence. The hypothesis would be testable in a longitudinal study of infant energy balance using stable-isotope techniques, which are both practical and valid. High concordance of daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in individuals measured 1 to 3 years apart Cara L. Frankenfeld, Charlotte Atkinson, Wendy K. Thomas, Alex Gonzalez, Tuija Jokela, Kristiina Wähälä, Stephen M. Schwartz, Shuying S. Li, Johanna W. Lampe Particular intestinal bacteria are capable of metabolizing the soya isoflavone daidzein to equol and/or O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA), and the presence of these metabolites in urine after soya consumption are markers of particular intestinal bacteria profiles. Prevalences of equol producers and O-DMA producers are approximately 30–50 % and 80–90 %, respectively, and limited observations have suggested that these daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes are stable within individuals over time. Characterizing stability of these phenotypes is important to understand their potential as markers of long-term exposure to particular intestinal bacteria and their associations with disease risk. We evaluated concordance within an individual for the equol-producer and O-DMA-producer phenotypes measured at two time points (T1, T2), 1–3 years apart. Phenotypes were ascertained by analysing equol and O-DMA using GC-MS in a spot urine sample collected after 3 d soya (source of daidzein) supplementation. In ninety-two individuals without recent (within 3 months before phenotyping) or current antibiotics use, 41 % were equol producers at T1 and 45 % were equol producers at T2, and 90 % were O-DMA producers at T1 and 95 % were O-DMA producers at T2. The percentage agreement for the equol-producer phenotype was 82 and for the O-DMA-producer phenotype was 89. These results indicate that these phenotypes are stable in most individuals over time, suggesting that they provide a useful biomarker for evaluating disease risk associated with harbouring particular intestinal bacteria responsible for, or associated with, the metabolism of the soya isoflavone daidzein. Effect of nature of dietary lipids on European sea bass morphogenesis: implication of retinoid receptors Laure Villeneuve, Enric Gisbert, Jose L. Zambonino-Infante, Patrick Quazuguel, Chantal L. Cahu The effect of the nature and form of supply of dietary lipids on larval development was investigated in European sea bass larvae, by considering the expression of several genes involved in morphogenesis. Fish were fed from 7 to 37 d post-hatch with five isoproteic and isolipidic compound diets incorporating different levels of EPA and DHA provided by phospholipid or neutral lipid. Phospholipid fraction containing 1·1 % (PL1 diet) to 2·3 % (PL3 diet) of EPA and DHA sustained good larval growth and survival, with low vertebral and cephalic deformities. Similar levels of EPA and DHA provided by the neutral lipid fraction were teratogenic and lethal. Nevertheless, dietary phospholipids containing high levels of DHA and EPA (PL5 diet) induced cephalic (8·5 %) and vertebral column deformities (35·3 %) adversely affecting fish growth and survival; moreover, a down-regulation of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), retinoic acid receptor α, retinoic acid receptor γ and bone morphogenetic protein-4 genes was also noted in PL5 dietary group at day 16. High levels of dietary PUFA in neutral lipid (NL3 diet) first up-regulated the expression of RXRα at day 16 and then down-regulated most of the studied genes at day 23, leading to skeletal abnormalities and death of the larvae. A moderate level of PUFA in neutral lipids up-regulated genes only at day 16, inducing a lesser negative effect on growth, survival and malformation rate than the NL3 group. These results showed that retinoid pathways can be influenced by dietary lipids leading to skeletal malformation during sea bass larvae development. Lactation decreases pancreatic lipase mRNA level in the rat* Ruth Z. Birk, Karen S. Regan, Patsy M. Brannon Lactation alters maternal metabolism and increases food intake in rats to support milk production. Pancreatic lipase (PL) is primarily responsible for fat digestion in adults and is regulated by dietary fat. The present research determined the regulation of PL by lactation and dietary fat. In Expt 1, eighteen Sprague–Dawley dams and twelve age-matched virgins (controls) were fed a low-fat diet (LF; 11 % energy as safflower oil) for 7–63 d. At postpartum (day 0), peak lactation (day 15) and post-lactation (day 56) and after 7 d in virgins, the pancreas was removed for mRNA and enzyme analyses. In Expt 2, thirty-six Sprague–Dawley dams were fed LF until day 9 postpartum when dams were divided into three groups of twelve; one continued to be fed LF, one was fed a moderate-fat diet (MF; 40 % energy as safflower oil); and one was fed a high-fat diet (HF; 67 % energy as safflower oil) diet. At peak lactation (day 15) and post-lactation (day 56), the pancreas was removed for mRNA and enzyme analyses. Expt 1 revealed that lactation and post-lactation significantly (P<0·001) decreased PL mRNA (67 % and 76 %, respectively), but only post-lactation decreased PL activity. Increased dietary fat in Expt 2 significantly increased PL mRNA (LF<MF<HF, P<0·001) and PL activity (LF<MF=HF, P<0·02) in both lactation and post-lactation. In summary, lactation and post-lactation decreased PL mRNA significantly even though dietary fat still regulated PL activity and mRNA in lactation and post-lactation. Diet-related variation in cellular retinol-binding protein type II gene expression in rat jejunum Kazuhito Suruga, Masaaki Kitagawa, Hiromitsu Yasutake, Sachiko Takase, Toshinao Goda Cellular retinol-binding protein type II (CRBPII) is involved in the transport of vitamin A and its metabolism in the small intestine. In the present study, we demonstrated diet-related variations in CRBPII expression in rat jejunum. The CRBPII protein and mRNA levels increased in parallel after the start of feeding period regardless of whether the feeding period was restricted to the hours of darkness or of light. In addition, this variation was observed in the rats fed high-fat diet or low-fat diets, but not in those fed a fat-free diet or in fasted rats. A similar diet-induced variation was seen in the mRNA of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in rat jejunum. In the transient transfection experiment, unsaturated fatty acid increased rat CRBPII gene promoter activity via the PPARα/retinoid X receptor-α heterodimer. Taken together, these results suggest that the diet-related variation in CRBPII expression in rat jejunum may be brought about by the transcriptional induction of CRBPII gene expression mainly triggered by dietary fatty acids. Linoleic acid-rich fats reduce atherosclerosis development beyond its oxidative and inflammatory stress-increasing effect in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in comparison with saturated fatty acid-rich fats Masao Sato, Kenichi Shibata, Run Nomura, Daisuke Kawamoto, Rika Nagamine, Katsumi Imaizumi The relative benefit of replacing saturated fatty acid with linoleic acids is still being debated because a linoleic acid-enriched diet increases oxidative and inflammatory stresses, although it is associated with a reduction in serum cholesterol levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of linoleic acid-rich (HL) fat, compared with a saturated fatty acid-rich (SF) fat on atherosclerotic lesion areas, serum and liver cholesterol levels, oxidative stress (urinary isoprostanes and serum malondialdehayde) and inflammatory stress (expression of aortic monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1) in apo E-deficient mice. Male and female apo E-deficient mice (8 weeks old; seven to eight per group) were fed an AIN-76-based diet containing SF fat (50 g palm oil and 50 g lard/kg) or HL fat (100 g high-linoleic safflower-seed oil/kg) for 9 weeks. Compared with the SF diet, the HL diet lowered atherosclerosis (P<0·05). It reduced serum total cholesterol levels (P<0·05), increased HDL-cholesterol levels (P<0·05) and lowered liver esterified cholesterol levels (P<0·01). The HL diet-fed mice showed increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA (P<0·05), serum levels of malondialdehayde (P<0·05) and urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-prostaglandin F2α; P<0·05). These results suggest that having biomarkers in vivo for oxidative stress and inflammatory status of endothelial cells does not necessarily indicate predisposition to an increased lesion area in the aortic root in apo E-deficient mice fed an HL or SF diet. Adzuki resistant starch lowered serum cholesterol and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA mRNA levels and increased hepatic LDL-receptor and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels in rats fed a cholesterol diet Kyu-Ho Han, Miharu Iijuka, Ken-ichiro Shimada, Mitsuo Sekikawa, Katsuhisa Kuramochi, Kiyoshi Ohba, Liyanage Ruvini, Hideyuki Chiji, Michihiro Fukushima We examined the effects of adzuki bean resistant starch on serum cholesterol and hepatic mRNA in rats fed a cholesterol diet. The mRNA coded for key regulatory proteins of cholesterol metabolism. The control rats were fed 15 % cornstarch (basal diet, BD). The experimental rats were fed BD plus a 0·5 % cholesterol diet (CD), or a 15 % adzuki resistant starch plus 0·5 % cholesterol diet (ACD) for 4 weeks. The serum total cholesterol and VLDL + intermediate density lipoprotein + LDL-cholesterol levels in the ACD group were significantly lower than those in the CD group throughout the feeding period. The total hepatic cholesterol concentrations in the CD and ACD groups were not significantly different. The faecal total bile acid concentration in the ACD group was significantly higher than that in the BD and CD groups. Total SCFA and acetic acid concentrations in the ACD group were significantly higher than those in the CD group but there were no significant differences in the concentrations between the ACD and BD groups. The hepatic LDL-receptor mRNA and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels in the ACD group were significantly higher than those in the CD group and the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase mRNA level in the ACD group was significantly lower than in the CD group. The results suggest that adzuki resistant starch has a serum cholesterol-lowering function via enhancement of the hepatic LDL-receptor mRNA and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels and faecal bile acid excretion, and a decrease in the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA level, when it is added to a cholesterol diet. A 3-month double-blind randomised study comparing an olive oil- with a soyabean oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion in home parenteral nutrition patients K. Vahedi, P. Atlan, F. Joly, A. Le Brun, D. Evard, V. Perennec, D. Roux-Haguenau, G. Bereziat, B. Messing Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) have demonstrated advantages including prevention of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency; however, too much EFA can down regulate fatty acid elongation leading to an imbalance of nutritional compounds in plasma and cell membranes. An olive oil-based ILE containing long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) with a low content (20 %) of PUFA was administered for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and compared with a conventional soyabean oil-based ILE (PUFA content, 60 %). Thirteen patients (26–92 years) with stable intestinal failure were randomised after a 1-month run-in period with a medium-chain triacylglycerols–LCT-based ILE, to receive 3 months of HPN with either olive oil- (n 6) or soyabean oil-based (n 7) ILE. The nutritional impact and safety of HPN, oral intakes and absorption rates, phospholipid fatty acids in plasma and lymphocyte cell membrane were assessed. The only clinical event reported was one case of pneumonia (soya group). In both groups, 20 : 3n-9:20:4n-6 ratios remained within normal ranges (0·03–0·07). There was a significant increase of γ-linolenic acid (γ-LA) in plasma and lymphocyte cell membrane (P=0·02) and of oleic acid in plasma (P<0·01) in the olive compared with the soya group. A significant correlation was found between γ-LA (day 90 – day 0) in plasma and PUFA parenteral intakes (P=0·02), but neither with fat intakes nor with fat absorption rates. In conclusion, plasma and lymphocyte EFA pattern remained in normal ranges without EFA deficiency with both lipid emulsions, despite a lower content of n-3 and n-6 series with the olive oil-based ILE. Glycaemic index values for commercially available potatoes in Great Britain C. Jeya K. Henry, Helen J. Lightowler, Caroline M. Strik, Michael Storey The glycaemic response to eight potato varieties commercially available in Great Britain was compared against a glucose standard in a non-blind, randomised, repeated measure, crossover design trial. Seventeen healthy subjects (three males, fouteen females), mean age 32 (sd 13) years and mean BMI 22·3 (sd 3·6) kg/m2, were recruited to the study. Subjects were served portions of eight potato varieties and a standard food (glucose), on separate occasions, each containing 50 g carbohydrate. Capillary blood glucose was measured from finger-prick samples in fasted subjects (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the consumption of each test food. For each potato variety, the glycaemic index (GI) value was calculated geometrically by expressing the incremental area under the blood glucose curve (IAUC) as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC for the standard food. The eight potato varieties exhibited a wide range in GI values from 56 to 94. A trend was seen whereby potatoes with waxy textures produced medium GI values, whilst floury potatoes had high GI values. Considering the widespread consumption of potatoes in Great Britain (933–1086 g per person per week), this information could be used to help lower the overall GI and glycaemic load of the diets of the British population. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load values of commercially available products in the UK C. Jeya K. Henry, Helen J. Lightowler, Caroline M. Strik, Hamish Renton, Simon Hails The objective of this paper is to provide glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values for a variety of foods that are commercially available in the UK and to compare these with previously published values. Fasted subjects were given isoglucidic (50 or 25 g carbohydrate) servings of a glucose reference at least two to three times, and test foods once, on separate occasions. For each test food, tests were repeated in at least eight subjects. Capillary blood glucose was measured via finger-prick samples in fasting subjects (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the consumption of each test food. The GI of each test food was calculated geometrically by expressing the incremental area under the blood glucose response curve (IAUC) of each test food as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC for the reference food. GL was calculated as the product of the test food's GI and the amount of available carbohydrate in a reference serving size. The majority of GI values of foods tested in the current study compare well with previously published values. More importantly, our data set provides GI values of several foods previously untested and presents values for foods produced commercially in the UK. ‘Glucose control-related’ and ‘non-glucose control-related’ effects of insulin on weight gain in newly insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients A. Sallé, M. Ryan, G. Guilloteau, B. Bouhanick, G. Berrut, P. Ritz Insulin use is common in type 2 diabetes and is frequently accompanied by weight gain, the composition of which is poorly understood. The present study evaluates insulin-induced body composition changes. Body weight and composition of thirty-two type 2 diabetic patients undergoing their first 12 months of insulin therapy were compared with those observed in thirty-two type 2 diabetic patients previously treated on insulin (minimum 1 year). Body composition was determined by simultaneous body water spaces (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and body density measurements. After 6 months, glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) significantly improved in the newly treated group (P<0·0001), but remained stable in those treated previously. HbA1c did not differ between 6 and 12 months in the two groups. Body weight significantly (P=0·04) changed over 12 months in those newly treated only (+2·8 kg), essentially comprising fat-free mass (P=0·044). Fat mass remained unchanged (P=0·85) as did total body water, while extracellular: total body water ratio tended to increase in those newly treated (P=0·059). Weight changes correlated with HbA1c changes (R2 0·134, P=0·002) in the initial 6 months only. Insulin therapy leads to weight gain (2·8 kg), predominantly fat-free mass, over 12 months. After 6 months, newly treated patients continued gaining weight despite an unchanged HbA1c, suggesting the potential anabolic role of insulin in subsequent gains. Therefore, in the initial 6 months, weight gain can be attributed to a ‘glucose control-related effect’ and further gain appears to be due to a ‘non-glucose control-related’ effect of insulin treatment. Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body composition and diet during early–mid pregnancy on cardiovascular function and nephron number in juvenile sheep G. S. Gopalakrishnan, D. S. Gardner, J. Dandrea, S. C. Langley-Evans, S. Pearce, L. O. Kurlak, R. M. Walker, I. W. Seetho, D. H. Keisler, M. M. Ramsay, T. Stephenson, M. E. Symonds The prenatal diet can program an individual's cardiovascular system towards later higher resting blood pressure and kidney dysfunction, but the extent to which these programmed responses are directly determined by the timing of maternal nutritional manipulation is unknown. In the present study we examined whether maternal nutrient restriction targeted over the period of maximal placental growth, i.e. days 28–80 of gestation, resulted in altered blood pressure or kidney development in the juvenile offspring. This was undertaken in 6-month-old sheep born to mothers fed control (100–150 % of the recommended metabolisable energy (ME) intake for that stage of gestation) or nutrient-restricted (NR; 50 % ME; n 6) diets between days 28 and 80 of gestation. Controls were additionally grouped according to normal (>3, n 7) or low body condition score (LBCS; <2, n 6), thereby enabling us to examine the effect of maternal body composition on later cardiovascular function. From day 80 to term (approximately 147 d) all sheep were fed to 100 % ME. Offspring were weaned at 12 weeks and pasture-reared until 6 months of age when cardiovascular function was determined. Both LBCS and NR sheep tended to have lower resting systolic (control, 85 (SE 2); LBCS, 77 (SE 3); NR, 77 (SE 3) mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure relative to controls. Total nephron count was markedly lower in both LBCS and NR relative to controls (LBCS, 59 (SE 6); NR, 56 (SE 12) %). Our data suggest that maternal body composition around conception is as important as the level of nutrient intake during early pregnancy in programming later cardiovascular health. Postprandial glycaemic, lipaemic and haemostatic responses to ingestion of rapidly and slowly digested starches in healthy young women Louisa J. Ells, Chris J. Seal, Bernd Kettlitz, Wendy Bal, John C. Mathers The objective of the present study was to investigate the postprandial metabolism of two starches with contrasting rates of hydrolysis in vitro. Characterized using the Englyst method of in vitro starch classification, CSet 06 598 contained predominantly rapidly digestible starch and CGel 04 201 contained predominantly slowly digestible starch. Each test starch, naturally enriched with 13C, was fed to ten healthy female volunteers as part of a moderate fat test meal (containing 75 g test starch and 21 g fat), in a double-blind randomized crossover design. The metabolic response to each starch was measured after an overnight fast, in an acute 6 h study, before and after 14 d of daily consumption of 75 g test starch. During each acute study, blood samples were taken at 15 min intervals for the first 2 h and at 30 min intervals for the remaining 4 h. Breath 13CO2 enrichment was measured at the same time points and indirect calorimetry was performed for 20 min every 40 min immediately before and throughout the study. Significantly more rapid, greater changes in postprandial plasma glucose, NEFA and serum insulin concentrations were observed after consumption of the rapidly digestible starch. Breath 13CO2 output over the first 3–4 h rose rapidly then began to decline following consumption of the rapidly digestible starch, but plateaued for the slowly digestible starch. The 14 d adaptation period did not affect any of the glycaemic or lipaemic variables but there was a reduction in postprandial plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations. These data confirm that starches characterized as predominantly rapidly digestible versus slowly digestible by the Englyst procedure provoke distinctly different patterns of metabolism postprandially. Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on vitamin K status in healthy older adults from China and the UK Liya Yan, Bo. Zhou, Shailja Nigdikar, Xiaohong Wang, Janet Bennett, Ann Prentice The vitamin K concentration in the circulation and the availability of vitamin K to bone may be affected by factors influencing lipoprotein metabolism, such as apoE genotype. The relationships between markers of vitamin K status, bone mineral content and apoE genotype were studied in healthy older men and women aged 60–83 years, 177 from Shenyang, China, and 132 from Cambridge, UK. Fasting plasma was analysed for vitamin K1, triacylglycerol, total osteocalcin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and apoE genotype. Hip bone mineral content was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were grouped according to apoE genotype as E2/3, E3/3 and [E3/4+E4/4]. The mean plasma vitamin K1 concentration of the three genotype groups was significantly higher and the percentage ucOC was lower in the Chinese than in the British subjects (P<0·01). A higher vitamin K1 concentration was found in subjects with [E3/4+E4/4] than those with either E2/3 or E3/3 in Cambridge (32·2 (SE 14·6) %, P=0·03; 24·6 (SE 10·7) %, P=0·02). Similar trends were observed although were not statistically significant in Shenyang (26·5 (18·9) %, P=0·16; 23·1 (13·0) %, P=0·08). Subjects with [E3/4+E4/4] had a lower percentage ucOC (total osteocalcin adjusted) than did those with either E2/3 or E3/3 in Shenyang (65·1 (27·2) %, P=0·02; 49·6 (19·9) %, P=0·01 respectively) but not in Cambridge. This study demonstrates that a superior vitamin K status is associated with the apoE4 genotype in healthy older individuals from China and the UK. The effect of selenium on thyroid status in a population with marginal selenium and iodine status Christine D. Thomson, Sarah K. McLachlan, Andrea M. Grant, Elaine Paterson, Anna J. Lillico The effects of Se on thyroid metabolism in a New Zealand population are investigated, including (a) the relationship between Se and thyroid status, and (b) the effect of Se supplementation on thyroid status. The data used come from two cross-sectional studies of Se, I, thyroid hormones and thyroid volume (studies 1 and 4), and three Se intervention studies in which thyroid hormones, Se and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured (studies 2, 3 and 5). There were no significant correlations between Se status and measures of thyroid status after controlling for sex at baseline or after supplementation in any of the studies. When data from study 4 were divided into two groups according to plasma Se, plasma thyroxine (T4) was lower in males with higher plasma Se levels (P=0·009). Se supplementation increased plasma Se and GPx activity, but produced only small changes in plasma T4 and triiodothyronine (T3):T4 ratio. In study 2, there was a significant reduction in plasma T4 (P=0·0045). In studies 3 and 5 there were small decreases in plasma T4 and a small increase in the T3:T4 ratio, which were not significantly different from placebo groups. Lack of significant associations between plasma Se and thyroid status, and only small changes in T4 suggest that Se status in New Zealand is close to adequate for the optimal function of deiodinases. Adequate plasma Se may be approximately 0·82–0·90 μmol/l, compared with 1·00–1·14 μmol/l for maximal GPx activities. Haematological response to iron supplementation is reduced in children with asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection Dilip Mahalanabis, M. Aminul Islam, Saijuddin Shaikh, Monilal Chakrabarty, Anura V. Kurpad, Swagata Mukherjee, Bandana Sen, M. Abu Khaled, Sten H. Vermund We evaluated the adverse effect of asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection in children on the response to Fe supplementation. One hundred and sixty-nine children aged 1–10 years from the urban poor community underwent a [13C]urea breath test for H. pylori and haematological tests at admission and after 8 weeks. Both H. pylori-positive and -negative children were randomly assigned to receive ferrous fumarate syrup (20 mg elemental Fe twice daily) or placebo for 8 weeks and a single dose of vitamin A (33,000μg). Admission findings were compared between H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Response to Fe was compared between Fe-supplemented H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Seventy-nine per cent of the children were aged 1–5 years and half of them were boys. In eighty-five H. pylori-positive and eighty-four H. pylori-negative children, the differences in mean Hb (112 (sd 12·6) v. 113 (sd 12·0) g/l), haematocrit (34 (sd 3·5) v. 35 (sd 3·2) %) and ferritin (23·8 v. 21·0 μg/l) were similar. After 8 weeks of Fe supplementation, mean Hb was 5·3 g/l more (95 % CI 1·59, 9·0) and haematocrit was 1·4 % more (95 % CI 0·2, 2·6) in H. pylori-negative (n 44) compared with H. pylori-positive (n 42) children. Mean ferritin was similar at admission and improved in both H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Asymptomatic H. pylori infection was not associated with higher rates of anaemia or Fe deficiency in children, but had a significant adverse effect on response to Fe therapy. However, this result is based on exploratory analysis and needs confirmation. Resting energy expenditure measured longitudinally following hip fracture compared to predictive equations: is an injury adjustment required? Michelle D. Miller, Lynne A. Daniels, Elaine Bannerman, Maria Crotty The present study measuring resting energy expenditure (REE; kJ/d) longitudinally using indirect calorimetry in six elderly women aged ≥70 years following surgery for hip fracture, describes changes over time (days 10, 42 and 84 post-injury) and compares measured values to those calculated from routinely applied predictive equations. REE was compared to REE predicted using the Harris Benedict and Schofield equations, with and without accounting for the theoretical increase in energy expenditure of 35 % secondary to physiological stress of injury and surgery. Mean (95 % CI) measured REE (kJ/d) was 4704 (4354, 5054), 4090 (3719, 4461) and 4145 (3908, 4382) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. A time effect was observed for measured REE, P=0·003. Without adjusting for stress the mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Harris Benedict equation were 1 (−9, 12), 10 (2, 18) and 9 (1, 17) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. The mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Schofield equation without adjusting for stress were 8 (−3, 19), 16 (6, 26) and 16 (10, 22) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. After adjusting for stress, REE predicted from the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations overestimated measured REE by between 38 and 69 %. Energy expenditure following fracture is poorly understood. Our data suggest REE was relatively elevated early in recovery but declined during the first 6 weeks. Using the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations adjusted for stress may lead to overestimation of REE in the clinical setting. Further work is required to evaluate total energy expenditure before recommendations can be made to alter current practice for calculating theoretical total energy requirements of hip fracture patients. Meat consumption reduces the risk of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia Matthew G. Dunnigan, Janet B. Henderson, David J. Hole, E. Barbara Mawer, Jacqueline L. Berry Endogenous vitamin D deficiency (low serum 25(OH)D3) is a necessary but insufficient requirement for the genesis of vitamin D-deficiency rickets and osteomalacia. The magnitude of the independent contributions of dietary factors to rachitic and osteomalacic risk remains uncertain. We reanalysed two weighed dietary surveys of sixty-two cases of rickets and osteomalacia and 113 normal women and children. The independent associations of four dietary variables (vitamin D, Ca, fibre and meat intakes) and daylight outdoor exposure with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Meat and fibre intakes showed significant negative and positive associations respectively with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk (RR; zero meat intake: RR 29·8 (95 % CI 4·96, 181), P<0·001; fibre intake: RR 1·53 (95 % CI 1·01, 2·32), P+0·043). The negative association of meat intakes with rachitic and osteomalacic relative risk was curvilinear; relative risk did not fall further at meat intakes above 60 g daily. Daylight outdoor exposure showed a significant negative association with combined relative risk (RR 0·33 (95 % CI 0·17, 0·66), P<0·001). Operation of the meat and fibre risk factors was related to sex, age and dietary pattern (omnivore/lactovegetarian), mainly determined by religious affiliation. The mechanism by which meat reduces rachitic and osteomalacic risk is uncertain and appears independent of revised estimates of meat vitamin D content. The meat content of the omnivore Western diet may explain its high degree of protection against nutritional rickets and osteomalacia from infancy to old age in the presence of endogenous vitamin D deficiency. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in Danish children in relation to body fatness Birgit M. Nielsen, Kirsten S. Bjørnsbo, Inge Tetens, Berit L. Heitmann The aim of this study was to describe dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values in the diets of Danish children, and to examine the associations between dietary GI, GL and body fatness. Data were collected during 1997–8 as part of the European Youth Heart Study. The study population comprised 485 children aged 10 years and 364 children aged 16 years from Odense County, Denmark. Dietary GI and GL were estimated using international food tables, and the associations between energy-adjusted dietary GI, GL and body fatness were analysed by multiple linear regression. The mean daily dietary GI value was 85 (SD 6·9) with a range of 62–111. No significant differences were found between age groups and gender. The daily dietary GL was higher among boys aged 16, with a GL of 330 (sd 95) (P<0·05), compared with girls or younger boys. Dietary GL was higher among 10-year-old boys than girls (250 (sd 81) v. 230 (sd 66) P<0·05), whereas dietary GL among 16-year-old girls was 230 (sd 56). Neither dietary GI nor GL was associated with the sum of four skinfolds (ΣSF) among girls or among 10-year-old boys. Among 16-year-old boys, significant associations were observed between dietary GI and ΣSF (β+0·60, SE+0·21, P=0·006), and between dietary GL and ΣSF (β+0·15, SE+0.06, P=0·009). In conclusion, dietary GI and GL were positively associated with body fatness among Danish boys aged 16 years, whereas no associations were found among girls or younger boys.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line148
__label__cc	0.642214	0.357786	Current: Coro Signs Letter of Intent to Acquire Small SXEW Plant Coro Signs Letter of Intent to Acquire Small SXEW Plant Vancouver, B.C. August 12th, 2014 - Coro Mining Corp. (TSX: COP) (“Coro”, the “Company”) is pleased to announce that it has signed a letter of intent (“LOI”) with a local private company, SCM Compañia Minera Constanza (“Constanza”) to acquire an interest in the Planta Prat which comprises a small SXEW plant designed to treat old leach residues located close to the city of Antofagasta in the II Region of northern Chile (Figure 1). Alan Stephens, President and CEO of Coro commented, “We are very pleased to have identified and agreed to acquire an interest in Planta Prat on very favourable terms. Subject to the results of our due diligence sampling and metallurgical test work, we anticipate putting it back into production quickly and cheaply; it will provide a new source of cash flow to the Company at a low acquisition cost and, we believe, with an excellent rate of return. Coro also views the acquisition of an interest in Planta Prat as a first step in the establishment of a larger district wide business.” About Planta Prat Located 33km NE of the city of Antofagasta, Planta Prat comprises a small SXEW agitation leach plant built in 2009 to treat old leach residues derived from a precipitation plant that operated in the nearby Mantos Blancos mine several decades ago. The Prat plant failed to operate efficiently due to build-up of iron sulphate and closed after a few months of operation. Based on positive initial agitation leach test work carried out by our consultants, ProTech SA, Coro believes that this issue can be readily resolved and intends to complete further test work to confirm this during its 120 day due diligence period, which will also include backhoe sampling of the residues. The agreed purchase terms for Coro to own a 65% interest are as follows; $10,000 payment on signature of LOI (paid) $40,000 payment on 6th February 2015 $100,000 payment on formation of Newco (51% Coro) on completion of expansion of the Prat plant to 1,200tpy Cu capacity by August 6th 2017 at Coro’s cost Additional 14% interest in Newco earned by Coro upon Commencement of Commercial Production (80% of 1,200tpy Cu annual production rate for 60 consecutive days) First right of refusal over Constanza’s interest Constanza owns some of the leach residues and intends to gain access to the rest. Coro and Constanza have also identified additional deposits in the area which can be potentially treated by Planta Prat and intend to acquire them. About Coro Mining Corp Coro’s strategy is to grow a mining business in Chile through the discovery, development and operation of “Coro type” deposits. These are defined as projects at whatever stage of development, that are well located with respect to infrastructure and water, which have low permitting risk, and which have the potential to achieve a short and cost effective timeline to production. Our preference is for open pit heap leach copper projects, where we will seek to minimise capital investment rather than maximise NPV, where we will prioritise profitability over production rate, and finally, where the likely capital cost is financeable relative to our market capitalization. Partners will be sought for any attractive projects identified that we do not have the financial capacity to develop alone. Coro’s properties include the Berta copper development project, the Planta Prat copper development project, the Celeste iron ore project and the Payen & Llancahue copper exploration prospects, all located in Chile. Our advanced San Jorge copper-gold project located in Argentina has been optioned to Aterra Capital and Solway Industries. CORO MINING CORP. “Alan Stephens” For further information please visit the Company’s website at www.coromining.com or contact Michael Philpot, Executive Vice-President at (604) 682 5546 or investor.info@coromining.com This news release includes certain “forward-looking statements” under applicable Canadian securities legislation. Such forward-looking statements or information, including but not limited to those with respect to the prices of copper, estimated future production, estimated costs of future production, permitting time lines, involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements or information. Such factors include, among others, the actual prices of copper, the factual results of current exploration, development and mining activities, changes in project parameters as plans continue to be evaluated, as well as those factors disclosed in the Company’s documents filed from time to time with the securities regulators in the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. Figure 1 Location Map	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line149
__label__wiki	0.87913	0.87913	(video) SPORTS VERSUS JUDGE JUDY Why does John Cullum watch sports, and Emily Frankel watch Judge Judy? Emily thinks sports help John relax-- gives him something to root for, to focus on that distracts him from his work, the same way Judge Judy does for her. John disagrees. He thinks Emily enjoys Judge Judy because Judy is tough, and often, she's even overly mean. He quotes Judy-- "They don't have me here because I'm pretty. They have me here because I'm smart." Emily admits that Judy inspires her, when she's working on her various projects, to be an ultra-honest, strong boss. John explains that watching sports doesn't relax him. He gets too deeply involved, too concerned about his team winning. If his team loses, it leaves him depressed. NEW ROCK STAR CONDUCTOR What makes a kid want to be a conductor? Music? Sure, the power of music to transport you anywhere, wherever you want to go. I think it's a Be-a-King passion, and it's not the same as wanting to be a rock star, or a performer. I suspect the big dream, the passion for music. is similar to what drew me to dance. I wanted to ride the wave. Gustavo Dudamel, 31, has been firing up music ever since he was a wee little kid. Today he's the conductor for the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela. "Dudamel explodes out of his seat, stands on the tips of his toes, jabs the air violently with his conductor’s baton," says Chris Lee, music editor for Newsweek, describing a rehearsal of Mahler's Eighth Symphony. (I've got to confess, I'm a Mahler nut! --one of my biggest triumphs was dancing Mahler's Fifth at Lincoln Center.) The Eighth Symphony is a huge undertaking, one of the largest-scale works in the classical concert repertoire. Dudamel refers to his Mahler Project as "my crazy dream." He scolded the choir of 800 singers, “We have a phrase in Venezuela: ‘You killed the tiger and now you’re afraid to take the skin. This is happening here. You have to take the skin! Be more in the moment!” Conductors are special men. I met Leonard Bernstein -- he was accessible, friendly and fatherly about my using his "Trouble in Tahiti" opera for a ballet, though he said, "I don't think it'll work, but give it a try." When I was dancing as a soloist with symphony orchestras, I met many conductors -- none were average/ ordinary -- all were tough, straight-forward, sharp-minded. I think it takes a powerful sense of "I know better than anybody else" to be a conductor. Gustavo Dudamel, in Caracas now, is conducting the Eighth and other massive works. His fans calls call him “The Dude.” Though he's small in stature, he's becoming a towering figure in symphonic music. Corkscrew curls, an intensely ecstatic podium presence, conducting his own interpretations of beloved orchestral works, this guy is bridging the generation gap between older music lovers and young new listeners. “Fame has two sides for me,” Gustavo Dudamel says. “One is when fame is an inspiration for other people. The other is when fame is an inspiration for you. What that means? In the second case, it becomes an ego thing. ‘I’m the best and everybody knows me.’ In the first, you see the children calling you, and your image is an inspiration for them to accomplish things. For me, that’s amazing. You feel like things are going the right way. ” Asked about being "The Dude," he said, “I’m coming from a Latin culture where everything is so energetic,” he says. “I cannot avoid that. It’s in my blood.” Yes, Gustavo Dudamel is a name to know. His recordings are something to listen to. Why? Because music -- classical music, all music -- is the top of the mountain, the zenith, the most astounding gift that we've been given. SHORT SHORTS. Hey fashion guys, what's going on? Why are you promoting OLD ways to attract the opposite sex? Who's idea was this? Probably Karl Lagerfeld, the "Kaiser," the legendary head designer behind Chanel, and Fendi. He goes for best seller marketing. It wasn't the murdered, gay Gianni Versace, though he was known for r "carving out a path between sex appeal and vulgarity," but it could have been an idea he whispered to somebody who whispered it to the Kaiser. We've got low-cut fronts, low-low cut backs, one shoulder bare, crotch to floor slits in some gowns, the mermaid silhouette that you can't sit down in, and of course, doesn't everyone have at least one pair if tight jeans? I can't help thinking some of these creative geniuses don't like women. What about these killer eight inch high heels? Some models are already tippy-toe mincing around in them These claw shoes that the outrageous, now deceased, Alexander McQueen created for Gaga were at least possible to walk in, though I gotta say, I think they're hideously ugly.. What about hairdos -- seems to me blonde is more popular than ever. Ob viously a designer has been supervising Callista Gingrich, on what makes her "beautiful" but gee, to me she looks like she's wearing a stiff blonde hat. Okay -- what about red outfits? We used to think in terms of having a little black dress. Now you've got to have a red one. Why, when red is so popular, would all those celebrities choose to wear red gowns to the Oscars? Is it women who are weird or the designers? Why are short shorts back? Punishment for good behavior? Golly, every female I know, young or old, skinny or chubby, has tried to wear bikini style panties, or a French-cut swimsuit, or short shorts. My goodness, how many times--many many times have you seen hands surreptitiously reach for the person's tush -- making sure the lower buttocks are covered -- give a tug. I guess it's instinctive -- tug-tug-tug, and cover your fanny. Back in 1995, short shorts were IN -- launched by fashion designer Mary Quant back in the "Swinging London" days. They were called Hot Pants. Well ... maybe we feel better, going back to those days when the world seemed safer. Maybe "short shorts" are in tune with the times -- hey -- CYB! Cover Your Butt! Count Your Blessings! (Video) PRECIOUS SHIRT John Cullum talks about acting with Jack Lemmon and George C. Scott -- what it was like playing the Judge during the remaking of the movie "INHERIT THE WIND, the 1999 television production with Jack Lemmon playing Clarence Darrow, and George C. Scott playing the prosecutor. Lemmon said he was channeling Darrow; George C. Scott was very ill, on his last legs. When a shoot ends, often gifts are exchanged. John is wearing his "Inherit the Wind" gift, a black and grey velvet shirt.''	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line151
__label__cc	0.578071	0.421929	Engineer your future Ahead of the first CAO deadline on Friday, 20th January at 5.15 pm, Engineers Ireland has urged sixth year students to choose science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) courses to future-proof economic growth and meet future skills demand. Commenting ahead of the CAO deadline, Caroline Spillane, Engineers Ireland Director General said: “The reality is that the number of students moving into third-level engineering and technology sectors needs to be much larger to meet employers’ future needs for graduates. “Students need earlier advice on the merits and life-long relevance of maths and other STEM subjects, in addition to more guidance and support so they are more likely to have an interest and develop numerical competencies. This will channel them towards third-level courses that will lead to high-value jobs, career progression and help address the skills deficit in these areas,” she continued. In an effort to demystify the subject of engineering, Engineers Ireland's STEPS programme - a strategic partner of Science Foundation Ireland’s (SFI) Smart Futures Programme – encourages primary and post-primary students to explore the world of STEM, while promoting engineering as a study and career choice. Engineers Ireland's STEPS programme is calling on engineering organisations, local authorities, schools and third-level institutes nationwide to get involved in Engineers Week 2017, a seven day programme of events celebrating the world of engineering in Ireland. Taking place from 4th- 10th March, the STEPS programme team aspires to engage more than 40,000 participants during Engineers Week and will provide support for organisations interested in engaging directly with students to promote the significant contribution that engineers make to their local community. To find out more about events taking place around the country or to register an event visit www.engineersweek.ie. As well as events organised by companies, third-level institutions and the public sector, teachers are also encouraged to run their own classroom-based activities, quizzes and competitions. Anne-Marie Clarke, Events and Press Officer, Engineers Ireland Email : aclarke @engineersireland.ie Tel: 01 6651307/ 0876920894 Notes to Editor: About Engineers Ireland Engineers Ireland is one of the largest representative bodies in Ireland, with 23,000 engineers. The membership incorporates all disciplines of the engineering profession across public and private industry, academic institutions and engineering students. The Engineers Ireland STEPS programme encourages primary and post-primary students to explore the world of STEM while also promoting engineering as a career choice. STEPS works in strategic partnership with Science Foundation Ireland on Smart Futures, a collaborative government-industry-education programme promoting STEM careers to post-primary students in Ireland. STEPS is managed by Engineers Ireland and supported by Science Foundation Ireland, the Department of Education and Skills, and a number of major engineering employers (Arup, ESB, TII and eirgrid).	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line152
__label__wiki	0.681911	0.681911	Representations of sexual offending: the British press, public attitudes and desistance from crime Harper, Craig (2013) Representations of sexual offending: the British press, public attitudes and desistance from crime. Masters thesis, University of Lincoln. Craig Harper MSc Thesis (Representations of Sexual Crime).pdf 13866 updated Craig Harper MSc Thesis Representations of Sexual Crime.pdf Updated document Size: 1MB Craig Harper MSc Thesis (Representations of Sexual Crime).pdf - Whole Document 13866 updated Craig Harper MSc Thesis Representations of Sexual Crime.pdf - Whole Document The relationships between the media, public attitudes and crime are complex. There is some evidence to suggest that public interaction with press reports about sexual crime may have some effect on wider societal attitudes. With this in mind, 543 articles from eight of the ten most-read British national newspapers were examined in terms of (a) their representativeness about crime rates, and (b) their linguistic properties. A control sample of articles about immigrant groups was included in this analysis in order to establish how offender populations were described in comparison to another negatively-stereotyped population. Key results include a nine- and two-and-a-half-times over-representation of sexual and violent crime, respectively, and a four-and-a-half-times under-representation of acquisitive crime within press articles compared to official crime statistics. Linguistically, sexual crime articles comprised angrier and more emotionally negative tones than stories on violent crime, acquisitive crime, and immigrant groups, respectively, and this trend was observed in both tabloid and broadsheet newspapers. An analysis of the headlines of sexual crime articles found clear differences between tabloids and broadsheets with regard to the descriptors of those perpetrating sexual crimes. These findings are analysed within the social, political, and legal contexts of news reporting, with cognitive dissonance theory being offered as one social psychological framework for understanding the purpose of sexual crime reporting. The implications of such misrepresentative news reporting on sex offender reintegration and desistance from crime are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are suggested. sex offending, public attitudes, Cognitive dissonance, newspapers C Biological Sciences > C800 Psychology C Biological Sciences > C880 Social Psychology C Biological Sciences > C810 Applied Psychology C Biological Sciences > C890 Psychology not elsewhere classified College of Social Science > School of Psychology	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line154
__label__wiki	0.749548	0.749548	Vocal Minority People-of-color comedy show comes to Eugene Comedy by William KennedyPosted on 06/27/2019 (Top) Irene Tu, (Bottom, left to right) Julia Ramos, D. Martin Austin, James Bosquez and Randy Mendez When it comes to race, the Pacific Northwest talks out of both sides of its mouth, says Jason Lamb, co-host and producer of Minority Retort, a Portland-based, all-people-of-color stand-up comedy show. Fancying itself progressive, our region often denies the racist historical foundation on which it was built, Lamb says, calling the climate in the Northwest for people of color “well-meaning, polite racism. Racism with a please and thank you.” It was space for just this kind of perspective Minority Retort hoped to create. Portland is known as the whitest major city in America, Lamb says. “That’s part of the reason why the show was started. That was reflected in the comedy scene — lineups of mostly straight white dudes on your typical comedy show. When we first were developing the show, we thought it would be an opportunity to fly in the face of that.” A lot of talented comedians in Portland also happen to be people of color. Minority Retort is a place for them to say whatever they want, to give their life experience in the manner they feel comfortable doing so, Lamb says — “as opposed to what they would normally do if they were on a lineup with people who aren’t people of color.” Since 2015, Minority Retort has presented some of the Northwest’s most talented comedians, who are also people of color, as well as performers from Los Angeles and New York City. Recently, Minority Retort has traveled outside the Portland market — to Seattle, Salem and Eugene. This time in Eugene, Minority Retort presents San Francisco-based stand-up comedian, actor and writer Irene Tu, as well as performers from Portland, and Eugene-based comic Randy Mendez. The San Francisco Chronicle calls Tu an “artist on the brink of fame.” Tu has opened for such well-known comics as Patton Oswalt, W. Kamau Bell, Hari Kondabolu and Aparna Nancherla. In Portland and Seattle, Minority Retort audiences are often also mostly people of color. But Lamb also sees value in mixed audiences. “One of the goals for the show was to provide the platform for the comedians,” he says. “But to use as vehicle to bring people together, share experiences they wouldn’t normally share.” Minority Retort Presents Irene Tu 8 pm Friday, June 28, at Old Nick’s Pub; $10 door, $12 advance. Comedy, Tragedy, Trivia, Wormhole Trivia host wants to know what you don’t know Comedy 3 weeks ago Ty as a wee lad Ty as a wee ladThe wrong answers interested Ty Connor just as much as the right ones, so one night, he started collecting all the … Continue reading → Six Husbands, No Estrogen A comedy show for the aging, and everyone in between Comedy 2 months ago Life is serious business, a lesson learned through hard-fought experience. However, failed marriages and clumsy aging are not to be taken in earnest, according to … Continue reading → Good Dirty Fun! The Bad Girls Comedy Tour lands in Eugene Three women walk into a bar. One screams “vagina,” another scorns Ronald Reagan and the third puts a spunky twist on whiskey dick. Eugene’s own … Continue reading →	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line157
__label__wiki	0.780474	0.780474	EMP Episode 145: The Big White IN THIS EPISODE… the Bi-Weeky Blitz is on! Over in Main Coverage AVENGERS #7 takes a look back into the history of the Marvel Universe with an origin tale involving fiery boogers! NEXT its EMP Extended Coverage as THANOS' LEGACY might prove to be a bigger mystery than how to win Death's hand in marriage. THEN! the effects of INFINITY WAR are creeping into the Marvel U as a rag-tag group of… well, actually, these are some crazy powerful players. Can’t exactly call them underdogs…. it’s the ASGARDIANS OF THE GALAXY! Somehow doesn't quite sound as good? But wait til you see who’s coming home for dinner! It’s all here in EARTH’S MIGHTIEST PODCAST Ep. 145…. Nuffcelsior! 0:15:53 Avengers (2018) #7 0:27:48 Asgardians of the Galaxy (2018) #1 0:37:54 Thanos Legacy (2018) #1 [EMP RSS] Subscribe http://earthsmightiestpodcast.libsyn.com/rss/category/EMP [RSS All] Subscribe http://earthsmightiestpodcast.libsyn.com/rss [Google Play All] Subscribe https://play.google.com/music/m/Imcb2xxrh6wybdevupljsqyafma?t=Earths_Mightiest_Podcasts [iTunes] Subscribe http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/earths-mightiest-podcast/id436635898 [Zune] Subscribe zune://subscribe/?Video%20Earths%20Mightiest%20Podcast%20Live=http://earthsmightiestpodcast.libsyn.com/rss Music: EMP theme song By Tribe One http://tribeonewon.wordpress.com/ Email: TheAvengers@EarthsMightiestPodcast.com Website: http://www.EarthsMightiestPodcast.com Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/EMPcast/ Viet's Website: http://www.comedianviet.com Help support Earth's Mightiest Podcast by clicking on the banner below before you make your purchases on Amazon.com!	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line161
__label__wiki	0.95817	0.95817	answeredquestions.html?_page=0&_properties=answer.isMinisterialCorrection,legislature,houseId,answer.answeringMemberPrinted&_sort=answer.answeringMember.label&answer.answeringMemberPrinted=Mark%20Lancaster Mark Lancaster Armed Forces: Recruitment To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, how many new recruits have been offered a place in the (a) Army, (b) Royal Navy and (c) Royal Air Force in each year since 2010. <p>Information on the intake of new recruits into the Regular Armed Forces since 31 March 2014, including a breakdown by Service, can be found at Excel Table 5A of the UK Armed Forces Quarterly Service Personnel Statistics, which can be found at the following link:</p><p>https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2018.</p><p>Intake information prior to 31 March 2014 can be found at Excel Table 5A of the UK Armed Forces Monthly Service Personnel Statistics, which can be found at the following link:</p><p>https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-monthly-service-personnel-statistics-2017</p> Milton Keynes North Biography information for Mark Lancaster To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, with reference to his news release of 5 November Armed Forces to step up Commonwealth recruitment, whether the lifting of the five-year residency in the UK requirement for applicants who wish to serve in the armed forces will apply also to citizens of UK Overseas Territories. West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine Andrew Bowie <p>British Overseas Territories Citizens (BOTC) have never been subject to the five year UK residency criteria which has been removed for citizens of Commonwealth member countries. BOTC have one of six types of British nationality which already makes them eligible to apply to join the British Armed Forces, and they serve as part of the British cohort. As at 1 April 2018 there were 130 BOTC serving in the Regular trained strength of the British Armed Forces.</p><p>However, for security reasons the Armed Forces continue to have UK residency criteria to ensure the appropriate security standards which all applicants are required to meet. This will vary depending on the Service and role being applied for and applications are considered on a case by case basis.</p><p>Notes:</p><p>· Nationality is as reported on the Joint Personnel Administration system</p><p>· Figures are rounded to the nearest 10.</p> Biography information for Andrew Bowie Emergencies: Climate Change To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what steps his Department is taking to ensure that it is ready to respond to potential emergency events caused by climate change. Ealing, Southall Mr Virendra Sharma <p>Civil authorities and emergency services provide the first response to crises, emergencies and/or major incidents within the UK. Other Government Departments or civil authorities request military assistance when they require additional or niche capabilities. The Ministry of Defence engages closely with other Government Departments to ensure that Defence is prepared to provide appropriate, timely and effective military support at the local, regional and national level to potential emergency events such as extreme weather.</p><p>The policy and doctrine for military aid to civil authorities can be found at:</p><p>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2015-to-2020-government-policy-military-aid-to-the-civil-authorities-for-activities-in-the-uk/2015-to-2020-government-policy-military-aid-to-the-civil-authorities-for-activities-in-the-uk</p><p>Previous support includes flood mitigation during the Thames Valley flood in 2013-14; flood relief efforts across the north of England following Storms Desmond and Eva in December 2015/January 2016 and more recently, the period of extreme cold and snow in February/March 2018.</p> Biography information for Mr Virendra Sharma To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what steps he is taking to ensure UK defence readiness is not compromised by incidents related to climate change. <p>The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has previously provided, and continues to provide, civil authorities with military support across the UK under military aid to civil authorities (MACA). Defence maintains a cadre of military personnel and capabilities which can be used in the wider Government response to emergencies including, but not limited to, those related to climate change.</p><p>The MOD ensures that Defence personnel are suitably trained and equipped to respond to a wide variety of potential incidents. This includes incidents in the UK but also Defence support to Humanitarian and Disaster Relief activities globally. Defence planning staffs are well-versed, trained and practised in the principles of planning to ensure Defence can continue to meet its specific strategic objectives.</p> Army: Bomb Disposal To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, on how many occasions Army bomb disposal teams were called out between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2014 as a result of (a) viable and (b) hoax devices. East Londonderry Mr Gregory Campbell <p>The Army is in the process of refining its data and I will write with a full answer shortly.</p> Biography information for Mr Gregory Campbell World War I: Anniversaries To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what steps his Department has taken to support the (a) National Army Museum, (b) National Museum of the Royal Navy and (c) Royal Air Force Museum to mark the centenary of the Armistice. <p>The Royal Navy, Army, and Royal Air Force support their respective museums through an annual Grant in Aid payment, which is used by the museums for any exhibition or theme that it wishes to support.</p> To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, whether he plans to make British Overseas Territories citizens exempt from the five year residency requirement to join the UK armed forces. Plymouth, Sutton and Devonport Luke Pollard <p>British Overseas Territory Citizens (BOTC) have never been subject to the five year UK residency criteria which has been removed for citizens of Commonwealth member countries. BOTC have one of six types of British nationality which already makes them eligible to apply to join the British Armed Forces, and they serve as part of the British cohort. As at 1 April 2018 there were 130 BOTC serving in the trained strength of the British Armed Forces.</p><p>However, for security reasons the Armed Forces continue to have UK residency criteria to ensure the appropriate security standards which all applicants are required to meet. This will vary depending on the Service and role being applied for but applications are considered on a case by case basis.</p> Biography information for Luke Pollard United Arab Emirates: Military Aid To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what assistance his Department has provided to the Government of the United Arab Emirates on counter terrorism in Yemen in (a) 2016, (b) 2017 and (c) 2018. Carshalton and Wallington Tom Brake <p>The Ministry of Defence did not provide assistance to the government of the United Arab Emirates on counter-terrorism in Yemen in 2016, 2017 or 2018.</p> Biography information for Tom Brake Bomb Disposal: Northern Ireland To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, on how many occasions Army bomb disposal teams in Northern Ireland were called out between (a) 1 July 2014 and 30 June 2016 and (b) 1 July 2016 and 30 June 2018 as a result of (i) viable and (ii) hoax devices. Navy: Horn of Africa To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what protection the Royal Navy is providing for the protection of (a) coastal waters and (b) fishing stocks off the Horn of Africa. <p>The Royal Navy does not conduct operations specifically for the protection of fishing stocks off the Horn of Africa, but has contributed ships and personnel to the European Union Counter Piracy Mission under Operation Atalanta. The Royal Navy also contributes, alongside 32 other countries, to Combined Maritime Forces, which conduct Maritime Security Operations in the region.</p> # Counting has been applied to this query. PREFIX parl: <http://data.parliament.uk/schema/parl#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?item a parl:WrittenParliamentaryQuestion ; parl:answer ?ans . ?___answer_0 parl:answeringMemberPrinted "Mark Lancaster" . ?item parl:answer ?___answer_0 . OPTIONAL { ?___answer_0 parl:answeringMember ?___2 . ?___2 rdfs:label ?___1 . } } ORDER BY ?___1 ?item OFFSET 0 LIMIT 10	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line169
__label__cc	0.516938	0.483062	Home » Induction Heating » Consarc UK Early work to Salesman Salesman to entrepreneur Henry Rowan, Mars Rocket Cheston, Cragmet, IRS Visit Russia, Meet Vera Around the world, Meet the president Kramatorsk Consarc Consarc UK Carbon contract Russians in Scotland The Embargo is Coming Embargo and Aftermath After BEPA Fiber Materials Appeal Consarc Officials Deny Wrongdoing in Sales to Soviets Memos from Henry Rowan to Metcalf Rowland motor patent 1868 Rowland reviews the bids for Niagara Falls power station Metcalf's father's poem, and Metcalf genealogy The Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Problems of Russia's Policy With Respect to China and Japan History of Ajax Magnethermic The most important event for Inductotherm Fright Flight Black art of carbon production Polaris Missile Nuclear Airplane Nuclear Engine Molten metal eats through and explodes Cannon Muskegon Corporation Metcalf at General Motors Research from April 1955 to Oct 1955 Metcalf pouring superalloy at GE from Oct 1955 to June 1956 Metcalf at Waimet (later Howmet) from June 1956 to July 1957 Project to test NASA hot hydrogen engine Special Metals Number 9 Metcalf joins Inductotherm group Device to load materials into a furnace for melting Bank reneged on a commitment to finance a job in Russia Inductotherm private airport NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) and all I know about carbon NERVA Engine Control Rods same as 383-Nuke.html Development of Polaris missle Ajax NASA Production of carbon fabrics and threads made from rayon George Houghton, Aerojet Inspector gives Metcalf Rocket history Rayon to carbon to graphite Metcalf buys the control division of the Pelton Water Wheel Company Rowan's account of firing Consarc President Kama Purchasing Commission, Ukraine Role of chromium in vacuum melters ASEA wins contract for isopress Induction heating to re-refile tank cannon Hoover-Ugine Company Letter to Henry Rowan at Inductotherm John Mortimer in Rancocas How to produce Calcarb Newsday, late 1987 Embargo Regulations Seizure of Goods Minutes of Dept of Trade, London Minutes of ECGD Meeting Rowan Interview Bombshell looks like dud Letter to Hank Rowan Consarc Board Meeting Minutes of DTI Meeting, London Stansted Fluid Power Minutes of DTI Meeting, 3 Oct 85 Letter to IHI Master Metals For a delayed honeymoon Vera arranged a trip to Yalta. The plane was four hours late departing Moscow. Soviet Airlines, Aeroflot, does not make announcements about the reason for the delay. If you are stacked up or delayed on the ground the pilot never announces the reason over his speaker. We were met at the plane with a black Volga because the airport and office were closed. Upon our arrival at the hotel with a voucher for double occupancy, the clerk saw a red and blue passport and refused to allow Vera to check into the same room. After she was convinced we were man and wife she gave Vera a red colored pass that had the notation "Woman for American tourist." The lady asked me if we would need a Russian to English translator. Russians who stay in the hotel are only allowed to visit the pool during off hours and are not allowed in the special restaurants. We had a separate table with an American flag during our whole stay. When we went to the swimming pool and restaurant together, the amused keeper of the gate always examined Vera's pass. A German tourist saw that I had a Russian girl in my room and protested that they would not allow him the same privilege. He claimed that Americans receive the best treatment. The English owner of the company approached Rowan with his offer to sell. Rowan passed him to me with the statement that it would provide an aircraft carrier for my Russian business. The British pound was at an all time high due, to the production of oil in the North Sea while the price of oil was high. His company could not compete against the dollar, so he, like many other companies in Britain, was backed to the wall. If the Russians paid their credit, then we would be required to expand or pay dividends, which meant taxes for the small shareholders of Consarc. The asking price was low enough, and we needed an aircraft carrier type operation to handle future Soviet trade, due to the ever-changing trade position of the American government with respect to the Soviet Union. The facilities in Scotland were large, but old and dirty. The stated net worth was well in excess of the real value of the company. In a hard look audit, the company was in a loss position of about a half million dollars. They had a loss carry forward of about one-half million that was very attractive to me. I made an inspection just before Christmas 1980. The purchase was completed in February 1981. We arranged the purchase by buying some services from another of the owner's companies, so it would be all profit to him, and an expense for taxes against our income. Another payment was for administrative services to his company, arranged so that the Scottish company would pay for itself and also make the payment a tax deduction. Our cash investment was sixty-eight thousand dollars with the managers paying ten percent and owning stock in the company. After purchase we had to refinance the company, cutting the minority ownership to five percent. We sold a project to Bulgaria that turned out to be a money loser. The company was working a three-day week, with the fourth day being paid by some government program in effect at that time. The company had major debts when we bought it. Consarc's good credit rating allowed us to borrow from Scottish banks and keep the debt in pounds. The pound fell in value, so that meant we paid back much less in dollar terms. Ruble gave me an enquiry from Bulgaria he had received from his employee, Horvath, in charge of sales to communist countries. I passed on two inquires to this salesman some years earlier from Kramatorsk where Inductotherm obtained furnace orders. The Bulgarian project was for melting in a pressure chamber in order to produce steels with high nitrogen content. The project did not fit Rancocas so I turned it over to the Scots. For advice on running a company in the United Kingdom I contacted Jess Cartlidge who had returned from experiences in operating Inductotherm. Jess had been groomed to become the CEO in Rancocas but Ruble and Mortimer were in his way. He was not satisfied with his new assignment of heading up international sales but being a good employee he worked hard at his assigned task. From Rowan's book: It was an impressive conclusion to Jess's five-year stint in England. In that time he had propelled Inductotherm Europe to the $10-million-a-year level in sales. Moreover, he had positioned the company for continued growth for the years ahead; just as he had in Australia, he'd selflessly trained a new management team to take the reins from him. John Perks, Managing Director, Ian Haywood, Sales Director, John Simcock, Engineering Manager, and Graham Hawkins, Production Manager were men who epitomized what Inductotherm Europe stood for. On the day the Queen's Award was presented, all of Droitwich turned out for the ceremony, which was attended by scores of white-robe magistrates and other dignitaries in robes and medals. The only element missing from the ritual was Jess Cartlidge; he'd already returned to the United States to tackle his next job, as Inductotherm's first Vice President of International Sales. There were still a few parts of the world left where we hadn't sold Inductotherm furnaces, but that would soon change. I arranged for Jess to visit Moscow to look over the possibilities of sales to the Soviets. He had been to Moscow earlier where he had a hard time. In a flight from Japan to Europe he stopped in Moscow without a visa. He was held in house arrest until he could arrange an outgoing flight. He enjoyed his stay in Moscow this time and made the rounds of the buying houses looking for business. Just after Reagan took office in 1981 he announced that Russia was an 'evil empire" and started his administration on the road to tightening the regulations and prosecuting the offenders. Project "Exodus" was formed in the US Customs Department. He was not successful in stopping the British, German or French, as they continued to export to the Soviet pipeline. Richard Perle was selected to work for the Pentagon as a leader in the get-tough team to assist the Reagan Administration to get Congress to spend more money on arms. We were aware of the increased tensions, but the official policy of our Government was to continue trade. The 1981 shareholders meeting at Inductotherm in 1981 should have been a major celebration because Inductotherm Industries had broken all previous records. The after tax income was $17.6 million and for the first time Rowan's investments outside his core company in Rancocas contributed more than fifty percent of the profits. Consarc's contribution was $5.05 million. When Consarc's accountant asked Rowan to approve Consarc officers bonus checks he objected to the amount. When shown the paperwork that supported the numbers approved by the board he threw the papers at the accountant before signing the checks later. Rowan's remaining child had just passed her thirty-fifth birthday. It was the understanding in accounting that she now owned thirty percent of the family stock that had been placed in trust for Rowan's three children two of which had passed away. On May 20, 1946, our first child, Virginia Lynn, was born. She was a $200 baby, I told Betty; $100 for the doctor and another $100 for the 10-day stay in the hospital. We didn't waste money by buying baby furniture like playpens; instead, we built them ourselves. Rowan was 58 years old and told all concerned that he would retire at 65. More from Rowan's book: Before leaving, though, I'd chatted with Rick Burgess, another sailor and longtime friend, and his words of encouragement still rang in my ears. "You know, Hank, if you had spent less time at the office and more in your boat, you might have had a shot at it. You can afford to do whatever you want, now. Why not give the younger guys a chance to run Inductotherm and concentrate on the important things in life--like sailing?" The opening remark by Rowan at the shareholders meeting was tense. He made a simple statement. I am the founder of this company and have always controlled every decision. I will continue to control this company even after I am dead. The above words were not exact, so I can not put quotation marks on them. They had just attended our annual stockholders meeting in Rancocas in June 198l. It had been an especially exciting year, not only from the standpoint of revenues, profits, overseas expansion, and new acquisitions, but also in terms of what the Inductotherm philosophy was achieving. It's likely that anyone attending that stockholders meeting would have come away with the same conclusion: that our horizons were boundless. I suppose I would have been disappointed if Ginny, my daughter and, now, my sole surviving child, had not shared this excitement on an even more profound level. As I would soon learn, she had. A few weeks after that 1981 meeting, I received a letter from Ginny. Ever since that last trip to Rancocas, she wrote, all she and Manning could talk about was the prospect of returning home, and of the two of them taking an active role in the company. Manning's acquisitions background was a perfect match with Inductotherm's needs for expertise in this field. At the same time, Ginny's own expertise in advertising and marketing would benefit both the furnace company and our subsidiaries. They reasoned that both they and the two children they were adopting could be closer to their roots and their families who were all on the East Coast. Each time Ginny and Manning explored the issue, they arrived at the same conclusion. At some point in time Rowan gave his daughter Ginny a valuable block of stock he owned as a founding investor in Dynamet according to his book. Rowan kept his private affairs very private and we did not understand fully why he wanted to convert voting shares to non-voting shares. It was assumed that he was taking voting power away from his daughter and his wife Betty in order to maintain control if mother and daughter joined forces. The other shareholders paid no attention to the stock swap because the terms of their ownership was that upon leaving the company they were required to sell back their stock at book value. My stock in Inductotherm was not restricted due to a slip-up in Rowan's legal department when the shares were issued. The matter of voting stock was not on the notice of the shareholders meeting. I quietly objected to the vote until due notice was given. At the meeting at Rowan's house after the meeting I attempted to discuss the situation with Ginny but she would not comment. Rowan called me a couple of days later with a statement that he never wanted to speak with me again. I told him that I would not sell the stock to a third party but on principle I would sell it to him if he really needed it at an agreed price. The Inductotherm salesman that covered the north east gave me a sales lead for a furnace to produce temperatures of 5000 degrees F for an company in Maine called FMI. I flew into Portland and rented a car for the drive to Billiford to meet with this customer. A young engineer gave me the specifications and took me on a quick tour of their facility. The induction furnaces for converting carbon to graphite were all used equipment and included some items from the Beryllium factory where I worked in the early 60's. I saw rolls of rayon felt being loaded into simple ovens for conversion to carbon felt. I saw the facility for molding fiberform carbon insulation that used scraps from the carbon felt process. All these products were processed in induction furnaces that consisted of graphite tubes packed with lampblack insulation. The heating element weighed several times more that the heated load and took days to cool down before they could be opened. This was the perfect place to sell my miniseptor furnace. My selling pitch fell on deaf ears. I was not aware that in a building on the property was the factory that produced most of the nose cones for America's rockets using wound carbon fibers impregnated with pitch. I also did not know they were using an isopress for this process. At some point in time a large isopress purchased by the navy for Beryllium Corporation in the 60's and installed under the supervision of Joe Loan had been moved to that building from Hazleton. I also did not know that FMI was an exporter of isopress equipment and other equipment for the production of carbon-carbon to countries that included France, Japan, and Taiwan. A display in the lobby caught my eye. It was the insulation package for silicon crystal growing furnaces made of fiberform covered with a carbon foil material. There was no business here but the day had not been wasted. A Consarc salesman received an enquiry from Bendix for equipment to process carbon aircraft brakes. The Concorde was the first to use this type brake and the F16 military jet followed. Fuel prices were rising and predicted to rise farther as the CIA continued to predict that the Soviet Union was running out of oil. It was claimed that use of this material would allow a 747 to stop without using reverse thrusters. An extra 4000 pounds of load could be added to each long flight. I observed the process at Bendix that consisted of wetting carbon cloth with an epoxy before it was warm pressed into a shape. The epoxy in these shapes was then charcoaled in a simple oven just like I had observed in carbon cloth production from rayon cloth in the early 60's. I had expected the next step to be treatment at very high temperatures but to my surprise when I looked into the furnace the hot zone was a medium red. This meant the furnace was operating at about 2000 degrees F. Stokes mechanical vacuum pumps were operating at medium levels or at about 20 mm of Hg. Methane gas (natural gas) was flowing into the hot zone where carbon was stripped from the natural gas and deposited on the carbon fibers to increase the density of the part to the required level. All sorts of light bulbs began to flash in my mind. I was aware that rocket motors made with a similar process were selling for thousand of dollars per pound and heat shields on the shuttle were at made in a similar manner. It was also common knowledge that reentry tips for ballistic missiles were made from carbon fibers. My thoughts were in the direction of making carbon components for a wide range of uses for less than $1 per pound. The Soviets were working at full speed to build a gas pipeline to Western Europe. A few months earlier I had flown from Moscow to Tokyo over Siberia and observed a very large area of flames that was oil wells burning the excess natural gas. My quick guess was that a million tons of carbon could be retrieved. Bendix was using a Pillar electronic induction power supply with a heavy walled graphite pipe as the heating element. All the cost components were known to the customer and Consarc's possibility of making a profit were gone. A resistance furnace with many zones for processing would give us a chance to obtain the business. I walked away from that customer with an order for an engineering study on the new furnace concept. Back in Rancocas my dreams took me to the use of cow manure from the large indoor diary farm next door to produce to produce methane. I also studied the possibility of using the large waste dump at Mount Holly a few miles away. The people of the area were complaining that methane gas was causing a foul smell in a large residential area. I thought I had a tiger by the tail. I called Dr. Robert Froberg from Pfizer and arranged a meeting. Bob was an old customer and the leading scientific mind for converting methane to useful carbon. At that moment he was dreaming his own dream to make carbon products and was making plans to buy the Pfizer carbon operation to fulfill his plan. My attempt to obtain the brains for a carbon company was put on hold. A presentation was given in the summer of 1981 at the American Soviet Trade Council for a heating system using the miniseptor concept. Roberts gave a presentation on our standard products. A potential customer visited my presentation of a mini susceptor with reaction boxes. The hot item of business at the time was carbon friction materials for aircraft brakes. That evening Vera had several of our friends in her apartment for dinner. These would be Entrepreneurs knew they were living under a failing economic system and were always hungry to hear my fairy tale business plans for small enterprises. Their favorite story was setting up a small operation to produce tampons for the female population of Moscow. This night I had a fantastic plan to produce diamonds using natural gas. To make the story interesting I started with an indoor cattle farm near the Moscow airport to produce milk and meat. This indoor farm was complete with computer controls and classical music so the cows would be contented. As the farm grew, including ground meat for McDonalds in Moscow, we had to find a good use for the manure. The story ended with the conversion of manure to natural gas and then into diamonds. I was not able to visit again Vera until the Christmas holidays in 1981. I stayed at the Cosmos hotel on Prospect (Peace) Mir just outside the center of Moscow. Vera stayed with me at the hotel. She arranged for a table at the hotel's restaurant for the 1982 New Year celebration. We went to bed at 2 AM. The floor lady tried to stop her entering the room. Later she called the police. The policeman gave her a lecture when he realized that he was attempting to throw my wife from the room. A big job had to be found to fill the large factory floor in Scotland. The Rumanian government was planning to activate their aircraft industry on a grand scale. Nixon had used this country as a stepping stone to China. Carter had given most favored nation status to Rumania as a thorn for the Soviets. The dictator of Rumania did not give even minor human rights to his people. He was building an industrial base on the backs of his people. The group in Scotland worked hard to prepare quotations for the furnaces required for this project. We were in a position to sign a very large contract, using the World Bank as the source of money. The banks of Poland defaulted. Everyone had suspected that the Soviet Union would bail them out. Moscow had their problems. The effect of this meant that no western bank was going to finance the Rumanians. The large contract for Scotland was not to be. The project at Chelyabinsk could have been a repeat of Kramatorsk. This time I prepared to make life better for our personnel. Matsutov agreed in advance to arrange for housing with kitchens, so the men would not have to live in hotels. Consarc purchased microwave ovens, mixers, blenders, short-wave radios, VCR's with a library of films, and other items to make life bearable. One container had a box marked "For Consarc Engineers only." This box contained canned foods, spices, catsup, soups, pasta, Coke, beer, and other items in large quantities. We first arrived in Chelyabinsk in April 1982. The quarters were as promised and included a sitting room, bedroom and kitchen in an apartment building near the factory outside the main city. Most of the building was controlled by the factory and had a duty person at the front door. A central kitchen was also provided so we could buy our meals to order if we wished. The site was ready, and the construction crew had already started welding the plates together. We set up the drawing office that included copying equipment. The documentation was arranged in good form so we could find or modify the plans as required. We were furnished two full time translators. These young ladies were schoolteachers by training. The older one was married to a man in the food distribution business. The younger one was unmarried and naive, as this was her first job after completing school. A van picked us up each morning at the scheduled time. The translators rode to work with us. At lunchtime, the driver took us home for lunch, which we had in the facility provided most of the time. The translators ate their lunch with us. The steel factory at Chelyabinsk, on the edge of the Ural Mountain range, employed about forty thousand people. Its products ranged from steel for the appliance industry, stainless steel and superalloys for many purposes. The factory had an import export department that was in charge of all of our activities except the technical part. The director of this department read us the rules of our stay in his factory and town. The Soviet Union published new rights for foreigners just after the Helsinki agreement. These were explained to us, as well as our travel limits without approval and escort. We were limited to the little town near the plant, and it was suggested that we be off the streets by eleven in the evening. Vera was assigned the task of finding fresh food at the local shops. Meat and butter were rationed by a ration book for the local population. There was plenty of food at shops that charged the supply and demand prices. Our social activities during the first month consisted of a visit to a local natural museum and a Saturday dinner at Matsutov's home. Reshat had become the chief engineer of the factory, and it was putting great demands on his time. The factory had a country vacation spot about seventy miles into the country, in the foothills of the Ural Mountains. Matsutov built a Finnish sauna near the edge of a large clear water lake when he was a young steelworker. We spent a weekend at this camp with Matsutov and the staff who had been with him in the USA and their wives. The first evening started with a dinner cooked over an open fire in the fireplace. We consumed about a bottle of vodka each before entering the sauna. After about one hour in the sauna we ran across the ice to a hole which had been prepared and slipped into the ice water. It may be hard to believe, but that water felt warm. The next day we attended a Russian bath. This is a steam bath that features beating each other with birch branches. After the bath it feels good to go outside and dump ice water over your head. The main feature on the menu was pickled mushrooms that had been picked from the forests surrounding the lake. We departed Chelyabinsk just before the May Day holidays. Vera remained in Moscow because she did not yet have permission to travel with me. The trip included a stop in Rumania for another attempt to obtain some business. We returned to Moscow with a load of luggage in late May 1982. Most of the luggage was for creature comforts and included a quality air mattress. We used this to bridge two small beds to make a comfortable sleeping bed. Also in the luggage were also ten video films to add to the collection. The only problem on the job was moving the main transformer into position. It weighed sixty-five tons, and the crane was only rated to lift fifty tons. No one would take responsibility ordering the lift. Matsutov came in Saturday morning with a lone crane operator whom he paid an extra fifty rubles, and they moved the transformer without any problem. His ability to get things done was the reason he had climbed to the top. The area had a foot race with several groups of ten members each. The race was through the city, with a baton being passed at predetermined points. When my group of steelmaker saw the video camera, they arranged to have me ride the lead truck so the leaders could be filmed throughout the race. It was a cold morning, so they almost froze to death before the filming was completed from the open truck. Alex called me early on a Sunday to arrange a meeting. I had not seen him in a long time and had no wish to see him at this time. I asked if he was following me. His answer was that he was in town because a German company was installing a specialized cold rolling mill he had purchased for a steel mill in the Ukraine and the government decided to install it in Chelyabinsk. He understood that I was video filming on the street and asked me not to take pictures that would show the lines at the shops or any other scenes that showed poverty in the region. I told him his metal samples were packed in Styrofoam under the bricks, but I would have to wait until Lona came to know in exactly which container. He would never find the needle in that haystack. I had made up my mind that he would not receive any more favors from me in this changing political climate. It was clear to me that this project was not going to be a repeat of the Kramatorsk affair. I met a new client in Matsutov's office one morning in late April 1982. He had attended our technical presentation the Trade Council in Moscow. Our job was going well, and the new customer was very impressed with our abilities. He had fallen in love with my miniseptor idea. I did not tell him that I had not made it work and could find no other customer that would let me try again. Our translators helped him prepare preliminary hand-written specifications. I sold the layout of the equipment and some very clever ways to load and unload the furnaces. We all assumed that the insides of the ovens would work. The customer informed me that this group was new and would be organized American company style. They wanted a project engineer for their task, and they had selected me. They would need other facilities such as impregnators, presses, isopresses, laboratory equipment and other things. The customer was fully aware that we would not supply pyrolytic graphite producing equipment or hot isopress equipment above 5000 psi. These general concepts with sizes were established by starting with their largest block that was a cube of twenty inches stacked two high with three reaction zones inside the susceptor. The Soviet buying house wanted assurances from the export authorities that this type of equipment could be exported. The Soviets were skeptical because of the Olympics and pipeline embargoes. They also wanted a letter from the senior management of the company stating that Consarc wanted the business. I reported on the new business in the Soviet Union on my next trip to the States. I translated handwritten specifications from the Soviet client, noting those items we would not quote because current regulations would not allow their shipment. DATE: May 10th, 1982 TO: Roberts FROM: Metcalf SUBJECT: Potential Business - Soviet Union The attached are preliminary specifications for a cold isostatic press for 15,000 PSI, a carbonizing furnace for 1600 C and a graphitizing furnace for 2950 C from some clients in the chemical industry in the Soviet Union. This inquiry came as a direct result of the seminar which we put on a year and a half ago. The Soviet Trade organization will not formalize this inquiry unless they have reasonable understanding that, if we are able to conclude a contract, we can in fact ship it. This equipment is not on the embargo list as presently written. I suggest that we have our Scotvac group pursue this order due to the ECGD insurance coverage available to them. The value of the contract will be between three and ten million dollars. If you desire to go ahead, it will be necessary for either you or John to write a letter for me to hand carry to the Ministry of Foreign Trade expressing our desire to fulfill contracts on the above listed equipment. I will arrange for Scottish sales personnel to meet with the buyers in Moscow or Chelyabinsk to discuss the details. I will attend these meetings. You may wish to put the matter before the Board due to the current political situation. James F Metcalf Political times had changed. We were now trading with the "evil empire." The CIA did not seem to be reading the mood of the Russian people. Body bags were being returned from Afghanistan and while they could not march like American protesters in the Vietnam War era silent protests came from the flowers on the street each morning. Prices were rising at private market places. The people's faith in Communism was falling like a rock. The people were openly discussing the fate of Russia after the death of Brezhnev. Roberts wanted to make sure we told the Russians that we were not in the carbon business and did not understand it. The following letter was delivered to Machinoimport on my return to Moscow. RANCOCAS NEW JERSEY Ministry of Foreign Trade Moscow, USSR Gentlemen: Consarc's Vice President, James Metcalf, has received a preliminary inquiry and specification for equipment to produce graphite by means of high pressure pitch impregnation, carbonization and graphitization. This letter is to confirm that Consarc is very interested in supplying such equipment to you. For reasons of geographic proximity, we would prefer to handle this inquiry through our subsidiary in the United Kingdom, Consarc Engineering, under managing Director, Thomas Dick. Jim Metcalf will be available to assist Dick and his team in this work. I want to advise you, that while Consarc has considerable experience in equipment for the production of graphite, we do not have direct experience with the process of high pressure pitch impregnation and carbonization in the manner you propose. However, we believe we have sufficient experience to be able to design and manufacture this equipment. We will be able to guarantee equipment performance, such as pressure levels, heating rates, cooling rates, and other items, but we will not be able to provide guarantees of overall production rates or product quality. We look forward to working with you on this project. Roberts agreed with me that this would be good business for our struggling Scottish company. He sent the following memo to the director of Consarc Ltd. in Bellshill Scotland. TO: TR Dick FROM: Roberts SUBJECT: Potential Business in Soviet Union 1. Preliminary specifications received by Jim Metcalf from the USSR covering a line of equipment for production of high density graphite by high pressure pitch impregnation of a preform, followed by heating to produce carbonization, followed by high temperature heating to produce graphite. It's anticipated that the first two steps of this sequence will be repeated as many times as necessary to obtain graphite of the required density. A cover memorandum dated May 10, 1982 to me from Jim Metcalf. 3. A letter from me to the USSR Ministry of Trade advising them that we will wish this inquiry to be handled through Scotvac. This letter has been hand carried to Moscow by Jim Metcalf. Jim Metcalf feels that this is a bona fide inquiry having the potential to become an order in the $3 - $10,000,000 range depending on just how much equipment the USSR wishes to buy. We have checked the Commodity Control List and it is our interpretation that this equipment is presently exportable to the Soviet Union without a specific export license, this means, it is exportable under a GDEST type general license. However, it is also my understanding that the NATO governments are presently reviewing the list of items for which a specific export license will be required and there is the possibility that the classification of the equipment may be changed. It's my understanding that if Consarc Engineering were to receive an order for this equipment and start construction and should Consarc Engineering then be prevented from shipping this equipment to the USSR by a subsequent change in the license regulations, then Consarc Engineering could recover all, or virtually all, of its costs under an ECGD cover. However, I would like to get verification of this fact. We must also face the possibility that in the event this turns into a larger order, the Soviets may want five year credit and we should investigate what credit might be available for them in Great Britain. Roberts and I understood what we were selling sufficiently to understand that the US government could decide to put this type of equipment on the export control list. We both agreed that the business would be done in Scotland if we got the order. It was not discussed, but generally understood, that I would move to Scotland if we got the job. On June 23, 1982 in London I gave Tom Dick the specifications for the equipment he should bid after obtaining approval to export from the UK. Our technical discussions on this matter lasted less than two hours. Dick already understood the furnaces and said he would get up to speed on the isopresses. Department of Trade We have recently received an invitation to tender to the USSR for equipment as follows: - 1. 6 - vacuum Chamber Induction furnaces for carbonizing, with a maximum temperature of 1600 C, the size of charge being 500 millimeter cube - six per charge. 2. 2 - Vacuum Chamber Induction Furnaces for graphitization with a maximum temperature or 3000 C, with a charge size of 500 millimeter cube - six per charge. 3. One - Isostatic Hot Press, working pressure 300 Kilogram per square centimeter, maximum temperature 600 C for the impregnation of carbon with pitch. 4. 1 - Vacuum Induction Laboratory furnace 1600 C, charge size 500 millimeter cube - one off per charge for carbonization. 5. 1 - Vacuum Induction Laboratory furnace 3000 C, charge size 500 millimeter cube - one off per charge for graphitization. With regard to the Export of Goods (Control) Order 1981, items 1, 2, 4 and 5 are outwith this control order therefore should not require any Export license. However item 3, the Hot Isostatic Press is mentioned in Group 30, on page 32, item 3B but since we are less than 351 Kilogram per square centimeter in pressure, we assume that we are outwith the umbrella of the Export of Goods (Control) Order 1981. In the contractual documents we have received from the USSR, we are obliged to seek approval from your Department before a contract can be concluded. The wording on this is "The seller to furnish Export license or letter that license is not required, within thirty days of signing of the contract. The contract will come into force when this document has been furnished. We would like your confirmation that such a letter would be forthcoming should we be successful in obtaining this very important export order. We look forward to receiving your early reply. The job continued to go well in Chelyabinsk with only minor delays due to missing parts that we flew from Consarc to Chelyabinsk. Other minor delays were due to month long summer vacations. One week was lost because the construction workers had to pick potatoes. For the first time I realized that the social economy set up by the Communists was in its final stages before complete failure. Instead, the CIA never published any documents and the press never saw the truth. The CIA published reports that the Soviets were running out of oil. They continue to be major exporters today. It was time to bring a man from Inductotherm to start up the melting equipment. This man brought his wife, so Vera was able to meet and talk with her first American woman. We had a very busy summer with very little time for social activities. We spent one weekend at the country lake with Matsutov and his family. Matsutov drove us in his car from Chelyabinsk to the mountains. A soldier was on the road with a machine gun. He stopped us for a search. Matsutov was very upset with this situation in front of an American. It seems that a young soldier in training had deserted the army. Every young man had to serve two years in the army. The Soviet Union sent the boys to locations a long way from home so they could be trained without assistance from their family. After basic training most army men were used in simple construction work and farm labor. The lake in the Ural foothill is about seventy miles long. Only lifesaving motor boats were allowed to be used. The other boats were rowboats and sailboats. The water was clean enough to see if a penny was heads or tails at a depth of twenty feet. We walked alone in the woods with Matsutov to discuss what could be done to help Vera get her visa to travel with me. He agreed to help and suggested that we write him a letter. During a trip to Moscow Vera took me to the front door of KGB headquarters. The Soviet system allowed its citizens to contact the higher-up's from the street from time to time. She was able to get past the secretaries using my America passport, to their surprise. The man we met had the rank of a one star general. He listened to our story and agreed to look into the matter. We met him again the following morning at the time appointed. He told us that it was not the KGB holding up Vera's visa, and the cause was a political matter. He made sure that both Vera and I understood his important advice. He repeated the reason several times. "Exit not desirable." This was not a legal reason, and he implied that we could use it to our benefit. We asked for a letter, but he would not give us one. The excessive amount of work was getting to Matsutov. His combat wounds were acting up. The plant sent him away to the south for six weeks rest that summer. This is one of the rewards for those who reach the top in the Soviet system. A letter was written to the plant director giving all the facts of Vera's visa status, including the fact that the reason was "Exit not desirable." This letter was acknowledged, stating that the matter would be looked into. When Matsutov returned he wrote a letter to Metallurgimport attaching my letter to the plant director asking for their support and assistance. Matsutov sent this letter to Moscow, using the translator that was used as our escort. Metallurgimport knew the letter was coming and asked me to bring it to them alone. The letter was not sealed, so we were able to make copies showing the official numbers and stamps. Metallurgimport stamped the letter and affixed their number that they allowed me to copy. Documents were holy in the Soviet system and do not go away. They told me that they could not assist in a political matter but wished me luck. A stop in Scotland in late October 1982 on my way home was to look at their progress in the selling effort. Specifications and drawings had been completed, including some clever isopress ideas. Scotvac had no foundation technology for equipment or processes. The drawings were beautiful. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the British counterpart to the Commerce Department, approved the proposed contract on October 4,1982. From: Department of Trade To: Consarc Engineering Dear Sirs Your letter of 13 August 1982 refers. I confirm that the equipment listed below is not subject to embargo restrictions and does not require export licensing. 6 - Vacuum chamber induction furnace for carbonization with maximum temperature 1600 C size of charge being 500 millimeter cube - six per charge. 2 - vacuum chamber induction furnace for graphitization with a maximum temperature of 3000 C with a charge size of 500 millimeter cube - size per charge. 1 - isostatic hot press working pressure 300 kilogram per square centimeter maximum temperature 600 C for the impregnation of carbon with pitch.7013 One - vacuum induction laboratory furnace 1600 C charge size 500 millimeter cube - one off per charge for carbonization. 1- vacuum induction laboratory furnace 3000 C, charge size 500 millimeter cube- one off charge for graphitization. MP Marshall The people at the Department of Trade were not dummies. They knew exactly what they were approving. They took their time in answering the request. The approval document was delivered to the buyers in Moscow on November 10, 1982 on my way to the Ural job. It was time for the scheduled major meeting of the US-USSR Trade Council. The American government had approved this meeting even though the public rhetoric at the time about the USSR was not good. Some high-level government officials were present, including Senator Dole. Chief executives of many Fortune 500 companies and banks were scheduled to attend. Vera met me at the airport with the news that Brezhnev was dead. She had learned that from the taxi driver who told her that the airport was to be closed in a few minutes for incoming traffic. The next morning the news was official and the city of Moscow was sealed off. The center was closed, with soldiers marching around the inner circle road of the city. The selection of Andropov, former KGB boss, dashed any hopes for changes in the system. The Soviet authorities decided the meeting was important enough to go on. History was being made, and Vera was right in the middle of it. She was in seventh heaven. She had official documents that proved she was the wife of the head executive of an American company. Not many wives had arrived due to the uncertainty of the meeting. She was the best dressed and prettiest of the lot and was the most popular. She was the only Russian Baba (babe) that was shown on Soviet television as an American woman that week. Vera was hobnobbing with the rich and having a ball. Receptions were a nightly affair, but the last one was for the chief of each company, without his wife, at the Kremlin. This was my first formal dinner. I arrived by taxi and walked the short distance to the hall. Seating was alphabetical by company name. Consarc was seated beside the President of Coca Cola and near the Chairman of Chase Manhattan bank. I left the hall and was the only one who walked past the guards at the Kremlin gate. All of the other American companies had a car and driver to take them to their hotels. Alex telephoned me with a request to meet him in his room. Marchin, the manager of the operation that was going to produce carbon parts was with Alex when I entered the room. My first question was about Vera's visa with a real threat that I would personally withdraw from business in the Soviet Union if they continued to refuse her an exit visa. It could not be a permanent exit visa because she would not renounce her citizenship. Alex told me these questions were well beyond someone of his rank, but he understood the paperwork had already been approved. Marchin told me he was going to arrange the new operation like a small American business. He was not a technical man, but rather an executive, and wanted a modern office setup, including the best in office and communications equipment. He wanted a drawing office even better than the one he had seen in Chelyabinsk. He had a list of equipment and we had to find technical names for it. An electric typewriter was to be named an" electrically operated data recording device." The office telephone system he wanted was to be named an "electronic data transmission network." When I was puzzled at this farce, Alex told me that the buyer the system had selected would never allow Marchin to buy a typewriter, because it could be purchased from Soviet sources. I wrote a document listing all these items beside their real names. I was not breaking laws, but Marchin was sticking his neck out with Alex his cover in high places. Alex continued to want the cassette system with the thousands of company brochures, data sheets and price lists. I told him that the full system would be worth in excess of $10,000 and that might be hard to hide from the Soviet buyers. Dick arrived in Moscow shortly after the US/USSR trade meetings were concluded. Machinoimport was the trading house and the head buyer was Ivanov. He saw right away that the end his client and Consarc had not yet agreed on technical details and scope of supply. This was not buyer's job so he provided a room and a translator to begin the task. Dick had done his homework and was a master at understanding the technical details and leading the customer to agree with him. Dick wanted many details from the customer to set his design conditions. I had to make sure we did not sell something that could be used for pyrolytic graphite and that the isopress sold was less than five thousand pounds per square inch. These were the limits set up by export regulations. There was a leak in the chamber in Chelyabinsk that they could not find with the mass spectrometer. I left Dick alone with the new customer in order to visit the job in Chelyabinsk. I found the leak using air pressure and soap. Sometimes simple procedures work best. Final tests had to be completed and test melting was scheduled for March. Vera obtained her exit passport from Russia in November 1982 almost three years after we were married. This had been a long fight. The reason she was allowed to go was the release of another batch of people, who had declared that they were Zionist. This move was to improve the human rights argument with Reagan. Vera had not worked in a factory that made secret items for the prescribed period, but I told her the final blow was my threat to stop doing business with the Soviets. « Consarc Carbon contract »	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line170
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__label__wiki	0.53802	0.53802	Jeremy Balan‏ @BH_JBalan Thurs. March 9 2017 Gary Stevens understandably out of breath after first ride back since hip replacement surgery, but said he physically feels great. No pain. https://twitter.com/TVG/status/840334898812538880 Stevens feeling good after first win following hip surgery: http://www.drf.com/news/stevens-feeling-good-after-first-win-following-hip-surgery shirlee Member Gary and Mike both have mounts in the Rebel tomorrow. For Stevens, most everything old is new again Jay Hovdey Daily Racing Form ‎March ‎24, ‎2017 Gary Stevens is on the move again. He's taking his two-year-old knee, his three-month-old hip, his truck, and his record of nearly 6,000 winners to Arkansas next week and then on to Kentucky, where the Hall of Famer will set up shop at Keeneland for the prestigious spring meet that begins April 7. First, though, Stevens will fly in and out of New Mexico for Sunday's Grade 3 Sunland Derby, a nine-furlong event that has drawn an all-star array of riding talent to handle 3-year-olds from some of the nation's top stables. The $800,000 casino-fueled purse explains the presence of not only Stevens but also Javier Castellano -- nominated this year to the Hall of Fame -- as well as Jose Ortiz, Florent Geroux, Joe Talamo, Martin Garcia, and two-time Kentucky Derby winner Mario Gutierrez. http://www.espn.com/horse-racing/story/_/id/18995367/stevens-most-everything-old-new-again Stevens To Work Royal Mo Monday; Veteran May Be Riding For 10th Santa Anita Derby Winner: http://www.paulickreport.com/news/people/stevens-work-royal-mo-monday-veteran-may-riding-10th-santa-anita-derby-winner/ Hope Royal Mo does well. Perhaps Gary is what he needs. After his ride on MMM in the Classic, he knows how to ride the large horses with patience. He and Mike both seem to excel at that. Gormley, Royal Mo In Good Form After Santa Anita Derby; Both Headed To Kentucky by Ed Golden/Santa Anita \| 04.09.2017 Paulick Report A rolling stone may gather no moss, but a Moss hoss gathers points to the Kentucky Derby. That's what happened yesterday, when a pair of three-year-olds owned by Jerry and Ann Moss, Santa Anita Derby winner Gormley and third-place finisher Royal Mo, earned 100 and 20 qualifying points, respectively, for the Kentucky Derby on May 6. From article: Gary Stevens could be sitting pretty in a bid for his fourth Kentucky Derby victory, gaining an 11th-hour mount on Royal Mo when trainer John Shirreffs called an audible less than a week before Saturday's Santa Anita Derby and decided to run the colt after he worked to his satisfaction last Monday. Stevens finished a very eventful third on Royal Mo in the Santa Anita Derby, beaten only a length by stablemate Gormley. Now it's on to Kentucky and the Run for the Roses on May 6. “It was a tremendous effort,” said Stevens, who won the Kentucky Derby in 1988 on the filly Winning Colors, in 1994 on Tabasco Cat, and in 1997 on Silver Charm. “I usually don't pay much attention to Trakus, but I think it said 64 feet (wide) or something, and we were going in the gate and I'm thinking, ‘My God, I'm a long ways out here.' I was right on the crest of the crown on the track, and I'm thinking if there were 14 horses they'd be standing lopsided. “I was just hoping I got away good and I did. If we'd have drawn down inside, I still would have had to send him, but not like I did to clear. I got over to the three path by the time we hit the (first) turn, and it takes a hell of an athlete to be able to do that. “He's got an unbelievable high cruising speed. We didn't come home that fast (the last eighth in 13.61) but nobody else did, either. Royal Mo reminded me a lot of Silver Charm. He's got fight. He didn't act like he was going to run by Hollendorfer's horse (Battle of Midway). “He seemed like he was pretty content. When Victor (Espinoza on Gormley) went by me, he knocked the whip out of my hand and I thought, ‘God, I need this thing,' but my horse re-engaged with Gormley and I thought I was going to run second. “Corey (Nakatani, on Battle of Midway) came out and Victor came in ever so slightly, so I got crowded pretty good the last 50 yards and it might have cost me second, and it would have been great if I finished second, because we'd automatically be in (the Kentucky Derby) now with those points (40). “I really like what I felt, a lot like I did with Silver Charm. I lost a battle yesterday but I might have won the war, because he put in a hell of an effort, got a lot of fitness, and a lot of schooling out of it.” http://www.paulickreport.com/news/triple-crown/gormley-royal-mo-good-form-santa-anita-derby-headed-kentucky/ Jay Privman‏ @DRFPrivman 8 April 2017 Gary Stevens, who finished 3rd on Royal Mo, said his whip was inadvertently knocked from his hand by Espinoza in deep stretch. #stablemates Sounds like Gary didn't really need the whip. Wish he and this boy would get in the Derby. Gary does so well on these big horses. https://twitter.com/BH_CNovak/status/861186554949251072 tincup Member Oh wow. Ok and mo,re Whoop whoop Stevens excited to ride fresh contender Royal Mo in Preakness 2017: http://www.horseracingnation.com/news/Stevens_excited_to_ride_fresh_contender_Royal_Mo_in_Preakness_2017_123# zfan CaliforniaMember Thank you to Gary for pulling up Royal Mo this morning when things went amiss. Praying your quick efforts will save his life. So sad ❤️ https://twitter.com/DRFLivingston/status/863764447768301568 Blessing to Gary for taking such good care of Royal Mo. There is nothing like experience and compassion. On no! I feel bad for all associated; I hope that Royal Mo lands in a safe place and heals well! https://twitter.com/jennyphoto17/status/881406559900712960 Dude! Nice hat! Seriously haha. He can really pull that off. Movie star, and has the looks. Cowboy, sophisticated, too. bleubetty Member wow, Gary is seriously well put together --- he and Mike Smith could do a pin-up calendar together! Not bad, Dude .... I think that were both in one, maybe topless haha, a few years ago...calender of handsome jocks with that je ne sais quoi...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line194
__label__cc	0.668753	0.331247	Venice in the 1960s: A Series of Circles Culture, Women By Lisa Marguerite Mora Maria was a large woman, a round body, a series of circles. She scared me. But not because she was fat. It was because when she looked at you, it was like she could see not only who you were trying to be, but who you really were. Her eyes were blue fringed in black lashes, and her hair was pulled back from her face, a tight black silk on her head. Though I didn’t think it then, she was kind of beautiful. She looked out at you from those eyes and that face with a sturdy weariness, and you realized that she would tolerate you to a point. And you never wanted to get to that point. She was my friend, Tammy’s mother. We were seven and Tammy lived around the corner from me. We often played together after school. She wore dresses that flared at the waist and fell at mid-calf. She wore saddle shoes and bobby socks. My mother thought little girls should show their knees. She thought it was charming, so my dresses were actually in fashion for 1967. The next year would be white go-go boots that zipped at the side and knee socks. I didn’t trust my mother’s opinions about most things, but she was right about mini skirts. Tammy lived across the alley on Paloma in a huge brick apartment building with I don’t know how many floors. There was an elevator with an extra metal door that pulled across, I guess to keep us from falling out. It was a little scary, though sometimes we’d take excursions up to the various levels. Tammy, Maria, and Susan the older sister lived on the very bottom in a two-room basement apartment, which I found sort of depressing but interesting. Depressing, because there wasn’t much light and interesting because the windows were level with the alley floor. People walked by and you’d see only their feet and hear the sounds of their feet in their shoes—a strange intimacy we were privy to which the passerby was never aware of. In their apartment you had to walk through the front room and through the second room which was covered in linoleum and partitioned off by a sliding door at night and a multicolored bead curtain in the day, to get to the teeny tiny kitchenette that was carved out in the back corner. This is where Maria cooked. Always smells of cooking came from that steamy corner closet of a kitchen. Once, Tammy gave me an oatmeal cookie in a napkin. Maria had just made a batch. It tasted thick and fatty and not sweet at all. I wrinkled my nose. Tammy watched me then skipped through the second room to tell her mother, “Lisa doesn’t like the cookie.” In the same tolerant to a point manner, Maria replied, “She doesn’t have to like my cookies.” I walked back with it in the napkin to the kitchen where the garbage was. Maria was doing dishes. Unsmiling, she held out her hand and I gave back to her the disappointing treat. She dumped it in the trash under the sink. People tended to hang out at Maria’s. She seemed to have a lot of friends. Like Peggy and Andrew, who were a couple. They both wore jeans and Levi jackets and smoked cigarettes. They were there a lot and sometimes spent the night. And then there was Jesse who always had a drink in his hand. He had black hair and thick lips. He may have been Maria’s special friend. There was Bill who was kind of beaten down, his face weathered and creased, gray stubble on his cheeks. I guess there’s always been a fair amount of homeless in Venice California. I didn’t recognize this at the time. I figured everyone had a home. But there were a lot of people down on Ocean Front Walk just hanging out, day and night it seemed. There was a festive, party like atmosphere, drums in the background, patchouli in the air. I thought it was kind of weird. I was a conservative child. One day Maria had a huge black pot on the stove—cooking smells again. She was cutting up carrots, celery, potatoes. All of it went into the pot. At sunset, she and the Levi couple, Peggy and Andrew and whoever else was around would take the heavy pot down to the boardwalk. Maria would set up at the benches and stand there with her ladle, and spoon out soup for anyone who had a bowl and their own utensils. And people would line up. As word got around, the line grew. The food was there for people who were hungry, but on one occasion I saw our apartment manager in his sunglasses and white Panama hat standing in line with his bowl. He grinned at me. He knew I knew he was taking advantage of the situation. I do not know where Maria got the ingredients to make a huge soup meal every day. Maybe she asked for donations. I don’t know. This was her work, but she didn’t get paid for it. Though it was serious business. Eventually Maria and company moved down to the local park and recreation center. I tagged along with Tammy and Susan. One day KTLA news came out to interview Maria. I saw her on our black and white television. She was sitting with Andrew at one of the picnic tables on the beach. The reporter asked her why she was doing it. Why was she feeding these people? Maria could be imposing without much effort, but right then she didn’t look at the reporter or at the camera. She was kind of focused past them, maybe looking at the ocean that rolled and swayed in the distance. I remember noticing her feet, which were so surprisingly small and neat, pulled under the bench and crossed at the ankles. She said, “People are hungry. We’re just trying to help.” And that’s when I knew that Maria was something more than I had thought. Because up to that point I hadn’t really thought about what she was doing as being especially good or noble. It just seemed like she was doing her work. That’s probably how Maria saw it too, because she could tolerate things to a point, but then she had to step forward and put things right. It was some days after the TV interview. Tammy and I had been playing at the beach when we walked back to her place at twilight. We stopped short just inside the complex entryway. Maria was standing at the top of her concrete steps in front of their apartment. The ladies that lived in the other basement apartments were standing on their steps too. Mrs. Berg was in her housedress, her hair wrapped up in a scarf, her arms crossed low at her waist. They were all quiet. But Maria was speaking in firm even tones. “I know you talk about me,” she said. “You say I have different men sleeping over.” Tammy and I stood next to each other and we did not move. I wonder how it came to be that all the ladies were outside in front of their doors. Had they been gossiping when Maria stepped quietly outside? Now she stood with all her roundness and her firmness, her hair tied back in a green ribbon, her blue eyes steady. “It’s none of your business what goes on in my house.” Though her voice wasn’t loud it projected across the walkway and rose up between the buildings so that who ever was home on the other floors may have heard her. “I am a good woman,” she said. Silence. None of the ladies budged, but I could feel the shuffle of a foot, the creep of flesh on the back of the neck. Maria continued, “If anyone wants to say anything to me, you can please say it to my face.” I saw a movement from one of the ladies; she was wiping her nose with a Kleenex. The tension bounced around like a blue jay protecting its nest. Maria stood there a moment more then she turned and walked back inside and quietly closed the door. “I’m gonna go home now,” I said to Tammy who mumbled something and headed toward her basement apartment steps. I walked the short trip to my building, through the alley, we lived on Speedway, my feet following each other down the uneven blackened pavement. One pale blue star stood in the sky and I felt the wind pick up and push hard against my face. Then I heard the ocean moving in and pulling away, a roar and a hiss, pulling away a million granules of sand. It was slowly eroding the shoreline, changing the landscape. It could take years. It could take a lifetime. It could take a moment. Previous PostOn The Boardwalk: Friday Night With RogerNext PostSuzy Williams, Venice Songbird	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line198
__label__cc	0.645944	0.354056	Where Did Garry Spencer and the British Barber Bash come from? Today I got the chance to find out where and how Garry exploded on to the British barbering scene at the Royal Clifton Hotel in Southport in the Balmoral function room where this event first started, in the very same room! Just like me, barbers are always questioning where Garry came from. The founder of the Great British Barber Bash, Garry Spencer, had hosted this lively event for the very first time last April with such names as: Danny Robinson, Alan Beak, Robin Van Ricks, Sid Sitong, and many others. I actually surprised him here after organizing it with the manager! Classic Barberman style! The idea for the show initially struck Garry while he was walking around a pool in Spain and the rest is history. That first event, that I had the honor of attending, Garry and his crew had no idea whether they would sell sixty tickets or a hundred. Now, the Great British Barber Bash sells between four to five-hundred tickets. Garry himself got started in the Youth Training Scheme back in 1986, only earning £26 per week, but his determination and passion for barbering pushed him onward. He found himself working in New York for some time before he opened his own barbershop in Preston, sponsored by Paul Mitchell. “I used to go to every hair show that I could,” Garry tells me. “I just absolutely loved it.” He also took the chance to enter into numerous competitions and ended up doing quite well. He opened up his first shop twenty-four years ago and that eventually turned into five shops around Liverpool, Southport and Preston. In every shop, as he puts it, he always pushed to be on the cutting edge of the industry and enjoyed it time and time again. Unfortunately, when the recession hit Garry found himself enjoying it less and scaled down to one shop. That didn’t stop Garry, however. He went from being a salon owner to managing more events. “I was always good at organizing people,” he explains. “-as well as giving out energy. Really, when you enjoy doing something, it’s not all that hard to get into it.” The second Great British Barber Bash took place in Scotland at the Drygate microbrewery with over two-hundred and seventy people in attendance and included Davey the Barber as well as Rebel Rebel. His last show took place in Liverpool with five-hundred and fifty people and more exhibitors than ever. “I don’t want to have too many exhibitors,” he tells me. “Other events do that. Instead, I want the focus to be on what is happening on stage. I want people to walk in and say “this is cool”, to be talking about it in the car all the way to the event and in the car after leaving it.” He remains unconcerned about the Barber Bash growing as large as it has. He has big plans: doing four to five shows per year with lots of varied guests. “I’d like to take it to America, at some point, and have gotten an offer to do one in Dubai.” More than anything, he wants the events to be kept short and sweet as well as affordable for attendees. He believes that everyone should get the chance to experience the excitement and challenge of the Great British Barber Bash.” He continues on with more general advice: “You need to be constantly evolving and doing different things,” Garry explains. “The only problem, really, is that with us packing in so much quality stuff it can leave out good people since there is only one winner per in terms of competition. Running competitions is a lot of work, which is why I have only ran two competitions.” However, with experience, and the dedication he has now, Garry has big plans in 2016 to bring back the competition to the Barber Bash; bigger and better than ever before! For someone who has been cutting hair for thirty years, the majority being men’s hair, as well as someone who has worked at Vidal Sassoons, Garry is someone who has never lost his spirit in wanting to give back to the barbering community. He loves doing educational activities for those interested in the craft and tells me that he wants to expand that sense of community: local, barbers and enthusiasts alike. His advice to others is also incredibly valuable when it comes to promoting their work and businesses alike. “Promotion is key,” he explains. “Social media is a huge driving force and it helps to have a good team on board that can help you run that aspect of your business. I have five people working for the Barber Bash and all of them handle different things. I also respond to all inquiries – especially from new, up and coming people, so don’t be afraid to reach out to me, because I will get back to contactors.” Garry remembers what it was like to be in that same position and the advice that he got from others. In short, he advises: “Work hard. The harder you work, the luckier you get. Keep everything about quality, not quantity. Keep working, keep going to workshops, keep going to classes – you have to keep evolving.” In short, Garry is happy to see the successes of the Barber Bash. There is an upcoming even in February in Manchester. Garry himself plans on organizing more competitions, taking the Barber Bash everywhere he can and bringing together a community of barbers, enthusiasts and locals that his long-standing passion has driven him to inspire. If you enjoyed this interview then don’t forget to subscribe to the channel for more, follow me on Instagram, and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email me at info@larrythebarberman.com. Tagged andis, hair, trimmer \| Leave a comment \| Barber: Casey Of Dean And White barbershop Ilkeston Talks Barbering In the county of Derbyshire, I sit down with barber Casey of Deakin and White Barbershop to talk about his journey into barbering, his experiences and his advice to others. Casey got his start as an apprentice in a small barbershop named Egos and then moved on to Deakin And White where he continued to progress along. His partners for the two shops, soon to be three that he works with, Casey spent seven years working for – Richard Deakin and Ian White. After spending those years building the brand into what it is today, Casey became the third partner. With two shops, one in Long Eaton and the other in Ilkeston, his hometown. “There’s on in Derby in the pipeline,” he tells me. Casey has worked hard to continue to build the brand and the shops in his time. His hard work paid off in the Ilkeston shop when it was nominated for Barbershop of the Year – specifically, that shop. I asked him for some of his ninja tricks in setting up a shop, since Casey is clearly doing something right. “It’s about branding, really. We try to keep the brand professional as well as maintaining good customer service and making sure people enjoy the shop.” The customer experience for him is about making sure the customer feel relaxed and in a good, sociable environment: good music, good environment, over all. He also mentions staying on the cutting edge of services by studying what services are being offered. An example is that Casey himself offers hot towel facials, which is a service he feels many are lacking in his area. Their shaving experience, as Casey describes it, is a standard shave: “We start with a hot towel, an exfoliator to open up the pores, then a hot lather. We do two shaves with a straight razor, then use a cold towel and finally moisturize. It’s all standard, but no one else is doing it in our area. We like to see what people in the big cities are doing as well as what is on social media.” In another progressive move for the shop, Casey also adopted an appointment booking system, taking inspiration from Cut Throat Pete. “Customers would be waiting two, three, even four hours to get their hair cut. They told me that they wished they could just book in and after seeing Pete do it, I figured it was the right move. It’s proven extremely convenient for us and I’m fully booked in every day.” As for walk-ins, they can still get a spot if there is no one booked at the time. If not, as Casey puts it, “Have a seat and one of the boys will be with you.” Another policy adopted in was Barber Luke’s idea to charge if a client wants in after 7pm. “We charge £15 – if they want a haircut bad enough they’ll pay, right?” Casey laughs. Another innovative move by Casey and his partners comes in the form of the Deakin and White Academy, a move that Casey describes as originating from their hairdressing friends approaching them for help with fades and other barbering techniques. “A lot of them would come in or see what we were doing on Instagram and ask how they could achieve that. Whether it was clipper techniques, or over comb or razor techniques, we wanted to pass along what we knew. We either host them here in the salon or in their own work environment so they can feel more comfortable. We get them popping into our shop and on social media alike – it feels good to be able to help them make that transition.” So where does such an inspiring young man get his inspiration? Casey laughs and tells me: “Instagram is massively helpful. A few names I get inspiration from are people like Allen Beak and Cut Throat Pete, amongst others. Instagram lets me mix between barbers and non-industry pages alike for inspiration. If someone comes in wanting a style, or something new, I’ll often turn them to Instagram to give them some ideas – you also have to have the gumption to tell them if something isn’t going to work with their hair style, the shape of their head, etc. Instagram and the hair inspiration pages you see on it are massively helpful, and I recommend others to seek out idea from there. It’s honestly one of the most satisfying things for me, personally, to have our work recognized on social media and by people. We did some work at the Barber Bash and it was great to be recognized.” Casey and his partners plan on hopefully taking the stage at the Barber Bash in 2016, as well as continuing to attend more events and focusing on the shop to continue to improve the brand. He also predicts that long hair will be sneaking back into style soon – so keep an eye out! Of course, in true Barberman fashion, I asked him about his opinion of the Frequency60hz and American hair clippers. “I love the power behind them,” he tells me. “My go to is my Wahl Senior, and before I found the Frequency60hz, it just wasn’t putting out the same performance: the power would cut out, the blades would need to be changed, it just wasn’t living up. Now that it is being powered properly, it is a thousand times better. My advice to every barber out there looking to work with American clippers – get the Frequency60hz; it will vastly improve your performance.” Tagged andis, hair, trimmer, wahl \| Leave a comment \| Master Barbers Robert and Dan Rix, Reveal Barber and Retailing Success Secrets I sit down with the owner of the Master’s Barber Shop Robert Rix and his son Daniel. Robert came from being trained by some of the best in the world at the Knightsbridge School and mentored by the acclaimed Vidal Sassoon, amongst other big names. Robert found his way to a world where cutting the hair of celebrities was commonplace. Robert began an apprenticeship at fifteen. He went on to his training and that led to his decision to look for work in London. Though he may not have realized it at the time, Robert soon found that the environment was tremendously inspiring and would lead him on a further journey to where he is today. In the years they have been open, business has grown quite nicely. Daniel was more interested in becoming a part of a television crew for a bit, but eventually turned towards barbering as he became interested in the background behind it and how it had attributed to his family for so long; the barber life is contagious. Robert has also been a state registered barber since the 80s and went in with what was called the old hairdressing council before hair council formed. He sits on the hairdressing council and plays a part in how state registration occurs. He has been plugging away at making state registration for over fifty years, and firmly believes that state registration offers a professional prestige in making a barber more respectable within the industry. Both Robert and Dan plan on continuing the fight to set the standards higher, and it is clear that they exude professionality in how they operate. To put it in perspective: Robert and Daniel pull in over one-hundred and fifty shaves per week. Compared to the average of thirty-five per week for other barbers, the level of business they pull in is awe-inspiring! For those who are looking to up their shaving skills, Robert advises: “be slick, be efficient, be hygienic and really master your craft.” He adds, with a wink, “Take some courses – there’s a little self-plug, as we do offer shaving courses.” Not only have they won numerous awards, or have come close to winning, but they have also seen victory in multiple categories. Dan recollects that his talent with television and media helped them in publishing a photo collection of their work into four magazines, such as Britain’s Best with the National Hair Federation where they were runner-up, and Red Rose, where they came in second in the qualification. The shop itself also, to Dan and Robert’s delight, won the award for male-grooming salon of the year by HJ. “We beat some very stiff competition,” Robert tells me. “No one was more surprised than us when they called our names at the London award ceremony.” I firmly believe that any barber that really wants to learn from some of the best ought make the journey out to the arcade and see how Robert, Dan and their employees run the shop, especially when it comes to retail-selling. They are so good at this particular aspect of their business that they even won the runner-up in an award for retail-selling outlet of the year. “We were beaten by an eight shop chain. However, we were up against a multinational chain and we beat them as a one outlet operation.” It is easy to see why they went so far in the competition. The product ranges that Robert and Dan strive to bring in are vast, luxurious products that are all the absolute top of the line. “We do a ton of research into the products. We try to deal with top end suppliers and have exclusive agencies, whether it is blue-chip perfume houses or brushes, we stock in-depth.” From what they tell me, if you can’t find it on the high street, you can find it there – treasure hunters rejoice! A large part of their success is the knowledge and discretion they put into each sale. As Dan explains it, “No client comes in and says I want to buy so-and-so razor. They turn to me and ask what’s the best razor for me? You have to have that knowledge of the product in order to list the pros and cons.” Robert adds, “If someone asks about a perfume that will make them smell like a jasmine tree, we will have a recommendation off the bat.” From perfumes to brushes, whether it is badger brushes, horse-hair or synthetic, they can tell you the details from the brush material to the very timber. Each sale, Dan explains, is handled in a consultative manner rather than the pushy sales that everyone is afraid of dealing with. He relates a sale where he sold over two-hundred pound of product and the gentleman told him that he was a salesman and appreciated how he had handled the sale – that stuck with him, and the consultative mindset has remained. They go out of their way to understand the clients, partners and products and this has proven greatly successful for them. The staff is trained by Robert and Dan personally, so that sales and service never change in quality. “We bring them through the National Hair Federation scheme and it is a three year involvement. They have to qualify at level two and level three.” Robert explains, “Because I also educate I can keep a close eye on their training – we simply insist on having the best.” When it relates to their clients and the exponential growth, it is clear that this is a method that many barbers can learn from. Robert tells me their specialties lie in razor cutting and scissor cutting with extreme precision. In fact, they usually shave by using hot towels and then lathering the client as the apprentice does the finishing work by washing the rest off; he quotes having a preference for shaved hairstyles and shaves in general, and with the numbers they are pulling in, it is easy to see that his preference has become something of a trademark. “Customers found us online and come in, wanting flattop crew cuts or styles from the 50s’, like the pompadours,” Dan laughs. “That’s a big part of the requests we get, anyways.” Another of their major specialties is in after-care retail services. Utilizing their experience and thorough understanding Robert and Daniel both have a lot to offer in the way of inspiration to others looking to be barbers. Robert teaches hairdressing at West Lancs College as well as teaching advanced work to other hairdressers in a studio above the Master Barber’s Shop on Lord Street. Robert and Dan plan to eventually grow to an even larger operation with more recruits on board. If any barber out there really wants to learn from the masters, they should plan an adventure out to the Master Barber’s Shop and see these retail-selling and shaving superstars in action for themselves! Competition Winning Barber Tariq Howes Talks Barbering At Fadez Barber Shop Cardiff in Wales, I stop in to speak to barber Tariq Howes and get the scoop on his journey as a barber. Tariq is part of the exclusive group the Young Feds and has practiced as a competition barber in his decade long career. Tariq started his journey after leaving school. Like many young school leavers, he was set out to look for a career path and his eyes set on barbering. “It just seemed like a cool place to work,” Tariq tells me. “You could socialize, the environment was great and it just seemed to be right for me.” That can-do attitude led him towards finishing up his education towards barbering and eventually he got a call back from a shop where he put in four years of hard work. “I learned if you work hard enough to even break your boundaries, you’ll get even more than where you want to be.” The competitions would take him even further. “I ended up winning the Barber Bash and, with the Young Feds, you have to win in order to even join up. Competitions are outstanding when it comes to helping expand talent as well as progression in your career – I do it for those reasons over the money, for sure. Being part of the Young Feds has given me a lot of opportunities to compete, learn, and have a team where we can really just bounce ideas around and keep getting better.” As for the Young Feds, Tariq had been following their journey for quite some time on social media. “Danny (Danny Robinson) and I – you know Danny – we had been speaking for quite some time on Instagram, and I had been following the journey of the Young Feds and his journey, in particular, for a long time. I thought they were superstars!” He laughs. It must feel fantastic to have risen through the ranks all the way to superstar! Though, Tariq is a modest sort, so I spared calling him as much. In fact, he talks a bit about how he feels that social media is especially important. “I used it to showcase some of my work and it really helped me actually believe that I am good at what I do.” The award winning barber talks about his style and signatures when it comes to his cuts: “I’m partial to fades, really.” Goes with the shop name, for sure! “- when I had hair, I was working with a lot of afros and Asian styles. Honestly, I think it really depends on the area and what is common where your shop is located, but I like to do all kinds of hair: styles, colors, all of it. I started out doing flat tops and high fades with my Wahl Five Star Legends and it helped me work my way up towards being more professional with styles.” Ah, another fan of American clippers! Tariq comments that he is more used to American clippers due to growing up around them. “I tried other clippers, but they never felt quite as powerful to me as the Five Star did; it helped me get where I am, so I almost feel like it has a special power to it.” He also notes that he likes using scissors frequently for most hair types, especially when it comes to afros and flat tops, as they give them that Tariq-patented look. What does the future hold for the Young Fed? Tariq admits that he is focused on just staying a barber for now, before he shoots further for the stars. He enjoys being known for his particular style and approach. “Adam (Adam Solan) has got some stuff in the pipeline for the Young Feds, though,” he smiles. Fans of the Young Feds should be sure to keep an eye out. With a decisive jump into barbering and the dedication to recognize his own talents and work hard to keep getting better, inside and outside of the competitive barbering world, Tariq is another great example of where hard work can land a barber if they’re willing to put in the time. If you enjoyed this interview then don’t forget to subscribe to the channel for more, follow me on Instagram, and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email Larry at info@larrythebarberman.com. Tagged 60hz, andis, hair, trimmer, wahl \| Leave a comment \| Sarah Of Fox And The Barber Hong Kong Talks Barbering A nostalgic twist to an old interview of mine, I spoke with Sarah, the owner of the innovative Fox and the Barber located in scenic Hong Kong. Last time, I spoke with Alf about his experience moving out to Hong Kong and the differences between it and London. Sarah was the one that brought him out and had just as interesting of a tale as Alf did. She got her start as a hairdresser in London, and wanted to steer towards working in the city. As it turned out, she found her perfect job working Monday to Friday in a barbershop, where she coincidentally met her husband. Sarah ended up falling in love with him, and barbering at the same time. “Men are very loyal,” she explains, “and very trusting. If you think something looks good, they are more likely to trust you, and it feels great knowing that I’ve helped them feel their best at the end of the day.” Her training comes from the Toni & Guy and Vidal Sassoon academy in London, but she also admits that she is largely self-taught when it comes to clippers. She also notes that she gets a lot of her inspiration from Instagram, and Oliver Kutz in London. It is clear that she is an enterprising woman. She’s had experience in traditional barbershops in London as well as Hong Kong, at present. “I’m still learning,” she tells me. “I liked some things in these shops, and I’ve tried to recreate some of the things that I liked and do other things better. Fox and the Barber feels much like a classic London shop, and that is how I want it to feel – Alf contributes a lot to that.” For Sarah, she pays more attention to the people than to the looks of her shop overall. “It’s all about the people. The people you have in your shop are going to be what bring clients back for more, and that’s far more important to me.” With her shop becoming more and more established in Hong Kong, I asked Sarah what she was looking to achieve within the next few years or so. “I’d like to continue to grow our clientele and bring in new customers, of course.” She smiles, “And have another barber or two, eventually.” Wink, wink to barbers looking for an adventure! Her plans also include more shops in Tokyo, London, Singapore, and she’d absolutely love to see Alf managing one of them at some point. Understandable – Sarah wears a lot of hats: mother, barber, manager, etc. If her plans go through on the education front, she’ll be wearing even more. “I’d like to open a school here at some point. Learning that I loved barbering was a major turning point for my life, and I want to play a part in helping others who want to become a barber. I want teachers who are entirely passionate, encourage talent and someone who will work hard.” It seems like Sarah’s plan include a lot of new talent in the upcoming years. “I’d like to see some more imports, like Alf,” she laughs, “But it’d also be great to get local Chinese barbers in – I just want to have a mix that meshes with the team, has the skill to back themselves and can really add to the team.” Sarah is classically trained, which has proven to be in high demand in Hong Kong. She doesn’t have a favorite style or specialty. Instead, she explains that she loves all types of hair and people, and loves being able to leave her shop feeling great. “That really makes my day.” Sarah adds. She does some traditional shaves, largely just for Alf and her husband at present, but says she might get into doing more when she isn’t wearing so many hats. Her ambitions are impressive alone, but she also tells me that she would like to eventually make a Fox and the Barber product line: pomades, razors and some super badger brushes. The product line used in the shop is already pretty impressive. They conduct shaves using Penhaligon products – Penhaligon noted for their classic style, and having actually approached Sarah to work with them on doing a signature shave using their products within the shop. They also use products from Baxter of California, Schorem, Truefitt and Hill aka as the oldest barbers in London, and D R Harris. With such an incredible line-up, it is clear that Sarah will have a lot of inspiration for her own product line when she gets started. She and Alf both definitely have a lot of aspirations and, no doubt, big things coming their way. I can only hope that when they get there, I’ll be able to return and speak with both of them, as their journey into semi-uncharted territory for barbers is nothing short of inspiring. If you enjoyed this interview then don’t forget to subscribe to the channel for more, follow me on Instagram, and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email Larry at info@larrythebarberman.com. I also invite you to check out my blog at: WWW.60hz.me/ihbar – The Frequency60hz defied what was a set cultural problem in the barbering industry; perhaps the future for barbers is in thinking outside the box. Tagged 60hz, andis, hair, trimmer \| Leave a comment \| Why Every Barber Most Sanitizing Their Tools… Sanitation is an absolute in any shop, no matter the circumstance. Yet, many often either neglect it in some ways or approach it without the caution and commitment necessary – saying “it’s the law” just isn’t enough sometimes. So, let’s go a bit into sanitation and why it is nothing to take lightly. Shops have people coming in and out of it every day in vast numbers. Barbers and hair dressers are often more focused on giving the clients good service and catching up than a sanitation routine. While good service is easy to admire, it often doesn’t occur to them why these sanitation procedures are in place. Experts on the matter such as Alan Murphy of BARBICIDE compare a shop to a hospital floor. The main difference is that hospitals are allowed to ask all about a client’s medical history – I doubt anyone of us could get away within a shop environment. That leaves it up to you to make your shop, your clients and yourself able to withstand these interactions. High risk clients are especially to consider. Of course, most of the time they don’t even realize they are high risk nor do you. The risk factors are, as an example: clients with an impaired immune system, recent surgery, diabetes, chemotherapy, breast cancer survivors, and organ transplant receivers. Those who have traveled outside the country recently or with risky careers, such as a nurse / doctor are also at high risk. But, how are you going to know all of this intimate knowledge about your client? You won’t – it is just that simple. That is why it is so important to employ the “universal protections” standard, which starts by assuming everyone has something that could be potentially harmful to you, and vice versa. No one wants to be wrinkling their nose at every client, but keeping that mindset will help you train yourself to make sanitation as natural as the rest of your routine. Alright, so now everyone is figuratively suspect. The next step is, you might have guessed, cleaning / sanitizing your area. This might sound like common sense, but it is something that many neglect. Tools, clippers and surfaces should be cleaned regularly with the proper tools and products – gloves are infuriating, I know, but again, assume everyone is a potential harbinger of the flu and they’ll seem a lot less bad. The next step is disinfecting. No, that’s not the same thing as sanitizing, believe it or not. Sanitizing scratches the literal surface, but disinfection is incredibly important for avoiding the three big baddies: viruses, bacteria and germs in general; more on that in a bit. Disinfectant requirements varies per area, but an example from the states is that they require hospital grade disinfectant that has been registered with the EPA (environmental protection agency). Be certain to check with the appropriate parties before setting out to purchase things. BARBICIDE has several products that are hospital grade disinfectant, as an example again, but it still helps to know. Before diving straight in be certain to read the label on the disinfectant and absolutely understand it; hospital grade disinfectant is not a good thing to mess up with. One of the biggest mistakes many shop owners, barbers and hair dressers make is failing to note the contact time of their disinfectants. Contact time is how long the spray, wipe or general product needs to be applied to the surface before it has been disinfected properly. Many range from between five – ten minutes of contact time; so no quick sprays and wipes, I fear. Again, BARBICIDE has wipes that have a contact time of only two minutes, but most will take up five – ten minutes. Aside from adopting the cautious mentality and properly arming yourself with the right tools and practices, another important factor is identifying problem areas in your shop. The issue with any virus, bacteria or germ is that they can thrive on any surface in your shop, no matter what it is: soft, hard, wet, dry, etc. Bacteria especially thrive in moist, dark areas, so your towel bin is a prime target for bacteria to multiply into the hundreds of millions if left unchecked; bacteria can still survive in lit areas, mind, but darker areas are more at risk. This doesn’t mean you just get some water riddled towels that need to be washed: the bacteria MRSA is one example of a bacteria that strikes very commonly in shops from areas just like the metaphorical towel bin. MRSA is a drug resistant bacteria and can lead to permanent scarring and death; the statistics are frightening. During flu seasons, there is also a high chance to spread viruses around more abundantly. It’s a pain, I know – but a proper sanitation routine in place could be the difference between life and death. The effort to integrate a proper procedure in your shop will help counter these threats and work to keep you, your staff and your clients much safer going forward. You don’t have to be a hypochondriac, of course, but I cannot recommend adopting the “universal protections” rules highly enough. Follow me on Instagram @larrythebarberman and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email me at info@larrythebarberman.com. Possible Fix, For A Wahl Senior Hair Clipper Power Cutting Out From Slicks Barber Shop in Glasgow, I received a Wahl Senior clipper that was cutting out while in use and being powered on. Obviously, in the middle of a busy day, this just isn’t going to fly, so I am writing up a quick fix guide – Larry the Barberman style. The first thing you will want to do in this scenario is make certain that the Wahl Senior is shut off from being powered. If it has a cable, unplug it and set it down on a clean surface. The Wahl Senior comes with three screws on the back that will need to be removed with a Phillips head screwdriver. Set those screws aside in a safe place where they cannot easily roll off or be lost; I’ll explain why, shortly. Because of the nature of the business, once you have removed the back, you’ll no doubt notice that there is a good bit of hair inside the machine. For my fix, I brought in the Hare Blower, a powerful, anti-static device that can be plugged in and used whenever needed. Keeping it just a bit above the open belly of the clipper – be cautious about where you’ve placed your screws here. The Hare Blower and similar devices can easily send them flying to the other side of the table. With the majority of the hair cleaned out, you’ll next want to turn your attention to the switch resting in the side. On the Wahl Senior, there will be a small black switch resting in a nook on the side with two small holes around it. The issue, in this scenario, is that the finer hair from the daily work routine sometimes get stuck in those holes and essentially causes a blockage where the necessary components cannot function properly to maintain power. The collected hair and dirt stop the conductor from lining up, which is necessary for the machine to be powered. To clean out the hair, I have used a contact cleaner, which is essentially alcohol based cleaner. The can will come with a long, narrow straw attached to the nozzle, and you’ll want to have something to catch any excess liquid put underneath the clipper. Next, for the Wahl Senior, gently lift the power cable from where it rests at the bottom of the clipper and the white box that holds the switch will rise up with it. Pulling the switch carefully outside of the clipper itself, you will want to apply the straw of the cleaner to first one side of the switch and then flip the switch over to the other side so you can clean the rest thoroughly. For any excess liquid, give the box a few gentle shakes and the rest will dry quite nicely on its own. With that done, all that is left is to put the clipper back together and clean up. What you’ll want to do is relocate the power cable back into its proper placement. The Wahl Senior is built so that the switch will need to clip back down into the side where it was situated before, so be sure and gently push it back into position and be mindful of hearing the tell-tale clicking noise for when it has been seated. After that, all that is left is to put the back on once again and to return the screws to their proper place. Voila! After testing it, the Wahl Senior sent to me from Slicks Barber Shop now works without the power cutting out. For more great tips, fixes and interviews, check out Larry’s instagram @larrythebarberman and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email me at info@larrythebarberman.com. Larry The Barber Man Interviews Moroccan Street Barber December 3, 2015 by Larry The Barber Man Hussein is a street barber that lives a life much different from how most barbers live. Why call him a street barber? He offers his services on the Moroccan streets, in short. He is an example of how some barbers in Morocco operate: little electricity, with minimal tools and room and offering extra services such as circumcisions! He has been operating this way for thirty years. His journey began with his inspiration to be a barber, having always wanted to do and already being quite used to it due to barbering being a family tradition. Jovial, Hussein travels by bike consistently. His bunker that he operates out of is hooked onto the back of the bike when he travels as well; the distance on a Friday, he tells me, is as far as thirty kilometers. He makes the journey happily, however, driven by the two children he wishes to support through college. From his wooden tool kit, he uses a variety of manual tools – combs, a straight razor, and everything else he needs. While he prefers a range of manual tools, he does have on battery operated hair clipper that he uses in conjunction with his other tools to achieve the various layers and styles he can manage. His prices are not set either. Instead, Hussein sets his prices so that it depends on what the family or person can afford to give; his standard earning is 300 dirham for a circumcision, which equals out to about 20 BGP, as one example. He will also accept as little as 5 dirham for cuts and shaves, which is the equivalent of 30 pence. It goes without saying that while I sat with him and talked via a translator that he exemplifies the spirit of a barber who makes the most of their situation and is passionate about his work. More fascinating still is that, along with his barbering services and the aforementioned circumcisions, Hussein also offers teeth extraction and even bloodletting. He, and many other barbers in the Jamra Rmat market, tend to be in their fifties or sixties and must provide these diverse services that Hussein explains they are often unqualified for starting out. Bloodletting is especially interesting – it is the process in which a person points out where they are experiencing pain and the barber will make an incision to release blood from the area with the intention to aid or cure them; in essence, draining a bit of blood. It is not so foreign, however. Bloodletting was a common practice from the old days of British barbers, as British surgeons and doctors felt that it was a service that was beneath them and would send patients to the barbers in response. The one major downside is that the limited access to water and electricity makes sanitation of his tools and equipment very different from what we are used to. He uses hot water to cleanse his tools after use and fire to cleanse his straight razor, much like cowboys setting out to pry bullets out heating their knives. After he is done, he uses a sponge to clean the clients’ head. Like select barbers in the Jamra Rmat market, Hussein has limited resources and makes do with what he can. Most areas do not have the same resources that most take for granted in areas like London. From the outside looking in, it is easy to see him and other barbers in Morocco as street barbers – moving constantly, working where they can and bringing their talents not for profit but for the joy of doing it and helping their community. Hussein mixes a style between both the modern and classic, and enjoys offering shaves as his calling card. One has to wonder what street barbers like him could do if more resources for sanitation and barbering were brought to them. Having had the experience I did while speaking to Hussein. After speaking to Champ recently about the concept of his charity in Columbia and how it has brought barber life, barber love and barber brotherhood to disparaged areas and gang rivals simultaneously, my imagination is racing with ideas. Larry’s instagram @larrythebarberman and http://www.facebook.com/larrythebarberman pages for other free barbering content. You can also email me at info@larrythebarberman.com or visit: http://www.larrythebarberman.com Paul Hewitt And Shane Nesibitt’s Talk “Barbers Trend Day” Outside of my hotel in Malaga, Spain, I speak with two familiar faces after a four hour long intensive session. Four hundred plus attendees compose of motivated Spanish hair stylists, all with a thirst for information – all their eyes were on Paul Hewitt, AONO and Shane Nesbitt, Shane’s Barbershop. The event in question was a hosted seminar from Vishal Baharani’s VBD Education tour. On either side of the two-foot stage are two massive screens that were complimented by the theatre lighting. With a chair for each of the three presenters, Shane and Paul would find themselves overwhelmed afterwards. Hip-hop music was pumping through the room while the haircuts carried out on stage. The cut comes from Shane in the form of a low skin fade to the nape. Paul follows by a low skin fade to the nape as well, and a top styled topin pomp, aka the pompadour, styled with pommade in wet hair. The last cut comes from the head of the VBD Education program himself, Vishal Baharani, as a high tight skin fade – all cuts were carried out at the exact same time! Each tutorial was shown on the big screens so that all attendees could see each step in vast details – you could see each tattooed finger running through the hair masterfully, each movement of the scissors, and hair clippers running through their models’ hair to finalize their perfect cuts. Shane’s film crew from Northwest Production were also in attendance, filming his every move for an upcoming documentary on his life and work; they got some priceless moments, without a doubt. Shane was continuously applauded for his hard-hitting points concerning customer services and its relation to getting paid the highest amount for a barber as well as the clients’ willingness to pay that price. He did an excellent job in making a concept many thought difficult into a few simple steps. Paul bore all of himself as well: his personal life, his business failures and successes, as well as some key barbering techniques. He held the whole of the stage show together wonderfully, especially coupled with his partner. Champ of Champ’s Barbers also made a return, kindly being my translator for the Spanish event. He described Vishal as being captivating, enthralling in his knowledge when it came to teaching and imparting his knowledge to the attendees. He presented an amazing lesson on trends and what the next trend will be next year and why in the fashion industry. His lesson, in fact, catapulted me six months ahead of most barbers in terms of what will be in vogue and what will not. The three speakers captivated their audience, myself and even themselves according to what Shane and Paul told me about the event afterwards. “It was super overwhelming,” Paul tells me, both he and Shane knackered after the event. “I never thought we’d be here, doing all of this – all of those eyes on us. I mean, the academy was five floors! It’s all thanks to Vishal.” He and Shane agree that Vishal was asking all the right questions in discussing subjects beyond just barbering: sacrifice, what it takes – “It got pretty deep,” they tell me. They plan to follow the VBD Education tour all across Europe, to Argentina and even America. Even as we spoke at my hotel, the crew was packing up behind them and getting ready to head on to Seville. “We’re just following the VBD crew,” Shane laughed. When asked what either of them thought students could gain from the VBD seminars, they elaborated: “We covered so much more than just haircuts in there, from: different techniques, how to use clippers, the next fashion season, building and maintaining clientele, sanitation and the morals of being a barber.” This was all throughout four to five parts of the same seminar, and Paul and Shane both agree that Vishal was firing on all cylinders throughout. Even I felt myself being overwhelmed during the seminar. All three presenters agreed with me that American hair clippers are the way to go and all of them were using the Frequency60hz Converter on stage to demonstrate their own American favorites. I cannot describe how humbling it was for me, nor how excited I am to have attended this fantastic seminar. To follow their incredible journey, follow Shane on Instagram @shane_nesbitt, Paul @aonoxx, Vishal @vishalbaharani, or me http://www.instagram.com/larrythebarberman for other free barbering content. You can also email me at info@larrythebarberman.com or http://www.larrythebarberman.com. Tagged andis, converter, hair, trimmer \| Leave a comment \|	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line199
__label__wiki	0.733773	0.733773	West Coast Wildlife Illustrations Graphic Design, Illustration, Pattern Design Wacom Gallery — 10/13/2017 Photoshop — 3/10/2018 It was a cool crisp evening in early August, when Sandy received an email from Michael Schwartz, the art curator of Kafka’s Coffee and Tea, enquiring about the opportunity to host an art exhibition in the space. Kafka’s Coffee and Tea is a local community hub in Vancouver’s Mount Pleasant, which proudly supports local artists by providing them with a highly-visibility venue where they can exhibit their work. Over the next week, Sandy and Steve put their heads together to come up with a proposal that would celebrate 13 of British Columbia Canada’s most breath-taking west coast animals. They would call the show “West Coast Wildlife”. The animals they selected are a Bald Eagle, a Grizzly Bear, Canada Geese, a Cougar, Elk, a Red Fox, a Pacific Giant Octopus, Orca Whales, a Great Horned Owl, Sockeye Salmon, Starfish, and the skulls of Homo Sapiens. After another meeting with Michael, the three agreed the West Coast Wildlife exhibition was a perfect fit, and would run from August 25 through to November 9th. “We’ve long been fans of Sandy and Steve’s beautiful work and we’re so pleased to be collaborating with them on this inspired project to support some of the most vulnerable of our province’s breathtaking wildlife,” said Michael Schwartz, Curator at Kafka’s Coffee and Tea. Production shortly began, and over the next five weeks, Sandy and Steve completed 13 art pieces for the opening reception. On Friday, September 25th, they revealed the new works to the public. “We’re excited to share these latest illustration works, especially to celebrate our province’s abundance of natural wildlife,” said Sandy. “The West Coast Wildlife exhibition focuses on the nuances and diversity our province’s majestic and accessible wildlife population,” said Steve. Accompanying the show, the two hosted a silent auction for a hand-painted, 40” x 60” bald eagle canvas, and will donate 100% of the sale proceeds to O.W.L. (Orphaned Wildlife) Rehabilitation Society, a non-profit organization whose volunteers are dedicated to public education, rehabilitation and release of injured and orphaned wild birds. “We are very excited to be included in this wonderful event! A huge thank you to Sandy and Steve Pell for their generous donation of the bald eagle canvas silent auction!” said Karen Wheatley, president of O.W.L. (Orphaned Wildlife) Rehabilitation Society. The art exhibition and silent auction took place at Kafka’s Coffee and Tea located at 2525 Main Street in Vancouver and ran from September 25th through to November 9th, 2015. Signed, limited edition art prints are available for purchase by contacting curator Michael Schwartz at art@kafkascoffee.ca. Preliminary Thumbnail Concept Sketches Complete Line Artwork Completed Colour Artwork Pacific Giant Octopus Orca Whales Production of the Bald Eagle Canvas Exhibiting the Artwork We are proud to share that our Grizzly Bear portrait from this series was featured in 2016/17 Lürzers Archive's 200 Best Illustrators Worldwide Special Edition. Thank you to everyone for your continued support in our work! Steve Pell Sandy Pell Blue Jay Illustration Spin Society Fierce Lion Mural Illustration, Drawing, Street Art #KitsBloom Mural Street Art, Painting, Graffiti Clearly #MakeVisionCount Optical Illusion Mural Advertising, Illustration, Graphic Design #kitswings Mural in Kitsilano, Vancouver, BC Canada Illustration, Graphic Design, Graffiti A series of illustrations celebrating the diversity of West Coast Wildlife in British Columbia, Canada, designed and illustrated by Sandy Pell & Steve Pell. west coast bald eagle bear cougar Canada Goose elk FOX octopus owl Orca Whales human skull salmon starfish wolf wild life	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line204
__label__wiki	0.624704	0.624704	Two Door Cinema Club - Tourist History More hooks than you can shake a stick at. Label: Kitsuné Reviewer: Gareth O'Malley Rating: 3-5 Stars Talent borrows, genius steals. Or so they say. It’s something that’s quite evident when listening to Northern Irish trio Two Door Cinema Club’s debut album. Having released a string of great singles, not to mention gotten a place on BBC’s highly influential ‘Sound of 2010’ list, the stage is set for the group’s meteoric rise. It’s a shame then that the band’s motto seems to be ‘forward to the past’. While looking backwards istead of forwards as regards making music is no bad thing (some would argue that the British ‘guitar indie’ scene needs any kind of spark to get things going again, having seemingly run itself into the ground), TDCC (Alex Trimble, Kevin Baird, Sam Halliday) wear their influences on their sleeve. There is plenty to get excited about here if you are, say, a fan of Bloc Party’s earlier sound, or Franz Ferdinand - even as they are now, in fact: ‘Tourist History’ dabbles in electro-pop, just like certain songs on ‘Tonight’. There are even shades of Death Cab For Cutie here; Trimble sounds like a dead ringer for Ben Gibbard on the album’s lead single, the propulsive ‘I Can Talk’. (Gibbard’s side-project The Postal Service crop up on the album’s synth driven penultimate track, ‘Eat That Up, It’s Good For You’). There are flashes of brilliance here, of course. No half-decent debut should be without them. Debut single ‘Something Good Can Work’ appears here in re-mixed form, and is about as perfect as indie-pop gets. TDCC should aspire to better it in future, because nothing here comes close. There are sequencing problems here. You wouldn’t think that a thirty-odd minute, ten track album would have them, but then again, three singles in a row (‘Something Good Can Work’, ‘I Can Talk’, ‘Undercover Martyn’) is seldom a good idea, no matter how good said singles are. ‘Tourist History’ is bottom heavy, certainly. The promise shown by opening pair ‘Cigarettes In The Theatre’ and ‘Come Back Home’ is cancelled out by the limp ‘Do You Want It All?’. It’s disappointing that what has been one of the band’s best tracks up to now has had the life sucked out of it for its ‘definitive’ version. Phillipe Zdar and Eliot James make a great production team on paper, but the results here are sadly quite hit-and-miss. A bright sound suits songs like the anthemic ‘This Is The Life’ perfectly, but ‘What You Know’ is suffocated by its production. ‘You can’t live life being second best’, Trimble sings on closer ‘You’re Not Stubborn’. Two Door Cinema Club would do well to heed his words. The album has more hooks than you can shake a stick at, and there are some real promising moments here. For the most part, however, the band are in thrall to their influences, and some thinking outside the box is needed if they are to create a sound of their own.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line205
__label__wiki	0.795166	0.795166	Research ArticleArticle Coordinated Regulation of Hepatic Phase I and II Drug-Metabolizing Genes and Transporters using AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-Null Mice Lauren M. Aleksunes and Curtis D. Klaassen Drug Metabolism and Disposition July 2012, 40 (7) 1366-1379; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.045112 Lauren M. Aleksunes Curtis D. Klaassen The transcription factors aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulate genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in livers of mice after chemical activation. However, the specificity of their transcriptional regulation has not been determined systematically in vivo. The purpose of this study was to identify genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters altered by chemical activators in a transcription factor-dependent manner using wild-type and transcription factor-null mice. Chemical activators were administered intraperitoneally to mice once daily for 4 days. Livers were collected 24 h after the final dose, and total RNA was isolated for mRNA quantification of cytochromes P450, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), aldehyde dehydrogenases (Aldhs), glutathione transferases (Gsts), sulfotransferases (Sults), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (Ugts), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (Oatps), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps). Pharmacological activation of each transcription factor leads to mRNA induction of drug metabolic and transport genes in livers of male and female wild-type mice, but no change in null mice: AhR (Cyp1a2, Nqo1, Aldh7a1, Ugt1a1, Ugt1a6, Ugt1a9, Ugt2b35, Sult5a1, Gstm3, and Mrp4), CAR (Cyp2b10, Aldh1a1, Aldh1a7, Ugt1a1, Ugt2b34, Sult1e1, Sult3a1, Sult5a1, Papps2, Gstt1, Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstm1–4, and Mrp2–4), PXR (Cyp3a11, Ugt1a1, Ugt1a5, Ugt1a9, Gsta1, Gstm1–m3, Oatp1a4, and Mrp3), PPARα (Cyp4a14, Aldh1a1, mGst3, Gstm4, and Mrp4), and Nrf2 (Nqo1, Aldh1a1, Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstm1–m4, mGst3, and Mrp3–4). Taken together, these data reveal transcription factor specificity and overlap in regulating hepatic drug disposition genes by chemical activators. Coordinated regulation of phase I, phase II, and transport genes by activators of transcription factors can have implications in development of pharmaceuticals as well as risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Early work by our laboratory demonstrated that xenobiotics known to induce microsomal enzyme activity also altered the hepatic excretion of chemicals (Klaassen, 1970, 1974, 1976). Over the following years, differential expression of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatobiliary transporters after chemical treatment became recognized as an important pharmacological phenomenon that contributes to changes in drug disposition. Coordinated regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters is mediated by a number of hepatic transcription factors (Handschin and Meyer, 2003; Klaassen and Slitt, 2005; Xu et al., 2005). Transcription factor-mediated regulation of drug-metabolizing and transport genes involves the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα, NR1C1). These receptors (with the exception of AhR) function by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor α (NR2B1). Other transcription factors involved in hepatic gene regulation include the oxidative stress sensor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, NFE2L2). AhR binds to xenobiotic-responsive elements and mediates the induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) 1a1 by chemicals such as 2′,3′,7′,8′-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (Whitlock et al., 1989). Isoforms of the Cyp2B subfamily are associated with CAR activation (Wang and Negishi, 2003). PXR is a major chemical sensor known to induce the expression of Cyp3A enzymes. Foreign substances, such as pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), trigger PXR heterodimerization with RXRα and binding to its response elements in the promoter regions of genes involved in detoxification and transport (Staudinger et al., 2001a). Similar to agonists of CAR and PXR, chemical activators such as clofibrate (CFB) cause PPARα to bind to specific response elements (Dreyer et al., 1993). The Cyp4A subfamily isoforms are most sensitive to PPARα signaling (Johnson et al., 1996). Nrf2 is a transcription factor that is activated in response to electrophiles and oxidative stress. Exposure to oxidative stress or chemicals such as oltipraz (OPZ) causes Nrf2 to bind to antioxidant response elements in the regulatory regions of target genes, such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and activates transcription (Venugopal and Jaiswal, 1996; Nioi et al., 2003; Aleksunes and Manautou, 2007). Our laboratory has used a battery of 15 chemical activators to identify hepatic phase I and II enzymes and transport genes as target genes of AhR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, and Nrf2 in male mice. For example, isoforms of the phase I enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh) are strongly induced by ligands of CAR, PXR, and PPARα (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008b). Likewise, phase II enzymes including sulfotransferases (Sults), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (Ugts), and glutathione transferases (Gsts) are increased by chemical activators of all five transcription factors (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008a; Knight et al., 2008; Buckley and Klaassen, 2009a; Yeager et al., 2009). Evidence also suggests that transport genes including isoforms of the ATP-binding cassette (Abc) and the solute carrier (Slc) families are up- or down-regulated by chemicals that activate AhR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, and Nrf2 (Cheng et al., 2005; Maher et al., 2005; Cheng and Klaassen, 2006; Moffit et al., 2006; Klaassen and Aleksunes, 2010). These studies have primarily been performed in male wild-type C57BL/6 mice and do not account for gender differences in responsiveness nor confirm the dependence of these mRNA changes on specific transcription factors. The extent to which phase I and II enzymes and transport genes are coordinately regulated in networks by ligand-activated transcription factors has not been explored in depth. Xenobiotics may not only act on their target receptor but also activate other transcription factors. For example, 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene (TCPOBOP) induces Cyp2b10 as well as Cyp3a11, suggesting that this chemical may activate both CAR and PXR signaling pathways (Petrick and Klaassen, 2007). Alternatively, chemicals may be specific for a single transcription factor, and the target gene can be transcriptionally activated by multiple transcription factors. Therefore, we have developed a systematic approach to identify the in vivo target genes of AhR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, and Nrf2 in response to chemical activators. The purpose of the present study was to 1) comprehensively evaluate the transcriptional profiles of hepatic drug-metabolizing and transport genes in male and female mice in response to pharmacological activation and 2) use transcription factor-null mice to delineate the signaling pathways involved in transcriptional activation and repression. Five chemicals were selected as prototypical activators for these experiments: TCDD (AhR), TCPOBOP (CAR), PCN (PXR), CFB (PPARα), and OPZ (Nrf2). Selection of enzyme and transporter genes was based on up- or down-regulation in male wild-type mice treated with these activators in previous studies (Cheng et al., 2005; Maher et al., 2005; Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008a,b; Knight et al., 2008; Buckley and Klaassen, 2009a). Eight- to 10-week-old male and female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA). AhR-null mice (>99% congenic for C57BL/6 background) were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and were described previously (Schmidt et al., 1996). Breeder pairs from the CAR-null mouse line on the C57BL/6 background, engineered by Tularik, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) as described previously (Ueda et al., 2002), were obtained from Dr. Ivan Rusyn (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC). Nrf2-null breeding pairs were obtained from Dr. Jefferson Chan (University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA) (Chan et al., 1996) and were backcrossed into the C57BL/6 background to >99% congenicity, as determined by the speed congenics group at The Jackson Laboratory. Breeders of PPARα-null mice were originally engineered in the laboratory of Dr. Frank J. Gonzalez at the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, MD) (Lee et al., 1995) and backcrossed into the C57BL/6 strain (Akiyama et al., 2001). PXR-null breeder pairs were engineered and backcrossed into the C57BL/6 background (Staudinger et al., 2001a). Mice were allowed food (Teklad 8064; Harlan Teklad, Madison, WI) and water ad libitum and were acclimated to the housing facility for at least 1 week before treatment. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with either vehicle control (corn oil) or activators of AhR, CAR, Nrf2, PPARα, or PXR as detailed in Table 1. Activators and dosing regimens were selected on the basis of previous studies (Cheng et al., 2005). Mice were dosed once daily for 4 consecutive days. On day 5, livers were removed, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C. Groups of four to five mice were used in each treatment group, with the exception of AhR-null female mice for which only three animals were available for treatment with vehicle. The institutional animal care and use committee at the University of Kansas Medical Center approved these studies. Dosing regimens in wild-type and transcription factor-null mice RNA Isolation and mRNA Quantification. Total RNA was isolated using RNA-Bee reagent (Tel-Test Inc., Friendswood, TX). The concentration of total RNA in each sample was quantified spectrophotometrically at 260 nm, and purity was confirmed by 260/280 nm ratio using a Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). The RNA integrity was assessed by visualization of 18S and 28S rRNA bands on formaldehyde-agarose gels. Hepatic mRNA expression was determined by the Quantigene Plex 2.0 Reagent System (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Panomics Plex sets were used: 2.0 panels 21085 and 21086. Samples were analyzed using a Bio-Plex System Array reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Five hundred nanograms of total RNA were used for each Plex set. Subsequent steps have been reported previously (Aleksunes et al., 2009). Statistical Analysis. GraphPad Prism (version 5; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA) was used for statistical analysis. Differences among individual groups were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Hepatic Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Nqo1 mRNA. The prototypical target genes of each transcription factor were induced in male and female wild-type mice after chemical activation, with no change observed in null mice: AhR, Cyp1a2 (2.5–5-fold); CAR, Cyp2b10 (30–180-fold); PXR, Cyp3a11 (1.5–3-fold); PPARα, Cyp4a14 (3–200-fold); and Nrf2, Nqo1 (9–10-fold) (Fig. 1). The five chemical inducers were not entirely specific because they increased target genes of the other transcription factors; however, induction was often to a much lesser extent. In addition to AhR-mediated regulation, Cyp1a2 mRNA was increased approximately 2- to 2.5-fold in livers of wild-type mice treated with TCPOBOP and OPZ. Cyp2b10 mRNA was also elevated in male wild-type mice treated with TCDD (4.7-fold) and female wild-type mice treated with PCN (15-fold), however, to a lesser degree than that observed in TCPOBOP-treated wild-type mice. Cyp3a11 mRNA was also up-regulated in livers of wild-type mice, but not null mice, treated with TCPOBOP (2–3-fold), CFB (males only, 1.3-fold), and OPZ (females only, 1.6-fold). CFB and OPZ increased Cyp4a14 mRNA 3- and 5-fold in female wild-type mice, respectively, whereas TCPOBOP decreased Cyp4a14 mRNA to 22% of that of vehicle-treated female mice. In addition to OPZ, other chemical activators such as TCDD, TCPOBOP (males only), or CFB (males only), modestly increased Nqo1 mRNA in wild-type but not in AhR-, CAR-, or PPARα-null mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. In general, basal mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes was similar between wild-type and null mice with some exceptions (Fig. 1). AhR-null mice had lower basal Cyp1a2 mRNA (25% of that of wild type mice). Constitutive expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA was slightly higher (1.5–2-fold) in PXR (female mice)-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-null mice. Hepatic Regulation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase mRNAs. Up-regulation of Aldh1a1 mRNA was observed in livers of wild-type mice treated with TCPOBOP (male and female, 2-fold), PCN (females only, 3.5-fold), CFB (male and female, 1.6-fold), or OPZ (male and female, 2.3-fold), but not in the respective transcription factor-null mice (Fig. 2). Induction of Aldh1a7 mRNA was observed in wild-type mice given TCPOBOP (3-fold) or PCN (females only, 2.8-fold), and to a lesser extent in mice treated with TCDD (females only, 1.3-fold), CFB (males only, 1.6-fold), or OPZ (females only, 1.7-fold). Of note, Aldh1a7 mRNA also tended to be increased in Nrf2-null mice treated with OPZ, further suggesting that multiple transcription factors are involved in regulating this gene. In wild-type male mice, Aldh3a2 mRNA was modestly increased and decreased by CFB and TCDD, respectively, with no change in PPARα- and AhR-null mice (Fig. 3). The remaining Aldh members (4a1, 6a1, 7a1, and 9a1) exhibited only minor changes in livers of wild-type mice in response to TCPOBOP, TCDD, or CFB (Fig. 3). Hepatic mRNA expression of Aldh family 1 enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of Aldh family 3 to 9 enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Compared with vehicle-treated wild-type mice, the constitutive mRNA expression of Aldh1a1 and Aldh1b1 was elevated in PXR- and AhR-null mice, respectively (Fig. 2). A variety of other Aldh isoforms were also differentially expressed in control wild-type and transcription factor-null mice in one gender or the other. It should be noted that Aldh2, 3a1, and 8a1 are largely unchanged by activator treatment (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008b) and were excluded from the present study. Hepatic Regulation of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase mRNAs. Hepatic Ugt expression was inducible (Figs. 4 and 5). TCDD increased Ugt1a1, 1a6, 1a9, 2b34 (females only), and 2b35 mRNA by 2- to 5-fold in wild-type but not in AhR-null mice. Ugt1a1 and Ugt2b34 mRNA levels were elevated in both male and female wild-type mice treated with TCPOBOP, with no change observed in CAR-null mice. Of interest, TCPOBOP induced mRNA expression of Ugt1a9, 2b35, and 2b36 in male mice only. Activation of PXR with PCN increased hepatic Ugt1a1, 1a5, and 1a9 mRNAs in both genders of wild-type but not PXR-null mice. CFB treatment caused slight increases in Ugt1a5 and Ugt1a9 mRNA levels in male mice only. OPZ increased mRNA expression of Ugt2b34 (females only, 1.4-fold) and Ugt2b36 (males only, 1.6-fold) in wild-type but not Nrf2-null mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of Ugt family 1 enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control- and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Down-regulation of Ugt2a3 in response to TCDD (males only), TCPOBOP, or OPZ (females only) was also observed in wild-type mice. Whereas Ugt2a3 mRNA was unchanged in AhR-null and PPARα-null mice, it was reduced in Nrf2-null mice administered the chemical activator, suggesting Nrf2-independent regulation of this gene. In addition, Ugt2b1 mRNA was reduced approximately 40% in livers of male wild-type mice treated with TCDD or CFB. Transcription factor-null mice treated with vehicle only demonstrated some differences in basal Ugt mRNA expression (Figs. 4 and 5). For example, Ugt2a3 mRNA was elevated in male and female PPARα-null mice, whereas Ugt1a6 and Ugt2b1 were reduced in Nrf2-null mice. Additional gender-specific basal differences were also noted for the other Ugt isoforms. Ugt1a2, 1a7, 1a10, and 3a1/2 were unchanged by these chemical activators (Buckley and Klaassen, 2009a) and were not included in the present study. Hepatic Regulation of Sulfotransferase mRNAs. Similar to findings in a prior publication, mRNA of most Sult isoforms was higher in female than in male mice (Fig. 6) (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2006). In addition to Sult isoforms, mRNA expression of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (Papss2), which generates the sulfate source for Sult enzymes, was also quantified. TCPOBOP increased mRNA expression of all Sult enzymes as well as Papss2 in wild-type but not in CAR-null mice. Likewise, other chemical activators elevated Sult mRNA including Sult2a2 (PCN, females, 1.8-fold), Sult3a1 (OPZ, females, 1.8-fold), Sult5a1 (TCDD, 3-fold), and Papss2 (PCN, females, 2.5-fold, and CFB, males, 1.4-fold) in livers of wild-type mice, with little to no change in transcription factor-null mice. Down-regulation of Sult3a1 (20% of control) or Sult5a1 (58% of control) was observed in wild-type female mice in response to TCDD or CFB administration, respectively. Hepatic mRNA expression of Sult and Papss2 enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control- and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Compared with wild-type mice, some Sult genes were differentially expressed in vehicle-treated transcription factor-null mice. Of note, Sult5a1 and Papss2 mRNA were elevated in PPARα- and PXR-null mice, respectively. The majority of other basal differences in Sult isoforms in the various transcription factor-null mice were observed in female mice. Sult1a1, 1b1, 1c1, 1c2, 1d1, 2b1, and 4a1 are largely unchanged by these microsomal activators (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008a) and were excluded from the present study. Hepatic Regulation of Glutathione Transferase mRNAs. mRNA expression of Gsta and Gstm isoforms was highly inducible by multiple chemical activators (Figs. 7 and 8). The most consistent up-regulation of Gst isoforms in both sexes was observed in response to TCPOBOP, PCN, or OPZ. TCPOBOP increased (between 1.6- and 23-fold) Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstt1, and Gstm1-m4 in wild-type but not in CAR-null mice. Likewise, PCN increased Gsta1 (16-fold in males and 113-fold in females) and Gstm1–3 mRNAs (2- to 50-fold). OPZ elevated Gsta1, Gsta4, and Gstm1–4 between 2.3- and 33-fold in male and female wild-type mice. TCDD and CFB also induced Gst mRNA expression but often to a lesser extent and only in one sex of mice. Most Gst mRNA elevations occurred only in wild-type mice. Notable exceptions include Gsta1 and Gstm2–4 mRNAs, which were also induced in Nrf2-null and PXR-null mice treated with activators, albeit to a lesser degree. Hepatic mRNA expression of Gst enzymes in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control- and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Constitutive mRNA expression of hepatic Gst isoforms, as assessed in vehicle-treated mice, was largely similar between wild-type and transcription factor-null mice (Figs. 7 and 8). In fact, no Gst isoform was consistently altered in both male and female transcription factor-null mice. Instead, male AhR-null mice exhibited higher Gsta1, Gsta4, and mGst3 mRNA and female PXR-null mice had elevated levels of Gsta4, m1, m2, and m4 mRNA. Because Gsta3, k1, m5, m6, p1/2, t3, and z1 and mGst1 mRNA exhibit little to no change in response to chemical activator treatment (Knight et al., 2008), they were not included in this study. Hepatic Regulation of Slc and Abc Transporter mRNAs. Slc transporters, namely organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1a1 and 1a4, were differentially regulated by knocking out various transcription factors and in response to chemical activators (Fig. 9). Other prominent liver-expressed transporters including Oatp1b2 and Oatp2b1 exhibited little to no change after chemical activator treatment (Cheng et al., 2005) and were not included in the present study. One intriguing observation was the marked TCDD-mediated down-regulation of Oatp1a1 mRNA to 13 and 3% of that of vehicle-treated controls in male and female wild-type mice, respectively. Additional chemical activators reduced Oatp1a1 mRNA in only one gender; these included TCPOBOP (males), PCN (females), or OPZ (females). In each case, down-regulation of Oatp1a1 was observed only in wild-type mice but not in transcription factor-null mice. In contrast, Oatp1a4 mRNA was markedly induced in both sexes between 4.4- and 5.4-fold by PCN treatment as well as in male mice treated with TCPOBOP (2.8-fold). Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (Mate1) mRNA expression was only slightly induced (1.4-fold) by CFB in wild-type male mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of uptake transporters in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression of Oatp and Mate transporters was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control- and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. Induction of multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 2 (2-fold), Mrp3 (3–4-fold), and Mrp4 (6.7–11-fold) mRNA was observed in male and female TCPOBOP-treated wild-type mice, with no change in expression in CAR-null mice. Similar up-regulation of Mrp2 mRNA, albeit to a much lower degree (1.5-fold), was detected in livers of wild-type mice treated with TCDD (females only), PCN (females only), or CFB (males only). Mrp3 mRNA was induced 2- to 6-fold in a transcription factor-dependent manner in response to TCDD (females only), PCN, CFB (males only), or OPZ. In addition to TCPOBOP, OPZ markedly increased Mrp4 mRNA in livers of wild-type mice, suggesting that CAR and Nrf2 are key transcription factors for this gene. CFB also induced mRNA expression of Abcg5 2.8-fold in wild-type but not in PPARα-null male mice. It should be noted that higher basal Oatp1a1 mRNA expression (1.5-fold) was observed in vehicle-treated PPARα-null male mice and lower Oatp1a1 mRNA was detected in vehicle-treated AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, and Nrf2-null male or female mice. mRNA expression of Oatp1a4 was higher basally in AhR (males only, 2.4-fold)- and PPARα-null mice (3-fold). Constitutive mRNA expression of hepatic Mrp2–4 isoforms, as assessed in vehicle-treated mice, was largely similar between wild-type and transcription factor-null mice (Fig. 10). Hepatic mRNA expression of efflux transporters in livers of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice after chemical activation. mRNA expression of Abc transporters, including the Mrp transporters, was quantified using total hepatic RNA from control- and inducer-treated wild-type and transcription factor-null mice on day 5. Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA and are presented as mean relative expression ± S.E. For each graph, males are on the left and females are on the right. , statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with control mice of that genotype. †, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null control mice. ‡, statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between wild-type and null inducer-treated mice. In the current study, we used a systematic approach to investigate five transcription factors in the in vivo regulation of drug-metabolizing and transport genes in response to microsomal enzyme inducers. Mice lacking these transcription factors are useful tools in evaluating the physiological and chemical regulation of drug-processing genes. Use of null mice demonstrated that the majority of the transcriptional changes in response to chemical treatment were dependent on expression of particular transcription factors. As expected, prototypical genes for each transcription factor (P450s and Nqo1) were induced in response to corresponding chemical activators. Similar to prior work in this laboratory, the pharmacological inducers used in this study are not entirely specific to one target P450 gene but produce minor increases in other P450 isoforms (Petrick and Klaassen, 2007). For example, TCPOBOP activates its target gene, Cyp2b10, but also Cyp1a2, Cyp3a11, and Nqo1 (Fig. 1). In each of these cases, TCPOBOP-mediated induction was dependent on CAR expression. Taken together, the results of this study 1) document the critical role of transcription factors in the basal expression of some drug metabolism and transport genes (Table 2), 2) provide evidence of transcription factor-dependent regulation of phase I and II enzymes and transport genes in response to chemical activation (Table 3), and 3) identify the influence of gender on the transcriptional regulation of drug disposition genes. Constitutive expression of metabolism and transport genes in livers from transcription factor-null mice relative to wild-type mice Basal expression of genes is shown as increased (↑) or decreased (↓) relative to that in wild-type mice. Bold font denotes consistent changes in both male and female mice. Summary of chemical- and transcription factor-dependent mRNA changes Increases in mRNA expression are denoted as <3-fold (↑), 3- to 30-fold (↑↑), and >30-fold (↑↑↑). Reductions in mRNA expression are denoted as levels decreased to >75% of control (↓), 50 to 75% of control (↓↓), and <50% of control (↓↓↓). Constitutive expression of a few hepatic genes was altered in the absence of a transcription factor (Table 2). The genes that were consistently increased in both male and female transcription factor-null mice include Aldh1b1 in AhR-null mice, Aldh1a1 and Papss2 in PXR-null mice, Cyp3a11, Ugt2a3, Sult5a1, and Oatp1a4 in PPARα-null mice, and Cyp3a11 and Cyp4a14 in Nrf2-null mice. Conversely, lower basal mRNA expression in both sexes was observed for Cyp1a2 and Oatp1a1 in AhR-null mice and Ugt1a6 and Ugt2b1 in Nrf2-null mice. It is unclear why the remaining differences in constitutive expression occur in one gender but not the other. This laboratory has previously investigated gender-divergent regulation of Ugt and Sult enzymes (Buckley and Klaassen, 2009b; Alnouti and Klaassen, 2011). Sult enzymes are critically regulated by the stimulatory effects of estrogens and growth hormone secretion patterns and suppressed by androgens. Of interest, the differences in basal Sult mRNA expression in PXR- and PPARα-null mice were largely observed in female mice. It is important to also note that low basal Ugt expression in male Nrf2-null mice corresponds with a prior study from this laboratory (Yeager et al., 2009). To better understand the mechanisms underlying gender-specific patterns in basal metabolic and transport genes, future studies should focus on sex and growth hormone signaling in the various transcription factor-null mice. The use of both male and female mice in the current study provides novel insight into the genes that are consistently regulated by activation of transcription factors, regardless of gender (Table 3). Activation of CAR signaling using TCPOBOP resulted in the up-regulation of the largest number of genes in a CAR-dependent manner including Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Aldh1a1, Aldh1a7, Ugt1a1, Ugt2b34, Sult1e1, Sult3a1, Sult5a1, Papss2, Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstt1, Gstm1–m4, and Mrp2–4. This wide range of target genes points to the critical role of this transcription factor as well as the potency of TCPOBOP to transactivate CAR-mediated gene expression. AhR and PXR signaling are important in up-regulating various isoforms of the Ugt and Mrp families. PXR was also a consistent inducer of Gst enzymes. Activation of Nrf2 using OPZ treatment was mostly limited to regulating Gst and Mrp genes. The broad regulation of Mrp transport genes by each transcription factor has been reviewed previously (Klaassen and Slitt, 2005; Klaassen and Aleksunes, 2010). Taken together, the results of this study highlight the role of each transcription factor to particularly regulate different families of drug metabolism genes. There were a few genes that were down-regulated in both male and female mice treated with chemical activators. The most notable reactions include the reduced expression of Ugt2a3 mRNA in TCPOBOP-treated mice and Oatp1a1 mRNA in TCDD-treated mice. Work from this laboratory previously observed these changes in male mice (Cheng et al., 2005; Buckley and Klaassen, 2009a); however, the consistent down-regulation of both genes in female mice points to a critical role for AhR and CAR in regulating the levels of target genes. Similar to constitutive expression patterns, the inducible regulation of some genes demonstrated gender-specific patterns. Because of the preferentially higher expression of Sult isoforms in female mice, it was not surprising that the majority of transcriptional changes (induction of Sult2a2 and Sult3a1) were observed in this gender. Moreover, up-regulation of Aldh1a7 mRNA was observed in female wild-type mice treated with TCDD, PCN, or OPZ and in male wild-type mice treated with CFB (Fig. 2). TCPOBOP-mediated up-regulation of Aldh1a7 was observed in both genders. Likewise, most genes induced by TCPOBOP were similarly increased in both male and female wild-type livers, suggesting that hormonal differences may not be critical in regulating CAR target genes. Overlap in responses between different transcription factors is evident in the current study. Similar to prior work, up-regulation of Nqo1 was observed in response to activation of AhR, CAR, PPARα, and Nrf2 in wild-type but not in transcription factor-null mice (Maher et al., 2007; Merrell et al., 2008; Yeager et al., 2009). These data suggest cross-regulation of Nqo1 and other drug disposition genes by interrelated signaling pathways (Slitt et al., 2006; Köhle and Bock, 2009). This overlap in responses is often termed “cross-talk” and was evident for a number of genes. Work in our laboratory has demonstrated roles for both Nrf2 and PPARα in up-regulation of Mrp3 and Mrp4 mRNA in response to chemicals such as perfluorooctanoic acid (Maher et al., 2008). Additional work is necessary to delineate whether regulation occurs directly or indirectly and the temporal sequence in which pathways participate in transcriptional up-regulation. The results of this study correspond with prior studies using prototypical inducers in male wild-type mice. Strong concordance was notable for P450, Sult, Gst, and Mrp mRNA regulation (Maher et al., 2005; Petrick and Klaassen, 2007; Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008a; Knight et al., 2008). There were a limited number of genes in which induction was noted in a prior publication but not in the current study. For example, Aldh1b1 mRNA was modestly up-regulated by chemical activators of all five transcription factors (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008b). However, in the current study, only nonsignificant increases were observed in male mice (Fig. 2). Likewise, CFB was previously shown to up-regulate Aldh4a1, Aldh6a1, and Aldh7a1 mRNA, which was not observed in the present work (Fig. 3). Likewise, Ugt1a6 mRNA induction by ligands of PXR, PPARα, and Nrf2 (Buckley and Klaassen, 2009a) was not detected in this study (Fig. 4). Attempts were made to control the experimental design between the current and prior studies including animal strain, age, and dosing time. However, there were minor differences including the dose and route of administration of oltipraz (75 mg/kg i.p. in the current study versus 150 mg/kg p.o. in the prior study) (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008a). The quantification of mRNA expression in both studies was based on the branched DNA signal amplification assay; however, the current study used a multiplex format with redesigned probes. These differences may account for some minor differences between the current and prior studies. Prototypical chemical inducers were used in the present study; however, these data are applicable to other xenobiotics and pathological states. It is known that activation of CAR and PXR protects against bile acid toxicity and cholestasis in mice (Staudinger et al., 2001b; Wagner et al., 2005). The transcriptional pathways that are activated in response to injury via CAR and PXR may be better understood in the context of data generated in the present study. Likewise, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast program uses screening mechanisms for identifying interactions of environmental chemicals and xenobiotics with key nuclear receptors, including those in this study (Martin et al., 2010; Rotroff et al., 2010). The responses of wild-type and transcription factor-null mice in response to chemical inducers is of potential importance to better understand the toxicological regulation of these pathways by chemicals and toxicants. Extrapolation of the current data to humans is supported in part by in vitro exposure of human hepatocytes to activators of key pathways. For example, similar to the rodent data, treatment of human hepatocytes with phenobarbital (CAR agonist), rifampin (PXR agonist), or OPZ induces mRNA expression of CYP2B6, CYP3A4, or NQO1, respectively, as well as up-regulation of MRP2 by all three chemicals (Jigorel et al., 2006). Exposure of human hepatocytes to AhR, CAR, or PXR ligands up-regulates UGT activity in human hepatocytes in a manner similar to our in vivo rodent mRNA data (Soars et al., 2004). Of note, differences in receptor regulation between rodents and humans (such as those for PPARα) and responsiveness to xenobiotic activation between species (such as that for CAR and PXR) are limitations to extrapolation of the present data. Likewise, responses documented in this work may be dependent on the specific chemicals, doses, routes of administration, and durations selected for the current study. Additional studies will also be needed to confirm protein and functional changes in each of these disposition pathways. However, the fact that preclinical studies are typically performed in rodents strongly supports dissecting the transcriptional networks of AhR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, and Nrf2 in mice. Using prototypical chemical activators and transcription factor-null mice, in the present study we document the transcriptional responses of male and female mice to chemical treatment and identify the dependence of these responses on the function of key hepatic transcription factors. In general, differential expression of target genes in wild-type mice treated with prototypical chemical activators was largely absent in transcription factor-null mice. Taken together, the results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the basal and inducible regulation of phase I and II enzymes and transport genes in livers of mice via AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-mediated pathways. Authorship Contributions Participated in research design: Aleksunes and Klaassen. Conducted experiments: Aleksunes. Contributed new reagents or analytic tools: Klaassen. Performed data analysis: Aleksunes. Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Aleksunes and Klaassen. We thank the graduate students and fellows of the Klaassen laboratory including Drs. Scott Reisman, Rachel Chennault, and Ronnie Yeager as well as Allison Johnson, a high school teacher, for contributions to this project. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Grants DK080774, DK081461]; National Institutes of Health National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Grants ES019487, ES020522, ES009649, ES007079]; National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources [Grant RR021940]; and in part by National Institutes of Health National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-sponsored University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease [Grant P30-ES005022]. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.045112. aryl hydrocarbon receptor PXR pregnane X receptor PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 2′,3′,7′,8′-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin pregnenolone-16-α-carbonitrile clofibrate OPZ oltipraz Nqo1 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 Aldh Sult sulfotransferase UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ATP-binding cassette solute carrier TCPOBOP 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene Papss2 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2 Oatp organic anion-transporting polypeptide multidrug and toxin extrusion multidrug resistance-associated protein. Received February 16, 2012. Accepted April 11, 2012. 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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3369–3374. Ueda A, Hamadeh HK, Webb HK, Yamamoto Y, Sueyoshi T, Afshari CA, Lehmann JM, Negishi M (2002) Diverse roles of the nuclear orphan receptor CAR in regulating hepatic genes in response to phenobarbital. Mol Pharmacol 61:1–6. Venugopal R, Jaiswal AK (1996) Nrf1 and Nrf2 positively and c-Fos and Fra1 negatively regulate the human antioxidant response element-mediated expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14960–14965. Wagner M, Halilbasic E, Marschall HU, Zollner G, Fickert P, Langner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H, Trauner M (2005) CAR and PXR agonists stimulate hepatic bile acid and bilirubin detoxification and elimination pathways in mice. Hepatology 42:420–430. (2003) Transcriptional regulation of cytochrome p450 2B genes by nuclear receptors. Curr Drug Metab 4:515–525. Whitlock JP Jr., Denison MS, Fisher JM, Shen ES (1989) Induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 gene expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Mol Biol Med 6:169–178. Xu C, Li CY, Kong AN (2005) Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch Pharmacol Res 28:249–268. Reisman SA, (2009) Introducing the “TCDD-inducible AhR-Nrf2 gene battery.” Toxicol Sci 111:238–246. You are going to email the following Coordinated Regulation of Hepatic Phase I and II Drug-Metabolizing Genes and Transporters using AhR-, CAR-, PXR-, PPARα-, and Nrf2-Null Mice TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-GENE INTERACTIONS Drug Metabolism and Disposition July 1, 2012, 40 (7) 1366-1379; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.045112 Biotransformation of PF-5190457 Plasma Protein Binding as Parameter for Acidic Drugs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at a Distance from Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Binding Sites Influence AHR Ligand-Dependent Gene Expression	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line206
__label__cc	0.596251	0.403749	Essentials of Geographic Information Systems of x Start Page 1 Published on February 2017 \| Categories: Documents \| Downloads: 17 \| Comments: 0 george_ianukovici This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org Maps are everywhere—on the Internet, in your car, and even on your mobile phone. Moreover, maps of the twenty-first century are not just paper diagrams folded like an accordion. Maps today are colorful, searchable, interactive, and shared. This transformation of the static map into dynamic and interactive multimedia reflects the integration of technological innovation and vast amounts of geographic data. The key technology behind this integration, and subsequently the maps of the twenty-first century, is geographic information systems or GIS. Put simply, GIS is a special type of information technology that integrates data and information from various sources as maps. It is through this integration and mapping that the question of “where” has taken on new meaning. From getting directions to a new restaurant in San Francisco on your mobile device to exploring what will happen to coastal cities like Venice if oceans were to rise due to global warming, GIS provides insights into daily tasks and the big challenges of the future. Essentials of Geographic Information Systems integrates key concepts behind the technology with practical concerns and real-world applications. Recognizing that many potential GIS users are nonspecialists or may only need a few maps, this book is designed to be accessible, pragmatic, and concise. Essentials of Geographic Information Systems also illustrates how GIS is used to ask questions, inform choices, and guide policy. From the melting of the polar ice caps to privacy issues associated with mapping, this book provides a gentle, yet substantive, introduction to the use and application of digital maps, mapping, and GIS. In today's world, learning involves knowing how and where to search for information. In some respects, knowing where to look for answers and information is arguably just as important as the knowledge itself. Because Essentials of Geographic Information Systems is concise, focused, and directed, readers are encouraged to search for supplementary information and to follow up on specific topics of interest on their own when necessary. Essentials of Geographic Information Systems provides the foundations for learning GIS, but readers are encouraged to construct their own individual frameworks of GIS knowledge. The benefits of this approach are two-fold. First, it promotes active learning through research. Second, it facilitates flexible and selective learning—that is, what is learned is a function of individual needs and interest. Since GIS and related geospatial and navigation technology change so rapidly, a flexible and dynamic text is necessary in order to stay current and relevant. Though essential concepts in GIS tend to remain constant, the situations, applications, and examples of GIS are fluid and dynamic. Though this book is intended for use in introductory GIS courses, Essentials of Geographic Information Systems will also appeal to the large number of certificate, professional, extension, and online programs in GIS that are available today. In addition to providing readers with the tools necessary to carry out spatial analyses, Essentials of Geographic Information Systems outlines valuable cartographic guidelines for maximizing the visual impact of your maps. The book also describes effective GIS project management solutions that commonly arise in the modern workplace. Order your desk copy of Essentials of Geographic Information Systems or view it online to evaluate it for your course. Stuff Happens… What’s more is that stuff happens somewhere. Knowing something about where something happens can help us to understand what happened, when it happened, how it happened, and why it happened. Whether it is an outbreak of a highly contagious disease, the discovery of a new frog species, the path of a deadly tornado, or the nearest location of a supermarket, knowing something about where things happen is important to how we understand and relate to our local environment and to the world at large. A geographic information system—or GIS—is a special type of information technology that can help us understand and relate to the “what,” “when,” “how,” and “why” of the world by answering “where.” Geographic information systems are indeed about maps, but they are also about much, much more. A GIS is used to organize, analyze, visualize, and share all kinds of data and information from different historical periods and at various scales of analysis. From climatologists trying to understand the causes and consequences of global warming, to epidemiologists locating ground zero of a virulent disease outbreak, to archaeologists reconstructing ancient Rome, to political consultants developing campaign strategies for the next presidential election, GIS is a very powerful tool. More important, GIS is about geography and learning about the world in which we live. As GIS technology develops, as society becomes ever more geospatially enabled, and as more and more people rediscover geography and the power of maps, the future uses and applications of GIS are unlimited. To take full advantage of the benefits of GIS and related geospatial technology both now and in the future, it is useful to take stock of the ways in which we already think spatially with respect to the world in which we live. In other words, by recognizing and increasing our geographical awareness about how we relate to our local environment and the world at large, we will benefit more from our use and application of GIS. The purpose of this chapter is to increase our geographical awareness and to refine our spatial thinking. First, a simple mental mapping exercise is used to highlight our geographical knowledge and spatial awareness, or lack thereof. Second, fundamental concepts and terms that are central to geographic information systems, and more generally geography, are identified, defined, and explained. This chapter concludes with a description of the frameworks that guide the use and application of GIS, as well as its future development. 1.1 Spatial Thinking LEARNING OBJECTIVE The objective of this section is to illustrate how we think geographically every day with mental maps and to highlight the importance of asking geographic questions. At no other time in the history of the world has it been easier to create or to acquire a map of nearly anything. Maps and mapping technology are literally and virtually everywhere. Though the modes and means of making and distributing maps have been revolutionized with recent advances in computing like the Internet, the art and science of map making date back centuries. This is because humans are inherently spatial organisms, and in order for us to live in the world, we must first somehow relate to it. Enter the mental map. Mental Maps Mental or cognitive maps are psychological tools that we all use every day. As the name suggests, mental maps are maps of our environment that are stored in our brain. We rely on our mental maps to get from one place to another, to plan our daily activities, or to understand and situate events that we hear about from our friends, family, or the news. Mental maps also reflect the amount and extent of geographic knowledge and spatial awareness that we possess. To illustrate this point, pretend that a friend is visiting you from out of town for the first time. Using a blank sheet of paper, take five to ten minutes to draw a map from memory of your hometown that will help your friend get around. What did you choose to draw on your map? Is your house or where you work on the map? What about streets, restaurants, malls, museums, or other points of interest? How did you draw objects on your map? Did you use symbols, lines, and shapes? Are places labeled? Why did you choose to include certain places and features on your map but not others? What limitations did you encounter when making your map? This simple exercise is instructive for several reasons. First, it illustrates what you know about where you live. Your simple map is a rough approximation of your local geographic knowledge and mental map. Second, it highlights the way in which you relate to your local environment. What you choose to include and exclude on your map provides insights about what places you think are important and how you move through your place or residence. Third, if we were to compare your mental map to someone else’s from the same place, certain similarities emerge that shed light upon how we as humans tend to think spatially and organize geographical information in our minds. Fourth, this exercise reveals something about your artistic, creative, and cartographic abilities. In this respect, not only are mental maps unique, but also the way in which such maps are drawn or represented on the page is unique too. To reinforce these points, consider the series of mental maps of Los Angeles provided in Figure 1.1 "Mental Map of Los Angeles A". Figure 1.1 Mental Map of Los Angeles A Figure 1.2 Mental Map of Los Angeles B Figure 1.3 Mental Map of Los Angeles C Take a moment to look at each map and compare the maps with the following questions in mind: What similarities are there on each map? What are some of the differences? Which places or features are illustrated on the map? From what you know about Los Angeles, what is included or excluded on the maps? What assumptions are made in each map? At what scale is the map drawn? Each map is probably an imperfect representation of one’s mental map, but we can see some similarities and differences that provide insights into how people relate to Los Angeles, maps, and more generally, the world. First, all maps are oriented so that north is up. Though only one of the maps contains a north arrow that explicitly informs viewers the geographic orientation of the map, we are accustomed to most maps having north at the top of the page. Second, all but the first map identify some prominent features and landmarks in the Los Angeles area. For instance, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) appears on two of these maps, as do the Santa Monica Mountains. How the airport is represented or portrayed on the map, for instance, as text, an abbreviation, or symbol, also speaks to our experience using and understanding maps. Third, two of the maps depict a portion of the freeway network in Los Angeles, and one also highlights the Los Angeles River and Ballona Creek. In a city where the “car is king,” how can any map omit the freeways? What you include and omit on your map, by choice or not, speaks volumes about your geographical knowledge and spatial awareness—or lack thereof. Recognizing and identifying what we do not know is an important part of learning. It is only when we identify the unknown that we are able to ask questions, collect information to answer those questions, develop knowledge through answers, and begin to understand the world where we live. Asking Geographic Questions Filling in the gaps in our mental maps and, more generally, the gaps in our geographic knowledge requires us to ask questions about the world where we live and how we relate to it. Such questions can be simple with a local focus (e.g., “Which way is the nearest hospital?”) or more complex with a more global perspective (e.g., “How is urbanization impacting biodiversity hotspots around the world?”). The thread that unifies such questions is geography. For instance, the question of “where?” is an essential part of the questions “Where is the nearest hospital?” and “Where are the biodiversity hotspots in relation to cities?” Being able to articulate questions clearly and to break them into manageable pieces are very valuable skills when using and applying a geographic information system (GIS). Though there may be no such thing as a “dumb” question, some questions are indeed better than others. Learning how to ask the right question takes practice and is often more difficult than finding the answer itself. However, when we ask the right question, problems are more easily solved and our understanding of the world is improved. There are five general types of geographic questions that we can ask and that GIS can help us to answer. Each type of question is listed here and is also followed by a few examples (Nyerges 1991). Questions about geographic location: Why is it here or there? How much of it is here or there? Questions about geographic distribution: Is it distributed locally or globally? Is it spatially clustered or dispersed? Where are the boundaries? Questions about geographic association: What else is near it? What else occurs with it? What is absent in its presence? Questions about geographic interaction: Is it linked to something else? What is the nature of this association? How much interaction occurs between the locations? Questions about geographic change: Has it always been here? How has it changed over time and space? What causes its diffusion or contraction? These and related geographic questions are frequently asked by people from various areas of expertise, industries, and professions. For instance, urban planners, traffic engineers, and demographers may be interested in understanding the commuting patterns between cities and suburbs (geographic interaction). Biologists and botanists may be curious about why one animal or plant species flourishes in one place and not another (geographic location/distribution). Epidemiologists and public health officials are certainly interested in where disease outbreaks occur and how, why, and where they spread (geographic change/interaction/location). A GIS can assist in answering all these questions and many more. Furthermore, a GIS often opens up additional avenues of inquiry when searching for answers to geographic questions. Herein is one of the greatest strengths of the GIS. While a GIS can be used to answer specific questions or to solve particular problems, it often unearths even more interesting questions and presents more problems to be solved in Mental maps are psychological tools that we use to understand, relate to, and navigate through the environment in which we live, work, and play. Mental maps are unique to the individual. Learning how to ask geographic questions is important to using and applying GISs. Geographic questions are concerned with location, distributions, associations, interactions, and change. Draw a map of where you live. Discuss the similarities, differences, styles, and techniques on your map and compare them with two others. What are the commonalities between the maps? What are the differences? What accounts for such similarities and differences? Draw a map of the world and compare it to a world map in an atlas. What similarities and differences are there? What explains the discrepancies between your map and the atlas? Provide two questions concerned with geographic location, distribution, association, interaction, and change about global warming, urbanization, biodiversity, economic development, and war. [1] Nyerges, T. 1991. “Analytical Map Use.” Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (formerly The American Cartographer) 18: 11–22. 1.2 Geographic Concepts The objective of this section is to introduce and explain how the key concepts of location, direction, distance, space, and navigation are relevant to geography and geographic information systems (GISs). Before we can learn “how to do” a geographic information system (GIS), it is first necessary to review and reconsider a few key geographic concepts that are often taken for granted. For instance, what is a location and how can it be defined? At what distance does a location become “nearby”? Or what do we mean when we say that someone has a “good sense of direction”? By answering these and related questions, we establish a framework that will help us to learn and to apply a GIS. This framework will also permit us to share and communicate geographic information with others, which can facilitate collaboration, problem solving, and decision making. The one concept that distinguishes geography from other fields is location, which is central to a GIS. Location is simply a position on the surface of the earth. What is more, nearly everything can be assigned a geographic location. Once we know the location of something, we can a put it on a map, for example, with a GIS. Generally, we tend to define and describe locations in nominal or absolute terms. In the case of the former, locations are simply defined and described by name. For example, city names such as New York, Tokyo, or London refer to nominal locations. Toponymy, or the study of place names and their respective history and meanings, is concerned with such nominal locations (Monmonier 1996, 2006). [1], [2] we tend to associate the notion of location with particular points on the surface of the earth, locations can also refer to geographic features (e.g., Rocky Mountains) or large areas (e.g., Siberia). The United States Board on Geographic Names (http://geonames.usgs.gov) maintains geographic naming standards and keeps track of such names through the Geographic Names Information Systems (GNIS; http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic). The GNIS database also provides information about which state and county the feature is located as well as its geographic coordinates. Contrasting nominal locations are absolute locations that use some type of reference system to define positions on the earth’s surface. For instance, defining a location on the surface of the earth using latitude and longitude is an example of absolute location. Postal codes and street addresses are other examples of absolute location that usually follow some form of local logic. Though there is no global standard when it comes to street addresses, we can determine the geographic coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude) of particular street addresses, zip codes, place names, and other geographic data through a process called geocoding. There are several free online geocoders (e.g., http://worldkit.org/geocoder) that return the latitude and longitude for various locations and addresses around the world. With the advent of the global positioning system (GPS) (see alsohttp://www.gps.gov), determining the location of nearly any object on the surface of the earth is a relatively simple and straightforward exercise. GPS technology consists of a constellation of twenty-four satellites that are orbiting the earth and constantly transmitting time signals (see Figure 1.4 "Constellation of Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellites"). To determine a position, earth-based GPS units (e.g., handheld devices, car navigation systems, mobile phones) receive the signals from at least three of these satellites and use this information to triangulate a location. All GPS units use the geographic coordinate system (GCS) to report location. Originally developed by the United States Department of Defense for military purposes, there are now a wide range of commercial and scientific uses of a GPS. Figure 1.4 Constellation of Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellites Location can also be defined in relative terms. Relative location refers to defining and describing places in relation to other known locations. For instance, Cairo, Egypt, is north of Johannesburg, South Africa; New Zealand is southeast of Australia; and Kabul, Afghanistan, is northwest of Lahore, Pakistan. Unlike nominal or absolute locations that define single points, relative locations provide a bit more information and situate one place in relation to another. Like location, the concept of direction is central to geography and GISs. Direction refers to the position of something relative to something else usually along a line. In order to determine direction, a reference point or benchmark from which direction will be measured needs to be established. One of the most common benchmarks used to determine direction is ourselves. Egocentric direction refers to when we use ourselves as a directional benchmark. Describing something as “to my left,” “behind me,” or “next to me” are examples of egocentric direction. As the name suggests, landmark direction uses a known landmark or geographic feature as a benchmark to determine direction. Such landmarks may be a busy intersection of a city, a prominent point of interest like the Colosseum in Rome, or some other feature like a mountain range or river. The important thing to remember about landmark direction, especially when providing directions, is that the landmark should be relatively well-known. In geography and GISs, there are three more standard benchmarks that are used to define the directions of true north, magnetic north, and grid north. True north is based on the point at which the axis of the earth’s rotation intersects the earth’s surface. In this respect the North and South Poles serve as the geographic benchmarks for determining direction. Magnetic north (and south) refers to the point on the surface of the earth where the earth’s magnetic fields converge. This is also the point to which magnetic compasses point. Note that magnetic north falls somewhere in northern Canada and is not geographically coincident with true north or the North Pole. Grid north simply refers to the northward direction that the grid lines of latitude and longitude on a map, called a graticule, point to. Figure 1.5 The Three Norths: True, Magnetic, and Grid Source: http://kenai.fws.gov/overview/notebook/2004/sept/3sep2004.htm Complementing the concepts of location and direction is distance. Distance refers to the degree or amount of separation between locations and can be measured in nominal or absolute terms with various units. We can describe the distances between locations nominally as “large” or “small,” or we can describe two or more locations as “near” or “far apart.” Absolute distance is measured or calculated using a standard metric. The formula for the distance between two points on a planar (i.e., flat) surface is the following: D=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ Calculating the distance between two locations on the surface of the earth, however, is a bit more involved because we are dealing with a three-dimensional object. Moving from the three-dimensional earth to twodimensional maps on paper, computer screens, and mobile devices is not a trivial matter and is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy". We also use a variety of units to measure distance. For instance, the distance between London and Singapore can be measured in miles, kilometers, flight time on a jumbo jet, or days on a cargo ship. Whether or not such distances make London and Singapore “near” or “far” from each other is a matter of opinion, experience, and patience. Hence the use of absolute distance metrics, such as that derived from the distance formula, provide a standardized method to measure how far away or how near locations are from each other. Where distance suggests a measurable quantity in terms of how far apart locations are situated, space is a more abstract concept that is more commonly described rather than measured. For example, space can be described as “empty,” “public,” or “private.” Within the scope of a GIS, we are interested in space, and in particular, we are interested in what fills particular spaces and how and why things are distributed across space. In this sense, space is a somewhat ambiguous and generic term that is used to denote the general geographic area of interest. One kind of space that is of particular relevance to a GIS is topological space. Simply put, topological space is concerned with the nature of relationships and the connectivity of locations within a given space. What is important within topological space are (1) how locations are (or are not) related or connected to each other and (2) the rules that govern such geographic relationships. Transportation maps such as those for subways provide some of the best illustrations of topological spaces (see Figure 1.6 "Metro Map from London" and Figure 1.7 "Metro Map from Moscow"). When using such maps, we are primarily concerned with how to get from one stop to another along a transportation network. Certain rules also govern how we can travel along the network (e.g., transferring lines is possible only at a few key stops; we can travel only one direction on a particular line). Such maps may be of little use when traveling around a city by car or foot, but they show the local transportation network and how locations are linked together in an effective and efficient manner. Figure 1.6 Metro Map from London Figure 1.7 Metro Map from Moscow Transportation maps like those discussed previously illustrate how we move through the environments where we live, work, and play. This movement and, in particular, destination-oriented travel are generally referred to as navigation. How we navigate through space is a complex process that blends together our various motor skills; technology; mental maps; and awareness of locations, distances, directions, and the space where we live (Golledge and Stimson 1997). What is more, our geographical knowledge and spatial awareness is continuously updated and changed as we move from one location to another. The acquisition of geographic knowledge is a lifelong endeavor. Though several factors influence the nature of such knowledge, we tend to rely on the three following types of geographic knowledge when navigating through space: Landmark knowledge refers to our ability to locate and identify unique points, patterns, or features (e.g., landmarks) in space. 2. Route knowledge permits us to connect and travel between landmarks by moving through space. 3. Survey knowledge enables us to understand where landmarks are in relation to each other and to take shortcuts. Each type of geographic knowledge is acquired in stages, one after the other. For instance, when we find ourselves in a new or an unfamiliar location, we usually identify a few unique points of interest (e.g., hotel, building, fountain) to orient ourselves. We are in essence building up our landmark knowledge. Using and traveling between these landmarks develops our route knowledge and reinforces our landmark knowledge and our overall geographical awareness. Survey knowledge develops once we begin to understand how routes connect landmarks together and how various locations are situated in space. It is at this point, when we are somewhat comfortable with our survey knowledge, that we are able to take shortcuts from one location to another. Though there is no guarantee that a shortcut will be successful, if we get lost, we are at least expanding our local geographic knowledge. Landmark, route, and survey knowledge are the cornerstones of having a sense of direction and frame our geographical learning and awareness. While some would argue that they are born with a good sense of direction, others admit to always getting lost. The popularity of personal navigation devices and online mapping services speaks to the overwhelming desire to know and to situate where we are in the world. Though developing and maintaining a keen sense of direction presumably matters less and less as such devices and services continue to develop and spread, it can also be argued that the more we know about where we are in the world, the more we will want to learn about it. This section covers concepts essential to geography, GISs, and many other fields of interest. Understanding how location, direction, and distance can be defined and described provides an important foundation for the successful use and implementation of a GIS. Thinking about space and how we navigate through it also serves to improve and own geographic knowledge and spatial awareness. Location refers to the position of an object on the surface of the earth and is commonly expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. Direction is always determined relative to a benchmark. Distance refers to the separation between locations. Navigation is the destination-oriented movement through space. Find your hometown in the GNIS and see what other features share this name. Explore the toponymy of your hometown online. How are GPSs and related navigation technology influencing how we learn about our local environments? Does navigation technology improve or impede our sense of direction and learning about where we live? Compare and contrast the driving directions between two locations provided by two different online mapping services (e.g., Google Maps vs. Yahoo! Maps). Is there a discrepancy? If so, what explanations can you think of for this difference? Is this the best way to travel between these locations? [1] Monmonier, M. 1996. How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [2] ———. 2006. From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow: How Maps Name, Claim, and Inflame. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [3] Golledge, R., and R. Stimson. 1997. Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. New York: Guilford. 1.3 Geographic Information Systems for Today and Beyond The objective of this section is to define and describe how a geographic information system (GIS) is applied, its development, and its future. Up to this point, the primary concern of this chapter was to introduce concepts essential to geography that are also relevant to geographic information systems (GISs). Furthermore, the introduction of these concepts was prefaced by an overview of how we think spatially and the nature of geographic inquiry. This final section is concerned with defining a GIS, describing its use, and exploring its future. GIS Defined So what exactly is a GIS? Is it computer software? Is it a collection of computer hardware? Is it a service that is distributed and accessed via the Internet? Is it a tool? Is it a system? Is it a science? The answer to all these questions is, “GIS is all of the above—and more.” From a software perspective, a GIS consists of a special type of computer program capable of storing, editing, processing, and presenting geographic data and information as maps. There are several GIS software providers, such as Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. (http://www.esri.com), which distributes ArcGIS, and PitneyBowes (http://www.pbinsight.com), which distributes MapInfo GIS. Though online mapping services and interfaces are provided by companies like Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft, such services are not (yet) considered fully fledged GIS platforms. There are also open-source GIS options, such as GRASS (http://grass.itc.it), which is freely distributed and maintained by the opensource community. All GIS software, regardless of vendor, consists of a database management system that is capable of handling and integrating two types of data: spatial data and attribute data. Spatial data refer to the real-world geographic objects of interest, such as streets, buildings, lakes, and countries, and their respective locations. In addition to location, each of these objects also possesses certain traits of interest, or attributes, such as a name, number of stories, depth, or population. GIS software keeps track of both the spatial and attribute data and permits us to link the two types of data together to create information and facilitate analysis. One popular way to describe and to visualize a GIS is picturing it as a cake with many layers. Each layer of the cake represents a different geographic theme, such as water features, buildings, and roads, and each layer is stacked one on top of another (see Figure 1.8 "A GIS as a Layered Cake"). Figure 1.8 A GIS as a Layered Cake As hardware, a GIS consists of a computer, memory, storage devices, scanners, printers, global positioning system (GPS) units, and other physical components. If the computer is situated on a network, the network can also be considered an integral component of the GIS because it enables us to share data and information that the GIS uses as inputs and creates as outputs. As a tool, a GIS permits us to maintain, analyze, and share a wealth of data and information. From the relatively simple task of mapping the path of a hurricane to the more complex task of determining the most efficient garbage collection routes in a city, a GIS is used across the public and private sectors. Online and mobile mapping, navigation, and location-based services are also personalizing and democratizing GISs by bringing maps and mapping to the masses. These are just a few definitions of a GIS. Like several of the geographic concepts discussed previously, there is no single or universally accepted definition of a GIS. There are probably just as many definitions of GISs as there are people who use GISs. In this regard, it is the people like you who are learning, applying, developing, and studying GISs in new and compelling ways that unifies it. Three Approaches to GISs In addition to recognizing the many definitions of a GIS, it is also constructive to identify three general and overlapping approaches to understanding GISs—the application approach, the developer approach, and the science approach. Though most GIS users would probably identify with one approach more than another, they are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, as GISs and, more generally, information technology advance, the following categories will be transformed and reshaped accordingly. The application approach to GISs considers a GIS primarily to be a tool. This is also perhaps the most common view of a GIS. From this perspective, a GIS is used to answer questions, support decision making, maintain an inventory of geographic data and information, and, of course, make maps. As a tool, there are arguably certain skills that should be acquired and required in order to use and apply a GIS properly. The application approach to a GIS is more concerned with using and applying GISs to solve problems than the GIS itself. For instance, suppose we want to determine the best location for a new supermarket. What factors are important behind making this decision? Information about neighborhood demographics, existing supermarkets, the location of suppliers, zoning regulations, and available real estate are all critical to this decision. A GIS platform can integrate such information that is obtained from the census bureau, realtors, the local zoning agency, and even the Internet. A suitability analysis can then be carried out with the GIS, the output of which will show the best locations for the supermarket given the various local geographic opportunities (e.g., demographics/consumers) and constraints (e.g., supply chain, zoning, and real estate limitations) that exist. There are several professional communities and organizations concerned with the use and application of a GIS, such as the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (http://urisa.org) and the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (http://www.gsdi.org). Unlike the previous example in which a GIS is applied to answer or solve a particular question, the developer approach to GISs is concerned with the development of the GIS as a software or technology platform. Rather than focusing on how a GIS is used and applied, the developer approach is concerned with improving, refining, and extending the tool and technology itself and is largely in the realm of computer programmers and software developers. The ongoing integration and evolution of GISs, maps, the Internet, and web-based mapping can be considered an outcome of the developer approach to GISs. In this regard, delivering maps, navigation tools, and user-friendly GISs to people via the Internet is the central challenge at hand. The underlying, and to a large extent hidden, logic and computer code that permit us to ask questions about how to get from point A to point B on a navigation website or to see where a new restaurant or open house is located on a web-based map are for the most part the domain of GIS programmers and developers. The Open Source Geospatial Foundation (http://www.osgeo.org) is another example of a community of GIS developers working to build and distribute open-source GIS software. It is the developer approach to GISs that drives and introduces innovation and is informed and guided by the existing needs and future demands of the application approach. As such, it is indeed on the cutting edge, it is dynamic, and it represents an area for considerable growth in the future. The science approach to GISs not only dovetails with the applications and developer approaches but also is more concerned with broader questions and how geography, cognition, map interpretation, and other geospatial issues such as accuracy and errors are relevant to GISs and vice versa (see Longley et al. This particular approach is often referred to as geographic information science (GIScience), and it is also interested in the social consequences and implications of the use and diffusion of GIS technology. From exploring the propagation of error to examining how privacy is being redefined by GISs and related technology, GIScience is at the same time an agent of change as well as one of understanding. In light of the rapid rate of technological and GIS innovation, in conjunction with the widespread application of GISs, new questions about GIS technology and its use are continually emerging. One of the most discussed topics concerns privacy, and in particular, what is referred to as locational privacy. In other words, who has the right to view or determine your geographic location at any given time? Your parents? Your school? Your employer? Your cell phone carrier? The government or police? When are you willing to divulge your location? Is there a time or place where you prefer to be “off the grid” or not locatable? Such questions concerning locational privacy were of relatively little concern a few years ago. However, with the advent of GPS and its integration into cars and other mobile devices, questions, debates, and even lawsuits concerning locational privacy and who has the right to such information are rapidly emerging. As the name suggests, the developer approach to GISs is concerned with the development of GISs. Rather than focusing on how a GIS is used and applied, the developer approach is concerned with improving, refining, and extending the tool itself and is largely in the realm of computer programmers and software developers. For instance, the advent of web-based mapping is an outcome of the developer approach to GISs. In this regard, the challenge was how to bring GISs to people via the Internet and not necessarily how people would use web-based GISs. The developer approach to GISs drives and introduces innovation and is guided by the needs of the application approach. As such, it is indeed on the cutting edge, it is dynamic, and it represents an area for considerable growth in the future. GIS Futures The definitions and approaches to GISs described previously illustrate the scope and breadth of this special type of information technology. Furthermore, as GISs become more accessible and widely distributed, there will always be new questions to be answered, new applications to be developed, and innovative technologies to integrate. One notable development is the emergence of what is called the geospatial web. The geospatial web or geoweb refers to the integration of the vast amounts of content available on the Internet (e.g., text, photographs, video, and music) with geographic information, such as location. Adding such geographic information to such content is called geotagging and is similar to geocoding. The integration of geographic information with such content opens up new ways to access, search, organize, share, and distribute Mapping mashups, or web-based applications that combine data and information from one source and map it with online mapping applications, are an example of the geoweb at work. There are mashups for nearly everything that can be assigned a location, from restaurants and music festivals to your photographs and favorite hikes. Several examples of such mapping mashups can be found on the Internet at sites such as http://googlemapsmania.blogspot.com. Though the geoweb may not necessarily be considered a GIS, it certainly draws upon the same concepts and ideas of geography and may someday encompass GISs. Perhaps more important, the diffusion of GISs and the emergence of the geoweb have increased geographic awareness by lowering the barriers of viewing, using, and even creating maps and related geographic data and information. Though there are several benefits to this democratization of GISs, and more generally information and technology, it should also be recognized that there are also consequences and implications. As with any other technology, great care must be taken in the use and application of GISs. For instance, when was the last time you questioned what appeared on a map? For better or worse, maps are among the most authoritative forms of information and are the subject of Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy". As tomorrow’s GIS practitioners, you will have the ability to influence greatly how decisions are made and how others view and relate to the world with the maps that you create in a GIS environment. What and how you choose to map is therefore a nontrivial exercise. Becoming more aware of our biases, limitations, and preferences permits us to take full advantage of geographic information systems with confidence. There is no single or universal definition of a GIS; it is defined and used in many different ways. One of the key features of a GIS is that it integrates spatial data with attribute data. Explore the web for mapping mashups that match your personal interests. How can they be improved? Create your own mapping mashup with a free online mapping service. [1] Longley, P., M. Goodchild, D. Maguire, and D. Rhind. 2005. Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley. Map Anatomy Maps and mapping are essential components of any and all geographic information systems (GISs). For instance, maps constitute both the input and output of a GIS. Hence a GIS utilizes many concepts and themes from cartography, the formal study of maps and mapping. Therefore, in order for us to become proficient with GISs, we need to learn more about cartography, maps, and mapping. The first part of this chapter defines what a map is and describes a few key map types. Next, cartographic or mapping conventions are discussed with particular emphasis placed upon map scale, coordinate systems, and map projections. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the process of map abstraction as it relates to GISs. This chapter provides the foundations for working with, integrating, and making maps with GISs. 2.1 Maps and Map Types The objective of this section is to define what a map is and to describe reference, thematic, and dynamic Maps are among the most compelling forms of information for several reasons. Maps are artistic. Maps are scientific. Maps preserve history. Maps clarify. Maps reveal the invisible. Maps inform the future. Regardless of the reason, maps capture the imagination of people around the world. As one of the most trusted forms of information, map makers and geographic information system (GIS) practitioners hold a considerable amount of power and influence (Wood 1992; Monmonier 1996). understanding and appreciating maps and how maps convey information are important aspects of GISs. The appreciation of maps begins with exploring various map types. So what exactly is a map? Like GISs, there are probably just as many definitions of maps as there are people who use and make them (see Muehrcke and Muehrcke 1998). For starters, we can define a map simply as a representation of the world. Such maps can be stored in our brain (i.e., mental maps), they can be printed on paper, or they can appear online. Notwithstanding the actual medium of the map (e.g., our fleeting thoughts, paper, or digital display), maps represent and describe various aspects of the world. For purposes of clarity, the three types of maps are the reference map, the thematic map, and the dynamic Reference Maps The primary purpose of a reference map is to deliver location information to the map user. Geographic features and map elements on a reference map tend to be treated and represented equally. In other words, no single aspect of a reference map takes precedent over any other aspect. Moreover, reference maps generally represent geographic reality accurately. Examples of some common types of reference maps include topographic maps such as those created by the United States Geological Survey (USGS; seehttp://topomaps.usgs.gov) and image maps obtained from satellites or aircraft that are available through online mapping services. Figure 2.1 USGS Topographic Map of Boulder, CO Figure 2.2 Image Map of Palm Island, Dubai, from NASA The accuracy of a given reference map is indeed critical to many users. For instance, local governments need accurate reference maps for land use, zoning, and tax purposes. National governments need accurate reference maps for political, infrastructure, and military purposes. People who depend on navigation devices like global positioning system (GPS) units also need accurate and up-to-date reference maps in order to arrive at their desired destinations. Contrasting the reference map are thematic maps. As the name suggests, thematic maps are concerned with a particular theme or topic of interest. While reference maps emphasize the location of geographic features, thematic maps are more concerned with how things are distributed across space. Such things are often abstract concepts such as life expectancy around the world, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in Europe, or literacy rates across India. One of the strengths of mapping, and in particular of thematic mapping, is that it can make such abstract and invisible concepts visible and comparable on a map. Figure 2.3 World Life Expectancies Figure 2.4 European GDP Figure 2.5 Indian Literacy Rates It is important to note that reference and thematic maps are not mutually exclusive. In other words, thematic maps often contain and combine geographical reference information, and conversely, reference maps may contain thematic information. What is more, when used in conjunction, thematic and reference maps often complement each other. For example, public health officials in a city may be interested in providing equal access to emergency rooms to the city’s residents. Insights into this and related questions can be obtained through visual comparisons of a reference map that shows the locations of emergency rooms across the city to thematic maps of various segments of the population (e.g., households below poverty, percent elderly, underrepresented groups). Within the context of a GIS, we can overlay the reference map of emergency rooms directly on top of the population maps to see whether or not access is uniform across neighborhood types. Clearly, there are other factors to consider when looking at emergency room access (e.g., access to transport), but through such map overlays, underserved neighborhoods can be identified. Figure 2.6 Map Overlay Process When presented in hardcopy format, both reference and thematic maps are static or fixed representations of reality. Such permanence on the page suggests that geography and the things that we map are also in many ways fixed or constant. This is far from reality. The integration of GISs with other forms of information technology like the Internet and mobile telecommunications is rapidly changing this view of maps and mapping, as well as geography at large. Dynamic Maps The diffusion of GISs and the popularity of online mapping tools and applications speak to this shift in thinking about maps and map use. In this regard, it is worthwhile to discuss the diffusion of dynamic maps. Dynamic maps are simply changeable or interactive representations of the earth. Dynamic mapping refers more to how maps are used and delivered to the map user today (e.g., online, via mobile phone) than to the content of the map itself. Both reference and thematic maps can be dynamic in nature, and such maps are an integral component to any GIS. The key point about dynamic maps is that more and more people, not just GIS professionals, have access to such maps. Unlike a hardcopy map that has features and elements users cannot modify or change, dynamic maps encourage and sometimes require user interaction. Such interaction can include changing the scale or visible area by zooming in or zooming out, selecting which features or layers to include or to remove from a map (e.g., roads, imagery), or even starting and stopping a map animation. Figure 2.7 Google Maps on an iPhone Figure 2.8 Polar Ice Cap To see the animation, go to http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/goto?3464. Just as dynamic maps will continue to evolve and require more user interaction in the future, map users will demand more interactive map features and controls. As this democratization of maps and mapping continues, the geographic awareness and map appreciation of map users will also increase. Therefore, it is of critical importance to understand the nature, form, and content of maps to support the changing needs, demands, and expectations of map users in the future. The main purpose of a reference map is to show the location of geographical objects of interest. Thematic maps are concerned with showing how one or more geographical aspects are distributed across Dynamic maps refer to maps that are changeable and often require user interaction. The democratization of maps and mapping is increasing access, use, and appreciation for all types of maps, as well as driving map innovations. Go to the website of the USGS, read about the history and use of USGS maps, and download the topographic map that corresponds to your place of residence. What features make a map “dynamic” or “interactive”? Are dynamic maps more informative than static maps? Why or why not? [1] Wood, D. 1992. The Power of Maps. New York: Guilford. [3] Muehrcke, P., and J. Muehrcke. 1998. Map Use. Madison, WI: JP Publications. 2.2 Map Scale, Coordinate Systems, and Map Projections The objective of this section is to describe and discuss the concepts of map scale, coordinate systems, and map projections and explain why they are central to maps, mapping, and geographic information systems (GISs). All map users and map viewers have certain expectations about what is contained on a map. Such expectations are formed and learned from previous experience by working with maps. It is important to note that such expectations also change with increased exposure to maps. Understanding and meeting the expectations of map viewers is a challenging but necessary task because such expectations provide a starting point for the creation of any map. The central purpose of a map is to provide relevant and useful information to the map user. In order for a map to be of value, it must convey information effectively and efficiently. Mapping conventions facilitate the delivery of information in such a manner by recognizing and managing the expectations of map users. Generally speaking, mapping or cartographic conventions refer to the accepted rules, norms, and practices behind the making of maps. One of the most recognized mapping conventions is that “north is up” on most maps. Though this may not always be the case, many map users expect north to be oriented or to coincide with the top edge of a map or viewing device like a computer monitor. Several other formal and informal mapping conventions and characteristics, many of which are taken for granted, can be identified. Among the most important cartographic considerations are map scale, coordinate systems, and map projections. Map scale is concerned with reducing geographical features of interest to manageable proportions, coordinate systems help us define the positions of features on the surface of the earth, and map projections are concerned with moving from the threedimensional world to the two dimensions of a flat map or display, all of which are discussed in greater detail in this chapter. Map Scale The world is a big place…really big. One of the challenges behind mapping the world and its resident features, patterns, and processes is reducing it to a manageable size. What exactly is meant by “manageable” is open to discussion and largely depends on the purpose and needs of the map at hand. Nonetheless, all maps reduce or shrink the world and its geographic features of interest by some factor. Map scale refers to the factor of reduction of the world so it fits on a map. Map scale can be represented by text, a graphic, or some combination of the two. For example, it is common to see “one inch represents one kilometer” or something similar written on a map to give map users an idea of the scale of the map. Map scale can also be portrayed graphically with what is called a scale bar. Scale bars are usually used on reference maps and allow map users to approximate distances between locations and features on a map, as well as to get an overall idea of the scale of the map. Figure 2.9 Map Scale from a United States Geological Survey (USGS) Topographic Map The representative fraction (RF) describes scale as a simple ratio. The numerator, which is always set to one (i.e., 1), denotes map distance and the denominator denotes ground or “real-world” distance. One of the benefits of using a representative fraction to describe scale is that it is unit neutral. In other words, any unit of measure can be used to interpret the map scale. Consider a map with an RF of 1:10,000. This means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 units on the ground. Such units could be inches, centimeters, or even pencil lengths; it really does not matter. Map scales can also be described as either “small” or “large.” Such descriptions are usually made in reference to representative fractions and the amount of detail represented on a map. For instance, a map with an RF of 1:1,000 is considered a large-scale map when compared to a map with an RF of 1:1,000,000 (i.e., 1:1,000 > 1:1,000,000). Furthermore, while the large-scale map shows more detail and less area, the small-scale map shows more area but less detail. Clearly, determining the thresholds for small- or largescale maps is largely a judgment call. All maps possess a scale, whether it is formally expressed or not. Though some say that online maps and GISs are “scaleless” because we can zoom in and out at will, it is probably more accurate to say that GISs and related mapping technology are multiscalar. Understanding map scale and its overall impact on how the earth and its features are represented is a critical part of both map making and GISs. Coordinate Systems Just as all maps have a map scale, all maps have locations, too. Coordinate systems are frameworks that are used to define unique positions. For instance, in geometry we use x (horizontal) and y (vertical) coordinates to define points on a two-dimensional plane. The coordinate system that is most commonly used to define locations on the three-dimensional earth is called the geographic coordinate system (GCS), and it is based on a sphere or spheroid. A spheroid (a.k.a. ellipsoid is simply a sphere that is slightly wider than it is tall and approximates more closely the true shape of the earth. Spheres are commonly used as models of the earth for simplicity. The unit of measure in the GCS is degrees, and locations are defined by their respective latitude and longitude within the GCS. Latitude is measured relative to the equator at zero degrees, with maxima of either ninety degrees north at the North Pole or ninety degrees south at the South Pole. Longitude is measured relative to the prime meridian at zero degrees, with maxima of 180 degrees west or 180 degrees east. Note that latitude and longitude can be expressed in degrees-minutes-seconds (DMS) or in decimal degrees (DD). When using decimal degrees, latitudes above the equator and longitudes east of the prime meridian are positive, and latitudes below the equator and longitudes west of the prime meridian are negative (see the following table for examples). Nominal location Absolute location (DMS) Absolute location (DD) Los Angeles, US 34° 3′ North, 118° 15′ West +34.05, –118.25 18° 58′ North, 72° 49′ East +18.975, +72.8258 Sydney, Australia 33° 51′ South, 151° 12′ East –33.859, 151.211 Sao Paolo, Brazil 23° 33′ South, 46° 38′ West –23.550, –46.634 Converting from DMS to DD is a relatively straightforward exercise. For example, since there are sixty minutes in one degree, we can convert 118° 15 minutes to 118.25 (118 + 15/60). Note that an online search of the term “coordinate conversion” will return several coordinate conversion tools. When we want to map things like mountains, rivers, streets, and buildings, we need to define how the lines of latitude and longitude will be oriented and positioned on the sphere. A datum serves this purpose and specifies exactly the orientation and origins of the lines of latitude and longitude relative to the center of the earth or spheroid. Depending on the need, situation, and location, there are several datums to choose from. For instance, local datums try to match closely the spheroid to the earth’s surface in a local area and return accurate local coordinates. A common local datum used in the United States is called NAD83 (i.e., North American Datum of 1983). For locations in the United States and Canada, NAD83 returns relatively accurate positions, but positional accuracy deteriorates when outside of North America. The global WGS84 datum (i.e., World Geodetic System of 1984) uses the center of the earth as the origin of the GCS and is used for defining locations across the globe. Because the datum uses the center of the earth as its origin, locational measurements tend to be more consistent regardless where they are obtained on the earth, though they may be less accurate than those returned by a local datum. Note that switching between datums will alter the coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude) for all locations of Previously we noted that the earth is really big. Not only is it big, but it is a big round spherical shape called a spheroid. A globe is a very common and very good representation of the three-dimensional, spheroid earth. One of the problems with globes, however, is that they are not very portable (i.e., you cannot fold a globe and put in it in your pocket), and their small scale makes them of limited practical use (i.e., geographic detail is sacrificed). To overcome these issues, it is necessary to transform the threedimensional shape of the earth to a two-dimensional surface like a flat piece of paper, computer screen, or mobile device display in order to obtain more useful map forms and map scales. Enter the map projection. Map projections refer to the methods and procedures that are used to transform the spherical threedimensional earth into two-dimensional planar surfaces. Specifically, map projections are mathematical formulas that are used to translate latitude and longitude on the surface of the earth to x and y coordinates on a plane. Since there are an infinite number of ways this translation can be performed, there are an infinite number of map projections. The mathematics behind map projections are beyond the scope of this introductory overview (but see Robinson et al. 1995; Muehrcke and Muehrcke 1998), for simplicity, the following discussion focuses on describing types of map projections, the distortions inherent to map projections, and the selection of appropriate map projections. To illustrate the concept of a map projection, imagine that we place a light bulb in the center of a translucent globe. On the globe are outlines of the continents and the lines of longitude and latitude called the graticule. When we turn the light bulb on, the outline of the continents and the graticule will be “projected” as shadows on the wall, ceiling, or any other nearby surface. This is what is meant by map Figure 2.10 The Concept of Map “Projection” Within the realm of maps and mapping, there are three surfaces used for map projections (i.e., surfaces on which we project the shadows of the graticule). These surfaces are the plane, the cylinder, and the cone. Referring again to the previous example of a light bulb in the center of a globe, note that during the projection process, we can situate each surface in any number of ways. For example, surfaces can be tangential to the globe along the equator or poles, they can pass through or intersect the surface, and they can be oriented at any number of angles. Figure 2.11 Map Projection Surfaces In fact, naming conventions for many map projections include the surface as well as its orientation. For example, as the name suggests, “planar” projections use the plane, “cylindrical” projections use cylinders, and “conic” projections use the cone. For cylindrical projections, the “normal” or “standard” aspect refers to when the cylinder is tangential to the equator (i.e., the axis of the cylinder is oriented north–south). When the axis of the cylinder is perfectly oriented east–west, the aspect is called “transverse,” and all other orientations are referred to as “oblique.” Regardless the orientation or the surface on which a projection is based, a number of distortions will be introduced that will influence the choice of map When moving from the three-dimensional surface of the earth to a two-dimensional plane, distortions are not only introduced but also inevitable. Generally, map projections introduce distortions in distance, angles, and areas. Depending on the purpose of the map, a series of trade-offs will need to be made with respect to such distortions. Map projections that accurately represent distances are referred to as equidistant projections. Note that distances are only correct in one direction, usually running north–south, and are not correct everywhere across the map. Equidistant maps are frequently used for small-scale maps that cover large areas because they do a good job of preserving the shape of geographic features such as continents. Maps that represent angles between locations, also referred to as bearings, are called conformal. Conformal map projections are used for navigational purposes due to the importance of maintaining a bearing or heading when traveling great distances. The cost of preserving bearings is that areas tend to be quite distorted in conformal map projections. Though shapes are more or less preserved over small areas, at small scales areas become wildly distorted. The Mercator projection is an example of a conformal projection and is famous for distorting Greenland. As the name indicates, equal area or equivalent projections preserve the quality of area. Such projections are of particular use when accurate measures or comparisons of geographical distributions are necessary (e.g., deforestation, wetlands). In an effort to maintain true proportions in the surface of the earth, features sometimes become compressed or stretched depending on the orientation of the projection. Moreover, such projections distort distances as well as angular relationships. As noted earlier, there are theoretically an infinite number of map projections to choose from. One of the key considerations behind the choice of map projection is to reduce the amount of distortion. The geographical object being mapped and the respective scale at which the map will be constructed are also important factors to think about. For instance, maps of the North and South Poles usually use planar or azimuthal projections, and conical projections are best suited for the middle latitude areas of the earth. Features that stretch east–west, such as the country of Russia, are represented well with the standard cylindrical projection, while countries oriented north–south (e.g., Chile, Norway) are better represented using a transverse projection. If a map projection is unknown, sometimes it can be identified by working backward and examining closely the nature and orientation of the graticule (i.e., grid of latitude and longitude), as well as the varying degrees of distortion. Clearly, there are trade-offs made with regard to distortion on every map. There are no hard-and-fast rules as to which distortions are more preferred over others. Therefore, the selection of map projection largely depends on the purpose of the map. Within the scope of GISs, knowing and understanding map projections are critical. For instance, in order to perform an overlay analysis like the one described earlier, all map layers need to be in the same projection. If they are not, geographical features will not be aligned properly, and any analyses performed will be inaccurate and incorrect. Most GISs include functions to assist in the identification of map projections, as well as to transform between projections in order to synchronize spatial data. Despite the capabilities of technology, an awareness of the potential and pitfalls that surround map projections is Map scale refers to the factor by which the real world is reduced to fit on a map. A GIS is multiscalar. Map projections are mathematical formulas used to transform the three-dimensional earth to two dimensions (e.g., paper maps, computer monitors). Map projections introduce distortions in distance, direction, and area. Determine and discuss the most appropriate representative fractions for the following verbal map scale descriptions: individual, neighborhood, urban, regional, national, and global. Go to the National Atlas website and read about map projections (http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html). Define the following terms: datum, developable surface, secant, azimuth, rhumb line, and zenithal. Describe the general properties of the following projections: Universe Transverse Mercator (UTM), State plane system, and Robinson projection. What are the scale, projection, and contour interval of the USGS topographic map that you downloaded for your place of residence? Find the latitude and longitude of your hometown. Explain how you can convert the coordinates from DD to DMS or vice versa. 2.3 Map Abstraction The objective of this section is to highlight the decision-making process behind maps and to underscore the need to be explicit and consistent when mapping and using geographic information systems (GISs). As previously discussed, maps are a representation of the earth. Central to this representation is the reduction of the earth and its features of interest to a manageable size (i.e., map scale) and its transformation into a useful two-dimensional form (i.e., map projection). The choice of both map scale and, to a lesser extent, map projection will influence the content and shape of the map. In addition to the seemingly objective decisions made behind the choices of map scale and map projection are those concerning what to include and what to omit from the map. The purpose of a map will certainly guide some of these decisions, but other choices may be based on factors such as space limitations, map complexity, and desired accuracy. Furthermore, decisions about how to classify, simplify, or exaggerate features and how to symbolize objects of interest simultaneously fall under the realms of art and science (Slocum et al. 2004). [1] The process of moving from the “real world” to the world of maps is referred to as map abstraction. This process not only involves making choices about how to represent features but also, more important with regard to geographic information systems (GISs), requires us to be explicit, consistent, and precise in terms of defining and describing geographical features of interest. Failure to be explicit, consistent, and precise will return incorrect; inconsistent; and error-prone maps, analyses, and decisions based on such maps and GISs. This final section discusses map abstraction in terms of geographical features and their respective graphical representation. What Is a Forest? One of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world is deforestation. Generally, deforestation refers to the reduction of forest area. This is an important issue because it has possible implications for climate change, global warming, biodiversity, and the water balance of the earth, among other things. In the last century, deforestation has increased at an alarming rate and is mostly attributed to human activity. Mapping forests regularly with a GIS is a logical way to monitor deforestation and has the potential to inform policies regarding forest conservation efforts. Easy enough, so let’s get started. So what exactly is a forest? How do we know where a forest begins and where it ends? How can naturally caused forest fires be differentiated from those started by humans? Can a forest exist in a swamp or wetland? For that matter, what is the difference between a swamp and wetland? Such questions are not trivial in the context of mapping and GISs. In fact, consistent and precise definitions of features like forests or swamps increase the reliability and efficiency of maps, mapping, and analysis with GISs. Figure 2.12 Deforestation in the Amazon: 2001 Within the realm of maps, cartography, and GISs, the world is made up of various features or entities. Such entities include but are not restricted to fire hydrants, caves, roads, rivers, lakes, hills, valleys, oceans, and the occasional barn. Moreover, such features have a form, and more precisely, a geometric form. For instance, fire hydrants and geysers are considered point-like features; rivers and streams are linear features; and lakes, countries, and forests are areal features. Features can also be categorized as either discrete or continuous. Discrete features are well defined and are easy to locate, measure, and count, and their edges or boundaries are readily defined. Examples of discrete features in a city include buildings, roads, traffic signals, and parks. Continuous features, on the other hand, are less well defined and exist across space. The most commonly cited examples of continuous features are temperature and elevation. Changes in both temperature and elevation tend to be gradual over relatively large areas. Geographical features also have several characteristics, traits, or attributes that may or may not be of interest. For instance, to continue the deforestation example, determining whether a forest is a rainforest or whether a forest is in a protected park may be important. More general attributes may include measurements such as tree density per acre, average canopy height in meters, or proportions like percent palm trees or invasive species per hectare in the forest. Notwithstanding the purpose of the map or GIS project at hand, it is critical that definitions of features are clear and remain consistent. Similarly, it is important that the attributes of features are also consistently defined, measured, and reported in order to generate accurate and effective maps in an efficient manner. Defining features and attributes of interest is often an iterative process of trial and error. Being able to associate a feature with a particular geometric form and to determine the feature type are central to map abstraction, facilitate mapping, and the application of GISs. Map Content and Generalization The shape and content of maps vary according to purpose, need, and resources, among other factors. What is common to most maps, and in particular to those within a GIS, is that they are graphical representations of reality. Put another way, various graphical symbols are used to represent geographical features or entities. Annotation or text is also commonly used on maps and facilitates map interpretation. Learning about map content and map generalization is important because they serve as the building blocks for spatial data that are used within a GIS. Building upon the previous discussion about the geometric form of geographic features, maps typically rely on three geometric objects: the point, the line, and the polygon or area. A point is defined by x and y coordinates, a line is defined by two points, and a polygon is defined by a minimum of three points. The important thing to note is that the definition of a point is analogous to a location that is defined by longitude and latitude. Furthermore, since lines and polygons are made up of points, location information (i.e., x and y, or longitude and latitude, coordinates) is intrinsic to points, lines, and polygons. Figure 2.14 Geographic Features as Points, Lines, and Polygons Both simple and complex maps can be made using these three relatively simple geometric objects. Additionally, by changing the graphical characteristics of each object, an infinite number of mapping possibilities emerge. Such changes can be made to the respective size, shape, color, and patterns of points, lines, and polygons. For instance, different sized points can be used to reflect variations in population size, line color or line size (i.e., thickness) can be used to denote volume or the amount of interaction between locations, and different colors and shapes can be used to reflect different values of interest. Figure 2.15 Variations in the Graphical Parameters of Points, Lines, and Polygons Complementing the graphical elements described previously is annotation or text. Annotation is used to identify particular geographic features, such as cities, states, bodies of water, or other points of interest. Like the graphical elements, text can be varied according to size, orientation, or color. There are also numerous text fonts and styles that are incorporated into maps. For example, bodies of water are often labeled in italics. Another map element that deserves to be mentioned and that combines both graphics and text is the map legend or map key. A map legend provides users information about the how geographic information is represented graphically. Legends usually consist of a title that describes the map, as well as the various symbols, colors, and patterns that are used on the map. Such information is often vital to the proper interpretation of a map. As more features and graphical elements are put on a given map, the need to generalize such features arises. Map generalization refers to the process of resolving conflicts associated with too much detail, too many features, or too much information to map. In particular, generalization can take several forms (Buttenfield and McMaster 1991): The simplification or symbolization of features for emphasis The masking or displacement of detail to increase clarity or legibility The selection of detail for inclusion or omission from the map The exaggeration of features for emphasis Determining which aspects of generalization to use is largely a matter of personal preference, experience, map purpose, and trial and error. Though there are general guidelines about map generalization, there are no universal standards or requirements with regard to the generalization of maps and mapping. It is at this point that cartographic and artistic license, prejudices and biases, and creativity and design sense—or lack thereof—emerge to shape the map. Making a map and, more generally, the process of mapping involve a range of decisions and choices. From the selection of the appropriate map scale and map projection to deciding which features to map and to omit, mapping is a complex blend of art and science. In fact, many historical maps are indeed viewed like works of art, and rightly so. Learning about the scale, shape, and content of maps serves to increase our understanding of maps, as well as deepen our appreciation of maps and map making. Ultimately, this increased geographical awareness and appreciation of maps promotes the sound and effective use and application of a GIS. Map abstraction refers to the process of explicitly defining and representing real-world features on a The three basic geometric forms of geographical features are the point, line, and polygon (or area). Map generalization refers to resolving conflicts that arise on a map due to limited space, too many details, or too much information. Examine an online map of where you live. Which forms of map generalization were used to create the map? Which three elements of generalization would you change? Which three elements are the most effective? If you were to start a GIS project on deforestation, what terms would need to be explicitly defined, and how would you define them? Waypoint: More than Just Clouds and Weather Image maps, in large part derived from satellites, are ubiquitous. Such maps can be found on the news, the Internet, in your car, and on your mobile phone. What’s more is that such images are in living color and of very high resolution. Not long ago, such image maps from satellites were the sole domain of meteorologists, local weather forecasters, and various government agencies. Public access to such images was pretty much limited to the evening news. Technological advances in imaging technology, in conjunction with the commercialization of space flight, opened the door for companies like GeoEye (http://www.geoeye.com) and DigitalGlobe (http://www.digitalglobe.com) to provide satellite imagery and maps to the masses at the turn of the twenty-first century. With online mapping services such as Google Earth providing free and user-friendly access to such images, a revolution in maps and mapping was born. Image maps now provide geographic context for nightly news stories around the world, serve as a backdrop to local real estate searches and driving directions, and are also used for research purposes . The popularity and widespread use of such images speaks not only to recent technological advances and innovations but also, perhaps more important, to the geographer in us all. Figure 2.17 The Inauguration of Barack Obama from Space GeoEye 2008. [1] Slocum, T., R. McMaster, F. Kessler, and H. Hugh. 2008. Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. [2] Buttenfield, B., and R. McMaster. 1991. Map Generalization. Harlow, England: Longman. Data, Information, and Where to Find Them Maps are shared, available, and distributed unlike at any other time in history. What’s more is that the process of mapping has also been decentralized and democratized so that many more people not only have access to maps but also are enabled and empowered to create their own maps. This democratization of maps and mapping is in large part attributable to a shift to digital map production and consumption. Unlike analog or hardcopy maps that are static or fixed once they are printed onto paper, digital maps are highly changeable, exchangeable, and as noted in Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy", dynamic in terms of scale, form, and content. To understand digital maps and mapping, it is necessary to put them into the context of computing and information technology. First, this chapter provides an introduction to the building blocks of digital maps and geographic information systems (GISs), with particular emphasis placed upon how data and information are stored as files on a computer. Second, key issues and considerations as they relate to data acquisition and data standards are presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of where data for use with a GIS can be found. This chapter serves as the bridge between the conceptual materials presented in Chapter 1 "Introduction" and Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy"and the chapters that follow, which contain more formal discussions about the use and application of a GIS. 3.1 Data and Information The objective of this section is to define and describe data and information and how it is organized into files for use in a computing and geographic information system (GIS) environment. To understand how we get from analog to digital maps, let’s begin with the building blocks and foundations of the geographic information system (GIS)—namely, data and information. As already noted on several occasions, GIS stores, edits, processes, and presents data and information. But what exactly is data? And what exactly is information? For many, the terms “data” and “information” refer to the same thing. For our purposes, it is useful to make a distinction between the two. Generally, data refer to facts, measurements, characteristics, or traits of an object of interest. For you grammar sticklers out there, note that “data” is the plural form of “datum.” For example, we can collect all kinds of data about all kinds of things, like the length of rainbow trout in a Colorado stream, the number of vegetarians in Alaska, the diameter of mahogany tree trunks in the Brazilian rainforest, student scores on the last GIS midterm, the altitude of mountain peaks in Nepal, the depth of snow in the Austrian Alps, or the number of people who use public transportation to get to work in London. Once data are put into context, used to answer questions, situated within analytical frameworks, or used to obtain insights, they become information. For our purposes, information simply refers to the knowledge of value obtained through the collection, interpretation, and/or analysis of data. Though a computer is not necessary to collect, record, manipulate, process, or visualize data, or to process it into information, information technology can be of great help. For instance, computers can automate repetitive tasks, store data efficiently in terms of space and cost, and provide a range of tools for analyzing data from spreadsheets to GISs, of course. What’s more is the fact that the incredible amount of data collected each and every day by satellites, grocery store product scanners, traffic sensors, temperature gauges, and your mobile phone carrier, to name just a few, would not be possible without the aid and innovation of information technology. Since this is a text about GISs, it is useful to also define geographic data. Like generic data, geographic or spatial data refer to geographic facts, measurements, or characteristics of an object that permit us to define its location on the surface of the earth. Such data include but are not restricted to the latitude and longitude coordinates of points of interest, street addresses, postal codes, political boundaries, and even the names of places of interest. It is also important to note and reemphasize the difference between geographic data and attribute data, which was discussed in Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy". Where geographic data are concerned with defining the location of an object of interest, attribute data are concerned with its nongeographic traits and characteristics. To illustrate the distinction between geographic and attribute data, think about your home where you grew up or where you currently live. Within the context of this discussion, we can associate both geographic and attribute data to it. For instance, we can define the location of your home many ways, such as with a street address, the street names of the nearest intersection, the postal code where your home is located, or we could use a global positioning system–enabled device to obtain latitude and longitude coordinates. What is important is geographic data permit us to define the location of an object (i.e., your home) on the surface of the earth. In addition to the geographic data that define the location of your home are the attribute data that describe the various qualities of your home. Such data include but are not restricted to the number of bedrooms and bathrooms in your home, whether or not your home has central heat, the year when your home was built, the number of occupants, and whether or not there is a swimming pool. These attribute data tell us a lot about your home but relatively little about where it is. Not only is it useful to recognize and understand how geographic and attribute data differ and complement each other, but it is also of central importance when learning about and using GISs. Because a GIS requires and integrates these two distinct types of data, being able to differentiate between geographic and attribute data is the first step in organizing your GIS. Furthermore, being able to determine which kinds of data you need will ultimately aid in your implementation and use of a GIS. More often than not, and in the age and context of information technology, the data and information discussed thus far is the stuff of computer files, which are the focus of the next section. Of Files and Formats… When we collect data about your home, rainforests, or anything, really, we usually need to put them somewhere. Though we may scribble numbers and measures on the back of an envelope or write them down on a pad of paper, if we want to update, share, analyze, or map them in the future, it is often useful to record them in digital form so a computer can read them. Though we won’t bother ourselves with the bits and bytes of computing, it is necessary to discuss some basic elements of computing that are both relevant and required when learning and working with a GIS. One of the most common elements of working with computers and computing itself is the file. Files in a computer can contain any number of things from a complex set of instructions (e.g., a computer program) to a list of numbers and letters (e.g., address book). Furthermore, computer files come in all different sizes and types. One of the clues we can use to distinguish one file from another is the file extension. The file extension refers to the letters that follow the period (“.”) after the name of the file. Table 3.1 contains some of the most common file extensions and the types of files with which they are associated. filename.txt filename.doc Microsoft Word document filename.pdf filename.jpg Compressed image file filename.tif Tagged image format filename.html Hypertext markup language (used to create web pages) filename.xml Extensible markup language filename.zip Zipped/compressed archive Some computer programs may be able to read or work with only certain file types, while others are more adept at reading multiple file formats. What you will realize as you begin to work more with information technology, and GISs in particular, is that familiarity with different file types is important. Learning how to convert or export one file type to another is also a very useful and valuable skill to obtain. In this regard, being able to recognize and knowing how to identify different and unfamiliar file types will undoubtedly increase your proficiency with computers and GISs. Of the numerous file types that exist, one of the most common and widely accessed file is the simple text, plain text, or just text file. Simple text files can be read widely by word processing programs, spreadsheet and database programs, and web browsers. Often ending with the extension “.txt” (i.e.,filename.txt), text files contain no special formatting (e.g., bold, italic, underlining) and contain only alphanumeric characters. In other words, images or complex graphics are not well suited for text files. Text files, however, are ideal for recording, sharing, and exchanging data because most computers and operating systems can recognize and read simple text files with programs called text editors. When a text file contains data that are organized or structured in some fashion, it is sometimes called a flat file (but the file extension remains the same, i.e., .txt). Generally, flat files are organized in a tabular format or line by line. In other words, each line or row of the file contains one and only one record. So if we collected height measurements on three people, Tim, Jake, and Harry, the file might look something Name Height Harry 6’2” Each row corresponds to one and only one record, observation or case. There are two other important elements to know about this file. First, note that the first row does not contain any data; rather, it provides a description of the data contained in each column. When the first row of a file contains such descriptors, it is referred to as a header row or just a header. Columns in a flat file are also called fields, variables, or attributes. “Height” is the attribute, field, or variable that we are interested in, and the observations or cases in our data set are “Tim,” “Jake,” and “Harry.” In short, rows are for records; columns are for fields. The second unseen but critical element to the file is the spaces in between each column or field. In the example, it appears as though a space separates the “name” column from the “height” column. Upon closer inspection, however, note how the initial values of the “height” column are aligned. If a single space was being used to separate each column, the height column would not be aligned. In this case a tab is being used to separate the columns of each row. The character that is used to separate columns within a flat file is called the delimiter or separator. Though any character can be used as a delimiter, the most common delimiters are the tab, the comma, and a single space. The following are examples of each. Tab-Delimited Single-Space-Delimited Comma-Delimited Height Name Height Name, Height Tim 6.1 Tim, 6.1 Jake 5.9 Jake, 5.9 Harry 6.2 Harry, 6.2 Knowing the delimiter to a flat file is important because it enables us to distinguish and separate the columns efficiently and without error. Sometimes such files are referred to by their delimiter, such as a “comma-separated values” file or a “tab-delimited” file. When recording and working with geographic data, the same general format is applied. Rows are reserved for records, or in the case of geographic data, locations and columns or fields are used for the attributes or variables associated with each location. For example, the following tab-delimited flat file contains data for three places (i.e., countries) and three attributes or characteristics of each country (i.e., population, language, continent) as noted by the header. Country Population Language 192,000,000 Portuguese South America Australia 22,000,000 Files like those presented here are the building blocks of the various tables, charts, reports, graphs, and other visualizations that we see each and every day online, in print, and on television. They are also key components to the maps and geographic representations created by GISs. Rarely if ever, however, will you work with one and only one file or file type. More often than not, and especially when working with GISs, you will work with multiple files. Such a grouping of multiple files is called a database. Since the files within a database may be different sizes, shapes, and even formats, we need to devise some type of system that will allow us to work, update, edit, integrate, share, and display the various data within the database. Such a system is generally referred to as a database management system (DBMS). Databases and DBMSs are so important to GISs that a later chapter is dedicated to them. For now it is enough to remember that file types are like ice cream—they come in all different kinds of flavors. In light of such variety, Section 3.2 "Data about Data" details some of the key issues that need to be considered when acquiring and working with data and information for GISs. Data refer to specific facts, measurements, or characteristics of objects and phenomena of interest. Information refers to knowledge of value that is obtained from the analysis of data. What is the difference between data and information? What are the differences between spatial and attribute data? Identify each of the files in Table 3.1 according to their extension. Search for and download three different simple text or flat files. Open them in a word processor and spreadsheet program. Use the search and replace function to change the delimiters (e.g., from commas to tabs or vice versa). The US Bureau of Census distributes geospatial data as TIGER files. What are they? Identify resources and websites on the Internet that can help you make sense of file extensions. 3.2 Data about Data The objective of this section is to highlight the difference between primary and secondary data sources and to understand the importance of metadata and data standards. Consider the following comma-delimited file: city, sun, temp, precip Los Angeles, 300, 70, 10 London, 50, 55, 40 Singapore, 330, 80, 60 Looking at the contents of the file, we can see that it contains data about the cities of Los Angeles, London, and Singapore. As noted, each field or attribute is separated by a comma, and the file also contains a header row that tells us about the data contained in each column. Or does it? What does the column “sun” refer to? Is it the number of sunny days this year, last year, annually, or when? What about “temp”? Does this refer to the average daytime, evening, or annual temperature? For that matter, how is temperature measured? In Celsius? Fahrenheit? Kelvin? The column “precip” probably refers to precipitation, but again, what are the units or time frame for such measures and data? Finally, where did these data come from? Who collected them, when were they collected and It is amazing to think that such a small text file can lead to so many questions. Now let’s extend the example to a file with one hundred records on ten variables, one thousand records on one hundred variables or better yet, ten thousand records on one thousand variables. Through this rather simple example, a number of general but central issues that are related to data emerge. Such issues range from the relatively mundane naming conventions that are used to identify individual records (i.e., rows) and distinguish one field (i.e., column) from another, to the issue of providing documentation about what data are included in a given file; when the data were collected; for what purpose are the data to be used; who collected them; and, of course, where did the data come from? The previous simple text file illustrates how we cannot and should not take data and information for granted. It also highlights two important concepts with regard to the source of data and to the contents of data files. With regard to data sources, data can be put into one of two distinct categories. The first category is called primary data. Primary data refer to data that are collected directly or on a firsthand basis. For example, if you wanted to examine the variability of local temperatures in the month of May, and you recorded the temperature at noon every day in May, you would be constructing a primary data set. Conversely, secondary data refer to data collected by someone else or some other party. For instance, when we work with census or economic data collected and distributed by the government, we are using secondary data. Several factors influence the decision behind the construction and use of primary data sets versus secondary data sets. Among the most important factors are the costs associated with data acquisition in terms of money, availability, and time. In fact, the data acquisition and integration phase of most geographic information system (GIS) projects is often the most time consuming. In other words, locating, obtaining, and putting together the data to be used for a GIS project, whether you collect the data yourself or use secondary data, may indeed take up most of your time. Of course, depending on the purpose, availability, and need, it may not be necessary to construct an entirely new data set (i.e., primary data set). In light of the vast amounts of data and information that are publicly available, for example, via the Internet, the cost and time savings of using secondary data often offset any benefits that are associated with primary data collection. Now that we have a basic understanding of the difference between primary and secondary data, as well as the rationale behind each, how do we go about finding the data and information that we need? As noted earlier, there is an incredibly vast and growing amount of data and information available to us, and performing an online search for “deforestation data” will return hundreds—if not thousands—of results. To overcome this data and information overload we need to turn to…even more data. In particular, we are looking for a special kind of data called metadata. Simply defined, metadata are data about data. At one level, a header row in a simple text file like those discussed in the previous section is analogous to metadata. The header row provides data (e.g., names and labels) about the subsequent rows of data. Header rows themselves, however, may need additional explanation as previously illustrated. Furthermore, when working with or searching through several data sets, it can be quite tedious at best or impossible at worst to open each and every file in order to determine its contents and usability. Enter metadata. Today many files, and in particular secondary data sets, come with a metadata file. These metadata files contain items such as general descriptions about the contents of the file, definitions for the various terms used to identify records (rows) and fields (fields), the range of values for fields, the quality or reliability of the data and measurements, how the data were collected, when the data were collected, and who collected the data. Though not all data are accompanied by metadata, it is easy to see and understand why metadata are important and valuable when searching for secondary data, as well as when constructing primary data that may be shared in Just as simple files come in all shapes, sizes, and formats, so too do metadata. As the amount and availability of data and information increase each and every day, metadata play a critical role in making sense of it all. The class of metadata that we are most concerned with when working with a GIS is calledgeospatial metadata. As the name suggests, geospatial metadata are data about geographical and spatial data. According to the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) in the United States (see http://www.fgdc.gov), “Geospatial metadata are used to document geographic digital resources such as GIS files, geospatial databases, and earth imagery. A geospatial metadata record includes core library catalog elements such as Title, Abstract, and Publication Data; geographic elements such as Geographic Extent and Projection Information; and database elements such as Attribute Label Definitions and Attribute Domain Values.” The definition of geospatial metadata is about improving transparency when it comes to data, as well as promoting standards. Take a few moments to explore and examine the contents of a geospatial metadata file that conforms to the FGDC here. Generally, standards refer to widely promoted, accepted, and followed rules and practices. Given the range and variability of data and data sources, identifying a common thread to locate and understand the contents of any given file can be a challenge. Just as the rules of grammar and mathematics provide the foundations for communication and numeric calculations, respectively, metadata provide similar frameworks for working with and sharing data and information from various sources. The central point behind metadata is that it facilitates data and information sharing. Within the context of large organizations such as governments, data and information sharing can eliminate redundancies and increase efficiencies. Moreover, access to data and information promotes the integration of different data that can improve analyses, inform decisions, and shape policy. The role that metadata—and in particular geospatial metadata—play in the world of GISs is critical and offers enormous benefits in terms of cost and time savings. It is precisely the sharing, widespread distribution and integration of various geographic and nongeographic data and information, enabled by metadata, that drive some of the most interesting and compelling innovations in GISs and the broader geospatial information technology community. More important, widespread access, distribution, and sharing of geographic data and information have important social costs and benefits and yield better analyses and more informed decisions. Primary data refer to data that are obtained via direct observation or measure, and secondary data refer to data collected by a different party. Data acquisition is among the most time-consuming aspects of any GIS project. Metadata are data about data and promote data exchange, dissemination, and integration. What are the costs and benefits of using primary data instead of secondary data? Refer to the Federal Geographic Data Committee website (http://www.fgdc.gov) and describe in detail what information should be included in a metadata file. Why are metadata and standards important? 3.3 Finding Data The objective of this section is to identify and evaluate key considerations when searching for data. Now that we have a basic understanding of data and information, where can we find such data and information? Though an Internet search will certainly come up with myriad sources and types of data, the hunt for relevant and useful data is often a challenging and iterative process. Therefore, prior to hopping online and downloading the first thing that appears from a web search, it is useful to frame our search for data with the following questions and considerations: What exactly is the purpose of the data? Given the fact the world is swimming in vast amounts of data, articulating why we need (or why we don’t need) a given set of data will streamline the search for useful and relevant data. To this end, the more specific we can be about the purpose of the needed data, the more efficient our search for data will be. For example, if we are interested in understanding and studying economic growth, it is useful to determine both temporal and geographic scales. In other words, for what time periods (e.g., 1850–1900) and intervals (e.g., quarterly, annually) are we interested, and at what level of analysis (e.g., national, regional, state)? Oftentimes, data availability, or more specifically, the lack of relevant data, will force us to change the purpose or scope of our original question. A clear purpose will yield a more efficient search for data and enables us to accept or discard quickly the various data sets that we may come across. 2. The second question we need to ask ourselves is what data already exist and to what data do we have access already? Prior to searching for new data, it is always a good idea to take an inventory of the data that we already have. Such data may be from previous projects or analyses, or from colleagues and classmates, but the key point here is that we can save a lot of time and effort by using data that we already possess. Furthermore, by identifying what we have, we get a better understanding of what we need. For instance, though we may already have census data (i.e., attribute data), we may need updated geographic data that contains the boundaries of US states or counties. 3. Next, we need to assess and evaluate the costs associated with data acquisition. Data acquisition costs go beyond financial costs. Just as important as the financial costs to data are those that involve your time. After all, time is money. The time and energy you spend on collecting, finding, cleaning, and formatting data are time and energy taken away from data analysis. Depending on deadlines, time constraints, and deliverables, it is critical to learn how to manage your time when looking for data. 4. Finally, the format of the data that is needed is of critical importance. Though many programs can read many formats of data, there are some data types that can only be read by some programs and some programs that require particular data formats. Understanding what data formats you can use and those that you cannot will aid in your search for data. For instance, one of the most common forms of geographic information system (GIS) data is called the shapefile. Not all GIS programs can read or use shapefiles, but it may be necessary to convert to or from a shapefile or some other format. Hence, as noted earlier, the more data formats with which we are familiar, the better off we will be in our search for data because we will have an understanding of not only what we can use but also what format conversions will need to be made if necessary. All these questions are of equal importance and being able to answer them will assist in a more efficient and effective search for data. Obviously, there are several other considerations behind the search for data, and in particular GIS data, but those listed here provide an initial pathway to a successful search for data. As information technology evolves, and as more and more data are collected and distributed, the various forms of data that can be used with a GIS increases. Generally, and as discussed previously, a GIS uses and integrates two types of data: geographic data and attribute data. Sometimes the source of both geographic and attribute data are one in the same. For instance, the US Bureau of Census (http://www.census.gov) distributes geographic boundary files (e.g., census tract level, county level, state level) as well as the associated attribute data (e.g., population, race/ethnicity, income). What’s more is that such data are freely available at no charge. In many respects, US census data are exceptional: they are free and comprehensive. If only all data were free and comprehensive! Obviously, each and every search for data will vary according to purpose, but data from governments tend to have good coverage and provide a point of reference from which other data can be added, compared, and evaluated. Whether you need satellite imagery data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (http://www.nasa.gov) or land use data from the United States Geological Survey (http://www.usgs.gov), such government sources tend to be reliable, reputable, and consistent. Another key element of most government data is that they are freely accessible to the public. In other words, there is no charge to use or to acquire the data. Data that are free to use are generally called public data. Unlike publicly available data, there are numerous sources of private or proprietary data. The main difference between public and private data is that the former tend to be free, and the latter must be acquired at a cost. Furthermore, there are often restrictions on the redistribution and dissemination of proprietary data sets (i.e., sharing the purchased data is not allowed). Again, depending on the subject matter, proprietary data may be the only option. Another reason for using proprietary data is that the data may be formatted and cleaned according to your needs. The trade-off between financial cost and time saved is one that must be seriously considered and evaluated when working with deadlines. The search for data, and in particular the data that you need, is often the most time consuming aspect of any GIS-related project. Therefore, it is critical to try to define and clarify your data requirements and needs—from the temporal and geographic scales of data to the formats required— as clearly as possible and as early as possible. Such definition and clarity will pay dividends in your search for the right data, which in turn will yield better analyses and well-informed decisions. Prior to searching for data, ask yourself the following questions: Why do I need the data? At what time scale do I need the data? At what geographic scale do I want the data? What data already exist? What format do I need the data? Identify five possible sources for data on the gross domestic product (GDP) for the countries in Africa. Identify two sources for geographic data (boundary files) for Africa. What kind of geographic data does the United Nations provide? Data Models for GIS In order to visualize natural phenomena, one must first determine how to best represent geographic space. Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. Two primary data models are available to complete this task: raster data models and vector data models. 4.1 Raster Data Models The objective of this section is to understand how raster data models are implemented in GIS The raster data model is widely used in applications ranging far beyond geographic information systems (GISs). Most likely, you are already very familiar with this data model if you have any experience with digital photographs. The ubiquitous JPEG, BMP, and TIFF file formats (among others) are based on the raster data model (see Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.3 "File Formats"). Take a moment to view your favorite digital image. If you zoom deeply into the image, you will notice that it is composed of an array of tiny square pixels (or picture elements). Each of these uniquely colored pixels, when viewed as a whole, combines to form a coherent image (Figure 4.1 "Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image"). Figure 4.1 Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image Furthermore, all liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors are based on raster technology as they are composed of a set number of rows and columns of pixels. Notably, the foundation of this technology predates computers and digital cameras by nearly a century. The neoimpressionist artist, Georges Seurat, developed a painting technique referred to as “pointillism” in the 1880s, which similarly relies on the amassing of small, monochromatic “dots” of ink that combine to form a larger image (Figure 4.2 "Pointillist Artwork"). If you are as generous as the author, you may indeed think of your raster dataset creations as sublime works of art. Figure 4.2 Pointillist Artwork The raster data model consists of rows and columns of equally sized pixels interconnected to form a planar surface. These pixels are used as building blocks for creating points, lines, areas, networks, and surfaces (Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy", Figure 2.6 "Map Overlay Process" illustrates how a land parcel can be converted to a raster representation). Although pixels may be triangles, hexagons, or even octagons, square pixels represent the simplest geometric form with which to work. Accordingly, the vast majority of available raster GIS data are built on the square pixel (Figure 4.3 "Common Raster Graphics Used in GIS Applications: Aerial Photograph (left) and USGS DEM (right)"). These squares are typically reformed into rectangles of various dimensions if the data model is transformed from one projection to another (e.g., from State Plane coordinates to UTM [Universal Transverse Mercator] coordinates). Figure 4.3 Common Raster Graphics Used in GIS Applications: Aerial Photograph (left) and USGS DEM (right) Source: Data available from U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD. Because of the reliance on a uniform series of square pixels, the raster data model is referred to as a grid-based system. Typically, a single data value will be assigned to each grid locale. Each cell in a raster carries a single value, which represents the characteristic of the spatial phenomenon at a location denoted by its row and column. The data type for that cell value can be either integer or floating-point (Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.1 "Geographic Data Acquisition"). Alternatively, the raster graphic can reference a database management system wherein open-ended attribute tables can be used to associate multiple data values to each pixel. The advance of computer technology has made this second methodology increasingly feasible as large datasets are no longer constrained by computer storage issues as they were previously. The raster model will average all values within a given pixel to yield a single value. Therefore, the more area covered per pixel, the less accurate the associated data values. The area covered by each pixel determines thespatial resolution of the raster model from which it is derived. Specifically, resolution is determined by measuring one side of the square pixel. A raster model with pixels representing 10 m by 10 m (or 100 square meters) in the real world would be said to have a spatial resolution of 10 m; a raster model with pixels measuring 1 km by 1 km (1 square kilometer) in the real world would be said to have a spatial resolution of 1 km; and so forth. Care must be taken when determining the resolution of a raster because using an overly coarse pixel resolution will cause a loss of information, whereas using overly fine pixel resolution will result in significant increases in file size and computer processing requirements during display and/or analysis. An effective pixel resolution will take both the map scale and the minimum mapping unit of the other GIS data into consideration. In the case of raster graphics with coarse spatial resolution, the data values associated with specific locations are not necessarily explicit in the raster data model. For example, if the location of telephone poles were mapped on a coarse raster graphic, it would be clear that the entire cell would not be filled by the pole. Rather, the pole would be assumed to be located somewhere within that cell (typically at the center). Imagery employing the raster data model must exhibit several properties. First, each pixel must hold at least one value, even if that data value is zero. Furthermore, if no data are present for a given pixel, a data value placeholder must be assigned to this grid cell. Often, an arbitrary, readily identifiable value (e.g., −9999) will be assigned to pixels for which there is no data value. Second, a cell can hold any alphanumeric index that represents an attribute. In the case of quantitative datasets, attribute assignation is fairly straightforward. For example, if a raster image denotes elevation, the data values for each pixel would be some indication of elevation, usually in feet or meters. In the case of qualitative datasets, data values are indices that necessarily refer to some predetermined translational rule. In the case of a land-use/land-cover raster graphic, the following rule may be applied: 1 = grassland, 2 = agricultural, 3 = disturbed, and so forth (Figure 4.4 "Land-Use/LandCover Raster Image"). The third property of the raster data model is that points and lines “move” to the center of the cell. As one might expect, if a 1 km resolution raster image contains a river or stream, the location of the actual waterway within the “river” pixel will be unclear. Therefore, there is a general assumption that all zero-dimensional (point) and one-dimensional (line) features will be located toward the center of the cell. As a corollary, the minimum width for any line feature must necessarily be one cell regardless of the actual width of the feature. If it is not, the feature will not be represented in the image and will therefore be assumed to be absent. Figure 4.4 Land-Use/Land-Cover Raster Image Several methods exist for encoding raster data from scratch. Three of these models are as follows: Cell-by-cell raster encoding. This minimally intensive method encodes a raster by creating records for each cell value by row and column (Figure 4.5 "Cell-by-Cell Encoding of Raster Data"). This method could be thought of as a large spreadsheet wherein each cell of the spreadsheet represents a pixel in the raster image. This method is also referred to as “exhaustive enumeration.” 2. Run-length raster encoding. This method encodes cell values in runs of similarly valued pixels and can result in a highly compressed image file (Figure 4.6 "Run-Length Encoding of Raster Data"). The run-length encoding method is useful in situations where large groups of neighboring pixels have similar values (e.g., discrete datasets such as land use/land cover or habitat suitability) and is less useful where neighboring pixel values vary widely (e.g., continuous datasets such as elevation or sea-surface temperatures). 3. Quad-tree raster encoding. This method divides a raster into a hierarchy of quadrants that are subdivided based on similarly valued pixels (Figure 4.7 "Quad-Tree Encoding of Raster Data"). The division of the raster stops when a quadrant is made entirely from cells of the same value. A quadrant that cannot be subdivided is called a “leaf node.” Figure 4.5 Cell-by-Cell Encoding of Raster Data Figure 4.6 Run-Length Encoding of Raster Data Figure 4.7 Quad-Tree Encoding of Raster Data Advantages/Disadvantages of the Raster Model The use of a raster data model confers many advantages. First, the technology required to create raster graphics is inexpensive and ubiquitous. Nearly everyone currently owns some sort of raster image generator, namely a digital camera, and few cellular phones are sold today that don’t include such functionality. Similarly, a plethora of satellites are constantly beaming up-to-the-minute raster graphics to scientific facilities across the globe (Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.3 "File Formats"). These graphics are often posted online for private and/or public use, occasionally at no cost to Additional advantages of raster graphics are the relative simplicity of the underlying data structure. Each grid location represented in the raster image correlates to a single value (or series of values if attributes tables are included). This simple data structure may also help explain why it is relatively easy to perform overlay analyses on raster data (for more on overlay analyses, see Chapter 7 "Geospatial Analysis I: Vector Operations", Section 7.1 "Single Layer Analysis"). This simplicity also lends itself to easy interpretation and maintenance of the graphics, relative to its vector counterpart. Despite the advantages, there are also several disadvantages to using the raster data model. The first disadvantage is that raster files are typically very large. Particularly in the case of raster images built from the cell-by-cell encoding methodology, the sheer number of values stored for a given dataset result in potentially enormous files. Any raster file that covers a large area and has somewhat finely resolved pixels will quickly reach hundreds of megabytes in size or more. These large files are only getting larger as the quantity and quality of raster datasets continues to keep pace with quantity and quality of computer resources and raster data collectors (e.g., digital cameras, satellites). A second disadvantage of the raster model is that the output images are less “pretty” than their vector counterparts. This is particularly noticeable when the raster images are enlarged or zoomed (refer to Figure 4.1 "Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image"). Depending on how far one zooms into a raster image, the details and coherence of that image will quickly be lost amid a pixilated sea of seemingly randomly colored grid cells. The geometric transformations that arise during map reprojection efforts can cause problems for raster graphics and represent a third disadvantage to using the raster data model. As described in Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy", Section 2.2 "Map Scale, Coordinate Systems, and Map Projections", changing map projections will alter the size and shape of the original input layer and frequently result in the loss or addition of pixels (White 2006). These alterations will result in the perfect square pixels of the input layer taking on some alternate rhomboidal dimensions. However, the problem is larger than a simple reformation of the square pixel. Indeed, the reprojection of a raster image dataset from one projection to another brings change to pixel values that may, in turn, significantly alter the output information (Seong The final disadvantage of using the raster data model is that it is not suitable for some types of spatial analyses. For example, difficulties arise when attempting to overlay and analyze multiple raster graphics produced at differing scales and pixel resolutions. Combining information from a raster image with 10 m spatial resolution with a raster image with 1 km spatial resolution will most likely produce nonsensical output information as the scales of analysis are far too disparate to result in meaningful and/or interpretable conclusions. In addition, some network and spatial analyses (i.e., determining directionality or geocoding) can be problematic to perform on raster data. Raster data are derived from a grid-based system of contiguous cells containing specific attribute The spatial resolution of a raster dataset represents a measure of the accuracy or detail of the displayed The raster data model is widely used by non-GIS technologies such as digital cameras/pictures and LCD monitors. Care should be taken to determine whether the raster or vector data model is best suited for your data and/or analytical needs. Examine a digital photo you have taken recently. Can you estimate its spatial resolution? If you were to create a raster data file showing the major land-use types in your county, which encoding method would you use? What method would you use if you were to encode a map of the major waterways in your county? Why? [1] White, D. 2006. “Display of Pixel Loss and Replication in Reprojecting Raster Data from the Sinusoidal Projection.” Geocarto International 21 (2): 19–22. [2] Seong, J. C. 2003. “Modeling the Accuracy of Image Data Reprojection.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 24 (11): 2309–21. 4.2 Vector Data Models The objective of this section is to understand how vector data models are implemented in GIS In contrast to the raster data model is the vector data model. In this model, space is not quantized into discrete grid cells like the raster model. Vector data models use points and their associated X, Y coordinate pairs to represent the vertices of spatial features, much as if they were being drawn on a map by hand (Aronoff 1989). [1] The data attributes of these features are then stored in a separate database management system. The spatial information and the attribute information for these models are linked via a simple identification number that is given to each feature in a map. Three fundamental vector types exist in geographic information systems (GISs): points, lines, and polygons (Figure 4.8 "Points, Lines, and Polygons"). Points are zero-dimensional objects that contain only a single coordinate pair. Points are typically used to model singular, discrete features such as buildings, wells, power poles, sample locations, and so forth. Points have only the property of location. Other types of point features include the node and the vertex. Specifically, a point is a standalone feature, while a node is a topological junction representing a common X, Y coordinate pair between intersecting lines and/or polygons. Vertices are defined as each bend along a line or polygon feature that is not the intersection of lines or polygons. Figure 4.8 Points, Lines, and Polygons Points can be spatially linked to form more complex features. Lines are one-dimensional features composed of multiple, explicitly connected points. Lines are used to represent linear features such as roads, streams, faults, boundaries, and so forth. Lines have the property of length. Lines that directly connect two nodes are sometimes referred to as chains, edges, segments, or arcs. Polygons are two-dimensional features created by multiple lines that loop back to create a “closed” feature. In the case of polygons, the first coordinate pair (point) on the first line segment is the same as the last coordinate pair on the last line segment. Polygons are used to represent features such as city boundaries, geologic formations, lakes, soil associations, vegetation communities, and so forth. Polygons have the properties of area and perimeter. Polygons are also called areas. Vector Data Models Structures Vector data models can be structured many different ways. We will examine two of the more common data structures here. The simplest vector data structure is called the spaghetti data model (Dangermond In the spaghetti model, each point, line, and/or polygon feature is represented as a string of X, Y coordinate pairs (or as a single X, Y coordinate pair in the case of a vector image with a single point) with no inherent structure (Figure 4.9 "Spaghetti Data Model"). One could envision each line in this model to be a single strand of spaghetti that is formed into complex shapes by the addition of more and more strands of spaghetti. It is notable that in this model, any polygons that lie adjacent to each other must be made up of their own lines, or stands of spaghetti. In other words, each polygon must be uniquely defined by its own set of X, Y coordinate pairs, even if the adjacent polygons share the exact same boundary information. This creates some redundancies within the data model and therefore reduces efficiency. Figure 4.9 Spaghetti Data Model Despite the location designations associated with each line, or strand of spaghetti, spatial relationships are not explicitly encoded within the spaghetti model; rather, they are implied by their location. This results in a lack of topological information, which is problematic if the user attempts to make measurements or analysis. The computational requirements, therefore, are very steep if any advanced analytical techniques are employed on vector files structured thusly. Nevertheless, the simple structure of the spaghetti data model allows for efficient reproduction of maps and graphics as this topological information is unnecessary for plotting and printing. In contrast to the spaghetti data model, the topological data model is characterized by the inclusion of topological information within the dataset, as the name implies. Topology is a set of rules that model the relationships between neighboring points, lines, and polygons and determines how they share geometry. For example, consider two adjacent polygons. In the spaghetti model, the shared boundary of two neighboring polygons is defined as two separate, identical lines. The inclusion of topology into the data model allows for a single line to represent this shared boundary with an explicit reference to denote which side of the line belongs with which polygon. Topology is also concerned with preserving spatial properties when the forms are bent, stretched, or placed under similar geometric transformations, which allows for more efficient projection and reprojection of map files. Three basic topological precepts that are necessary to understand the topological data model are outlined here. First, connectivity describes the arc-node topology for the feature dataset. As discussed previously, nodes are more than simple points. In the topological data model, nodes are the intersection points where two or more arcs meet. In the case of arc-node topology, arcs have both a from-node (i.e., starting node) indicating where the arc begins and a to-node (i.e., ending node) indicating where the arc ends (Figure 4.10 "Arc-Node Topology"). In addition, between each node pair is a line segment, sometimes called a link, which has its own identification number and references both its from-node and to-node. In Figure 4.10 "Arc-Node Topology", arcs 1, 2, and 3 all intersect because they share node 11. Therefore, the computer can determine that it is possible to move along arc 1 and turn onto arc 3, while it is not possible to move from arc 1 to arc 5, as they do not share a common node. Figure 4.10 Arc-Node Topology The second basic topological precept is area definition. Area definition states that an arc that connects to surround an area defines a polygon, also called polygon-arc topology. In the case of polygon-arc topology, arcs are used to construct polygons, and each arc is stored only once (Figure 4.11 "Polygon-Arc Topology"). This results in a reduction in the amount of data stored and ensures that adjacent polygon boundaries do not overlap. In the Figure 4.11 "Polygon-Arc Topology", the polygon-arc topology makes it clear that polygon F is made up of arcs 8, 9, and 10. Figure 4.11 Polygon-Arc Topology Contiguity, the third topological precept, is based on the concept that polygons that share a boundary are deemed adjacent. Specifically, polygon topology requires that all arcs in a polygon have a direction (a from-node and a to-node), which allows adjacency information to be determined (Figure 4.12 "Polygon Topology"). Polygons that share an arc are deemed adjacent, or contiguous, and therefore the “left” and “right” side of each arc can be defined. This left and right polygon information is stored explicitly within the attribute information of the topological data model. The “universe polygon” is an essential component of polygon topology that represents the external area located outside of the study area. Figure 4.12 "Polygon Topology" shows that arc 6 is bound on the left by polygon B and to the right by polygon C. Polygon A, the universe polygon, is to the left of arcs 1, 2, and 3. Figure 4.12 Polygon Topology Topology allows the computer to rapidly determine and analyze the spatial relationships of all its included features. In addition, topological information is important because it allows for efficient error detection within a vector dataset. In the case of polygon features, open or unclosed polygons, which occur when an arc does not completely loop back upon itself, and unlabeled polygons, which occur when an area does not contain any attribute information, violate polygon-arc topology rules. Another topological error found with polygon features is the sliver. Slivers occur when the shared boundary of two polygons do not meet exactly (Figure 4.13 "Common Topological Errors"). In the case of line features, topological errors occur when two lines do not meet perfectly at a node. This error is called an “undershoot” when the lines do not extend far enough to meet each other and an “overshoot” when the line extends beyond the feature it should connect to (Figure 4.13 "Common Topological Errors"). The result of overshoots and undershoots is a “dangling node” at the end of the line. Dangling nodes aren’t always an error, however, as they occur in the case of dead-end streets on a road Figure 4.13 Common Topological Errors Many types of spatial analysis require the degree of organization offered by topologically explicit data models. In particular, network analysis (e.g., finding the best route from one location to another) and measurement (e.g., finding the length of a river segment) relies heavily on the concept of to- and fromnodes and uses this information, along with attribute information, to calculate distances, shortest routes, quickest routes, and so forth. Topology also allows for sophisticated neighborhood analysis such as determining adjacency, clustering, nearest neighbors, and so forth. Now that the basics of the concepts of topology have been outlined, we can begin to better understand the topological data model. In this model, the node acts as more than just a simple point along a line or polygon. The node represents the point of intersection for two or more arcs. Arcs may or may not be looped into polygons. Regardless, all nodes, arcs, and polygons are individually numbered. This numbering allows for quick and easy reference within the data model. Advantages/Disadvantages of the Vector Model In comparison with the raster data model, vector data models tend to be better representations of reality due to the accuracy and precision of points, lines, and polygons over the regularly spaced grid cells of the raster model. This results in vector data tending to be more aesthetically pleasing than raster data. Vector data also provides an increased ability to alter the scale of observation and analysis. As each coordinate pair associated with a point, line, and polygon represents an infinitesimally exact location (albeit limited by the number of significant digits and/or data acquisition methodologies), zooming deep into a vector image does not change the view of a vector graphic in the way that it does a raster graphic (see Figure 4.1 "Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image"). Vector data tend to be more compact in data structure, so file sizes are typically much smaller than their raster counterparts. Although the ability of modern computers has minimized the importance of maintaining small file sizes, vector data often require a fraction the computer storage space when compared to raster data. The final advantage of vector data is that topology is inherent in the vector model. This topological information results in simplified spatial analysis (e.g., error detection, network analysis, proximity analysis, and spatial transformation) when using a vector model. Alternatively, there are two primary disadvantages of the vector data model. First, the data structure tends to be much more complex than the simple raster data model. As the location of each vertex must be stored explicitly in the model, there are no shortcuts for storing data like there are for raster models (e.g., the run-length and quad-tree encoding methodologies). Second, the implementation of spatial analysis can also be relatively complicated due to minor differences in accuracy and precision between the input datasets. Similarly, the algorithms for manipulating and analyzing vector data are complex and can lead to intensive processing requirements, particularly when dealing with large datasets. Vector data utilizes points, lines, and polygons to represent the spatial features in a map. Topology is an informative geospatial property that describes the connectivity, area definition, and contiguity of interrelated points, lines, and polygon. Vector data may or may not be topologically explicit, depending on the file’s data structure. What vector type (point, line, or polygon) best represents the following features: state boundaries, telephone poles, buildings, cities, stream networks, mountain peaks, soil types, flight tracks? Which of these features can be represented by multiple vector types? What conditions might lead you choose one vector type over another? Draw a point, line, and polygon feature on a simple Cartesian coordinate system. From this drawing, create a spaghetti data model that approximates the shapes shown therein. Draw three adjacent polygons on a simple Cartesian coordinate system. From this drawing, create a topological data model that incorporates arc-node, polygon-arc, and polygon topology. [1] Aronoff, S. 1989. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. Ottawa, Canada: WDL [2] Dangermond, J. 1982. “A Classification of Software Components Commonly Used in Geographic Information Systems.” In Proceedings of the U.S.-Australia Workshop on the Design and Implementation of Computer-Based Geographic Information Systems, 70–91. Honolulu, HI. 4.3 Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography The objective of this section is to understand how satellite imagery and aerial photography are implemented in GIS applications. A wide variety of satellite imagery and aerial photography is available for use in geographic information systems (GISs). Although these products are basically raster graphics, they are substantively different in their usage within a GIS. Satellite imagery and aerial photography provide important contextual information for a GIS and are often used to conduct heads-up digitizing (Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.1.4 "Secondary Data Capture") whereby features from the image are converted into vector datasets. Satellite Imagery Remotely sensed satellite imagery is becoming increasingly common as satellites equipped with technologically advanced sensors are continually being sent into space by public agencies and private companies around the globe. Satellites are used for applications such as military and civilian earth observation, communication, navigation, weather, research, and more. Currently, more than 3,000 satellites have been sent to space, with over 2,500 of them originating from Russia and the United States. These satellites maintain different altitudes, inclinations, eccentricities, synchronies, and orbital centers, allowing them to image a wide variety of surface features and processes (Figure 4.14 "Satellites Orbiting the Earth"). Figure 4.14 Satellites Orbiting the Earth Satellites can be active or passive. Active satellites make use of remote sensors that detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from artificially generated energy sources. For example, active sensors such as radars emit radio waves, laser sensors emit light waves, and sonar sensors emit sound waves. In all cases, the sensor emits the signal and then calculates the time it takes for the returned signal to “bounce” back from some remote feature. Knowing the speed of the emitted signal, the time delay from the original emission to the return can be used to calculate the distance to the feature. Passive satellites, alternatively, make use of sensors that detect the reflected or emitted electromagnetic radiation from natural sources. This natural source is typically the energy from the sun, but other sources can be imaged as well, such as magnetism and geothermal activity. Using an example we’ve all experienced, taking a picture with a flash-enabled camera would be active remote sensing, while using a camera without a flash (i.e., relying on ambient light to illuminate the scene) would be passive remote sensing. The quality and quantity of satellite imagery is largely determined by their resolution. There are four types of resolution that characterize any particular remote sensor (Campbell 2002). The spatial resolution of a satellite image, as described previously in the raster data model section (Section 4.1 "Raster Data Models"), is a direct representation of the ground coverage for each pixel shown in the image. If a satellite produces imagery with a 10 m resolution, the corresponding ground coverage for each of those pixels is 10 m by 10 m, or 100 square meters on the ground. Spatial resolution is determined by the sensors’ instantaneous field of view (IFOV). The IFOV is essentially the ground area through which the sensor is receiving the electromagnetic radiation signal and is determined by height and angle of the imaging Spectral resolution denotes the ability of the sensor to resolve wavelength intervals, also called bands, within the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectral resolution is determined by the interval size of the wavelengths and the number of intervals being scanned. Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are those sensors that can resolve a multitude of wavelengths intervals within the spectrum. For example, the IKONOS satellite resolves images for bands at the blue (445–516 nm), green (506–95 nm), red (632–98 nm), and near-infrared (757–853 nm) wavelength intervals on its 4-meter multispectral sensor. Temporal resolution is the amount of time between each image collection period and is determined by the repeat cycle of the satellite’s orbit. Temporal resolution can be thought of as true-nadir or off-nadir. Areas considered true-nadir are those located directly beneath the sensor while off-nadir areas are those that are imaged obliquely. In the case of the IKONOS satellite, the temporal resolution is 3 to 5 days for off-nadir imaging and 144 days for true-nadir imaging. The fourth and final type of resolution, radiometric resolution, refers to the sensitivity of the sensor to variations in brightness and specifically denotes the number of grayscale levels that can be imaged by the sensor. Typically, the available radiometric values for a sensor are 8-bit (yielding values that range from 0–255 as 256 unique values or as 28 values); 11-bit (0–2,047); 12-bit (0–4,095); or 16-bit (0–63,535) (see Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management",Section 5.1.1 "Data Types" for more on bits). Landsat-7, for example, maintains 8-bit resolution for its bands and can therefore record values for each pixel that range from 0 to 255. Because of the technical constraints associated with satellite remote sensing systems, there is a trade-off between these different types of resolution. Improving one type of resolution often necessitates a reduction in one of the other types of resolution. For example, an increase in spatial resolution is typically associated with a decrease in spectral resolution, and vice versa. Similarly, geostationary satellites (those that circle the earth proximal to the equator once each day) yield high temporal resolution but low spatial resolution, while sun-synchronous satellites (those that synchronize a near-polar orbit of the sensor with the sun’s illumination) yield low temporal resolution while providing high spatial resolution. Although technological advances can generally improve the various resolutions of an image, care must always be taken to ensure that the imagery you have chosen is adequate to the represent or model the geospatial features that are most important to your study. Aerial photography, like satellite imagery, represents a vast source of information for use in any GIS. Platforms for the hardware used to take aerial photographs include airplanes, helicopters, balloons, rockets, and so forth. While aerial photography connotes images taken of the visible spectrum, sensors to measure bands within the nonvisible spectrum (e.g., ultraviolet, infrared, near-infrared) can also be fixed to aerial sources. Similarly, aerial photography can be active or passive and can be taken from vertical or oblique angles. Care must be taken with aerial photographs as the sensors used to take the images are similar to cameras in their use of lenses. These lenses add a curvature to the images, which becomes more pronounced as one moves away from the center of the photo (Figure 4.15 "Curvature Error Due to Lenticular Properties of Camera"). Figure 4.15 Curvature Error Due to Lenticular Properties of Camera Another source of potential error in an aerial photograph is relief displacement. This error arises from the three-dimensional aspect of terrain features and is seen as apparent leaning away of vertical objects from the center point of an aerial photograph. To imagine this type of error, consider that a smokestack would look like a doughnut if the viewing camera was directly above the feature. However, if this same smokestack was observed near the edge of the camera’s view, one could observe the sides of the smokestack. This error is frequently seen with trees and multistory buildings and worsens with increasingly taller features. Orthophotos are vertical photographs that have been geometrically “corrected” to remove the curvature and terrain-induced error from images (Figure 4.16 "Orthophoto"). The most common orthophoto product is the digital ortho quarter quadrangle (DOQQ). DOQQs are available through the US Geological Survey (USGS), who began producing these images from their library of 1:40,000-scale National Aerial Photography Program photos. These images can be obtained in either grayscale or color with 1-meter spatial resolution and 8-bit radiometric resolution. As the name suggests, these images cover a quarter of a USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle, which equals an approximately 25 square mile area. Included with these photos is an additional 50 to 300-meter edge around the photo that allows users to mosaic many DOQQs into a single, continuous image. These DOQQs are ideal for use in a GIS as background display information, for data editing, and for heads-up digitizing. Figure 4.16 Orthophoto Satellite imagery is a common tool for GIS mapping applications as this data becomes increasingly available due to ongoing technological advances. Satellite imagery can be passive or active. The four types of resolution associated with satellite imagery are spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric. Vertical and oblique aerial photographs provide valuable baseline information for GIS applications. Go to the EarthExplorer website (http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer) and download two satellite images of the area in which you reside. What are the different spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolutions for these two images? Do these satellites provide active or passive imagery (or both)? Are they geostationary or sun-synchronous? [1] Campbell, J. B. 2002. Introduction to Remote Sensing. New York: Guilford Press. Geospatial Data Management Every user of geospatial data has experienced the challenge of obtaining, organizing, storing, sharing, and visualizing their data. The variety of formats and data structures, as well as the disparate quality, of geospatial data can result in a dizzying accumulation of useful and useless pieces of spatially explicit information that must be poked, prodded, and wrangled into a single, unified dataset. This chapter addresses the basic concerns related to data acquisition and management of the various formats and qualities of geospatial data currently available for use in modern geographic information system (GIS) projects. 5.1 Geographic Data Acquisition The objective of this section is to introduce different data types, measurement scales, and data capture Acquiring geographic data is an important factor in any geographic information system (GIS) effort. It has been estimated that data acquisition typically consumes 60 to 80 percent of the time and money spent on any given project. Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that GIS projects remain mindful of their stated goals so the collection of spatial data proceeds in an efficient and effective manner as possible. This chapter outlines the many forms and sources of geospatial data available for use in a GIS. The type of data that we employ to help us understand a given entity is determined by (1) what we are examining, (2) what we want to know about that entity, and (3) our ability to measure that entity at a desired scale. The most common types of data available for use in a GIS are alphanumeric strings, numbers, Boolean values, dates, and binaries. An alphanumeric string, or text, data type is any simple combination of letters and numbers that may or may not form coherent words. The number data type can be subcategorized as either floating-point or integer. A floating-point is any data value that contains decimal digits, while an integer is any data value that does not contain decimal digits. Integers can be short or long depending on the amount of significant digits in that number. Also, they are based on the concept of the “bit” in a computer. As you may recall, a bit is the most basic unit of information in a computer and stores values in one of two states: 1 or 0. Therefore, an 8-bit attribute would consist of eight 1s or 0s in any combination (e.g., 10010011, 00011011, 11100111). Short integers are 16-bit values and therefore can be used to characterize numbers ranging either from −32,768 to 32,767 or from 0 to 65,535 depending on whether the number is signed or unsigned (i.e., contains a + or − sign).Long integers, alternatively, are 32-bit values and therefore can characterize numbers ranging either from −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 or from 0 to 4,294,967,295. A single precision floating-point value occupies 32 bits, like the long integer. However, this data type provides for a value of up to 7 bits to the left of the decimal (a maximum value of 128, or 127 if signed) and up to 23-bit values to the right of the decimal point (approximately 7 decimal digits). A double precision floating-point value essentially stores two 32-bit values as a single value. Double precision floats, then, can represent a value with up to 11 bits to the left of the decimal point and values with up to 52 bits to the right of the decimal (approximately 16 decimal digits) (Figure 5.1 "Double Precision Floating-Point (64-Bit Value), as Stored in a Computer"). Figure 5.1 Double Precision Floating-Point (64-Bit Value), as Stored in a Computer Boolean, date, and binary values are less complex. Boolean values are simply those values that are deemed true or false based on the application of a Boolean operator such as AND, OR, and NOT. The date data type is presumably self-explanatory, while the binary data type represents attributes whose values are either 1 or 0. Measurement Scale In addition to defining data by type, a measurement scale acts to group data according to level of complexity (Stevens 1946). For the purposes of GIS analyses, measurement scales can be grouped in to two general categories. Nominal and ordinal data represent categorical data; interval and ratio data represent numeric data. The most simple data measurement scale is the nominal, or named, scale. The nominal scale makes statements about what to call data points but does not allow for scalar comparisons between one object and another. For example, the attribution of nominal information to a set of points that represent cities will describe whether the given locale is “Los Angeles” or “New York.” However, no further denotations, such as population or voting history, can be made about those locales. Other examples of nominal data include last name, eye color, land-use type, ethnicity, and gender. Ordinal data places attribute information into ranks and therefore yields more precisely scaled information than nominal data. Ordinal data describes the position in which data occur, such as first, second, third, and so forth. These scales may also take on names, such as “very unsatisfied,” “unsatisfied,” “satisfied,” and “very satisfied.” Although this measurement scale indicates the ranking of each data point relative to other data points, the ordinal scale does not explicitly denote the exact quantitative difference between these rankings. For example, if an ordinal attribute represents which runner came in first, second, or third place, it does not state by how much time the winning runner beat the second place runner. Therefore, one cannot undertake arithmetic operations with ordinal data. Only sequence is explicit. A measurement scale that does allow precise quantitative statements to be made about attributes is interval data. Interval data are measured along a scale in which each position is equidistant to one another. Elevation and temperature readings are common representations of interval data. For example, it can be determined through this scale that 30 ºF is 5 ºF warmer than 25 ºF. A notable property of the interval scale is that zero is not a meaningful value in the sense that zero does not represent nothingness, or the absence of a value. Indeed, 0 ºF does not indicate that no temperature exists. Similarly, an elevation of 0 feet does not indicate a lack of elevation; rather, it indicates mean sea level. Ratio data are similar to the interval measurement scale; however, it is based around a meaningful zero value. Population density is an example of ratio data whereby a 0 population density indicates that no people live in the area of interest. Similarly, the Kelvin temperature scale is a ratio scale as 0 K does imply that no heat (temperature) is measurable within the given attribute. Specific to numeric datasets, data values also can be considered to be discrete or continuous. Discrete data are those that maintain a finite number of possible values, while continuous data can be represented by an infinite number of values. For example, the number of mature trees on a small property will necessarily be between one and one hundred (for argument’s sake). However, the height of those trees represents a continuous data value as there are an infinite number of potential values (e.g., one tree may be 20 feet tall, 20.1 feet, or 20.15 feet, 20.157 feet, and so forth). Primary Data Capture Now that we have a sense of the different data types and measurement scales available for use in a GIS, we must direct our thoughts to how this data can be acquired. Primary data capture is a direct data acquisition methodology that is usually associated with some type of in-the-field effort. In the case of vector data, directly captured data commonly comes from a global positioning system (GPS) or other types of surveying equipment such as a total station (Figure 5.2 "GPS Unit (left) and Total Station (right)"). Total stations are specialized, primary data capture instruments that combine a theodolite (or transit), which measures horizontal and vertical angles, with a tool to measure the slope distance from the unit to an observed point. Use of a total station allows field crews to quickly and accurately derive the topography for a particular landscape. Figure 5.2 GPS Unit (left) and Total Station (right) In the case of GPS, handheld units access positional data from satellites and log the information for subsequent retrieval. A network of twenty-four navigation satellites is situated around the globe and provides precise coordinate information for any point on the earth’s surface (Figure 5.3 "Earth Imaging Satellite Capturing Primary Data"). Maintaining a line of sight to four or more of these satellites provides the user with reasonably accurate location information. These locations can be collected as individual points or can be linked together to form lines or polygons depending on user preference. Attribute data such as land-use type, telephone pole number, and river name can be simultaneously entered by the user. This location and attribute data can then be uploaded to the GIS for visualization. Depending on the GPS make and model, this upload often requires some type of intermediate file conversion via software provided by the manufacturer of the GPS unit. However, there are some free online resources that can convert GPS data from one format to another. GPSBabel is an example of such an online resource (http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/gpsbabel). In addition to the typical GPS unit shown in Figure 5.2 "GPS Unit (left) and Total Station (right)", GPS is becoming increasingly incorporated into other new technologies. For example, smartphones now embed GPS capabilities as a standard technological component. These phone/GPS units maintain comparable accuracy to similarly priced stand-alone GPS units and are largely responsible for a renaissance in facilitating portable, real-time data capture and sharing to the masses. The ubiquity of this technology led to a proliferation of crowdsourced data acquisition alternatives. Crowdsourcing is a data collection method whereby users contribute freely to building spatial databases. This rapidly expanding methodology is utilized in such applications as TomTom’s MapShare application, Google Earth, Bing Maps, and ArcGIS. Raster data obtained via direct capture comes more commonly from remotely sensed sources (Figure 5.3 "Earth Imaging Satellite Capturing Primary Data"). Remotely sensed data offers the advantage of obviating the need for physical access to the area being imaged. In addition, huge tracts of land can be characterized with little to no additional time and labor by the researcher. On the other hand, validation is required for remotely sensed data to ensure that the sensor is not only operating correctly but properly calibrated to collect the desired information. Satellites and aerial cameras provide the most ubiquitous sources of direct-capture raster data (Chapter 4 "Data Models for GIS", Section 4.3.1 "Satellite Imagery"). Figure 5.3 Earth Imaging Satellite Capturing Primary Data Secondary Data Capture Secondary data capture is an indirect methodology that utilizes the vast amount of existing geospatial data available in both digital and hard-copy formats. Prior to initiating any GIS effort, it is always wise to mine online resources for existing GIS data that may fulfill your mapping needs without the potentially intensive step of creating the data from scratch. Such digital GIS data are available from a variety of sources including international agencies (CGIAR, CIESIN, United Nations, World Bank, etc.); federal governments (USGS, USDA, NOAA, USFWS, NASA, EPA, US Census, etc.); state governments (CDFG, Teale Data Center, INGIS, MARIS, NH GIS Resources, etc.); local governments (SANDAG, RCLIS, etc.); university websites (UCLA, Duke, Stanford, University of Chicago, Indiana Spatial Data Portal, etc.); and commercial websites (ESRI, GeoEye, Geocomm, etc.). These secondary data are available in a wide assortment of file types, extents, and sizes but is ready-made to be used in most GIS software packages. Often these data are free, but many sites will charge a fee for access to the proprietary information they have developed. Although these data sources are all cases where the information has been converted to digital format and properly projected for use in a GIS, there is also a great deal of spatial information that can be gleaned from existing, nondigital sources. Paper maps, for example, may contain current or historic information on a locale that cannot be found in digital format. In this case, the process of digitization can be used to create digital files from the original paper copy. Three primary methods exist for digitizing spatial information: two are manual, and one is automated. Tablet digitizing is a manual data capture method whereby a user enters coordinate information into a computer through the use of a digitizing tablet and a digitizing puck. To begin, a paper map is secured to a back-lit digitizing tablet. The backlight allows all features on the map to be easily observed, which reduces eyestrain. The coordinates of the point, line, and/or polygon features on the paper map are then entered into a digital file as the user employs a puck, which is similar to a multibutton mouse with a crosshair, to “click” their way around the vertices of each desired feature. The resulting digital file will need to be properly georeferenced following completion of the digitization task to ensure that this information will properly align with existing datasets. Heads-up digitizing, the second manual data capture method, is referred to as “on-screen” digitizing. Heads-up digitizing can be used on either paper maps or existing digital files. In the case of a paper map, the map must first be scanned into the computer at a high enough resolution that will allow all pertinent features to be resolved. Second, the now-digital image must be registered so the map will conform to an existing coordinate system. To do this, the user can enter control points on the screen and transform, or “rubber-sheet,” the scanned image into real world coordinates. Finally, the user simply zooms to specific areas on the map and traces the points, lines, and/or polygons, similar to the tablet digitization example. Heads-up digitizing is particularly simple when existing GIS files, satellite images, or aerial photographs are used as a baseline. For example, if a user plans to digitize the boundary of a lake as seen from a georeferenced satellite image, the steps of scanning and registering can be skipped, and projection information from the originating image can simply be copied over to the digitized file. The third, automated method of secondary data capture requires the user to scan a paper map and vectorize the information therein. This vectorization method typically requires a specific software package that can convert a raster scan to vector lines. This requires a very high-resolution, clean scan. If the image is not clean, all the imperfections on the map will likely be converted to false points/lines/polygons in the digital version. If a clean scan is not available, it is often faster to use a manual digitization methodology. Regardless, this method is much quicker than the aforementioned manual methods and may be the best option if multiple maps must be digitized and/or if time is a limiting factor. Often, a semiautomatic approach is employed whereby a map is scanned and vectorized, followed by a heads-up digitizing session to edit and repair any errors that occurred during automation. The final secondary data capture method worth noting is the use of information from reports and documents. Via this method, one enters information from reports and documents into the attribute table of an existing, digital GIS file that contains all the pertinent points, lines, and polygons. For example, new information specific to census tracts may become available following a scientific study. The GIS user simply needs to download the existing GIS file of census tracts and begin entering the study’s report/document information directly into the attribute table. If the data tables are available digitally, the use of the “join” and “relate” functions in a GIS (Section 5.2.2 "Joins and Relates") are often extremely helpful as they will automate much of the data entry effort. The most common types of data available for use in a GIS are alphanumeric strings, numbers, Boolean values, dates, and binaries. Nominal and ordinal data represent categorical data, while interval and ratio data represent numeric Data capture methodologies are derived from either primary or secondary sources. The following data are derived from which measurement scale? My happiness score on a scale of 1 to 10 = 7 My weight = 192 lbs. The city I live in = Culver City My current body temperature = 99.8 ºF The number of cheeseburgers I can eat before passing out = 12 My license plate number = 1LUVG1S Describe at least two different methods for adding the information from a USGS topographic map to your GIS dataset. [1] Stevens, S. S. 1946. “On the Theory of Scales of Measurement.” Science 103 (2684): 677–80. 5.2 Geospatial Database Management The objective of this section is to understand the basic properties of a relational database management system. A database is a structured collection of data files. A database management system (DBMS) is a software package that allows for the creation, storage, maintenance, manipulation, and retrieval of large datasets that are distributed over one or more files. A DBMS and its associated functions are usually accessed through commercial software packages such as Microsoft Access, Oracle, FileMaker Pro, or Avanquest MyDataBase. Database management normally refers to the management of tabular data in row and column format and is frequently used for personal, business, government, and scientific endeavors. Geospatial database management systems, alternatively, include the functionality of a DBMS but also contain specific geographic information about each data point such as identity, location, shape, and orientation. Integrating this geographic information with the tabular attribute data of a classical DBMS provide users with powerful tools to visualize and answer the spatially explicit questions that arise in an increasingly technological society. Several types of database models exist, such as the flat, hierarchical, network, and relational models (Worboys 1995; Jackson 1999). [1], [2] A flat database is essentially a spreadsheet whereby all data are stored in a single, large table (Figure 5.4 "Flat Database"). A hierarchical database is also a fairly simple model that organizes data into a “one-to-many” association across levels (Figure 5.5 "Hierarchical Database"). Common examples of this model include phylogenetic trees for classification of plants and animals and familial genealogical trees showing parent-child relationships. Network databases are similar to hierarchical databases, however, because they also support “many-to-many” relationships (Figure 5.6 "Network Database"). This expanded capability allows greater search flexibility within the dataset and reduces potential redundancy of information. Alternatively, both the hierarchical and network models can become incredibly complex depending on the size of the databases and the number of interactions between the data points. Modern geographic information system (GIS) software typically employs a fourth model referred to as a relational database (Codd 1970). [3] Figure 5.4 Flat Database Figure 5.5 Hierarchical Database Figure 5.6 Network Database Relational Database Management Systems A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a collection of tables that are connected in such a way that that data can be accessed without reorganization of the tables. The tables are created such that each column represents a particular attribute (e.g., soil type, PIN number, last name, acreage) and each row contains a unique instance of data for that columnar attribute (e.g., Delhi Sands Soils, 5555, Smith, 412.3 acres) In the relational model, each table (not surprisingly called a relation) is linked to each other table via predetermined keys (Date 1995). The primary key represents the attribute (column) whose value uniquely identifies a particular record (row) in the relation (table). The primary key may not contain missing values as multiple missing values would represent nonunique entities that violate the basic rule of the primary key. The primary key corresponds to an identical attribute in a secondary table (and possibly third, fourth, fifth, etc.) called a foreign key. This results in all the information in the first table being directly related to the information in the second table via the primary and foreign keys, hence the term “relational” DBMS. With these links in place, tables within the database can be kept very simple, resulting in minimal computation time and file complexity. This process can be repeated over many tables as long as each contains a foreign key that corresponds to another table’s primary key. The relational model has two primary advantages over the other database models described earlier. First, each table can now be separately prepared, maintained, and edited. This is particularly useful when one considers the potentially huge size of many of today’s modern databases. Second, the tables may be maintained separately until the need for a particular query or analysis calls for the tables to be related. This creates a large degree of efficiency for processing of information within a given database. It may become apparent to the reader that there is great potential for redundancy in this model as each table must contain an attribute that corresponds to an attribute in every other related table. Therefore, redundancy must actively be monitored and managed in a RDBMS. To accomplish this, a set of rules called normal forms have been developed (Codd 1970). There are three basic normal forms. The first normal form (Figure 5.7 "First Normal Form Violation (above) and Fix (below)") refers to five conditions that must be met (Date 1995). They are as follows: There is no sequence to the ordering of the rows. 2. There is no sequence to the ordering of the columns. 3. Each row is unique. 4. Every cell contains one and only one value. All values in a column pertain to the same subject. Figure 5.7 First Normal Form Violation (above) and Fix (below) The second normal form states that any column that is not a primary key must be dependent on the primary key. This reduces redundancy by eliminating the potential for multiple primary keys throughout multiple tables. This step often involves the creation of new tables to maintain normalization. Figure 5.8 Second Normal Form Violation (above) and Fix (below) The third normal form states that all nonprimary keys must depend on the primary key, while the primary key remains independent of all nonprimary keys. This form was wittily summed up by Kent (1983) quipped that all nonprimary keys “must provide a fact about the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key.” Echoing this quote is the rejoinder: “so help me Codd” (personal communication with Foresman Figure 5.9 Third Normal Form Violation (above) and Fix (below) Joins and Relates An additional advantage of an RDBMS is that it allows attribute data in separate tables to be linked in a post hoc fashion. The two operations commonly used to accomplish this are the join and relate. The join operation appends the fields of one table into a second table through the use of an attribute or field that is common to both tables. This is commonly utilized to combine attribute information from one or more nonspatial data tables (i.e., information taken from reports or documents) with a spatially explicit GIS feature layer. A second type of join combines feature information based on spatial location and association rather than on common attributes. In ArcGIS, three types of spatial joins are available. Users may (1) match each feature to the closest feature, (2) match each feature to the feature that it is part of, or (3) match each feature to the feature that it intersects. Alternatively, the relate operation temporarily associates two map layers or tables while keeping them physically separate. Relates are bidirectional, so data can be accessed from the one of the tables by selecting records in the other table. The relate operation also allows for the association of three or more tables, if necessary. Sometimes it can be unclear as to which operation one should use. As a general rule, joins are most suitable for instances involving one-to-one or many-to-one relationships. Joins are also advantageous due to the fact that the data from the two tables are readily observable in the single output table. The use of relates, on the other hand, are suitable for all table relationships (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many); however, they can slow down computer access time if the tables are particularly large or spread out over remote locations. Database management systems can be flat, hierarchical, network, or relational. Relational database management systems (RDBMS) utilize primary keys and foreign keys to link data tables. The RDBMS model reduces data redundancy by employing three basic “normal forms.” Identify the three violations of normal forms in the following table. Class Number Enrollment McCartney Introductory Physical Education 10045 Auto Repair and Feminism Starr, Best Quantum Physics [1] Worboys, M. F. 1995. GIS: A Computing Perspective. London: Taylor & Francis. [2] Jackson, M. 1999. “Thirty Years (and More) of Databases.” Information and Software Technology 41: 969–78. [3] Codd, E. 1970. “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 13 (6): 377–87. [4] Date, C. 1995. An Introduction to Database Systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [7] Kent, W. 1983. “A Simple Guide to Five Formal Forms in Relational Database Theory.” Communications of the Association for Computing and Machinery. 26 (2): 120–25. 5.3 File Formats The objective of this section is to overview a sample of the most common types of vector, raster, and hybrid file formats. Geospatial data are stored in many different file formats. Each geographic information system (GIS) software package, and each version of these software packages, supports different formats. This is true for both vector and raster data. Although several of the more common file formats are summarized here, many other formats exist for use in various GIS programs. Vector File Formats The most common vector file format is the shapefile. Shapefiles, developed by ESRI in the early 1990s for use with the dBASE III database management software package in ArcView 2, are simple, nontopological files developed to store the geometric location and attribute information of geographic features. Shapefiles are incapable of storing null values, as well as annotations or network features. Field names within the attribute table are limited to ten characters, and each shapefile can represent only point, line, or polygon feature sets. Supported data types are limited to floating point, integer, date, and text. Shapefiles are supported by almost all commercial and open-source GIS software. Despite being called a “shapefile,” this format is actually a compilation of many different files. Table 5.1 "Shapefile File Types" lists and describes the different file formats associated with the shapefile. Among those listed, only the SHP, SHX, and DBF file formats are mandatory to create a functioning shapefile, while all others are conditionally required. As a general rule, the names for each file should conform to the MS-DOS 8.3 convention when using older versions of GIS software packages. According to this convention, the filename prefix can contain up to eight characters, and the filename suffix contains three characters. The more recent GIS software packages have relaxed this requirement and will accept longer filename prefixes. Table 5.1 Shapefile File Types SHP* Feature geometry SHX* Index format for the feature geometry DBF* Feature attribute information in dBASE IV format PRJ Projection information SBN and SBX Spatial index of the features FBN and FBX Read-only spatial index of the features AIN and AIH Attribute information for active fields in the table Geocoding index for read-write shapefiles Geocoding index for read-write shapefiles with ODB format Attribute index used in ArcGIS 8 and later SHP.XML Metadata in XML format Code page specifications for identifying character encoding * Indicates mandatory files The earliest vector format file for use in GIS software packages, which is still in use today, is the ArcInfo coverage. This georelational file format supports multiple features types (e.g., points, lines, polygons, annotations) while also storing the topological information associated with those features. Attribute data are stored as multiple files in a separate directory labeled “Info.” Due to its creation in an MS-DOS environment, these files maintain strict naming conventions. File names cannot be longer than thirteen characters, cannot contain spaces, cannot start with a number, and must be completely in lowercase. Coverages cannot be edited in ArcGIS 9.x or later versions of ESRI’s software package. The US Census Bureau maintains a specific type of shapefile referred to as TIGER orTIGER/Line (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system). Although these open-source files do not contain actual census information, they map features such as census tracts, roads, railroads, buildings, rivers, and other features that support and improve the bureau and improve the Bureau’s ability to#8217;s ability to collect census information. TIGER/Line shapefiles, first released in 1990, are topologically explicit and are linked to the Census Bureau’s Master Address File (MAF), therefore enabling the geocoding of street addresses. These files are free to the public and can be freely downloaded from private vendors that support the format. TheAutoCAD DXF (Drawing Interchange Format or Drawing Exchange Format)is a proprietary vector file format developed by Autodesk to allow interchange between engineering-based CAD (computer-aided design) software and other mapping software packages. DXF files were originally released in 1982 with the purpose of providing an exact representation of AutoCAD’s native DWG format. Although the DXF is still commonly used, newer versions of AutoCAD have incorporated more complex data types (e.g., regions, dynamic blocks) that are not supported in the DXF format. Therefore, it may be presumed that the DXF format may become less popular in geospatial analysis over time. Finally, the US Geological Survey (USGS) maintains an open-source vector file format that details physical and cultural features across the United States. These topologically explicit DLGs (Digital Line Graphics) come in large-, intermediate-, and small-scale depending on whether they are derived from 1:24,000-; 1:100,000-; or 1:2,000,000-scale USGS topographic quadrangle maps. The features available in the different DLG types depend on the scale of the DLG but generally include data such as administrative and political boundaries, hydrography, transportation systems, hypsography, and land cover. Vector data files can also be structured to represent surface elevation information. A TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) is an open-source vector data structure that uses contiguous, nonoverlapping triangles to represent geographic surfaces (Figure 5.10 "Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)"). Whereas the raster depiction of a surface represents elevation as an average value over the spatial extent of the individual pixel (see Section 5.3.2 "Raster File Formats"), the TIN data structure models each vertex of the triangle as an exact elevation value at a specific point on the earth. The arcs between each vertex are an approximation of the elevation between two vertices. These arcs are then aggregated into triangles from which information on elevation, slope, aspect, and surface area can be derived across the entire extent of the model’s space. Note that term “irregular” in the name of the data model refers to the fact that the vertices are typically laid out in a scattered fashion. Figure 5.10 Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) The use of TINs confers certain advantages over raster-based elevation models (see Section 5.3.2 "Raster File Formats"). First, linear topographic features are very accurately represented relative to their raster counterpart. Second, a comparatively small number of data points are needed to represent a surface, so file sizes are typically much smaller. This is particularly true as vertices can be clustered in areas where relief is complex and can be sparse in areas where relief is simple. Third, specific elevation data can be incorporated into the data model in a post hoc fashion via the placement of additional vertices if the original is deemed insufficient or inadequate. Finally, certain spatial statistics can be calculated that cannot be obtained when using a raster-based elevation model, such as flood plain delineation, storage capacity curves for reservoirs, and time-area curves for hydrographs. Raster File Formats A multitude of raster file format types are available for use in GIS. The selection of raster formats has dramatically increased with the widespread availability of imagery from digital cameras, video recorders, satellites, and so forth. Raster imagery is typically 8-bit (256 colors) or 24-bit (16 million colors). Due to ongoing technological advancements, raster image file sizes have been getting larger and larger. To deal with this potential constraint, two types of file compression are commonly used: lossless and lossy. Lossless compression reduces file size without decreasing image quality. Lossy compression attempts to exploit limitations of the human eye by removing information from the image that cannot be sensed. As you may guess, lossy compression results in smaller file sizes than lossless compression. Among the most common raster files used on the web are the JPEG, TIFF, and PNG formats, all of which are open source and can be used with most GIS software packages. The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) andTIFF (Tagged Image File Format) raster formats are most frequently used by digital cameras to store 8-bit values for each of the red, blue, and green colors spaces (and sometimes 16-bit colors, in the case of TIFF images). JPEGs support lossy compression, while TIFFs can be either lossy or lossless. Unlike JPEG, TIFF images can be saved in either RGB or CMYK color spaces.PNG (Portable Network Graphics) files are 24-bit images that support either lossy or lossless compression. PNG files are designed for efficient viewing in web-based browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, and Safari. Native JPEG, TIFF, and PNG files do not have georeferenced information associated with them and therefore cannot be used in any geospatial mapping efforts. In order to employ these files in a GIS, a world file must first be created. A world file is a separate, plaintext data file that specifies the locations and transformations that allow the image to be projected into a standard coordinate system (e.g., Universal Transverse Mercator [UTM] or State Plane). The filename of the world file is based on the name of the raster file, while a w is typically added into to the file extension. The world file extension name for a JPEG is JPW; for a TIFF, it is TFW; and for a PNG, PGW. An example of a raster file format with explicit georeferencing information is the proprietary MrSID (Multiresolution Seamless Image Database) format. This lossless compression format was developed by LizardTech, Inc., for use with large aerial photographs or satellite images, whereby portions of a compressed image can be viewed quickly without having to decompress the entire file. The MrSID format is frequently used for visualizing orthophotos. Like MrSID, the proprietary ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet) format also includes georeferencing information within the file structure. This lossy compression format was developed by Earth Resource Mapping and supports up to 255 layers of image information. Due to the potentially huge file sizes associated with an image that supports so many layers, ECW files represent an excellent option for performing rapid analysis on large images while using a relatively small amount of the computer’s RAM (Random Access Memory), thus accelerating computation speed. Like the open-source, vector-based DLG, DRGs (Digital Raster Graphics)are scanned versions of USGS topographic maps and include all of the collar material from the originals. The geospatial information found within the image’s neatline is georeferenced, specifically to the UTM coordinate system. These graphics are scanned at a minimum of 250 dpi (dots per inch) and therefore have a spatial resolution of approximately 2.4 meters. DRGs contain up to thirteen colors and therefore may look slightly different from the originals. In addition, they include all the collar material from the original print version, are georeferenced to the surface of the earth, fit the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, and are most likely based on the NAD27 data points (NAD stands for North American Datum). Like the TIN vector format, some raster file formats are developed explicitly for modeling elevation. These include the USGS DEM, USGS SDTS, and DTED file formats. TheUSGS DEM (US Geological Survey Digital Elevation Model) is a popular file format due to widespread availability, the simplicity of the model, and the extensive software support for the format. Each pixel value in these grid-based DEMs denotes spot elevations on the ground, usually in feet or meters. Care must be taken when using grid-based DEMs due to the enormous volume of data that accompanies these files as the spatial extent covered in the image begins to increase. DEMs are referred to as digital terrain models (DTMs) when they represent a simple, bare-earth model and as digital surface models (DSMs)when they include the heights of landscape features such as buildings and trees (Figure 5.11 "Digital Surface Model (left) and Digital Terrain Model (right)"). Figure 5.11 Digital Surface Model (left) and Digital Terrain Model (right) USGS DEMs can be classified into one of four levels of quality (labeled 1 to 4) depending on its source data and resolution. This source data can be 1:24,000-; 1:63,360-; or 1:250,000-scale topographic quadrangles. The DEM format is a single file of ASCII text comprised of three data blocks; A, B, and C. The A block contains header information such as data origin, type, and measurement systems. The B block contains contiguous elevation data described as a six-character integer. The C block contains trailer information such as root-mean square (RMS) error of the scene. The USGS DEM format has recently been succeeded by the USGS SDTS (Spatial Data Transfer Standard) DEMformat. The SDTS format specifically developed as a distribution format for transferring data from one computer to another with zero data loss. The DTED (Digital Terrain Elevation Data) format is another elevation specific raster file format. It was developed in the 1970s for military purposes such as line of sight analysis, 3-D visualization, and mission planning. The DTED format maintains three levels of data over five different latitudinal zones. Level 0 data has a resolution of approximately 900 meters; Level 1 data has a resolution of approximately 90 meters; and Level 2 data has a resolution of approximately 30 meters. Hybrid File Formats A geodatabase is a recently developed, proprietary ESRI file format that supports both vector and raster feature datasets (e.g., points, lines, polygons, annotation, JPEG, TIFF) within a single file. This format maintains topological relationships and is stored as an MDB file. The geodatabase was developed to be a comprehensive model for representing and modeling geospatial information. There are three different types of geodatabases. The personal geodatabase was developed for single-user editing, whereby two editors cannot work on the same geodatabase at a given time. The personal geodatabase employs the Microsoft Access DBMS file format and maintains a size limit of 2 gigabytes per file, although it has been noted that performance begins to degrade after file size approaches 250 megabytes. The personal geodatabase is currently being phased out by ESRI and is therefore not used for new data creation. The file geodatabase similarly allows only single-user editing, but this restriction applies only to unique feature datasets within a geodatabase. The file geodatabase incorporates new tools such as domains (rules applied to attributes), subtypes (groups of objects with a feature class or table), and split/merge policies (rules to control and define the output of split and merge operations). This format stores information as binary files with a size limit of 1 terabyte and has been noted to perform and scale much more efficiently than the personal geodatabase (approximately one-third of the feature geometry storage required by shapefiles and personal geodatabases). File databases are not tied to any specific relational database management system and can be employed on both Windows and UNIX platforms. Finally, file geodatabases can be compressed to read-only formats that further reduce file size without subsequently reducing performance. The third hybrid ESRI format is the ArcSDE geodatabase, which allows multiple editors to simultaneously work on feature datasets within a single geodatabase (a.k.a. versioning). Like the file geodatabase, this format can be employed on both Windows and UNIX platforms. File size is limited to 4 gigabytes and its proprietary nature requires an ArcInfo or ArcEditor license for use. The ArcSDE geodatabase is implemented on the SQL Server Express software package, which is a free DBMS platform developed by In addition to the geodatabase, Adobe Systems Incorporated’s geospatial PDF (Portable Document Format) is an open-source format that allows for the representation of geometric entities such as points, lines, and polygons. Geospatial PDFs can be used to find and mark coordinate pairs, measure distances, reproject files, and georegister raster images. This format is particularly useful as the PDF is widely accepted to be the preferred standard for printable web documents. Although functionally similar, the geospatial PDF should not be confused with the GeoPDF format developed by TerraGo Technologies. Rather, the GeoPDF is a branded version of the geospatial Finally, Google Earth supports a new, open-source, hybrid file format referred to as a KML (Keyhole Markup Language). KML files associate points, lines, polygons, images, 3-D models, and so forth, with a longitude and latitude value, as well as other view information such as tilt, heading, altitude, and so forth. KMZ files are commonly encountered, and they are zipped versions KML files. Common vector file formats used in geospatial applications include shapefiles, coverages, TIGER/Lines, AutoCAD DXFs, and DLGs. Common raster file formats used in geospatial applications include JPGs, TIFFs, PNGs, MrSIDs, ECWs, DRGs, USGS DEMs, and DTEDs. Common hybrid file formats used in geospatial applications include geodatabases (personal, file, and ArcSDE) and geospatial PDFs. If you were a city planner tasked with creating a GIS database for mapping features throughout the city, would you prefer using a DLG or a DRG? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using either of these formats? Search the web and create a list of URLs that contain working files for each of the raster and vector formats discussed in this section. [1] USGS. 2010. “What is SDTS?” USGS, http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/sdts/whatsdts.html. 5.4 Data Quality The objective of this section is to ascertain the different types of error inherent in geospatial datasets. Not all geospatial data are created equally. Data quality refers to the ability of a given dataset to satisfy the objective for which it was created. With the voluminous amounts of geospatial data being created and served to the cartographic community, care must be taken by individual geographic information system (GIS) users to ensure that the data employed for their project is suitable for the task at hand. Two primary attributes characterize data quality. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to its actual value and is often expressed as a probability (e.g., 80 percent of all points are within +/− 5 meters of their true locations). Precision refers to the variance of a value when repeated measurements are taken. A watch may be correct to 1/1000th of a second (precise) but may be 30 minutes slow (not accurate). As you can see in Figure 5.12 "Accuracy and Precision", the blue darts are both precise and accurate, while the red darts are precise but inaccurate. Figure 5.12 Accuracy and Precision Several types of error can arise when accuracy and/or precision requirements are not met during data capture and creation. Positional accuracy is the probability of a feature being within +/− units of either its true location on earth (absolute positional accuracy) or its location in relation to other mapped features (relative positional accuracy). For example, it could be said that a particular mapping effort may result in 95 percent of trees being mapped to within +/− 5 feet for their true location (absolute), or 95 percent of trees are mapped to within +/− 5 feet of their location as observed on a digital ortho quarter quadrangle (relative). Speaking about absolute positional error does beg the question, however, of what exactly is the true location of an object? As discussed in Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy", differing conceptions of the earth’s shape has led to a plethora of projections, data points, and spheroids, each attempting to clarify positional errors for particular locations on the earth. To begin addressing this unanswerable question, the US National Map Accuracy Standard (or NMAS) suggests that to meet horizontal accuracy requirements, a paper map is expected to have no more than 10 percent of measurable points fall outside the accuracy values range shown in Figure 5.13 "Relation between Positional Error and Scale". Similarly, the vertical accuracy of no more than 10 percent of elevations on a contour map shall be in error of more than one-half the contour interval. Any map that does not meet these horizontal and vertical accuracy standards will be deemed unacceptable for publication. Figure 5.13 Relation between Positional Error and Scale Positional errors arise via multiple sources. The process of digitizing paper maps commonly introduces such inaccuracies. Errors can arise while registering the map on the digitizing board. A paper map can shrink, stretch, or tear over time, changing the dimensions of the scene. Input errors created from hastily digitized points are common. Finally, converting between coordinate systems and transforming between data points may also introduce errors to the dataset. The root-mean square (RMS) error is frequently used to evaluate the degree of inaccuracy in a digitized map. This statistic measures the deviation between the actual (true) and estimated (digitized) locations of the control points. Figure 5.14 "Potential Digitization Error" illustrates the inaccuracies of lines representing soil types that result from input control point location errors. By applying an RMS error calculation to the dataset, one could determine the accuracy of the digitized map and thus determine its suitability for inclusion in a given study. Figure 5.14 Potential Digitization Error Positional errors can also arise when features to be mapped are inherently vague. Take the example of a wetland (Figure 5.15 "Defining a Wetland Boundary"). What defines a wetland boundary? Wetlands are determined by a combination of hydrologic, vegetative, and edaphic factors. Although the US Army Corps of Engineers is currently responsible for defining the boundary of wetlands throughout the country, this task is not as simple as it may seem. In particular, regional differences in the characteristics of a wetland make delineating these features particularly troublesome. For example, the definition of a wetland boundary for the riverine wetlands in the eastern United States, where water is abundant, is often useless when delineating similar types of wetlands in the desert southwest United States. Indeed, the complexity and confusion associated with the conception of what a “wetland” is may result in difficulties defining the feature in the field, which subsequently leads to positional accuracy errors in the GIS database. Figure 5.15 Defining a Wetland Boundary In addition to positional accuracy, attribute accuracy is a common source of error in a GIS. Attribute errors can occur when an incorrect value is recorded within the attribute field or when a field is missing a value. Misspelled words and other typographical errors are common as well. Similarly, a common inaccuracy occurs when developers enter “0” in an attribute field when the value is actually “null.” This is common in count data where “0” would represent zero findings, while a “null” would represent a locale where no data collection effort was undertaken. In the case of categorical values, inaccuracies occasionally occur when attributes are mislabeled. For example, a land-use/land-cover map may list a polygon as “agricultural” when it is, in fact, “residential.” This is particularly true if the dataset is out of date, which leads us to our next source of error. Temporal accuracy addresses the age or timeliness of a dataset. No dataset is ever completely current. In the time it takes to create the dataset, it has already become outdated. Regardless, there are several dates to be aware of while using a dataset. These dates should be found within the metadata. The publication date will tell you when the dataset was created and/or released. The field date relates the date and time the data was collected. If the dataset contains any future prediction, there should also be a forecast period and/or date. To address temporal accuracy, many datasets undergo a regular data update regimen. For example, the California Department of Fish and Game updates its sensitive species databases on a near monthly basis as new findings are continually being made. It is important to ensure that, as an end-user, you are constantly using the most up-to-date data for your GIS application. The fourth type of accuracy in a GIS is logical consistency. Logical consistency requires that the data are topologically correct. For example, does a stream segment of a line shapefile fall within the floodplain of the corresponding polygon shapefile? Do roadways connect at nodes? Do all the connections and flows point in the correct direction in a network? In regards to the last question, the author was recently using an unnamed smartphone application to navigate a busy city roadway and was twice told to turn the wrong direction down one-way streets. So beware, errors in logical consistency may lead to traffic violations, or worse! The final type of accuracy is data completeness. Comprehensive inclusion of all features within the GIS database is required to ensure accurate mapping results. Simply put, all the data must be present for a dataset to be accurate. Are all of the counties in the state represented? Are all of the stream segments included in the river network? Is every convenience store listed in the database? Are only certain types of convenience stores listed within the database? Indeed, incomplete data will inevitably lead to incomplete or insufficient analysis. All geospatial data contains error. Accuracy represents how close a measurement is to its actual value, while precision refers to the variance of a value when repeated measurements are taken. The five types of error in a geospatial dataset are related to positional accuracy, attribute accuracy, temporal accuracy, logical consistency, and data completeness. What are the five types of accuracy/precision errors associated geographic information? Provide an example of each type of error. Per the description of the positional accuracy of wetland boundaries, discuss a map feature whose boundaries are inherently vague and difficult to map. Data Characteristics and Visualization In previous chapters, we learned how geographic information system (GIS) software packages use databases to store extensive attribute information for geospatial features within a map. The true usefulness of this information, however, is not realized until similarly powerful analytical tools are employed to access, process, and simplify the data. To accomplish this, GIS typically provides extensive tools for searching, querying, describing, summarizing, and classifying datasets. With these data exploration tools, even the most expansive datasets can be mined to provide users the ability to make meaningful insights into and statements about that information. 6.1 Descriptions and Summaries The objective of this section is to review the most frequently used measures of distribution, central tendency, and dispersion. No discussion of geospatial analysis would be complete without a brief overview of basic statistical concepts. The basic statistics outlined here represent a starting point for any attempt to describe, summarize, and analyze geospatial datasets. An example of a common geospatial statistical endeavor is the analysis of point data obtained by a series of rainfall gauges patterned throughout a particular region. Given these rain gauges, one could determine the typical amount and variability of rainfall at each station, as well as typical rainfall throughout the region as a whole. In addition, you could interpolate the amount of rainfall that falls between each station or the location where the most (or least) rainfall occurs. Furthermore, you could predict the expected amount of rainfall into the future at each station, between each station, or within the region as a whole. The increase of computational power over the past few decades has given rise to vast datasets that cannot be summarized easily. Descriptive statistics provide simple numeric descriptions of these large datasets. Descriptive statistics tend to be univariate analyses, meaning they examine one variable at a time. There are three families of descriptive statistics that we will discuss here: measures of distribution, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion. However, before we delve too deeply into various statistical techniques, we must first define a few terms. Variable: a symbol used to represent any given value or set of values Value: an individual observation of a variable (in a geographic information system [GIS] this is also called a record) Population: the universe of all possible values for a variable Sample: a subset of the population n: the number of observations for a variable Array: a sequence of observed measures (in a GIS this is also called a field and is represented in an attribute table as a column) Sorted Array: an ordered, quantitative array Measures of Distribution The measure of distribution of a variable is merely a summary of the frequency of values over the range of the dataset (hence, this is often called a frequency distribution). Typically, the values for the given variable will be grouped into a predetermined series of classes (also called intervals, bins, or categories), and the number of data values that fall into each class will be summarized. A graph showing the number of data values within each class range is called a histogram. For example, the percentage grades received by a class on an exam may result in the following array (n = 30): Array of Exam Scores: {87, 76, 89, 90, 64, 67, 59, 79, 88, 74, 72, 99, 81, 77, 75, 86, 94, 66, 75, 74, 83, 100, 92, 75, 73, 70, 60, 80, 85, 57} When placing this array into a frequency distribution, the following general guidelines should be observed. First, between five and fifteen different classes should be employed, although the exact number of classes depends on the number of observations. Second, each observation goes into one and only one class. Third, when possible, use classes that cover an equal range of values (Freund and Perles With these guidelines in mind, the exam score array shown earlier can be visualized with the following histogram (Figure 6.1 "Histogram Showing the Frequency Distribution of Exam Scores"). Figure 6.1 Histogram Showing the Frequency Distribution of Exam Scores As you can see from the histogram, certain descriptive observations can be readily made. Most students received a C on the exam (70–79). Two students failed the exam (50–59). Five students received an A (90–99). Note that this histogram does violate the third basic rule that each class cover an equal range because an F grade ranges from 0–59, whereas the other grades have ranges of equal size. Regardless, in this case we are most concerned with describing the distribution of grades received during the exam. Therefore, it makes perfect sense to create class ranges that best suit our individual needs. Measures of Central Tendency We can further explore the exam score array by applying measures of central tendency. There are three primary measures of central tendency: the mean, mode, and median. The mean, more commonly referred to as the average, is the most often used measure of central tendency. To calculate the mean, simply add all the values in the array and divide that sum by the number of observations. To return to the exam score example from earlier, the sum of that array is 2,340, and there are 30 observations (n = 30). So, the mean is 2,340 / 30 = 78. The mode is the measure of central tendency that represents the most frequently occurring value in the array. In the case of the exam scores, the mode of the array is 75 as this was received by the most number of students (three, in total). Finally, the median is the observation that, when the array is ordered from lowest to highest, falls exactly in the center of the sorted array. More specifically, the median is the value in the middle of the sorted array when there are an odd number of observations. Alternatively, when there is an even number of observations, the median is calculated by finding the mean of the two central values. If the array of exam scores were reordered into a sorted array, the scores would be listed thusly: Sorted Array of Exam Scores: {57, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 99} Since n = 30 in this example, there are an even number of observations. Therefore, the mean of the two central values (15th = 76 and 16th = 77) is used to calculate the median as described earlier, resulting in (76 + 77) / 2 = 76.5. Taken together, the mean, mode, and median represent the most basic ways to examine trends in a dataset. Measures of Dispersion The third type of descriptive statistics is measures of dispersion (also referred to as measures of variability). These measures describe the spread of data around the mean. The simplest measure of dispersion is the range. The range equals the largest value minus in the dataset the smallest. In our case, the range is 99 − 57 = 42. The interquartile range represents a slightly more sophisticated measure of dispersion. This method divides the data into quartiles. To accomplish this, the median is used to divide the sorted array into two halves. These halves are again divided into halves by their own median. The first quartile (Q1) is the median of the lower half of the sorted array and is also referred to as the lower quartile. Q2 represents the median. Q3 is the median of the upper half of the sorted array and is referred to as the upper quartile. The difference between the upper and lower quartile is the interquartile range. In the exam score example, Q1 = 72.25 and Q3 = 86.75. Therefore, the interquartile range for this dataset is 86.75 − 72.25 = 14.50. A third measure of dispersion is the variance (s2). To calculate the variance, subtract the raw value of each exam score from the mean of the exam scores. As you may guess, some of the differences will be positive, and some will be negative, resulting in the sum of differences equaling zero. As we are more interested in the magnitude of differences (or deviations) from the mean, one method to overcome this “zeroing” property is to square each deviation, thus removing the negative values from the output (Figure 6.2). This results in the following: We then divide the sum of squares by either n − 1 (in the case of working with a sample) or n (in the case of working with a population). As the exam scores given here represent the entire population of the class, we will employ Figure 6.3 "Variance", which results in a variance of s2 = 116.4. If we wanted to use these exam scores to extrapolate information about the larger student body, we would be working with a sample of the population. In that case, we would divide the sum of squares by n − 1. Figure 6.3 Variance Standard deviation, the final measure of dispersion discussed here, is the most commonly used measure of dispersion. To compensate for the squaring of each difference from the mean performed during the variance calculation, standard deviation takes the square root of the variance. As determined fromFigure 6.4 "Standard Deviation", our exam score example results in a standard deviation of s = SQRT(116.4) = Figure 6.4 Standard Deviation Calculating the standard deviation allows us to make some notable inferences about the dispersion of our dataset. A small standard deviation suggests the values in the dataset are clustered around the mean, while a large standard deviation suggests the values are scattered widely around the mean. Additional inferences may be made about the standard deviation if the dataset conforms to a normal distribution. A normal distribution implies that the data, when placed into a frequency distribution (histogram), looks symmetrical or “bell-shaped.” When not “normal,” the frequency distribution of dataset is said to be positively or negatively “skewed” (Figure 6.5 "Histograms of Normally Curved, Positively Skewed, and Negatively Skewed Datasets"). Skewed data are those that maintain values that are not symmetrical around the mean. Regardless, normally distributed data maintains the property of having approximately 68 percent of the data values fall within ± 1 standard deviation of the mean, and 95 percent of the data value fall within ± 2 standard deviations of the mean. In our example, the mean is 78, and the standard deviation is 10.8. It can therefore be stated that 68 percent of the scores fall between 67.2 and 88.8 (i.e., 78 ± 10.8), while 95 percent of the scores fall between 56.4 and 99.6 (i.e., 78 ± [10.8 * 2]). For datasets that do not conform to the normal curve, it can be assumed that 75 percent of the data values fall within ± 2 standard deviations of the mean. Figure 6.5 Histograms of Normally Curved, Positively Skewed, and Negatively Skewed Datasets The measure of distribution for a given variable is a summary of the frequency of values over the range of the dataset and is commonly shown using a histogram. Measures of central tendency attempt to provide insights into “typical” value for a dataset. Measures of dispersion (or variability) describe the spread of data around the mean or median. Create a table containing at least thirty data values. For the table you created, calculate the mean, mode, median, range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation. [1] Freund, J., and B. Perles. 2006. Modern Elementary Statistics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 6.2 Searches and Queries The objective of this section is to outline the basics of the SQL language and to understand the various query techniques available in a GIS. Access to robust search and query tools is essential to examine the general trends of a dataset. Queries are essentially questions posed to a database. The selective display and retrieval of information based on these queries are essential components of any geographic information system (GIS). There are three basic methods for searching and querying attribute data: (1) selection, (2) query by attribute, and (3) query by Selection represents the easiest way to search and query spatial data in a GIS. Selecting features highlight those attributes of interest, both on-screen and in the attribute table, for subsequent display or analysis. To accomplish this, one selects points, lines, and polygons simply by using the cursor to “point-and-click” the feature of interest or by using the cursor to drag a box around those features. Alternatively, one can select features by using a graphic object, such as a circle, line, or polygon, to highlight all of those features that fall within the object. Advanced options for selecting subsets of data from the larger dataset include creating a new selection, selecting from the currently selected features, adding to the current selection, and removing from the current selection. Query by Attribute Map features and their associated data can be retrieved via the query of attribute information within the data tables. For example, search and query tools allow a user to show all the census tracts that have a population density of 500 or greater, to show all counties that are less than or equal to 100 square kilometers, or to show all convenience stores within 1 mile of an interstate highway. Specifically, SQL (Structured Query Language) is a commonly used computer language developed to query attribute data within a relational database management system. Created by IBM in the 1970s, SQL allows for the retrieval of a subset of attribute information based on specific, user-defined criteria via the implementation of particular language elements. More recently, the use of SQL has been extended for use in a GIS (Shekhar and Chawla 2003). One important note related to the use of SQL is that the exact expression used to query a dataset depends on the GIS file format being examined. For example, ANSI SQL is a particular version used to query ArcSDE geodatabases, while Jet SQL is used to access personal geodatabases. Similarly, shapefiles, coverages, and dBASE tables use a restricted version of SQL that doesn’t support all the features of ANSI SQL or Jet SQL. As discussed in Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.2 "Geospatial Database Management", all attribute tables in a relational database management system (RDBMS) used for an SQL query must contain primary and/or foreign keys for proper use. In addition to these keys, SQL implements clauses to structure database queries. A clause is a language element that includes the SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, and HAVING query statements. SELECT denotes what attribute table fields you wish to view. FROM denotes the attribute table in which the information resides. WHERE denotes the user-defined criteria for the attribute information that must be met in order for it to be included in the output set. ORDER BY denotes the sequence in which the output set will be displayed. HAVING denotes the predicate used to filter output from the ORDER BY clause. While the SELECT and FROM clauses are both mandatory statements in an SQL query, the WHERE is an optional clause used to limit the output set. The ORDER BY and HAVING are optional clauses used to present the information in an interpretable manner. Figure 6.6 Personal Addresses in “ExampleTable” Attribute Table The following is a series of SQL expressions and results when applied to Figure 6.6 "Personal Addresses in “ExampleTable” Attribute Table". The title of the attribute table is “ExampleTable.” Note that the asterisk () denotes a special case of SELECT whereby all columns for a given record are selected: SELECT FROM ExampleTable WHERE City = “Upland” This statement returns the following: Consider the following statement: SELECT LastName FROM ExampleTable WHERE State = “CA” ORDER BY FirstName This statement results in the following table sorted in ascending order by the FirstName column (not included in the output table as directed by the SELECT clause): In addition to clauses, SQL allows for the inclusion of specific operators to further delimit the result of query. These operators can be relational, arithmetic, or Boolean and will typically appear inside of conditional statements in the WHERE clause. A relational operator employs the statements equal to (=), less than (<), less than or equal to (<=), greater than (>), or greater than or equal to (>=). Arithmetic operators are those mathematical functions that include addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (), and division (/). Boolean operators (also called Boolean connectors) include the statements AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. The AND connector is used to select records from the attribute table that satisfies both expressions. The OR connector selects records that satisfy either one or both expressions. The XOR connector selects records that satisfy one and only one of the expressions (the functional opposite of the AND connector). Lastly, the NOT connector is used to negate (or unselect) an expression that would otherwise be true. Put into the language of probability, the AND connector is used to represent an intersection, OR represents a union, and NOT represents a complement. Figure 6.7 "Venn Diagram of SQL Operators" illustrates the logic of these connectors, where circles A and B represent two sets of intersecting data. Keep in mind that SQL is a very exacting language and minor inconsistencies in the statement, such as additional spaces, can result in a failed query. Figure 6.7 Venn Diagram of SQL Operators Used together, these operators combine to provide the GIS user with powerful and flexible search and query options. With this in mind, can you determine the output set of the following SQL query as it is applied to Figure 6.1 "Histogram Showing the Frequency Distribution of Exam Scores"? SELECT LastName, FirstName, StreetNumber FROM ExampleTable WHERE StreetNumber >= 10000 AND StreetNumber < 100 ORDER BY LastName The following are the results: Query by Geography Query by geography, also known as a “spatial query,” allows one to highlight particular features by examining their position relative to other features. For example, a GIS provides robust tools that allow for the determination of the number of schools within 10 miles of a home. Several spatial query options are available, as outlined here. Throughout this discussion, the “target layer” refers to the feature dataset whose attributes are selected, while the “source layer” refers to the feature dataset on which the spatial query is applied. For example, if we were to use a state boundary polygon feature dataset to select highways from a line feature dataset (e.g., select all the highways that run through the state of Arkansas), the state layer is the source, while the highway layer is the target. INTERSECT. This oft-used spatial query technique selects all features in the target layer that share a common locale with the source layer. The “intersect” query allows points, lines, or polygon layers to be used as both the source and target layers (Figure 6.8). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they intersect the red features. ARE WITHIN A DISTANCE OF. This technique requires the user to specify some distance value, which is then used to buffer (Chapter 7 "Geospatial Analysis I: Vector Operations", Section 7.2 "Multiple Layer Analysis") the source layer. All features that intersect this buffer are highlighted in the target layer. The “are within a distance of” query allows points, lines, or polygon layers to be used for both the source and target layers (Figure 6.9). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they are within the selected distance of the red features; tan areas represent buffers around the various features. COMPLETELY CONTAIN. This spatial query technique returns those features that are entirely within the source layer. Features with coincident boundaries are not selected by this query type. The “completely contain” query allows for points, lines, or polygons as the source layer, but only polygons can be used as a target layer (Figure 6.10). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they completely contain the red ARE COMPLETELY WITHIN. This query selects those features in the target layer whose entire spatial extent occurs within the geometry of the source layer. The “are completely within” query allows for points, lines, or polygons as the target layer, but only polygons can be used as a source layer (Figure 6.11). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they are completely within the red HAVE THEIR CENTER IN. This technique selects target features whose center, or centroid, is located within the boundary of the source feature dataset. The “have their center in” query allows points, lines, or polygon layers to be used as both the source and target layers (Figure 6.12). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they have their centers in the red SHARE A LINE SEGMENT. This spatial query selects target features whose boundary geometries share a minimum of two adjacent vertices with the source layer. The “share a line segment” query allows for line or polygon layers to be used for either of the source and target layers (Figure 6.13). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they share a line segment with the red features. TOUCH THE BOUNDARY OF. This methodology is similar to the INTERSECT spatial query; however, it selects line and polygon features that share a common boundary with target layer. The “touch the boundary of” query allows for line or polygon layers to be used as both the source and target layers (Figure 6.14). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they touch the boundary of the red ARE IDENTICAL TO. This spatial query returns features that have the exact same geographic location. The “are identical to” query can be used on points, lines, or polygons, but the target layer type must be the same as the source layer type (Figure 6.15). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they are identical to the red features. ARE CROSSED BY THE OUTLINE OF. This selection criteria returns features that share a single vertex but not an entire line segment. The “are crossed by the outline of” query allows for line or polygon layers to be used as both source and target layers (Figure 6.16). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they are crossed by the outline of the CONTAIN. This method is similar to the COMPLETELY CONTAIN spatial query; however, features in the target layer will be selected even if the boundaries overlap. The “contain” query allows for point, line, or polygon features in the target layer when points are used as a source; when line and polygon target layers with a line source; and when only polygon target layers with a polygon source (Figure 6.17). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they contain the red features. ARE CONTAINED BY. This method is similar to the ARE COMPLETELY WITHIN spatial query; however, features in the target layer will be selected even if the boundaries overlap. The “are contained by” query allows for point, line, or polygon features in the target layer when polygons are used as a source; when point and line target layers with a line source; and when only point target layers with a point source (Figure 6.18). The highlighted blue and yellow features are selected because they are contained by the red The three basic methods for searching and querying attribute data are selection, query by attribute, and query by geography. SQL is a commonly used computer language developed to query by attribute data within a relational database management system. Queries by geography allow a user to highlight desired features by examining their position relative to other features. The eleven different query-by-geography options listed here are available in most GIS software packages. Using Figure 6.1 "Histogram Showing the Frequency Distribution of Exam Scores", develop the SQL statement that results in the output of all the street names of people living in Los Angeles, sorted by street number. When querying by geography, what is the difference between a source layer and a target layer? What is the difference between the CONTAIN, COMPLETELY CONTAIN, and ARE CONTAINED BY queries? [1] Shekhar, S., and S. Chawla. 2003. Spatial Databases: A Tour. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 6.3 Data Classification The objective of this section is to describe the methodologies available to parse data into various classes for visual representation in a map. The process of data classification combines raw data into predefined classes, or bins. These classes may be represented in a map by some unique symbols or, in the case of choropleth maps, by a unique color or hue (for more on color and hue, see Chapter 8 "Geospatial Analysis II: Raster Data", Section 8.1 "Basic Geoprocessing with Rasters"). Choropleth maps are thematic maps shaded with graduated colors to represent some statistical variable of interest. Although seemingly straightforward, there are several different classification methodologies available to a cartographer. These methodologies break the attribute values down along various interval patterns. Monmonier (1991) [1]noted that different classification methodologies can have a major impact on the interpretability of a given map as the visual pattern presented is easily distorted by manipulating the specific interval breaks of the classification. In addition to the methodology employed, the number of classes chosen to represent the feature of interest will also significantly affect the ability of the viewer to interpret the mapped information. Including too many classes can make a map look overly complex and confusing. Too few classes can oversimplify the map and hide important data trends. Most effective classification attempts utilize approximately four to six distinct classes. While problems potentially exist with any classification technique, a well-constructed choropleth increases the interpretability of any given map. The following discussion outlines the classification methods commonly available in geographic information system (GIS) software packages. In these examples, we will use the US Census Bureau’s population statistic for US counties in 1997. These data are freely available at the US Census website (http://www.census.gov). The equal interval (or equal step) classification method divides the range of attribute values into equally sized classes. The number of classes is determined by the user. The equal interval classification method is best used for continuous datasets such as precipitation or temperature. In the case of the 1997 Census Bureau data, county population values across the United States range from 40 (Yellowstone National Park County, MO) to 9,184,770 (Los Angeles County, CA) for a total range of 9,184,770 − 40 = 9,184,730. If we decide to classify this data into 5 equal interval classes, the range of each class would cover a population spread of 9,184,730 / 5 = 1,836,946 (Figure 6.19 "Equal Interval Classification for 1997 US County Population Data"). The advantage of the equal interval classification method is that it creates a legend that is easy to interpret and present to a nontechnical audience. The primary disadvantage is that certain datasets will end up with most of the data values falling into only one or two classes, while few to no values will occupy the other classes. As you can see in Figure 6.19 "Equal Interval Classification for 1997 US County Population Data", almost all the counties are assigned to the first (yellow) bin. Figure 6.19 Equal Interval Classification for 1997 US County Population Data The quantile classification method places equal numbers of observations into each class. This method is best for data that is evenly distributed across its range. Figure 6.20 "Quantiles" shows the quantile classification method with five total classes. As there are 3,140 counties in the United States, each class in the quantile classification methodology will contain 3,140 / 5 = 628 different counties. The advantage to this method is that it often excels at emphasizing the relative position of the data values (i.e., which counties contain the top 20 percent of the US population). The primary disadvantage of the quantile classification methodology is that features placed within the same class can have wildly differing values, particularly if the data are not evenly distributed across its range. In addition, the opposite can also happen whereby values with small range differences can be placed into different classes, suggesting a wider difference in the dataset than actually exists. Figure 6.20 Quantiles The natural breaks (or Jenks) classification method utilizes an algorithm to group values in classes that are separated by distinct break points. This method is best used with data that is unevenly distributed but not skewed toward either end of the distribution. Figure 6.21 "Natural Breaks" shows the natural breaks classification for the 1997 US county population density data. One potential disadvantage is that this method can create classes that contain widely varying number ranges. Accordingly, class 1 is characterized by a range of just over 150,000, while class 5 is characterized by a range of over 6,000,000. In cases like this, it is often useful to either “tweak” the classes following the classification effort or to change the labels to some ordinal scale such as “small, medium, or large.” The latter example, in particular, can result in a map that is more comprehensible to the viewer. A second disadvantage is the fact that it can be difficult to compare two or more maps created with the natural breaks classification method because the class ranges are so very specific to each dataset. In these cases, datasets that may not be overly disparate may appear so in the output graphic. Figure 6.21 Natural Breaks Finally, the standard deviation classification method forms each class by adding and subtracting the standard deviation from the mean of the dataset. The method is best suited to be used with data that conforms to a normal distribution. In the county population example, the mean is 85,108, and the standard deviation is 277,080. Therefore, as can be seen in the legend of Figure 6.22 "Standard Deviation", the central class contains values within a 0.5 standard deviation of the mean, while the upper and lower classes contain values that are 0.5 or more standard deviations above or below the mean, respectively. Figure 6.22 Standard Deviation In conclusion, there are several viable data classification methodologies that can be applied to choropleth maps. Although other methods are available (e.g., equal area, optimal), those outlined here represent the most commonly used and widely available. Each of these methods presents the data in a different fashion and highlights different aspects of the trends in the dataset. Indeed, the classification methodology, as well as the number of classes utilized, can result in very widely varying interpretations of the dataset. It is incumbent upon you, the cartographer, to select the method that best suits the needs of the study and presents the data in as meaningful and transparent a way as Choropleth maps are thematic maps shaded with graduated colors to represent some statistical variable of interest. Four methods for classifying data presented here include equal intervals, quartile, natural breaks, and standard deviation. These methods convey certain advantages and disadvantages when visualizing a variable of interest. Given the choropleth maps presented in this chapter, which do you feel best represents the dataset? Go online and describe two other data classification methods available to GIS users. For the table of thirty data values created in Section 6.1 "Descriptions and Summaries", Exercise 1, determine the data ranges for each class as if you were creating both equal interval and quantile classification schemes. Geospatial Analysis I: Vector Operations In Chapter 6 "Data Characteristics and Visualization", we discussed different ways to query, classify, and summarize information in attribute tables. These methods are indispensable for understanding the basic quantitative and qualitative trends of a dataset. However, they don’t take particular advantage of the greatest strength of a geographic information system (GIS), notably the explicit spatial relationships. Spatial analysis is a fundamental component of a GIS that allows for an indepth study of the topological and geometric properties of a dataset or datasets. In this chapter, we discuss the basic spatial analysis techniques for vector datasets. 7.1 Single Layer Analysis The objective of this section is to become familiar with concepts and terms related to the variety of single overlay analysis techniques available to analyze and manipulate the spatial attributes of a vector feature dataset. As the name suggests, single layer analyses are those that are undertaken on an individual feature dataset. Buffering is the process of creating an output polygon layer containing a zone (or zones) of a specified width around an input point, line, or polygon feature. Buffers are particularly suited for determining the area of influence around features of interest. Geoprocessing is a suite of tools provided by many geographic information system (GIS) software packages that allow the user to automate many of the mundane tasks associated with manipulating GIS data. Geoprocessing usually involves the input of one or more feature datasets, followed by a spatially explicit analysis, and resulting in an output feature dataset. Buffers are common vector analysis tools used to address questions of proximity in a GIS and can be used on points, lines, or polygons (Figure 7.1 "Buffers around Red Point, Line, and Polygon Features"). For instance, suppose that a natural resource manager wants to ensure that no areas are disturbed within 1,000 feet of breeding habitat for the federally endangered Delhi Sands flower-loving fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis). This species is found only in the few remaining Delhi Sands soil formations of the western United States. To accomplish this task, a 1,000-foot protection zone (buffer) could be created around all the observed point locations of the species. Alternatively, the manager may decide that there is not enough point-specific location information related to this rare species and decide to protect all Delhi Sands soil formations. In this case, he or she could create a 1,000-foot buffer around all polygons labeled as “Delhi Sands” on a soil formations dataset. In either case, the use of buffers provides a quick-and-easy tool for determining which areas are to be maintained as preserved habitat for the endangered fly. Figure 7.1 Buffers around Red Point, Line, and Polygon Features Several buffering options are available to refine the output. For example, the buffer tool will typically buffer only selected features. If no features are selected, all features will be buffered. Two primary types of buffers are available to the GIS users: constant width and variable width. Constant width buffersrequire users to input a value by which features are buffered (Figure 7.1 "Buffers around Red Point, Line, and Polygon Features"), such as is seen in the examples in the preceding paragraph. Variable width buffers, on the other hand, call on a premade buffer field within the attribute table to determine the buffer width for each specific feature in the dataset (Figure 7.2 "Additional Buffer Options around Red Features: (a) Variable Width Buffers, (b) Multiple Ring Buffers, (c) Doughnut Buffer, (d) Setback Buffer, (e) Nondissolved Buffer, (f) Dissolved Buffer"). In addition, users can choose to dissolve or not dissolve the boundaries between overlapping, coincident buffer areas. Multiple ring buffers can be made such that a series of concentric buffer zones (much like an archery target) are created around the originating feature at user-specified distances (Figure 7.2 "Additional Buffer Options around Red Features: (a) Variable Width Buffers, (b) Multiple Ring Buffers, (c) Doughnut Buffer, (d) Setback Buffer, (e) Nondissolved Buffer, (f) Dissolved Buffer"). In the case of polygon layers, buffers can be created that include the originating polygon feature as part of the buffer or they be created as a doughnut buffer that excludes the input polygon area. Setback buffers are similar to doughnut buffers; however, they only buffer the area inside of the polygon boundary. Linear features can be buffered on both sides of the line, only on the left, or only on the right. Linear features can also be buffered so that the end points of the line are rounded (ending in a half-circle) or flat (ending in a rectangle). Figure 7.2 Additional Buffer Options around Red Features: (a) Variable Width Buffers, (b) Multiple Ring Buffers, (c) Doughnut Buffer, (d) Setback Buffer, (e) Nondissolved Buffer, (f) Dissolved Buffer Geoprocessing Operations “Geoprocessing” is a loaded term in the field of GIS. The term can (and should) be widely applied to any attempt to manipulate GIS data. However, the term came into common usage due to its application to a somewhat arbitrary suite of single layer and multiple layer analytical techniques in the Geoprocessing Wizard of ESRI’s ArcView software package in the mid-1990s. Regardless, the suite of geoprocessing tools available in a GIS greatly expand and simplify many of the management and manipulation processes associated with vector feature datasets. The primary use of these tools is to automate the repetitive preprocessing needs of typical spatial analyses and to assemble exact graphical representations for subsequent analysis and/or inclusion in presentations and final mapping products. The union, intersect, symmetrical difference, and identity overlay methods discussed in Section 7.2.2 "Other Multilayer Geoprocessing Options" are often used in conjunction with these geoprocessing tools. The following represents the most common geoprocessing tools. The dissolve operation combines adjacent polygon features in a single feature dataset based on a single predetermined attribute. For example, part (a) ofFigure 7.3 "Single Layer Geoprocessing Functions" shows the boundaries of seven different parcels of land, owned by four different families (labeled 1 through 4). The dissolve tool automatically combines all adjacent features with the same attribute values. The result is an output layer with the same extent as the original but without all of the unnecessary, intervening line segments. The dissolved output layer is much easier to visually interpret when the map is classified according to the dissolved field. The append operation creates an output polygon layer by combining the spatial extent of two or more layers (part (d) of Figure 7.3 "Single Layer Geoprocessing Functions"). For use with point, line, and polygon datasets, the output layer will be the same feature type as the input layers (which must each be the same feature type as well). Unlike the dissolve tool, append does not remove the boundary lines between appended layers (in the case of lines and polygons). Therefore, it is often useful to perform a dissolve after the use of the append tool to remove these potentially unnecessary dividing lines. Append is frequently used to mosaic data layers, such as digital US Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic maps, to create a single map for analysis and/or display. The select operation creates an output layer based on a user-defined query that selects particular features from the input layer (part (f) of Figure 7.3 "Single Layer Geoprocessing Functions"). The output layer contains only those features that are selected during the query. For example, a city planner may choose to perform a select on all areas that are zoned “residential” so he or she can quickly assess which areas in town are suitable for a proposed housing development. Finally, the merge operation combines features within a point, line, or polygon layer into a single feature with identical attribute information. Often, the original features will have different values for a given attribute. In this case, the first attribute encountered is carried over into the attribute table, and the remaining attributes are lost. This operation is particularly useful when polygons are found to be unintentionally overlapping. Merge will conveniently combine these features into a single entity. Figure 7.3 Single Layer Geoprocessing Functions Buffers are frequently used to create zones of a specified width around points, lines, and polygons. Vector buffering options include constant or variable widths, multiple rings, doughnuts, setbacks, and dissolve. Common single layer geoprocessing operations on vector layers include dissolve, merge, append, and select. List and describe the various buffering options available in a GIS. Why might you use the various geoprocessing operations to answer spatial questions related to your particular field of study? 7.2 Multiple Layer Analysis The objective of this section is to become familiar with concepts and terms related to the implementation of basic multiple layer operations and methodologies used on vector feature datasets. Among the most powerful and commonly used tools in a geographic information system (GIS) is the overlay of cartographic information. In a GIS, an overlay is the process of taking two or more different thematic maps of the same area and placing them on top of one another to form a new map (Figure 7.4 "A Map Overlay Combining Information from Point, Line, and Polygon Vector Layers, as Well as Raster Layers"). Inherent in this process, the overlay function combines not only the spatial features of the dataset but also the attribute information as well. Figure 7.4 A Map Overlay Combining Information from Point, Line, and Polygon Vector Layers, as Well as Raster Layers A common example used to illustrate the overlay process is, “Where is the best place to put a mall?” Imagine you are a corporate bigwig and are tasked with determining where your company’s next shopping mall will be placed. How would you attack this problem? With a GIS at your command, answering such spatial questions begins with amassing and overlaying pertinent spatial data layers. For example, you may first want to determine what areas can support the mall by accumulating information on which land parcels are for sale and which are zoned for commercial development. After collecting and overlaying the baseline information on available development zones, you can begin to determine which areas offer the most economic opportunity by collecting regional information on average household income, population density, location of proximal shopping centers, local buying habits, and more. Next, you may want to collect information on restrictions or roadblocks to development such as the cost of land, cost to develop the land, community response to development, adequacy of transportation corridors to and from the proposed mall, tax rates, and so forth. Indeed, simply collecting and overlaying spatial datasets provides a valuable tool for visualizing and selecting the optimal site for such a business endeavor. Overlay Operations Several basic overlay processes are available in a GIS for vector datasets: point-in-polygon, polygon-onpoint, line-on-line, line-in-polygon, polygon-on-line, and polygon-on-polygon. As you may be able to divine from the names, one of the overlay dataset must always be a line or polygon layer, while the second may be point, line, or polygon. The new layer produced following the overlay operation is termed the “output” layer. The point-in-polygon overlay operation requires a point input layer and a polygon overlay layer. Upon performing this operation, a new output point layer is returned that includes all the points that occur within the spatial extent of the overlay (Figure 7.4 "A Map Overlay Combining Information from Point, Line, and Polygon Vector Layers, as Well as Raster Layers"). In addition, all the points in the output layer contain their original attribute information as well as the attribute information from the overlay. For example, suppose you were tasked with determining if an endangered species residing in a national park was found primarily in a particular vegetation community. The first step would be to acquire the point occurrence locales for the species in question, plus a polygon overlay layer showing the vegetation communities within the national park boundary. Upon performing the point-in-polygon overlay operation, a new point file is created that contains all the points that occur within the national park. The attribute table of this output point file would also contain information about the vegetation communities being utilized by the species at the time of observation. A quick scan of this output layer and its attribute table would allow you to determine where the species was found in the park and to review the vegetation communities in which it occurred. This process would enable park employees to make informed management decisions regarding which onsite habitats to protect to ensure continued site utilization by the species. Figure 7.5 Point-in-Polygon Overlay As its name suggests, the polygon-on-point overlay operation is the opposite of the point-in-polygon operation. In this case, the polygon layer is the input, while the point layer is the overlay. The polygon features that overlay these points are selected and subsequently preserved in the output layer. For example, given a point dataset containing the locales of some type of crime and a polygon dataset representing city blocks, a polygon-on-point overlay operation would allow police to select the city blocks in which crimes have been known to occur and hence determine those locations where an increased police presence may be warranted. Figure 7.6 Polygon-on-Point Overlay A line-on-line overlay operation requires line features for both the input and overlay layer. The output from this operation is a point or points located precisely at the intersection(s) of the two linear datasets (Figure 7.7 "Line-on-Line Overlay"). For example, a linear feature dataset containing railroad tracks may be overlain on linear road network. The resulting point dataset contains all the locales of the railroad crossings over a town’s road network. The attribute table for this railroad crossing point dataset would contain information on both the railroad and the road over which it passed. Figure 7.7 Line-on-Line Overlay The line-in-polygon overlay operation is similar to the point-in-polygon overlay, with that obvious exception that a line input layer is used instead of a point input layer. In this case, each line that has any part of its extent within the overlay polygon layer will be included in the output line layer, although these lines will be truncated at the boundary of the overlay (Figure 7.9 "Polygon-on-Line Overlay"). For example, a line-in-polygon overlay can take an input layer of interstate line segments and a polygon overlay representing city boundaries and produce a linear output layer of highway segments that fall within the city boundary. The attribute table for the output interstate line segment will contain information on the interstate name as well as the city through which they pass. Figure 7.8 Line-in-Polygon Overlay The polygon-on-line overlay operation is the opposite of the line-in-polygon operation. In this case, the polygon layer is the input, while the line layer is the overlay. The polygon features that overlay these lines are selected and subsequently preserved in the output layer. For example, given a layer containing the path of a series of telephone poles/wires and a polygon map contain city parcels, a polygon-on-line overlay operation would allow a land assessor to select those parcels containing overhead telephone wires. Figure 7.9 Polygon-on-Line Overlay Finally, the polygon-in-polygon overlay operation employs a polygon input and a polygon overlay. This is the most commonly used overlay operation. Using this method, the polygon input and overlay layers are combined to create an output polygon layer with the extent of the overlay. The attribute table will contain spatial data and attribute information from both the input and overlay layers (Figure 7.10 "Polygon-inPolygon Overlay"). For example, you may choose an input polygon layer of soil types with an overlay of agricultural fields within a given county. The output polygon layer would contain information on both the location of agricultural fields and soil types throughout the county. Figure 7.10 Polygon-in-Polygon Overlay The overlay operations discussed previously assume that the user desires the overlain layers to be combined. This is not always the case. Overlay methods can be more complex than that and therefore employ the basic Boolean operators: AND, OR, and XOR (see Section 6.1.2 "Measures of Central Tendency"). Depending on which operator(s) are utilized, the overlay method employed will result in an intersection, union, symmetrical difference, or identity. Specifically, the union overlay method employs the OR operator. A union can be used only in the case of two polygon input layers. It preserves all features, attribute information, and spatial extents from both input layers (part (a) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). This overlay method is based on the polygon-in-polygon operation described in Section 7.1.1 "Buffering". Alternatively, the intersection overlay method employs the AND operator. An intersection requires a polygon overlay, but can accept a point, line, or polygon input. The output layer covers the spatial extent of the overlay and contains features and attributes from both the input and overlay (part (b) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). The symmetrical difference overlay method employs the XOR operator, which results in the opposite output as an intersection. This method requires both input layers to be polygons. The output polygon layer produced by the symmetrical difference method represents those areas common to only one of the feature datasets (part (c) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). In addition to these simple operations, the identity (also referred to as “minus”) overlay method creates an output layer with the spatial extent of the input layer (part (d) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods ") but includes attribute information from the overlay (referred to as the “identity” layer, in this case). The input layer can be points, lines, or polygons. The identity layer must be a polygon dataset. Figure 7.11 Vector Overlay Methods Other Multilayer Geoprocessing Options In addition to the aforementioned vector overlay methods, other common multiple layer geoprocessing options are available to the user. These included the clip, erase, and split tools. The clip geoprocessing operation is used to extract those features from an input point, line, or polygon layer that falls within the spatial extent of the clip layer (part (e) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). Following the clip, all attributes from the preserved portion of the input layer are included in the output. If any features are selected during this process, only those selected features within the clip boundary will be included in the output. For example, the clip tool could be used to clip the extent of a river floodplain by the extent of a county boundary. This would provide county managers with insight into which portions of the floodplain they are responsible to maintain. This is similar to the intersect overlay method; however, the attribute information associated with the clip layer is not carried into the output layer following the overlay. The erase geoprocessing operation is essentially the opposite of a clip. Whereas the clip tool preserves areas within an input layer, the erase tool preserves only those areas outside the extent of the analogous erase layer (part (f) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). While the input layer can be a point, line, or polygon dataset, the erase layer must be a polygon dataset. Continuing with our clip example, county managers could then use the erase tool to erase the areas of private ownership within the county floodplain area. Officials could then focus specifically on public reaches of the countywide floodplain for their upkeep and maintenance responsibilities. The split geoprocessing operation is used to divide an input layer into two or more layers based on a split layer (part (g) of Figure 7.11 "Vector Overlay Methods "). The split layer must be a polygon, while the input layers can be point, line, or polygon. For example, a homeowner’s association may choose to split up a countywide soil series map by parcel boundaries so each homeowner has a specific soil map for their own parcel. Spatial Join A spatial join is a hybrid between an attribute operation and a vector overlay operation. Like the “join” attribute operation described in Section 5.2.2 "Joins and Relates", a spatial join results in the combination of two feature dataset tables by a common attribute field. Unlike the attribute operation, a spatial join determines which fields from a source layer’s attribute table are appended to the destination layer’s attribute table based on the relative locations of selected features. This relationship is explicitly based on the property of proximity or containment between the source and destination layers, rather than the primary or secondary keys. The proximity option is used when the source layer is a point or line feature dataset, while the containment option is used when the source layer is a polygon feature dataset. When employing the proximity (or “nearest”) option, a record for each feature in the source layer’s attribute table is appended to the closest given feature in the destination layer’s attribute table. The proximity option will typically add a numerical field to the destination layer attribute table, called “Distance,” within which the measured distance between the source and destination feature is placed. For example, suppose a city agency had a point dataset showing all known polluters in town and a line dataset of all the river segments within the municipal boundary. This agency could then perform a proximitybased spatial join to determine the nearest river segment that would most likely be affected by each polluter. When using the containment (or “inside”) option, a record for each feature in the polygon source layer’s attribute table is appended to the record in the destination layer’s attribute table that it contains. If a destination layer feature (point, line, or polygon) is not completely contained within a source polygon, no value will be appended. For example, suppose a pool cleaning business wanted to hone its marketing services by providing flyers only to homes that owned a pool. They could obtain a point dataset containing the location of every pool in the county and a polygon parcel map for that same area. That business could then conduct a spatial join to append the parcel information to the pool locales. This would provide them with information on the each land parcel that contained a pool and they could subsequently send their mailers only to those homes. Overlay Errors Although overlays are one of the most important tools in a GIS analyst’s toolbox, there are some problems that can arise when using this methodology. In particular, slivers are a common error produced when two slightly misaligned vector layers are overlain (Figure 7.12 "Slivers"). This misalignment can come from several sources including digitization errors, interpretation errors, or source map errors (Chang For example, most vegetation and soil maps are created from field survey data, satellite images, and aerial photography. While you can imagine that the boundaries of soils and vegetation frequently coincide, the fact that they were most likely created by different researchers at different times suggests that their boundaries will not perfectly overlap. To ameliorate this problem, GIS software incorporates acluster tolerance option that forces nearby lines to be snapped together if they fall within a user-specified distance. Care must be taken when assigning cluster tolerance. Too strict a setting will not snap shared boundaries, while too lenient a setting will snap unintended, neighboring boundaries together (Wang and Donaghy 1995). Figure 7.12 Slivers A second potential source of error associated with the overlay process is error propagation. Error propagation arises when inaccuracies are present in the original input and overlay layers and are propagated through to the output layer (MacDougall 1975). These errors can be related to positional inaccuracies of the points, lines, or polygons. Alternatively, they can arise from attribute errors in the original data table(s). Regardless of the source, error propagation represents a common problem in overlay analysis, the impact of which depends largely on the accuracy and precision requirements of the project at hand. Overlay processes place two or more thematic maps on top of one another to form a new map. Overlay operations available for use with vector data include the point-in-polygon, polygon-on-point, lineon-line, line-in-polygon, polygon-on-line, and polygon-in-polygon models. Union, intersection, symmetrical difference, and identity are common operations used to combine information from various overlain datasets. From your own field of study, describe three theoretical data layers that could be overlain to create a new, output map that answers a complex spatial question such as, “Where is the best place to put a mall?” Go online and find the vector datasets related to the question you just proposed. [1] Chang, K. 2008. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill. [2] Wang, F., and P. Donaghy. 1995. “A Study of the Impact of Automated Editing on Polygon Overlay Analysis Accuracy.” Computers and Geosciences 21: 1177–85. [3] MacDougall, E. 1975. “The Accuracy of Map Overlays.” Landscape Planning 2: 23–30. Geospatial Analysis II: Raster Data Following our discussion of attribute and vector data analysis, raster data analysis presents the final powerful data mining tool available to geographers. Raster data are particularly suited to certain types of analyses, such as basic geoprocessing (Section 8.1 "Basic Geoprocessing with Rasters"), surface analysis (Section 8.2 "Scale of Analysis"), and terrain mapping (Section 8.3 "Surface Analysis: Spatial Interpolation"). While not always true, raster data can simplify many types of spatial analyses that would otherwise be overly cumbersome to perform on vector datasets. Some of the most common of these techniques are presented in this chapter. 8.1 Basic Geoprocessing with Rasters The objective of this section is to become familiar with basic single and multiple raster geoprocessing techniques. Like the geoprocessing tools available for use on vector datasets (Section 8.1 "Basic Geoprocessing with Rasters"), raster data can undergo similar spatial operations. Although the actual computation of these operations is significantly different from their vector counterparts, their conceptual underpinning is similar. The geoprocessing techniques covered here include both single layer (Section 8.1.1 "Single Layer Analysis") and multiple layer (Section 8.1.2 "Multiple Layer Analysis") Single Layer Analysis Reclassifying, or recoding, a dataset is commonly one of the first steps undertaken during raster analysis. Reclassification is basically the single layer process of assigning a new class or range value to all pixels in the dataset based on their original values (Figure 8.1 "Raster Reclassification". For example, an elevation grid commonly contains a different value for nearly every cell within its extent. These values could be simplified by aggregating each pixel value in a few discrete classes (i.e., 0–100 = “1,” 101–200 = “2,” 201– 300 = “3,” etc.). This simplification allows for fewer unique values and cheaper storage requirements. In addition, these reclassified layers are often used as inputs in secondary analyses, such as those discussed later in this section. Figure 8.1 Raster Reclassification As described in Chapter 7 "Geospatial Analysis I: Vector Operations", buffering is the process of creating an output dataset that contains a zone (or zones) of a specified width around an input feature. In the case of raster datasets, these input features are given as a grid cell or a group of grid cells containing a uniform value (e.g., buffer all cells whose value = 1). Buffers are particularly suited for determining the area of influence around features of interest. Whereas buffering vector data results in a precise area of influence at a specified distance from the target feature, raster buffers tend to be approximations representing those cells that are within the specified distance range of the target (Figure 8.2 "Raster Buffer around a Target Cell(s)"). Most geographic information system (GIS) programs calculate raster buffers by creating a grid of distance values from the center of the target cell(s) to the center of the neighboring cells and then reclassifying those distances such that a “1” represents those cells composing the original target, a “2” represents those cells within the user-defined buffer area, and a “0” represents those cells outside of the target and buffer areas. These cells could also be further classified to represent multiple ring buffers by including values of “3,” “4,” “5,” and so forth, to represent concentric distances around the target cell(s). Figure 8.2 Raster Buffer around a Target Cell(s) Multiple Layer Analysis A raster dataset can also be clipped similar to a vector dataset (Figure 8.3 "Clipping a Raster to a Vector Polygon Layer"). Here, the input raster is overlain by a vector polygon clip layer. The raster clip process results in a single raster that is identical to the input raster but shares the extent of the polygon clip layer. Figure 8.3 Clipping a Raster to a Vector Polygon Layer Raster overlays are relatively simple compared to their vector counterparts and require much less computational power (Burroughs 1983). Despite their simplicity, it is important to ensure that all overlain rasters are coregistered (i.e., spatially aligned), cover identical areas, and maintain equal resolution (i.e., cell size). If these assumptions are violated, the analysis will either fail or the resulting output layer will be flawed. With this in mind, there are several different methodologies for performing a raster overlay (Chrisman 2002). The mathematical raster overlay is the most common overlay method. The numbers within the aligned cells of the input grids can undergo any user-specified mathematical transformation. Following the calculation, an output raster is produced that contains a new value for each cell (Figure 8.4 "Mathematical Raster Overlay"). As you can imagine, there are many uses for such functionality. In particular, raster overlay is often used in risk assessment studies where various layers are combined to produce an outcome map showing areas of high risk/reward. Figure 8.4 Mathematical Raster Overlay Two input raster layers are overlain to produce an output raster with summed cell values. The Boolean raster overlay method represents a second powerful technique. As discussed in Chapter 6 "Data Characteristics and Visualization", the Boolean connectors AND, OR, and XOR can be employed to combine the information of two overlying input raster datasets into a single output raster. Similarly, the relational raster overlay method utilizes relational operators (<, <=, =, <>, >, and =>) to evaluate conditions of the input raster datasets. In both the Boolean and relational overlay methods, cells that meet the evaluation criteria are typically coded in the output raster layer with a 1, while those evaluated as false receive a value of 0. The simplicity of this methodology, however, can also lead to easily overlooked errors in interpretation if the overlay is not designed properly. Assume that a natural resource manager has two input raster datasets she plans to overlay; one showing the location of trees (“0” = no tree; “1” = tree) and one showing the location of urban areas (“0” = not urban; “1” = urban). If she hopes to find the location of trees in urban areas, a simple mathematical sum of these datasets will yield a “2” in all pixels containing a tree in an urban area. Similarly, if she hopes to find the location of all treeless (or “non-tree,” nonurban areas, she can examine the summed output raster for all “0” entries. Finally, if she hopes to locate urban, treeless areas, she will look for all cells containing a “1.” Unfortunately, the cell value “1” also is coded into each pixel for nonurban, tree cells. Indeed, the choice of input pixel values and overlay equation in this example will yield confounding results due to the poorly devised overlay scheme. Overlay operations available for use with vector data include the point-in-polygon, line-in-polygon, or polygon-in-polygon models. Raster overlay operations can employ powerful mathematical, Boolean, or relational operators to create new output datasets. From your own field of study, describe three theoretical data layers that could be overlain to create a new output map that answers a complex spatial question such as, “Where is the best place to put a mall?” Go online and find vector or raster datasets related to the question you just posed. [1] Burroughs, P. 1983. Geographical Information Systems for Natural Resources Assessment. New York: Oxford [2] Chrisman, N. 2002. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 8.2 Scale of Analysis The objective of this section is to understand how local, neighborhood, zonal, and global analyses can be applied to raster datasets. Raster analyses can be undertaken on four different scales of operation: local, neighborhood, zonal, and global. Each of these presents unique options to the GIS analyst and are presented here in this Local Operations Local operations can be performed on single or multiple rasters. When used on a single raster, a local operation usually takes the form of applying some mathematical transformation to each individual cell in the grid. For example, a researcher may obtain a digital elevation model (DEM) with each cell value representing elevation in feet. If it is preferred to represent those elevations in meters, a simple, arithmetic transformation (original elevation in feet 0.3048 = new elevation in meters) of each cell value can be performed locally to accomplish this task. When applied to multiple rasters, it becomes possible to perform such analyses as changes over time. Given two rasters containing information on groundwater depth on a parcel of land at Year 2000 and Year 2010, it is simple to subtract these values and place the difference in an output raster that will note the change in groundwater between those two times (Figure 8.5 "Local Operation on a Raster Dataset"). These local analyses can become somewhat more complicated however, as the number of input rasters increase. For example, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) applies a local mathematical formula to several overlying rasters including rainfall intensity, erodibility of the soil, slope, cultivation type, and vegetation type to determine the average soil loss (in tons) in a grid cell. Figure 8.5 Local Operation on a Raster Dataset Neighborhood Operations Tobler’s first law of geography states that “everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” Neighborhood operations represent a group of frequently used spatial analysis techniques that rely heavily on this concept. Neighborhood functions examine the relationship of an object with similar surrounding objects. They can be performed on point, line, or polygon vector datasets as well as on raster datasets. In the case of vector datasets, neighborhood analysis is most frequently used to perform basic searches. For example, given a point dataset containing the location of convenience stores, a GIS could be employed to determine the number of stores within 5 miles of a linear feature (i.e., Interstate 10 in California). Neighborhood analyses are often more sophisticated when used with raster datasets. Raster analyses employ moving windows, also called filters or kernels, to calculate new cell values for every location throughout the raster layer’s extent. These moving windows can take many different forms depending on the type of output desired and the phenomena being examined. For example, a rectangular, 3-by-3 moving window is commonly used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, sum, minimum, maximum, or range of values immediately surrounding a given “target” cell (Figure 8.6 "Common Neighborhood Types around Target Cell “x”: (a) 3 by 3, (b) Circle, (c) Annulus, (d) Wedge"). Thetarget cell is that cell found in the center of the 3-by-3 moving window. The moving window passes over every cell in the raster. As it passes each central target cell, the nine values in the 3-by-3 window are used to calculate a new value for that target cell. This new value is placed in the identical location in the output raster. If one wanted to examine a larger sphere of influence around the target cells, the moving window could be expanded to 5 by 5, 7 by 7, and so forth. Additionally, the moving window need not be a simple rectangle. Other shapes used to calculate neighborhood statistics include the annulus, wedge, and circle (Figure 8.6 "Common Neighborhood Types around Target Cell “x”: (a) 3 by 3, (b) Circle, (c) Annulus, (d) Wedge"). Figure 8.6 Common Neighborhood Types around Target Cell “x”: (a) 3 by 3, (b) Circle, (c) Annulus, (d) Wedge Neighborhood operations are commonly used for data simplification on raster datasets. An analysis that averages neighborhood values would result in a smoothed output raster with dampened highs and lows as the influence of the outlying data values are reduced by the averaging process. Alternatively, neighborhood analyses can be used to exaggerate differences in a dataset. Edge enhancement is a type of neighborhood analysis that examines the range of values in the moving window. A large range value would indicate that an edge occurs within the extent of the window, while a small range indicates the lack of an edge. Zonal Operations A zonal operation is employed on groups of cells of similar value or like features, not surprisingly called zones (e.g., land parcels, political/municipal units, waterbodies, soil/vegetation types). These zones could be conceptualized as raster versions of polygons. Zonal rasters are often created by reclassifying an input raster into just a few categories (see Section 8.2.2 "Neighborhood Operations"). Zonal operations may be applied to a single raster or two overlaying rasters. Given a single input raster, zonal operations measure the geometry of each zone in the raster, such as area, perimeter, thickness, and centroid. Given two rasters in a zonal operation, one input raster and one zonal raster, a zonal operation produces an output raster, which summarizes the cell values in the input raster for each zone in the zonal raster (Figure 8.7 "Zonal Operation on a Raster Dataset"). Figure 8.7 Zonal Operation on a Raster Dataset Zonal operations and analyses are valuable in fields of study such as landscape ecology where the geometry and spatial arrangement of habitat patches can significantly affect the type and number of species that can reside in them. Similarly, zonal analyses can effectively quantify the narrow habitat corridors that are important for regional movement of flightless, migratory animal species moving through otherwise densely urbanized areas. Global operations are similar to zonal operations whereby the entire raster dataset’s extent represents a single zone. Typical global operations include determining basic statistical values for the raster as a whole. For example, the minimum, maximum, average, range, and so forth can be quickly calculated over the entire extent of the input raster and subsequently be output to a raster in which every cell contains that calculated value (Figure 8.8 "Global Operation on a Raster Dataset"). Figure 8.8 Global Operation on a Raster Dataset Local raster operations examine only a single target cell during analysis. Neighborhood raster operations examine the relationship of a target cell proximal surrounding cells. Zonal raster operations examine groups of cells that occur within a uniform feature type. Global raster operations examine the entire areal extent of the dataset. What are the four neighborhood shapes described in this chapter? Although not discussed here, can you think of specific situations for which each of these shapes could be used? 8.3 Surface Analysis: Spatial Interpolation The objective of this section is to become familiar with concepts and terms related to GIS surfaces, how to create them, and how they are used to answer specific spatial questions. A surface is a vector or raster dataset that contains an attribute value for every locale throughout its extent. In a sense, all raster datasets are surfaces, but not all vector datasets are surfaces. Surfaces are commonly used in a geographic information system (GIS) to visualize phenomena such as elevation, temperature, slope, aspect, rainfall, and more. In a GIS, surface analyses are usually carried out on either raster datasets or TINs (Triangular Irregular Network; Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.3.1 "Vector File Formats"), but isolines or point arrays can also be used. Interpolation is used to estimate the value of a variable at an unsampled location from measurements made at nearby or neighboring locales. Spatial interpolation methods draw on the theoretical creed of Tobler’s first law of geography, which states that “everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” Indeed, this basic tenet of positive spatial autocorrelation forms the backbone of many spatial analyses (Figure 8.9 "Positive and Negative Spatial Autocorrelation"). Figure 8.9 Positive and Negative Spatial Autocorrelation Creating Surfaces The ability to create a surface is a valuable tool in a GIS. The creation of raster surfaces, however, often starts with the creation of a vector surface. One common method to create such a vector surface from point data is via the generation of Thiessen (or Voronoi) polygons. Thiessen polygons are mathematically generated areas that define the sphere of influence around each point in the dataset relative to all other points (Figure 8.10 "A Vector Surface Created Using Thiessen Polygons"). Specifically, polygon boundaries are calculated as the perpendicular bisectors of the lines between each pair of neighboring points. The derived Thiessen polygons can then be used as crude vector surfaces that provide attribute information across the entire area of interest. A common example of Thiessen polygons is the creation of a rainfall surface from an array of rain gauge point locations. Employing some basic reclassification techniques, these Thiessen polygons can be easily converted to equivalent raster representations. Figure 8.10 A Vector Surface Created Using Thiessen Polygons While the creation of Thiessen polygons results in a polygon layer whereby each polygon, or raster zone, maintains a single value, interpolation is a potentially complex statistical technique that estimates the value of all unknown points between the known points. The three basic methods used to create interpolated surfaces are spline, inverse distance weighting (IDW), and trend surface. The spline interpolation method forces a smoothed curve through the set of known input points to estimate the unknown, intervening values. IDW interpolation estimates the values of unknown locations using the distance to proximal, known values. The weight placed on the value of each proximal value is in inverse proportion to its spatial distance from the target locale. Therefore, the farther the proximal point, the less weight it carries in defining the target point’s value. Finally, trend surface interpolation is the most complex method as it fits a multivariate statistical regression model to the known points, assigning a value to each unknown location based on that model. Other highly complex interpolation methods exist such as kriging. Kriging is a complex geostatistical technique, similar to IDW, that employs semivariograms to interpolate the values of an input point layer and is more akin to a regression analysis (Krige 1951). The specifics of the kriging methodology will not be covered here as this is beyond the scope of this text. For more information on kriging, consult review texts such as Stein (1999). Inversely, raster data can also be used to create vector surfaces. For instance, isoline maps are made up of continuous, nonoverlapping lines that connect points of equal value. Isolines have specific monikers depending on the type of information they model (e.g., elevation = contour lines, temperature = isotherms, barometric pressure = isobars, wind speed = isotachs) Figure 8.11 "Contour Lines Derived from a DEM" shows an isoline elevation map. As the elevation values of this digital elevation model (DEM) range from 450 to 950 feet, the contour lines are placed at 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 feet elevations throughout the extent of the image. In this example, the contour interval, defined as the vertical distance between each contour line, is 100 feet. The contour interval is determined by the user during the creating of the surface. Figure 8.11 Contour Lines Derived from a DEM Spatial interpolation is used to estimate those unknown values found between known data points. Spatial autocorrelation is positive when mapped features are clustered and is negative when mapped features are uniformly distributed. Thiessen polygons are a valuable tool for converting point arrays into polygon surfaces. Give an example of five phenomena in the real world that exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation. Give an example of five phenomena in the real world that exhibit negative spatial autocorrelation. [1] Krige, D. 1951. A Statistical Approach to Some Mine Valuations and Allied Problems at the Witwatersrand. Master’s thesis. University of Witwatersrand. [2] Stein, M. 1999. Statistical Interpolation of Spatial Data: Some Theories for Kriging. New York: Springer. 8.4 Surface Analysis: Terrain Mapping The objective of this section is to learn to apply basic raster surface analyses to terrain mapping Surface analysis is often referred to as terrain (elevation) analysis when information related to slope, aspect, viewshed, hydrology, volume, and so forth are calculated on raster surfaces such as DEMs (digital elevation models; Chapter 5 "Geospatial Data Management", Section 5.3.1 "Vector File Formats"). In addition, surface analysis techniques can also be applied to more esoteric mapping efforts such as probability of tornados or concentration of infant mortalities in a given region. In this section we discuss a few methods for creating surfaces and common surface analysis techniques related to terrain datasets. Several common raster-based neighborhood analyses provide valuable insights into the surface properties of terrain. Slope maps (part (a) of Figure 8.12 "(a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps") are excellent for analyzing and visualizing landform characteristics and are frequently used in conjunction with aspect maps (defined later) to assess watershed units, inventory forest resources, determine habitat suitability, estimate slope erosion potential, and so forth. They are typically created by fitting a planar surface to a 3-by-3 moving window around each target cell. When dividing the horizontal distance across the moving window (which is determined via the spatial resolution of the raster image) by the vertical distance within the window (measure as the difference between the largest cell value and the central cell value), the slope is relatively easily obtained. The output raster of slope values can be calculated as either percent slope or degree of slope. Any cell that exhibits a slope must, by definition, be oriented in a known direction. This orientation is referred to as aspect. Aspect maps (part (b) ofFigure 8.12 "(a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps") use slope information to produce output raster images whereby the value of each cell denotes the direction it faces. This is usually coded as either one of the eight ordinal directions (north, south, east, west, northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast) or in degrees from 1° (nearly due north) to 360° (back to due north). Flat surfaces have no aspect and are given a value of −1. To calculate aspect, a 3-by-3 moving window is used to find the highest and lowest elevations around the target cell. If the highest cell value is located at the top-left of the window (“top” being due north) and the lowest value is at the bottom-right, it can be assumed that the aspect is southeast. The combination of slope and aspect information is of great value to researchers such as botanists and soil scientists because sunlight availability varies widely between north-facing and south-facing slopes. Indeed, the various light and moisture regimes resulting from aspect changes encourage vegetative and edaphic differences. A hillshade map (part (c) of Figure 8.12 "(a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps") represents the illumination of a surface from some hypothetical, user-defined light source (presumably, the sun). Indeed, the slope of a hill is relatively brightly lit when facing the sun and dark when facing away. Using the surface slope, aspect, angle of incoming light, and solar altitude as inputs, the hillshade process codes each cell in the output raster with an 8-bit value (0–255) increasing from black to white. As you can see in part (c) of Figure 8.12 "(a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps", hillshade representations are an effective way to visualize the threedimensional nature of land elevations on a two-dimensional monitor or paper map. Hillshade maps can also be used effectively as a baseline map when overlain with a semitransparent layer, such as a false-color digital elevation model (DEM; part (d) of Figure 8.12 "(a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps"). Figure 8.12 (a) Slope, (b) Aspect, and (c and d) Hillshade Maps Viewshed analysis is a valuable visualization technique that uses the elevation value of cells in a DEM or TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) to determine those areas that can be seen from one or more specific location(s) (part (a) of Figure 8.13 "(a) Viewshed and (b) Watershed Maps"). The viewing location can be either a point or line layer and can be placed at any desired elevation. The output of the viewshed analysis is a binary raster that classifies cells as either 1 (visible) or 0 (not visible). In the case of two viewing locations, the output raster values would be 2 (visible from both points), 1 (visible from one point), or 0 (not visible from either point). Additional parameters influencing the resultant viewshed map are the viewing azimuth (horizontal and/or vertical) and viewing radius. The horizontal viewing azimuth is the horizontal angle of the view area and is set to a default value of 360°. The user may want to change this value to 90° if, for example, the desired viewshed included only the area that could be seen from an office window. Similarly, vertical viewing angle can be set from 0° to 180°. Finally, the viewing radius determines the distance from the viewing location that is to be included in the output. This parameter is normally set to infinity (functionally, this includes all areas within the DEM or TIN under examination). It may be decreased if, for instance, you only wanted to include the area within the 100 km broadcast range of a radio station. Similarly, watershed analyses are a series of surface analysis techniques that define the topographic divides that drain surface water for stream networks (part (b) of Figure 8.13 "(a) Viewshed and (b) Watershed Maps"). In geographic information systems (GISs), a watershed analysis is based on input of a “filled” DEM. A filled DEM is one that contains no internal depressions (such as would be seen in a pothole, sink wetland, or quarry). From these inputs, a flow direction raster is created to model the direction of water movement across the surface. From the flow direction information, a flow accumulation raster calculates the number of cells that contribute flow to each cell. Generally speaking, cells with a high value of flow accumulation represent stream channels, while cells with low flow accumulation represent uplands. With this in mind, a network of rasterized stream segments is created. These stream networks are based on some user-defined minimum threshold of flow accumulation. For example, it may be decided that a cell needs at least one thousand contributing cells to be considered a stream segment. Altering this threshold value will change the density of the stream network. Following the creation of the stream network, a stream link raster is calculated whereby each stream segment (line) is topologically connected to stream intersections (nodes). Finally, the flow direction and stream link raster datasets are combined to determine the output watershed raster as seen in part (b) of Figure 8.13 "(a) Viewshed and (b) Watershed Maps" (Chang 2008). [1] Such analyses are invaluable for watershed management and hydrologic modeling. Figure 8.13 (a) Viewshed and (b) Watershed Maps Nearest neighborhood functions are frequently used to on raster surfaces to create slope, aspect, hillshade, viewshed, and watershed maps. How are slope and aspect maps utilized in the creation of a hillshade map? If you were going to build a new home, how might you use a viewshed map to assist your effort? Cartographic Principles From projections to data management to spatial analysis, we have up to now focused on the more technical points of a geographic information system (GIS). This chapter is concerned less with the computational options available to the GIS user and more with the artistic options. In essence, this chapter shifts the focus away from GIS tools and toward cartographic tools, although the two are becoming more and more inextricably bound. Unfortunately, many GIS users are never exposed to the field of cartography. In these cases, the hard work of creating, maintaining, aligning, and analyzing complex spatial datasets are not truly appreciated as the final mapping product may not adequately communicate this information to the consumer. In addition, maps, like statistics, can be used to distort information, as illustrated by Mark Monmonier’s (1996) [1] book titled How to Lie with Maps. Indeed, a strong working knowledge of cartographic rules will not only assist in the avoidance of potential misrepresentation of spatial information but also enhance one’s ability to identify these indiscretions in other cartographers’ creations. The cartographic principles discussed herein are laid out to guide GIS users through the process of transforming accumulated bits of GIS data into attractive, useful maps for print and display. This discussion specifically addresses the intricacies of effective color usage (Section 9.1 "Color"), symbol selection (Section 9.2 "Symbology"), and map layout and design (Section 9.3 "Cartographic Design"). [1] Monmonier, M. 1996. How to Lie with Maps. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The objective of this section is to gain an understanding the properties of color and how best to utilize them in your cartographic products. Although a high-quality map is composed of many different elements, color is one of the first components noticed by end-users. This is partially due to the fact that we each have an intuitive understanding of how colors are, and should be, used to create an effective and pleasing visual experience. Nevertheless, it is not always clear to the map-maker which colors should be used to best convey the purpose of the product. This intuition is much like listening to our favorite music. We know when a note is in tune or out of tune, but we wouldn’t necessarily have any idea of how to fix a bad note. Color is indeed a tricky piece of the cartographic puzzle and is not surprisingly the most frequently criticized variable on computer-generated maps (Monmonier 1996). [1] This section attempts to outline the basic components of color and the guidelines to most effectively employ this important map attribute. As electromagnetic radiation (ER) travels via waves from the sun (or a lightbulb) to objects on the earth, portions of the ER spectrum are absorbed, scattered, or reflected by various objects. The resulting property of the absorbed, scattered, and reflected ER is termed “color.” White is the color resulting from the full range of the visual spectrum and is therefore considered the benchmark color by which all others are measured. Black is the absence of ER. All other colors result from a partial interaction with the ER spectrum. The three primary aspects of color that must be addressed in map making are hue, value, and saturation. Hue is the dominant wavelength or color associated with a reflecting object. Hue is the most basic component of color and includes red, blue, yellow, purple, and so forth. Value is the amount of white or black in the color. Value is often synonymous with contrast. Variations in the amount of value for a given hue result in varying degrees of lightness or darkness for that color. Lighter colors are said to possess high value, while dark colors possess low value. Monochrome colors are groups of colors with the same hue but with incremental variations in value. As seen in , variations in value will typically lead the viewer’s eye from dark areas to light areas. Figure 9.1 Value Saturation describes the intensity of color. Full saturation results in pure colors, while low saturation colors approach gray. Variations in saturation yield different shades and tints. Shades are produced by blocking light, such as by an umbrella, tree, curtain, and so forth. Increasing the amount of shading results in grays and blacks. Tint is the opposite of shade and is produced by adding white to a color. Tints and shades are particularly germane when using additive color models (see for more on additive color models). To maximize the interpretability of a map, use saturated colors to represent hierarchically prominent features and washed-out colors to represent background features. If used properly, color can greatly enhance and support map design. Likewise, color can detract from a mapping product if abused. To use color properly, one must first consider the purpose of the map. In some cases, the use of color is not warranted. Grayscale maps can be just as effective as color maps if the subject matter merits it. Regardless, there are many reasons to use color. The five primary reasons are outlined here. Color is particularly suited to convey meaning (). For example, red is a strong color that evokes a passionate response in humans. Red has been shown to evoke physiological responses such as increasing the rate of respiration and raising blood pressure. Red is frequently associated with blood, war, violence, even love. On the other hand, blue is a color associated with calming effects. Associated with the sky or ocean, blue colors can actually assist in sleep and is therefore a recommended color for bedrooms. Too much blue, however, can result in a lapse from calming effects into feelings of depression (i.e., having the “blues”). Green is most commonly associated with life or nature (plants). The color green is certainly one of the most topical colors in today’s society with commonplace references to green construction, the Green party, going green, and so forth. Green, however, can also represent envy and inexperience (e.g., the green-eyed monster, greenhorn). Brown is also a nature color but more as a representation of earth and stone. Brown can also imply dullness. Yellow is most commonly associated with sunshine and warmth, somewhat similar to red. Yellow can also represent cowardice (e.g., yellow-bellied). Black, the absence of color, is possibly the most meaning-laden color in modern parlance. Even more than the others, the color black purports surprisingly strong positive and negative connotations. Black conveys mystery, elegance, and sophistication (e.g., a black-tie affair, in the black), while also conveying loss, evil, and negativity (e.g., blackout, black-hearted, black cloud, blacklist). Figure 9.2 Use of Color to Provide Meaning In this map, red counties are those that voted for the Republican Party in the 2004 presidential election, while blue counties voted Democrat. These colors are typically used to designate the Democratic and Republican Parties. The second reason to use color is for clarification and emphasis (). Warm colors, such as reds and yellows, are notable for emphasizing spatial features. These colors will often jump off the page and are usually the first to attract the reader’s eye, particularly if they are counterbalanced with cool colors, such as blues and greens (see for more on warm and cool colors). In addition, the use of a hue with high saturation will stand out starkly against similar hues of low saturation. Figure 9.3 Use of Color to Provide Emphasis Red marks the spot! Color use is also important for creating a map with pleasing aesthetics (). Certainly, one of the most challenging aspects of map creation is developing an effective color palette. When looking at maps through an aesthetic lens, we are truly starting to think of our creations as artwork. Although somewhat particular to individual viewers, we all have an innate understanding of when colors in a graphic/art are aesthetically pleasing and when they are not. For example, color use is considered harmonious when colors from opposite sides of the color wheel are used (), whereas equitable use of several major hues can create an unbalanced image. Figure 9.4 Use of Color to Provide Aesthetics The fourth use of color is abstraction (). Color abstraction is an effective way to illustrate quantitative and qualitative data, particularly for thematic products such as choropleth maps. Here, colors are used solely to denote different values for a variable and may not have any particular rhyme or reason. shows a typical thematic map with abstract colors representing different countries. Figure 9.5 Use of Color to Provide Abstraction Opposite abstraction, color can also be used to represent reality (). Maps showing elevation (e.g., digital elevation models or DEMs) are often given false colors that approximate reality. Low areas are colored in variations of green to show areas of lush vegetation growth. Mid-elevations (or low-lying desert areas) are colored brown to show sparse vegetation growth. Mountain ridges and peaks are colored white to show accumulated snowfall. Watercourses and water bodies are colored blue. Unless there is a specific reason not to, natural phenomena represented on maps should always be colored to approximate their actual color to increase interpretability and to decrease confusion. Greens, blues, and browns are used to imitate real-world phenomena. Color models are systems that allow for the creation of a range of colors from a short list of primary colors. Color models can be additive or subtractive. Additive color models combine emitted light to display color variations and are commonly used with computer monitors, televisions, scanners, digital cameras, and video projectors. The RGB (red-green-blue) color model is the most common additive model (part (a) of ). The RGB model combines light beams of the primary hues of red, green, and blue to yield additive secondary hues of magenta, cyan, and yellow. Although there is a substantive difference between pure yellow light (~580 nm) and a mixture of green and red light, the human eye perceives these signals as the same. The RGB model typically employs three 8-bit numeric values (called an RGB triplet) ranging from 0 to 255 to model colors. For instance, the RGB triplets for the pure primary and secondary colors are as follows: Red = (255, 0, 0) Green = (0, 255, 0) Blue = (0, 0, 255) Magenta = (255, 0, 255) Cyan = (0, 255, 255) Yellow = (255, 255, 0) Black, the absence of additive color = (0, 0, 0) White, the sum of all additive color = (255, 255, 255) Two other common additive color models, based on the RGB model, are the HSL (hue, saturation, lightness) and HSV (hue, saturation, value) models (, b and c). These models are based on cylindrical coordinate systems whereby the angle around the central vertical axis corresponds to the hue; the distance from the central axis corresponds to saturation; and the distance along the central axis corresponds to either saturation or lightness. Because of their basis in the RGB model, both the HSL and HSV color models can be directly transformed between the three additive models. While these relatively simple additive models provide minimal computer-processing time, they do possess the disadvantage of glossing over some of the complexities of color. For example, the RGB color model does not define “absolute” color spaces, which connotes that these hues may look differently when viewed on different displays. Also, the RGB hues are not evenly spaced along the color spectrum, meaning combinations of the hues is less than exact. Figure 9.7 Additive Color Models: (a) RGB, (b) HSL, and (c) HSV In contrast to an additive model, subtractive color models involve the mixing of paints, dyes, or inks to create full color ranges. These subtractive models display color on the assumption that white, ambient light is being scattered, absorbed, and reflected from the page by the printing inks. Subtractive models therefore create white by restricting ink from the print surface. As such, these models assume the use of white paper as other paper colors will result in skewed hues. CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) is the most common subtractive color model and is occasionally referred to as a “four-color process” (). Although the CMY inks are sufficient to create all of the colors of the subtractive rainbow, a black ink is included in this model as it is much cheaper than using a CMY mix for all blacks (black being the most commonly printed color) and because combining CMY often results in more of a dark brown hue. The CMYK model creates color values by entering percentages for each of the four colors ranging from 0 percent to 100 percent. For example, pure red is composed of 14 percent cyan, 100 percent magenta, 99 percent yellow, and 3 percent black. As you may guess, additive models are the preferred choice when maps are to be displayed on a computer monitor, while subtractive models are preferred when printing. If in doubt, it is usually best to use the RGB model as this supports a larger percentage of the visible spectrum in comparison with the CMYK model. Once an image is converted from RGB to CMYK, the additional RGB information is irretrievably lost. If possible, collecting both RGB and CMYK versions of an image is ideal, particularly if your graphic is to be both printed and placed online. One last note, you will also want to be selective in your use of file formats for these color models. The JPEG and GIF graphic file formats are the best choice for RGB images, while the EPS and TIFF graphic file formats are preferred with printed CMYK images. Figure 9.8 Subtractive Color Model: CMYK Effective color usage requires a modicum of knowledge about the color wheel. Invented by Sir Isaac Newton in 1706, the color wheel is a visual representation of colors arranged according to their chromatic relationships. Primary hues are equidistant from each other with secondary and tertiary colors intervening. The red-yellow-blue color wheel is the most frequently used (); however, the magenta-yellowcyan wheel is the preferred choice of print makers (for reasons described in the previous section). Primary colors are those that cannot be created by mixing other colors; secondary colors are defined as those colors created by mixing two primary hues; tertiary colors are those created by mixing primary and secondary hues. Furthermore, complementary colors are those placed opposite each on the wheel, while analogous colors are located proximal to each other. Complementary colors emphasize differences. Analogues suggest harmony. Figure 9.9 Color Wheel Colors can be further referred to as warm or cool (). Warm colors are those that might be seen during a bright, sunny day. Cool colors are those associated with overcast days. Warm colors are typified by hues ranging from red to yellow, including browns and tans. Cool color hues range from blue-green through blue-violet and include the majority of gray variants. When used in mapping, it is wise to use warm and cool colors with care. Indeed, warm colors stand out, appear active, and stimulate the viewer. Cool colors appear small, recede, and calm the viewer. As you might guess, it is important that you apply warm colors to the map features of primary interest, while using cool colors on the secondary, background, and/or contextual features. Figure 9.10 Warm (Orange) and Cool (Blue) Colors Note that the warm color stands out, while the cool color recedes. In light of the plethora of color schemes and options available, it is wise to follow some basic color usage guidelines. For example, changes in hue are best suited to visualizing qualitative data, while changes in value and saturation are effective at visualizing quantitative data. Likewise, variations in lightness and saturation are best suited to representing ordered data since these establish hierarchy among features. In particular, a monochromatic color scale is an effective way to represent the order of data whereby light colors represent smaller data values and dark colors represent larger values. Keep in mind that it is best to use more light shades than dark ones as the human eye can better discern lighter shades. Also, the number of coincident colors that can be distinguished by humans is around seven, so be careful not to abuse the color palette in your maps. If the data being mapped has a zero point, a dichromatic scale () provides a natural breaking point with increasing color values on each end of the scale representing increasing data values. A dichromatic scale is essentially two monochromatic scales joined by a low color value in the In addition, darker colors result in more important or pronounced graphic features (assuming the background is not overly dark). Use dark colors on features whose visual impact you wish to magnify. Finally, do not use all the colors of the spectrum in a single map. It is best to leave such messy, rainbowspectacular effects to the late Jackson Pollock and his abstract expressionist ilk. Colors are defined by their hue, value, saturation, shade, and tint. Colors are used to convey meaning, clarification and emphasis, aesthetics, abstraction, and reality. Color models can be additive (e.g., RGB) or subtractive (e.g., CMYK). The color wheel is a powerful tool that assists in the selection of colors for your cartographic products. Go online and find a map that uses color effectively. Explain. Go online and find a map that uses color ineffectively. Explain. 9.2 Symbology The objective of this section is to understand how to best utilize point, line, and polygon symbols to assist in the interpretation of your map and its features. While color is an integral variable when choosing how to best represent spatial data, making informed decisions on the size, shape, and type of symbols is equally important. Although raster data are restricted to symbolizing features as a single cell or as cell groupings, vector data allows for a vast array of options to symbolize points, lines, and polygons in a map. Like color, cartographers must take care to use symbols judiciously in order to most effectively communicate the meaning and purpose of the map to the viewer. Basic Symbol Guidelines Vector points, lines, and polygons can be symbolized in a myriad of ways. The guidelines laid out in this section will help you to make informed decisions on how best to represent the features in your map. The primary visual variables associated with symbolization include size, texture, pattern, and shape (Figure 9.12 "Visual Variables"). Changes to symbol size and texture are most effectively used in conjunction with ordinal, interval, and ratio data. Changes to symbol pattern and shape are preferred in conjunction with nominal data. Figure 9.12 Visual Variables Variations in the size of symbols are powerful indicators of feature importance. Intuitively, larger symbols are assumed to be more important than smaller symbols. Although symbol size is most commonly associated with point features, linear symbols can effectively be altered in size by adjusting line width. Polygon features can also benefit from resizing. Despite the fact that the area of the polygon can’t be changed, a point representing the centroid of the polygon can be included in the map. These polygon centroids can be resized and symbolized as desired, just like any other point feature. Varying symbol size is moderately effective when applied to ordinal or numerical data but is ineffective with nominal data. Symbol texture, also referred to as spacing, refers to the compactness of the marks that make up the symbol. Points, lines, and polygons can be filled with horizontal hash marks, for instance. The closer these hash marks are spaced within the feature symbol, the more hierarchically important the feature will appear. Varying symbol texture is most effective when applied to ordinal or numerical data but is ineffective with nominal data. Much like texture, symbols can be filled with different patterns. These patterns are typically some artistic abstraction that may or may not attempt to visualize real-world phenomena. For example, a land-use map may change the observed fill patterns of various land types to try to depict the dominant plants associated with each vegetation community. Changes to symbol patterns are most often associated with polygon features, although there is some limited utility in changing the fill patterns of points and lines. Varying symbol size is moderately effective when applied to ordinal or numerical data and is ineffective when applied to nominal data. Altering symbol shape can have dramatic effects on the appearance of map features. Point symbols are most commonly symbolized with circles. Circles tend to be the default point symbol due to their unchanging orientation, compact shape, and viewer preference. Other geometric shapes can also constitute effective symbols due to their visual stability and conservation of map space. Unless specific conditions allow, volumetric symbols (spheres, cubes, etc.) should be used sparingly as they rarely contribute more than simple, two-dimensional symbols. In addition to geometric symbols, pictograms are useful representations of point features and can help to add artistic flair to a map. Pictograms should clearly denote features of interest and should not require interpretation by the viewer (Figure 9.13 "Pictograms"). Locales that frequently employ pictograms include picnic areas, camping sites, road signs, bathrooms, airports, and so forth. Varying symbol shape is most effective when applied to nominal data and is moderately effective with ordinal and nominal data. Finally, applying variations in lightness/darkness will affect the hierarchical value of a symbol. The darker the symbol, the more it stands out among lighter features. Variations in the lightness/darkness of a symbol are most effective when applied to ordinal data, are moderately effective when applied to numerical data, and are ineffective when applied to nominal data. Figure 9.13 Pictograms Keep in mind that there are many other visual variables that can be employed in a map, depending on the cartographic software used. Regardless of the chosen symbology, it is important to maintain a logical relationship between the symbol and the data. Also, visual contrast between different mapped variables must be preserved. Indeed, the efficacy of your map will be greatly diminished if you do not ensure that its symbols are readily identifiable and look markedly different from each other. Proportional Symbolization In addition to the uniform symbols presented in the previous section, symbols for a single, quantitative variable can be sized proportionally to match the data values. These proportional symbols are useful for presenting a fairly exact understanding of the differences in magnitude within a dataset. As the numeric values for each class increases, so too does the size of the symbol representing that class. This allows the symbol size of features to be directly related to the attribute values they represent whereby small points denote small data values and large points denote large data values. Similar to proportional symbols, range graded symbols group raw data into classes with each class represented by a differently sized symbol. Both proportional and range graded symbols are most frequently used with point data, but lines and polygons can benefit from proportional symbolization as well. In the case of linear datasets, line width is most frequently used as the proportional visual variable. Polygon datasets typically summarize a quantitative variable within each polygon, place a centroid within that polygon, and proportion that centroid point symbol. Range grading should not be used if the data range for a given variable is small. In these cases, range grading will suggest larger differences in the data values than is merited. The advantage of proportional symbolization is the ease with which the viewer can discriminate symbol size and thus understand variations in the data values over a given map extent. On the other hand, viewers may misjudge the magnitude of the proportional symbols if they do not pay close attention to the legend. In addition, the human eye does not see and interpret symbol size in absolute terms. When proportional circles are used in maps, it is typical that the viewer will underestimate the larger circles relative to the smaller circles. To address this potential pitfall, graduated symbols can be based on either mathematical or perceptual scaling. Mathematical scaling directly relates symbol size with the data value for that locale. If one value is twice as large as another, it will be represented with a symbol twice as large as the other. Perceptual scaling overcomes the underestimation of large symbols by making these symbols much larger than their actual value would indicate (Figure 9.14 "Mathematical versus Perceptual Scaling"). Figure 9.14 Mathematical versus Perceptual Scaling A disadvantage of proportional symbolization is that the symbol size can appear variable depending on the surrounding symbols. This is best shown via the Ebbinghaus illusion (also known as Titchener circles). As you can see in Figure 9.15 "Ebbinghaus Illusion", the central circles are both the same size but appear different due to the visual influence of the surrounding circles. If you are creating a graphic with many different symbols, this illusion can wreak havoc on the interpretability of your map. Figure 9.15 Ebbinghaus Illusion Vector points, lines, and polygons can be symbolized in a variety of ways. Symbol variables include size, texture, pattern, and shape. Proportional symbols, which can be mathematically or perceptually scaled, are useful for representing quantitative differences within a dataset. Locate a map or maps that utilize differences in symbol size, texture, pattern, and shape to convey List ten map features that are commonly depicted with a pictogram. 9.3 Cartographic Design The objective of this section is to familiarize cartographers with the basic cartographic principles that contribute to effective map design. In addition to effective use of colors and symbols, a map that is well designed will greatly enhance its ability to relate pertinent spatial information to the viewer. Judicious use of map elements, typography/labels, and design principles will result in maps that minimize confusion and maximize interpretability. Furthermore, the use of these components must be guided by a keen understanding of the map’s purpose, intended audience, topic, scale, and production/reproduction method. Map Elements Chapter 9 "Cartographic Principles", Section 9.1 "Color" and Section 9.2 "Symbology" discussed visual variables specific to the spatial features of a map. However, a map is composed of many more elements than just the spatial features, each of which contributes immensely to the interpretability and flow of the overall map. This section outlines the basic map elements that should be incorporated into a “complete” map. Following Slocum et al. (2005), these elements are listed in the logical order in which they should be placed into the map (Figure 9.16 "A US Map Showing Various Map Elements"). The first feature that should be placed into the map layout is the frame line. This line is essentially a bordering box that surrounds all the map elements described hereafter. All of these map elements should be balanced within the frame line. To balance a map, ensure that neither large blank spaces nor jumbled masses of information are present within the map. Similar to frame lines are neat lines. Neat lines are border boxes that are placed around individual map elements. By definition, neat lines must occur within the frame line. Both frame lines and neat lines are typically thin, black-lined boxes, but they can be altered to match the specific aesthetics of an individual map. The mapped area is the primary geographic component of the overall map. The mapped area contains all of the features and symbols used to represent the spatial phenomena being displayed. The mapped area is typically bordered with a neat line. Insets can be thought of as secondary map areas, each encased within their own neat line. These neat lines should be of different thickness or type than other line features on the map to adequately demarcate them from other map features. Insets often display the primary mapped area in relation to a larger area. For example, if the primary map shows the locales of national parks with a county, an inset displaying the location of that county within the larger state boundary may be included. Conversely, insets are also used to display areas related to the primary map but that occur at some far off locale. This type of inset is often used with maps of the United States whereby Alaska and Hawaii are placed as insets to a map of the contiguous United States. Finally, insets can be used to clarify areas where features would otherwise be overcrowded if restricted to the primary mapping area. If the county map of national parks contained four small, adjacent parks, an inset could be used to expand that jumbled portion of the map to show the exact spatial extent of each of the four parks. This type of inset is frequently seen when showing the small northeastern states on a map of the entire United States. All maps should have a title. The title is one of the first map elements to catch the viewer’s eye, so care should be taken to most effectively represent the intent of the map with this leading text. The title should clearly and concisely explain the purpose of the map and should specifically target the intended viewing audience. When overly verbose or cryptically abbreviated, a poor title will detract immensely from the interpretability of the cartographic end-product. The title should contain the largest type on the map and be limited to one line, if possible. It should be placed at the top-center of the map unless there is a specific reason otherwise. An alternate locale for the title is directly above the legend. The legend provides a self-explanatory definition for all symbols used within the mapped area. Care must be taken when developing this map element, as a multitude of features within a dataset can lead to an overly complex legend. Although placement of the legend is variable, it should be placed within the white space of the map and not in such a way that it masks any other map elements. Atop the legend box is the optional legend header. The legend header should not simply repeat the information from the title, nor should it include extraneous, non-legend-specific information. The symbols representing mapped features should be to the left of the explanatory text. Placing a neat line around the legend will help to bring attention to the element and is recommended but not required. Be careful not to take up too much of the map with the legend, while also not making the legend so small that it becomes difficult to read or that symbols become cluttered. Removing information related to base map features (e.g., state boundaries on a US map) or readily identifiable features (e.g., highway or interstate symbols) is one effective way to minimize legend size. If a large legend is unavoidable, it is acceptable to place this feature outside of the map’s frame line. Attribution of the data source within the map allows users to assess from where the data are derived. Stylistically, the data source attribution should be hierarchically minimized by using a relatively small, simple font. It is also helpful to preface this map element with “Source:” to avoid confusion with other typographic elements. An indicator of scale is invaluable to provide viewers with the means to properly adjudicate the dimensions of the map. While not as important when mapping large or widely familiar locales such as a country or continent, the scale element allows viewers to measure distances on the map. The three primary representations of scale are the representational fraction, verbal scale, and bar scale (for more, see Chapter 2 "Map Anatomy", Section 2.1 "Maps and Map Types"). The scale indicator should not be prominently displayed within the map as this element is of secondary importance. Finally, map orientation notifies the viewer of the direction of the map. To assist in clarifying orientation, a graticule can also be included in the mapped area. Most maps are made such that the top of the page points to the north (i.e., a north-up map). If your map is not north-up, there should be a good reason for it. Orientation is most often indicated with a north arrow, of which there are many stylistic options available in current geographic information system (GIS) software packages. One of the most commonly encountered map errors is the use of an overly large or overly ornate north arrow. North arrows should be fairly inconspicuous as they only need to be viewed once by the reader. Ornate north arrows can be used on small scale maps, but simple north arrows are preferred on medium to large-scale maps so as to not detract from the presumably more important information appearing elsewhere. Taken together, these map elements should work together to achieve the goal of a clear, ordered, balanced, and unified map product. Since modern GIS packages allow users to add and remove these graphic elements with little effort, care must be taken to avoid the inclination to employ these components with as little forethought as it takes to create them. The following sections provide further guidance on composing these elements on the page to honor and balance the mapped area. Figure 9.16 A US Map Showing Various Map Elements Typography and Label Placement Type is found throughout all the elements of a map. Type is similar to map symbols in many senses. Coloring effects alter typographic hierarchy as lighter type fades into the background and dark type jumps to the fore. Using all uppercase letters and/or bolded letters will result in more pronounced textual effects. Larger font sizes increase the hierarchical weight of the type, so ensure that the size of the type corresponds with the importance of the map feature. Use decorative fonts, bold, and italics sparingly. These fonts, as well as overly small fonts, can be difficult to read if overused. Most importantly, always spell check your final cartographic product. After spell checking, spell check again. Yu wont reegrett teh ecstra efort. Other typographic options for altering text include the use of serif, sans serif, and display fonts. While the use of serif fonts are preferred in written documents to provide horizontal guidelines, either is acceptable in a mapping application (Slocum 2005). Sans serif fonts, on the other hand, are preferred for maps that are viewed over the Internet. Kerning is an effective typographic effect that alters the space between adjacent letters in a word. Decreasing the kerning of a typeset is useful if the text is too large for the space given. Alternatively, increasing the kerning is an effective way to label large map areas, particularly in conjunction with alluppercase lettering. Like kerning, changes in leading (pronounced “led-ing”) alter the vertical distance between lines of text. Leading should not be so cramped that lines of text begin to overwrite each other, nor should it be so wide that lines of text appear unrelated. Other common typographic effects include masks, callouts, shadows, and halos (Figure 9.17 "Typographic Effects"). All of these effects serve to increase the visibility and importance of the text to which they are applied. Figure 9.17 Typographic Effects In addition to the general typographic guidelines discussed earlier, there are specific typographic suggestions for feature labels. Obviously, labels must be placed proximal to their symbols so they are directly and readily associated with the features they describe. Labels should maintain a consistent orientation throughout so the reader does not have to rubberneck about to read various entries. Also, avoid overprinting labels on top of other graphics or typographic features. If that is not possible, consider using a halo, mask, callout, or shadow to help the text stand out from the background. In the case of maps with many symbols, be sure that no features intervene between a symbol and its label. Some typographic guidelines are specific to labels for point, line, and polygon features. Point labels, for example, should not employ exaggerated kerning or leading. If leader lines are used, they should not touch the point symbol nor should they include arrow heads. Leader lines should always be represented with consistent color and line thickness throughout the map extent. Lastly, point labels should be placed within the larger polygon in which they reside. For example, if the cities of Illinois were being mapped as points atop a state polygon layer, the label for the Chicago point symbol should occur entirely over land, and not reach into Lake Michigan. As this feature is located entirely on land, so should its label. Line labels should be placed above their associated features but should not touch them. If the linear feature is complex and meandering, the label should follow the general trend of the feature and not attempt to match the alignment of each twist and turn. If the linear feature is particularly long, the feature can be labeled multiple times across its length. Line labels should always read from left to right. Polygon labels should be placed within the center of the feature whenever possible. If increased emphasis is desired, all-uppercase letters can be effective. If all-uppercase letters are used, exaggerated kerning and leading is also appropriate to increase the hierarchical importance of the feature. If the polygon feature is too small to include text, label the feature as if it were a point symbol. Unlike point labels, however, leader lines should just enter into the feature. Map Design Map design is a complex process that provides many variables and choices to the cartographer. The British Cartographic Society Design Group presented five “Principles of Cartographic Design” on their listserv on November 26, 1999. These principles, and a brief summary of each, are as follows: Concept before compilation. A basic understanding of the concept and purpose of the map must be secured before the actual mapping exercise begins. Furthermore, there is no way to determine what information to include in a map without having first determined who the enduser is and in what manner the map will be used. A map without a purpose is of no use to anyone. 2. Hierarchy with harmony. Important map features must appear prominent on the map. The less important features should fade into the background. Creating harmony between the primary and secondary representations on the map will lead to a quality product that will best suit the needs for which it was developed. 3. Simplicity from sacrifice. Upon creating a map, it is tempting to add as much information into the graphic view as can possibly fit. In reality, it is best to leave some stones unturned. Just as the key to good communication is brevity, it can be said that the key to good mapping is simplicity. A map can be considered complete when no other features can be removed. Less, in this instance, is more. 4. Maximum information at minimum cost. The purpose of a map is to convey the greatest amount of information with the least amount of interpretive effort by the user. Map design should allow complex spatial relationships to be understood at a glance. Engage the emotion to engage the understanding. Well-constructed maps are basically works of art. All of the artistic and aesthetic rules outlined in this chapter serve to engage the emotive center of the viewer. If the viewer does not formulate some basic, emotional response to the map, the message will be lost. It should become increasingly clear that the cartographic choices made during the mapping process have as much influence on the interpretation of a map as does the data being mapped. Borrowing liberally from the popularized Mark Twain quote, it could be said that, “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and maps.” Mapmakers, indeed, have the ability to use (or misuse) cartographic principles to represent (or misrepresent) the spatial data at their disposal. It is now up to you, the cartographer, to master the tools presented in this book to harness the power of maps to elucidate and address the spatial issues with which you are confronted. Commonly used map elements include the neat line, frame line, mapped area, inset, title, legend, data source, scale, and orientation. Like symbology, typography and labeling choices have a major impact on the interpretability of your map. Map design is essentially an artistic endeavor based around a handful of cartographic principles. Knowledge of these principles will allow you create maps worth viewing. Go online and find a map that employs all the map elements described in this chapter. Go online and find two maps that violate at least two different “Principles of Cartographic Design.” Explain how you would improve these maps. [1] Slocum, T., R. McMaster, F. Kessler, and H. Howard. 2005. Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. GIS Project Management As Chapter 9 "Cartographic Principles" moved past the technical aspects of a geographic information system (GIS) and into the artistic skills needed by mapmakers, this chapter continues in that vein by introducing effective GIS project management solutions that commonly arise in the modern workplace. GIS users typically start their careers performing low-end tasks such as digitizing vast analogue datasets or error checking voluminous metadata files. However, adept cartographers will soon find themselves promoted through the ranks and possibly into management positions. Here, they will be tasked with an assortment of business-related activities such as overseeing work groups, interfacing with clients, creating budgets, and managing workflows. As GISs become increasingly common in today’s business world, so too must cartographers become adept at managing GIS projects to maximize effective work strategies and minimize waste. Similarly, as GIS projects begin to take on more complex and ambitious goals, GIS project managers will only become more important and integral to address the upcoming challenges of the job at hand. 10.1 Project Management Basics The objective of this section is to achieve a basic understanding of the role of a project manager in the lifecycle of a GIS project. Project management is a fairly recent professional endeavor that is growing rapidly to keep pace with the increasingly complex job market. Some readers may equate management with the posting of clichéd artwork that lines the walls of corporate headquarters across the nation (Figure 10.1). These posters often depict a multitude of parachuters falling arm-in-arm while forming some odd geometric shape, under which the poster is titled “Teamwork.” Another is a beautiful photo of a landscape titled, “Motivation.” Clearly, any job that is easy enough that its workers can be motivated by a pretty picture is a job that will either soon be done by computers or shipped overseas. In reality, proper project management is a complex task that requires a broad knowledge base and a variety of Management is more than posting vapid, buzzword-laden artwork such as this in the office The Project Management Institute (PMI) Standards Committee describes project management as “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations.” To assist in the understanding and implementation of project management, PMI has written a book devoted to this subject titled, “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,” also known as the PMBOK Guide (PMI 2008). This section guides the reader through the basic tenets of this text. The primary stakeholders in a given project include the project manager, project team, sponsor/client, and customer/end-user. As project manager, you will be required to identify and solve potential problems, issues, and questions as they arise. Although much of this section is applicable to the majority of information technology (IT) projects, GIS projects are particularly challenging due to the large storage, integration, and performance requirements associated with this particular field. GIS projects, therefore, tend to have elevated levels of risk compared to standard IT projects. Project management is an integrative effort whereby all of the project’s pieces must be aligned properly for timely completion of the work. Failure anywhere along the project timeline will result in delay, or outright failure, of the project goals. To accomplish this daunting task, five process groups and nine project management knowledge areas have been developed to meet project objectives. These process groups and knowledge areas are described in this section. PMBOK Process Groups The five project management process groups presented here are described separately, but realize that there is typically a large degree of overlap among each of them. Initiation, the first process group, defines and authorizes a particular project or project phase. This is the point at which the scope, available resources, deliverables, schedule, and goals are decided. Initiation is typically out of the hands of the project management team and, as such, requires a high-level sponsor/client to approve a given course of action. This approval comes to the project manager in the form of a project charter that provides the authority to utilize organizational resources to address the issues at hand. The planning process group determines how a newly initiated project phase will be carried out. It focuses on defining the project scope, gathering information, reviewing available resources, identifying and analyzing potential risks, developing a management plan, and estimating timetables and costs. As such, all stakeholders should be involved in the planning process group to ensure comprehensive feedback. The planning process is also iterative, meaning that each planning step may positively or negatively affect previous decisions. If changes need to be made during these iterations, the project manager must revisit the plan components and update those now-obsolete activities. This iterative methodology is referred to as “rolling wave planning.” The executing process group describes those processes employed to complete the work outlined in the planning process group. Common activities performed during this process group include directing project execution, acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, and distributing information to the stakeholders. The executing process group, like the planning process group, is often iterative due to fluctuations in project specifics (e.g., timelines, productivity, unanticipated risk) and therefore may require reevaluation throughout the lifecycle of the project. The monitoring and controlling process group is used to observe the project, identify potential problems, and correct those problems. These processes run concurrently with all of the other process groups and therefore span the entire project lifecycle. This process group examines all proposed changes to the project and approves only those that do not alter the overall, stated goals of the project. Some of the specific activities and actions monitored and controlled by this process group include the project scope, schedule, cost, output quality, reports, risk, and stakeholder interactions. Finally, the closing process group essentially terminates all of the actions and activities undertaken during the four previous process groups. This process group includes handing off all pertinent deliverables to the proper recipients and the formal completion of all contracts with the sponsor/client. This process group is also important to signal the sponsor/client that no more charges will be made, and they can now reassign the project staff and organizational resources as needed. PMBOK Project Management Knowledge Areas Each of the five aforementioned process groups is available for use with nine different knowledge areas. These knowledge areas comprise those subjects that project managers must be familiar with to successfully complete a given project. A brief description of each of these nine knowledge areas is provided here. Project integration management describes the ability of the project manager to “identify, define, combine, unify, and coordinate” the various project activities into a coherent whole (PMBOK 2008). It is understood by senior project managers that there is no single way to successfully complete this task. In reality, each manager must apply their specific skills, techniques, and knowledge to the job at hand. This knowledge area incorporates all five of the PMBOK process groups. 2. Project scope management entails an understanding of not only what work is required to complete the project but also what extraneous work should be excluded from project. Defining the scope of a project is usually done via the creation of a scope plan document that is distributed among team members. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, as well as the monitoring and controlling process groups. 3. Project time management takes into account the fact that all projects are subject to certain time constraints. These time constraints must be analyzed and an overall project schedule must be developed based on inputs from all project stakeholders (see Section 10.2.1 "Scheduling" for more on scheduling). This knowledge area incorporates the planning, as well as the monitoring 4. Project cost management is focused not only with determining a reasonable budget for each project task but also with staying within the defined budget. Project cost management is often either very simple or very complex. Particular care needs to be taken to work with the sponsor/client as they will be funding this effort. Therefore, any changes or augments to the project costs must be vetted through the sponsor/client prior to initiating those changes. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, as well as the monitoring and controlling process groups. Project quality management identifies the quality standards of the project and determines how best to satisfy those standards. It incorporates responsibilities such as quality planning, quality assurance, and quality control. To ensure adequate quality management, the project manager must evaluate the expectations of the other stakeholders and continually monitor the output of the various project tasks. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, executing, and monitoring and controlling process groups. 6. Project human resource management involves the acquisition, development, organization, and oversight of all team members. Managers should attempt to include team members in as many aspects of the task as possible so they feel loyal to the work and invested in creating the best output possible. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, executing, and monitoring and controlling process groups. Project communication management describes those processes required to maintain open lines of communication with the project stakeholders. Included in this knowledge area is the determination of who needs to communicate with whom, how communication will be maintained (e-mail, letter reports, phone, etc.), how frequently contacts will be made, what barriers will limit communication, and how past communications will be tracked and archived. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, executing, and monitoring and controlling process groups. 8. Project risk management identifies and mitigates risk to the project. It is concerned with analyzing the severity of risk, planning responses, and monitoring those identified risks. Risk analysis has become a complex undertaking as experienced project managers understand that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Risk management involves working with all team members to evaluate each individual task and to minimize the potential for that risk to manifest itself in the project or deliverable. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, as well as the 9. Project procurement management, the final knowledge area, outlines the process by which products, services, and/or results are acquired from outside the project team. This includes selecting business partners, managing contracts, and closing contracts. These contracts are legal documents supported by the force of law. Therefore, the fine print must be read and understood to ensure that no confusion arises between the two parties entering into the agreement. This knowledge area incorporates the planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing process groups. Project Failure Murphy’s Law of Project Management states that no major project is completed on time, within budget, and with the same staff that started it—do not expect yours to be the first. It has been estimated that only 16 percent of fully implemented information technology projects are completed on time and within budget (The Standish Group International 2000). These failed projects result in an estimated loss of over $81 billion every year! David Hamil discusses the reasons for these failures in his web feature titled, “Your Mission, Should You Choose to Accept It: Project Management Excellence” (http://spatialnews.geocomm.com/features/mesa1). The first noted cause for project failure is poor planning. Every project must undergo some type of planning-level feasibility study to determine the purpose of the project and the methodologies employed to complete it. A feasibility study is basically used to determine whether or not a project should be given the “green light.” It outlines the project mission, goals, objectives, scope, and constraints. A project may be deemed unfeasible for a variety of reasons including an unacceptable level of risk, unclear project requirements, disagreement among clients regarding project objectives, missing key stakeholders, and unresolved political issues. A second cause for project failure is lack of corporate management support. Inadequate staffing and funding, as well as weak executive sponsorship on the part of the client, will typically result in a project with little chance of success. One of the most important steps in managing a project will be to determine which member of the client’s team is championing your project. This individual, or group of individuals, must be kept abreast of all major decisions related to the project. If the client’s project champion loses interest in or contact with the effort, failure is not far afield. A third common cause of project failure is poor project management. A high-level project manager should have ample experience, education, and leadership abilities, in addition to being a skilled negotiator, communicator, problem solver, planner, and organizer. Despite the fact that managers with this wide- ranging expertise are both uncommon and expensive to maintain, it only takes a failed project or two for a client to learn the importance of securing the proper person for the job at hand. The final cause of project failure is a lack of client focus and the lack of the end-user participation. The client must be involved in all stages of the lifecycle of the project. More than one GIS project has been completed and delivered to the client, only to discover that the final product was neither what the client envisioned nor what the client wanted. Likewise, the end-user, which may or may not be the client, is the most important participant in the long-term survival of the project. The end-user must participate in all stages of project development. The creation of a wonderful GIS tool will most likely go unused if the enduser can find a better and/or more cost-efficient solution to their needs elsewhere. Project managers must employ a wide range of activities and actions to achieve the overall goals of the project. These actions are broken down into five process groups: initiation, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. The activities and actions described in this section are applied to nine management knowledge areas that managers must be cognizant of to ensure that all the goals of the project will be met: integration management, scope management, time management, cost management, quality management, human resource management, communication management, risk management, and procurement management. Projects can fail for a variety of reasons. Successful managers will be aware of these potential pitfalls and will work to overcome them. As a student, you are constantly tasked with completing assignments for your classes. Think of one of your recent assignments as a project that you, as a project (assignment) manager, completed. Describe how you utilized a sampling of the project management process groups and knowledge areas to complete that assigned task. [1] The Standish Group International. 2000. “Our Blog.” http://www.pm2go.com. 10.2 GIS Project Management Tools and Techniques The objective of this section is to review a sampling of the common tools and techniques available to complete GIS project management tasks. As a project manager, you will find that there are many tools and techniques that will assist your efforts. While some of these are packaged in a geographic information system (GIS), many are not. Others are mere concepts that managers must be mindful of when overseeing large projects with a multitude of tasks, team members, clients, and end-users. This section outlines a sampling of these tools and techniques, although their implementation is dependent on the individual project, scope, and requirements that arise therein. Although these topics could be sprinkled throughout the preceding chapters, they are not concepts whose mastery is typically required of entry-level GIS analysts or technicians. Rather, they constitute a suite of skills and techniques that are often applied to a project after the basic GIS work has been completed. In this sense, this section is used as a platform on which to present novice GIS users with a sense of future pathways they may be led down, as well as providing hints to other potential areas of study that will complement their nascent GIS knowledge base. One of the most difficult and dread-inducing components of project management for many is the need to oversee a large and diverse group of team members. While this text does not cover tips for getting along with others, ensuring that each project member is on task and up to date is an excellent way to reduce potential problems associated with a complex project. To achieve this, there are several tools available to track project schedules and goal completions. The Gantt chart (named after its creator, Henry Gantt) is a bar chart that is used specifically for tracking tasks throughout the project lifecycle. Additionally, Gantt charts show the dependencies of interrelated tasks and focus on the start and completion dates for each specific task. Gantt charts will typically represent the estimated task completion time in one color and the actual time to completion in a second color (Figure 10.2 "Gantt Chart"). This color coding allows project members to rapidly assess the project progress and identify areas of concern in a timely fashion. Figure 10.2 Gantt Chart PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) charts are similar to Gantt charts in that they are both used to coordinate task completion for a given project (Figure 10.3 "PERT Chart"). PERT charts focus more on the events of a project than on the start and completion dates as seen with the Gantt charts. This methodology is more often used with very large projects where adherence to strict time guidelines is more important than monetary considerations. PERT charts include the identification of the project’s critical path. After estimating the best- and worst-case scenario regarding the time to finish all tasks, the critical path outlines the sequence of events that results in the longest potential duration for the project. Delays to any of the critical path tasks will result in a net delay to project completion and therefore must be closely monitored by the project manager. Figure 10.3 PERT Chart There are some advantages and disadvantages to both the Gantt and PERT chart types. Gantt charts are preferred when working with small, linear projects (with less than thirty or so tasks, each of which occurs sequentially). Larger projects (1) will not fit onto a single Gantt display, making them more difficult to visualize, and (2) quickly become too complex for the information therein to be related effectively. Gantt charts can also be problematic because they require a strong sense of the entire project’s timing before the first task has even been committed to the page. Also, Gantt charts don’t take correlations between separate tasks into account. Finally, any change to the scheduling of the tasks in a Gantt chart results in having to recreate the entire schedule, which can be a time-consuming and mind-numbing experience. PERT charts also suffer from some drawbacks. For example, the time to completion for each individual task is not as clear as it is with the Gantt chart. Also, large project can become very complex and span multiple pages. Because neither method is perfect, project managers will often use Gantt and PERT charts simultaneously to incorporate the benefits of each methodology into their project. Working with CAD Data While a GIS commands a large swath of the computer-generated mapping market share, it is not the only cartographic player in town. GIS, as you now hopefully understand, is primarily a database-driven mapping solution. Computer-aided design (CAD), on the other hand, is a graphics-based mapping solution adopted by many cartographers; engineers in particular. Historically speaking, points, lines, and polygons in a CAD system do not link to attributes but are mere drawings representing some reality. CAD software, however, has recently begun to incorporate “smart” features whereby attribute information is explicitly linked to the spatial representations. CAD is typically used on many projects related to surveying and civil engineering work. For example, creating a cadastral map for a housing development is a complex matter with a fine scale of exactitude required to ensure, for example, that all electrical, sewer, transportation, and gas lines meet at precise locales (Figure 10.4 "CAD Drawing of a Conceptual Land Development Project"). An error of inches, in either the vertical or horizontal dimension, could result in a need for a major plan redesign that may cost the client an inordinate amount of time and money. Too many of these types of errors, and you and your engineer may soon be looking for a new job. Figure 10.4 CAD Drawing of a Conceptual Land Development Project Regardless, the CAD drawing used to create these development plans is usually only concerned with the local information in and around the project site that directly affects the construction of the housing units, such as local elevation, soil/substrates, land-use/land-cover types, surface water flows, and groundwater resources. Therefore, local coordinate systems are typically employed by the civil engineer whereby the origin coordinate (the 0, 0 point) is based off of some nearby landmark such as a manhole, fire hydrant, stake, or some other survey control point. While this is acceptable for engineers, the GIS user typically is concerned not only with local phenomena but also with tying the project into a larger world. For example, if a development project impacts a natural watercourse in the state of California, agencies such as the US Army Corps of Engineers (a nationwide government agency), California Department of Fish and Game (a statewide government agency), and the Regional Water Quality Control Board (a local government agency) will each exert some regulatory requirements over the developer. These agencies will want to know where the watercourse originates, where it flows to, where within the length of the watercourse the development project occurs, and what percentage of the watercourse will be impacted. These concerns can only be addressed by looking at the project in the larger context of the surrounding watershed(s) within which the project occurs. To accomplish this, external, standardized GIS datasets must be brought to bear on the project (e.g., national river reaches, stream flow and rain gauges, habitat maps, national soil surveys, and regional land-use/land-cover maps). These datasets will normally be georeferenced to some global standard and therefore will not automatically overlay with the engineer’s local CAD data. As project manager, it will be your team’s duty to import the CAD data (typically DWG, DGN, or DXF file format) and align it exactly with the other, georeferenced GIS data layers. While this has not been an easy task historically, sophisticated tools are being developed by both CAD and GIS software packages to ensure that they “play nicely” with each other. For example, ESRI’s ArcGIS software package contains a “Georeferencing” toolbar that allows users to shift, pan, resize, rotate, and add control points to assist in the realignment of CAD data. As project manager, you may discover that the GIS software package employed by your workgroup is missing some basic functionality that would greatly enhance the productivity of your team. In these cases, it may be worthwhile to create your own GIS application(s). GIS applications are either stand-alone GIS software packages or customizations of a preexisting GIS software package that are made to meet some specific project need. These applications can range from simple (e.g., apply a standard symbol/color set and text guidelines to mapped features) to complex (e.g., sort layers, select features based on a predefined set of rules, perform a spatial analysis, and output a hard-copy map). Some of the more simple applications can be created by using the canned tool sets and functionality provided in the GIS software. For example, ESRI’s ArcGIS software package includes a macro language called Model Builder that allows users with no knowledge of programming languages create a series of automated tasks, also called workflows, which can be chained together and executed multiple times to reduce the redundancy associated with many types of GIS analyses. The more complex applications will most likely require the use of the GIS software’s native macro language or to write original code using some compatible programming language. To return to the example of ESRI products, ArcGIS provides the ability to develop and incorporate user-written programs, called scripts, into to standard platform. These scripts can be written in the Python, VBScript, JScript, and Perl programming languages. While you may want to create a GIS application from the ground up to meet your project needs, there are many that have already been developed. These pre-written applications, many of which are open source, may be employed by your project team to reduce the time, money, and headache associated with such an effort. A sampling of the open-source GIS applications written for the C-family of programming languages are as follows (Ramsey 2007): MapGuide Open Source (http://mapguide.osgeo.org)—A web-based application developed to provide a full suite of analysis and viewing tools across platforms 2. OSSIM (http://www.ossim.org)—“Open Source Software Image Map” is an application developed to efficiently process very large raster images 3. GRASS (http://grass.itc.it)—The oldest open-source GIS product, GRASS was developed by the US Army for complex data analysis and modeling 4. MapServer (http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu)—A popular Internet map server that renders GIS data into cartographic map products QGIS (http://www.qgis.org)—A GIS viewing environment for the Linux operating system 6. PostGIS (http://postgis.refractions.net)—An application that adds spatial data analysis and manipulation functionality to the PostgreSQL database program GMT (http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu)—“Generic Mapping Tools” provides a suite of data manipulation and graphic generation tools that can be chained together to create complex data analysis flows GIS applications, however, are not always created from scratch. Many of them incorporate open-source shared libraries that perform functions such as format support, geoprocessing, and reprojection of coordinate systems. A sampling of these libraries is as follows: GDAL/OGR (http://www.gdal.org)—“Geospatial Data Abstraction Library/OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation” is a compilation of translators for raster and vector geospatial data formats 2. Proj4 (http://proj.maptools.org)—A compilation of projection tools capable of transforming different cartographic projection systems, spheroids, and data points. 3. GEOS (http://geos.refractions.net)—“Geometry Engine, Open Source” is a compilation of functions for processing 2-D linear geometry 4. Mapnik (http://www.mapnik.org)—A tool kit for developing visually appealing maps from preexisting file types (e.g., shapefiles, TIFF, OGR/GDAL) FDO (http://fdo.osgeo.org)—“Feature Data Objects” is similar to, although more complex than, GDAL/OGR in that it provides tools for manipulating, defining, translating, and analyzing geospatial datasets While the C-based applications and libraries noted earlier are common due to their extensive time in development, newer language families are supported as well. For example, Java has been used to develop unique applications (e.g., gvSIG, OpenMap, uDig, Geoserver, JUMP, and DeeGree) from its libraries (GeoAPI, WKB4J, GeoTools, and JTS Topology Suite), while .Net applications (e.g., MapWindow, WorldWind, SharpMap) are a new but powerful application option that support their own libraries (Proj.Net, NTS) as well as the C-based libraries. A project manager will often be required to produce paper and/or digital maps of the project site. These maps will typically include standard information such as a title, north arrow, scale bar, corporate contact information, data source, and so forth. This is simple if the site is small enough that the pertinent mapped features can be resolved on a single map. However, problems arise if the site is exceedingly large, follows a linear pathway (e.g., highway improvement projects), or is composed of distant, noncontiguous site locales. In these cases, the manager will need to create a series of easily referenced and reproduced maps that are at the exact same scale, have minimal overlap, and maintain consistent collar material throughout. To accomplish this task, a map series can be employed to create standardized maps from the GIS (e.g., “DS Map Book” for ArcGIS 9; “Data Driven Pages” for ArcGIS 10). A map series is essentially a multipage document created by dividing the overall data frame into unique tiles based on a userdefinedindex grid. Figure 10.5 "Project Site Tiled into an Output Series" shows an example of a map series that divides a project site into a grid of similar tiles. Figure 10.6 "Output from a Map Series" shows the standardized maps produced when that series is printed. While these maps can certainly be created without the use of a map series generator, this functionality greatly assists in the organization and display of project’s whose extents cannot be represented within a single map. Figure 10.5 Project Site Tiled into an Output Series Figure 10.6 Output from a Map Series Grid-to-Ground Transformations Project managers must be mindful of the transition from in-program mapped units to real-world locations. As discussed in Chapter 3 "Data, Information, and Where to Find Them", Section 3.2 "Data about Data", transforming the three-dimensional earth to two dimensions necessarily results in both accuracy and precision errors. While projects that cover a small areal extent may not noticeably suffer from this error, projects that cover a large areal extent could run into substantial problems. When surveyors measure the angles and distances of features on the earth for input into a GIS, they are taking “ground” measurements. However, spatial datasets in a GIS are based on a predefined coordinate system, referred to as “grid” measurements. In the case of angles, ground measurements are taken relative to some north standard such as true north, grid north, or magnetic north. Grid measurements are always relative to the coordinate system’s grid north. Therefore, grid north and ground north may well need to be rotated in order to align correctly. In the case of distances, two sources of error may be present: (1) scale error and (2) elevation error. Scale error refers to the phenomenon whereby points measured on the three-dimensional earth (i.e., ground measurement) must first be translated onto the coordinate system’s ellipsoid (i.e., mean sea level), and then must be translated to the two-dimensional grid plane (Figure 10.7 "Grid-to-Ground Transformation"). Basically, scale error is associated with the move from three to two dimensions and is remedied by applying a scale factor (SF) to any measurements made to the dataset. Figure 10.7 Grid-to-Ground Transformation In addition to scale error, elevation error becomes increasingly pronounced as the project site’s elevation begins to rise. Consider Figure 10.8 "Grid versus Ground Measurements", where a line measured as 1,000 feet at altitude must first be scaled down to fit the earth’s ellipsoid measurement, then scaled again to fit the coordinate system’s grid plane. Each such transition requires compensation, referred to as the elevation factor (EF). The SF and EF are often combined into a single combination factor (CF) that is automatically applied to any measurements taken from the GIS. Figure 10.8 Grid versus Ground Measurements In addition to EF and SF errors, care must be taken when surveying areas greater than 5 miles in length. At these distances, slight errors will begin to compound and may create noticeable discrepancies. In particular, projects whose length crosses over coordinate systems zones (e.g., Universal Transverse Mercator [UTM] zones or State Plane zones) are likely to suffer from unacceptable grid-to-ground errors. While the tools and techniques outlined in this section may be considered beyond the scope of an introductory text on GISs, these pages represent some of the concerns that will arise during your tenure as a GIS project manager. Although you will not need a comprehensive understanding of these issues for your first GIS-related jobs, it is important that you understand that becoming a competent GIS user will require a wide-ranging skill set, both technically and interpersonally. As project manager, you will need to utilize a wide variety of tools and techniques to complete your GIS The tools and techniques you employ will not necessarily be included as a part of your native GIS software package. In these cases, you will need to apply all project management resources at your disposal. Consider the following GIS project: You are contacted by the City of Miami to determine the effect of inundation due to sea-level rise on municipal properties over the next hundred years. Assuming that the sea level will rise one meter during that time span, describe in detail the process you would take to respond to this inquiry. Assuming you have two months to complete this task, develop a timeline that shows the steps you would take to respond to the city’s request. In your discussion, include information pertaining to the data layers (both raster and vector), data sources, and data attributes needed to address the problem. Outline some of the geoprocessing steps that would be required to convert your baseline GIS data into project-specific layers that would address this particular problem. Upon completion of the geospatial analysis, how might you employ cartographic principals to most effectively present the data to city officials? Talk about potential problems that may arise during the analysis and discuss how you might go about addressing these issues. [1] Ramsey, P. 2007. “The State of Open Source GIS.” Refractions Research.http://www.refractions.net/expertise/whitepapers/opensourcesurvey/survey-open-source-2007-12.pdf.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line208
__label__cc	0.683531	0.316469	The Best Mistake-review Millionaire's Club-Series from The Wild Rose Press Her biggest mistake might be the best thing ever to happen to him. Deri "The Mistake" Crandall wants nothing more than the love and acceptance from a family. After her mother dies, she finally discovers who her father is—except he and his family aren't exactly everything she's dreamed of. Not about to let a little thing like that bother her, she strives her hardest to fit in. Though honest to a fault, she even lies to gain their affection. But who could have predicted the one man with whom she immediately clicks is the very millionaire her grandfather orders her to betray? Cole Harrety’s life is all about work and ignoring play, until a petite, curvy bundle of quirky woman literally tumbles into his lap. From the moment he loses a staring contest with her, he knows Deri is exactly what's been missing from his mundane life and no other woman will ever compete with her. With a web of deception already woven, can their new bond survive a shattered trust? “How’re you doing?” Deri gritted her teeth. “Hurts.” His chocolate-brown eyes filled with sympathy as he lightly stroked her hair. “We’ve almost got you free. Just hang in there.” A moment later, some unknown person yanked the ladder away. The release of pressure was almost more brutal than the pinching agony, but it soon dissipated to a dull throb. “I’m going to check your ankle out, okay?” Large, capable fingers slipped off her shoe. She ground her teeth and swallowed yet another whimper. “Sorry,” he rasped. He gently cupped her heel as he examined the damage, prodding with the barest of pressure from his thumb. When she heard, “Holy mother of God,” her eyes flew open, and she lifted her face. Hot Guy shifted to block her view from the damage. “Don’t look.” That didn’t exactly placate her. “What’s wrong?” “Well, it’s…it’s swelling and bruising already. We need to get you to a hospital. Now.” She nodded. “Okay.” But how was she supposed to walk out of here? Gah, even the thought of standing made her stomach pitch with nausea. “Wrap your arms around my neck,” he answered her unspoken question. “I’ll carry you.” The sheer, noble romance of his command caused Deri to lose her breath. What? Run away with you and bear your twenty children? Sure. As long as he kept looking at her exactly as he was now, she was pretty much game for any suggestion he made. She stared deeply into his brown eyes and nodded. “Okay.” This book had me from the first page. There is humor, romance, miscommunication between Deri and Cole. The difference with The Best Mistake is that there was a twist in the end that I didn't see coming and Ms. Kage's voice is fresh and inviting. Deri is the "mistake" in her family. Everyone in her family thinks that she is a failure and she has believed that for so long that she actually believes it. She doesn't strive to really better herself and when confronted with a task from her grandfather, she jumps at the chance to prove herself to her family. I really felt for Deri because she really is a great person but she has been beat down so much by her family that the self doubt had taken over. When she falls and twists her ankle she never realized what fate would bring her. Cole is your basic workaholic that leaves little time for play. When he sees Deri trip and fall literally in his lap, his life is changed forever. As he and Deri get close, he doesn't understand why is suddenly quits the company and refuses to see him. She is his perfect woman and knows it. With some time and romance, they might have a chance. What Cole didn't see coming was that the tangled web that Deri was in would ultimately be his and Deri's test of the trust with one another. I have never laughed so much in a book in a very long time. The excerpt is just a teaser for the rest of the scene. Trust me, you will have tears streaming down your face. Ms. Kage writes with a sense of humor that is true to the characters that she has created. Deri doesn't mean to be funny but with her self doubt, wanting to be part of her family that she was denied and her time with Cole, you really can't help but laugh and feel for her. Cole is a dream but I honestly had my doubts towards the end. Ms. Kage has written a great story about two people that meet under the funniest circumstances but ultimately realize what is important in their lives and find the strength within themselves to reach for their own happiness. 5 Harlies and a recommended read Posted by Harlie Williams at 8:42 PM Marie Rose Dufour March 15, 2012 at 5:50 AM Excellent review. Congrats Linda!!! You deserve it. Linda Kage March 15, 2012 at 10:01 AM Wow, thank you for such a wonderful review! You totally made my day.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line220
__label__wiki	0.660969	0.660969	Category: Geordieland Tynemouth, King Edwards Bay & The Tynemouth Priory – Updated Photos By Geordie H in Geordie Architechture, Geordie Photos, Geordie Towns & Cities, Geordieland, King Edwards Bay, Tynemouth Tynemouth is situated on the Northern mouth of the River Tyne between North Shields & Cullercoats. Tynemouth Village had long been established in the shelter of the fortified Priory & now consists of Tynemouth, King Edwards Bay & the Tynemouth Priory which was first built as a Monastery in the 7th century. The Priory was later fortified but taken by the … geordie beaches, tynemouth castle, tynemouth long sands, tynemouth priory North Shields, North Tyneside – Photo Slideshow By Geordie H in Art & Culture, Geordie Communities, Geordie Photos, Geordie Towns & Cities, Geordieland, North Shields, North Tyneside North Shields is a small town on the bank of the River Tyne in North Tyneside, created in 1225 as a fishing port to provide fish for Tynemouth & The Tynemouth Priory which is situated at the mouth of the River Tyne. Over the years, North Shields has grown from a small fishing village to incorporate the suburbs of … north shields fish quay, north shields town centre Peter Parsons Sings Geordieland By Geordie H in Geordie Music, Geordie TV, Geordieland, Music Channel, Newcastle Upon Tyne Peter Parsons sings his song, Geordie land, about (amongst other things) his love of Newcastle Upon Tyne (the old home town), the Gallowgate, Grainger St, Tynemouth and St James Park. famous geordies, gallowgate, grainger st, peter parsons, st james park A Video Tribute to Tyneside By Geordie H in Art & Culture, Art & Culture Channel, Gateshead, Geordie Architechture, Geordie TV, Geordieland, Newcastle Upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Northumberland, South Tyneside A Tribute to Tyneside uploaded by Youtube user geon106 showing the aerial & ground views of the Geordie architectural & cultural landmarks we all know and love. Some of Geordieland’s landmarks shown are actually situated a bit further out from Tyneside, however, this does not detract from the overall excellent job geon106 made putting this video together 🙂 river tyne, tyne bridges The City Of Durham – A Perfect Place To Live & Learn By Geordie H in Art & Culture, Art & Culture Channel, Durham, Geordie Architechture, Geordie Towns & Cities, Geordie TV, Geordieland The following video takes you on a short tour around the beautiful & historic city of Durham. The City of Durham is the famous for it’s splendid Norman Cathedral and an 11th-century Medieval Castle which are both designated as World Heritage Sites. The city is also home to the famous Durham University and to Durham Prison. Turn This Post Into An Integrated … durham cathedral	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line228
__label__cc	0.61828	0.38172	Kristy finds homeware retail niche in West Wyalong Farm animal statues have been a popular gift item at Kristy Amarant’s new homewares business in West Wyalong. A few pieces of garden furniture and soft furnishings tucked away in a bay of her family’s mechanic’s workshop proved a boon for Kristy Amarant. Always interested in interior decoration, Kristy sold the pieces as a sideline to the vehicle repairs and servicing workshop run by herself and husband Troy at West Wyalong for the past 11 years. Demand quickly grew for the gift lines and soon they were competing with the workshop tools for space. “There was a gap in the market and to have a homewares shop was a dream come true for me,’’ Kristy said. The couple bought a shop in the main street, originally built in 1894 by draper, H R Helyer, to give her business a home. They loved the ambience of the old building, polished the floorboards, installed a reproduction antique counter and placed an original page cutter on display. “We opened Kristy’s Cottage last September and it has been going really well ever since,’’ Kristy said. “I recently opened on a Sunday and put on morning tea – people were lined up at the door waiting to come in.’’ Some of the biggest sellers have been statues of farm animals, such as sheep, cows and border collie dogs. Women’s day and evening wear were added this year to the range of quality homewares, gifts, gardenware, baby giftware, jewellery, leather goods, aromatherapy and candles. Kristy said the West Wyalong shopping precinct was undergoing a revival with people travelling from Grenfell and Condobolin to shop. “They are coming to town and making a day of it,’’ she said. Kristy uses social media to sell soft furnishings and tablecloths on line. This year, Kristy’s Cottage will be sharing a site with West Wyalong business, Hats at Pats, at the Henty Machinery Field Days. “I haven’t done any markets but I will be attending Henty this year,’’ she said. “I’ve always wanted to go to Henty and we went as a family for the first time last year – it was much bigger than we expected. “We bought a farm three years ago so Troy was looking at cattle yards to get ideas while I bought shirts and a hat – we came home with an armful.’’	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line239
__label__wiki	0.73961	0.73961	CULTISH LONG-TERMISM CAN HOBBLE INVESTORS / THE FINANCIAL TIMES COMMENT & ANALYSIS \| Etiquetas: Cryptocurrencies, Financial Markets, Investment Strategies Cultish long-termism can hobble investors Cryptocurrency mania shows the dangers of followers falling for fanciful narratives by Izabella Kaminska © Bloomberg In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, in 2010 Andrew Haldane, then the executive director of financial stability at the Bank of England, wrote a seminal paper espousing the virtues of patience in financial markets. According to Mr Haldane, now the bank’s chief economist, many studies had drawn a link between patience and growth and, conversely, between impatience and under-saving. The latter was thought to have adverse implications for long-run investment and growth. Unfortunately, he noted, impatience in the market was mounting. Some of this, Mr Haldane suggested, was connected to financial innovation that encouraged short-term investing styles. High-frequency trading in particular, he argued, was leading to increased market volatility. For growth to really take off, more patience was needed. Looking at the market today, however, it is hard to believe things are as simple as that. Take the growing number of established but lossmaking (or just-about break-even) businesses that have emerged from the tech sector — Uber, Tesla or Snap, for example. Companies like these exist largely because investors’ attitudes in recent years have become uniquely forgiving and long-termist in nature. Of course, many authoritative investors and academics share Mr Haldane’s view of the deleterious effects of excessive short-termism. Many point to the requirement for public companies to update investors on their financials on a quarterly rather than yearly basis. The practice, it is argued, draws the attention of investors away from long-term productivity-enhancing investment and towards activities that drive short-term returns and profits — stock-purchase programmes, financial arbitrage or predatory mergers and acquisitions focused on asset-stripping or monopolisation. The result is that low-value-added businesses are financed, while those with the capacity to innovate are not. And the implications for growth are negative. Understandably, keeping companies private for longer (protected from the pressures and scrutiny of short-termist shareholders and investors) is now held up as a logical strategy for high-tech businesses with transformative ambitions. Unfortunately this thinking has had two unintended, negative consequences. The first is the rise of the overly patient, and so potentially gullible, investor. The second is the rise of the sort of idealistic long-term thinking that can detach financial markets from reality entirely. While there is little doubt that too much short-termism has negative effects, one should not assume that it follows that extreme long-termism is always for the best. The latter can be dangerous when long-term thinkers fall for fanciful narratives or investor cults. In such cases, investment decisions are driven not by a realistic evaluation of what is or is not possible, but rather by the grandeur of the futuristic visions being touted. If the tale is bold enough — especially if it appeals to entrenched biases, belief systems or desires — the more likely an excessively patient investor is to forgive failure on the grounds that the end justifies the means. Whether the venture being invested in has scant chance of operating without losing money matters little at this point. The investment is now a religion. Nowhere is this mindset more clearly displayed today than in the realm of cryptocurrencies, where narrative trumps reality on a daily basis. Whether cryptocurrency schemes are cultivating value for future generations, or are in fact systems whose growth depends on an elaborate bluff or deception, is impossible to evaluate. When the endless deferral of gratification becomes an end in itself, settling that question is more a matter of faith than quantifiable reality. CASSINI VANISHES INTO SATURN, ITS MISSION CELEBRATED AND MOURNED / THE NEW YORK TIMES \| Etiquetas: Science And Technology Cassini Vanishes Into Saturn, Its Mission Celebrated and Mourned By KENNETH CHANG Saturn’s Northern hemisphere as observed by Cassini on Wednesday. Credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute PASADENA, Calif. — NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, the intrepid robotic explorer of Saturn’s magnificent beauty, ended a journey of 20 years on Friday like a shooting star streaking across Saturn’s sky. By design, the probe vanished into Saturn’s atmosphere, disintegrating moments after its final signal slipped away into the background noise of the solar system. Until the end, new measurements streamed one billion miles back to Earth, preceded by the spacecraft’s last picture show of dazzling sights from around our sun’s sixth planet. “The signal from the spacecraft is gone and, within the next 45 seconds, so will be the spacecraft,” Earl Maize, the program manager, announced in the control room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory here, just after 4:55 a.m. local time. His eyes teared and his voice wavered as he said, “I am going to call this the end of mission.” During a news conference later, he said, “To the very end, the spacecraft did everything we asked.” Aseel Anabtawi, an engineer, reacts on Friday to confirmation of the Cassini spacecraft’s final signal at mission control at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Credit Pool photo by Jae C. Hong The team members, some of whom had spent decades on the mission, started hugging each other when news of the spacecraft’s demise arrived. Never again would Cassini send home the images and data that inspired discoveries and wonder during the probe’s 13 years in orbit around the ringed planet. “For me, there’s a core of sadness, in part in thinking of the breakup of the Cassini family,” said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist. “But it’s both an end and a beginning as these people go off and work on other things.” The mission for Cassini, in orbit since 2004, stretched far beyond the original four-year plan, sending back multitudes of striking photographs, solving some mysteries and upending prevailing notions about the solar system with completely unexpected discoveries. “Cassini is really one of those quintessential missions from NASA,” said Thomas H. Zurbuchen, NASA’s associate administrator for science. “It hasn’t just changed what we know about Saturn, but how we think about the world.” Its end closes the chapter on the exploration of Saturn for probably a decade or longer. Still, there is much left for scientists to study and decipher. Cassini’s hazy origin story Cassini had its origins in the brainstorm of two scientists, Daniel Gautier of the Paris Observatory and Wing-Huen Ip, then at the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy in Germany. NASA’s two Voyager spacecraft flew through the Saturn system in 1980 and 1981. Voyager 1, in particular, provided a close-up look at Titan that was enthralling and maddening. Larger than the planet Mercury, Titan was enshrouded in haze. The atmosphere was thicker than Earth’s and contained methane and other carbon-based molecules. What lay below, no one knew. “Those discoveries led to many more questions,” Dr. Ip recalled. In 1982, Dr. Gautier and Dr. Ip proposed to the European Space Agency that it collaborate with NASA on a Saturn mission: an orbiter paired with a probe that would parachute onto Titan. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft will plunge into Saturn on September 15, incinerating itself after 20 years in space. Click here: https://nyti.ms/2xRPLTN The orbiter became Cassini, built and operated by NASA; the Titan probe was named Huygens, a project of the European Space Agency. The Europeans approved Huygens in 1988. A year later, NASA gave the go-ahead for Cassini. The craft were named for a Dutch astronomer, Christiaan Huygens, who discovered Titan and figured out Saturn had rings, and Giovanni Domenico Cassini, a French-Italian astronomer, who discovered four other major moons of Saturn, each in the 17th century. To take advantage of the gravitational boost from a flyby of Jupiter to accelerate Cassini-Huygens, the spacecraft was launched on Oct. 15, 1997. Discovering an Earthlike alien moon Seven years later, Cassini swung into orbit around Saturn. A few months later, Huygens headed to its rendezvous with Titan, the first attempt to touchdown on a moon other than our own. The lander was equipped with instruments to identify molecules in the air, measure the winds and haze, and take pictures on the way down. Because the spacecraft designers did not know what the surface was made of, they had designed Huygens to handle several possibilities, including floating for a few minutes if it had turned out that Titan’s surface was a global ocean of methane. Saturn’s rings captured by Cassini on Wednesday. Credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Instead, Huygens bumped onto solid ground, surrounded by a complex network of small rivers. “If you would jump from your table or your desk, you would land on the floor at this speed,” said Jean-Pierre Lebreton, the project scientist for Huygens. “A very reasonable landing speed.” Photographs at the surface showed what looked like rounded cobblestones that turned out to be blocks of water ice. The data from Huygens, together with that gathered by Cassini in repeated flybys, revealed Titan as a world shaped by active geological processes with rivers, lakes and rain. But in the frigid temperatures there, about minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit, the fluid is not water, but methane. “Titan has really revealed an Earthlike world,” Dr. Lebreton said. A journey toward disintegration NASA spacecraft, if they survive to their destination, often just keep going. Cassini stayed seven more years to watch changes in Saturn through the passing of seasons. It takes Saturn 29.5 years to orbit the sun, so Cassini has been there for almost half a Saturn year. A sequence of the last pictures taken by the Cassini spacecraft showing the moon Enceladus setting behind Saturn on Wednesday. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute One of the mission’s most surprising discoveries was an ocean of water beneath the icy exterior of Enceladus that may be heated by hydrothermal vents similar to those at the bottom of oceans on Earth. The water on this moon and the carbon compounds it contains are some of the key ingredients needed for life that scientists would have thought unlikely on a moon just 313 miles wide. Even at the end, 20 years after launch, Cassini and its instruments remained in good working shape. The plutonium power source was still generating electricity. But there was not enough propellant fuel left to safely send Cassini anywhere except into Saturn. Any spacecraft, even one launched two decades ago, has unwanted microbial hitchhikers aboard. In particular, planetary scientists wanted to ensure that there was zero chance of the spacecraft crashing into and contaminating Enceladus or Titan, which could also be hospitable for life. And NASA wants to leave the Saturn system pristine. In the very last phase of the mission, Cassini dove through the gap between Saturn and the planet’s innermost ring. That provided new, sharp views of the rings and allowed the craft to probe the planet’s interior, as another NASA spacecraft, Juno, is doing at Júpiter. The final image of Saturn recorded by Cassini on Thursday in black and white, left, and natural color view, right. This shows the location in the ringed planet’s atmosphere where the spacecraft made impact and then vaporized. Credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute The last photographs taken by Cassini started streaming back to Earth on Thursday. An infrared image marked the spot high above the planet’s cloud tops where Cassini would disintegrate hours later. Once these had been sent back to Earth, the probe was reconfigured for the final plunge. Usually, Cassini would make observations, store them in its memory and beam them back to Earth later. This time, there would be no later. Instead, on the final plunge, the spacecraft kept its antenna dish pointed at Earth, as its instruments gave scientists their deepest direct look ever into Saturn. As it moved into Saturn’s atmosphere, the drag of gas molecules started twisting the spacecraft, and its small thrusters could no longer keep the 30-passenger school bus-sized craft upright. Cassini tipped over, its antenna no longer pointing at Earth. That is when the signal disappeared, at an altitude of about 870 miles. The spacecraft disintegrated at about 7:31 a.m. Eastern time, and much of it melted quickly. The most resilient bits were probably the casings around its plutonium power source, designed to withstand re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere or an explosion at launch. Studying final signals Dr. Ip, who helped propose the mission in the 1980s, flew from Taiwan, where he is now a professor at National Central University, to join a commemoration of Cassini’s end at the California Institute of Technology. Hundreds of people gathered for what was part reunion, part celebration, part wake. In the predawn hours of Friday, he and his family were watching the mission’s final moments on giant screens placed on the lawn. When the signal disappeared, Dr. Ip’s daughter, Anita, cried and hugged her father. “It’s hard to explain,” she said. “It’s always been part of the family.” Dr. Ip himself was more stoic and bemused. How was he feeling? “Oh, fine,” he said. Not far away, William S. Kurth, a University of Iowa physicist who oversaw one of Cassini’s scientific instruments, was looking at a brightly colored plot on his laptop. The final data had already made the journey from Saturn to Australia to Pasadena to Iowa and back again to his computer on the lawn. He pointed out the radio emissions Cassini measured as it had entered Saturn’s atmosphere. It was less than 10 minutes after word of Cassini’s death, and Dr. Kurth had homework to do. THE WASHINGTON-FUELED STOCK MARKET RALLY / BARRON´S MAGAZINE \| Etiquetas: Investment Strategies, Stock Markets, U.S. Economic And Political Read This, Spike That The Washington-Fueled Stock Market Rally The major indexes have hit fresh highs in part because fewer missiles are being lobbed between the White House and Capitol Hill. By John Kimelman Ron Sachs-Pool/Getty Images Market strategist Ed Yardeni generated headlines this week by calling the current stock market “a Seinfeld Market.” “When Seinfeld aired on television, millions of Americans viewed the show that was mostly about nothing,” wrote Yardeni, the president of Yardeni Research, in a client note. As for the show we call the U.S. stock market, “investors are watching for something to happen. When nothing happens, especially nothing bad, investors are bemused and show their appreciation by throwing more money at the bull.” Yardeni has come up with a cute throwaway line. But of course, stock market moves are never about nothing. There is always something going on to explain why stocks continue to hit fresh highs, even in the wake of news that North Korean missiles are getting dangerously close to the land masses of other countries. In the past week, much of that good news is coming from Washington. For months before, relations between the White House and Capitol Hill had broken down to the point where the president was openly criticizing Mitch McConnell, the Senate leader of his own party. Many were worried whether tax reform, an issue of utmost concern to investors, would be a casualty of this rancor. But last week, President Donald Trump struck a deal with Democratic congressional leaders to increase the debt limit and finance the government until mid-December. As the New York Times NYT in Your Value Your Change Short position put it, Trump reached across the aisle “to resolve a major dispute for the first time since taking office.” Then two days ago, news broke from Democratic lawmakers that Trump was interested in backing a compromise immigration-reform bill that would give the roughly 800,000 children of illegal immigrants in the U.S. a path toward citizenship. Trump has long maintained that he wants to help these children stay in the country since they came here “through no fault of their own.” Many of Trump’s hardline supporters howled in protest, including alt-right website Breitbart, which wrote that the president was caving on the issue. But the news portrayed the president as a man willing to find common ground on a politically divisive issue. As a general point, markets are made up mostly of pragmatists who much prefer a compromising president eager to get things done, not a populist bogeyman who doesn’t want to play ball with leaders of either party. This is particularly true when it comes to a matter like tax reform. Investors no doubt want to see the parties working together for passage of a bill that knocks down the tax rate for both corporations and individuals. And as Greg Valliere, the Washington-based chief global strategist with Horizon Investments wrote earlier this week, Trump is even willing to compromise on the tax rate that the wealthy pay. Dan Clifton, a policy analyst with Strategas Partners, wrote Thursday that his institutional investor clients are starting “to believe” that tax reform will become law early next year. “We wrote repeatedly over the summer how we would go days without speaking with a client who believed tax reform could happen,” Clifton added. “This week has been a sea change in terms of sentiment.” And that new era of dealmaking in D.C. is helping to explain why stocks keep hitting new highs. WHY JAMIE DIMON DISTRUSTS BITCOIN / SEEKING ALPHA \| Etiquetas: Bitcoins, Blockchains, Cryptocurrencies, Jamie Dimon, JP Morgan Chase and Co. Why Jamie Dimon Distrusts Bitcoin by: John Rhodes - Jamie Dimon called Bitcoin a fraud. - The deep problem isn't that Bitcoin lacks value but instead that banks like JPM don't have power and control. - He's smart enough to see how blockchain could richly reward banks and investors even if Bitcoin must be ignored for being too speculative. You probably already heard that Jamie Dimon called Bitcoin a fraud. Here are some relevant quotes that matter for investors, which I will address one by one below. ...separate blockchain, which is a technology, from Bitcoin, the currency... This is a critical point. I've explained several times that blockchain is not going away. In fact, that technology is being exploited now. Here are a couple of examples with (IBM) demonstrating how this works and adds value: The IBM Bitcoin Puzzle IBM Food Chain Takeover So, while you might have zero interest in directly buying Bitcoin (e.g., Coinbase), and you can't buy "blockchain" directly, you can still invest in companies like IBM that are exploiting the technology. Even if we agree with Jamie Dimon that Bitcoin is a fraud, nothing prevents us from agreeing that blockchain and cryptocurrency instantiations are here to stay. Jamie Dimon likes blockchain. That's why he separated it from Bitcoin. He could have easily thrown out the baby with the bathwater. But, he didn't. That's significant because it demonstrates that he knows that blockchain is here to stay. It's important to him. Now, here's a curveball. Did you know that JPMorgan (JPM) filed for a US patent for a virtual currency that resembles Bitcoin in 2013? What matters here is that JPM has been closely watching this space, working on control: JPMorgan’s proposed system involves creating “virtual cash” that would sit in an online wallet, reminiscent of the computer files that hold Bitcoins on behalf of their users. The JPMorgan system would also create a public record of transactions made using the technology – a feature that would appear to mirror Bitcoin’s use of “blockchain”, a massive block of code stored across a peer-to-peer network of computers that acts as a public ledger of all Bitcoin transactions. It goes deeper; JPM is working with Zerocoin Electronic Coin Co., the folks behind Zcash: ...his team will use the same cryptographic techniques to add a “security layer” to Quorum, the system JPMorgan is developing to run smart contracts. The key point is that Dimon really hates Bitcoin but he loves blockchain. We'll come back to this idea shortly because it's the number one thing you need to know as an investor. Let's look at Dimon's next comment: "I'm not saying go short." As he said this, there was a wink and a smile. There's nothing that indicates that he's got a crystal ball about Bitcoin and that he's not clear on how to properly trade it. That's because he can't control it. In fact, he even admits it could easily balloon upward: "Bitcoin can go to $100,000 before it goes down." The take away is that there is an uncertainty and volatility, with a total lack of control. This makes it very difficult to treat as a true and stable currency, in the mind of Jamie Dimon. It's also clear Dimon doesn't see this as any opportunity for investment. But, those comments above are absolute indicators of a trading and speculation opportunity. This is a signal to traders; this won't trade sideways. On the surface, there's seems to be a huge opportunity to facilitate trades and even market-making activity. JPM isn't shy about trading securities and is a dominant force in that space. Uncertainty, volatility and speculation make JPM a lot of money so why wouldn't they jump into the fray in some way? It comes down to one word: control. With Bitcoin, JPM lacks power, authority and control. Here's what came next from Dimon: "Governments, the first thing they do, is to form a currency. They like to control the currency. They control it through a central bank. They also like to know who has it. Where it is. Where it's going." I absolutely see this as a "projection" of Dimon's thinking. This isn't really about central banks. Instead, Dimon doesn't like what Dimon can't control. And, despite the profit opportunities via a trading desk set up, Dimon steps JPM away from the ledge. Without control, this is dangerous territory. Just like a central bank, JPM loves knowing who has what money, where it comes from, and where it goes. Just like Wells Fargo (WFC), JPM likes to be able to cross sell and upsell. That's next to impossible with Bitcoin because it's anonymous. Again, we're talking about a lack of control. To be balanced and fair, it's important to consider the investment risk that JPM would soak up by playing with Bitcoin. That's because if the U.S. government wanted to get aggressive about Bitcoin, it could crush an investment in trading opportunities like we've seen in China. That risk is high, or even quite high. While that still wouldn't drive Bitcoin to zero, it would harm JPM investors. Let's keep going. here's what Jamie Dimon said next: "[Central banks] look at [Bitcoin] as a novelty." This is FALSE. I cannot speak to Dimon's knowledge or ignorance, but I admit I'm skeptical that the CEO of JPM doesn't know more about this. Look here and here. The summary is that central banks love blockchain and cryptocurrency, even if they don't love Bitcoin. The truth is that central banks don't think it's a novelty. Indeed, as I've already pointed out, the Bank of England says blockchain could: ...permanently raise GDP by as much as 3% [emphasis added], due to reductions in real interest rates, distortionary taxes, and monetary transaction costs. Jamie Dimon is either being disingenuous or he's ignorant. I doubt that he's ignorant. Instead, it seems more likely that he dislikes Bitcoin because it disturbs the "natural" balance of power. Or perhaps he's worried that it could drain money out JPM's control and into the anonymous ether of Bitcoin. There's more to what Jamie Dimon says, right here: "There's a good reason for it. If you're in Venezuela. Or Ecuador. Or North Korea. You're better off using Bitcoin than using their currency. It can't possibly be true in the United States. Unless you're speculating. And that isn't a reason to say something has value." This is a really nuanced set of assumptions and conclusions. He's telling us Bitcoin is a fraud and yet it's a good thing for some countries that have runaway inflation or are in a state of chaos. That certainly sounds like Bitcoin has value, right? These are identified cases of where Bitcoin has utility as a currency. It has value; it's not a fraud. Put another way, Bitcoin seems to be an alternative to at least some fiat currencies and therefore has value. Dimon also tells us that Bitcoin can't possibly make sense or be "true" in the United States. What's odd to me, is that JPM heavily deals in derivatives which are used for hedging, and of course speculation. So derivatives have value because of the agreement between parties and the underlying value of the assets, at least in theory. But, Dimon's comment starts to unwind because you can agree to trade Bitcoin to buy "stuff" in the real world. It's digital, but it becomes real in a click or two. The real point here is that JPM makes money with money. JPMorgan has understanding and control of money. However, that kind of control is next to impossible with Bitcoin. This, again, is why blockchain is beautiful in the eyes of all banks: faster transactions, lower transaction costs, data quality, more. We end with one of Dimon's last comments: "It's not a real thing." In some sense, this is 100% accurate. But, it's accurate in the sense that little men running across my computer screen in a video game don't exist. When you see those little men, they only exist in the code, in the computer. They aren't real. Yet, we still react to them here in the real world as we play. In roughly the same way, our U.S. dollars are just little men floating through our economy. We all agree they are real but they are merely paper and ink, or 0's and 1's. The only real value of the U.S. dollar is faith, not commodities, like silver or gold. Certainly, that faith is strong inside the U.S. and outside. Allow me to stretch the idea a little. In a sense, if Bitcoin can never be real then U.S. dollars can never be real. Ultimately, faith and belief between humans drives the value of dollars but also Bitcoin. That faith in the value of the U.S. dollar is strong and relatively hard to manipulate. The faith in the value of Bitcoin is weak and easily manipulated. Jamie Dimon very clearly dislikes Bitcoin but he likes blockchain. This is a great opportunity to understand that Bitcoin is a threat to banks like JPM and WFC since it's largely anonymous, highly distributed and low friction. Therefore, JPM is right to consider Bitcoin a threat to their moat. At the same time, Dimon and JPM clearly have embraced blockchain, which is a key part of what makes Bitcoin work the way it works. At issue here, fundamentally, is control. JPM would be foolish to embrace Bitcoin unless they felt free to operate with low risk and low regulation. Furthermore, they would also need to have the additional technology and "add ons" to really make Bitcoin work in their existing banking profit infrastructure. It's strategic and logical for JPM to attack Bitcoin to maintain their moat. Speculators can make money trading Bitcoin. It's highly volatile and the risks are enormous, but Dimon makes no good case that Bitcoin is limited in going up, and up again. If he felt that it was doomed right now, he would have called for a short approach, but he's clear that shorting isn't a slam dunk. No doubt about it, the uncertainty is high. Investors should look through Bitcoin and into blockchain. Those companies exploiting blockchain will gain advantages as outlined above. I've documented how both IBM and JPM are examples of how investors can tap into the rise of "Bitcoin" without directly putting money into Bitcoin. That's the conservative play here. CULTISH LONG-TERMISM CAN HOBBLE INVESTORS / THE FI... CASSINI VANISHES INTO SATURN, ITS MISSION CELEBRAT... THE WASHINGTON-FUELED STOCK MARKET RALLY / BARRON´...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line242
__label__cc	0.50068	0.49932	AN AWFULLY LONG EXPANSION: FOR HOW LONG CAN TODAY´S GLOBAL ECONOMIC EXPANSION LAST? / THE ECONOMIST \| Etiquetas: Central Banking, Economics, Investment Strategies, Monetary Policy, World Economic And Political An awfully long expansion For how long can today’s global economic expansion last? The world’s business cycles are lengthening, but not abolished IT IS HARD to summon significant optimism when looking at the world economy. As the trade war between America and China grinds on unresolved, indices of business confidence in America and elsewhere have been falling fast (see chart 1). Surveys suggest that, as trade growth slows, global manufacturing is shrinking for the first time in more than three years. Services have begun to follow manufacturing’s downward trend as domestic demand falters, even in economies with strong labour markets, such as Germany. Long-term bond yields have been tumbling. Having started the year around 2.7%, on July 2nd America’s ten-year Treasury yield fell below 2% for the first time in Donald Trump’s presidency. Yields on ten-year German debt fell below -0.4% earlier this month. Low long-term rates signal that investors expect central banks to keep short-term rates low for a long time. Yet differences in yield between regular bonds and inflation-indexed ones suggest that they will undershoot the inflation targets they are meant to hit—presumably because their various economies will grow too weakly to generate much upward pressure on wages and prices (see chart 2). On top of all that, there is the simple fact that the current economic expansion is unprecedentedly long in the tooth. If, as is almost certain, America’s economy proves to have grown throughout the second quarter of 2019, it will have matched the record for the longest unbroken period of rising GDP set in the 1990s. Europe has enjoyed 24 consecutive quarters of rising GDP. As these years of growth have dragged on, it has become increasingly easy to find people sure they will soon come to an end. And yet they have not. If economists took one firm lesson from the financial crisis of 2007-09, it was to refrain from celebrating long periods of growth. In the good years before that crash the dismal science turned chirpy, talking of a “Great Moderation” that had tamed the boom and bust of the business cycle. The high point of hubris, for many, came in 2003 when Robert Lucas, making his presidential address to the American Economic Association, boasted that the “central problem of depression-prevention has been solved.” When the second half of the decade saw the most severe downturn in the world economy since the 1930s, pointing out that it had been merely a great recession, and that an actual depression had indeed been prevented, looked pettifogging. But the length of the current expansion suggests that Mr Lucas and the colleagues he spoke to and for had a point. Modern economics says business cycles are caused by changes in total spending which outpace the ability of prices and wages to respond. Recessions happen when, faced with lower spending, firms sell less and shed workers, leading spending to fall yet further, rather than adjust prices and wages so as to balance supply and demand. The Great Moderation was marked by changes in the economy that made spending less volatile, and by a greater willingness on the part of central banks to promptly increase demand when things looked dicey. A financial crash could still end an expansion, and the crisis that scuppered that of the 2000s was a doozy. But over the long term, stretches of economic growth in America have got longer and longer (see chart 3). Thus this expansion’s remarkable longevity does not mean it will die of old age. It just means that none of the things which usually bring expansions to an end—busts in industry and investment, mistakes by central banks and financial crises—has yet shown up with scythe in hand. Why not? And is their arrival merely delayed, or becoming genuinely unlikely? First, take downturns in manufacturing. In the second half of the 20th century, people serious about predicting recessions learned to pay a lot of attention to manufacturing inventories; Alan Greenspan, before he became chairman of the Federal Reserve, specialised in forecasting their ups and downs. They mattered because, in the days when companies planned production months in advance, a modest drop in demand often led manufacturers to cut production abruptly and run down their stocks, deepening the downturn. This factor now seems genuinely less important. Better supply-chain management has reduced the size and significance of inventories. And manufacturing has been shrinking both as a share of rich-world economies and of the world economy as a whole. As the current situation demonstrates, this makes it easier for the rest of an economy to keep going when factories slow down. Manufacturing has swooned in the face of the trade war; but service industries have held up, at least so far, and with them the economy as a whole. The same pattern was seen in 2015, when a slowdown in the Chinese economy led to a manufacturing slump. Some of the shift from manufacturing to services may be an illusion. Services have replaced goods in parts of the supply chain where equipment is provided on demand rather than purchased. At the same time, some firms that appear to produce goods increasingly concentrate on design, software engineering and marketing, with their actual production outsourced. Such firms may not play the same role in the business cycle that metal bashers did. This blurring of manufacturing and services has been accompanied by changes in the nature of investment. America’s private non-residential investment is, at about 14% of GDP, in line with its long-term average. But less money is being put into structures and equipment, more into intellectual property. In America IP now accounts for about one-third of non-residential investment, up from a fifth in the 1980s (see chart 4); this year private-sector IP investment may well surpass $1trn. In Japan IP accounts for nearly a quarter of investment, up from an eighth in the mid-1990s. In the EU it has gone from a seventh to a fifth. Recently, this trend has been reinforced by another: investment as a whole is increasingly dominated by big technology firms, which are spending lavishly both on research and on physical infrastructure. In the past year American technology firms in the S&P 500 made investments of $318bn, including research and development spending. That was roughly one-third of investment by firms in the index. Just ten of them were responsible for investments of almost $220bn; five years ago the figure was half that. A lot of this is investment in cloud-computing infrastructure, which has displaced in-house computing investment by other firms. In general, the rate of investment in IP tends to be more stable than that of investment in plant and property. When low oil prices led American shale-oil producers to pull in their horns in 2015-16, business investment fell by 10%, which in the past would have set off imminent-recession claxons. But investment in IP mostly sailed on regardless, and although GDP growth slowed, it did not stop. Philipp Carlsson-Szlezak of Bernstein, a research firm, cites this episode as evidence that physical investment simply no longer carries the economic significance that it used to. Whether or not that is the case, it would be wrong to think that IP investment can be relied on come what may. When the dotcom boom of the late-1990s went bust IP investment was one of the first things to fall, and it ended up dropping almost as much as investment in buildings and kit. With tech companies increasingly dominating investment of all sorts, it is worth worrying about what could now lead to a similar drop. One possibility might be a crunch in the online advertising market, on which some of the biggest tech firms are highly reliant. Advertising has, in the past, been closely coupled to the business cycle. It would also be wrong to think that the world weathered the incipient bust of 2015-16 purely because of changes in the investment landscape. The effects of a flood of stimulus to credit in China and a change of tack by the Fed were important, too. The swift action by the Fed was particularly telling. Central banks’ tendency during expansions has long been to continue raising rates even after bad news strikes, cutting them only when it is too late to avoid recession. Before each of the last three American downturns the Fed continued to raise rates even as bond markets priced in cuts. In 2008, with the world economy collapsing, the ECB raised rates on ill-founded fears about inflation. It repeated the mistake in the recovery in 2011, contributing to Europe’s “double-dip”. But since then there has been no such major monetary policy error in the rich world. Faced with the economy’s current weakness, the ECB has postponed interest-rate rises until mid-2020 and is providing more cheap funding for banks. It will probably loosen monetary policy again by the end of the year. In March the Fed postponed planned rate rises because of weakness in the economy. Markets are certain it will cut rates at its next meeting on July 31st; it may do so by double the usual quarter-of-a-percentage-point. America’s monetary loosening allows central banks in emerging markets, many of which are also reeling from the trade slowdown, to follow suit. With America cutting rates they need not worry about lower rates pushing down the value of their currencies and threatening their capacity to service dollar-denominated debts. The Philippines, Malaysia and India have already cut rates in 2019. Normally, as an expansion wears on, central banks face the fundamental trade-off between keeping rates low to aid growth and raising them to contain prices. But over the past decade that trade-off has rarely been a vexed choice, because inflationary pressure has stayed oddly low. This may have been because labour markets are not as tight as people think; it may be because profits have a long way to fall before rising wages force firms to raise prices; it may be because the globalisation and/or digitisation of the economy are suppressing prices in ways that are still obscure. Whatever the reason, the only time inflation made interest rates a genuinely hard call was in 2018, when the American economy was revved up by Mr Trump’s tax cuts. But the trade war warmed, the world economy cooled and the inflation risk the Fed had worried about subsided. In America core inflation, which excludes energy and food prices, is just 1.6%; in the euro zone, it is 1.1%. If central banks are not worried about letting inflation rip when they loosen policy, they are distinctly worried about what might happen if they didn’t. It is not just that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. It is that the rich-world central banks may only have ounces to administer. Only the Fed could respond to a recession with significant cuts in short-term rates without moving into the uncertain and contested realm of negative rates. The question of how much damage negative interest rates do to banks is under increasing scrutiny in Europe and Japan. In the face of a significant shock, the Fed and other central banks could restart quantitative easing (QE), the purchase of bonds with newly created money. But QE is supposed to work primarily by lowering longer-term rates. As these are already low, QE might not be that effective. And there is a limit on how much of it can be undertaken. In Europe the ECB faces a legal limit on the share of any given government’s bonds it can buy. It has set this limit at 33%. In the case of Germany it is already at 29%. If the ECB were to restart QE—as many expect it to—that limit would have to be raised. But it probably cannot rise above 50%, because that could put the ECB in the awkward position of having a majority vote in a future sovereign-debt restructuring. Their lack of sea room puts a premium on central bankers’ demonstrated good judgment; an unforced error like that of the ECB in 2011 could have dire consequences. Unfortunately, the top of the profession is in flux. Christine Lagarde, who will take over the ECB from Mario Draghi in November, lacks experience of setting monetary policy. The successor to Mark Carney, who will leave the Bank of England in January, is as yet unnamed. Mr Trump’s recent nominees to the board of the Fed have for the most part been unqualified and eccentric. And having relentlessly criticised Jerome Powell, the Fed’s chair, for raising interest rates in 2018, Mr Trump might well, should he win re-election next year, replace Mr Powell with someone more of his mind when his term ends. A candidate remotely as left-field as Mr Trump’s nominations to the board so far would badly damage the Fed’s credibility. The treachery of the image After busts and central banks, the third killer is the one that struck so emphatically a decade ago: financial crisis. Manias and crashes are as old as finance itself. But during the Great Moderation, the financial sector grew in significance. The enhanced role of an inherently volatile sector may offset the stability gained from the shift from manufacturing to services, according to research by Vasco Carvalho of the University of Cambridge and Xavier Gabaix of Harvard University. The size of the financial sector certainly served to make the crash of 2007-09 particularly bad. In America, finance now makes up the same proportion of the economy as it did in 2007. Happily, there is no evidence of a speculative bubble on a par with that in housing back then. It is true that the debt of non-financial businesses is at an all-time high—74% of GDP—and that some of this debt has been chopped up and repackaged into securities that are winding up in odd places, such as the balance-sheets of Japanese banks. But the assets attached to this debt are not as dodgy as those of a decade and a half ago. In large part the boom simply reflects companies taking advantage of the long period of low interest rates in order to benefit their shareholders. Since 2012 non-financial corporations have used a combination of buy-backs and takeovers to retire roughly the same amount of equity as that which they have raised in new debt. Low interest rates also go a long way to explaining today’s high asset prices. Asset prices reflect the value of future incomes. In a low-interest-rate world, these will look better than they would in a high-interest-rate world. It may look disturbing that America’s cyclically adjusted price-earnings ratio has spent most of the past two years above 30, a level that was last breached during the dotcom boom. But the future income those stocks represent really should, in principle, be more valuable now than then. Higher interest rates would knock this logic over. But higher interest rates are not on the menu. The apparent lack of speculative action is a problem for economists. People with very different ideas about the role of central banks and the fundamental drivers of the economy can nevertheless agree that, in the long term, low rates produce financial instability. So after a long period of low rates, where is it? One answer is that it is following a cycle of its own. Analysis by the Bank for International Settlements shows that since the 1980s the financial cycle, in which credit growth fuels a subsequent bust, has grown in amplitude but has kept its length at about 15-20 years. In this model, America is not yet in the boom part of the cycle (see chart 5). America’s private sector, which includes households and firms, continues to be a net saver, in contrast to the late 1990s and late 2000s, note economists at Goldman Sachs. Its household-debt-to-GDP ratio continues to fall. It is rising household debt which economists have most convincingly linked to finance-sector-driven downturns, particularly when it is accompanied by a consumption boom. America and Europe had household debt booms in the 2000s; neither does today. The most significant run up in household debt in the current cycle has taken place in China. The world economy’s unprecedented expansion hardly looks healthy; the trade war may have dampened animal spirits to an extent that cannot be offset by the highly constrained amount of stimulus available to the apothecaries of the central banks. But it remains possible that it will plod on for some time. The longer it does so, the more it will look like the world really has made a change for the moderate. CENTRAL BANKER TO THE WORLD / CREDIT BUBBLE BULLETIN \| Etiquetas: Bizarro World, Central Banking, China, Credit Bubbles, Derivatives, Economics, International Monetary System, Monetary Policy, The Fed, U.S. Economic And Political, World Economic And Political July 11 – Bloomberg (Rich Miller): “Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell is starting to sound a bit like he’s the world’s central banker. In Congressional testimony this week, he repeatedly cited a slower global economic expansion in laying out the case for easier U.S. monetary policy. ‘There’s something going on with the growth around the world, particularly around manufacturing and investment and trade,’ he told the House Financial Services Committee… as he all but promised an interest-rate cut at the end of this month.” Chairman Powell was decisive. While not directly announcing an imminent cut, he essentially pre-committed to reducing rates at the July 31st meeting. Record stock prices don’t matter. Booming corporate Credit is no issue. June’s big gain in payrolls and a 3.7% unemployment rate are not part of the decision function. A Friday afternoon Bloomberg headline resonated: “A Stock Market Dying to Know What Powell Knows About the Economy.” The so-called “insurance” rate cut is all about the global environment, with monetary policy’s traditional domestic focus relegated to history. The reduction will be justified by “crosscurrents,” “uncertainties” and below-target inflation. But is the global economy really in such bad shape to warrant preemptive monetary stimulus during a period of market ebullience? What Does Powell – and his cadre of global central bankers - Know? China’s GDP is expected to expand between 6.0% and 6.5% this year. While slowing, growth throughout EM is forecast between 3.0% and 4.0%. Nothing to write home about, but euro zone GDP is expected to exceed 1.0% this year. Japan could see 3.0% 2019 GDP growth. Bank American Merrill Lynch today lowered their forecast for 2019 global GDP growth to 3.3% from 3.6%. Deserving of even lower rates and more QE? I don’t believe the primary impetus behind the global central bank swing toward additional stimulus is economic. Indeed, I see Powell, Draghi, Carney, Kuroda and the like confirming the Acute Global Financial Fragilities Thesis. This fanciful notion of “insurance” stimulus will be debated for years to come. A system suffering from risk aversion, illiquidity and Credit contraction would be expected to experience some perk from monetary stimulus. But a global financial “system” already excessively embracing risk, wallowing in liquidity abundance and generating record Credit growth will be only further destabilized by greater stimulus. I’ve been long fascinated by how things turn “crazy” at the end of cycles. My thesis is the world is in the late stage of an extraordinary multi-decade Credit Bubble. From this perspective, we should not be surprised by phenomenal late-cycle excess. July 9 - Bloomberg (Samuel Potter, Laura Benitez, and Anooja Debnath): “The global bond rally is so fierce that even on an off-day investors keep piling in. Such is the frenzy for government debt just now that Italy, long considered Europe’s fiscal problem child, on Tuesday attracted demand of around 17.5 billion euros ($19.6bn) for bonds that won’t mature until 2067. With yields near the lowest since before the populist coalition came to power in June 2018, investors fell over themselves to allocate to the 3 billion euro offering… Negative yields are creeping in at Europe’s fringes. The number of corporate junk bonds trading with a sub-zero handle in euros now stands at 14 -- at the start of the year there were none. Money managers are killing it on debt that won’t mature for nearly 100 years.” July 10 – Financial Times (Tommy Stubbington): “In the bizarro world of global debt, even bonds from Europe’s emerging markets are spewing out negative yields. Sky-high bond prices… are increasingly spilling into what was once considered risky territory. All of the Czech Republic’s euro-denominated debt, for example, now trades at sub-zero yields… Short-dated Hungarian bonds and a growing slice of Poland’s debt are following suit, with Warsaw’s 10-year yields just fractionally above zero. Emerging market investors, who traditionally viewed these markets as their domain, are being forced to look further afield for returns, fueling a debt rally from Croatia to Kazakhstan.” Bizarro World, indeed. Why is financial history strewn with markets succumbing to bouts of end-of-cycle insanity? The obvious answer is greed – greed that became deeply ingrained after a protracted period of being richly rewarded (with fear and caution punished mercilessly). The longer the cycle the more intense and resilient the greed dynamic. The more of the “house’s” money available to gamble, the more extravagant the bets. I would add that prolonged cycles typically have some type of underlying government support that over time comes to underpin confidence and risk-taking (playing an especially critical role late in the cycle). The great late-twenties Bubble doesn’t inflate if not for confidence that the Federal Reserve possessed both the will and capacity to sustain the boom. The mortgage finance Bubble doesn’t inflate without implicit Treasury mortgage debt guarantees and the prevailing view “Washington will never allow a housing bust.” The ongoing historic Chinese Credit Bubble deflates years ago without faith that Beijing will backstop virtually the entire financial system. Confidence that global central bankers will do “whatever it takes” to sustain the boom is fundamental to the ongoing inflation of the all-encompassing “global government finance Bubble.” But greed and governmental support are insufficient to inflate Bubbles. Bubbles are fueled by Credit. I would add that “money” is also key. Credit booms can’t survive to become “protracted” without the expansion of perceived safe and liquid (money-like) Credit instruments (enjoying insatiable demand). Some monetary disturbance that takes root. A self-reinforcing expansion of “money” and Credit foments Monetary Disorder and, if not contained, culminates in a parabolic spike in the prices of speculative assets. I have long argued that speculative leverage plays an instrumental role as the marginal source of system liquidity. Especially in our age of contemporary unfettered finance, there is endless capacity to expand finance for the purpose of levering securities holdings. In a “risk on” market backdrop, risk-taking and leverage create liquidity abundance. But as we witnessed again in December, the shift to “risk off” de-risking/deleveraging can swiftly unmask the liquidity illusion. With China’s financial fragilities turning more acute, EM finance/economies generally vulnerable, the global economy susceptible to heightened trade tensions, and speculative market Bubbles highly exposed – “risk off” lies in wait. Enter Chairman Powell, Central Banker to the World, with assurances of an “insurance” rate cut. The Fed has not only provided extra juice to “risk on,” it has splashed cold water on the dollar. King dollar, after all, would pressure the vulnerable Chinese renminbi and EM more generally. Curiously, global markets these days seem less focused on China’s economic data and more on Chinese Credit. There’s some rationale. Beijing is ready with additional stimulus if the economy weakens more than expected. What matters most is Chinese lending and Credit growth. Sufficient Credit expansion sustains the Chinese Bubble - that in many ways is sustaining EM economies, markets and global growth more generally. Weak June trade data confirm Chinese economic weakness. China’s June exports were down 1.3% y-o-y. Indicating notably soft domestic demand, June Imports were down 7.3% from June ’18. China’s trade surplus jumped to a stronger-than-expected $50.98 billion. China posted an almost $30 billion trade surplus with the U.S. Imports from the U.S. sank 31.4% from a year ago (soybean imports down 37%!) to only $9.4 billion. Exports to the U.S. ($39.3bn) were 7.8% below June ’18. Despite increasing cracks at the “periphery,” China’s Credit boom endures. Total Aggregate Financing (roughly total Credit less most governmental borrowing) expanded a stronger-than-expected $329 billion in June, up more than 50% from May’s $203 billion. June is typically a strong month for Chinese Credit growth, but last month’s growth was 50% above June ’18. Aggregate Financing increased $1.921 TN during 2019’s first half, 31% ahead of H1 2018 growth. Total Aggregate Financing ended June at $31.19 TN, up 10.9% over the past year. New (yuan) Loans expanded $241 billion during June, the strongest monthly expansion since March ($245bn). June Loans were up from May’s $172 billion but down from June ‘18’s $267 billion. First half Loan growth of $1.405 TN ran 7% ahead of comparable 2018. One-year Loan growth of $2.442 TN was 15% stronger than comparable growth from the previous year. Consumer (chiefly mortgage) Loans expanded $110 billion last month, up from May’s $96 billion, and 8% ahead of growth from June ’18. Consumer Loans expanded 17.1% over the past year; 39% over two years; 72% in three years; and 138% in five years. No mystery surrounding ongoing apartment price inflation and robust consumer spending. China’s Special Government Debt issuance jumped to $52 billion during June, triple May’s volume to the strongest expansion since September ’18. At $173 billion, first half issuance was triple comparable 2018. Corporate Loan growth also bounced back strongly in June, rising to $132 billion. First half Corporate loan growth of $909 billion ran 21% ahead of comparable ’18. China’s economy is experiencing less and less bang for each renminbi of new Credit. China’s Bubble is acutely vulnerable, yet the borrowing and lending binge runs unabated. Runaway Credit expansion, maladjusted economic structure, and faith in Beijing’s power to sustain the boom have fomented Acute Monetary Disorder. And with China leading the global Credit boom in concert with extremely loose monetary policies globally, one has the recipe for rather historic global end-of-cycle craziness. Combine China’s historic Credit expansion with an ECB balance sheet that almost doubled to $4.75 TN in three years of QE; a Bank of Japan balance sheet that expanded $1.2 TN to $5.2 TN since the end of 2016; and U.S. Credit growth back to record levels, and one has ample fuel for global craziness. Rampant speculative leverage pushes things past the breaking point. It’s become an acutely fragile global Bubble. The Fed, ECB and global central banks have moved to provide support, effectively throwing gas on the fire. There are conspicuous cracks, yet liquidity abundance and speculative impulses prevail. Turkey’s strongman President fires the head of the central bank for not aggressively cutting interest rates and the lira is down less than 2%. Cracks in India’s financial system widen, and the world barely notices. Italy’s 50-year bond auction is massively oversubscribed with a yield of 2.88% - with foreign “investors” accounting for 80% of the demand. Negative yields for junk issuers in the euro zone. Eastern European sovereign debt at or near negative yields. S&P500 surpasses 3,000 in the face of a deteriorating earnings outlook. There was the “permanent plateau” shortly before the 1929 crash. Tech stocks embarked on a final speculative melt-up in Q1 2000 in the face of rapidly deteriorating industry and economy fundamentals. And “still dancing” in the summer of 2007, and so on. Monetary Disorder ensures late-cycle market detachment from reality. Lost in all the exuberance, late-cycle excesses sow the seeds of self-destruction. After trading at negative 38 basis points in Monday trading, 10-year bund yields jumped almost 20 bps to trade at negative 18.5 bps by Friday morning. Spanish yields surged 25 bps this week - Portuguese yields 22 bps, Greek 21 bps and French yields 15 bps. Yields this week surged 46 bps in Lebanon, 42 bps in Turkey and 25 bps in Cyprus. Stronger-than-expected French industrial production were said to ameliorate concerns for the European economy. It has the early appearance of a key reversal following a speculative blow-off. Ten-year Treasury yields jumped nine bps this week to 2.09%. June core CPI was reported up a non-disinflationary 2.1% y-o-y. Perhaps, with trade wars, tight job markets and rising real wages, inflation is not dead and buried after all. Things get interesting if the Treasury market starts to focus on massive supply, waning foreign demand and the potential for an inflation surprise. Friday evening from the Financial Times (Robin Wigglesworth): “Has the Federal Reserve Fallen Victim to Bond Market Bullies?” “The bond market ‘vigilantes’ of old used to bully wastrel governments. Now they appear to have moved on to a grander target — the US Federal Reserve.” Crisis-period QE changed the functioning of global markets. Permanently including QE in central banks’ standard toolkit has transformed global finance and Capitalism in ways not comprehensible at this juncture. The bond “vigilantes” are extinct. This has provided central banks unprecedented latitude to discard convention and follow their every whim. It has also conveniently removed a major risk (spike in yields) for equities. But is has also opened the fiscal floodgates, where monetary policies ensure the accommodation of huge deficit spending at extremely low borrowing costs. QE and the resulting death of the vigilantes have also empowered the strongman leader to subvert central bank independence. Remember James Carville’s, “I used to think that if there was reincarnation, I wanted to come back as the president or the pope or as a .400 baseball hitter. But now I would like to come back as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.” That was before QE. Today’s bond market intimidates no one. Threatening - or even firing - the head of a central bank for not cutting rates – is a non-issue for today’s bond market. Ditto massive deficits. Why worry about supply, myriad excesses or politicizing monetary management when the magic of QE can make everything good? Today’s “crazy” is incredibly dangerous. No check and balances. Markets have lost the capacity to self-adjust and correct. Sovereign debt, the foundation of global finance, has succumbed to unprecedented price distortions – and it only gets worse from there: The Speculative Blow-Off for Global Financial Assets. And I appreciate it all appears reasonable and unsustainable - so long as securities prices continue to inflate. But it will function poorly in reverse. The crazier things get the more unsustainable Bubble prices become. FACEBOOK UNVEILS DIGITAL COIN CALLED LIBRA / THE FINANCIAL TIMES \| Etiquetas: Cryptocurrencies, Digital Currencies, Facebook, Libra Facebook unveils global digital coin called Libra Initial backers for new currency include Visa, Uber, Vodafone and Spotify Hannah Murphy in San Francisco So far 28 groups have said they will become backers and integrate the technology into their services © FT montage/Getty Facebook has revealed plans for a new global digital currency with the backing of more than two dozen companies ranging from Visa and Mastercard to Lyft and Spotify, bringing the heft of the world’s largest social network to efforts to transform financial services. The scope of Facebook’s ambitions for the new currency, called Libra, was made clear as it claimed 1.7bn people around the world without a bank account would be able to use it to make instant and nearly free international money transfers from their mobile phones. With traditional banks and the other large technology companies sitting on the sidelines for now, and with regulators taking a cautious approach to digital currencies, Facebook on Tuesday began the task of persuading merchants to use Libra as a means of payment and consumers to see it as a safe store of value. “The internet . . . has given everyone access to the world’s information, and democratised access to free communications, but money has stayed the same,” said David Marcus, the former president of PayPal who joined Facebook in 2014 and has steered the Libra project. So far 28 groups including payments companies, ecommerce groups and venture capital companies have said they will become backers and integrate the technology into their services. Some have signed up recently — PayPal said it had only been in talks with Facebook for a “few weeks” — but Facebook hopes that 100 groups will have joined before the currency launches. Each founding partner in the Libra Association is expected to contribute a minimum of $10m to help kick-start the Project. Libra will be backed by a pool of currencies and assets stored around the world. It will not therefore have a fixed exchange rate against traditional currencies such as dollars and euros, though it will not swing as wildly as cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Apple, Google, Amazon and Microsoft have not yet signed up. Banks decided not to join the starting roster because of uncertainties about regulation and concerns over logistical issues that could hamper take-up, several industry executives told the Financial Times. Facebook’s move is the most significant effort yet to bring blockchain technology, which does not rely on a central authority to issue money, into the mainstream and comes after the launch of hundreds of digital currencies, not least the 10-year-old bitcoin. “We believe that people will increasingly trust decentralised forms of governance,” said Facebook and its partners in a statement announcing their proposal. “This could bring cryptocurrencies to the hundreds of millions,” said Jim Migdal, head of business development at Coinbase, a cryptocurrency exchange. If successful, the project could dramatically reshape some corners of the finance industry, disintermediating payments platforms and stealing business from retail banks and fintech groups, particularly those that specialise in sending payments across borders. Jorn Lambert, executive vice-president for digital solutions at Mastercard, said he was not worried that fee-free transactions would threaten the payment card business. “It’s an addition to what we do, not instead of what we do. It is not a zero-sum game. Today, 85 per cent of transactions are made in cash.” It is unclear whether Libra will clear the steep hurdles needed to get off the ground, win over regulators such as the US Securities and Exchange Commission, and be embraced, or strongly resisted, by the financial services industry. Central banks have already questioned the impact of company-created cryptocurrencies on financial stability. “We see hurdles to scale, we see hurdles to adoption, we see enough of this to decide that we would not participate in a scheme like this,” said a senior payments executive at a large global bank. He said Facebook may also struggle to explain the complexity of the coin to consumers and merchants alike and that there would also be big regulatory challenges since “it isn’t that Facebook has a very stellar record on high walls” between different parts of its business. Facebook will spin off a unit, called Calibra, to manage its own digital wallet service, which will be integrated into its family of apps. Facebook said financial data gathered by Calibra would not be used to target advertising, and not be shared with Facebook or third parties “without customer consent”. Facebook said know-your-customer information would be collected and government-issued ID would be required for accounts. It added that it would use computer programs to detect suspicious transactions. The move comes as Facebook has been battling public anger and heightened regulatory scrutiny due to concerns over data privacy, allegations that it has failed to responsibly prevent abuse on its platform and employed anti-competitive practices in the pursuit of growth. Facebook has recently set its sights on tapping new revenue streams beyond advertising, by introducing payments and ecommerce to its apps and taking a cut of transactions. Analysts say the company is mirroring so-called super apps such as China’s WeChat, where users can communicate and also do online shopping and order a taxi without ever leaving the one platform. Additional reporting by Laura Noonan, Robert Armstrong and Martin Coulter Who is backing Libra so far? Mastercard, PayPal, PayU, Stripe, Visa Tech and consumer Booking Holdings, eBay, Facebook, Farfetch, Lyft, Mercado Pago, Spotify, Uber Iliad, Vodafone Anchorage, Bison Trails, Coinbase, Xapo Holdings Andreessen Horowitz, Breakthrough Initiatives, Ribbit Capital, Thrive Capital, Union Square Ventures Creative Destruction Lab, Kiva, Mercy Corps, Women’s World Banking COULD GOLD LAUNCH INTO A PARABOLIC UPSIDE RALLY? / THETECHNICALTRADERS.COM \| Etiquetas: Gold, Investment Strategies Could Gold Launch Into A Parabolic Upside Rally? We believe Gold is setting up for an incredible upside breakout move after reaching our predicted target near $1450. For those of you that have been following our research and Gold calls, we’ve nailed this move and our October 2018 predictive modeling call has continued to mirror (almost exactly) the price movement in Gold over the past 10+ months. See the chart below. Our Adaptive Dynamic Learning (ADL) predictive modeling system suggested that Gold would rally from the $1200 level to above $1300, then stall. It suggested that in April or May of 2019, Gold would settle back below $1300 and set up a “momentum base” before attempting an upside breakout move after forming the base. Our research team identified April 21~24 as the likely “price low” for the “momentum base” using our advanced price cycle and other research tools. You can see from the chart, above, that our upside price targets from our original research are above $1550~1600. What if we told you we now believe the upside price targets could actually be above $1700 and more like $1750 to $1800 on a parabolic upside price rally initiating after price breaks critical resistance levels? Take a look at this simple Gold/Silver/USDollar index chart. The purpose of this chart is to relate the price of Gold to the price of Silver in US Dollar price levels. It highlights that Silver is still very undervalued in comparison to Gold and that any attempt to restore a price balance between Silver and Gold would likely result in either two outcomes : A. the price of Gold falls, or B. the price of Silver rallies faster than Gold rallies whereas this ratio will attempt to balance out (as we see back in 2013/2014). Our Price Amplitude Arcs are a means of measuring price cycles, price waves and allow us to seek out critical price inflection points. As you can see, where multiple arcs align and are breached by price, we typically see some type of increased price volatility and trending. Currently, two separate arcs are setting up to be breached and we believe this is important because of how it aligns with our October 2018 research post. What would cause Gold to rally above $1600 at this time? Why would this become a period where renewed interest in precious metals could drive such a big move? We believe a number of global economic factors will become more evident over the next 30 to 60+ days and that these critical Price Amplitude Arcs are suggesting price is set up to rally from these levels. We believe the move higher will include both Gold and Silver and that Silver may rally stronger than Gold which would cause this Gold/Silver ratio chart price level to move higher – towards our objective line (MAGENTA). We believe a key date for all traders/investors to be aware of is August 19, 2019 (+/- 5 days). We believe this will be the date range that the market will break out of existing ranges and when fear and greed will likely solidify in the precious metals markets. We have about 35 days to go before this date and we believe Gold will continue to trade below the “Breakout Resistance” until renewed fear and greed become more evident in the global markets. This means the US Dollar will likely continue to rally, or at least stay above $96, for the next 25+ days and that upside US Dollar price activity will partially mute the upside price potential in precious metals. Overall, the upside price momentum in metals will push metals prices higher while the US Dollar continues to strengthen moderately. Once the US Dollar breaks lower, metals will skyrocket higher (breaking past the Breakout Resistance level) and begin the upside parabolic move. Any opportunity you find where Gold is trading below $1400 is an excellent opportunity to prepare for this move. Silver continues to trade below $15.50 and continues to be an incredible opportunity for traders who understand the ratio levels of precious metals. Don’t miss this move. It is just a matter of time (30+ days) now. Be prepared for these incredible price swings before they happen and learn how you can identify and trade these fantastic trading opportunities in 2019, 2020, and beyond with our Wealth Building & Global Financial Reset Newsletter. You won’t want to miss this big move, folks. As you can see from our research, everything has been setting up for this move for many months – most traders/investors have simply not been looking for it. A NEW SOURCE OF STRESS FOR BANKS / THE WALL STREET JOURNAL \| Etiquetas: Banks And Banking, Stress Tests A New Source of Stress for Banks This year’s bank stress tests won’t be that difficult; future years are another story By Aaron Back Goldman Sachs is among the U.S. banks expected to face higher hurdles in the Federal Reserve’s stress tests next year. Photo: david gray/Reuters U.S. banks are likely to sail through their stress tests this Friday, but the results are still important. They will determine their capital needs well into the future. The stress-test process put in place after the financial crisis is changing. Under the Trump administration, the Federal Reserve has taken several steps to make it less onerous, such as by exempting many midsize banks and loosening assumptions on how much in buybacks and dividends banks are assumed to keep paying out during a crisis. But Fed regulators also are planning next year to throw banks a curveball known as the stress capital buffer, under which capital requirements will vary from year to year. Analysts expect the nation’s top banks will all pass this year’s test with little difficulty, allowing them to announce big share buybacks and dividends next week when their capital plans are approved by the Fed. In terms of macroeconomic assumptions, the Fed’s “severely adverse scenario” is somewhat harsher than last year, including a sharper rise in the unemployment rate. But the scenario regarding markets is less severe, aiding banks with big trading arms such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley . The Fed assumes that U.S. stocks decline by 50%, less than the 65% crash envisioned in last year’s scenario, and that U.S. Treasury yields fall sharply along with equities, allowing banks to book some near-term gains on bonds held in their trading accounts. There is another way in which Goldman and Morgan Stanley are in a better position this year: They have built up substantial capital after their near-misses last year, notes Wolfe Research analyst Steven Chubak. For instance, Goldman’s common equity Tier 1 capital ratio rose to 13.1% at the end of 2018 from 10.7% at the end of 2017. That may be where the good news ends for the investment banks, though. Next year the tests will start incorporating the new stress capital buffer, in which a fixed 2.5% capital surcharge levied on the biggest banks is replaced by a variable surcharge based on the prior year’s losses in the stress test. This is set to hit the two pure-play investment banks particularly hard: Mr. Chubak estimates that Goldman’s surcharge will jump from 2.5% to 6.1%, and Morgan Stanley’s to 8.1%. By contrast, Bank of America ’ssurcharge is expected to be little changed. These new rules have yet to be finalized and banks have been loudly complaining that the year-to-year variability in their capital requirements would be difficult to manage. The Fed could meet them halfway by basing the surcharge on average losses over a period of a few years, rather than a single year’s test. If the Fed goes ahead with the plans as they are, though, then these annual tests are only going to get more stressful for top Wall Street banks. AN AWFULLY LONG EXPANSION: FOR HOW LONG CAN TODAY´... CENTRAL BANKER TO THE WORLD / CREDIT BUBBLE BULLET... FACEBOOK UNVEILS DIGITAL COIN CALLED LIBRA / THE F... COULD GOLD LAUNCH INTO A PARABOLIC UPSIDE RALLY? /... A NEW SOURCE OF STRESS FOR BANKS / THE WALL STREET... ECONOMIC LESSONS FROM THE EVEREST / PROJECT SYNDIC... THE SAFEST PLACE IN A CAR CRASH ISN´T THE BACK SEA...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line243
__label__cc	0.609553	0.390447	GRN Portal Maintenance Grant Citizens & Residents Foreigners / Non-Residence Organs of State Our Future & Vision Human Habitation Acts and Policies National Development Plans Gov Website Links Citizens & Residents/ Social Welfare/ Maintenance Grant/ Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare Maintenance Grant is financial assistance that is given to a parent with a child(ren) that are under the age of 18 whose spouse has died, this financial support is for the care of children. The Target Group (Who Qualifies) A biological parent with a child or children under the age of 18 whose spouse has died and earns less than N$1000.00 per month or is unemployed A child whose parent receives an old-age pension or a disability grant A parent whose spouse is sentenced to imprisonment for six months or longer Namibian citizens and permanent residents Certified copies of the applicant's birth certificate and Identity document Certified copies of the child or children's full birth certificates/ confirmation of birth or baptism card A certified copy of the applicant's marriage certificate where applicable The latest school report of each school-going child A certified copy of the spouse's death certificate in case of death If the spouse is in prison, a letter from the prison and a declaration from him/her confirming this Proof of the spouse receiving a disability grant or an old age pension. If the applicant is employed, a pay slip with the name, phone number and address of the employer, if not employed a police declaration Contact Number Head Office: +264 283 3111 © Government of Namibia. Hosted by the Office of the Prime Minister.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line245
__label__cc	0.725309	0.274691	Immune response to pneumococcal vaccination in aging renal transplant recipients Westerink, M.A. Julia Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States See 37 grants from M.A. Westerink See grants from Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center Mechanisms of quiescence in primordial germ cells Phase 3 Trial: Standard vs Reduced IV Fat for PNAC Preventiion (IND 121287) 2/2014 Center on Genomics/Social Identity in African Diaspora Dopamine Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The highest incidence of disease occurs at the extremes of age. The elderly are at high risk of pneumococcal infection, have an increased incidence of accompanying bacteremia and a higher mortality rate compared to younger adults. It is projected that between 2000 and 2040, the number of Americans ?65 years of age will more than double. The rapid growth of the aging population has resulted in a significant increase in elderly individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, older (>65 yrs) individuals are the fastest growing population requiring renal replacement therapy. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial pathogen and the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is 12x higher in renal transplant (RT) and dialysis recipients. It is recommended that both elderly>65 and RT/dialysis recipients be vaccinated with a combination of the 13- valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Previous studies have demonstrated suboptimal vaccine responses in both RT and dialysis populations and failed to elucidate the possible foundation of the disappointing immune responses to the PCV regimens. Our preliminary studies suggest that IgM memory B cells and expression of tumor necrosis family receptors TACI and BAFF-R, both crucial in the immune response to polysaccharide antigens, are deficient in the RT recipients. We hypothesize that poor responses to pneumococcal vaccines in aging dialysis and RT populations are in part related to an altered inflammatory environment and in part related to B cell perturbations, specifically in memory B cell numbers and in TNFR expression. We will test this hypothesis by first measuring antibody responses and B cell numbers and phenotype to pneumococcal vaccination in RT and dialysis recipients >65 years of age and compare these groups to healthy age-matched and young persons. In addition, we hypothesize that elderly RT/dialysis recipients have a unique combination of inflammatory markers and intrinsic B cell defects, or profile, and that this profile dictates vaccine responses. To this purpose, Investigate the underlying mechanisms of altered B cell responses in the aging RT and dialysis populations by elucidating inflammatory environment, B cell functionality and B cell surface receptor and gene expression using single cell quantitative PCR, specifically focused on the TNF superfamily. Finally, we will study the effect of PCV/PPV vaccination on markers predicting graft rejection to ensure vaccine safety. We postulate that CpG-ODN may be a useful adjuvant to restore full expression of TACI, however in the RT population this may be an inappropriate adjuvant. We will therefore define the effects of CpG-ODN and BAFF on expression of TNFR and tolerance associated genes. This work is important and novel because it examines antigen-specific responses post-immunization to the number one cause of pneumonia in the rapidly growing elderly RT recipients. The study will correlate functional responses with inflammatory status, B cell fitness and surface expressed molecules potentially providing information for more efficacious and safe pneumococcal vaccination strategies. Studies designed to explore the underlying causes of poor vaccine responsiveness in the aging dialysis and RT recipient populations that may potentially lead to improved vaccine formulations are vital to the VA healthcare mission. The goal of the research proposed in the current application is to first define how much antibody aging renal transplant and dialysis recipients make after they are vaccinated with the pneumonia vaccine and how this compares to similar aged persons with good renal function and healthy young adults. We will study differences in the kind of B cells and markers on the B cells that are known to be important in the response to the pneumonia vaccine in aging renal transplant and aging dialysis recipients compared to similarly aged and young healthy controls. Finally, we will study how safe the pneumonia vaccine is in aging renal transplants. The answers to these questions will help in designing a better vaccine for older people with a renal transplant or on dialysis. Veterans Affairs (VA) Non-HHS Research Projects (I01) 1I01CX001658-01A1 Infectious Diseases B (INFB) Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center Be the first to comment on M.A. Westerink's grant	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line248
__label__cc	0.517186	0.482814	KNM: Volume 8 Chapter 3 Home/[CN] Kill No More/KNM: Volume 8 Chapter 3 This chapter was brought to you by AnmesicCat, Masadeer, and StellarAshes. Daylight’s Path Daylight followed his new master; Wanyuan, closely. At first nothing seemed strange to him. In order to coordinate with his master’s slow walking speed, Daylight slowed his pace. Who knew by doing so, Daylight was actually falling behind. He was shocked, and seeing master’s figure getting further and further away. He thought, ‘Strange, master looks like he’s stumbling, but his actual speed seems quite fast.’ Daylight had a question in mind, and he wanted an answer immediately. He quickly hastened his steps to follow Wanyuan. When he reached a few steps away from Wanyuan, he did not slow down. In fact, he was practically jogging. But strangely, Daylight and Wanyuan were always a few steps apart. Unconsciously, Daylight’s steps went faster and faster, because he wanted to get ahead of his master. He increased his speed until he was sprinting, but the stumbling old man was always a few steps in front of him. Daylight wasn’t someone to admit defeat or give up halfway. He ran quickly as he closely observed the posture of Wanyuan walking: his unhurried steps was actually moving blazing speed. Daylight thought about it briefly, and slowed down his pace. What was strange was that the distance of them did not change, it neither increased nor decreased: it was still a few steps part. “That’s amazing. Could master have eyes on his back? How else would he know how fast I was running?” Daylight exclaimed aloud. The buff man walking next to them opened his mouth and said, “Junior brother apprentice, not only does master have eyes on his back, he has eyes everywhere on his body.” “What!” Daylight held his eyes and jaws open while looking at his brother apprentice. Wanyuan suddenly burst out laughing, then said, “Little Grass, stop bullying your junior brother apprentice. If I had eyes all over my body, wouldn’t I be a demon?” “Little Grass?” Daylight heard this strange name, then turned towards his burly brother apprentice, ‘Little Grass?’ The brawny man who was called Little Grass said with dissatisfaction, “Master wished for me to be like grass, saying something about having vigorous vitality. My body must be as soft as a grass: come with the wind, and go with the wind so no matter how strong the wind may be, it would not break. Honestly, I don’t get it, isn’t fighting about who’s stronger?” Little Grass suddenly seemed to remember something and said, “Junior brother apprentice, you’re not allowed to call me Little Grass. You have to call me Grass brother apprentice, understood?” Daylight had no time to answer him. ‘Come with the wind, and go with the wind.’ A few ideas dawned on Daylight. He wanted to grab ahold of them, but those ideas jumped around his mind like naughty children, which made Daylight angry, but he wasn’t willing to give up. ‘Fighting is a match of who’s stronger?’ Daylight yelled, “NO!” He remembered Liola’s thin body. If they were actually comparing muscle strength, Liola might not even be his match, but truthfully, Liola was so much more powerful than him. Unknowingly, Daylight remembered many scenes where Liola fought. From what he remembered, it was rare for Liola to clash his weapon with his opponents’ to test his muscle strength. Instead, he was always… always… Daylight couldn’t find the words to describe Liola’s actions. At this time, Wanyuan’s voice could be heard, “You are a tree, and you resist the wind forcefully. When you can’t, you fall.” “Silver Moon is a grass, he comes and goes with the wind.” [T/N: No indication whatsoever how Wanyuan suddenly knows how Silver Moon and Liola is the same person. At least this seem to suggest he knew.] Daylight suddenly realized. ‘Right! Liola was always reacting to his opponents’ movements. His weapon rarely clash with his enemies’. When his enemy stabs, Broken Silver would slide along the hilt of the enemies toward their bodies. Even though it looked like his opponent was attacking and Liola was backing up, but in fact, it was his opponent throwing themselves at Liola’s blade.’ Daylight took out his pike and, while remembering Liola’s movements, thought about the possible reaction he should have made… Wanyuan threw another line to his apprentice, “Circle your pike, and your attack will succeed.” Daylight was surprised. ‘Circle the pike?’ It was something Daylight never thought about. Stabbing his pike was always the method of attack. ‘Going around?’ But Daylight did not doubt anything Wanyuan said. Since he chose to believe Wanyuan, Daylight continued to stubbornly believe him. Despite being unaccustomed to it, he waved his pike in a circular fashion. Little Grass saw Daylight was obsessed with training, he was at a loss and he asked the master, “Are we not going to cover more distance today?” “In a bit, don’t interrupt your brother apprentice’s thoughts.” “Oh, okay.” Little Grass replied and scratched his head. Wanyuan glanced at Little Grass, and when he didn’t see any dissatisfaction, he relaxed. Despite the innate talents of this apprentice being low, he was simple-minded, and despite liking to cause trouble, he didn’t actually cause any harm. Wanyuan thought, perhaps it was better he was unlike Wanyuan’s other apprentice, even though he was the esteemed Martial Arts Alliance Leader. But how many of those Alliance Leaders actually end up well throughout history? Little Grass seemed a bit bored, then asked, “Master, you always say we should be like grass, and Silver Moon already acts like grass, so is he stronger than you?” Wanyuan raised his eyebrows and said, “Silver Moon’s innate talents are so incredible and I’ve never seen another like him. Along with his master’s training, his power are truly amazing for someone his age. Nevertheless, there’s always someone better. From what I know, there are already quite a few hidden people in the Martial Arts World who could beat him.” “Master, you lied, saying something about grass can’t fall, but isn’t he falling?” Little Grass seemed even more unhappy with his name. Wanyuan mercilessly smacked his apprentice on the back of the head, and scolded a bit, “I said be like grass, it doesn’t mean grass is the highest level.” “What!” Little Grass yelled, “There’s another level above?” Wanyuan reached out his hand and drew an “8” in the air. In Little Grass’s eyes, the arm moved very slowly. He reached out his hand with a little disdain, trying to grab his master’s hand, but time after time he grabbed nothing but air. Little Grass was very surprised: master’s hand was obviously moving very slow, and it was always following the same path, so why couldn’t he grab it? Wanyuan returned his hands on his back, and said, “The higher level… is to turn yourself into wind.” Little Grass was at even more of a loss. Being grass wasn’t enough, so he had to turn himself into wind? He murmured, “Grass is visible at least. Wind can’t even be seen. Other than master, can anyone even become the wind?” “Ignorant!” Wanyuan scolded his apprentice. Little Grass didn’t back down, he asked back, “Then, master, who have you seen turn into wind.” Wanyuan shook his head, “There are quite many who could. But at their level, most don’t even care for fame, power, and money anymore. Most of them live hidden away from this world, so of course you wouldn’t know about them.” “But, there is one person you should know.” “Who?” Little Grass asked foolishly. “Shalong Hall’s leader.” Little Grass was shocked, and yelled loudly, “The Assassin Organization’s leader?” Wanyuan nodded, and said with a projecting voice, “He is an incredible man. He appeared out of nowhere, and there was immense power on his body. A few dozen years ago, when he had just formed Shalong Hall, I once had a conflict with him.” “Master, you’ve fought with him?” Little Grass was in disbelief, then hurriedly asked, “Master, did you win or lose?” Wanyuan answered simply, “Both won and lost.” “How can you both win and lose? Master, you’re not making any sense.” Little Grass scratched his head in confusion. “Won, because the result of the fight was indeed my win.” Wanyuan looked deep in thought, “Lost, because he seemed to have a strange and incredible power other than his Kung Fu, but he did not use it, even after he lost. When I asked him why, he said the power did not belong in this world, and it wouldn’t be fair.” Wanyuan shook his head, “A man both crazy and presumptuous. Even when I said I’ll kill him, he didn’t want to use the mysterious power to save himself.” Having said this, he began to remember that wildly arrogant figure and laughter. What kind of person was he… “I said no, so I won’t use it. I lost, and I deserve to die!” “Then did you really kill him, master?” Little Grass acted as if he was listening to a story. When he was intrigued, the storyteller suddenly closed his mouth. It was uncomfortable for Little Grass to end on a cliffhanger. Wanyuan snapped, “If I killed him, then is their current Leader a ghost?” Little Grass thought for a moment, and nodded. He then started to laugh foolishly with embarrassment. “I let him go, he told me he would never thank anyone, but he will one day repay me.” Wanyuan paradoxically shook his head as he smiled, then murmured, “Looks like someone avenged my apprentice, and saved this old man from having to work hard for revenge.” Little Grass still wanted to ask what he meant, but Wanyuan frowned and waved his hand to stop Little Grass. He turned around and looked at the horizon far away, as if he was waiting for something. Little Grass saw master’s actions, and also stared blankly at the sky. Since he believed his master, he didn’t doubt for a second there would be things appearing out of the sky other than birds. In the sky, a small dot appeared, and it gradually grew while getting closer and closer. It was obvious by now, it was definitely not a bird. When the thing was close enough to see clearly, they saw an elegant and beautiful beast: the king of the skies, a Snow-White Dragon. “Aiya, master, a demon!” Little Grass opened his mouth. He had never seen such a terrifying creature. Such a giant, sturdy look struck terror into the hearts of anyone who saw it. Wanyuan frowned slightly. He turned and looked at the small Flames, then looked back at the Snow-White giant creature. Even though the size and color were different, but he could tell the shapes were fairly similar. Could this giant beast be here for his new apprentice? At this time, Flames also ran towards its master, and pulled Daylight, who was practicing his moves. Daylight suddenly snapped from his Martial Arts craze. At this time, the giant creature also flapped its giant wings while it landed, causing quite a wave of strong winds. “Baolilong?” Daylight was in shock, then looked towards Baolilong’s back. Instead of a familiar figure, however, Daylight saw a graceful young woman. The girl fell off the Dragon’s back the moment Baolilong landed. She spent a long time on the ground, and could not seem to stand up. Daylight rushed over, and patted the girls back as he asked caringly, “Yulie, are you okay?” The girl’s face was pale, and she kept shaking her head. Two streams of tears were running down her face. Her first flight experience had scared her out of her mind. Daylight also knew, Baolilong’s terrifying flight was not something an ordinary person could endure, so he had to suppress his questions and wait until Long Yulie recovered a little. Little Grass saw Daylight’s intimate actions towards her, and began to laugh suggestively, it was a laugh only men could understand, “Brother apprentice, I didn’t think you would have such a pretty paramour.” Little Grass’s words caused Long Yulie, despite being out of it, to blush. Daylight seem shocked, then asked, “What does ‘paramour’ mean?” Little Grass didn’t know his brother apprentice was so clueless about interpersonal relationships, and he didn’t even know what “paramour” meant. He would even ask what it was in front of a girl. Little Grass answered with a stutter, “‘Paramour’ means… aiya, i-it just means a girl whose relationship with you is out of the ordinary.” Hearing Little Grass’s obscure explanation. Daylight scratched his head. Since he didn’t understand the relationships in this world, he naturally thought friends were a relationship out of the ordinary, so he answered after a brief moment of thought, “Yeah, our relationship is out of the ordinary.” Little Grass widened his eyes, and Yulie’s face turned crimson. She thought, maybe she should open her mouth to clarify, but she also subconsciously did not want to clear anything up. So she decided to lower her head and not say anything. At this time, Wanyuan coughed a few times, and pulled everyone’s attention back. He asked, “Little girl, why are you here looking for my apprentice? Did something happen to his companions?” Daylight finally remembered what was important, and he turned to ask hurriedly, “Yulie, tell us quickly!” Yulie was at a loss at what to say. She froze with her mouth open. At this time, however, the giant white Dragon next to her disappeared in waves of intense white light. What replaced it was actually a small child, and this situation put Wanyuan and Liittle Grass at a loss. But Daylight wasn’t surprised by it. When Baolilong ran straight to Daylight with tears in its large eyes. Daylight was shocked, and asked hurriedly, “Baolilong, what happened to everyone?” Baolilong suddenly bawled, while yelled vaguely, “Papa ran into the devil, and the devil beat up papa, then said a lot of things. Then papa turned really really scary. Papa ran off, without taking Baolilong.” “Devil?” Daylight had gotten dizzy from hearing the cries. ‘How did a devil suddenly appear? And who was this devil?’ “It’s the Leader; Shalong Hall’s Leader!” Yulie could finally speak now, and her voice was filled with trembling and terror, “Y-your second brother apprentice is actually the top Assassin Silver Moon.” Yulie suddenly remembered the Leader’s task for her. The intense fear she felt forced her to begin repeat the Leader’s message, and she wouldn’t dare to even miss a single word. “Wanyuan’s apprentice, I know you don’t belong here, and you should know my name: I am Gle.” “Gle!” Daylight’s body trembled. He would have never imagined he would hear such a forbidden name in this world. “Listen to me well, I will give you three month’s time. After three months, you must fight with Silver Moon, whom I have taught single-handedly. If you win, I will return your two friends to you. If you lose, oh well, I will kill Liola, because he’s the Dragon Emperor’s son.” “However, to be fair, I’ll give you one more advantage, considering I did teach Silver Moon for twenty years, whereas you only have three months. I will train Kaiser strictly, and when the time comes, you will fight together with Kaiser. If you still lose, at most SIlver Moon will beheaded, but at least it shouldn’t matter to you.” “Hahaha, Wanyuan, you better mentor your new apprentice well. This duel will be our second match, hahaha.” This speech from the arrogant Gle seemed to have lost some of its tone when repeated by Yulie, but the contents of which was clear enough. Although Daylight didn’t know how this came to be, he was clear that three months from now, he must defeat Liola; otherwise… Liola will die? “This guy is still as ridiculous as he was.” Wanyuan shook his head. Little Grass scratched his head, and murmured in confusion, “What kind of duel is this, wanting his apprentice to fight with someone, and if his apprentice wins, then the apprentice would die?” “Master.” Daylight took a few deep breaths. Even though he knew Liola was strong and to beat him with only three months of training was simply ludicrous, Daylight was not going to give up. His face was covered with determination, and he bent down on one knee to his master, “Master, please mentor me in the strictest way possible. No matter what, in three months, I must go and rescue my companions.” “No matter which aspect you consider: innate talent, training length, or training method, you pale in comparison to Silver Moon in all aspects.. Even though you are the one in a million Martial Arts prodigy, your opponent is Silver Moon, who had been training for twenty years, plus his master is Gle, who would use all sorts of possibly fatal methods to train…” Wanyuan looked up into the sky, and said to his apprentice honestly, “Even with the strictest method, in three months, it would still be impossible for you to defeat Silver Moon. Do you still wish to train?” Daylight showed no signs of backing off, he yelled loudly, “Then use the method more strict than the strictest method!” Wanyuan turned his face towards the sky and laughed, “Young one, ah, young one, okay! I will handle you with the most stringent method. Little Grass.” “Yes, Master?” Little Grass answered obediently. “Go buy a few of the best horses. We are heading to Divine Medicine Valley, and find that God of Medicine guy.” Wanyuan laughed while stroking his beard, “I’m definitely going to make that old fossil take out his best medicine.” Unknown to Wanyuan, Daylight was in even more of a hurry. He immediately told Flames to become bigger, and then yelled, “Master, there’s no time. It would be faster to ride my Dragon there.” Wanyuan, Little Grass, and Yulie turned, only to see a giant Red Dragon. Hearing its feverish Dragon Roar, all three of their faces changed to three different shades. AnmesicCat2016-11-02T22:21:48-04:00March 14th, 2014\|[CN] Kill No More\|24 Comments	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line262
__label__wiki	0.814313	0.814313	Jarge Balsh & His Creator WM Jones The life and work of North Somerset's famous dialect writer WM Jones WM Jones found fame as the creator of the "Jarge Balsh" books, comic tales of life in a North Somerset village in the 1920's written in local dialect. He was also a pioneer photographer, recording life in the early 1900's in the pit village in which he was born. Jarge Balsh & WM Jones - The Creation of Jarge Balsh “As I got out of the train an individual with a round, red, clean-shaven face, so wrinkled and weather-beaten that it gave one the impression the owner was perpetually grinning, sauntered up with hands in breeches’ pockets. One did not need to be a Sherlock Holmes to realise that he was connected with the agricultural industry. His boots and leggings were generously plastered with samples of the usual contents of the farm-yard, whilst to his slouch hat and old bottle-green morning coat there still adhered strands of hay. Halting before me, and spreading his legs, he thrust his hands deeper into the cross pockets of his corduroy breeches, and changed the straw he was sucking to the other side of his mouth. ‘Be you the young gent as is gwain ta bide wee widder Toop? ‘Cos if ye be, I be come vor ‘ee.’” Thus Jarge Balsh greeted the world, and the anonymous narrator, in “Discovering Somerset”, first serialised in the “Somerset Standard” newspaper in 1925 and then published between hard covers in October 1926. George Balsh is hardly an original, descending as he does from an honourable comic line, from the bawdy peasants of mediaeval miracle plays, through Shakespeare’s large cast of rural clowns, and on via Tony Lumpkin and Surtees’s “chawbacons” to land up outside Castle Cary station in the shape of Will Jones’s straw-sucking bumpkin. Conventional creation Jarge Balsh may be, but there is much in the four books in which he appears which is original to Will Jones. The character of Jarge Balsh had evolved gradually during the twenty years his creator had spent treading the boards of North Somerset concert halls. By the early 1920’s an important development in Will Jones’s performances was the creation of his own material. In 1922 at a concert in Coleford in aid of the British Legion, he performed an “original sketch, The Policeman, in which Mr Jones was assisted by his daughter Gwennie, and which practically brought down the house.” A year later he appeared at the Palace Theatre, Frome, with the “Black Diamonds”, a troupe which revived the tradition of the old black and white minstrel shows. Will closed the first half of the show with a “stump speech”, a tradition of minstrel shows in which a comedian used a quasi-political address to satirise local people and events well known to the audience. “The concluding item of part one was a stump speech by Mr Will Jones of Coleford, who very humorously described his imaginary visit to people of note in the town. The conversation which took place between him and the various gentlemen on the subject of beer as a beverage was highly amusing,” reported the Somerset Standard. The Western Gazette added, “One of the most successful members of the party was Mr W Jones of Coleford, as a comedian. His stump speech, dealing in a most witty fashion with local events and topics, was one of the tit-bits of the programme.” A type script of the stump speech has survived, hidden amongst his sheet music. It’s a petition for the restoration of all-day opening hours for the pubs of Frome after strict licensing hours had been introduced during the First World War to help increase munition production. It begins, “My dear wooden-headed Brudders and Sisterns and Fellow-Ignoramuses:- It is wid de utmost difference and humidity dat I venture to undress you on de problem of – De liberty ob de subject in regard to de National Beverage.” When the character of “Bones” breaks in with “Beer”, the speech continues, “Massa Johnson if I get annudder interuption from dat fool niggah de bier will be wanted, also de flowers but he wont be able to smell dem.” In 2010 Will probably would have been arrested by the Thought Police, but in 1923 it was just harmless fun in front of an audience which had never seen a black person. The comedy is more at the expense of notable Frome citizens, from the editor of the “Somerset Standard” to the councillors and magistrates. WMJ or Jarge Balsh? It was only a short step from Will Jones, blacked-up, delivering a comic view of Frome life, to Will Jones, straw in mouth, appearing in the form of Jarge Balsh himself. In November 1924 he was in London to perform in a concert at the Kingsway Hall given by the Society of Somerset Folk, London. “Mr WM Jones of Coleford, who was specially engaged by the Society, gave several original songs of his own composition, ably assisted by the composer of the musical settings, Mr AA Gregory FRCO at the piano. Dree Burgewater Vairs and a character sketch of an old countryman “up to Lunnon” – Yur, hoi! What be at? What be doen’ o’ – were vociferously encored.” The Kingsway Hall was celebrated for its marvellous acoustics and was constantly in use after the invention of electrical recording in 1926 for recording orchestral music. The “old countryman up to Lunnun” was a prototype of Jarge Balsh. Will’s original typewritten script survives, also concealed for many years amongst his sheet music. It consists of a verse, followed by the “patter” which often formed the centre piece of music hall turns, and concluded by a chorus. It’s very much in the music hall tradition of the performers represented in his substantial collection of sheet music; George Robey, Albert Chevalier, Harry Randall, George Leybourne, Little Tich, Sam Mayo and, of course, Dan Leno. No doubt there was a suitable piano accompaniment, probably worked out at home at the Crossway with my mother, an accomplished pianist from an early age and the “Gwennie” who assisted him in his “Policeman” sketch when just nine years old. The second piece of patter is rather daring for the BBC of the day, as Albert John Hodges catches the eye of a tart in Piccadilly. “A Beautivul lady dressed up zummit zplendid in lovely clothes passed by and zmoiled, like as if she knowed Oi. Oi were that took to, oi did stan’ an’ gawky at her.” Albert John can’t puzzle out where the lady has seen him before, unless when he was working in the squire’s garden. Albert, however, is saved from his fate by the intervention of a woman policeman. It’s the same theme as George Formby’s famous “I wish I was back on the farm,” written twenty years later. In March 1926 Jarge Balsh himself, aka Will Jones, made his first appearance in London, broadcasting for the fledgling BBC from Station 2LO at Savoy Hill, as the compere of a Somerset folk broadcast. “Wireless listeners in the South West of England on Monday evening greatly enjoyed a short recital, sent out from the London station, of Somerset folk songs and dances…The chief feature of the programme was the announcement in Somerset dialect by Mr WM Jones, of Coleford, under the nom de plume of “Jarge Balsh”. It is understood Mr Jones was selected for the task on the recommendation of a prominent member of the Society of Somerset Folk in London, and the choice was a most happy one to the many Somerset listeners who have suffered from certain renditions of what were supposed to be Somerset dialect…Though atmospheric conditions on the night were not perfect, every word of Mr Jones’s humorous introduction and his comments on the excellent singing and playing of the artists came with exceptional clarity, and gave exactly that atmosphere which had been aimed at, and made the little programme a complete success and a source of great enjoyment.” In October of the same year Jarge Balsh was back in London. The “Radio Times” on October 22nd promised at 10.15 pm “Vun vrom Zomerset” next to the hallmark image of Jarge, adding, “Jarge Balsh, who is here seen in character, has been well known as a dialect entertainer on concert platforms for over twenty years. He is a real expert on the Somerset speech and tradition, and has published many songs and stories in the West Country Press.” After that those “listening in” at 10.30 pm would have been treated in contrast to dance music by Jack Payne’s Hotel Cecil Dance Band until midnight. More than one review praised Will Jones, at a time when radio reception was less than perfect, for the clarity of his diction. “He makes an almost ideal broadcaster which is no mean achievement.” He was blessed with a remarkable bass voice, as rich and deep as a dish of cream. In later years, one of his gadget acquisitions was an early Grundig tape recorder, on which he intended to record, years before talking books became popular, the Jarge Balsh stories read by himself. Sadly, the plan came to nothing. At least we have the recent recording of “Discovering Somerset” by the Bristol actor Barry Paine. Jarge Balsh was born out of his author’s stage act and undoubtedly there is no better way to appreciate the books than to hear them read aloud. Barry Paine’s excellent recording is available on the internet from Poppy Records. Will Jones’s first publications were in verse, but he won’t be the first writer who fancied himself as a poet, and who should have stuck exclusively to prose. His poems, first published in the Somerset & Wilts Standard, and then collected in “Living Poets of Somerset” and his own “Somerset Songs And Verse”, are rural verse of the most conventional kind. Orchards are “a-bloom” and daisies and buttercups abound in “white and gold array.” Public poems, like “R101, In Memoriam”, sadly recall the ludicrous Walter McGonigall rather than Alfred Lord Tennyson. His contemporaries were less critical than, perhaps, today’s readers might be, as his verse was always well reviewed and he was commended in a competition run by the “Poetry Review”. “A Song Of Somerset”, set to music by AA Gregory, was a minor hit, and was even scored for brass band. Literary convention is less of a handicap and more of an essential element in his first prose publication, “Discovering Somerset and Jarge Balsh”. The story is written in the first person but the narrator is not Jarge Balsh, or even some local villager, but a “young toff” from London straight from the pages of PG Wodehouse. The anonymous story teller has exiled himself to Somerset on the recommendation of a Harley Street consultant “to rebuild the reserves of health” which the young man has thrown away in riotous urban living. Will Jones’s “I”, therefore, assumes a character quite foreign to that of his creator. Indeed it would be difficult to think of a dramatis persona more alien to his author than the hypersensitive and feeble youth who comes face to face with Jarge Balsh on the station platform at Castle Cary, although this “silly ass” character was a staple of early twentieth century writing. Bertie Wooster may be the most famous of them, but they people the pages of such disparate writers as Saki, Dorothy Sayers, Frank Richards, and Sapper. Much of the humour in “Discovering Somerset” relies on the ironic tension between the attitudes and language of the young toff on the one hand, and those of the Somerset yokels on the other. The reader takes a dive into this comic world immediately the young gent clambers into Jarge Balsh’s battered landau to drive from the station to the village of “Springfield”. The old seat springs stick into his bottom and the horsehair stuffing tickles his neck as Jarge’s ancient horse, Friday, unwillingly drags them along. It is all very different from the “immaculate appearance of the family Rolls at home.” Jarge, of course, whose “continual grin” broadens as one embarrassment follows another, enjoys the discomfiture of the fastidious townie, and we laugh with Jarge, and at the narrator. We also enjoy the narrator’s astonishment at the language which Jarge uses. “I remained speechless, and could only goggle at the man, and wonder what strange noises issuing from that cavernous mouth could possibly mean.” We can understand, of course, exactly what Jarge was saying, whether we were born within spitting distance of Radstock or not, but the dialect draws us into a conspiracy with the author to laugh at the foreigner and to sympathise with Balsh. It is a conspiracy which is at the heart of the fun in Will Jones’s books, a fellow-feeling which would have been all too familiar between the “Coleford comedian” and his audiences in church halls and miners’ welfare clubs. Laurie Lee in “Cider With Rosie”, his memoir of growing up in a Cotswold village in the 1920’s, recalls in village entertainments “broad Gloucester exchanges between yokels and toffs, with the yokels coming off best.” In “Jarge Balsh” the Somerset dialect is the private language which the author shares with the reader, and which allows them both to laugh at the pompous pretensions of the characters, be they toffs or otherwise. It is the comic language of misrule, of the life of “cakes and ale.” He wrote in dialect with remarkable fluency, as revealed by parts of the manuscript of “Our Village Parliament” which have survived. It is written in free-hand and in pencil and with very few corrections. He was able to reproduce the North Somerset speech and accent in his own phonetic spelling system as easily as if he was writing standard English. Will Jones never wrote a better scene than the disastrous journey from Castle Cary to Springfield. The comi-tragic death of Jarge’s old horse, Friday, outside the Bunch Of Grapes pub is a triumphant cocktail of the cruelty and pathos which is at the heart of all comedy. The wretched Friday collapses in the road outside the inn, but George remains unfazed, explaining to the narrator that Friday was once a circus horse and that this is only part of his former repertoire. Friday will rise to his feet again in exactly half an hour and, meanwhile, Jarge and his passenger repair to the pub for a mug of cider. Friday, however, fails to stir at the required time, and a passing farmer declares that he is dead. A village drunk provides Friday with a fitting epitaph. “George lifted poor Friday’s head, and let it fall back with a sickening thud. Overcome for a moment, George looked reproachfully at Friday for a full minute, and then in a hurt tone of voice exclaimed: “Well, I han’t niver knowed’ he do that avore!” Whereupon the aforementioned worshipper at the shrine of Bacchus again removed his clay and, with the skill born of constant practice, neatly deposited a jet of nicotine in the ear of the departed, as he sagely remarked: “No, an’, whut’s moore, thee’t niver know’n doo’t agen!”” “Jarge Balsh At Frome Cheese Show” was published in tandem with “Discovering Somerset”, and in the opening chapter promises more of the same as in the earlier story. When Jarge begins to describe his adventures at Frome Show to the narrator, however, there is a radical change in the author’s approach. The remainder of the book, and its sequels, “Jarge Balsh Goes To Lunnon”, “Jarge Balsh At Bristol Zoo”, and “Our Village Parliament”, are all virtual monologues in dialect by Jarge Balsh. The toff narrator becomes almost invisible. Through their serialisation in local newspapers, Will Jones had become aware of what his readers wanted, and that was unadulterated Jarge Balsh. He had discovered a successful formula, and he stuck to it, loading his repertory cast of Springfield characters into a charabanc driven by “Back-Fire” Jim, and sending them out to take on the modern world beyond the village, in which they would be ridiculed and humiliated but would emerge bloody but unbowed. If the Springfield folk do not always win, they at least fight an honourable draw against the forces of affected superiority and respectability. As important as Jarge himself are his scolding wife, Mary Ann, and his dreadful mother-in-law, “the woold ‘oman”, two characters straight from the music-hall or a seaside postcard. Slapstick and pratfalls, Ford cars and fat ladies, may have been the staples of the “Jarge Balsh” books but they also have some delicious original moments. In a scene as darkly humorous as the demise of the old nag, Friday, Jarge and his two women receive a lift back to Springfield from their disastrous day at Frome Show in unusual company. The motor van is carrying the corpse of an elderly Springfield resident who has died in the Frome workhouse infirmary. The coffin is perched on trestles with the Balsh family sitting on either side. “’Twere the quietest h’ride I’d iver had wie ‘em,” recalls Jarge. Each lady sits silently staring in front of her, bolt upright and hands in lap, as the van and the coffin jolt their way back home. Jarge struggles to find some appropriate remark with which to break the ghastly silence, “as shid putt the ‘oomen at thur ease like, I patted me han’s on the coffin an’ zed: “Pity Yubby Nokes werden here now. We could have a proper geame o’ hap’ny nap.” His innocent suggestion of a game of cards on top of the coffin is less than well received, and the day ends at home in Springfield with a volley of crockery. Yubby Nokes, along with Jarge and his women, are the author’s favourite characters. Abraham “Yubby” Nokes, cross-eyed and cantankerous, has his defining moment in “Jarge Balsh Goes To Lunnun”, in which the villagers have been unleashed on the Wembley Exhibition of 1924 and 1925. The oddest aspect of the writing of Will Jones was not so much what he included in his books, but what he chose to leave out. He was brought up and lived most of his life in a pit village, and went to work at a colliery when he was twelve. The village of Springfield, however, in which his books are placed, is picture-postcard Somerset without a winding wheel or a slag heap in sight. Will Jones lived at the centre of Coleford, at the Crossway, but Springfield, if it is anywhere except in his imagination, is the neighbouring hamlet of Vobster, and the King William pub is the Vobster Inn. When the narrator arrives in Somerset, it is at Castle Cary station, miles away south of the Mendips. It is almost as if Will Jones is smuggling his characters in by the backdoor in case the real world of the coalfield catches up with them. The station for Coleford, and for Vobster for that matter, was Mells Road, well-known to me as a small boy as we took the train from Hallatrow, through Farrington Gurney and Radstock, to visit my grandfather on Saturdays. He would meet us off the train, and his erratic driving would then subject us to a journey on to Coleford in his Triumph Mayflower car as perilous as any in his books. Reality does peep into the world of Springfield when Jarge and Yubby Nokes visit the model coalmine at the Wembley Exhibition. Farmer Jarge accepts it all at face value but Yubby, who “had a worked in a pit avore a come to Zpringfield ta live…’twere over Koverd”, works himself into a fury of indignation at the electric lighting, high and wide roadways, ventilation, and pit ponies “vat as butter.” Before the party can escape from “this yur gentleman’s wine zeller”, Yubby treats the toffs to a slice of life in a real pit. “Whur’s yur shutes ur gugs down yur’?...Shutes not much bigger’n a chimbley an’ a’moost sa steep. Shutes whut da get choked up wie coal halfwaay up, droo big nubs hitchin’ in the zupportin’ timmers. Shutes thit you got ta climb up ta whur the coal is caught an’ put booerds in the timmers above yur head, an’ then hang on wie yur knees an’ one hand while you da scratch wie t’other hand at the choked coal droo a hole you’ve left in the booerd an’ let it run on down ta your mates below. An’ up there in pitch blackness you da goo on scratchin’ at the coal an’ swallerin’ the bad air an’ the mouthvulls o’ dust until all the coal is gone down past ‘ee – if the booerds doon’t happen ta break vust an’ zend ‘ee ta the bottom to be crushed an’ buried alive.” For a few pages Springfield meets “Koverd”, or Coleford. It is tempting to wish that Will Jones had ventured more often out of his comic fantasy into the real world on his doorstep but he chose to write “Jarge Balsh” and not “The Stars Look Down”, something which his readership, much of it made up by pit workers, obviously preferred. In the escapist world of comedy, a little reality goes a long way. In a type script for what appears to be a lecture on West Country dialects, he contrasted the North Somerset accent of Coleford with that of the South of the county. “I say it with some reluctance as a North Somerset native but candour compels me to confess that the South Somerset accent is far more pleasing to the ear than any to be found in the County North of the Mendips. I attribute this mainly to the fact that the Southerners live, move and have their being, breathing the pure air, feeling the healthful effects of the bright sunshine, viewing delightful scenery, and what is probably most effective on their speech hearing the musical sounds of nature from songbirds, lowing cattle, running water and the wind and the rain. Contrast this with the lot of the North Somerset collier who spends most of his life in darkness with such aids to speech culture as may be obtained from the dull thud of his pick in the coal, the rumbling of trams in the wet dark underground passages and the crash of the cage on the support at the base of the shaft.” “Jarge Balsh At Bristol Zoo” was published in 1934 and collected the pieces written for the ill-fated “North Somerset Independent.” He dedicated it “To those women who, being unequally yoked to men who write, yet bear their unhappy lot with fortitude and patience, and, in particular to Mabel May Jones.” Sadly, his devoted wife had little time left to live. “At Bristol Zoo” is the art of Will Jones at its peak. The villagers of Springfield stagger from one disaster to another, from the perilous journey in Back Fire Jim’s “shaura” to Frome Station until they leave Bristol with a police sergeant’s advice ringing in the curate’s ears, “An’ doon’t ‘ee niver bring ‘em out again.” The chapter “Fun in the Restaurant” is a personal favourite, where the inhabitants of Springfield collide with the requirements and pretensions of the zoo’s refreshment room. “Maain posh pleace, ‘twere, to be shower. Vrench winders, girt high ruff, an’ iverything luxurious, like.” The Sanders family nick the tips left under the plates on their table, and Jarge and his women settle down to eat their own sandwiches and pickles which Mary Ann has brought with her, all to the outrage of manager and wiatresses alike. Chaos, of course, follows, finishing with the curate on the floor drenched in tea. “I didn’ like the expression on the Reverend’s feace.’Twere jist like Bob, my cow-dog, da look at me atter I’ve a beeit ‘en vur zummat ur nuther.” His last book, “Our Village Parliament”, was written in the late 1940’s, twenty years after his most creative years had produced the previous three Jarge Balsh stories. The “Parliament” is the pub, of course. Will Jones was the most moderate of drinkers but he spent virtually every evening at Joe Moore’s “Vobster Inn” where he would sit in the snug and put the world right with his friend, Arthur Goddard. The appreciative foreword to this, his last book, was written by Ralph Wightman, who was then a household name as a broadcaster on country matters in his signature Dorset accent. The BBC was on the verge of launching “The Archers”. It’s a pity, perhaps, that the BBC chose to place Ambridge in the Midlands rather than Somerset. Instead of Walter Gabriel, we might have been treated to Jarge Balsh as the village’s comic relief. At least we could have relied on his creator to have delivered a character with a convincing accent and dialect, rather than with the “mummerset” of Walter’s “my old pal, my old beauty.” Will Jones the author is remembered now only for the “Jarge Balsh” books. In the late 1920’s, however, he was busy also with his weekly column in the “Bristol Evening World” which was titled “Side Lights – On The World’s Light Side.” It had been commissioned by the editor, who had reviewed “Discovering Somerset” enthusiastically when first published. It was a selection of humorous snippets, most of them trawled from American “funny papers”, according to his son, Dick. As a newsagent of long-standing, Will certainly wouldn’t have had far to look for his material. Strongly reminiscent of “Laughter The Best Medicine” in the Readers Digest magazine, “Side Lights” was two columns of jokey definitions, puns, and anecdotes. “The man with money to burn usually meets his match…After all, the dress of the modern girl isn’t much to complain about…When flying becomes more general, it will be more difficult than ever to get some people down to business…” and so on and so forth, week after week! Will Jones thought enough of them to put them into a scrapbook, but far more original was his “Herbert Hopkins” column of the early 1930’s from his own “North Somerset Independent”. The “Independent” was a typical local newspaper of the period, full of traffic accidents, court reports, and, of course, a double spread devoted to the local football teams. The “Independent” tag described its political outlook. There is no doubt that Will Jones wrote much of the feature work, and that he is the writer lurking behind the household advice of “Over The Tea Cups by Maggie Murtry”, and the children’s corner, supposedly written by “Auntie Pat”. The “Herbert Hopkins” column was something different. The writer seems to have realised this himself as, although he did not paste the cuttings into a scrapbook, a fat bundle of them survives, carefully cut from each weekly publication. It’s possible that he meant to collect them into a book.“Erbit Opkinses Artickel” affects to have been written by the Independent’s office boy, an aggressively illiterate youth who offers his personal world view on a wide range of subjects from love, education, and parents to football and the Irish Hospitals Sweep. He appears in a rather splendid caricature at the top of his column, in a flash three-piece suit, tilting back in his tall office chair with a Woodbine dangling from his lips. As with Jarge Balsh, the language provides most of the fun, outrageously misspelled in a tidal wave of phonetic Somerset cum cockney. No doubt Will Jones wrote Erbit Opkins with the same effortless fluency as Jarge Balsh, but it must have given his typesetters a nightmare in hot metal. Even now in the days of mega fast keyboards, Erbit would test your stamina, but here are a few scraps of the Opkins world view. “Krismis partees is aul Rite so long as they last but oh! That thair mornin after the nite befoar! Last nite I ad rubarb wine, mins-pies, parsnip wine, 2 binanas, the Leg o the turkey, pikled waulnuts, plum poodin, Kaufee, sicks kind of nuts, Cowslip Wine, trifil, 2 appils, a norinj, jinjer-wines, and Abowt a poun a choklits. I aulso smokt 10 Seegrets but wat took aul the Interest out ov the perseedins for me was a big Blak seegar, I was chalinjed to smoak. I kum to a Fool-stop after smoakin a ninch, and fell into a Comma. Too ov the Mail guests karrid me oam with Allis follerin up Behine. Praps I may be able to – you moar Necks weak. Yu must Eckscuse – still taist that thair seegar – feal I am goin to Be – sined, ERBI - I av dun with wimmen. Finily, an konclewsivly, I av desided to av nuthink moar to do with the seck witch as been the dounfaul of man evir sinse she went into the rong orchurd an pinched a fig-leef ful ov Tom Puds and then temtid man to becum an aksessiry after the fack – as the lawyers put it At the momint the Leeg of Nashins hav on its side 180 per cent rite, an 20 per sent Mite. Wot thay wants is 100 per sent Mite and 100 per sent rite. Then thay mite do Somethink. Havin maid the Faur Eest problim cleer I will leev the Grayter kwestchun of “How to maik munny bi folloin orses” til necks weak. It is not genrily noan that “partee politicks” is an afeckshin of the brane and in its acute staijes maiks the victim appeer to be dementid. Wun of the laws ov this kuntry is that 600 odd districks shall pick out a man who shall sit in a fine big hous an get £400 a yer for doin ov it. Aul he got to do is to wauk out into a lobbee now and then an voat for his partee’s bills” Those who still remember Will Jones wonder at his “never speaking the way he wrote in his books.” In his own introduction to “Discovering Somerset” he recalled that up to the age of fourteen he spoke only in dialect “when outside the village school and away from the influence wielded, and made absolute, by the parental rod of correction. In those days one had to speak standard English at home and at school, but to do so abroad would certainly have secured condign punishment from one’s play-fellows for ‘biggetyness’.” In a photograph of Will as a little boy with his mother, he stands, dressed in a smart suit and holding a straw hat, while his mother sits with her hand marking a page in a half-open book. The picture encapsulates Millicent Jones’s aspirations for her eldest son; a life of respectability and learning. Will Jones certainly grew up to realise all her ambitions for him, even though it was often a struggle, and even if, at a moment’s notice and with a change of voice, he could become Jarge Balsh, and mount Back-Fire Jim’s charabanc for a journey into a world of comic mayhem. Posted by Charlie and Sheila Blanning at 7:38 AM Labels: balsh coleford dialect jarge somerset w m jones Jarge Balsh & WM Jones - A Walk Around My Grandfather It was a sullen August day, heavy with the threat of rain. Here, where three roads met, was the Crossway, the hub of Coleford, the old North Somerset pit village where my grandfather, WM Jones, lived for virtually all his life. For thirty years, at Crossway House, he ran a business which included a newsagent and tobacconist, a barber’s shop, a photographer’s, a garage, and a taxi service, while on the other side of the building my grandmother found room for a draper’s emporium. I parked at the side of Crossway House where his garage once had stood. The building now houses the local Co-op Store, itself an irony as at the age of thirteen my grandfather was an apprentice grocer’s boy at the Coleford Co-op, then at different premises. I walked eastwards down the High Street in search of Brook Cottage, the house where he had grown up with his parents, John and Millicent, and his three brothers and two sisters. It wasn’t difficult to find. On the corner of the street and a little lane, it was announced by a wooden sign, next to a post box let into the wall of the house. “Cottage”, for its place and period, is something of a misnomer. Brook Cottage is quite a substantial house, and John Marchant Jones and his bride, Millicent Martin, must have been considered a fortunate young couple when they went to live there after their marriage. There was money on both sides of the match, from John’s adoptive mother, Mrs Hobday Jones of “Camden House”, and from Millicent’s father, Benjamin Martin, a mining surveyor and Coleford’s parish clerk. I stood in the street and wondered how the family, with such a promising start, could have foundered so spectacularly, reduced to hand-outs of bread and tea from the parish. The handsome, dashing, John Marchant Jones perhaps was no better than he should have been, and one family legend tells that Millicent was pregnant when she went up the aisle of Holy Trinity church. On the other side of the street to Brook Cottage stands the old Temperance Hall, now a private house but still with an improving text from the Book of Habakkuk over the door. Was it the demon drink that sank my great grandfather? Whatever the reasons for the shipwreck of the Jones family, at the age of eleven my grandfather was forced to leave school to nurse his mother, bedridden with consumption. A year later he started work at the nearby Mackintosh Colliery. Footpaths spin a web around Coleford, many of them leading to the legion of old colliery workings where the villagers once worked. The map promised the possibility of reaching the site of Mackintosh by the lane at the side of Brook Cottage. A concrete road led down Harris Vale past some bungalows until, at the final gateway, a stile led into a copse. I walked on, through the trees and up through a field, wondering if this might have been the way Will Jones had taken to his work at the colliery. He said later in life that he loathed the work, particularly on the “batches”, the heaps of smoking slag and spoil. I had no idea if any trace of Mackintosh, closed for some ninety years, still existed. As I topped a rise, I could see a hillock covered in trees in front of me. A new farm lane had been driven around it, cutting back the soil around its base – except it wasn’t soil. Even from a distance the blue-black sheen of slag was obvious. Here was the old batch of the Mackintosh colliery, where Will Jones had toiled at sorting scraps of coal from the waste. I walked up round the new roadway. On my right, just before some farm buildings, there was a line of ivy-covered ruins. That brick archway once had led to the top of the shaft, beneath the winding tower, where my grandfather had banged shut the cage doors on the squatting pitmen before they were lowered seven hundred dizzy feet below the ground. Nothing else remained of Mackintosh. I made my way down the lane towards the public road, once an incline, threaded by rails and points, and busy with trains hauling wagons of coal off to Mells Road Station. On my right were two ranks of old colliery cottages, and before me the entrance to Newbury pit yard where in 1949 my grandfather had established his Reconstructed Bath Stone business. The yard today is a sprawling mass of buildings and works, owned by the Vobster Cast Stone Company. The receptionist kindly sought permission for me to wander around the site. The tall building which once housed the Cornish Beam Engine to pump the water out of the pit galleries still survives. Near to it stood my grandfather’s original offices, built in his own blocks and now abandoned. I regained the footpath which took me round the edge of the site through woodland thick with the scent of the buddleia which run riot there. Where the yard ended, a hard path ran away eastwards. This was the track of the old railway which connected Newbury and Mackintosh with the sidings at Mells Road. The track is bordered by fields, and above it stands a handsome building, Page House, and below it the vale which leads to Vobster. Eventually the track became a metalled lane at Upper Vobster Farm and a little further on, at St Edmund’s House, I turned down a path into the fields. At a stile into a road, I turned right and walked down into the hamlet of Vobster. My grandfather must have wandered this way often as a boy. Vobster has been identified by some people with “Springfield”, the village where the Jarge Balsh books are set. It would be safer to say that Springfield is a purely imaginary creation but that it is one more like Vobster than Coleford. The cottages and gardens of Vobster are the stuff that such rural dreams as Springfield are made on. You may be forgiven, however, for claiming that the Vobster Inn was the model of the “King William” in my grandfather’s books. After all, he spent every evening possible in the place, putting the world to rights with his pals. He wouldn’t recognise the pub today. I hadn’t been through the door since he died, and felt completely disorientated until I realised that the old front door had disappeared, and that I had entered by the side of the building. An old photograph on the wall of the bar was there to remind me of how things had been, and part of the room was signed as “George’s Snug”, while another board declared this area of the bar to be the “Village Parliament”. Was it merely coincidence that this recalled the title of Will Jones’s last book, “Our Village Parliament”? I took one look at the very young, and very pretty, girl behind the bar, and decided to keep my memories to myself. The “Vobster” – the inn bit gets dropped in some of its publicity – is more restaurant than pub these days but that’s the reality of making a living from a boozer today. Pints of cider and hours of chat and whist wouldn’t pay many bills. I had a good pint of Butcombe bitter, a pricey cheese sandwich, and some of the best chips I have ever tasted, arranged in a little vase for all the world like a bunch of flowers. I walked past some cottages along the road towards Coleford and then climbed a stile on the left of the road into a field. I took a path to the left which led to a bridge across the Mells Stream. There was a flash of blue over the water downstream – a kingfisher! “A spell is wov’n by Somerset,” wrote grandfather, and he must have loved this country between Coleford and Vobster. Even so, as the path took me westwards, there was evidence that even here the pits had left their mark. A stone building standing apparently without purpose in the middle of a field had been part of the Vobster colliery, and some old low arches half-concealed by nettles in woodland further on might have been remains of the coke ovens which existed here. Half way along the valley leading back to Coleford are some coarse fishing lakes. I walked round and round them, sweating in a waterproof coat and slouch hat as the thunder banged about me, without finding the path which should have taken me to Hippy’s Farm. After half an hour of this, I gave up and got south of the lakes to take a well-defined path westwards, despite a stile installed by the local ramblers which promised far more than it delivered. The buildings of Coleford were now visible on the ridge to the north and, like some sinister watchtower, above the trees loomed the top of my grandfather’s house, “Mendip Ho!” Sadly, darkness of the gathering storm made it impossible to photograph, but later the present owner of the house very kindly gave me permission to take pictures from his garden. Where my grandfather had his eyrie on the flat roof, there is now a proper penthouse. The views from the house remain completely unspoilt. From here at least you can see the “Springfield” countryside of his imagination. I walked into Coleford past the “King’s Head”. Even today Coleford boasts three pubs, a legacy of the thirsty miners who once drank in the village. Just above it I came across Camden House where John Marchant Jones had lived when he first came from London to Coleford as the adopted son of Hannah Hobday Jones. Hannah, the widow of a cabinet maker in Camden Town, North London, had returned to her native Coleford to start a shop at Camden House, the name which the property bears to this day. Climbing a steep hill, I came to Holy Trinity Church, opposite to the old Miner’s Welfare Institute which Will Jones bought and gave to the village as a church hall. In the church is the controversial window designed by Keith New which Will presented. There is a plaque in Will’s memory below the window, now sadly darkened by the growth of the trees outside. On the northern edge of the churchyard is the group of family graves, including those of Benjamin Martin and his wife, and John Marchant and Millicent Jones, the latter’s’ memorial placed there by their eldest son many years after their passing. Below the church and the hall stands the old National School, now a youth centre but not much changed since the Jones boys were photographed there in the 1890’s. A short walk uphill took me back to the Crossway where the automatic door of the Co-op swished backwards and forwards. Friday evening shoppers passed in and out with laden bags and clambered into their cars. Opposite, the Crossway Fish Bar was beginning the weekend fry. I thought of my great grandmother dying quietly of disease and malnutrition, I thought of the spinning of the colliery winding wheels, the steam from the pump houses and the clatter of the coal trucks, I thought of my grandfather behind the counter of his shop, scribbling away between selling Woodbines and copies of the News of the World – and I fled with my ghosts. Labels: balsh, coleford, dialect, jarge, somerset, w m jones Jarge Balsh & WM Jones – Benefactor Will Jones lives on in Coleford to this day in two gifts to the village. In 1958 he gave a new stained-glass south-east window to Holy Trinity church. A typically radical Will Jones project, the window is no exercise in Victoriana, all halos, flowing robes and little lambs. It is glaringly modern in concept and design, and depicts the story of David and Saul. Keith New, a pupil of his artist son, Dick, was commissioned to create the window on a theme chosen by Will Jones himself. Keith New went on to design some of the windows for the new Coventry Cathedral. Keith New described his work in the “Coleford Parish Paper” of October 1958 thus. “The subject is taken from I Samuel xix 9-10: ‘And the evil spirit from the Lord was upon Saul as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his harp. And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the javelin; but he slipped away out of Saul’s presence, and he smote the javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night.’ In the left-hand light Saul is shewn with his javelin raised ready to strike at David. He is robed in royal purple, and wears a crown upon his head. Above him a full moon lights the sky across which scud dark clouds, suggesting the evil spirit troubling Saul. The right-hand light shews David kneeling with a harp looking up at Saul, trying to assuage the evil spirit afflicting his master. He is robed in blue, this colour signifying sincerity and godliness. Above him, coming from the clouds, is the Hand of God, holding a white dove from which stream golden rays. This symbolizes God’s special care for David, in view of his importance in the scheme of things leading to a point beyond the old order to the Birth of Christ in the new. The main tracery light is filled with a pattern of three angels, sweeping down playing trumpets.” In the same issue the vicar, Father John Sutters, did his best to justify the radicalism of the window to a sceptical congregation. “ For most of us in Coleford this window is a completely new experience, to which time will be needed to adjust ourselves. To begin with, it is stained, not just painted, as are our other windows, and so the colours are deeper and heavier. In the second place, in the central figures and the details of the background the artist has not been content simply to copy the stock ideas of what things and people look like to which we have grown used, but has expressed what the story of Saul and David means to him in the style of a young artist of 1958. But I think that the greatest shock for most of us, as we look at this window, is to realize that the Bible story, like whatever else deals with the whole of human nature, has to face the hideous wickedness of which human beings are capable. That, after all, is what the Crucifix has to tell us, if we were not hardened by seeing it so often. People often want to find comfort and soothing in Church: we like pretty-pretty pictures, soft sugary hymn-tunes, nothing to make us think or to stir us up; we want an escape from the harshness of life into a dream-world. But the religion of the Bible, and the Church, the religion of our Lord Jesus Christ, has to face and deal with ugliness and wickedness, not to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist. The window hits us. It is ugly; and its excellence is in its ugliness. It speaks of jealousy, hatred, spite and cruelty, and they did not die with Saul. I have seen them in Coleford: there have been times when I have been tempted to them in my own heart. This window stands to remind us of the devilish force of evil in our own lives, which we may never ignore or forget: but over against it God’s power to deal with it. It stands above the Confessional, the place where, if we will, we may face our worst selves, and by the self-giving love of our Saviour be forgiven and made clean and fit to serve Him. But so often we prefer to pretend that there is nothing wrong with us. This window challenges us whenever we look at it. I could wish that the artist had brought out in more striking contrast the answer to human wickedness which is given in the right had side of the window: but after all, we have only to turn our eyes to the Crucifix on the Altar and the light by the Aumbry which speaks of our Lord’s Presence to know where we may find forgiveness, peace and goodness.” There may have been an element of “talking a good fight” in Father Sutter’s apology, considering the hostility which the new window aroused at the time. Even so, read over fifty year’s later, it deserves to be seen as a convincing and sensitive meditation on the qualities of a remarkable window. Sadly, Time itself has masked any opposition that the window might meet today. The trees outside the window have grown to shadow it, darkening the images which once were thought so controversial. In 1962 it appeared likely that Coleford’s Miners’ Welfare Institute would be sold for building. It had opened in 1927, and this substantial building had provided two ground floor rooms, one used as a reading room and the other for two billiard tables, and a large upstairs room which, with a stage at one end, was used for meetings and concerts. Will Jones would have celebrated its arrival in the village. In “Discovering Somerset” the narrator in Chapter V suddenly mounts the high horse to declare, “A Government of vision would make it possible for men to follow an agricultural occupation in these villages and, at the same time, participate in the social amenities and opportunities for mental improvement now mostly confined to the town dweller. Each village would be provided with a building that contained a lecture or concert room, a good library and reading room, and smaller rooms for indoor games during the deadly dull winter nights.” This sounds more like a Will Jones letter to “John Bull” magazine than the young toff narrator of “Discovering Somerset”. By the early 1960’s the Miners’ Welfare Institute was redundant. All the pits had closed, and the social needs of the area were well-served by the lavishly-appointed Coleford British Legion Club, opened in 1956. In its early years the Club’s weekend dances provided a popular battleground for some memorable punch-ups between gangs of lads from Pensford and from Peasedown. When the abandoned Miners’ Institute looked likely to go for auction, Will Jones stepped in and bought it for the parish as a Church Hall. His negotiations with the Coal Board to purchase it as cheaply as possible were labyrinthine and ill-tempered, but in October 1964 at Harvest Festival he could hand it over to the Church and Parish. They sang “For he’s a jolly good fellow” and gave him three cheers, and in return at the entertainment which followed he gave them some of the old sketches. The village meant a great deal to him. He could take Coleford out of his books but he couldn’t take Coleford out of the man. Listen to excerpts from the Jarge Balsh books and see some of the photographs of WM Jones on Youtube. Go to "Jarge Balsh and his horse Friday at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rg8UCvG9Mc or "Yubby Nokes and the Wembley Exhibition" at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-uE1VsehU0 Listen to excerpts from the Jarge Balsh books and see some of the photographs of WM Jones on Youtube. Go to "Jarge Balsh and his horse Friday at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rg8UCvG9Mc or "Yubby Nokes and the Wembley Exhibition" at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-uE1VsehU0 "Author and actor – journalist and newspaper editor - stand-up comedian and singer - professional photographer and shopkeeper - public servant and manufacturer – William Marchant Jones was a remarkable man. He was all the more remarkable for being born into hard times. Will Jones was born on 26th March 1884, in the Somerset mining village of Coleford, into a family which was already slithering helplessly into dire poverty." Articles In The Archive A Somme Letter A Walk Around My Grandfather The Colliery Photographs The Creation Of Jarge Balsh The Public Man The Smell of the Greasepaint Jarge Balsh & WM Jones - A Walk Around My Grandfat... Jarge Balsh & WM Jones - The Creation of Jarge Bal... This site could not have been written without the invaluable help of my sister, Sally Blanning, and my cousins, Simon Marchant Jones and Marion Taylor, who provided me with a wealth of archive material. I also owe a considerable debt to the late Nikki (Marchant Jones) Willcocks who researched how the Marchant Jones family originally came to Coleford. I derived great benefit from reading Julie Dexter's article on WM Jones in the Summer 1993 edition of the "Five Arches", the journal of the Radstock Museum, and "A Good Foundation", a history of Holy Trinity Church, Coleford, co-written by Julie Dexter and Valerie Bonham. I am most grateful to the Rev Bonham for her kindness in showing to me Holy Trinity Church and its Keith New window. Coleford Village Website Poppy Records Radstock Museum balsh (7) balsh coleford dialect jarge somerset w m jones (1) coleford (7) dialect (7) jarge (7) somerset (7) w m jones (7) Copyright Charlie Blanning 2010. Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line263
__label__wiki	0.651257	0.651257	Felt An Earthquake On Colorado-Utah Border? Moab, Utah, doesn’t normally have earthquakes people can feel. One in late June — at a magnitude 4.5 — didn’t cause any damage. But it was enough to get people’s attention in communities all along the Utah-Colorado border. Phoenix To Temporarily Close Mexico Trade Offices The Phoenix City Council has voted to temporarily close the city’s offices in Mexico, which connect companies on both sides of the border looking to expand, while the contract to run the offices is being reviewed. Sonora Cracks Down On Illegal 'Chocolate Cars' In Mexico, millions of people drive cars that come from the United States. Many of those cars haven’t been properly imported. Now, state and local officials in neighboring Sonora, Mexico are seizing some of these irregular cars. → More Stories From The Fronteras Desk California Quakes Felt In Arizona Last week’s earthquakes in California were felt by some in Phoenix. The state’s Geological Survey Office at the University of Arizona said while some areas of the state could experience similar magnitude quakes, 98% of those that do occur go unfelt. Some U.S. Asylum Seekers Find Work In Northern Mexico Mexico’s top diplomatic official says hundreds of Central American migrants who have been sent to Mexico to await the outcome of their U.S. asylum claims have secured jobs in factories near the border. AZ Business Welcomes Possible Completion Of Sonoran Highway For now the third time, Mexico’s president has announced an end date for the construction of a major roadway through the northern state of Sonora, though previous predictions have proven wrong. Maricopa County 4th In US For Hispanic Population The Pew Research Center has released a report about the 2018 Hispanic population in the U.S. Maricopa County is one of 11 counties with more than 1 million Hispanics. Pima County Intends To House Asylum Seekers At Old Youth Detention Center Pima County wants to use an empty juvenile detention center to house Central American asylum seekers dropped off in Tucson by federal immigration agents. ADOT: Pedestrian Fatalities Up, Alcohol-Related Fatalities Down In 2018 The Arizona Department of Transportation has released its 2018 crash fact report. While pedestrian fatalities were up from the previous year, many other fatalities are down. Dirty Recycling Contaminated Mostly By Food Twenty-five to 30% of what we put into the recycle bin is too dirty with other trash to go anywhere but the landfill. This percentage of dirty recyclables is covered primarily with food waste, according to a recycling association. SCOTUS To Hear DACA Case On Nov. 12 The Supreme Court will hear oral arguments on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, or DACA, on Nov. 12. 17% Of Young Adults In Big Cities Are Unemployed Seventeen percent of Americans between the ages of 18 and 24 in big cities, including Phoenix, are unemployed — that’s more than 2 million people. Boas: How Well Are Democratic Candidates Performing? The Show regularly checks in with Editorial Board of the Arizona Republic to talk about the big issues facing the state and the region — featured in the newspaper’s Viewpoints section. Regulations May Ease On Hospital Translation Services How can you get quality health care when you don’t understand what the doctor is telling you? That’s the question the Center of Federal Regulations is trying to solve, in part by requiring some health care organizations to provide non-English speaking patients free translation services. BBC Look-Ahead: What Is The Silver Economy? There’s an upcoming event focused on what’s been called the Silver Economy. Will Arizona's AG Continue Case Against State Universities? Arizona’s three public universities have had to look for alternative funding methods over the past decade. One of the effects of the Great Recession was a significant reduction in money from the state. Fourth Of July Road Trips Spark 30+ AZ Wildfires A total of 30 wildfires were started over the Fourth of July holiday weekend. One of the most troublesome started in the median of Interstate 17 north of Anthem as thousands headed out of town Wednesday. Traffic was stopped in both directions. How A School District Stepped Up To Help Migrants Almost four months ago, local aid groups called on governments to provide a facility to help house migrant families being released by ICE in Phoenix. None stepped forward. But now a centralized overnight shelter could open as soon as this week. Arizona senators propose drought bill A bill sponsored by U.S. Sens. Martha McSally and Kyrsten Sinema would put aside hundreds of millions of dollars for water storage projects, water recycling, and desalination plants. 15th Avenue Bridge Over Loop 101 Closed Until Late 2020 A Loop 101 widening project continues, and more long- and short-term closures are on the way. The Arizona Department of Transportation says the 15th Avenue bridge over Loop 101 will close Monday and remain closed through late 2020.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line272
__label__cc	0.616029	0.383971	Families Urge State To Keep Hacienda HealthCare Open Families of some residents at Hacienda Healthcare, where an incapacitated woman was raped and gave birth last year, want it to stay open. Hacienda, the intermediate care facility in South Phoenix where an incapacitated woman was raped and gave birth last year, is now at risk of losing its state license and its access to federal Medicaid funding. Council Meeting To Discuss Next Steps For Police After Community Input The Phoenix City Council is meeting Tuesday to discuss the next steps for the Phoenix Police Department. Those steps include looking into an early intervention system for police officers, as well as a civilian review board. Southwest Key Worker Arrested On Suspicion Of Sex Crimes Police have arrested a Southwest Key Programs worker on suspicion of sex crimes. Court documents say Jose Antonio Rojas-Minjares is accused of sexual conduct with a minor and luring a child for sexual exploitation. Hearing Scheduled For Tuesday Is Next Step Toward Migrant Shelter Humanitarian aid groups helping migrant families dropped off in Phoenix could take a big step Tuesday toward opening an overnight shelter, but the groups are still at least one week away from housing migrants at the Ann Ott School. For NICU Families, PPD And PTSD Are Very Likely Postpartum depression is the most common complication of childbirth. One group of parents that is even more vulnerable to this are the ones whose children are born with serious health conditions and have to spend time being treated in the neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU. A Photojournalist's Mindset When Shooting Tragic Events A photo published last week of a father and daughter who drowned in the Rio Grande quickly became a talking point in the national conversation over immigration. But, it wasn’t the first heartbreaking image that’s taken on such a role. Mesa Citizens, Unions Disagree On Police Chief Mesa police unions took their attacks on Chief Ramon Batista to the people Friday, holding a public meeting at which they continued to outline why they took a no-confidence vote against the chief last month. Helium Shortage Affects More Than Balloons Helium is a critical component in rocket engines and MRIs, and the shortage may affect the industries that deal with those products. BBC Look-Ahead: A History Of Tension With Iran As the world watches tensions increase with Iran a year after the Trump administration pulled out of the Iran nuclear deal, there are a few upcoming anniversaries that have special resonance. Boas: Is AZ Corporation Commission Guilty Of 'Mission Creep?' The Arizona Corporation Commission has blocked utilities from shutting off customers' power during summer months and implemented renewable energy standards. One columnist agrees with Gov. Ducey that Commission is guilty of "mission creep." Impunity, Crime And Budget Cuts Threat The Mexican Press In Mexico, many journalists suffer from violence for doing their job, and despite the president’s promise to eradicate those crimes, attacks on the press continue and the murder rate grows. Mexico Will Create A Forensic Institute In Sonora Mexican authorities announced Monday they are creating a regional forensic institute in neighboring Sonora, Mexico, to address a growing problem with unidentified bodies in the country. Tempe Completes First Ever Summer Homeless Count Roughly 35 volunteers surveyed the homeless population in Tempe on Friday as part of the city’s first summertime homeless count. The results are not expected to be released for another few weeks. Light Rail Stations Reopen After APS Electrical Fire An electrical fire broke out in an underground APS power vault Sunday night. The utility says the accident killed one APS worker and injured another. The fire is being investigated and will affect buildings and light rail transportation throughout the day. County Animal Shelters Host 'Calming The Canines' Event For many people, the Fourth of July is celebrated with fireworks and festivities, but for dogs it can be a nightmare. Maricopa County animal shelters are seeking volunteers to help keep the canines calm. Phoenix Set To Explore Future Of The Convention Center South Hall When Phoenix leaders adopted a master plan for the convention center in 2002, it included three expansion phases. The first two were completed more than a decade ago while the final phase has been in limbo. Despite Concerns In Mexico’s Situation, López Obrador Prepares Celebration July 1 marks anniversary of the election of Andrés Manuel López Obrador as president of Mexico. And he’s planning a big party — despite concerns on how his administration is dealing with the country. Q&AZ: Where Did All The Green Caterpillars Come From? In 2014, bright-green caterpillars were swarming Phoenix. One longtime resident witnessed the wrigglers crossing Happy Valley Road and wanted to know what brought them there. UA Gets $1.78M CDC Grant To Study Safer Mining Fuels In their everyday work, miners risk cuts, contusions and even being crushed.Now, the University of Arizona has received a $1.78 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to study ways to reduce a more insidious health hazard: diesel exhaust. For Sale: Arizona’s Oldest American Legion Post Phoenix will give developers will get a chance to bid on Arizona’s oldest American Legion Post. Nearly 100 years ago, a charter member of American Legion Post 1 gave the city his land at the southwestern corner of Seventh Avenue and Polk Street.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line273
__label__wiki	0.800817	0.800817	One from a Billion - Arjun Maini [ PS: This interview was conducted ages back. But something better than nothing after a 2 month hiatus, right? ] “Who is the next Formula One driver from India?” is a question people ask me very frequently. The next formula one driver from India is this guy who has won the Super 6 Championship, who’s driven a Formula BMW race and has won plenty of kart races and a JK Tyre National Karting Championship, Rotax Karting Championship and also holds the title of “One in a Billion” - a karting championship conducted by Sahara Force India F1 team. And with over 80 podiums and 20 career wins (and still counting), I am not the only one who believes Arjun Maini will be the prodigy from India who will secure a drive in Formula One in the coming years. Already having participated in the BRDC F4 championship 2014 with Lanan Racing, Arjun has earned the title of vice-champion with 480 points, only 3 points behind 2014 F4 Champion George Russell. He is truly the RACER that India is looking for. Here’s… Forza Jules Bianchi! Suzuka hosted Formula One's most dangerous race of recent times. It was only fair to call it an act of sheer will and lot of stupidity to host a grand prix during a typhoon. However exciting, the grand prix only had to end abruptly with a life threatening crash of Jules Bianchi. Below is the most recent announcement from the FiA regarding his crash: Given any day, any time and any option, I would choose motorsports to be the ultimate sport. Though its widely assumed that its machine more than the man himself, but I beg to differ. Motorsports is risky, no matter which age we're in and how sophisticated all our advancements are. Formula One is the ultimate test of the capability of a sportsman/sportswoman, it is one of the many categories of motorsport where the most passionate and committed athletes in the world decide to see what they're made up of. Footballers, cricketers, basketballers may be brilliant in their own way, but racers belong to that human species with a uniq… For petrolheads So why the IB? My ultimate goal is to be in Formula one. And my IB diploma will speak greater when I apply to universities to ultimately be in formula one. Its not just the “study study study” regime, it’s more of the “study, research, know and not learn” regime. As IB say it themselves, it’s a “holistic development” that a student undergoes, being in this programme. It’s a challenge, it’s a grind and it’s a huge jump for me, but Im here to push the limits. Even though I’m in this new school and its an exciting atmosphere, it feels almost being back to square one where no one knows heads or tails about Formula One (I found that offensive) And so I set out on a “venture” spending countless hours explaining what racing and F1 are. Yes, it was a venture. Because the questions thrown at me were.. interesting and put a roadblock to my thinking. “Wait.. go karting is F1 right?” “Aren’t they like fitted with jet engines? Why don't they fly because of speed-breakers?” “What’s the speed li… I'm as dysfunctional and irregular as a 2014 Red Bull drivetrain and power systems.. oh and also as rare as the Renault engine not causing troubles First of all, I apologize from the bottom of my heart for leaving this blog idle. Secondly, I have a darn good reason for it! drum roll I am officially an IB student. As an IB student, I wouldn’t like to, but have to say, that life is very hard. For those who don’t know what those two random letters put together are, IB stands for the "International Baccalaureate". It’s a system of education (you can call it that) and it is a highly rigorous 2 year diploma programme. And if you want me to rate it on a scale of 10, I’d rate it 11 (No sarcasm, I promise) So what if I’m an IB student? I could have posted something about the spicy Hamilton-Rosberg controversy or.. about how all of Australia is in smiles because of Ricciardo or how could I forget! or about how brilliant Valtteri Bottas can get, right? Wrong. I quote the internet here- “IB students do not have a life”. Don’t believe me? Take a look at this: Or this.. Or actually.. just go through all of these- http://ibmeme… British GP Qualifying: Rosberg takes pole! I just found the best way of posting qualifying results! Thanks live timing. Making history! For the first time in 22 years, Formula One will be seeing a woman take the wheel during an official practice session. Williams' test driver, Susie Wolff will replace Valtteri Bottas during FP1 and will be running the same programme as her teammate Felipe Massa. Susie Wolff (Stoddart earlier), just like all the others started out karting. She won the 24hr Middle East Karting championship and the Scottish Juniot Intercontinental "A" title in 1997. In the following years she was awarded 'Woman kart racing driver of the year' four consecutive times and then named top female kart driver in the world in 2000. In 2001, she moved onto single seater championships. Her breakthrough came in 2003 when she finished the Formula Renault UK championship in 9th position with her first podium in the series. In recognition of her efforts, she was nominated for the prestigious BRDC McLaren Autosport's 'Young driver of the year award' and was selected as BRDC's '… Austrian GP review part 2 (STR, Lotus, Marussia, Caterham, Sauber) Scuderia Toro Rosso: Both Toro Rosso drivers Jean-Eric Vergne and rookie Daniil Kvyat have totally managed only 12 points this season. Their best result was so far has been in Australia in which they hauled half of the points they have today! JeV has finished just 3 out of the 8 races and Kvyat finishing 5 totally. Austria was yet another disastrous weekend where both the drivers did not finish the race due to failures, however they showed good pace during qualifying. Starting the grand prix from 7th (Daniil Kvyat) and 15th (JeV) Toro Rosso's expected a strong race. But brake issues and the loss of balance caught Jean-Eric and his teammate out. "I have struggled with the brakes from the beginning of the race. It's difficult to drive the car with such a considerable rear locking" Vergne was post race. "Problems happen, it's a shame that they occurred here but the new aero package is working well and we have a good car to face the next Grand Prix in Silverstone… Austrian Grand Prix through the lens Lets start with a controversy! The above picture was from a deleted tweet by the Mercedes team. Yes, they ruled the track and yeah.. they might've been a bit drunk after the celebrations when they made this. But whoa! ease off Mercedes. That wasn't the right thing to do. Austrian legends: Gerhard Berger and Niki Lauda princess takes a selfie with the amazing crowds of Austria! How's the mood in the world champions' garage? This picture sums up pretty much all their frustrations. We've missed Mark Webber, haven't we? (I have most certainly not). Here's a fact you didn't know: Sebastian Vettel has retired every race that Mark Webber has been to! That is: 3 (Australia, Monaco, Austria) Kimi Raikkonen on track. Can't have enough of the view behind! It's almost like we're racing at the Nordschleife! Here's Niki Lauda playing Daniel Brühl. Wait.. what? RUSH got their casting spot on. That is a total of 7 world championships in this image. Vet… Austrian Grand prix: Quite the pomp after a 11 year hiatus! (Mercedes, RBR, Ferrari, SFI and Williams) The last time before this year the Austrian grand prix took place was way back in 2003. The grand prix was one to remember with something exciting happening each lap. Michael Schumacher who started on pole lead the race until the mid 20 laps after which he had to pit because of the rain which had started to drizzle. The pitstop however failed to go as per plan for when they refuelled his car, a wild fire started after the nozzle caught fire by a spark. After all extinguishing and controlling, Schumacher was sent out again after a 20 second pitstop to join third behind Juan Pablo Montoya and Kimi Raikkonen. The thrill of the race however was only after the pitstops when a mix of strategies saw Webber who started from the pitlane finish in the points, Jenson Button who at a point was following 3rd, finish 8th and a sizzling battle for second place between Raikkonen and Rubens Barichello. Staring the grand prix with 2 aborted race-starts and 4 laps under safety car, the 69 laps were the… On messenger with Arya Gandhi "How do I start racing in Formula One?" It's a naive, but a very valid question for someone who aspires to be in the pinnacle of motorsport. Well, the answer to that is Karting! The first and most basic step that everyone in today's motorsport field has spent at least 7 years in. Mumbai boy Arya Gandhi is an Indian karting prodigy of Rayo Racing who started racing at the age of 11. Just like everybody, his first run in a go-kart was "just for fun" before he found out he went quicker every lap afterward. At 12, he had a go at racing professionally in the national series, and since then, his racing record has only grown to be more impressive! In a nutshell- He has been karting for 5 years Won the National JK Tyre Rotax Max Kart Open - 2011 Over the racing seasons, he has achieved 4 podiums He has been crowned AKOC 2011 champion in the micro max categoryHe made the big shift to Formula Cars in 2014, currently in Formula 4 while he continues to race karts. Canadian Grand Prix in pictures Rosberg, Vettel, Hamilton and Bottas all lined up as they go around 1/3rd of the track before the safety cars had to pull out. Kimi Raikkonen avoiding the famous wall of champions Daniel Ricciardo, winner of the Canadian Grand Prix isn't much of a champagne lover. However, he doesn't mind getting soaked in it every now and then. Sebastian Vettel congratulating Daniel Ricciardo (right) on his first formula one victory What happens when a formula one car slides sideways right in front of you while you're doing 250kph? Yes, it was a close miss for Sebastian Vettel when Felipe Massa flew in front of him after involving in a crash with Perez. (I am with the FIA on penalising Perez). Both drivers are safe and fine. Jenson Button's car is torn apart and worked on by his engineers. Guess the track walk paid off for Jev! He finally finished in the points in Canada! Canadian Grand Prix review: A bullish way! The Canadian grand prix was the perfect palette of colors. The picture was given a splash of fiery red off-track battle between 2 teammates and moved onto a peaceful blue towards the end celebrating a 105th winner in 64 years. And created the masterpiece that 2014 was looking for since March! The Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton drama resumed in Canada after both of them fell out at the Monaco Grand Prix. Hamilton was keen to beat him at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, a track which has favored him several times in the last couple of years. However, Rosberg's and Hamilton's equally quick start off line meant the leader would be decided only after turn 1. However, being squeezed too much into turn one put Hamilton off line and into the grass, yielding his 2nd place to Sebastian Vettel who'd qualified P3 behind the Mercedes duo. A first lap drama which involved both the Marussias brought out the first safety car period of the race. Later, Max Chilton was handed a grid penalt… I'm as dysfunctional and irregular as a 2014 Red B... Austrian GP review part 2 (STR, Lotus, Marussia, C... Austrian Grand prix: Quite the pomp after a 11 yea...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line276
__label__cc	0.721552	0.278448	Daikin India’s ‘Cool A School’ Aims To Provide Cooling Solutions To Rural Schools. 1 Million Views = One School Cooled Daikin India's CSR campaign ‘Cool a School aims to adopt one school at a time in rural India and provide cooling solutions for it. For 1 million views on the awareness film, Daikin will provide sustainable cooling solutions for one school Vinaya May 27, 2013 News Corporate social responsibility campaigns are on the rise this year. Or perhaps we are made to believe so by such campaigns that are venturing in to social media to a larger extent this year. But, social media is a double-edged sword, remember? One has got to be brave and transparent to leverage the medium fully, apart from initiating a very convincing cause. The most recent CSR campaign doing the rounds is ‘Cool a School’ by Daikin India, a 100% subsidiary of Daikin Japan and a manufacturer of commercial and residential air conditioning systems. Children in rural India have to travel long distances to go to school even in intense heat and sometimes many stop attending school because of this. Daikin’s ‘Cool a School’ aims to adopt one school at a time in rural India and provide cooling solutions for it. And the plan is to start with Neemrana in Rajasthan. Daikin is asking us to join the cause by merely viewing and sharing a film that throws light on the plight of these school kids. With a million views, Daikin claims there will be more awareness leading to more participation and ideas to cool a school. With every other million views support, Daikin will extend its sustainable cooling solutions to another rural school. Uploaded on May 24th, the video stats show 41K+ views, that might get a boost with the brand’s social media activities around it. A dedicated microsite gives more information about the initiative, and the solutions that are being explored – landscaping, reflective barriers, green roofs, selective air conditioning among others. Also, Daikin’s Facebook page that has a new cover photo, had shared quite a few teaser updates a week prior to the film’s release. The 125K strong fan base have now been invited to view the film and join the cause for sustainable cooling solutions. The same can be seen on Daikin India’s Twitter page for its 1.3K followers, often using #CoolASchool in its tweets. It is undoubtedly a noble initiative by a company that delves into providing cooling solutions, unlike a certain section of media that has disregarded it as a scam. But executing a CSR campaign on social media is always tricky. Nevertheless, in this scenario, it would be interesting to see how the campaign shapes up to get the first million views. Daikin will have to resort to support through social media and get brand advocates to further the cause. Daikin India’s ‘Cool A School’ Leverages Social Media. Says 1 Million Views = 1 More School Indian Social Media – Stories Of The Week (27th May – 1st June 2013) Indian Social Media – Stories Of The Week (17th June – 22nd June 2013) Garnier Men Lights Up Homes With ‘PowerLight A Village’	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line281
__label__wiki	0.69912	0.69912	Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 The work Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Oklahoma Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books. The Resource Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 United States, Congress \| House \| Committee on Government Reform Governmental investigations -- United States Campaign management -- United States United States, Department of Justice -- Management Gore, Al, 1948- -- Trials, litigation, etc Clinton, Bill, 1946- -- Trials, litigation, etc Campaign funds -- United States LexisNexis U.S. Congressional Hearings Digital Collection Also available via Internet from the GPO Access web site. Addresses as of 11/7/01: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_ho - use_hearings&do cid=f:74429.wais (text version), http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_ho - use_hearings&do cid=f:74429.pdf (PDF version); current access is available via PURL. Context of Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000, (electronic resource) <div class="citation" vocab="http://schema.org/"><i class="fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw"></i> Data from <span resource="http://link.libraries.ou.edu/resource/2yETxQds-RQ/" typeof="CreativeWork http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Work"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a href="http://link.libraries.ou.edu/resource/2yETxQds-RQ/">Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000</a></span> - <span property="potentialAction" typeOf="OrganizeAction"><span property="agent" typeof="LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem" resource="http://link.libraries.ou.edu/"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a property="url" href="http://link.libraries.ou.edu/">University of Oklahoma Libraries</a></span></span></span></span></div> Data Citation of the Work Has the Department of Justice given preferential treatment to the President and Vice President? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 20, 2000 http://link.libraries.ou.edu/resource/2yETxQds-RQ/ http://library.link/resource/2yETxQds-RQ/	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line292
__label__cc	0.661207	0.338793	John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity, Garry Wills The Resource John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity, Garry Wills The item John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity, Garry Wills represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Multnomah County Library. Wills, Garry, 1934- Eighteen years after his death, John Wayne is still America's favorite movie star. He was less an actor than a symbol, the most popular pop icon of the twentieth century, and one of the most important political figures in America. People shaped their lives or adopted political stands to conform to him as a template of authentic Americanism. Wayne became the lens through which people saw their own and their country's history. In this brilliant, groundbreaking study of the relationship between politics and popular culture, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Garry Wills focuses on the manufacture of "John Wayne" from the raw materials of Marion Morrison, the person born in Iowa who became a myth, his own reality swallowed up in his meaning as master directors such as John Ford crafted films that made him the personification of America's frontier myth Unlike other actors and actresses with whom we associate political views, Wayne embodied a politics of large meanings - a politics of gender (masculine), ideology (patriotism), character (self-reliance), and personal responsibility. It was a politics of implicit dogmas that often transcended his own views and behavior. Although Wayne avoided serving in the military during World War II, he became, through his screen roles, the model of the American soldier. Likewise, although Wayne's popular image is that of a staunch anti-Communist, in reality he avoided taking a stand in the bitter ideological war that raged in Hollywood until after the issue had been decided In this work of great originality, the biography of an idea, Wills shows how John Wayne and the Hollywood image factories distorted or ignored important facts of Wayne's life to create his myth. Wills shows for the first time how Wayne, through his screen characters, spoke to the needs of his audience at crucial periods in American history, and how in response Americans invested their emotions in that embodiment of their deepest myths New York, Simon & Schuster, ©1997 New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997 Prologue : The most dangerous man Introduction : Scope of the book Inventing a cowboy Inventing another cowboy Later Ford and Hawks A third cowboy Conclusion : American Adam http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0a6b2-aa John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity John Wayne's America the politics of celebrity Wayne, John, 1907-1979 Motion picture actors and actresses -- United States -- Biography Also issued online. Wills, Garry 791.43/028/092 PN2287.W454 B W3593w Motion picture actors and actresses Includes bibliographical references (pages 315-351) and indexes Prologue : The most dangerous man -- Introduction : Scope of the book -- Inventing a cowboy -- John Ford -- Inventing another cowboy -- Empire -- Propaganda -- Later Ford and Hawks -- A third cowboy -- Conclusion : American Adam <div class="citation" vocab="http://schema.org/"><i class="fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw"></i> Data from <span resource="http://link.multcolib.org/portal/John-Waynes-America--the-politics-of-celebrity/DyRHSD5fbps/" typeof="Book http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Item"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a href="http://link.multcolib.org/portal/John-Waynes-America--the-politics-of-celebrity/DyRHSD5fbps/">John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity, Garry Wills</a></span> - <span property="potentialAction" typeOf="OrganizeAction"><span property="agent" typeof="LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem" resource="http://link.multcolib.org/"><span property="name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label"><a property="url" href="http://link.multcolib.org/">Multnomah County Library</a></span></span></span></span></div> Data Citation of the Item John Wayne's America : the politics of celebrity, Garry Wills http://link.multcolib.org/portal/John-Waynes-America--the-politics-of-celebrity/DyRHSD5fbps/ http://library.link/portal/John-Waynes-America--the-politics-of-celebrity/DyRHSD5fbps/	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line294
__label__wiki	0.752991	0.752991	Global warming will leave different fingerprints on global subtropical anticyclones https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-08/ioap-gww081117.php The crazy climate records from 2016 you haven’t heard much about Andrea Thompson Here are other climate change-related records that have flown more under the radar, reported in the annual State of the Climate report. http://reneweconomy.com.au/crazy-climate-records-2016-havent-heard-much-12340/ Energy sector repeats NBN errors Henry Ergas The ambitions in both cases are at odds with technological and economic realities. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/predictable-nbn-errors-replicated-in-renewable-energy-sector/news-story/37e3c42b94287b8579526ea9883ae2b2 New CBA case a warning: Step up on climate change, or we’ll see you in court Despite the scale and urgency of the climate crisis and popular support for action, governments and financiers are failing to act. This will have to change https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/11/new-cba-case-a-warning-step-up-on-climate-change-or-well-see-you-in-court It’s absurd. But consumers may be better off quitting the grid Giles Parkinson As long as Australia’s energy networks hold on to their inflated asset base, and generators and retailers to their inflated profit margins, consumers will have no choice but to take matters into their own hands with solar and battery storage. But what a hopeless failure in public policy that would be. http://reneweconomy.com.au/its-absurd-but-consumers-may-be-better-off-quitting-the-grid-21860/ Swarming seagulls fast becoming public enemy number two It’s like something from an Alfred Hitchcock film, but attacks aren’t the problem being caused by birds in one Melbourne suburb. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-11/corrosive-seagull-droppings-could-cost-dandenong-thousands/8796830 Chemical spray damage results in record $7M negligence court payout. For grape grower, Tony Caccaviello, it has been a four-year legal fight for compensation, after a mix of toxic chemicals destroyed his vineyard in northern Victoria. http://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2017-08-11/farmer-chemical-spray-drift-multi-million-dollar-payout/8781102 Australia’s biggest wind farm is also its least productive What’s wrong with Australia’s biggest wind farm? Victoria’s 420MW Macarthur facility was supposed to produce 50% more power than it did last year. http://reneweconomy.com.au/australias-biggest-wind-farm-is-also-its-least-productive-88611/ Big water user bills to fall under Icon Water’s proposed new pricing http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/big-water-user-bills-to-fall-under-icon-waters-proposed-new-pricing-20170811-gxu0sc.html Majors Creek residents cry foul over fire trail bulldozed beside swamp http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/majors-creek-residents-cry-foul-over-fire-trail-bulldozed-beside-swamp-20170810-gxtaec.html Threat to shut down uncompliant mines too late for black lung Alarm bells should have been ringing in 2010, but the health system, regulators, and uncompliant mines failed to stop black lung. Queensland’s Mine Minister has finally drawn a line in the sand. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-11/black-lung-crackdown-lynham-uncompliant-mines-coming-late/8797924 Black lung patients slam ‘disgraceful’ coal mines over dust-monitoring failure People diagnosed with black lung lash out at global miners Glencore and Anglo American after the Government threatened to close four underground coal mines in central Queensland for failing to meet dust-monitoring obligations. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-11/black-lung-coal-dust-patients-angry-monitoring-failure/8797962 Mines get second chance on coal dust TWO mining giants are unlikely to face closure or even fines over their failure to meet coal dust monitoring obligations after they admitted the breaches and promised it wouldn’t happen again. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/mining-giants-given-reprieve-after-threatened-shutdown-over-coal-dust-monitoring-obligations/news-story/7a90513e99b343ea4671b49b80a17ad1 Firm fined over Brisbane asbestos find A CHINESE construction giant has escaped with a paltry fine for using lethal asbestos-laced building products in Brisbane’s State Government ‘Tower of Power’. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/small-fines-fail-to-stop-chinese-importers-bringing-lethal-asbestos-into-the-country/news-story/082134b1b41bf188c62f0dd74c0019bb Waste companies are big donors to Qld political parties http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/waste-companies-are-big-donors-to-queensland-political-parties-20170811-gxuno3.html Another solar farm planned for Collinsville, as Blackrock buys in Two major solar projects slated for construction in northern Queensland have reached financial close this week, locking in development of another 200MW (AC) of large-scale solar generation near the state’s former coal hub of Collinsville. http://reneweconomy.com.au/another-solar-farm-planned-collinsville-blackrock-buys-40951/ Carmichael coalmine: Commonwealth Bank indicates it will not lend to Adani Controversial Queensland coalmine project is now without financing from any of Australia’s big four banks https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/11/carmichael-coalmine-commonwealth-bank-indicates-it-will-not-lend-to-adani Government loan to Adani will create ‘billion-dollar ghost train’, Senate told Public governance specialist raises concerns over the way the Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility is conducting itself https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/11/government-loan-to-adani-will-create-billion-dollar-ghost-train-senate-told Adani fires up over spill publicity ADANI is preparing to take the fight to the State Government after it was singled out for a naming and shaming over a spill of contaminated water at Abbot Point. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/adani-questions-why-it-was-named-and-shamed-over-abbot-point-spill/news-story/726f87ad94d10c804f44d51dbc7e7396 Cost of generator back-up still hazy TAXPAYERS will pay more than $100 million in just one year to hire nine emergency generators to keep the lights on. http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/sa-governments-emergency-generators-to-cost-111-million-in-first-13-months/news-story/5c2cb1f1d392031c001073887d6fd727 Key parts of power plan just blowing in the wind Daniel Wills PREMIER Jay Weatherill’s sales pitch for an energy plan to save the state continues at full steam but key elements are being left to gently blow in the wind http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/opinion/daniel-wills-labor-continues-to-fake-it-until-they-make-it-as-major-changes-are-quietly-made-to-an-energy-plan-it-said-would-save-sa/news-story/a90e8541a273460e73bc60ec428d9875 Tourism leaders oppose hotels TASMANIA’S peak tourism industry body will come out in strong opposition to skyscrapers on the Hobart waterfront. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/tourism-body-speaks-out-against-skyscrapers-on-waterfront/news-story/64b93eea13cd235825ef1f0704a2e8d4 Lessons for East Coast fish farm plans Shane Pritchard and Rowan Armitage Shane Pritchard and Rowan Armitage warn against overstocking salmon pens. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/opinion/talking-point-clear-lessons-for-east-coast-fish-farm-plans/news-story/370b484e42daac217f8ee41422d7c0f3 Decades-long battle not over yet A BATTLE over land in the centre of Darwin has raged for decades. Last month, the war reached a definitive crossroads. However, the custodians still have a fight on their hands http://www.ntnews.com.au/lifestyle/decadeslong-battle-not-over-yet/news-story/a8d7e17cd1ab6952d8e359e8910a3ca2 Indigenous leaders ask NT Government to reject iron mine revival Indigenous leader Grace Daniels thought the prospect of iron ore mining in the pristine Gulf of Carpentaria had disappeared. But a new company thinks the climate is right to revive a failed project, and that has her worried. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-12/indigenous-leaders-ask-nt-government-to-reject-iron-mine-revival/8798158 Cause of lead contamination at Perth Children’s Hospital found More major remedial work will be needed at the problem-plagued Perth Children’s Hospital after a comprehensive report identified the likely cause of lead contamination in the facility’s drinking water. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-11/perth-childrens-hospital-lead-contamination/8797848 Here’s what Perth could look like by 2029 WA will celebrate its 200th birthday in 12 years. Here’s what Perth could look like by that time. https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/heres-what-perth-could-look-like-by-2029-bc-5537213831001 America’s most (and least) sustainable cities, ranked. When it comes to sustainability in urban centers, the West Coast is faring better than the rest of the country. Study: Fines for illegal pollution plummet under Trump. Fines for illegal pollution have plummeted under President Donald Trump, according to analysis by an environmental advocacy group. http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/t/2460133000469005267 The rise of electric cars could leave us with a big battery waste problem. There is an unanswered environmental question at the heart of the electric car movement: what on earth to do with their half-tonne lithium-ion batteries when they wear out? When backyard wind is cheaper than fossil fuels. New study shows that vertical-axis wind turbines, if designed well, could financially compete with fossil fuel electricity. Scientists develop spit-powered battery You can make a battery out of a lemon, a tomato, an orange or a stack of pennies. And now you can make a battery … http://reneweconomy.com.au/scientists-develop-spit-powered-battery-75329/ Night vision for bird- & bat-friendly offshore wind power PNNL’s ThermalTracker software can aid responsible wind farm siting and operations https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-08/dnnl-nvf081117.php How Elon Musk and Peter Thiel are bringing hope to the world’s darkest cities http://www.afr.com/leadership/how-elon-musk-and-peter-thiel-are-bringing-hope-to-the-worlds-darkest-cities-20170808-gxrn1r ‘Atomic Bill’ and the birth of the bomb. A star New York Times reporter was hired by the Manhattan Project to be its chronicler and cheerleader. The ethical debate continues to this day. New generation nuclear reactors unlikely to arrive in next 30 years New generation nuclear power stations that produce cheap electricity and less waste always seem about to appear, but so far they have not materialised. https://independentaustralia.net/environment/environment-display/new-generation-nuclear-reactors-unlikely-to-arrive-in-next-30-years,10600 The death of the internal combustion engine. Economist editorial It had a good run. But the end is in sight for the machine that changed the world. Extraction, exploitation and the morality of switching from gasoline to cobalt for cars. Marc Gopin, Tom Duncan HuffPost Is it as ethical as we think to switch from fossil fuel extraction to cobalt extraction? Headlong rush no way to operate Chris Kenny Ontario’s reckless renewables push, like that of South Australia, offers a lesson in needless self-harm. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/rush-into-renewables-without-a-sensible-plan-is-no-way-to-operate/news-story/8c5016f5aed543b14d2bc9174770087e Here’s what Indonesia is doing about haze from forest and peatland fires. In 2015, massive fires burned across Indonesia, releasing hazardous smoke across neighboring countries. How close is the country to meeting its goal of reducing haze from future fires? Canary in a coal mine: Survey captures global picture of air pollution’s effects on birds http://www.enn.com/ecosystems/article/52144 People, palm oil, pulp and planet: four perspectives on Indonesia’s fire-stricken peatlands Samantha Grover, La Trobe University; Linda Sukamta, La Trobe University, and Robert Edis Indonesian peatlands are important to many people: farmers, bureaucrats, businesspeople, and conservationists. But preserving this value for everyone will mean listening to everyone’s concerns. http://theconversation.com/people-palm-oil-pulp-and-planet-four-perspectives-on-indonesias-fire-stricken-peatlands-80004	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line302
__label__wiki	0.811557	0.811557	Luneta Hotel Metro Manila · Luneta Hotel "/var/ezdemo_site/storage/images/media/manila/images-manila/unnamed-and-untagged/luneta-hotel2/1567976-1-eng-GB/luneta-hotel_zoom_image.jpg" 2000 1015 luneta hotel Luneta Hotel is one of Manila's most beautiful and historical structures, built in 1918. Designed by the Spanish architect-engineer Salvador Farre, the belle epoque structure was once described as reminiscent of French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized beaux arts. It used to be home to local politicians, celebrities, expats and diplomats including former US President Dwight Eisenhower during its heyday. An important architecture of its time, its walls have kept many secrets, tragedies, triumphs, and stories of dalliances from its high-profile guests. The hotel has changed owners a few times since its establishment. The Lacson family acquired the hotel in 2007, two decades after its was closed down and abandoned. Luneta Hotel was relaunched in May 2014. "It took a long time to renovate the hotel," said Maria Nina Lacson, granddaughter of the departed owner of the hotel, during an interview with Megacitizens.com. A survivor of the bombing of the capital during the Liberation of Manila in 1945, Luneta Hotel now acts as a reminder to the city's glorious and glamorous past --when Manila was considered the Paris of the East. The restored hotel retains its original facade including the French windows, Fleur-De-Lis wrought irons and gargoyles holding the ledge and guarding the penthouse. One of the hotel architects told Megacitizens.com that these gargoyles used to serve as drains during its early years. Like fountains, the gargoyles would spout water from their mouths when it rained back in the day. Legend has it also that the balconies used to have rubies and emeralds that when the sun's rays would hit them from Manila Bay, they made the hotel sparkle among the stone houses and storerooms surrounding it. The hotel used to be one of the tallest buildings in Manila. The architect we interviewed said that its height even became the standard during those times. Today, stepping inside the hotel is like being transported to Paris of the old days. Prim and proper porters await the guests on a red carpet. Lobby and bar are designed in art deco style, featuring carved ceilings and illuminated by beautiful chandeliers. Interesting also is the reception area where blown-up photos of the hotel, taken over the years, decorate a wall. There are 27 standard rooms complete with basic amenities. The accommodations can have either Queen size or King size beds with down pillows and soft linens. Most toilets have bath tubs. The toiletries are from L'Occitane. High ceilings and French room accents like Fleur-De-Lis trays are some of the distinctive features of the rooms. "We tried to incorporate as much French influences as we could into the hotel." said Lacson. The rooms open to a balcony, reminding you yet again of being in the City of Lights as you take in the sights and sound of similarly old buildings nearby and the busy streets and avenues below lined with trees. Dining options include Cafe Yano located on the ground and second floors of the hotel. It opens from 6 am to 10 pm. Guests can enjoy their breakfast, lunch, merienda or dinner here. Food is Filipino-Spanish. They serve French wines among others. The Lounge Bar on the 6th floor also offers fine dining. Here, diners are offered views of Manila Bay while enjoying their favorite cocktail. Why Megacitizens should pay this establishment a visit Luneta Hotel is a boutique hotel and part of Philippine history. The hotel is small, allowing it to provide guests that more personalized attention. The location is near historical landmarks like Intramuros and other popular tourists spots such as Rizal Park, Manila Ocean Park, and Manila Bay. Location & How To Get There The Luneta Hotel is located near Rizal Park and Roxas Boulevard. 414 Kalaw Street, Ermita, Manila City Website: lunetahotel.com Rack rates are PHP 8,800 net. Interested? Read more: HotSpot Roxas Boulevard A Short History of Manila http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/05/11/14/first-look-luneta-hotel-reopens http://www.spot.ph/entertainment/56369/photos-a-preview-of-the-newly-restored-luneta-hotel http://outoftownblog.com/luneta-hotel-open-june-24-2014/# http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/159833/the-lady-is-ready-for-her-close-up http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ph-travel/61295-luneta-hotel-reopens-manila http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/601181/luneta-hotel-revival-hailed-like-stepping-into-paris	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line312
__label__cc	0.629881	0.370119	Other Churches Sites Within 50km About Coordinates Location of St. Comcille's Abbey Church in County Donegal External Mapping Flash Earth Megawikimania Donegal Church Ireland 'St. Comcille's Abbey' : Church Townland Gartan Grid Ref C 059 187 GPS C 05884 18685 Longitude 7° 54' 28.83" W Latitude 55° 0' 56" N ITM east 480366 ITM north 584435 Nearest Town Kilmacrenan (8.4 Km) OS Sheet 6 UTM zone 29U UTM x 449041 UTM y 5761192 This site has subsites Gartan - Cross Gartan - Holy Well Hide map (N.B. Google Maps & GPS readings are slightly out of sync - position is approximate) Show Sites Within 10km Show inline map (by Google Maps) Visit Notes This ancient monastic site is built inside a hill fort that is said to have been given to St. Colmcille to build his monastery in. The remains today consist of a graveyard, the foundations of an early church and a small chapel-like church. There are also two crosses and a holy well (see sub-sites). A large stone plaque shows details of the pattern stages around the complex. The upper cross is now unaccessible, because the farmer has erected a fence just outside the graveyard that blocks the way to it. There is a good sized car park that makes a great place to stop for lunch and enjoy the views across the valley below. Click Thumbnail to View Full Size Image All Sites Visited On 17th August 2008 « Previous Site Next Site » Like this monument Marked Sites Random Gazetteer A Selection of Other Churches About Coordinates Displayed This is an explanation of (and a bit of a disclaimer for) the coordinates I provide. Where a GPS figure is given this is the master for all other coordinates. According to my Garmin these are quite accurate. Where there is no GPS figure the 6 figure grid reference is master for the others. This may not be very accurate as it could have come from the OS maps and could have been read by eye. Consequently, all other cordinates are going to have inaccuracies. The calculation of Longitude and Latitude uses an algorithm that is not 100% accurate. The long/lat figures are used as a basis for calculating the UTM & ITM coordinates. Consequently, UTM & ITM coordinates are slightly out. UTM is a global coordinate system - Universal Transverse Mercator - that is at the core of the GPS system. ITM is the new coordinate system - Irish Transverse Mercator - that is more accurate and more GPS friendly than the Irish Grid Reference system. This will be used on the next generation of Irish OS maps.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line313
__label__wiki	0.617481	0.617481	#MHABall2019 Raising awareness one "ball" at a time The 2019 Ball The Charities & Fund Raising Sponsorship, tickets and donation Forms Entertainment Book Our topics for 2019 are: Dr Margaret Redelman OAM, MBBS (Uni NSW), M Psychotherapy (Uni NSW) trained in sexuality in the USA and worked in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics, Family Planning Clinics and General Practice for many years. Dr Redelman works as a Sex Therapist and a Relationship Therapist. Her work covers positive sexuality, sexual dysfunctions, and interpersonal relationships. Dr Redelman is a guest lecturer and public speaker on topics of sexuality. She has published articles on sexuality in accredited medical journals and participated in research for the treatment of male and female sexual function. She is on the executive committee of the Society for Australian Sexologists (SAS) and has full clinical accreditation from SAS as a Psychosexual Therapist and has held multiple executive positions in the Sexual Health field. Dr Redelman practices in Woolloomooloo at The Male Clinic and in Bondi Junction. Hugo Toovey is a young ambassador for the Jodie Lee Foundation and a Captain in the Australian Army. In 2013, his life drastically changed when he was diagnosed with testicular cancer. This resulted in surgery to remove his testicle, months of chemotherapy, and very invasive surgery to remove all of his abdominal lymph nodes. In 2018 Hugo was diagnosed with bowel cancer. This resulted in weeks in hospital and 2 major operations – which included having his colon removed which was riddled with cancer. Hugo wants to raise awareness to others that they are not invincible and a simple check up at the doctor’s may just save their life. Keith Broadfoot is a supporter for the Heart Foundation. Keith thought he was bulletproof. He was an active guy in his mid-30s in the midst of training for a triathlon when he suffered a heart attack. This came as a complete surprise as he had no obvious major risk factors for a cardiac event. Keith actively raises funds for heart research participating in such events as a 1000km cycle ride, 3Peaks and running the Berlin and Edinburgh marathons. James Kerley is a TV and radio show host. He co-hosted Nickelodeon’s kid show Sarvo, Channel V video request show whatUwant, and music trivia show Cash Cab, and created and hosted The Dave & Kerley Show and hosted Network Ten show Take Out. More recently James has been the host of Cash Show Australia and the host and executive producer of Maxim TV. He is the author of best selling book, The Man Plan, a self-proclaimed humorous ‘get your life together guide’ for guys. James is a licensed auctioneer and has volunteered his time for charities including #MHABall2017. James was Ray White International Auctioneer of the Year 2018. Richard Ernster, fondly known as the Kilt Auctioneer, has been raising money for charity through his auction and events company, Helping Hand Group. To date, Helping Hand Group has generated over $110 million for charities through gala functions and fund raising auctions. Richard is an advisory board member of the Jodi Lee Foundation, is on the fundraising committee of Courage to Care NSW, is a Global Goodwill Ambassador (GGA) for Australia, a foundation member of Australasian Fundraising Auctions and is one of 5 co-founders of LInfluencers (L>) an organisation formed to increase the ability of others to broaden their reach through L> combined LinkedIn connections. #MHABall2019 Proudly powered by WordPress	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line315
__label__wiki	0.801576	0.801576	Info@MilitaryFamilyDocumentary.com Book Screening Filmmaker’s Statement DVD – Public Screenings DVD – Home Use Elena Miliaresis 2007 Film Inquiry Review by Laurie Agard, PhD Director Elena Miliaresis’ 92-minute documentary While… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Film-Inquiry-Review-Photo.png 569 973 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2019-03-15 10:56:442019-06-06 14:35:04Film Inquiry Review by Laurie Agard, PhD Marine Corps Base hosts Premiere of Documentary Directed by Military Spouse On Saturday, May 12 at 1:30pm, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DSC02801_4.jpg 1720 2332 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-05-04 09:28:452019-03-15 12:41:08Marine Corps Base hosts Premiere of Documentary Directed by Military Spouse Elena Miliaresis Military Family Documentary - Featured on ABC7 Salutes ABC7 Salutes featured the military family documentary While… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/IMG_6581-1.jpg 1440 1920 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-02-22 10:16:562019-03-15 10:48:52Military Family Documentary - Featured on ABC7 Salutes Military Family Documentary Director on ABC7 Salutes The military family documentary While Time Stands Still will… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/IMG_6581-1.jpg 1440 1920 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-02-16 12:13:182019-06-06 14:18:42Military Family Documentary Director on ABC7 Salutes Director Elena Miliaresis interview on ABC7 Salutes Filmmaker Elena Miliaresis sat down with KABC reporter Josh… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/abc7-logo-2.jpg 225 225 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-02-15 19:02:122019-06-06 14:24:57Director Elena Miliaresis interview on ABC7 Salutes While Time Stands Still Brings Valentine's Day Love to PBS http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg 0 0 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-02-14 15:05:412018-04-06 10:02:55While Time Stands Still Brings Valentine's Day Love to PBS Military Family Film on PBS This Valentine's Day, tune to PBS: The North Carolina Channel… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg 0 0 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2018-02-08 09:49:012018-02-08 09:49:01Military Family Film on PBS Military Family Documentary on PBS http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg 0 0 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2016-10-27 11:15:482017-03-19 16:44:48Military Family Documentary on PBS Gratitude this Memorial Day for all Military & Veteran Families This Memorial Day, we remember all those who have paid the ultimate… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg 0 0 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2016-05-27 11:55:022016-05-27 11:55:02Gratitude this Memorial Day for all Military & Veteran Families Thank YOU to All Military & Veteran Spouses Thank you MILITARY FAMILIES. Though May is Military Appreciation… http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg 0 0 MilFamDoc http://militaryfamilydocumentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Banner-Center.jpg MilFamDoc2016-05-03 15:02:302016-05-03 15:02:30Thank YOU to All Military & Veteran Spouses © Copyright - Military Family Documentary - Enfold Theme by Kriesi	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line318
__label__wiki	0.874591	0.874591	Author: Jennifer Quinlin Catching up with Against Me! as they kick off their tour of Australia for Groovin the Moo May 1, 2017 / Jennifer Quinlin Against Me! are currently back in Australia, touring for the Groovin the Moo festival and with this in mind, we were stoked to catch up with guitarist, James Bowman. It seems you’ve gone through a few line up changes over the years, though you’ve been a fairly consistent presence since 2001, is it? Pretty close; I… Reconnecting with 80’s pop megastars BROS as their Australian return is announced April 27, 2017 / Jennifer Quinlin 80’s pop mega-stars, BROS, are reforming for three shows only in 2017. Two shows at London’s O2 Arena are taking place in August, with the first show selling out in an astonishing seven seconds. Twins Matt and Luke Goss are also bringing the show to Sydney’s Qudos Bank Arena on November 4th and I had… Vampires and World Domination: Society of Beggars on their new EP and upcoming tour Before heading off on their new run of Australian tour dates, Society of Beggars took some time out for a quick chat about their brand new EP, vampires, and world domination. What can you tell me about the idea behind the name, An EP Called Night? The EP itself is supposed to reflect the rush in the… Revisiting MT Warning’s brilliant 2015 EP, Petrified Heart If, like me, you’re a stressed out over-thinker struggling with the constant sensory input of our increasingly busy lives, then you’ll find this absolute gem by MT Warning to be a much needed oasis of calm and serenity. Mikey Bee manages storytelling and imagery woven together with heart-on-sleeve lyrics, all delivered with emotive and honest… Album Review: Chris Shiflett – West Coast Town (2017 LP) Though firmly anchored in Americana Chris Shiflett‘s third solo album, West Coast Town, translates beautifully to the Australian country scene. I most recently listened to the album as I churned through a road trip through Victoria and New South Wales and it made many of the 1400 kilometers melt away. There’s something about the wide… Brett Steinberg & Zeke Hunter introduce us to Chasing Moonlight & the music they’re making in 2017 March 23, 2017 / Jennifer Quinlin New York duo Chasing Moonlight have been garnering some decent buzz online as of late, with their music connecting the young duo to thousands of fans in the US. With a debut album in the pipeline for May as well as a growing online media presence, members Brett Steinberg and Zeke Hunter tell us a bit more about… Live Review: Roo Panes + Anabelle Kay – The Toff In Town, Melbourne (15.03.17) I never miss a support act when I’m reviewing. Ever. I think it’s important to support the support every chance you get. Almost every artist we admire has been a support act at some point. Tonight, sadly, I missed Anabelle Kay‘s slot at The Toff In Town owing to circumstances beyond my control. I’m sorry,… Roo Panes chats about songwriting and 12-string guitars while out on his debut Australian tour Roo Panes is a singer songwriter from the UK and he’s currently on tour in Australia. I was lucky enough to grab a chat with him in Melbourne ahead of his show at The Toff In Town. Welcome to Melbourne! Is this your first trip to Australia? Yes, well, I’ve travelled to Australia before, I… Chris Shiflett on his new solo album, West Coast Town Chris Shiflett, widely known as the awesome guitarist from Foo Fighters, is releasing his third solo album, West Coast Town, next month before heading out on a US tour to support the album release. We were lucky enough to snag some of his time to have a quick chat with him before the madness begins…. Scott Hutchison & Simon Liddell of Frightened Rabbit on touring and embracing the bleak As I sat in the airless room near The Corner Hotel in Richmond I pondered the irony of interviewing Frightened Rabbit about their latest album, Painting of a Panic Attack, whilst I was personally mid-way through my very own anxiety attack. At least the stifling temperature in the room would hopefully serve as a sufficient… Live Review: Kasabian – Sydney Opera House (09.03.17) It’s midnight, I’m sitting in a budget hotel, and I have to be up in four hours to catch my flight back home to Melbourne to work. I’ve also just been at the Sydney Opera House to see Kasabian’s second show of their two-nights-only Australian visit. There is so much adrenaline ripping through my system… The Living End’s Andy Strachan on Shift and life on the road January 23, 2017 / Jennifer Quinlin As a long-time fan of The Living End it was with great delight that I had the chance to have a chat with drummer-extraordinaire, Andy Strachan, about their seventh album, Shift, life on the road, and the fear of Meatloafing. Firstly, congratulations on the latest album; it’s a killer, I think. Thank you, that’s good… Album Review: Catfish and the Bottlemen – The Ride (2016 LP) June 15, 2016 / Jennifer Quinlin UK band Catfish and the Bottlemen, named after lead vocalist Van McCann’s encounter with an Australian busker called Catfish the Bottleman, have recently released their follow-up album to 2014’s debut, The Balcony. The Ride is a stonkingly good collection of tunes which are so polished and mature in their sound and production that I was… Tom Larkin of Shihad (NZ) talks about the music business ahead of their Australian tour May 31, 2016 / Jennifer Quinlin Ahead of their impressive run of Australian dates next month and through July, we catch up with Tom Larkin of Shihad to find out how the band recovered from their recent chaotic venture of slamming down three shows across three NZ cities in one freaking day, what the re-release of the beloved Fish album means to the band and the direction of… Live Review: Madonna + DJ Mary Mac – Rod Laver Arena, Melbourne (12.03.16) I’m ancient enough to have been around when Madonna‘s career was in its infancy. I can clearly recall Molly Meldrum championing her on Countdown as a huge talent, and I have vivid memories of dancing around the bedroom with my cousins to “Holiday” and “Lucky Star”. She has featured in my musical consciousness for almost…	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line322
__label__wiki	0.877322	0.877322	You are here: Main » SUV that fell in river belonged to missing family SUV that fell in river belonged to missing family by Eula Weaver - at April 14, 2018 Personal items and parts of a vehicle belonging to a missing Valencia family were found this week in a flooded Northern California river amid a continuing search for bodies, officials announced Thursday. The body was found at the Dimmick Overcrossing on the Eel River where the family's SUV was swept away and submerged. Authorities say Jennifer Hart was drunk behind the wheel when a vehicle carrying her family crashed at the bottom of a cliff on the California Coast in March. All eight members of the Hart family died when their SUV plunged off a 30m cliff in California. Sarah and Jennifer Hart and their six adopted children were believed to be in the family's SUV when it plunged off a cliff in Mendocino County, more than 250 kilometres north of San Francisco. Jennifer and Sarah Hart and three of their children were killed in the vehicle crash. 15, Devonte Hart Hannah Hart, 16; and Sierra Hart, 1 2, have not yet been found. "He said not to call the cops because they would be split up and he mentioned they go for long periods of time without food "and they are just hungry", a neighbor said Devonte Hart, 15, told him, according to the Washington records. He noted that the Yukon had traveled some 75 feet along an unpaved roadside pullout before running off the cliff, leaving behind no skid or brake marks, indicating the vehicle may have been driven off the cliff intentionally. The family appear to have left their home in Woodland, Washington on March 23. More news: YouTube shooter tells police she won't hurt anyone More news: Struggle to replace Ryan could blow up U.S. budget deal More news: Harvey, Irma, Maria, Nate removed fro WMO hurricane list The family arrived in Fort Bragg, California, on the night of Saturday, March 24, and were there until Sunday night, the day before their SUV was found. The toxicology report was released Friday in California as authorities in Washington state provided details about visits from child protective services to the family's home there. The poster said their last known location was the "Klamath-Redwood National Park area". Last August, soon after the Harts moved into their rural home, neighbors Bruce and Dana DeKalb said a child rang their doorbell, seeking sanctuary from abuse. In 2013, a former friend of the Hart family told child welfare officials in OR in 2013 that Jennifer and Sarah Hart deprived the kids of food as punishment. Sarah Hart pleaded guilty to charges of domestic assault in 2011, after police in Minnesota said she hit one of her daughters. The items had turned up over the course of searches of the South Fork of the Eel River over the past two days, the statement said. Among the last communication with the Harts may have been a text message mother Sarah Hart, 38, sent two days before the crash, telling a friend she was feeling sick and would not be at work, said a spokeswoman for Clark County Regional Emergency Services. Bismarck School Board approves funding for 20 additional teachers At the time, the board had said Orr might have violated board policies, adding only that they didn't involve students in any way. Burke, who represents the 7th District where George Mason is situated, said they want the new schools to reopen with new names. Nope! North Carolina restaurant serving up 'tarantula burger' Bull City Burger and Brewery celebrates Exotic Meat Month every April by serving up some unusual burgers at their restaurant. You can stay up-to-date on the tarantula challenge by following Bull City Burger on Instagram , Facebook and Twitter. Federal Bureau of Investigation sought records related to 'Access Hollywood' tape during Michael Cohen raid The news indicates that investigators are focused on finding out more about the nature of Cohen's role during the 2016 campaign. Among the recordings were discussions about the campaign and interactions with the media, the source said. Teacher Tells Students 'Wall Should Be Built To Keep Mexicans Out' Kim Coil juggles a busy schedule including being a full-time history teacher at Francis Howell North High School. She said 77 percent of the union's members doubted any more funding would come if the strike continued. Anthony Martial seeks showdown talks with Man United boss Jose Mourinho says the absence of Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial from the Manchester United team is down to the strength of his first XI. Citigroup Inc. Reports Gain In Q1 Profit Analysts are expecting the bank to report adjusted earnings per share of $1.61, a almost 20% increase from previous year . Peapack Gladstone Financial Corp decreased Allergan Plc stake by 852 shares to 4,020 valued at $657.59M in 2017Q4. Snow, wind, colder temperatures return to Kansas Sunday: There's a 50 percent chance of precipitation with new snow accumulation of less than a half inch possible. And up to 14 inches (36 centimeters) of snow could amount in some Nebraska spots. Items belonging to missing family found in river amid search for bodies Sheriff deputies and the California Highway Patrol have been working since last week to locate and recover the vehicle. On Thursday, deputies said they had recovered debris and personal items along the river belonging to the family. Lost In Space — New To Netflix The Internet television network reported $0.41 earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, meeting the consensus estimate of $0.41. Netflix had 237 analyst reports since August 4, 2015 according to SRatingsIntel. (NASDAQ: NFLX ) with "Hold" rating . Broker Recommendation Update For Wells Fargo & Company (NYSE:WFC) This repurchase authorization allows the financial services provider to buy shares of its stock through open market purchases. Keefe, Bruyette & Woods restated a "buy" rating on shares of Wells Fargo in a research report on Tuesday, January 16th. BBC presenter falls into swimming pool during live TV interview Minchin added: "If you were going to set that up, you would imagine that might happen, and it did - live on national television. Bushell then provided a word of caution to the viewers: "Just look before you get into the swimming pool, OK". PM Modi Says India will strengthen Armed Force The Prime Minister said the government would encourage private venture capital into the defence sector, especially for startups. But, he said, "In less than four years, we have issued 794 more export permissions, for a total value of over $1.3 billion". Forecast calling for near 70 degrees Thursday followed by lots of rain This will allow for more of a southerly wind than in previous days, keeping the morning and afternoon warmer and more humid. Further east you go the colder air won't be as bad so highs will be in the 40s with rain the likely precipitation type. VW's top labor representative backs Diess as new CEO The 59-year-old Diess was named Thursday as the German automaker's new boss, replacing longtime insider Matthias Mueller . VW also said works council executive Gunnar Kilian would replace Karlheinz Blessing as human resources chief. Britain says Russian Federation spied on Skripals before poisoning Sir Mark also revealed the Skripals have been being spied on by Russian Federation for at least five years. He said it included investigating ways of delivering nerve agents by applying them to door handles. Tornado Watch In Effect: Possibility of Severe Weather Increases Moisture remnants may be frozen so I can't rule out a touch of sleet, rain/snow mix or wet snow for periods on Saturday . Local outdoor warning sirens will be activated and weather radios will issue a simulated tornado warning. Guardiola: Manchester City did not fail in the Champions League But in one week we lost three games, that happened. The first test is tomorrow and we will try hard". It is going to be a hard game for us. CWG 2018: Wrestler Bajrang Punia Wins Gold Medal In Men's 65kg Category Day 9 was capped off by another silver by the women's doubles Table Tennis team, who were beaten 3-0 in the final by Singapore. Yesterday, Johnston and Doig missed out on the chance to make the final as they lost by the same scoreline to South Africa. Apple's 2018 iPhone X Could Get Even More Expensive But at least one bank thinks that won't be the case , and that this year's iPhone X equivalent will be even more expensive ... Last year, another employee was sacked for leaking details about the iPhone X, iPad Pro, and AirPods to 9to5Mac. Charlotte Hornets fire coach Steve Clifford after 5 seasons Clifford's the first to lose 46 games in consecutive years despite finishing with a positive point differential both times. The growing list of teams searching for its next head coach includes Orlando, New York, Phoenix, Milwaukee and Memphis. Debris Found in River Belongs to Missing Valencia Family The Sheriff's Office and the California Highway Patrol agreed to do continuous evaluations as the river levels receded. The search continues for the family officially reported as missing to the San Jose Police Department on April 8. Ricky Martin presents Britney Spears with the GLAAD Vanguard award During the Pyeongchang Games, Britney also tweeted Gus Kenworthy , who reunited with Rippon last night at the awards show. Parsons spoke of being nervous while applying to grad schools in the late 90s, the era of teenage Britney Spears . Taylor Swift covers Earth, Wind & Fire, and Twitter isn't impressed Taylor, we see you for trying but Spotify you have just got to do better. Swift is also set to appear on the upcoming album from Sugarland. Kylie Jenner Publicly Congratulates New Mom Khloe Kardashian Earlier in the day, Khloe welcomed her first child in Cleveland , Ohio, with her boyfriend, Tristan Thompson , by her side. Los Angeles District Attorney reviewing sexual assault case against Kevin Spacey Los Angeles prosecutors are re-examining an accusation of sexual assault against Kevin Spacey . Spacey responded with an apology of sorts, saying that he did not remember the encounter. Tonya Harding, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar among 'Dancing With the Stars: Athletes' cast National Basketball Association legend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, 70, will team up with the show's reigning champion Lindsay Arnold. Nagasu and Rippon will be partnered with Alan Bersten and Jenna Johnson , respectively. Bipartisan group of senators introduce proposal to protect Mueller The president also called Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigators 'the most conflicted group of people I have ever seen'. Since 17 March, when Trump publicly criticized Mueller for the first time, more than 100,000 have pledged to attend events. Trump Slams McCabe After IG's Report: 'He Lied' Zuckerberg assures Congress that Facebook is not listening to users' conversations Ecuador president says kidnapped journalists likely killed Kentucky teachers to rally on Friday Trump may allow states to drug test food stamp recipients China's Xi renews vow to open economy, cut tariffs Everyone's favourite superhero family is back in 'Incredibles 2' A billionaire just bid $890 million to save Toys R Us Dad in incest case killed daughter, infant son and adoptive father Tesla Stock Rises After Snarky Musk Tweet Jaguar Land Rover to cut 1000 jobs after 'slump due to Brexit' Palestinian killed, 163 wounded by Israeli fire Minecraft Has Xbox Achievements on Nintendo Switch Liverpool players celebrate in dressing room, fans rip Sterling, Coutinho Lewis Hamilton fastest on one of his favourite tracks KSA takes a firm stand against Iran's nuclear program President Macron announced creation of a new space force command Girl licks medical equipment before putting it back at doctor's office Aussie kids take stolen vehicle on 1 000km road trip Ankara Says Eighth Aircraft with Russian S-400 Parts Arrives in Turkey Boeing 737 Max may stay grounded until 2020 Trump under fire after 'racist' attack on congresswomen Jeffrey Epstein Accused Of Witness Tampering After Allegedly Wiring $350,000	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line328
__label__cc	0.700613	0.299387	for Stream of consciousness You must confirm your e-mail address before editing pages. Please set and validate your e-mail address through your user preferences. [[Category:Terms and Concepts]] Stream of consciousness is a method of narrative representation of "random" thoughts which follow in a freely-flowing style. __TOC__ == Definition == Primarily associated with the modernist movement, stream of consciousness is a form of interior monologue which claims as its goal the representation of a lead consciousness in a narrative (typically fiction). This representation of consciousness can include perceptions or impressions, thoughts incited by outside sensory stimuli, and fragments of random, disconnected thoughts. Stream of consciousness writing often lacks "correct" punctuation or syntax, favoring a looser, more incomplete style. == Examples == :{give examples of the term in action} == Critical Debates == Gerald Prince contests the term's frequent association with "interior monologue in his ''Dictionary of Narratology,'' writing: :"Though interior monologue and stream of consciousness have often been considered interchangeable, they have also frequently been contrasted: the former would present a character's thoughts rather than impressions or perceptions, while the latter would present both impressions and thoughts; or else, the former would respect morphology and syntax, whereas the latter would not...and would thus capture throught in its nascent stage, prior to any logical connection" (94). == Related Terms == :{list any terms that are related or usefully connected to this term or concept (e.g., list story under the definition of discourse)} == References == :{cite useful references or web links for further reading} Return to Stream of consciousness. Retrieved from "http://narrative.georgetown.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Stream_of_consciousness"	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line331
__label__wiki	0.550449	0.550449	ETHIR ANDUIN - Loneliness Of My Life ETHIR ANDUIN - a project from Russia (Tikhvin), founded in 2006. At the beginning of the way, the main genre was funeral doom - slow, dark, atmospheric and heavy. Like at your funeral. Lying in a closed coffin. You hear and feel everything. But you can not do anything about it. Further, this thing has evolved and developed into a blackned doom and atmospheric doom. With deep symphonic component. The harmony and melody of the keyboards, like a cold, unfeeling star in the black autumn sky, was the only beacon in the omnipresent darkness and chaos. And this path was very long and painful. Then the music turned into a different course, frozen and lifeless. Dry and prickly. Dried and decayed. But all this has a meaning. That message that lurks in him. That is deep and incomprehensible. Experience. Like the thoughts of a prisoner who was tortured and kept in captivity for thousands of years. And he finally freed. Without betraying himself or his principles. In proud loneliness. CD is desirable for listening to fans of Black Sun Aeon, Yearning, Totalselfhatred, Burzum, Shape Of Despair, Forgotten Tomb, KYPCK and Swallow The Sun. Artwork by Paint-It-Black Design. Release date: 30.01.2019 \| Format: (CD) \| Genre: Atmospheric instrumental metal	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line334
__label__cc	0.696042	0.303958	Home / The MountainWorld Blog by Jake Norton / Everest is Laughing at Us Everest is Laughing at Us posted by Jake Norton on May 10,2012 in Challenge21, Everest, West Ridge “Everest is laughing at us,” I thought, perhaps in a moment of delirium high on the wall leading to the West Shoulder. I’m not beyond anthropomorphizing mountains, and in fact knowingly do so all the time. Mountains, and even individual routes, do seem to have their own unique personalities, sometimes challenging the miniscule climbers clinging to their flanks, other times embracing them and their attempts to climb. Two days ago, at 23,500 feet or so, Dave Morton and I thought finally we’d gotten high enough, through enough challenges, to cruise easily up to the West Shoulder. After all, what we thought would take but a couple of days’ effort had now taken six – six days of 10+ hours of toil by Dave, Brent, Charley, and me. This morning, Dave and I left camp at 5:40 AM; it was now 2:30 PM, and it looked like just 50 meters or so of steepish snow and ice would lead us to the mouth of the couloir arcing some 200 meters vertically to the West Ridge and the site of the long awaited Camp 3. “This stuff is ridiculous!” Dave, usually unflappable, yelled out to me. “There’s no pro, the ice is like cake batter with rocks in it. Can’t get anything in, and it all just falls apart.” Dave retreated to our belay, and I gave it a shot, finding the same thing: junk. I then tried straight up, but to no avail: rotten ice there was replaced by rotten snow: easy to climb, but no protection possible and dangerous to descend. Stumped. The mountain had thrown yet another curve ball at us, and we felt it was one we could not hit. But, finally, in frustration, Dave decided to take one more shot at it. With diligence, he pushed forward, finding spots in the ice where he could sneak in a screw between rock and get some protection. Before long, he was across the runnel and into some solid ice for a belay. By now, though, it was 3:30, and the afternoon thunderheads had closed around us; snow was falling, and we had a long way to descend back to Camp 2. Thwarted again. Was that wind actually laughter coming from the mountain as she watched our frustrations? Of course not. Everest, while certainly filled with deep, unique personality, is just being a mountain: big, steep, icy, tough to climb. The weather, while not doing us any favors this year, is also just doing it’s thing: nothing malevolent in the dry winter and icy conditions. No, no one is enjoying our struggle…except for us. That’s why we’re here, that’s why we climb. The struggle is an inherent – and perhaps defining – part of the climb. Without the hardship, risk, and unknowns, a route like the West Ridge would have little to offer us. Like anything worthwhile in life, we have know idea if we’ll succeed here, and by “succeed” I mean in the classic, erroneous definition with the summit as barometer. The myriad challenges of this route have surprised us daily, and will no doubt continue. But, we’re still smiling, still laughing, still enjoying the pitfalls and setbacks, even as they trouble us. Perhaps Everest is not laughing at us, not challenging us, but is instead, in a weird way, encouraging us, reminding us that the best things in life come through struggle, and letting us back in that struggle and knowledge. Categories: Challenge21, Everest, West Ridge “I glanced up at the mighty summit…	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line337
__label__wiki	0.683419	0.683419	Doctor Zhivago; drama / romance, UK / Italy, 1965; D: David Lean, S: Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Siobhan McKenna, Ralph Richardson, Rita Tushingham, Klaus Kinski Officer Yevgraf talks with Tonya, a young worker who doesn't know her parents. But he does: they were Lara and Dr. Yuri Zhivago, his half brother. Yevgraf tells their life story: Zhivago was an orphan and grew up in the family of his father's friend, thus engaging out of the gratitude to his daughter Tonya in Moscow. But then he met the young Lara who shot and wounded the rich Viktor Komarovsky, the bully who raped her. In 1917' the October revolution started and Lara married Antipov who left her for his political ambitions. On the Russian battlefront, Zhivago and Lara meet again, but he already has a son, Sasha. Due to the fact that the new repressive Bolshevik-Communist government finds his poetry unsuitable, Zhivago, his child, wife and her father leave with a train for a city in the Ural region. He meets Lara again and this time they start a relationship. One day he gets forcefully drafted by the Partisans, but manages to return back to Lara, only to find out his family has left to live in exile. Since the government is after Antipov, Zhivago persuades Lara to find safety and flee with Viktor. Decades later, when Zhivago spots her on the street, he dies from sadness. Excellent film that was loved by everyone, David Lean's epic „Dr. Zhivago“ is an interesting example of a quality made book adaptation thanks to emotions and a nice visual style that crafts the proper structure. The drama set in the backdrop of the October revolution is magnificent and indestructible even though it avoids over-the-top drama or dangerous action sequences on the battlefield since it is introverted and shows two people in love, in quiet suffering since they are both already in marriage with someone else. The landscapes are wonderful and a few shots of them cowered entirely by white snow create a stylish monochromatic, clean exterior that reminds of white sand dunes from Lean's earlier „Lawrence of Arabia“. Even though the movies were still tame back in those days, some scenes are quite daring, like the one where Victor forcefully throws Lara on bed and starts kissing her–she fights him at first, but then she somehow starts enjoying it and embraces him. In the next scene, Victor leaves and tells her: „Don't call this a rape. That would flatter us both“. The movie also elaborately captures the mood of the unsatisfied Russian citizens who were disgusted by the Tsar and his government: on the battlefront, where one high ranking officer goes to motivate the angry soldiers to fight some more, he gives an elevated propaganda speech before he is interrupted when he accidentally slips into the barrel he was standing on. One soldier just shoots him on the spot and the officer sinks into the barrel while his red blood mixes itself with water. But Lean and his screenwriter Robert Bolt don't hesitate to show the other, grim side of the Communist government: when Zhivago, who was quite wealthy as a doctor, returns from the front back to his home, a rather big mansion, the Red representatives inform him that his huge home must take 13 more families that should live there and later on his property is divided between numerous poor people. The finale where the closing credits are „flowing“ simultaneously with the direction of the waterfalls is also impressive and sums up everything down to a T. Some critics lamented about a few kitschy moments, the unusual transformation of the British into the Russian culture, some mechanical event that don't seem realistic or emotional, some stiff acting typical for the 60s, slightly overlong 190 minutes of running time and the unusual choice of Omar Sharif to play the title role, even though looking at it today the cast seems impeccable. The movie won several awards, it sold over 124,000,000 tickets at the American box office, making it the 8th highest grossing movie of the 20th century, while actor Ralph Richardson and actress Julie Christie were especially singeled out for praise by the film critics. Grade:+++ Posted by Marin Mandir at 3:36 PM Gosford Park Cookie's Fortune The Bride Wore Black McCabe & Mrs. Miller M.A.S.H. 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days L.A. Story What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? Pola X The Syrian Bride My Nights are More Beautiful Than your Days Black Cat, White Cat Pretty Village, Pretty Flame Flatfoot in Egypt The Ladykillers The Woman Next Door Two English Girls Bed and Board Stolen Kisses Jules & Jim The 400 Blows Weekend at Bernie's Singing Behind Screens Elephant Song Meet the Applegates The Thief of Bagdad	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line338
__label__wiki	0.984155	0.984155	How CBS All Access Landed Jordan Peele for Its ‘Twilight Zone' Reboot CBS All Access has been building up its slate of original programming, planning to launch 10 new shows next year. And arguably the buzziest one of them all is the Jordan Peele-led reboot of the classic science fiction series “The Twilight Zone.” So how did CBS All Access, a small but growing player in the high-stakes streaming wars, land the Oscar-winning writer and director of “Get Out”? “We actually had heard that Jordan was such a fan of the original series that he credits it to some extent with his interest in becoming an artist,” Julie McNamara, executive VP, original content, CBS All... War Streamings Series Science fiction Fiction Streaming Classic Oscar Serie Forest Whitaker Oscars News TV Adam Scott CBS CBS All Access Jordan peele Rod Serling Sanaa lathan Twilight Zone	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line339
__label__wiki	0.817028	0.817028	2014年11月20日 ●求職支援（事業）【室蘭】, 【求職】, 【訓練】, 室蘭求職●求職支援（事業）, 【求職】, 【訓練】, 室蘭求職１４回目となります求職者支援事業の、受講生を募集します。 ■訓練目的：社会で通用するスキルを習得させ、求職者の就職活動をサポートする。 ■募集期間：平成２６年１２月８日（木）～平成２７年１月５日（月）まで ■募集会場：ハローワーク室蘭 ■募集定員：１０名 ■内容：パソコン基礎、ワード、エクセル、パワーポイント、簿記基礎知識、ビジネスマナー ■就職率：平成２３年度７１％・平成２４年度８４％・平成２５年度８３％ ■訓練期間：平成２７年１月２７日（火）～平成２７年４月２４日（金） ■訓練場所：室蘭市中小企業センター小会議B ■受講料：無料　教科書代実費（３１２５円） ■その他：平成２６年１２月中にハローワークにて申し込み必要があります。内容の詳細はくるくるネットで説明会を毎日行っています訓練申し込み希望者は（１）くるくるネット説明会に参加し、訓練の受け方などの説明を聞く。（２）ハローワークで直接申込む　のいずれかの内容で申し込みをする必要があります 2014年11月20日 ●求職支援（事業）【室蘭】, 【求職】, 【訓練】, 室蘭求職【求職者支援訓練】広報むろらん、広報のぼりべつに掲載されました【室蘭】【IT勉強会】むろらんＩＴ勉強会“高校生映像発信～映像発信のチカラ～” 就職に役立つ職業能力を身に付けよう（8/19～9/15まで）～告知～特定非営利活動法人くるくるネットでは厚生労働省（ハローワーク）の職業訓 ... （報告事項）広報むろらん9月号に掲載されました広報むろらん9月号に掲載されています特定非営利活動法人くるくるネットは厚生労働省（ハローワーク）の職業訓練を委託す ... 【求職者支援訓練：室蘭】受講生募集　平成２７年４月１７日（金）～平成２７年５月８日（金）まで Algunos medicamentos se asocian también a un mayor riesgo de sufrir disfunción eréctil. 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__label__wiki	0.845767	0.845767	My Researchgate account Researches in PDF Thesis in PDF Professor Kamal Haji Karim welcome to Kurdistan Geology Website Very careful observations, realistic results, direct evidence, accurate analyses, detail discussions and reliable conclusions in Geology of Iraqi Kurdistan Paragenesis of Asnawa Iron Ore in Penjween Area, Zagros Suture Zone Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq 1* Kamal H. Karim, 1Nabaz R.H. Aziz , 2 Mayssa A. A.A Al-Bidary 1* University of Sulaimani, Department of Geology, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 2University of Baghdad, Department of Geology, Iraq Accepted for Publication in : Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences (IJES) , 2016 The Asinawa iron ore is located about 3km to the southeast of Penjween town, Sulaimaniya Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq near the Iraq-Iran border. The exposed iron ore deposit is about 60 and 400m wide and long respectively. The present study re-studied the geology and geochemistry of the ore and concluded that the country rocks are consist of hornfels in which the original lamination or banding of the parent rocks (calc-silicate low grade metamorphic rocks) are preserved and inherited from its sedimentary precursors. Moreover than that, the facies that is associated with host rocks is generally hornblende-hornfels facies (550-650Co). This range is confirmed through thermobarometry.There are evidences of localized pyroxene-hornfels and sanidine hornfels facies too. Additionally, the detail of the different stages of the iron ore paragenesis is shown by discussion with the aid of suitable graphical drawing and geochemical variation diagrams. By these methods, the sedimentary stratigraphic unit of the parent rock (protolith) was fond for the first time which consists of Qulqula Radiolarian Formation (Kermanshah Radiolarites in Iran). The bedded chert, limestone and calcareous shale is the main lithology of the latter formation and after burial and deformation, it is regionally metamorphosed to calc-silicate rocks of green facies rocks. At a later stage, these rocks, remetamorphosed (polymetamorphism pattern) again to hornfels with concurrent changing to iron ore by basic iron rich hydrothermal solutions during Eocene (37-40Ma). This age is calculated using Ar39/Ar40 method of dating. Keywords: Asnawa iron ore, Qulqula Radiolarian Formation, hornfels, skarn, Penjween mineralization, paragenesis The Asnawa iron ore is located near the Iraq-Iran border, about 3 km to the southeast of Penjween Town, which has been identified as an important metallogenic province of the northeastern Iraq. The studied area occupies part of the Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone (Fig. 1). The previous ideas about the origin of the iron ore and its country rocks were controversial. One idea suggested metasomatiic replacement of calc-silicate schist (as country rocks) by iron ions which are derived from alteration of nearby diorite body. Another one suggested metasomatism replacement of gabbro, as country rock, by hydrothermal iron rich solution. These ideas suggest that the replacement was occurred in relatively low temperature which was in the range of green schist facies. The Asnawa iron ore occurs as contact skarn ore and situated near Penjween Town; the largest one is the Asnawa ore deposit. The exposed iron mineralization zone occurs along four small quarries on a steep, north-east facing slopes of a border mountain peak known as Asinkolen. The The Asnawa iron ore occurrence is preliminary studied by Site Investigation Co. (UK) in the early 50’s followed by the later Iraqi Geological Survey comprehensive investigation projects. McCarthy (1956) [1] investigated Asnawa iron ore which is situated in a complex zone of igneous and metamorphic rocks of uncertain age. Bolton (1958) [3] indicated that the iron ore was found within metamorphic rocks in the Qandil Series. Teretenko and Khadikov (1962) [2] classified the Asnawa iron mineralization as contact metasomatic and considered that it originated along the contact of diorite intrusion in the carbonates of the Penjween Group. Pashdari (1983) [3] indicated that the contact rocks (intercalated marble and calc-silicates) around Asnawa are subjected to intense metasomatism (diffusion and infiltration processes), and added that the iron-bearing solutions were generated by alteration of nearby diorite body and the solutions had transformed the original skarn rocks into limy-skarn and magnetite ore-skarn. The same idea is confirmed by Aswad and Pshdari (1985) [4] whom indicated that the source of iron was mainly came from solutions that are derived from diorite. Al-Bidary (2011) [5] and Yara (2015) [6] have concluded the magmatic origin of the country rock. The reserve of Asnawa iron ore is estimated to be less than 1.5 million tones by Mc Carthy (1965) [1]. Form decays of the last century it is quarried from time to time and few thousand tones are used for improvement of Portland cement. The present study aims in studying the mineralogy, geochemistry of the iron ore and the country rocks to achieve Paragenesis of the Asnawa iron ore. 1.1. Geology of the studied Area The study area is consisting of high mountainous terrain of Zagros type which has northwest–southeast trend. Between the mountains, there are low intermountain plains such as Rawgan Plain to the north and northwest of Penjween town. In the area, the highest peak does not exceed 1822 meters while the lowest elevation (such Rawgan plain) is about 400m below this elevation (Teretenko and Khadikov, 1962) [2]. The iron ore is located at the southeastern end of the Kani Shawqat Mountain which looks over the Penjween town. The peak at this end is called Asin Kolen Mountain. At this end there is a small v-shaped valley which is called Belkian valley and contains a governmental picnic building. The iron ore is located at the head of this valley and exposed on the surface as small bodies along the northeastern side of the latter mountain which is about 1755m high from the mean sea level. The ore body is about 250 m long and 50 m wide and has nearly the triangle shape with the base at lower slope of Asinkollen Mountain and its tip nearly coincides with the peak of the mountain (Fig.1 and 2).The ore consists of several northeast-southwest trending nearly vertical veins of different sizes. The iron veins are thick and pure near the base of the triangle and have black color with metallic luster. Toward the top, the gangue minerals increase and the iron ore become secondary and dull in lusters which exist as narrow veins (Fig.4). The Asnawa mineralized zone is located inside the lower part of Qandil metamorphic group. This group constitutes the main units of the Zagros Suture Zone in the northeastern Iraq. In Penjween area, Penjween Igneous complex (or Penjween Ophiolite Complex) replaces the group and has an outcrop of approximately 35 km2 within the Iraqi territories. The rest is located within adjacent Iranian territories. The Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks are intensely shared and located between the diorite body at the east and ophiolite at west (Fig.1). The area around iron mineralization zone is intruded by a large mass of peridotite on the north-west and by a small plug-like body of diorite intrusion on the south and south-east. The siliceous schist (regionally metamorphosed sedimentary rock of Qandil Unit) is metamorphosed by peridotite and diorite intrusions at the northwest and south respectively (McCarthy, 1956) [1]. He added that the main mineralized zone which lies between the marbles and the calc-silicates is terminated by a north-south trending local faults (fig.1). Fig. 1: The location (A) and geological (B) maps of the studied area with detail geological map of the area around Asnawa iron ore in side Qandil Group (C) Modified from Mc Carthy(1965) [1] and Pshdari (1985) [3]. Fig. 2: Lower quarry of the Asnawa iron ore shoes the sampled section Fig. 3: The three quarries (from Google Earth, 2009) of the Asnawa iron ore and four sampled sections. The Iron exists as veins of 1cm to 4 m thickness Fig. 4: Upper Quarry of the Asnawa iron ore shows partial and veinal replacement of country rocks (banded hornfels) by iron 2. Methodology of the and Analytical techniques The studied Asnawa iron ores exposed in four small quarries, a detailed geological study of the whole area is conducted in field for recording relations of all rocks that are related to the iron ore. More than 40 samples are taken which are representing the whole Asnawa iron ore and its country rocks from four sections along the mineralization zone for thin section preparation and analytical analyses. The thin sections and samples are inspected using various analytical techniques. The geochemical data of Al-Bidary (2011) [5] are used for this study. The petrographical and geochemical studies of the samples are conducted at the Department of Earth Science, Dalhousie University, Canada. The bulk-rock major and trace rare earth elements (REEs) were analyzed using ICP-MS and INAA techniques. The chemical compositions of minerals in iron ores and country rocks were determined by an electron microprobe technique using JEOL 8200 microprobe. The operating conditions were 15 kV accelerating potential and 20A probe current. 3. Result 3.1. Mineralogy and Mineral chemistry 3.1.1. The iron ore: The iron ore body has spotty and localized distribution along the area of 50mx250 m and consists of magnetite and other associated minerals are accompanied by gangue minerals which consist mainly of hornblende with minor amounts of clinopyroxene. The magnetite occurs as dense massive aggregates under the microscope and changes to visible banded structure in outcrop with width of 3mm to 10cm and to large veins, more than 3m thick giving rise to banded structures in the rock (Fig.5). The concentrations of Fe2O3 in the iron ore body (R1&R2) range from 93.98% to 84.74% (see Al-Bidary, 2011[5], appendix 5, 6 and7). Microprobe analysis indicated that the gangue minerals consist of fine grains hornblend (common gangue minerals) range in composition from magneso-hastingsite to ferro-hornblende and clinopyroxene ranges in composition from ferrosalite (Wo 50.07 En 13.57 Fs 36.36), hedenbergite (Wo 49.99 En 7.01 Fs 42.99), ferrohedenbergite (Wo 32.14 En 5.53 Fs 62.33) to ferroaugite (Wo 56.26 En 0.04 Fs 43.71). The iron ore additionally contain grunerite and Andradite (al3.26 py0.3 gr40.17 sp0.89 uv0.07 an55.03). 3.1.2. The country rocks The country rocks of the Asnawa iron ores composed mainly of hornfels with thin layer of carbonate skarn. These rocks represent the lower part of Qandil Group and wedged between the diorite and the much older peridotite intrusion. The metamorphosed country rocks show a wide variety in mineral composition. According to Al-Bidary (2011) [5] microprobe analysis indicated that the country rocks are mainly composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase-pyroxene, amphibolite, clinozeosite, perhnite and chlorite with accessory minerals sphene, sulfides, calcite, quartz, apatite, zircon and magnetite. The latter auther added that Clinopyroxene is the most important forming mineral group in the country rocks and consists of ferrosalite, hedenbergite and ferroaugite. It occurs as small aggregate, the composition of ferrosalite is Wo 49.89 En 16.77 Fs 33, hedenbergite Wo 46.68 En 8.7 Fs 45.2 and ferroaugite Wo 41.8 En 17.53 Fs 40.83. Plagioclase is fine grained; most grains have lost twin lamella due to metamorphic effect (Nesse, 1986) [7]. There are two generations of plagioclase; it is either a primary in the rocks or secondary mineral deposited in fractures by hydrothermal veins to Al-Bidary (2011) [5]. The minerals of the plagioclase series shows composition ranges albite (An 4.32 Ab 95.21 Or 0.46) to (An 9.17 Ab 90.33 Or 0.50), Andesine composition is An 33.90 Ab 65.64 Or 0.45, Labradorite composition is An 60 Ab 39.28 Or 0.72 to An 64.20 Ab 35.06 Or 0.74. Amphibole group in the country rocks composed of Ferro-actinolite and Magnesio-Hastingsite. Ferro- actinolite is found in the country rocks as veins cutting the county rocks or as fine acicular, elongate or fiberous grains parallel to the vein walls. Ferro-actinolite composition is K 0.05 Na 0.06 Ca 2.1 Mg 1.28 Fe +2 3.56 Fe +3 0.0 Mn 0.01 Ti 0.1 Al 0.38 Si 7.68. Magnesio-Hastingsite occurs as aggregates with a schistose texture or as fine-grain with composition of K 0.32 Na 0.45 Ca 2.12 Mg 0.99 Fe +2 3.08 Fe +3 0.13 Mn 0.02 Ti 0.1 Al 2.67 Si 6.0. 3.2. Geochemistry 3.2.1. Major elements The obtained major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) data for the Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks are given in (Tables 1). Major element geochemistry shows that both Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks are characterized by an extend range of major oxide concentration. Fe2O3 is the dominant major oxide in the iron ore which derived from magnetite ranging between 30.31-70.18% with an average of 63.26%. This concentration increases in the pure iron ore and range between 84.74-93.98%. Fe2O3 concentration in the country rocks range between 6.93-24.79% with an average of 15.86%, the main source of Fe2O3 in the country rocks came from the amphibole minerals. 3.2.2. Geochemistry of REEs Rare earth elements (REE) geochemical data are obtained for both iron ore and country rocks in Asnawa. The obtained data have been normalized relative to chondrite values of Sun & McDonough, (1989) [8] and the results are given in (Table 2). The residence of REE in metamorphic rocks depends on the minerals present in the rock, the model abundance of those minerals, and the physical and chemical conditions in which those minerals grew (Lipin and McKay, 1989) [9]. The REE patterns of a metamorphic rock can be used as evidence of the mineralogy of the source rock, the rock phases altered by the solution and the chemistry of solution (Joseph and Graf, 1977) [10]. Implying that the alteration processes and metamorphic fluid (hydrothermal solution) is capable of complexing the REE and removing them from the system (Henderson, 1984[11]; Hongo et al, 2007) [12]. Accordingly the overall chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the Asnawa iron ore and their country rocks studied display significant REE variability.This indicates that hydrothermal solutions which deposited magnetite are rich with REE and tends to remain in the solution (Henderson, 1984) [11]. The REEs in the iron ore rocks have a noticeably negative Eu anomaly due to plagioclase fractionation as well as enrichment in light-REE (LREE) and in heavy REE (HREEs) due to increasing of Fe within magnetization. The country rock display enrichment in the total REEs of 10 x chondrite to 100 x chondrite because the country rocks contain high amount of hornblende deposited from hydrothermal solutions, essentially the REE are hosted in hornblende, whereas Ca+2 in hornblende is replaced by REE (Masson, 1966[13]; Hanchar and Hoskin, 2003) [14]. Generally the country rocks shows enrichment in light-REE and Depletion in heavy REE with slight negative Eu-anomaly due to plagioclase fractionation. The Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks REE pattern is coincides strongly with that of the average REE pattern of metasedimentary rocks (Cullers et al, 2001) [15], these clear similarities indicate that they are derived from metasedimentary protoliths. Fig. 5: Chondrite-normalized REE plots for Asnawa country rocks, which is compared to the metasedimentary rock pattern (Data from Cullers et al., 1997) [15]. Table 1: Whole-rock major (wt %) and trace (ppm) element analysis of Asnawa iron ore (R), pure magnetite (RM) and country rock (C). 3.3. Normalized Multi-elements spider diagram The multi-element variation diagrams (spider diagrams) of Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks were shown in Fig. (6). In the figure the trace elements are arranged in order of decreasing incompatibility from left to right, and normalized to the N-MORB source mantle concentrations of Sun & McDonough (1989) [8]. Bulk-rock N-MORB normalized profiles of iron ore are almost flat in the MREE–HREE region with the flattening of profiles in the Gd–Lu range (5-11) times N-MORB composition). Compared to the country rocks, iron ore has extremely high content of REEs, displaying variable depletions in the moderately incompatible high-field-strength elements (HFSE) (Zr, Hf, Y) relative to their adjacent. Notable differences in the iron ore spider diagram patterns (Fig.6) include: (1) Large ion lithophile element (LILE) and LREE values are notably high, with low content of Rb, K,Sr. The low variations in Rb, K and Pb concentrations and the ‘spiky’ LILEs indicate interaction of hydrothermal fluids and mobility of these trace elements during magnetite formation. (2) The spider diagrams show a significant negative Ti anomaly for all samples, with relatively flat patterns in the HFSEs, the Ti negative anomaly is due to reduction environment existing during magnetite formation. The country rocks spider diagram patterns (Fig.6) shows, (1) comprehensible enrichment in the LILEs elements indicating their sedimentary protolith (impure limestone of Qulqula Formation metamorphosed to calc-schist and hornfels) with low content of Rb and K; (2) relatively flat patterns in the HFSEs with, (3) negative Ti anomaly doe to accessible reduction environment available as indicated by occurrence of dark bands of magnetite in the calc-schist country rock. Table 2: Present the real REE analysis Normalized whole-rock REE analysis of Asnawa iron ore (R), pure magnetite (RM) and the country rocks (C). Chondrite normalized values from (Sun and McDonough, 1989) [8]. Fig. 6: A multi-element spider diagram, normalized against N-MORB of iron ore. Values of normalizing from Sun & McDonough (1989) [8]. Elements arranged in order of increasing compatibility (Hofmann, 1988) [16]. 3.4. Geochronology Hornblende (Mg-hastingsite) separates from two samples representing Asnawa country rock and iron ore have been dated using 40Ar/30Ar method (table 3 and 4). Mg-hastingsite in country rock sample is associated with ferrosalite, plagioclase, clinozoisite and sphene, while in iron ore sample it is associated with magnetite and ferroaugite. Country rock and iron ore samples yield perfect plateau ages 37.5±0.8 Ma and 40.8± 0.8 Ma respectively (Fig.7 and 8). Different ages of the two Mg-hastingsite examples indicate presence of two generation of hornblende in Asnawa and the interrelation between magnesio-hastingsite and magnetite in iron ore rock suggests the contemporaneous formation (mineralization age) of hornblende with magnetite during Eocene time. Table -3 Argon summaries for hornblende in country rock TOTAL GAS AGE = 37.5 ± .8 Ma, J = .002329 ± 2.329E-05 Fig.(7) plateau age of Asnawa country by released Ar 39 from hornblende Table -4 Argon summaries for hornblende in Iron ore body TOTAL GAS AGE = 37.5 ± .8 Ma, J = .002329 ± 2.329E-05, % IIC – INTERFERING ISOTOPES CORRECTION Fig.(8) plateau age of Asnawa Iron ore body by released Ar 39 from hornblende 3.5. Thermo-barometry Mineralogical study of the Asnawa iron ore reveals that the amphibole and plagioclase are the major constituents of the Asnawa iron ore. Amphibolite minerals exist in both iron ore body and the country rock, it occurs as gangue and main mineral constituent respectively. The amphibole (hornblende) minerals within the iron ore body range in composition from magneso-hastingsite to ferro-hornblende, while the amphibole mineral in the country rock iscomposed of Ferro-actinolite and Magnesio-Hastingsite. Based on amphibole thermobarometry of Ernst and Liu (1998), amphiboles of the iron ore represent high PT metamorphic conditions (Fig.9). The estimated metamorphic temperature of the iron ore range between 550-650 Co (Hornblende Hornfels facies), while the temperature of the country rocks range from 420-540 Co (Albite-Epidote Hornfels to Hornblende Hornfels facies). Fig. (9) Compositions of amphiboles in Asnawa iron ore (o) and Asnawa county rocks () plotted on an isopleth of Al2O3 and TiO2 diagram of calcic amphibole (after Ernst and Liu, 1998) [17]. 4.1. Paragenesis of Asnawa Iron Ore The paragenesis of the of the Asnawa Iron Ore is depending on the field and lab evidence. The paragenesis elements include the deposition and age of the parent rocks in additions to burial and metamorphism of these rocks to calc-silicate rocks. The metamorphic calc-silicate rocks are suffered from second phase of metamorphism by intrusion of iron rich hydrothermal solution. 4.1.1. Field evidences In the area, there are two types of metamorphic rocks (both are called calc–silicate rocks in this study) that are related to iron ore; the first one is relatively thin (10-30cm thick) layer (or vein) of skarn rocks which exist at the northwestern boundary of the iron ore. This skarn is assigned as carbonatite (magmatic carbonate rocks) by Yara (2014) [6]. The second is banded hornfels (previous schist of McCarthy, 1956[1], Pishdari, 1983[3]; Aswad and Pshdari, 1985[4] and orthogneiss of Yara, 2014[6]. The hornfels is covering both the first one and iron ore from all sides to the distance of three hundred meters between diorite at southeast and peridotite at the south and southwest. Outside this distance, the hornfels rocks changes to calc-silicate marble, especially inside and around Penjween town. In the present study and according to the field evidence and Karim (2004) [18] it is proved that the above three rock have sedimentary parenthood (protolith). This proof is important for introduction of new explanation of the association of iron ore, different metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and effect of metamorphism on them. The closest sedimentary unit to the iron ore calc-silicate rocks is Merga Red Bed (Miocene) and the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation, the outcrop of which is located about 5 kms to the south and southwest of the studied area near Kani Manga village (Fig.1). The country rock around the iron ore (now metamorphosed to hornfels) is very similar to the lithology and bedding pattern of Qulqula Radiolarian Formation which was studied in detail by (Baziany, 2013) [19] and Karim et al. (2008) [20]. If the distance of the five kilometers is not covered by the peridotite and later series, it is possible to trace laterally the formation into calc-silicate marble. According to the latter two authors, the latter formation contain both impure limestone and calcareous shale, therefore the parent rock of the calc-silicate rock is most possibly the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation. The hornfels has of clear banded and foliated texture (or structure) which originally inherited from impure or banded limestone which was regionally metamorphosed. Karim (2004) [18] found layered (bedded) metamorphic rocks that were very similar to the bedded limestone and cherts of latter formation in thickness, stacking pattern and color. Therefore he considered the formation as the parent rock of the marbles (present calc-slicate rocks) in Penjween area. According to Karim (2003) [21], the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation is deposited in the trench of the Neo-Tethys and finally deformed and accumulated as accretionary prism during colliding of Arabian and Iranian plates. The pressure and temperature of the colliding metamorphosed the rocks of the accretionary prism regionally. During the metamorphism the calc-silicate marble obtained the clear foliation which appears as black and white bands (similar to lamination in sedimentary rocks). These bands can observe on the outcrop and quarries of calc-silicate marble which used as decorative stone in the Iraqi Kurdistan, including studied area, and studied by Karim (2004) [18]. 4.1.2. Hornfels rocks Pashdari (1983) [3] and Aswad and Pshdari, 1985) [4] assumed that the iron or exist in the skarn and calc-silicate rocks as contact aureole of the Asinawa iron ore while the Al-Bidary (2011) [5] concluded that the ore has contact with gabbro. While Yara (2014) [6] has proved that the iron ore surrounded by carbonatite and orthogneiss rocks. The present study does not aid these assumptions and introduces new rocks as contact aureole of the iron ore. These newly introduced rocks are hornfels rocks which consist of banded (finely layered) and coherent rock and sound when strike with hammer. These rocks consist of light and dark color bands of thickness ranging from less of millimeter to few centimeters (Fig.10). The dark bands consist of amphibole and pyroxene minerals while the light ones consist of plagioclase minerals (albite, oligoclase and andesine). The bands are originally consisted of the pure and impure calcitic limestone bands of calc-silicate rocks. The intrusion of a hot iron solution into the calc-silicate marble transformed the rocks to contact metamorphic rocks (hornfels). By this process the pure calcite changed to plagioclase and impure one changed to amphibole and pyroxene minerals due to presence of silicate minerals. It is clear that the original texture and structure of the calc-silicate marble not changed but remained as they were and only the mineralogy is changed by heat and solutions (Fig.10). The hornfesl can be called the banded hornfels due to the freezing of original texture and structure of the parent metamorphic rocks. The evidence of this assumption is the finding of sanidine inside the iron ore by Al-Bidary (2010) [5] (Fig.11 B, C and D). This mineral is envisaged as index mineral of sanidine hornfels facies of high temperature contact metamorphism. Other evidence is the texture of the country rock which is mostly granobalstic (Fig.11A). Jassim and Goff (2006) [22] had mentioned occurrence of some anthophyllite hornfels in Bulfat area about 80 kms to the northwest of the studied area. The properties of mentioned hornfels are similar to that of the present study such as fineness of grains, spotty appearance with dark and light parts and association with diorite body. McCarthy (1956) [1] considered the present hornfels as siliceous schist which regionally m etamorphosed between both igneous intrusions. He added that the parent rock of the schist was sedimentary rock of Qandil Group. In Iran, East Azarbaijan, NW Iran, Mollai et al. (2009) [23] studied geology and geochemistry of skarn deposits in the northern part of Ahar batholith. The deposit is associated nearly with similar mineral assemblage, replacement and facies of the present study. They concluded that a limestone was thermally metamorphosed to hornfels in the range of 698-754 oC. Fig. 10: Banded hornfels of the country rock of the iron ore, the white and dark bands consist of pyroxene (with amphibole) and plagioclase respectively as seen from the upper left thin section. Fig. 11: The different features of the country rocks (hornfels), A) Granoblastic texture. B, C and D) Sanidine in the country rock. 4.1.2. Carbonatite versus calc-silicate marble (skarn) Yara (2014) [6] has assumed that the thin skarn rock at the northwestern boundary is carbonatite rocks (Fig.12). His assumption is based on several points: 1) the presence of apatite, sanidine, clinopyroxene and igneous zircon, 2) calcite inclusion within clinopyroxene and sanidine, 3) the geological setting of the carbonatite as lenses within orthogneiss, 4) the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the rock (0.7069). He further added that this ratio suggests that the rock was mantle-derived and represents a carbonatite rather than limestone. Its intrusive age is determined by the zircon evaporation method; its weighted mean age yielded 310±13 Ma. The present study does not aid presence of carbonatite in the area due to the five below facts. The first one is that Al-Bidary (2011) [5] found sanidine inside the iron ore and in the country rocks (Fig.11 B, C and D). The second is presence of laminations in the exposed carbonatite (skarn of present study). These laminations are inherited from the sedimentary protolith (Fig.13A). The third on is occurrence of clear bedding of the country rock around iron ore (Fig.12B and 13).These beds belong to Qulqula Radiolarian Formation and now exists as hornfels. The fourth one is that the claimed orthogneiss by Yara (2014) [6] is proved in present study that it is hornfels which metamorphosed from calcslicate marble. Therefore, the presence of carbonate in it is normal. The fifth one is the fact that metamorphic rock can contain reworked Zircon of igneous origin. The calculated age of 310 million years (Carboniferous)n may be belong to the age of crystalization of the igneous body from which the zircon grain inflexed into Qulqula Radiolarian Formation after erosion. Fig. 12: The main quarry of the iron ore which surrounded by skarn and hornfels. The skarn is assumed as carbonatite by Yara (2014) [6]. Fig.13: A) Sample of the carbonatite of Yara (2014) [6] shows laminations of possible sedimentary precursor. B) Sedimentary bedding around iron ore at the distant of 150 to its northwest, the beds now metamorphosed to hornfels. Fig.14: The country roc at the distance of 200 meters from iron ore showing clear bedding of parent rock which was metamorphosed and now can be seen as hornfels 5. History and processes of paragenesis The history and processes of paragenesis of the iron ore is shown in the figure (15) and described in the below points. 1-The Qulqula Radiolarian Formation (marls, bedded charts and limestone) was deposited in the trench of the Neo-Tethys basin during Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (Fig.15 a). 2-The formation had deformed to an accretionary prism in between the Arabian and Iranian plates during their collision in Late Cretaceous with concurrent obduction of ophiolite (Karim, 2003) [23]. 3- The part of the formation that is located inside Sanandij-Sirjan Zone (Penjween area) was regionally metamorphosed and transformed to calc-silicate marble (Fig.15 B and b) while that part of the formation that is located at 4 km to the south (inside thrust Zone) remained as highly deformed sedimentary rock (Fig.15a). 4- The basic igneous bodies were intruded into calc-silicate marble during Eocene and this latter rock was re-metamoorphism to hornfels (Fig.15C, c1 and c2). 5-Iron-bearing magmatic solution separated from a possible deep seated igneous body. The iron ions had partially replaced calc-silicate which was transformed to Iron-ore (Fig.15D, d1 and d2). 6- The studied area had uplifted and the iron ore exposed due to erosion of cover rocks during Quaternary (Fig.15E). 1-The overall chondrite-normalized REE patterns and multi-element variation diagrams of Asnawa iron ore and the country rocks shows that the protolith of the country rock was sedimentary impure limestone metamorphosed to calc-schist. 2- The sedimentary parent rock of the iron ore and their country rocks was Early Cretaceous Radiolarite (Qulqula Radiolarian Formation) which regionally metamorphosed to calc-silicated schist and finally to hornfels. 3- The metamorphic facies of the country rock is hornblende hornfels with localized and minor occurrence of pyroxenite and sandine facies. 4- The igneous intrusions and contact metamorphism were occurred during Eocene. 5- The study does not aid the presence of previously mentioned carbonatite. Fig. 15: Graphical model (not to scale) for paragenesis of Asinawa iron ore which evidenced by field and thin section photos. [1] McCarthy, M.J. (1956) Geology of Penjwen area, unpublished report, State Company of Geological Survey and mining, Baghdad-Iraq, 69 p. [2] Terentenko, N.A, Khadikov, B. B. (1962) Report on Prospecting-Exploration of Asnawa Iron Ore Deposite and Mishau Iron Ore Occurrence, Vol.1, unpublished report, state company of geological survey and mining, Baghdad-Iraq. [3] Pshdari, M.A. (1983) Mineralogy and Geochemistry of contact rocks occurring around Hero (Qala Dizeh) and Asnawa NE Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, 151 p. [4] Aswad, K.J. and Pshdari, M.A. (1985) Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Iron ore Skarn at Asnawa, Penjwen, NE Iraq. Jour. Geol.Soc. Iraq 18: 231-265. [5] Al-Bidary, M.A. (2011) Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Asnawa iron deposit in Penjwen Area, NE-Iraq. Ph D Thesis, University of Baghdad, 113 p. [6] Yara I O M (2015) Do Asnawa rocks (Kurdistan, Iraq) represent subcontinental mantle? New characterization by petrology, mineral chemistry, geochemistry and isotopes. A PhD thesis. Faculty of Geosciences, Geo-Engineering and Mining of the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany,150p. [7] Nesse, W.D (1986) Introduction to Optical mineralogy, New York. [8] Sun, S.S. and Donough, W.E. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of ocean basalt: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatisim in the ocean basins, Geol. Soc. Special Publication, 42: 313-345. [9] Lipin, B. and McKay, G.A. (1989) Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements, Reviews in Mineralogy, Published by the Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, Vol. 21. [10] Josef, L. and Graf, J. (1977) Rare earth elements as hydrothermal traces during the formation of massive sulfide deposits in volcanic rocks, Economic Geology, 72: 527-548. [11] Henderson, P. (1984) Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Elsevier science publishers BV, 339 p. [12] Hongo, Y., Obata, H., Gamo T, Nakaseama, M., Ishibashiu, J., Konno, U., Saegusa, S., Ohkubo, S. and Tsunogai, U. (2007) Rare earth elements in the hydrothermal system at Okinawa Trough back-arc basin, Geochemical J., 41: 1-15. [13] Mason, B. (1966) Principles of Geochemistry, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.314p [14] Hanchar, J., Hoskin, P. (2003) Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Zircon, Mineralogical Society of America Geochemical Society, 53. [15] Cullers, R.L., Bock, B. and Guidotti, C. (2001) Elemental distributions and neodymium isotopic composition of Silurian metasediments, western Maine, USA: redistribution of rare earth elements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61:1847-1861. [16] Hofmann, A.W. (1988) Chemical differentiation of the earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90: 297–314. [17] Ernst, W.G. and Liu, J., 1998. Experimental phase-equilibirum study of Al-and T-contents of calcic amphibole in MORB-A semi-quantitative thermobarometer. American Mineralogist, v. 83, p. 952-969. [18] Karim, K.H. (2004) Origin of structure and texture of some Kurdistan Marble as inferred from sedimentary structures, Sulaimani area, NE-Iraq. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani 7 (1): 69-86. [19] Baziany, M.M (2014) Depositional Systems and Sedimentary Basin Analysis of the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation of the Zagros Suture Zone, Sulaimani Area, Iraqi Kurdistan Region.PhD thesis, university of Sulaimani, 200p. [20]Karim, K. H, Habid, H.R. and Raza S. M.(2009) Lithology of the Lower part of Qulqula Radiolatrian Formation (Early Cretaceous)Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining,Vol.5, No.1.pp.9-23. [21] Karim, K.H. (2003) A conglomerate bed as a possible lower boundary of Qulqula Radiolarian Formation, Kurdistan [22]Jassim, S.Z. and Goff, J. C., 2006. Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museun, Berno. 341p. [23] Mollai, H., Yaghubpur, A.M. and Sharifiyan Attar, R. (2009) Geology and geochemistry of skarn deposits in the northern part of Ahar batholith, East Azarbaijan, NW Iran Islamic. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1: 15-34. Categories: Geology / by Professor Kamal Haji Karim 2016/04/12 Post Author: Professor Kamal Haji Karim Professor at Department of Geology, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Hyundai Tucson, 2.7L accelerator problem Dear Sir, I am Professor Kamal Haji Karim, from University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani city, northern Iraq. I bought a Hyundai Tucson,2.7L ... Geology Read More First record of the Oligocene succession (Kirkuk Group) in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, North Iraq Chronicle (Record) of the Oligocene succession (Kirkuk Group) in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, North... 74. Cretaceous Paleodictyon Trace Fossils: Evolutionary Mimicry Tactic Versus Burrowing: Examples from the Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq Cretaceous Paleodictyon Trace Fossils: Evolutionary Mimicry Tactic Versus Burrowing: Examples from the Kurdistan Region, Northeastern... Geology and critical review of the Upper Cretaceous zagros chalky limestone (kometan Formation) from Sulaimani governorate, Northeastern Iraq Geology and critical review of the Upper Cretaceous zagros chalky limestone (kometan Formation) from Sulaimani governorate, Northeastern... Stratigraphy and Facies analysis of the Govanda Formation from western Zagros, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq Stratigraphy and Facies analysis of the Govanda Formation from western Zagros, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq Kamal H.... 9 thoughts on “Paragenesis of Asnawa Iron Ore in Penjween Area, Zagros Suture Zone” fifa 16 pc coins (2016/05/21 - 10:55 pm) Good !\|Cool! 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__label__wiki	0.618434	0.618434	Grant to help dairy farms avoid setbacks from extreme weather By Krishna Ramanujan \| Matt Ryan/Provided Research technician Chris Pelzer drives graduate student Ann Bybee-Finley as she plants a mixture of forage crops at the Cornell Musgrave Research Farm. Both work in the lab of Matt Ryan, assistant professor of soil and crop sciences. Organic dairy farmers in the Northeast have taken a beating over the last several years due to extreme weather, but a new grant will support a project to guide them through these events. Cornell researchers will lead a project funded by a four-year, $1 million grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative to test new organic forage crop production strategies for the Northeast. Project investigators will also conduct farmer surveys to try to understand some of the motivations for using or not adopting certain management practices. “Organic dairy farming is an important part of the agricultural industry in the Northeast; we produce about 20 percent of the organic milk across the United States,” said Matt Ryan, assistant professor of soil and crop sciences and the project’s principal investigator. “Our farmers are suffering. They have experienced a series of extreme weather events that have really cut into their production and profits.” For example, the Cornell Musgrave Research Farm near Aurora, New York, received 8 inches of rain in June 2015, a month when average rainfall is normally about 4 inches. But in 2016, June rainfall totaled less than 1 inch. Such fluctuations have affected yields of forage crops, such as corn silage for dairy cows. To address these issues, Ryan will team up with researchers at the University of Vermont and the University of New Hampshire to test intercropping and double-cropping strategies to increase farmers’ capacities to absorb and adapt to extreme weather and restore farmers’ resilience in the face of setbacks. The team will conduct field experiments at sites at each of the three partner universities. “We’ll implement the same exact treatments, and we’ll be able to use that variability across the three sites to evaluate the performance of our treatments,” Ryan said. With intercropping, researchers will add diversity by growing multiple crops at the same time – corn, sudangrass, sorghum sudangrass and pearl millet – instead of the standard practice of growing only corn silage. After a drought in summer 2012, farmers ran out of feed and had to cut winter rye cover crops to feed their cows, Ryan said. Borrowing from that example, the group will also test a double-cropping strategy in which they harvest winter annual cover crops like triticale and winter pea, then plant an alternative crop like sorghum sudangrass in the spring “to get two harvests within one growing season, instead of just growing corn silage where you only get one harvest,” Ryan said. In addition to conducting a farmer survey about managing for resilience, the group will also work with extension educators to promote crop insurance for organic farmers and communicate research findings to farmers throughout the Northeast. Melissa Osgood mmo59@cornell.edu	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line353
__label__wiki	0.659016	0.659016	Tag Archives: APIBGI From Essen SPIEL to Tokyo Game Market As of this writing we have less than 4 weeks until the biggest board game fair in the world, Essen SPIEL, open it’s doors to the public. Also as of this writing the BGG preview list by Eric Martin for that event has more than 1000 games on it and new titles are still added daily and there are many more games releasing at Essen which will never have a listing as publishers don’t know about the list or don’t care. Like for many other publishers Essen SPIEL is the most important fair of the year for the Nice Game team. We can present and sell our games to a gigantic audience and since ‘everyone’ is there we arrange meetings for game submissions and distribution (Note: If you want to pitch a game idea to us or if your are interested in distributing one of our games please get in touch). This year we are presenting 3 new games at our booth at 4-E103. We are selling Das Geheimnis der Tempel, which is the German version for Mystery of the temples, a compact strategy game with a innovative crystal grid mechanic. Furthermore we are demoing two titles: In Dragon Canyon players competing in reigning over the canyon by battling the opponents and racing to to claim the different buildings in this gorgeously illustrated and quick playing game. Vampire: The Masquerade – Heritage puts the player into the role of an ancient vampire building a bloodline through the centuries. In this quick-playing legacy card game players will experience a 700 year campaign, unlocking new challenges, characters, and rewards along the way. This game you can also play at Paradox booth 5-A104. Apart from showing our own games Essen SPIEL is equally important for acquiring new games for our Nice Game Shop. Since we are based close to Essen we can easily get new titles for our shop directly from the many publishers which are present. But which games to choose? Obviously we are looking for obscure games published outside Europe or North America. But this is a broad term, the BGG preview list alone has over 120 titles which fit that criteria. Let me show you some of the games that piqued our interest. Eco-Links by our partners at Korea Boardgames is a frenetic tile laying game with great theme: restoring natural habitats of various animals and help them reconnect with their families. In the game you are making paths connecting all the animal markers as fast as possible, first player to do so takes the 1st token and flips the sand timer, now all other players have little time to finish. Depending on speed and if you build all paths correctly you score points. Wangdo is the new game by Korean publisher Mandoo Games, who brought us Rising 5 last year. In this East Asian themed game we play as anthromorphic bears trying to reign the lands by placing strategically steles on the board, thus securing items and dragon seals. Steles can only be placed adjacent to other steles, but have to have another color than neighboring steles. Then you pay steles equal to the steles surrounding you to the supply. If you manage to get 3 copies of the same item you get to draw one dragon seal card which can change the rules for you if played. The game ends when a player collects all the 4 different items 3 times, thus filling the player board. Theme and illustrations are top notch here and it is one of those games that is easy enough to play with casual gamers or with kids, but gives some tough decisions for the most hardcore gamer, too. In Mayfly, the players are nature deities working together to help a single male mayfly from larval stages to adult A post shared by nice.game.publishing (@nice.game.publishing) on Apr 4, 2018 at 3:41am PDT Mayfly is a cooperative game about a fly trying to find a partner. The game is seperated in two parts. First we feed the grub so that it grows into a big and healthy fly. Then, as a fly we have to overcome several obstacles like frogs and birds to find our partner. There are several different endings and the stories at the end of a game are just heart-melting. Scientia is a game I have played three years ago as a rough prototype and I enjoyed my play of it a lot. The card turning mechanism felt very fresh at the time and the theme is still great. Now it has been illustrated by the magnificient Vincent Dutrait and got a lot more development so I am very excited to try it out. The game is sadly not for sale at Essen but you can test it at the Korean Pavilion. Mizo/Teenage Riot has to be one of the publishers pushing the boundaries of board game theming the most these days. Last year they presented at Essen Raid on Taihoku, a coop game about the people living in the city during the bombings in WW2. Then they followed up with Zoo of Depression in which they players take the roles of animals native to Taiwan in their struggle for survival against all odds and the urbanization of the island. Now they are bringing Dare to Love to Essen, which was crowdfunded very successfully in Taiwan earlier this year. Dare To Love is as far as I know the first game called LGBTQ friendly on the box. In this one vs. many game one player assumes the role of Asomrof who tries to stop or kill the lovers of the people he imprisoned. The other players acting as those lovers trying to stop Asomrof and free their friends. The presentation is absolutely spectacular with a cardboard dicetower, transparent plastic standees and great artwork all around. Eye my Favourite things is actually an older game now coming back in a new edition and seems to bring some innovation in the trick taking genre. Quoting from Board Game Geek: Each player asks some topic of the next player, such as favorite movies, cartoons, animals, etc., and that neighboring player writes down their top five favorites on cards in sleeves. Behind these answers are hidden cards numbered from 1 to 5 and one non-favorite on a card numbered 0. These six cards are now your hand for playing tricks. You don’t know what card answer corresponds to what rank number, so you have to guess the next player’s preferences and tendencies, and play one card based on your judgement of their tastes. Once cards are played to the trick, the hidden numbers are shown. Your neighbor’s preference rank is the card’s strength. Card 5 is highest, 0 is lowest, but if 5 and 0 appear in the same trick, 0 wins. In short, understanding your neighbor is the key to winning the game. Strange Vending Machine is flying a bit under the radar which is a shame because it is a game that many people will enjoy. Essentially it is a push-your-luck set-collection game in which you take cards you can only see one half of it and add them to your collection. According to the symbols you have gathered at the end of the game you will score points. Now, the cool part is that the game comes with little cardboard vending machines in which you put little cardboard coins and then you get to draw a card. If you don’t have coins you could also take all coins out of one vending machine (ideally the one with the most coins in it) but beware of the false coins with which you can pay, but which are minus points at the end of the game. Last but not least I would like to give a shoutout to APIBGI, the Indonesian association for board games which will have a big booth at Essen this year. They will bring a total of 24 games of which 12 are for sale. Some of them we could also try like Acaraki and The Festivals, and now we are very curious to see what new games are brought to the fair. Hilko wrote a nice overview article about the games which are for sale, which you can read here. While Essen SPIEL is still on the horizon and we are still busy finishing up everything we want to show there, we already started the preparations for Tokyo Game Market, which will be taking place November 24-25 at Tokyo Big Sight. Many publishers already announced their games on Twitter and we went ahead and created a Preview list on BGG with all the new important releases. We will go into full TGM mode after Essen but already it is easy to say that especially the new Yokohama Duel by Okazu Brand will get a lot of attention. Also, there is a new Shun/Studio GG release called Mystery Homes and a new game by Ayatsurare Ningyoukan called Jumble Order which we are looking forward to. On the more quirky end of the spectrum there is Masala Magic which is a cross between Poker and Incense smelling (a la The Perfumer). The components just look insane especially considering the price of just 4000 yen. Then there is Mech Maker by Proto Craft, which is a crossover of mech dueling game and modeling kit. Definitely a lot to look forward to at the next Game Market. As already discussed in previous edition of the Global Boardgame News Iranian publisher Houpaa Games will be bringing Dej, the Persian edition of the classic Citadels, to Essen SPIEL. This game will be exclusively available at our booth 4-E103 and if you want to make sure that you get a copy you can fill in the reservation form we have created. On Friday and Sunday at 1 PM there will be also the author Bruno Faidutti at our booth to sign the game. We will also be bringing the whole Li He x Facio lineup to Essen. If you make a reservation here, we can add those sweet cat dice bags! And that’s it for this edition of Global Boardgame News. If you are in Essen make sure to visit us. We will bring the whole Nice Game Shop. If you don’t come to Essen and like the look of the games here, then don’t worry as we will have all of them in the online shop after Essen. APIBGIBGGBoard Game GeekDare to loveDas Geheimnis der TempelDejDragon CanyonEco-LinksEssen SpielEye My Facourite ThingsFacioFireworksLi HeMayflyMystery of the templesScientiaStrange Vending MachineTokyo Game Marketvampire the masqueradeWangdo	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line357
__label__cc	0.606481	0.393519	Translink - a success in the making As part of their customer experience enhancements, Translink have upgraded and enhanced their connectivity solution - across their bus and train fleets - to deliver a seamless and integrated service which provides a strong-performing free WiFi solution to passengers. Translink awarded the contract to supply, fit and maintain a modern WiFi system to Nomad Digital for both train and bus fleets. Translink work closely with Nomad Digital which enables the transport operator to take full advantage of the latest technology and service model. Translink, UK Translink’s latest passenger surveys have recorded an increase in the number of web sessions - with a decrease in customer complaints and an increase in passenger satisfaction scores.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line358
__label__wiki	0.875994	0.875994	Real Estate 2001: Neighborhood Profiles By Rob Turner Three years ago, Nora Ephron gave this neighborhood a huge, wet kiss with You’ve Got Mail. While immortalizing immortal Zabar’s, Gray’s Papaya, and the small neighborhood bookstore, Ephron also turned her lens on newer arrivals like the Sony Lincoln Square cineplex and Starbucks. The moral? Learn to love the upscale chains. In the past five years, Zabar’s and Citarella have improved and expanded, there are more destination restaurants (Jean Georges, Picholine, Ruby Foo’s), and, yes, the megastores have arrived: Pottery Barn (1996), Staples (1998), Gracious Home (1999), Victoria’s Secret (2000), and, most recently, Balducci’s. Donald Trump is capitalizing on all this expansion with more towering skyscrapers. But hey, it all worked out in the movie. GROWING PAINS: The biggest catalyst for change has been the transformation of Lincoln Square. Between 1994 and 1997, with the addition of Millennium Towers and the Reebok Club, and the retail boom (including another monster Barnes & Noble), a quiet residential area became clogged. “Put yourself down anywhere in the upper Sixties on the West Side and you could be on the East Side,” says Warren Pearl, a broker at Prudential MLB Kaye and a longtime West Side resident. “I much prefer north of 72nd Street, where we have fewer high-rises and you can actually see the sky.” STREET LIFE: Even the subway has been gentrified, with vastly improved access at Lincoln Center, whimsical mosaics installed at the 81st Street museum stop, and the $53 million renovation of the 72nd Street station. With new health clubs, more retail, improvements to Riverside Park, and the spectacular new planetarium, the dog- and kid-friendly West Side continues to draw families. MIGRATIONS: Families who have long embraced the Upper West Side’s good schools (public and private) and park access have been shunted north as the economic ripple effect from Lincoln Square has pushed home prices up and availability down in the Sixties and Seventies, sending “families who want quiet, tree-lined streets” higher than they would have considered only five years ago, says Halstead’s Deanna Kory. WHAT’S NEW: The Trumping of the West Side: Trump Place—a sixteen-tower residential development with 5,700 new apartments—is well under way, with three towers finished. Stretching from 59th to 72nd Streets, the project has been plagued by protests, but is actually starting to win people over with its newly opened public space and pier at West 70th Street. PROGNOSIS: How much more development can the Upper West Side withstand? They haven’t even gotten warmed up. The $1.5 billion retooling of Lincoln Center could take nearly a decade to complete, and may include a second opera house or a commercial high-rise. Expect the nesting trend to become even more pronounced as once chopped-up apartments are restored to their original, family-size proportions. $700K-$750 $900K-$1.5M Studio/1BR Click here for the full list of neighborhoods. Everything We’ve Written About That’s on Sale for Prime Day Latest News from New York Magazine deaths 15 mins ago Years and Years Originally Had a Different Plan for That Big Death Russell Tovey explains how the end of episode four came to be and what could have been instead. adaptations 24 mins ago A24 Cooks Up Notes From a Young Black Chef Adaptation Starring Lakeith Stanfield The Atlanta actor will portray American-Nigerian chef and Top Chef contestant Kwame Onwuachi in a film based on his memoir. politics 8:31 p.m. Another Person Has Died From Rationing Insulin Rising insulin prices are stoking a public health crisis. In June, Jesimya Scherer-Radcliff died rationing insulin after losing his health insurance. just asking questions 7:24 p.m. Author James Patterson on Jeffrey Epstein’s ‘Unbelievable’ Crimes The best-selling novelist wrote a book about Epstein in 2016. People are finally paying attention. Everything We’ve Written About That’s on Sale for Prime Day Things we’ve written about and loved, on sale this Prime Day. sales sales sales 6:48 p.m. Walmart Marked Down Lots of Home Décor, Electronics, and Kitchen Gadgets Including a $50 Instant Pot, Bose earbuds, and a bunch of cheap-but-expensive-looking furniture. The Best Amazon Prime Day Furniture and Home Décor Deals All of the best deals on furniture and home décor in one place. ilhan omar 6:41 p.m. Ilhan Omar: Trump Has ‘Agenda of White Nationalists,’ Calls for Impeachment At a press conference responding to Trump’s attack on four Congresswomen of color, Omar repeated the call for Democrats to impeach the president. joe biden 6:33 p.m. Is Biden’s Health-Care Plan Actually That Moderate? Intelligencer staffers chat about the practical and political wisdom of the former VP’s vision for building on Obamacare. If You Buy One Thing on Prime Day, Make It a Boppy Newborn Lounger It’s like a mini daybed for your babe. micro sales 5:55 p.m. Lots of Stuff Is Up to 60 Percent Off at Macy’s Black Friday in July Sale Including a KitchenAid stand mixer, Dyson vacuum, and more. The Best Beauty Stuff (From Strategist-Approved Brands) on Sale for Prime Day All of the best beauty products from Amazon’s Prime Day sale in one place.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line369
__label__cc	0.69811	0.30189	Laudation of the Mother of God At the end of the fifth week of Great Lent we are given great comfort and encouragement by the Most Holy Theotokos in the service to her called the Laudation of the Mother of God. At the Matins Service, which is held on Friday evening, we read the Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God, composed in 626 to commemorate the deliverance of Constantinople from the attack by the Scythes. After “God is the Lord” (the beginning of Matins after the Six Psalms) the troparion of the day is sung in the eighth tone: Taking knowledge of the secret command, the bodiless Archangel went with haste to Joseph’s dwelling, and said to her that knew not wedlock: ‘He who in His self-abasement bowed the heavens and came down, is housed wholly and unchanged in thee. I see Him take the form of a servant in thy womb, and in wonder cry to thee: Rejoice, thou Bride without bridegroom’. The Akathist consists of twenty-four verses (twelve kontakia and twelve ikoses) and is read in four parts, each time three ikoses and kontakia: first after the sixteenth and seventeenth kathisma reading, second after the third ode of the canon, and fourth after the six ode. Each reading begins and ends by singing the kontakion, To Thee the Champion Leader. At each reading the priest comes out of the altar through the royal doors into the center of the church. Kontakion, Tone 8: To Thee the Champion Leader we Thy servants dedicate a feast of victory and of thanksgiving, as ones rescued out of suffering, O Theotokos. But as Thou art one with might which is invincible, from all dangers that can be do Thou deliver us, that we may cry unto Thee: rejoice Thou bride unwedded. The Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God Hieromonk Job (Gumerov), Fr. Michael Carney, Archimandrite Ephrem (Lash) Rating: 3,1\|Votes: 38 As the hymn progresses, various individuals and groups encounter Christ and His Mother. Each has his own need; each his own desire or expectation, and each finds his or her own particular spiritual need satisfied and fulfilled in Our Lord and in the Mother of God. So too, each generation of Orthodox, and each particular person who has prayed the Akathist, has found in this hymn an inspired means of expressing gratitude and praise to the Mother of God for what she has accomplished for their salvation. The Akathist Hymn Rating: 4,9\|Votes: 8 This beautiful documentary pays tribute to the Theotokos (Mother of God) and explains the importance of her role as intercessor in the Greek Orthodox Church. The origins of Akathist Hymn and other Liturgical hymns dedicated to the Virgin are described. Highlights include: A "Salutation" service celebrated by Bishop Alexios of Troas at St. Demetrios Cathedral in Astoria, NY, and a 12-year-old child chanting Byzantine hymns, with English translations. Akathist to the Holy Virgin To Thee, the Champion Leader, we Thy servants dedicate a feast of victory and of thanksgiving as ones rescued out of sufferings, O Theotokos: but as Thou art one with might which is invincible, from all dangers that can be do Thou deliver us, that we may cry to Thee: Rejoice, O Unwedded Bride! The Laudation of the Holy Theotokos Rating: 10\|Votes: 2 As we near the end of the Great Lent, its most intensive moment - the Passion of our Lord, which accomplished the salvation of mankind through Christ’s glorious Resurrection, - the Church reminds us that it is most fitting at this point to glorify the Holy Virgin. 5th Saturday of Great Lent: of the Akathist to the Theotokos Rating: 6\|Votes: 4 In 625, when the emperor Heraclius was fighting the Persians, the Khan sent forces to attack Constantinople by land and by sea. Patriarch Sergius urged the people not to lose heart, but to trust in God. The Saturday of the Akathist Hymn. Laudation of the Most Holy Theotokos Rating: 10\|Votes: 16 At first the feast of the Akathist was celebrated in Constantinople in that same Blachernae Church, but later the feast was entered into the Typicon of the monasteries founded by St. Savva the Studite and later into the service books of the Church, and from that time on it became a common practice for the entire Eastern Church. Wondrously Near to Those Who Call Upon Her A Homily for the Laudation of the Mother of God Igumen Nektary (Morozov) Let us have hope that the Queen will not despise our humble praise, but that she will be merciful to us and vouchsafe us that joy that is never taken away from those who have found it, which she desires for every one of us from her loving, mother’s heart. In Praise of the Mother of God Archimdrite Kirill (Pavlov) Out of her limitless love for the human race, she takes to heart every tear, every trouble, and every sigh, and unceasingly prays to her divine Son and Lord that He be merciful towards human iniquity and deliver His servants from every evil.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line371
__label__wiki	0.695458	0.695458	"NASA comet crash to seek building blocks of life" I can't wait for this to happen, especially since the disappointing end to Cosmos 1, the Russian solar sail mission. I just hope we get some good pictures of the comet crash. Finding a label? Philip Stott's article, "On Being a Mitigated Sceptic", deals primarily with the issue of global warming and its status as a religion among those who accept it unquestioningly. Though I tend to agree with Stott on his views of global warming -- The fundamental question in relation to ''global warming'' is: "Can humans manipulate climate predictably?" Putting this more scientifically: "Will cutting carbon dioxide emissions at the margin produce a linear, predictable change in climate?" -- I like more his concept of a "mitigated" skeptic, especially as applied to my own world view. If I must settle on a label for myself, don't call me a liberal or a conservative. Don't call me fundamentalist or atheist. Don't place me anywhere on the opposite extremes. Refer to me as a mitigated skeptic, if you must label me at all. Crossing the channel Nothing more than a photograph of a bridge over a ship channel. "Female U.S. Marines Ambushed in Iraq" This article points out the jihadists' worst characteristic -- their contempt for women. If anything, this one point should be uniting the liberals (or at least the feminists) with Bush in his pursuit of this human trash. Female Marines are used at the checkpoints to search Muslim women "in order to be respectful of Iraqi cultural sensitivities," a military statement said. It is considered insulting for a male Marine to search a female Muslim. But it's apparently no problem for male Muslims to shoot female Marines. "Solar Sail Spacecraft Stops Communicating" This is too bad. It would have been cool if the spacecraft had succeeded, but at least an attempt was made. And it was a privately-funded mission. That's what's really cool. We need more of such missions. If we are to truly advance in space, we need to make it accessible to adventurers and tourists. Thinking of the children The plural of "child" is "children". If the word modifies something, it takes an apostrophe, as in "a child's life jacket". What we see here is just plain wrong. Unfortunately, this was painted on the wall of a ferry boat run by the Texas Department of Transportation. I can only assume the other boats have the same incorrect message. Catching a game at the coast The family and I went to see a Hooks game while in Corpus Christi. They lost to Frisco, but it was a great game. A perfect breeze was blowing off the bay, the stadium was crowded with fans, and I had a Whataburger in my hand. It doesn't get much better than that. This image is a look at Whataburger Field with the harbor bridge in the background. It's a nice stadium, and I hope a team plays there for many years to come. "First 'solar sail' prepares for launch" I hope this thing is a success. But, still I wonder, how do you make it stop? "Mac OS on a Dell? Dell Favors, Apple Opposes" In this article, Dell seems to be willing to sell machines that run on OS X as well as on Windows -- if Apple will let them, that is. Most telling quote: But Apple can't afford to let Mac OS X loose right now, says Roger Kay, vice president of client computing with research firm IDC. If Mac OS X could be separated from Apple's hardware, hackers would have pirated copies of the operating system out on the streets with little delay, he says. This would cause great harm to Apple's business model, which emphasizes its tight control over the entire combination of hardware and software as a premium product, he says. At least one analyst believes that Apple is due for a day of reckoning with this strategy, especially now that it plans to move to x86 chips. Nathan Brookwood, principal analyst with Insight 64 in Saratoga, California, thinks it is only a matter of time before someone in the PC industry sues Apple for "tying" its operating system to a specific type of hardware available only from Apple. [emphasis added] Apple has always prided itself on being the anti-Microsoft, even if it means only a miniscule share of the market. If Macs get too popular, Steve Jobs's company may face the same problems as Bill Gates's company -- lawsuits and viruses. "The slow road to Windows XP" This article was passed on to me by a Mac-using friend, presumably to show that Microsoft continues to have problems with Windows. However, I pointed out the following pull quote: Windows 2000 is, in some ways, also a victim of its own success. "When Windows 2000 came out, it was [a] fantastic blend of security and user interface," [managing director of Ottawa-based AssetMetrix Steve] O'Halloran said. As a result, companies planned their whole infrastructure around it. Many of its management tools have continued to be updated, leaving companies relatively satisfied. "I think it worked too well," he said. Not quite what Steve Jobs -- or the cultists -- would have us believe. Analyzing the switch Robert X. Cringely has an interesting theory as to why Apple chose to switch to the Intel chip. He thinks it's a bid to dethrone Microsoft. Interesting. If true, it would mean that Steve Jobs has finally given in to the motivations that drove Bill Gates -- profit and dominance. The best quote to needle your Mac friends with: How much would it cost Intel to buy Apple? Not much. "Court: Patients May Not Use Pot Legally" OK. I get the point of this AP article, and I understand what the headline writer was trying to say regarding state statutes. But, if the federal government says you can't do something, then that act is illegal. Period. Sloppy headline. "Alleged thief learns that gas and lighters don't mix" This is rather funny. At first I thought it might be an urban legend because I found several outlets carrying this story, but all the outlets repeated an Associated Press version. It wasn't until I found the Newsday.com version that I thought it was probably real. Anyway, good cautionary tale for your slower-than-average thiefs. "NASA comet crash to seek building blocks of life"... "Alleged thief learns that gas and lighters don't ...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line375
__label__wiki	0.957536	0.957536	Exclusively from THE OKLAHOMAN See our daily edition on Oklahoman.com. OU football: Lincoln Riley has turned the spring game into an event by Jenni Carlson Published: Sat, April 13, 2019 1:06 AM Updated: Sat, April 13, 2019 1:37 AM Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley, right, talks with quarterback Jalen Hurts during the Spring Game on Friday night at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium. Hurts was impressive in his OU debut, throwing for 174 yards and a touchdown. [Bryan Terry/The Oklahoman] NORMAN — Lincoln Riley has been Oklahoma’s football coach for 22 months, and over that time, he’s maintained lots of things. The success. The tradition. The prominence. But the thing he’s changed most is the spring game. Only two years ago – when Bob Stoops was still the head coach – the Sooner spring game was just that. The players were split into two teams, the fans were given a chance to come in and watch, and that was about the extent of it. Now, the Red-White Game is an event. “What a great night,” Riley said Friday after this year’s spring soiree. “I don’t know if I’ve ever enjoyed a spring game as much as I did that one right there. “Kind of like you would dream the night would go.” For the record, the Jalen Hurts-quarterbacked Red beat the White, 35-14, in front of an announced crowd of 50,228, but what happened on the field might be the least important part of this brave new world. Article: Recap: 2019 OU spring game Article: Jalen Hurts and OU's pass defense gets high grades for OU spring game Article: OU football: Jalen Hurts tightens claim on quarterback battle in spring game Article: OU football: Trejan Bridges, fellow freshmen receivers live up to hype Article: OU football: Jalen Hurts jokes that Nick Saban would chew him out for celebration Article: OU football: Lincoln Riley not opposed to naming quarterback early Article: OU football: Lincoln Riley hints at starting offensive line The spring game is all about recruiting now. The reason is the shift in the recruiting calendar. The earlier signing day has forced college football programs to reconsider how and when they recruit. Can’t wait until summer or fall to bring in prospects for official visits. Getting them on campus in the spring has become a must. But how to show recruits what a game day is like? A year ago, Riley and Co. decided they would super charge the spring game and see if they couldn’t use it as their premier recruiting weekend. “We got out front,” Riley said. “We didn’t wait for other people to do it.” They had a pre-game concert. They brought in past players. They did promotions and marketing and all sorts of stuff that had never really been done before. It was forward thinking. But it also had risk. “Our administration has believed in our vision because financially, there’s a big investment there,” Riley said. “Especially last year, they had to have some blind faith in us. What if you invest in this and we don’t do it right?” That didn’t happen. “(Last year) paid dividends with a monster recruiting class that had no more single important day than that spring game last year,” Riley said. And so, OU went big again this year. Before the game, videos of all sorts of Sooners in the NFL rolled on the big screen. Adrian Peterson. Gerald McCoy. Sterling Shepard. Baker Mayfield. Then there was a Nike video and a video showing all of the Sooners recent successes. The Big 12 titles. The College Football Playoff appearances. All of it was slick and well-done, but all of it was clearly propaganda aimed directly at the recruits who were in the stadium. OU did plenty for the fans, too. There were field goals for tuition, Rock Paper Scissors for season tickets and punt catching for a year’s worth of burgers. Miraculous, a guy caught a couple punts and no one appeared to leave with a broken nose. All of those details within the spring game are discussed by Riley and his staff. “It gets talked about behind our walls probably more than people outside would imagine,” Riley said. “Every single little detail.” It’s why they decided earlier this week to move the game at the last minute. Bad weather threatened on Saturday afternoon, and rather than wash out all that had been planned, Riley and Co. decided to move the game to Friday night. After seeing how many people came out and how fun the evening was, Riley was thinking big. “This may become an annual tradition,” he said of the spring game being on a Friday night. Lincoln Riley's already remade the spring game. No reason to stop now. Jenni Carlson: Jenni can be reached at 405-475-4125 or jcarlson@oklahoman.com. Like her at facebook.com/JenniCarlsonOK, follow her at twitter.com/jennicarlson_ok or view her personality page at newsok.com/jennicarlson. Lee Brice performs before the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman +27+30 Oklahoma's Kennedy Brooks (26) carries the ball during the University of Oklahoma (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) scrambles past Oklahoma's Dillon Faamatau (91) and Oklahoma's Bryan Mead (38) during the University of Oklahoma (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) drop back to pass during the University of Oklahoma (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Lee Morris runs for the end zone after catching a pass during the University of Oklahoma (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Kennedy Brooks (26) is brought down by Oklahoma's DaShaun White (23) during the University of Oklahoma (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) drops back to pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Parnell Motley (11) breaks up a pass intended for Oklahoma's Theo Wease (10) during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley talks with Jalen Hurts (1) during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma defensive coordinator Alex Grinch talks with players during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Trejan Bridges (8) is brought down by Robert Charlton (46) during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Former Oklahoma quarterback Kyler Murray takes the field before the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts listens during a timeout in the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley walks the sidelines during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's T.J. Pledger (22) carries the ball during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley talks with his team, including Jalen Hurts (1), Parnell Motley (11), and Oklahoma's Mark Jackson (42) after the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Former Oklahoma quarterback Kyler Murray stands on the sidelines during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Tanner Mordecai (15) drops back to pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Justin Broiles (25) runs back an interception during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Trejan Bridges (8) runs past Oklahoma's Bryan Mead (38) after catching a pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Trejan Bridges (8) catches the ball in front of Oklahoma's Robert Charlton (46) during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Austin Stogner (18) is brought down by Oklahoma's Chanse Sylvie (28) during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jeremiah Hall (27) carries the ball during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) throws a pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) celebrates after a touchdown pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) smiles after running for a touchdown during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Gabe Brkic (47) kicks an extra point during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Jalen Hurts (1) celebrates after running for a touchdown during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Tanner Mordecai throws a pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Oklahoma's Tanner Schafer (9) drops back to pass during the University of Oklahoma's (OU) spring football game at Gaylord Family-Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Okla., Friday, April 12, 2019. Photo by Bryan Terry, The Oklahoman Jenni Carlson Jenni Carlson, a sports columnist at The Oklahoman since 1999, came by her love of sports honestly. She grew up in a sports-loving family in Kansas. Her dad coached baseball and did color commentary on the radio for the high school football... Read more › CommentsOU football: Lincoln Riley has turned the spring game into an event	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line382
__label__wiki	0.57194	0.57194	Countdown #7 - roll away the spikes (Broadcast Jan-21-2012 - podcast available here). All comments are from Philip Random's notes. The full countdown list (so far) can be found here. Links are not necessarily to the exact same recordings that got played on-air, but we tried. Tupelo Chain Sex - the dream It's a Sunday night, sometime in 1985. Tupelo Chain Sex, a band virtually nobody's heard of (let alone heard) are playing at the Luv Affair. Which kind of sucks. Sunday shows are always low energy, everybody too spent from the weekend. But I go anyway, having heard a few cuts on the radio (CITR, of course – who else who would play them?) and seen the album cover. The live show kills – sort of punk meets old fashioned rock and roll, by way of ska and jazz, if that makes any sense. English mohawk guy on vocals, big middleaged guy on BIG saxophone, crazy even older black guy called Sugar Cane on electrified fiddle. Word spread fast. Best band ever that nobody's heard of. The promoter quickly books them for another show. Next night, the club's packed. Fights break out courtesy of big football morons who don't grasp the subtleties of mosh pit etiquette (same as it ever was). It all spills into the street before it's over – riot on a Monday night. I just hang out in the alley with my friend James and get high. Clash - street parade If London Calling was the greatest rock and roll album of the 80s (even if it was released at the dead end of 1979), then Sandinista was simply (and significantly) bigger. Not just three slabs of long playing vinyl to London Calling's two, but MUCH MORE SOUND – more tangents, more explorations, dubs, re-dubs, versions, visions. As if these four guys (and their various studio compadres) somehow managed to digest the whole world – not World Music so much as what the world actually sounded like. The arrival on the local scene of some genuinely strong and clean LSD definitely helped in allowing one to see things in this regard. Someday I should write a book about it. Captain Beefheart - sugar + spikes If you haven't heard the four sides of Trout Mask Replica, you need to. The 60s were winding down. The revolution wasn't coming any time soon. The war was still raging in Vietnam. Somebody had to try something entirely different. Enter the Captain and his producer, one Frank Zappa. The result is, as I once heard it put, music to listen to when you don't really want to hear music. Sugar + Spikes is as close as any of gets to what one might have called a single. Boo Radleys - the ﬁnest kiss It's hard to find a date on this one so call it 1992, the year the Boos achieved escape velocity – at least they did in my heart and soul. Take the noise of My Bloody Valentine, the raw guitar epiphanies of Dinosaur Jr and fuse them to a sweet little pop song about that girl with the finest kiss going. The resulting force of nature mixed nicely with all the feel good drugs that were proliferating at the time. Not that you put on the Boos while you were flying on E – no, you saved them to help fill those gaps in between when your serotonin was depleted and you genuinely needed a reason to carry on … until the next time. My liver still gives me shit about all that. Yes - Remembering The Ancient [randoEDIT] At the risk of opening up a very deep can of worms, I can't help but credit Yes's most difficult album, Tales From Topographic Oceans, with allowing me to set things straight with the Alien when it mattered most. That is, when put the question of "what is this thing you keep calling reality?", I found myself reflecting on the album's liner notes wherein all aspects of human experience were reduced to four basic themes (like the four winds, the four seasons). 1. reality's the stuff that our senses reveal to us as we pass through day to day life. 2. reality's also the stuff we remember, not just our own memories, but all recorded history. 3. reality's also the ancient stuff that precedes all that memory but lives on in us regardless. 4. reality is all those rituals we enact to make sense of it all, bring it all together, give it communicable form. I was pretty fucking sharp that night – might've just saved all of humanity. Remembering The Ancient Mott the Hoople - roll away the stone The lyrics have something to do with Jesus, I think. The old rise from your alleged death trick – roll away the stone, exit your tomb and embrace life everlasting, set all humanity free forever and ever, amen, then party, rejoice, shake a leg, maybe dance some rockabilly. Not bad for a little 3 minute pop song. Three Dog Night - family of man Because there had to be at least one Three Dog Night song on this list. And also because of whatzizname – quiet kid in Grade 8 or 9 English with long black hair that was always in his eyes. We were supposed to choose a poem we liked and illustrate its meaning with some kind of drawing or collage. He chose Family of Man, which was apparently about how humanity was destroying the planet. He didn't say much, just planted his collage of ecological ruin on the rim of the blackboard (oil spills, smokestacks, millions of dead fish), then played the 45 on the tinny little record player he'd checked out of the Resource Centre. I'm pretty sure he got an A. Mark Stewart + Maffia - liberty city It was a bad period – late 1988, the Winter of Hate in full effect. I was broke, working hard long hours because I had mouths to feed. Mark Stewart's Liberty City pretty much said it all. "Trying to pay the rent, the main worry's job security. The busier you are, the less you see." I've never felt less free. And yet there was good herb to be had, BC Bud really starting to prove itself, which went damned well with these dubbed out dirges of struggle and resilience. "Be strong," they said. "Resist." My Bloody Valentine - when you sleep The problem with any My Bloody Valentine record is, inspired as it might be, it doesn't exist in the same universe of astonishing sonic WONDER as the My Bloody Valentine live experience. Case in point – When You Sleep from Loveless, a richly textured, nicely driving pop song, with a strong, dreamy edge … on record. Whereas live, in the Commodore, 1992, it was a gauntlet thrown down by the gods. Swoon in our psychedelic complexity, they demanded. And maybe half the crowd did. The other half were gone before show's end. Those are the ones who all have mortgages now. David Bowie - speed of life To clarify. You know that big ass DRUM sound that came to define the 1980s, which everybody says Phil Collins and/or Peter Gabriel invented in around 1980? Well, everybody's wrong, because here it is in 1977 on the first of David Bowie's post cocaine psychosis Berlin albums. One side was mostly ambient, the other had the beats, big and otherwise. Speed Of Life stands out because it's instrumental with even Mr. Bowie standing back in awe, realizing that this is what it sounds like: that unique moment when the future comes crashing into play, loud and clear. Einsturzende Neubauten - sand Speaking of Berlin, when Einsturzende Neubauten recorded Sand, the wall was still up and seemed like it would be forever, a fact of geo-political nature. And thus the pressure wasn't just tense but unrelenting. Of course, I had no idea it was a Lee Hazelwood cover until a certain backyard BBQ maybe a decade later. The wall was gone by then and you could feel it even eight thousand miles away – croquet, powerful marijuana, way too much tequila. At some point, I was lying in a hammock and there was Nancy Sinatra doing an Einsturzende cover. It made perfect sense. More evidence that the Alien had messed with the space-time continuum. African Head Charge - depth charge African Head Charge weren't exactly dub. They were too weird (and wired) for that, too deep into the pure sounds that Adrian Sherwood's mixboard meddlings were conjuring. "It's like Africa on acid," said a friend one night, on acid, but at least ten thousand miles from Africa. As for Mr. Sherwood himself, he just said he was having fun, experimenting with frequencies, noise, rhythm and razor blades. Collectors - what love suite The Collectors came from Chilliwack (the town) and eventually, they became Chilliwack (the band). Listen to side A of their debut album you hear a band doing a pretty damned good job of pulling off a Mamas + Papas vibe. But put on Side B and shit gets way more serious and intense. It's all one big suite called What Love? and what it is, is an epic eruption of quietLOUDquietLOUD musings and rants on love's many colours, some of them quite strange and violent indeed. A pompous, overblown Doors rip off? Maybe. But I didn't hear it until almost thirty years after the fact and even then it kind of freaked me out. Love has always torn us apart. Posted by Randophonic at 12:41 AM Countdown #6 - some brimstone morning Countdown #5 - hots on for nowhere	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line394
__label__wiki	0.78067	0.78067	UPDATE: Cleveland Police confirm NFL asked for Kareem Hunt details in February; department conducting internal investigation People are questioning how the league is handling this investigation. By Sara Goldenberg \| December 5, 2018 at 4:45 PM EST - Updated December 5 at 9:44 PM CLEVELAND, OH (WOIO) - NFL player Kareem Hunt, originally from Ohio, was part of a violent confrontation in the hallway of the Metropolitan at the 9 hotel in Cleveland in February. Here’s the latest: Cleveland Police have launched an internal investigation after misreporting details regarding the violent incident that unfolded at The 9. Here’s the most up-to-date recap. Posted by Cleveland 19 News on Wednesday, December 5, 2018 The incident happened downtown on February 10. The Kansas City Chiefs say they questioned Hunt after that. The NFL says it began investigating in February too. Hunt, a former Willoughby South High School football player, did an interview with ESPN this past Sunday. He said the NFL did not reach out to him as part of its investigation. Hunt also said he wasn't truthful with the Chiefs. “I just didn't tell them about the video, the video part that came out. I didn't say anything,” Hunt said to ESPN. The former Kansas City Chiefs running back apologized to the victim in that interview. Nine months after the incident, on November 30, TMZ released that shocking video caught by hotel security cameras. That same day, the NFL submitted a public records request to Cleveland police through its public records portal, reading: “Requesting authentic, unedited, entire versions of all police reports, police records, photos, body camera footage, 911 calls, police radio calls, police radio reports, and surveillance/hotel video footage related to an incident involving multiple individuals occurring in the early morning hours of February 10, 2018.” But the NFL says this wasn't their first request for information. 'We had multiple verbal conversations with Cleveland police officers and requested surveillance video immediately upon learning of the incident in February. In addition, NFL representatives also made requests for surveillance video to the hotel property. We also obtained and reviewed the material developed by the police, which included the written reports prepared by the officers who responded to the incident, and later the interviews that were recorded by bodycams and the recordings of the 911 calls.” NFL spokesman Brian McCarthy Cleveland 19 talked to Cleveland police spokesperson Sgt. Jennifer Ciaccia. She said the NFL did not contact the communications office or the chief before November. However, on Wednesday evening, police changed course and said the NFL did in fact reach out for any and all information directly after the incident. Yet the report requested by the NFL in February didn’t go through the official records request process, according to police. Police are now conducting an internal investigation to determine the cause of the mix-up, and the break in protocol. Sara Goldenberg Investigative Reporter Today begins beneath a sun/clouds mix before the sun becomes dominant and highs recover only into the low 80s on light northerly breezes. Temps will top only in the 70s along the lake.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line395
__label__cc	0.629488	0.370512	International Job Vacancies Your search returned (308) results Prev 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| 31 \| 32 \| 33 \| 34 \| 35 \| 36 \| 37 \| 38 \| 39 \| 40 \| 41 \| 42 \| 43 \| 44 Next Last Audit Assistant Managers & Audit Supervisors Amsterdam \| Permanent \| Excellent Package Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to appoint English speaking Audit Supervisors / Assistant Managers to its Amsterdam offices. Audit Seniors Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to appoint English speaking Audit Seniors to its Amsterdam offices. Audit Seniors - Fluent Dutch Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to appoint Dutch speaking Audit Seniors to its Amsterdam offices. Financial Services Corporate Tax Managers Dublin, Ireland \| Permanent \| Excellent Package Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to recruit Financial Services Tax Managers for their office in Dublin, Ireland. Financial Services Corporate Tax Senior Managers Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to recruit Financial Services Corporate Tax Managers for their office in Dublin, Ireland. IT Audit Seniors/Assistant Managers Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to appoint IT Audit Seniors/Assistant Managers, to its Dublin, Ireland office. You must be fully qualified with strong IT Audit experience. Audit Manager - Limerick or Galway Limerick or Galway, Ireland \| Permanent \| Excellent Package Reach International is working with this Global Accountancy firm to appoint Audit Managers to their Limerick or Galway, Ireland offices. Fully qualified, you will currently or recently have been at Audit Manager level in an accountancy firm.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line396
__label__wiki	0.782474	0.782474	II: Part 7 This webpage reproduces part of The Epitome of Roman History Florus published in the Loeb Classical Library, Lucius Annaeus Florus The two books of the Epitome, extracted from Titus Livius, of all the wars of seven hundred years Book II (continued) XXII. The Norican War. XXIII. The Illyrian War. XXIIII. The Pannonian War. XXV. The Dalmatian War. XXVI. The Moesian War. XXVII. The Thracian War. XXVIII. The Dacian War. XXVIIII. The Sarmatian War. XXX. The German War. XXXI. The Gaetulian War. XXXII. The Armenian War. p329 XXII. The Norican War (IIII, 12) 4 The Alps gave confidence to the Noricans, who imagined that war could not reach their rocks and snows; but Caesar, by the hand of his stepson Claudius Drusus, subdued all the nations in that quarter, the Breuni, the Ucenni and the Vindelici. 5 How savage these Alpine peoples were is proved by the action of their women, who, when missiles failed, dashed out the brains of their own children against the ground and hurled them in the faces of the soldiers. XXIII. The Illyrian War 6 The Illyrians also live at the foot of the Alps and keep watch over the depths of their valleys and the barriers formed there by the windings of precipitous torrents. Caesar himself undertook an expedition against them and gave orders for the building of bridges. 7 It was here that, in the confusion caused by the water and the enemy, he snatched a shield from the hand of a soldier who was hesitating to mount the bridge, and was the first to cross. When the army followed him and the bridge had collapsed, broken down by the number of persons upon it, Caesar, wounded in the hands and legs, his comeliness p331 enhanced by his blood and his dignity by his very danger, dealt the enemy a heavy blow in the rear. XXIIII. The Pannonian War 8 The Pannonians are protected by two swiftly-flowing rivers, the Drave and the Save; after ravaging the territory of their neighbours, they used to withdraw behind the banks of these streams. Caesar sent Vinnius to subdue them, and they were defeated on both rivers. 9 The arms of the conquered enemy were not burnt, as was the usual custom in war, but broken to pieces and hurled into the current, that the fame of Caesar might thus be announced to those who were still resisting. XXV. The Dalmatian War 10 The Dalmatians for the most part lived in the forests, whence they frequently made predatory raids. 11 Marcius the consul had already1 crippled them by burning Delminium, their capital; afterwards Asinius Pollio — the second greatest of Roman orators2 — had deprived them of their flocks, arms and territory; Augustus entrusted the task of completely subjugating them to Vibius, 12 who forced this savage people to dig the earth and to melt from its veins the gold, which this otherwise most stupid of peoples seeks with such zeal and diligence that you would think they were extracting it for their own purposes. p333 XXVI. The Moesian War 13 It is a repulsive task to describe the savagery and cruelty of the Moesians and their barbarity surpassing that of all other barbarians. 14 One of their leaders, after calling for silence, exclaimed in front of the host, "Who are you?" And when the reply was given, "We are Romans, lords of the world," 15 "So you will be," was the answer, "if you conquer us." Marcus Crassus accepted the omen. The Moesians immediately sacrificed a horse in front of the army and made a vow that they would offer up and feed upon the vitals of the slaughtered leaders of their enemies. 16 I can well believe that the gods heard their boast, for they would not even endure the sound of our trumpets. No little terror was inspired in the barbarians by the centurion Cornidius, a man of rather barbarous stupidity, which, however, was not without effect upon men of similar character; carrying on the top of his helmet a pan of coals which were fanned by the movement of his body, he scattered flame from his head, which had the appearance of being on fire. XXVII. The Thracian War 17 Though the Thracians had often revolted before, their most serious rising had taken place now under King Rhoemetalcis. He had accustomed the barbarians to the use of military standards and discipline and even of Roman weapons. Thoroughly subdued by Piso, they showed their mad rage even in captivity; for they punished their own savagery by trying to bite through their fetters. p335 XXVIII. The Dacian War 18 The Dacians cling close to the mountains, whence, whenever the Danube froze and bridged itself, under the command of their King Cotiso, they used to make descents and ravage the neighbouring districts. 19 Though they were most difficult to approach, Caesar resolved to drive back this people. He, therefore, sent Lentulus and pushed them beyond the further bank of the river; and garrisons were posted on the nearer bank. On this occasion then Dacia was not subdued, but its inhabitants were moved on and reserved for future conquest. XXVIIII. The Sarmatian War 20 The Sarmatians range on horseback over wide-spreading plains. Them too it was deemed sufficient to debar from access to the Danube, and Lentulus was entrusted with this task also. Their territory consists entirely of snow, ice and forest. So barbarous are they that they do not even understand what peace is. XXX. The German Wara 21 It could be wished that Caesar had not set such store on conquering Germany also. Its loss was a disgrace which far outweighed the glory of its acquisition. 22 But since he was well aware that his father, Gaius Caesar, had twice crossed the Rhine by bridging it and sought hostilities against Germany, he had conceived the desire of making it into a province to do him honour. His object would have been achieved if the barbarians could have tolerated our vices as well as they tolerated our rule. p337 23 Drusus was sent into the province and conquered the Usipetes first, and then overran the territory of the Tencturiº and Catthi.b1 He erected, by way of a trophy, a high mound adorned with the spoils and decorations of the Marcomanni. 24 Next he attacked simultaneously those powerful tribes, the Cherusci, Suebi and Sicambri, who had begun hostilities after crucifying twenty of our centurions, an act which served as an oath binding them together, and with such confidence of victory that they made an agreement in anticipation for dividing the spoils. The Cherusci had chosen the horses, 25 the Suebi the gold and silver, the Sicambri the captives. Everything, however, turned out contrariwise; for Drusus, after defeating them, divided up their horses, their herds, their necklets and their own persons as spoil and sold them. 26 Furthermore, to secure the province he posted garrisons and guard-posts all along the Meuse, Elbe and Weser. Along the banks of the Rhine he disposed more than five hundred forts. He built bridges at Borma and Gesoriacum, and left fleets to protect them.c 27 He opened a way through the Hercynian forest, which had never before been visited or traversed. In a word, there was such peace in Germany that the inhabitants seemed changed, the face of the country transformed, and the very climate milder and softer than it used to be. 28 Lastly, when the gallant young general had died there, the senate itself, not from flattery but as an acknowledgment of his merit, did him the unparalleled honour of bestowing upon him a surname derived from the name of a province. p339 29 But it is more difficult to retain than to create provinces; they are won by force, they are secured by justice. 30 Therefore our joy was short-lived; for the Germans had been defeated rather than subdued, and under the rule of Drusus they respected our moral qualities rather than our arms. 31 After his death they began to detest the licentiousness and pride not less than the cruelty of Quintillius Varus. He had the temerity to hold an assembly and had issued an edict against the Catthi,b2 just as though he could restrain the violence of barbarians by the rod of a lictor and the proclamation of a herald. 32 But the Germans who had long been regretting that their swords were rusted and their horses idle, as soon as they saw the toga and experienced laws more cruel than arms, snatched up their weapons under the leadership of Armenius. 33 Meanwhile Varus was so confident of peace that he was quite unperturbed even when the conspiracy was betrayed to him by Segestes, one of the chiefs. 34 And so when he was unprepared and had no fear of any such thing, at a moment when (such was his confidence) he was actually summoning them to appear before his tribunal, they rose and attacked him from all sides. His camp was seized, and three legions were overwhelmed. 35 Varus met disaster by the same fate and with the same courage as Paulus on the fatal day of Cannae. 36 Never was there slaughter more cruel than took place there in the marshes and woods, never were more intolerable insults inflicted by barbarians, especially those directed p341 against the legal pleaders. 37 They put out the eyes of some of them and cut off the hands of others; they sewed up the mouth of one of them after first cutting out his tongue, exclaiming, "At last, you viper, you have ceased to hiss." 38 The body too of the consul himself, which the dutiful affection of the soldiers had buried, was disinterred. As for the standards and eagles, the barbarians possess two to this day; the third eagle was wrenched from its pole, before it could fall into the hands of the enemy, by the standard-bearer, who, carrying it concealed in the folds round his belt, secreted himself in the blood-stained marsh. The result of this disaster was that the empire, which had not stopped on the shores of the Ocean, 39 was checked on the banks of the Rhine. XXXI. The Gaetulian War 40 Such were the operations in the north; in the south there were risings rather than wars. Augustus put down the Musulami and Gaetulians who dwell near the Syrtes, through the agency of Cossus, who thus gained the name of Gaetulicus, a title more extensive than his actual victory warranted. 41 He entrusted the subjugation of the Marmarides and Garamantes to Quirinius, who likewise might have returned with the title of Marmaricus, had he not been too modest in estimating his victory.d XXXII. The Armenian War 42 In the east the Armenians caused more trouble. Hither Caesar sent one of the Caesars, his grandsons. p343 Both were cut off in early life, one without having distinguished himself; for Lucius died of disease at Marseilles, while Gaius perished in Syria by a wound received while recovering Armenia, which was transferring its allegiance to Parthia. 43 Pompeius, after defeating Tigranes, had accustomed the Armenians to a state of bondage which merely obliged them to accept rulers appointed by Rome. The exercise of this right, which had been interrupted, was re-established by Gaius Caesar after a struggle which, though not serious, involved some loss of life. 44 For Dones, whom the king had appointed governor of Artagerae,3 pretending to betray his master, attacked the general while he was engaged in examining a document, which he had himself handed to him as containing a list of the treasures, and suddenly struck him with his drawn sword. Caesar recovered from the wound for the time being but . . .4 45 His barbarian assailant, beset on all sides by the angry soldiers, made atonement to the still surviving Caesar; for he fell by the sword, and was burnt upon the pyre on which he hurled himself after he was stabbed. The Loeb Editor's Notes: 1 In 156 B.C. 2 i.e. second only to Cicero, with whom he is compared by Quintilian, X.1.113. Some commentators regard hic secundus orator as a gloss. 3 The Artageira of Strabo XI, p529. 4 There is a lacuna in the text at this point. Thayer's Notes: a This section, with some further useful notes, is also online at Livius. b1 b2 The second instance of this curiously spelled proper name appears in no manuscript and is the result of an emendation (see critical note). Either the Chatti or the Chauci may be meant. c Borma is otherwise unknown, and Jona Lendering (see his note on the page at Livius) is surely right to emend to Bonna. Gesoriacum appears in no manuscript and is the result of an emendation (see critical note): and although paleographically all those g's in the manuscripts do suggest Gesoriacum, I suspect it's not right, merely the result of the copyist of the archetype casting around to fit an undecipherable placename with classibusque. Gesoriacum, the modern Boulogne, is a seaport on the English Channel — whereas in this whole section we are clearly along the Rhine; and although it is at the mouth of the Liane, that's a very small and insignificant river. Finally, protecting a bridge with a fleet is awkward and unusual. So: as a first approach, I would steer the emendation of this garbled text in a different direction, to Bonnam et Mogontiacum (?) pontibus iunxit castellisque [or castrisque or some similar word] firmavit: "He built bridges at Bonn and Mainz (?), and left forts/camps (?) to protect them." d Modern research has considerably expanded our knowledge of the shadowy Garamantes; see the interesting (and illustrated) page at Livius. Florus' Epitome	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line397
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December 1, 2015• CD Reviews, DVD Reviews, Music DVD/CD Review: The Beatles, “1+” Objectivity be damned; this is The Beatles we’re talking about. The single, most important cultural entity to happen in my... September 14, 2015• Album Reviews, Music Album Review: Hollywood Vampires, “Hollywood Vampires” Doesn't suck, but lacks bite.... August 25, 2015• Music, Popdose Lists 7 Albums You’d Never Expect Needed Parental Advisory Stickers Oh no! Bad words!! Wash my eyes with bleach!!... July 9, 2015• Concert Reviews, Music Concert Review: U2, Air Canada Centre, Toronto, 7/6/15 For a group that once loudly and proudly proclaimed that they were reapplying for the job of best band in the world, U2 have faced their... June 19, 2015• Music, The Friday Five The Friday Five: June 19, 2015 It's the Friday Five! Shuffle through five random tracks from your library and share it with the Popdose community.... 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November 7, 2013• Ken Shane's Soul Serenade, Music Soul Serenade: The Olympics, “Good Lovin'” The Olympics had it first, the Rascals made it huge... October 30, 2013• Consumerism, Popdose Lists Popdose Prime: 10 of the Strangest Officially Licensed Beatles Products Ever Wherein we look at ten of the weirdest and most random products to be marketed using the Beatles name and image.... October 16, 2013• A Fan's Notes, Concert Reviews, Music A Fan’s Notes: Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck, Wang Theatre, Boston, 10/9/13 Two music legends unite in a remarkable collaboration... October 4, 2013• Music, Popdose Interviews The Popdose Interview: Julian Lennon It’s never easy to grow up in your father’s shadow, no matter who you are, so you can only imagine how it was for Julian... September 5, 2013• Ken Shane's Soul Serenade, Music Soul Serenade: Ann Peebles, “I Can’t Stand The Rain” Ann Peebles was one of the great deep soul singers of the '70s... August 23, 2013• Music, The Friday Five The Friday Five: August 23, 2013 Ah, it's Friday, time to relax, and you know what that means, a glass of wine and the Friday Five!... August 1, 2013• Music, Popdose Flashback Popdose Flashback 1993: Billy Joel, “River of Dreams” In 1993 Billy Joel made people feel awkward and sad. ... June 28, 2013• Blu-ray Reviews, Film Blu-ray Review: The Beatles, “Help!” The Beatles second film has been released on Blu-ray... Stop! Drop! Shuffle into the weekend! Join in this week's Friday Five.... June 5, 2013• Music, Popular Culture, You're Dead to Us You’re Dead to Us: Medleys In which we look at once common curiosities of pop culture that don’t exist anymore, be it because of changing tastes, the fragmentation... March 20, 2013• Popblerd! bLISTerd: The 100 Best Albums of the ’70s: Part Seven No list of the Seventies' best albums is complete without Pink Floyd, right? Well, we got two of their albums here!...	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line407
__label__wiki	0.641896	0.641896	Jan. 24 Ranking my Girls Prep Basketball Teams 1. New Berlin West (14-1, 9-0) – The state-ranked Lady Vikings beat Bay View, 67-38, in a non-conference game, and Greendale, 56-29, in league play. Alyssa (Chubby) Nelson (21 points) and Morgan Henrichs (7 points, 8 rebounds, 4 assists) led the way vs. Bay. Henrichs (13 points, 6 rebounds, 3 assists, 3 steals), Nelson (12) and Lily Adkison (10 pts, 7 rebs) led the way vs the Panthers. The Lady Vikings have big games with Pius XI and South Milwaukee this week. 2. New Berlin Eisenhower (9-5, 7-2) – The Lady Lions had a 4-game losing streak through Saturday, playing ranked King closely, 57-53, but getting blown out by Pewaukee, 61-33. Julia Hintz put on a show with 26 points vs. the Generals but no one reached double figures in the loss to Pewaukee. Coach Gary Schmidt’s team faces Wauwatosa West and Shorewood this week and should get back on the winning track. 3. Wauwatosa East (12-2, 5-2) – The Red Raiders defeated Brookfield East, 48-35, in their only game of the week. Sophomore Brooklyn Blackburn had 12 points and an amazing 18 rebounds and Johanna Taylor had 11 points, 12 rebounds and 3 blocks. The Red Raiders play Brookfield Central and Sussex Hamilton this week. 4. Brookfield Central (5-7, 3-4) – The Lady Lancers lost to Menomonee Falls, 53-42, last week and they face a tough schedule against Wauwatosa East and Divine Savior Holy Angels this week. Freshman Anna Mortag continues to improve as she had 22 points and Caroline Busch had 12 vs the Indians. Point guard Amanda Miller and forward Ellery Nordling as also picked up their games. Claire Haynes, who suffered a severe injury (back) in the second game of the season, has been given the green light to slowly work her way back onto the court. Her presence and leadership alone could be a boost to this club. 5. Brookfield East (8-8, 3-5) – The Lady Spartans have a 5-game losing streak going with games against West Allis Hale and and West Allis Central this week. They need to get back on track or see a good season go down the drain. They lost to Catholic Memorial, 53-37, and Tosa East, 48-35, last week. The Crusaders blew them out in the second half, 29-15. Molly DeValkenaere had 15 points, 8 rebs, 2 blocks, while Emma Ralfs had a good all around game (7 rebs, 6 assists, 4 steals). In the loss to Tosa East, Nikki Pink and DeValkenaere had 10 points each. The Red Raiders outscored them by 5 points in the first half and 8 in the second. 6. Wauwatosa West (5-10, 2-7) – Lost a 65-33 decision to Pius XI at home. Irene Phillips had 9 points, Margaret Radske had 8 and Cheri’a Adams had 7. Look for my feature on Dasia Davis, who leads the team in several categories, beginning on Thursday at preps2pros.net. West plays New Berlin Eisenhower and at Cudahy this week. Trojans have lost 3 straight and 5 of 6.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line412
__label__cc	0.524312	0.475688	Category Archives for "Blog" DAD, I MISS YOU I MISS YOU DAD My dad, Marty Skibosh, passed away 31 years ago when I was 38. I think of him everyday. So when another Father’s Day comes and goes, it will hit even closer to home. My dad, who died at the young age of 72, of a respiratory disease, smoked up until the final 9 years of his life and he smoked the worst kind of cigarettes – Camel. His final few years he would go to the hospital and go on a breathing machine to clear out his lungs. He used to say “I need to go in for an oil change.” Marty, one of my four children and one of the two who don’t smoke, went to the hospital one time. My dad pointed out the mess in the machine that came out of his lungs to my son and told him “That’s what happens when you smoke.” He never forgot it. My dad, who worked at Allis Chambers, was an entrepreneur before I even knew what that word meant. He left his job and started a grocery story out in Brookfield on Bluemound Road in 1953. It was called ‘Martin’s Market Basket.’ He and my mother, Angie, ran it, like they did everything in their lifetime – together. When the big grocery chains started to take over, they decided to turn their grocery story into a pizza restaurant and ‘Marty’s Pizza’ was officially born in 1957. Once again, my dad and mom, worked hand-in-hand to build a business that is still successful today under the new ownership, which purchased the place in 1980 and kept the name and most of the recipes. I loved my dad, who was so different from my mom, and I took after the latter. My dad was a quiet man, with a dry sense of humor. He rarely raised his voice, but when he did, my mother and I knew we were wrong. My mom and I always argued – but neither held a grudge. My dad used to tell me “Both of you have to have the last word, that’s why you argue so much. Let her have the last word.” My dad might have lost some battles but he won the war. But like my mom, I liked to win those battles. My dad and I didn’t have a lot in common – he loved to fish and he hunted a little – and I didn’t have the patience for either. We would get up at 4 a.m. and go out on Pewaukee Lake. I would usually sleep in the bottom of the boat or read my comic books. But one night, the fish were biting and I caught 18 White Bass. I pulled them in, but my dad had to unhook them and put the new minnow on the hook because I couldn’t stand touching the minnows or the fish I caught – they were so slimy. But my dad smiled a lot that morning, because he saw me enjoy fishing – for probably the only time in my life. On one of his few hunting trips where he was gone for a week, I really missed him. When he returned I ran out to the car to hug him and he scared the heck out of my because he had grown a scruffy beard. But I owe it to my dad for getting me involved with baseball. We went to a Milwaukee Braves game once when I was about 8 years old and he asked for tickets between first and second. The gentleman selling tickets told my dad their was only one seat between first and second and that was for Chuck Cottier, the Braves second baseman. So my dad asked for tickets on the first base side and we ended up all the way down in the right field extension. From that day on, I learned how the sections were numbered and where all the box and grandstand seats were. It paid off over the years. I went on the play baseball – I was a good fielding first baseman who could bunt – not a lot of need for that on most teams. I also played the line in football and had a heart that was bigger than my muscles, but I loved being part of a team. I owe that all to my dad. He let me play the sports that I enjoyed and did not force his interests on me. One thing he had trouble doing was playing catch. He broke his right wrist when he fell in a construction site he shouldn’t have been it. He had an indentation in his wrist that back in those days they couldn’t fix. But I loved him for trying to play catch with me. A couple Christmases ago, my youngest daughter, Tina, found a photo of me and my dad, sitting in front of Marty’s. It hangs by my desk today and it still brings tears to my eyes when I look at it. Dad, I still miss you. Very Much.  June 16, 2018 RAMBLING ROAD I have so many little things on my mind I would like to share so I thought I would do a ‘…column’ covering various topics. So let’s get started. Talk is cheap…Brian Gutekunst had a solid draft, but didn’t really impress me until he signed TE Marcedes Lewis and OT Byron Bell. Ted Thompson, who I ran out of patience with, wouldn’t consider this, and that’s why his team rarely advanced in the playoffs…Lewis can do more than block, especially in the red zone and Bell gives them an experienced blocker, unlike the past draftees that TT missed big on…Signing Mike Budenholzer was a no-brainer and I was happy to see Jon Horst’s first big move turn out…I pray he does a better job at drafting…the Bucks need a contributor not another damn project…John Hammond has hurt the Bucks salary cap with his stupid signings…but Hammond then had a habit of somehow trading his mistakes…hopefully Horst has a talent to dump some of these guys…I wouldn’t want to lose Jabari Parker now that Budenholzer is here, but I shake in my boots wondering what he is going to ask for… with all the backcourt injuries I would have liked to see Xavier Mumford get some time…I’m not the only one worried about the Brewers starting rotation…Jhoulys Chacin and Junior Guerra are the 1-2 starters … Chase Anderson should bounce back and I think Zack Davies is still injured…Brent Sutter is Brent Sutter and he does a solid job spot starting or in the bullpen…Trade a starter? As long as Keston Hiura isn’t in the deal … Chris Archer is not the stud people think he is and he hasn’t been for two years … People wondered how Jesus Aguilar would make the roster … Where would the Brewers be now without him … When Ryan Braun, Domingo Santana, Manny Pina and Orlando Arcia pick up the pace, this will be an interesting offense … What will they do with Eric Thames when he returns? The two keys to this team are GM David Stearns and Manager Craig Counsell … On an unrelated subject, LaBron James won me over this year, carrying a lousy Cleveland team to the finals … comparing him to Michael Jordan is a joke, though, and people are stupid to even do that … they are from different eras, first of all … People say Jordan had Scottie Pippen, but LaBron jumped around to different teams to get All-Star teammates … That was selfish, because all he wanted was the ring and he came and went when he had to … he’s not staying in Cleveland, so I hope he signs with a team in the West … He is a brilliant player … Happy to see Ethan Happ come back to Wisconsin … his presence gives them a chance to get back to the NCAA Tourney again. There’s my ramblings for the day.  June 1, 2018 Packers need some luck in the draft It will be interesting to see how truly aggressive Packer GM Brian Gutekunst will be in this week’s NFL Draft. Here are some thoughts on what the first-year GM is facing. SORRY, BRIAN Based on all the draft prep I have read, I don’t think the following players will be there (whether the Packers wanted them or not – i.e. the quarterbacks). QB: Sam Darnold, Josh Rosen, Josh Allen, Baker Mayfield RB: Saquon Barkley OL: Quenton Nelson DE: Bradley Chub DL: Vita Vea LB: Roquan Smith, Tremaine Edmunds DB: Denzel Ward, Minkah Fitzpatrick, Derwin James. Do the numbers – that’s 13 guys and the Packers’ pick 14th. THOUGHTS: Unless another quarterback is taken – a possible trade up – those are the difference-makers in my mind. If something unexpected were to happen, I think Vea, Fitzpatrick or Edmunds might slip to 14. But Gutekunst needs some luck there. PACKERS PICK POSSIBILITIES: In the order of how I like them – Edge Harold Landry, the only guy in my opinion, who is not a reach here. Edge Marcus Davenport (great potential, but weak competition), a workout warrior (?) and defensive backs Mike Hughes or Josh Jackson would be next. I would be pleased with Landry and I could easily live with the other three. TRADE THOUGHTS: Gutekunst could be aggressive and trade up, but should only do that for Chubb (would have to give up too much), Smith or the DBs. But the steep price is the key. TOO MANY DRAFT CHOICES: I have heard experts say “Gutekunst won’t use all 12 picks.” Why not? Because the Packers have so few holes to fill? Give me a break. I have seen Swiss cheese with less holes than the Packers roster. MY MAIN FEAR: I don’t want to give up a lot of high picks picks to move up. Those picks could also be difference makers if Gutekunst and his scouts did their homework. FREE AGENTS: There are people still out there that could help the Packers. Bashaud Breeland (if healthy), Eric Reid, Kenny Vaccaro, Tre Boston and Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie are better than some of the players the Packers have in their secondary to be polite. There are also longer shots like WR Jeremy Maclin or tight ends Julius Thomas, Marcedes Lewis or Antonio Gates. If Gutekunst can sign someone to fill the holes in the draft – and not just college free agents – you will get a better idea of the how the draft went. SUMMARY: That talk about it takes a few years to judge a draft won’t appease me. The Packers, at the best, are now the sixth best team in the NFC. They need results and they need them now.  April 25, 2018 FREE AGENTS AREN’T FREE Green Bay Packers new general manager Brian Gutekunst said all the right things at his first meeting with the media when he was hired and since then at other various events (Senior Bowl, NFL Combine). Gutekunst said he was going to be aggressive in the free agent market. Being aggressive and ‘doing something’ are two different things. Personally, I think his statements while truthful are going to leave the Packer fans extremely disappointed. The Packers need some big time talent signed for their defense and at tight end. DT Muhammad Wilkerson is an example of this. He is also meeting with New Orleans, a better team than Green Bay, and Kansas City, a team which will take a step back this year. Hopefully, Wilkerson’s relationship with DC Mike Pettine will be the key. But if Wilkerson signs with the Packers, he won’t be cheap. And that’s the problem. Gutekunst can say all he wants about “being aggressive” in free agency, but the Packers – unless they cut or work out pay cuts for people like Jordy Nelson and Randall Cobb – don’t have a lot of money to spend once they sign their draft picks. They desperately need a edge rusher and a cornerback and to find them on the free agent list is easy – signing them is not. Believe it or not, they are even more desperate for a tight end – and there are good ones in the draft – but there are also some good ones on the free agent list – they won’t be free. It will be interesting to see what happens with Wilkerson and then on March 14 when the signing period begins. I just wouldn’t hold my breath.  March 9, 2018 BREWERS NOT LEGITIMATE CONTENDERS YET If the Milwaukee Brewers were to start the season with the current pitching rotation they would not be legitimate contenders. Could they earn a wild card spot? Possibly, but unless something happens to the Chicago Cubs they’re chances of winning the division or advancing in the playoffs are slim and none. I have mixed emotions on this. REBUILDING OR CONTENDING? I have been in General Manager Dave Stearns‘ corner. I have agreed with most of his moves because I was smart enough to be familiar with the players in the deal or I trusted his and his staff’s judgment when I wasn’t familiar with the players. Then when the Brewers made their blockbuster deal for Christian Yelich, who I love, and followed up with the free agent signing of Lorenzo Cain, my attitude changed. One of the things I like about both players is they get on base and hit for average. I was sick and tired of the home run or nothing mentality and leaving men on base – constantly. It was disgusting and showed how little this lineup knew about hitting. But with these moves, Stearns is going for it now. Of course every team in baseball now knows they need to trade an outfielder for a pitcher, so that hurts their bargaining power. Stearns recently told baseball writer Tom Haudricourt that they might not make a move going into spring training and see what happens. Based on the reports about what some of these starters are asking for – no one – including Clayton Kershaw – is worth $30 million a year – I understand Stearns being unwilling to sign someone even though owner Mark Attanasio is ready to write a check. I’m also not interested in continuing to strip the farm system to get a pitcher like Chis Archer. But the fact of the matter is, a rotation of Chase Anderson, Zach Davies, Jhowlys Chacin and take your pick of Brent Suter, Brandon Woodruff, Junior Guerra and Aaron Wilkerson, and you don’t have a real contending rotation. (I don’t even consider Yovani Gallardo a candidate because that would guarantee failure). No matter when Jimmy Nelson returns, how soon will he be able to regain his awesome form of last season? One stud pitcher at the top of the lineup and you have a legitimate contender. TOUGH SITUATION Stearns is caught between a rock and a hard place. The free agent pitchers are ridiculously priced and the cost of a good starter in a trade isn’t worth stripping your farm system. Sure they made Yu Darish (who I don’t like) an offer, but they once made C.C. Sabathia an offer ($100 million) which wasn’t even close to what he signed for, so don’t get too excited over the Darvish offer. One thing is for sure, this Brewers team will be fun to watch and they will score runs – they might have to some nights in order to win some games. Just don’t get too excited if this is their rotation come Opening Day. You would be fooling yourself.  February 4, 2018 TRADING ‘PROSPECTS’ FOR PROVEN TALENT – REMEMBER DAVID GREEN Milwaukee Brewers General Manager – ‘Dealing’ Dave Stearns as I call him – fired up the MLB Hot Stove League by making a trade with the Miami Marlins for All-Star Outfielder Christian Yelich and then an hour later signed former Brewer Lorenzo Cain as a free agent. A couple things came to mind with these moves. In order to get a talent like Yelich – and if you don’t know how good this kid is you don’t follow baseball too closely – they had to trade Lewis Brinson, their top prospect in the deal. The Brewers have control of Yelich, 26, through the 2021 season with a club option for 2022. He is a career .290 hitter with 59 HR, 293 RBI and 72 stolen bases in 643 games with the Marlins (2013-17). He batted .282 with 18 HR, 81 RBI and 16 stolen bases in a career-high 156 games last season. He ranked among the National League leaders in runs (T7th, 100), at-bats (8th, 602), hits (9th, 170), doubles (9th, 36) and walks (10th, 80). Yelich led Major League center fielders last season in fielding percentage (.997) and ranked second in starts (155) and fourth in total chances (372) as he committed just a single error all year. It marked his first full season as a center fielder after winning a Gold Glove Award in left field in 2014 and being named a Gold Glove finalist in both 2015 and 2016. Nobody wanted to trade Brinson because of all the hype that came with him. But the key is he is still a ‘prospect.’ When I worked for the Brewers I can go back to what will always be considered – ‘The Trade.’ On Dec. 12, 1980, the Brewers acquired catcher Ted Simmons, pitcher Pete Vuckovich and closer Rollie Fingers from St. Louis in exchange for outfielders Sixto Lezcano and David Green and pitchers Lary Sorensen and Dave LaPoint. Whereas Lezcano, Sorensen and LaPoint were major leaguers, but Cards GM Whitey Herzog told Brewers GM Harry Dalton he wouldn’t make the trade without the great David Green, one of the top ‘prospects’ (there’s that word again) in baseball. The head of the scouting department and the baseball operations personnel almost came to blows at the winter meetings over including Green in the deal before Dalton stepped in. Lezcano went on to play 72 games with the Cardinals, San Diego, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Sorensen played with the Cardinals one year, two years with Cleveland, Oakland, Chicago Cubs, Montreal and San Francisco, having one season over .500 (12-11) with the Indians. LaPoint played with the Cards, Giants, Detroit, Padres, Chicago White Sox, Pittsburg and New York Yankees and won 14 games twice. Green played six years in the majors, five with Cards and one with the Giants, finishing with a .268 batting average 31 homers and 180 RBIs and had off-the-field problems that cut his career short. The Brewers got two MVPs (Fingers, Vuke) and an excellent hitting catcher (Simmons) in the deal. I have nothing but respect for the four prospects Stearns traded and I hope they have good careers. But I’ll always remember David Green. STEINBACH STEPS DOWN AS LANCERS BOYS TENNIS COACH For a guy who wanted to be a high school basketball coach, Dave Steinbach put together quite the tennis coaching career. Steinbach, who has coached boys and girls tennis at Central since 1982, recently informed Don Kurth, the Lancers athletic director, he is stepping down as boys coach. “The impact Dave Steinbach has had on Brookfield Central is hard to quantify,” Kurth said. “As a teacher, coach and mentor, Dave has taught and coached thousands of kids spanning five decades, and in 2018, he is as relevant as ever. “His no cut tennis program has set the standard for all others. We are lucky to have had Dave lead our kids over the course of his career. He is a class act, and his presence in our boys tennis program will be missed.” Taking a look at the depth of Steinbach’s boys teams’ accomplishments is amazing. He is the only tennis coach in Wisconsin to win 500 matches for boys and 500 matches for girls. His boys teams compiled a 513-147 (.777) won-lost record, winning 10 Greater Metro Conference championships and four state championships. They were runner-ups six times. They also won 19 sectional titles while finishing second eight times. On the individual front, he had 61 singles players qualify for state and 60 doubles teams. Steinbach, who will turn 82 years old this month, explained his decision to step down from coaching the boys program at this time. “I have to give credit to the parents and the athletes, my assistant coaches (44 over the years) and the administration over the years,” he said. “My coaching successes have been dependent on them.” “I have many facets in my life. Coaching is the one I controlled the least. If you don’t have good players you don’t win. for example, in one of my other facets, I umpired. Nobody had more control than me. I’ve broken my life down to 10-12 tennis facets and two coaching ones – girls coaching and boys coaching.” But obviously, Steinbach had something to do with this team’s success. “Now the fact that we have a big program – that’s me,” he said. “I decided not to cut. So many of these kids have more talent than I had when they were 14 or 15. If someone had told me I couldn’t play tennis, I wouldn’t be where I am today. So I wouldn’t want to do that to anyone else.” When then athletic director Jack Charlesworth offered Steinbach the tennis coaching position in 1982, Steinbach said he had to have a non-cut program. “I coached basketball for 17 years and I was forced to cut,” Steinbach recalled. “When Jack Charlesworth asked me to coach the boys tennis team I told me I would do it if I wasn’t forced to cut players. “I told him it’s a lifetime sport and if I cut a player he would never play tennis again. So he agreed. The first year we had 32 kids on the team. Kids heard we weren’t going to cut and pretty soon we had 34, then 36. Then the next year I had 45. It just kept getting bigger and bigger. Once year we had 132 kids come out, but we ended with 120 – 12 didn’t finish that year.” Steinbach points out he is the longest employed Elmbrook employee, having begun teaching at Dixon in 1960. He began coaching at Burleigh Junior High, Brookfield East’s feeder program, in 1965. Since the high schools were three-grades at the time, he coached freshman football, track and basketball. “My real goal was to coach varsity basketball but (Laverne) Luebsdorf was at Brookfield East and he was going to be there forever and Bill Graf was at Central and he’d be there forever,” Steinbach said. “I was a good freshman (basketball) coach. “Tennis would be my best option to be a varsity coach. I wanted to see if I could be a good varsity coach. Those two guys (Luebstorf, Graf) were entrenched and there was nothing I could do.” Steinbach did plenty to keep busy as he also refereed football and basketball too. He also was a referee in a state championship football game. “I was also game manager in 1982, which is like an assistant athletic director,” he said. “I did it for all the sports.” Another reason he stepped down from coaching boys in the spring first was the weather. “We’re leaving for Arizona and California this month,” Steinbach said. “I’ve been cutting certain facets out of my professional life. I stopped teaching tennis at UWM. I stopped officiating the Big Ten 10 years ago. I’m trying to eliminate some of the facets. Playing facets I eliminated a long time ago (he was a state-ranked player tennis in the 35 and 45 age category, but an injury stopped him from competing at 55). “I’m eventually going to have to get out of coaching, but I didn’t want to do it all in one shot. I don’t want the program to lessen. In March I’m involved in the Indian Wells Tennis Tournament in Palm Springs. We’re always in California from end of February through March then coming back to Wisconsin in April. Well I eliminated that first.” Other than the Grand Slams, Indian Wells is the biggest tournament in the world. “I supervise the fitness area for the pros,” Steinbach said. “I get to see all the coaches and their pros to see what they do for their pre and post match fitness. I can bring it back to my team. They think being a good tennis player just happens in the court and not in the weight room.” Steinbach has won 72 different awards on some level, topped off by winning the United States Professional Tennis Association Award twice (boys and girls). He also won the prestigious ‘Starfish’ Award (boys and girls) presented by the United States Tennis Association. He was also named to the Brookfield Central Hall of Fame and the Wisconsin Tennis Association Hall of Fame. Steinbach smiled when asked the difference between coaching boys and girls. “The first 15 minutes of the practice,” he said. “For the girls it’s social time. You let them talk about what happened in school. Then when it’s tennis time that’s all done with. Otherwise you are going to have them talking when they should be concentrating on tennis. Most schools don’t have girls as good as we have. Brookfield Central girls are very competitive. When boys come out you’ve got to work them right away, they’re so hyped.” Steinbach also pointed out another difference. “Girls don’t like challenge matches,” he said. “Boys can play challenge matches and the next day they’re buddies. Girls – if they get beat – hold it. Girls would rather me tell them who they’re playing or what position they’re playing. Boys would rather say ‘let me play him and see if I can beat him or not.'”  January 3, 2018 PACKERS’ ARROGANCE GROWING OLD I am fed up by the arrogance which is Mark Murphy, Ted Thompson and Mike McCarthy. How many times have I heard McCarthy talk about “We think about Super Bowls in Green Bay.” But then Murphy talks about making the playoffs 8 years in a row. Who cares, Murph. Green Bay cares about Super Bowls. People are asking for the heads of Thompson, who feels his job description doesn’t include answering questions from the media, and/or McCarthy. But that’s not going to happen. Aaron Rodgers got hurt and everyone is off the hook. Maybe Dom Capers will be sacrificed to quiet the crowd, but don’t expect much more. It’s time to stop using Rodgers as a crutch. If you lose one player – yes, he is a Hall of Fame player – your season shouldn’t turn into crap. Brett Hundley is McCarthy’s project – and I thought Mac did the right thing by playing him to see what he has learned. But you won’t see people standing in line to give up a high draft choice for him. It does look like Thompson made good draft picks in running backs Jamaal Williams and Aaron Jones. But if you aren’t going to use them because McCarthy wants to throw, throw, throw with Rodgers, obviously people aren’t on the same page. People say get Rodgers more weapons – yet the ones he has, he doesn’t use. As for Murphy, he sits on the top of the heap, handles building the neighborhood around Packer Stadium and makes money for the team which they don’t spend on personnel. It would be nice if he made some decisions in the football area. Saying Thompson can be the general manager as long as he wants shows how ignorant/arrogant Murphy is. Personally I don’t think Murphy-Thompson-McCarthy are in the same book, let alone on the same page. And who suffers? The fans. I tweeted when Rodgers got hurt that the Packers would win maybe two games the rest of the year. With two games left – vs. Minnesota and at Detroit with Hundley at the helm – they beat my prediction of two wins by one – beating Chicago, Cleveland and Tampa Bay, the latter two in overtime. People say I’m negative. I think I’m a realist and I don’t see things changing. And why should the Packers care. People are lined up to get season tickets and will be for years. Not much to worry about if your names are Murphy, Thompson and McCarthy.  December 20, 2017 SOME PREP BASKETBALL OBSERVATIONS With the girls and boys basketball seasons underway, here are a few observations, some based on games I saw, others I what I have talked with coaches about or read about. AMAZING MORTAG Sophomore Anna Mortag, who stepped up her game last year when Brookfield Central lost Claire Haynes to a back injury, has continued her performance and has taken over the top spot in the Lancers program. The Lancers will be a work in progress this season, as Mortag has an inexperienced supporting class for the most part. She is averaging 19 points and 7 rebounds in Central’s 0-3 start (Franklin comes to town on Dec. 3). They meet Brookfield East on Friday. Junior guard Emma Ticcioni averages 8 points and 7 rebounds a game and senior guard Jenny Cape averages 5 rebounds and does a good job team running the show. Freshman guard C.J. Romero stands only 5-1, but she averages 3 points, 3 assists and 4.7 rebounds per game. Against Germantown, she lead the team with 9 rebounds. If the Lancers are going to get better, they need to shoot better, rebound better and play better defense or coach Mallory Liebl will have gray hair before the season is over. For the first time since covering Liebl, I saw the mild-mannered coach yell at her team during a timeout and then slam her clipboard to the ground afterward. It will be interesting to see what they do against Brookfield East on Friday. GAGE, ANDRES SPARKS LANCERS Junior Gage Malensek (16.5 points) and senior Andres Peralta-Werns (15.5 points, 5 rebounds) led the Lancers in their 1-1 start. Junior Cole Nau (10.0 points, 3 assists) and freshman David Joplin (5.5 points, 5.0 rebounds) have also chipped in. The Lancers host Brookfield East on Friday at 7:30 p.m. Look for my feature on Peralta-Werns on Dec. 14 on Preps2Pros.net. VIKINGS LOSE OVERTIME THRILLER Port Washington nipped New Berlin West, 59-58, in overtime on Saturday afternoon at West, as senior guard Joe Robey stood out with 18 points, 11 rebounds and 3 steals. Sophomore Desmond Polk had 13 points, 6 rebounds, 3 blocks and 2 assists and senior Tyler Torosian had 13 points, 7 rebounds and 2 assists. Coach Brandon Mattox should have a fun team to watch this year.  December 4, 2017 ON NOW THE FUN BEGINS Here are some random thoughts on the prep season as some teams have already started the post-season. I saw my first prep football game of the fall Friday – I have been rehabbing my left leg and can’t get around too well – and it was a doozie, as two-time defending champion Brookfield Central beat Brookfield East at East, 22-14. The win left Central unbeaten (6-0) and dropped East (5-1) into second place with two games left. Both Central and East fans packed the place and you had to walk blocks to find a parking spot. The place was rockin’. Central has won the last two conference titles while East has won the last two post-season meetings. In the next two weeks, the Lancers host Sussex Hamilton and travel to Menomonee Falls while the Spartans are at Germantown and host West Allis Hale. Good luck to BC Coach Jed Kennedy & BE coach Ben Farley the rest of the way. OTHER POST-SEASON SCHEDULES GIRLS GOLF – Has already started with the regional this week (Sept. 27-28) and the sectional Oct. 3. The state tournament is at University Ridge in Madison on Oct. 9-10. GIRLS TENNIS – The Subsectional is Monday, Oct. 2 or Tuesday, Oct. 3 and the Sectionals are Wednesday, Oct. 4 or Thursday, Oct. 5. The State Individual Tournament – is Thursday, Oct. 12, Friday, Oct. 13, and Saturday, Oct. 14 at Nielsen Stadium in Madison. The Girls State Tennis Team Championships are Friday, Oct. 20, and Saturday, Oct. 21 at Nielsen Tennis Stadium in Madison. BOYS/GIRLS CROSS COUNTRY – The Sectional is Friday, Oct. 20 and Saturday, Oct. 21, while State is Saturday, Oct. 28, at Ridges Golf Course at Wisconsin Rapids. BOYS SOCCER – Regional begins Tuesday, Oct. 17, Thursday, Oct. 19 and Saturday, October 21. Sectional follows on Thursday, Oct. 26 and Saturday, Oct. 28. The State Tournament is Thursday, Nov. 2, Friday, Nov. 3 and Saturday, Nov. 4 at Uihlein Soccer Park in Milwaukee. GIRLS VOLLEYBALL – Regional is Thursday, Oct. 19 and Saturday, Oct. 21 and Sectional is Thursday, Oct. 26 and Saturday, Oct. 28. The State Tournament is Thursday, Nov. 2, Friday, Nov. 3 and Saturday, Nov. 4 at Resch Center in Green Bay. BOYS VOLLEYBALL – Regional begins – Friday, Oct. 27 and Sectional is Tuesday, Oct. 31 and Thursday, Nov. 2. The State Tournament is Friday, Nov. 10, and Saturday, Nov. 11 at Wisconsin Lutheran College. GIRLS SWIMMING & DIVING – Sectionals are Friday, Nov. 3 (Diving) and Saturday, Nov. 4 (Swimming). The State Meet is Friday, Nov. 10, and Saturday, Nov. 11 at the Natatorium at UW-Madison.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line413
__label__cc	0.726001	0.273999	I must have been in the dunny when they called Tee Pee Gee Eff April 7, 2014 A headline from the (London) Daily Telegraph: Bringing back knighthoods will create more republicans, Australians say ahead of Prince George visit "Australians say"? Which Australians? Nobody asked me. But read the first three paragraphs: When Tony Abbott, the Australian prime minister, decided to reintroduce knighthoods and damehoods after a hiatus of 28 years, the country’s republicans should surely have been up in arms. The tradition of honours being bestowed by the Queen had, after all, been abolished in 1986 after Australians rejected it as an antiquated link to the Mother Country. But the Australian Republican Movement has welcomed the move, believing it will be so unpopular that it will turn ever greater numbers of people against the monarchy. So it is the opinion of the ARM – the organisation that completely failed to achieve its aims back in 1999 and has completely failed since then ever to get any traction – it is their opinion that the restoration of Knighthoods will drive Australians into the arms of republicans. It is not actually the opinion of Australians as such, just the opinion of those opposed to the monarchy, that is: those who have failed so dismally in achieving their aims. It is unfair to blame reporters for headlines. It is unusual for any heading they pick to be used on publication. But the author of this article is Gordon Rayner "Chief Reporter" who has form in writing stupid articles. TagsAustralia, Monarchy, Media	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line415
__label__wiki	0.799635	0.799635	Cinesource Magazine / Blair, Doniphan Lindsay (510) 220-2126 Address: 2200 Adeline St. #320, Oakland 94607 (888) 5MEDIA5 Hours of Operation: M-F: 9-6pm + some weekends and after hours Description: The Bay Area's only film/video magazine, CineSource covers all 20 media sectors�from Hollywood North to indie docs and features, from local production facilities to film festivals and national topics of interest. Join with us as a subscriber, advertiser or contributor. Ganz, Elise / The Studio Teachers (415) 517-5456 Description: Will answer any questions dealing with studio teaching and labor laws for minors in the entertainment industry. Have been a union member of Local 884 for 36 years and Local 16 for 22 years. Guilds/Unions: Local 884 in LA & Local 16 in SF ICG Magazine / Ambriz-Munoz, Teresa (323) 876-0160 Description: Since 1929, ICG Magazines has served as the premier journal of "how to" for film & digital production techniques. Our publcication does this through the technical expertise of the members of the Intl Cinematographers Guild. 4 Entertainment Jobs Description: 4EntertainmentJobs.com is dedicated to making dream jobs come true. We have been serving the entertainment industry for 8 years and have built relationships with over 3,000 of the top entertainment companies nationwide. Acme Resource Network (310) 358-0321 Description: A better way, to research, create, locate and build a myriad of designs for commercial and entertainment clients. Description: Published weekly, edited for ad agency executives. ADWEEK has the inside stories on: creativity, client/agency relationships, successful global advertising strategies. Plus news of accounts in review, the best creative work, new campaigns. Description: Billboard.com is the Internet arm of Billboard magazine, the world's premier music publication. It offers news, features, columns and reviews to provide the Internet's most-trusted music information. Cast & Crew Pit Stop Description: Online Directory for Production Resources including Cast, Crew, Props, Production Equipment, Stage and Theater supplies. Changemakers Publishing and Writing / Scott, Gini Graham (925) 385-0608 Description: The company helps writers and filmmakers make connections in the film industry, including with producers, production companies, agents, managers, distributors, casting directors, directors, entertainment attorneys, and more. Description: 800+ pages of entertainment's top companies and sources from location scouting to screening rooms, are delivered direct to active productions everyday for over 20 years. Crew Connection (800) 35-CREWS (7397) Description: Video and media production crews worldwide, since 1989. With 500+ clients and thousands of shoots to our credit, Crew Connection is the largest, most experienced television and film booking service in the business. Debbies Book Description: Debbies Book is a unique layout of sources and individuals that supply the entertainment industry. It lists sources in almost 800 categories, plus more than an additional 700 category cross-references in the table of contents. Description: Film and Video Production in a Multi-Platform World. Digital Filmmaker's Resource Site (212) 378-0400 Description: NewBay reaches over two million readers in print and one million online and in person -- around the world in over 100 countries. NewBay Media is a trusted source to millions of readers and valued partners including advertisers and associations around the world. Film and Digital Times Description: The Journal of Art, Technique and Technology in Film, Video and Digital Production. Film Journal Description: Now in its 71st year, FJ is a trade publication covering the motion picture industry, including theatrical exhibition, production, distribution and allied activities. Filmmaker Magazine Description: Published quarterly, FILMMAKER covers independent feature films that will be released in theaters over the subsequent three months. Active filmmakers throughout the independent film and digital cinema community read FILMMAKER for an incisive look at the industry today. Hand Held Hollywood (310) 439-8504 Off Description: HHH explores how Apple's ubiquitous iPhone can aid in nearly every aspect of film and video production. This is a destination for those wishing to discus and discover the latest techniques and technology. Description: As much a part of Hollywood as the big sign on the hill, The Reporter has been the book of record for the entertainment industry for seven decades. In Sync Publications (310) 543-9045 Description: World Wide Trade Magazine for New and Used Motion Picture and Video Equipment and Services. Institute for International Film Financing (IIFF) Description: An innovative, independent social-impact organization that endeavors to bridge the gap between the worlds of film and finance for the benefit of all stakeholders� including the public at large. Int'l Documentary Association (213) 534-3600 Description: Since 1982, the International Documentary Association has worked to promote nonfiction film and video, support the efforts of documentary film and video makers around the world and increase public appreciation for the documentary form. Description: Web directory of movie/TV history, facts, news and also sales of DVDs, tickets, showtimes & more. KFTV Description: Use Kemps to search for over 41,000 production services companies from 115 countries worldwide. Use it to find everything from Aerial Photography to Video Equipment, Location Services, Crew and much more. Description: Kickstarter is powered by a unique all-or-nothing funding method where projects must be fully-funded or no money changes hands. Description: 26 years in business. Publisher of film, television, commercial and music video production resources in print and online. By including 411 in your media plan, you will be reaching key decision members within the very influential production community. Description: Crew Placement Services for in: Film and Television Production, Commercials, Music Videos, Theatre and Interactive Projects. Listings Updated Daily. Mark Hofmann Productions/ Motorhome / Hofmann, Mark (650) 712-0959 (310) 849-7449 Cell Description: Motorhome for non-union shoots. Mediaweek Description: Mediaweek.com is the online extension of Mediaweek magazine. It is dedicated to serving the magazine's readership with the latest breaking news in the media business and with analyisis and commentary that puts that news into perspective. Mix Magazine Online Description: Distributed in 94 countries, Mix is the world's leading magazine for the professional recording and sound production technology industry and boasts the industry's most extensive directory of recording studios and other audio/video facilities and services. New York Production Guide Description: Production Directory for the New York area. Northwest Production Index (800) 332-1736 Description: Washington, Oregon, Idaho production directory. P3 Update Magazine Description: Award-winning Production Update, a monthly trade publication reaching more than 21,000 professionals, is keeping the industry up-to-date on pre-production, production and post production in film, video and digital content creation. Performer Magazine (415) 742-0775 Description: Performer Magazine, the nation's largest musicians' trade publication, highlights the best unsigned and independent musical acts from the U.S. Circulation ranges from 30,000 to 35,000 copies depending on the region. Practical Guides for Actors (650) 275-3306 Description: Industry guide for Actors. Just INFO & STRAIGHT TALK, Bridging the Gap between Show & Business. Industry Professional since 1975. www.realityck.com Producers Masterguide (212) 777-4002 Description: The Most Comprehensive Film Production Guide for Features, TV, Videotape, Cable, Satellite, TV Commercials, Film Festivals, Film Production Financing, Film Union Agreements, Film Commissions, Film Distribution and Much More. Production Weekly Description: Weekly breakdown of production data charts. Listings contain the type of project, title, production co. and contact info. Reel West Description: For more than 25 years, Reel West productions has been the one-stop source for people in film, television, video, and multimedia Production in Western Canada. Roadshow Studios / Lindstrom, Mel (415) 593-7755 Description: The first and only fully equipped mobile studio in a truck. Pre-lit, green screen, sound, editing. Truck will show up at your location ready to go. Soundworks Collection / Coleman, Michael (925) 408-0093 Description: Our goal is simple; we are dedicated to profiling the greatest and upcoming sound minds from around the world and highlight their contribution. We take you behind the scenes for a look into audio post-production. Description: Pack your bags and move into a town designed exclusively for Screenwriters, Novelists, Playwrights and Storytellers. Agents, producers and other Industry Pros peruse our online library looking for promising new clients and projects with potential. Description: The printed version of The Knowledge is widely recognised as the 'bible' to the UK film, television, video and commercial production industries. Now accessible FREE The Knowledge Online provides you with access to over 18,000 contacts including over 10,100 freelance crew and technicians. TranSource (818) 783-1070 Description: Studio Transportation Resource Directory. Description: Variety is the premier source of entertainment news. Since 1905, the most influential leaders in the industry have turned to Variety for timely, credible and straight forward news and analysis- information vital to their professions. Withoutabox (818) 464-4800 Description: A worldwide audience for films. Screen films at over 3,000 Festivals on 5 continents. Promote films to 57MM fans on IMDb. Upload Trailers, Clips, Posters and Photos. Self distribute on DVD, video on demand and streaming video. Description: The Workbook provides art directors, graphic designers, corporate art departments and publishers with resources for their creative needs for assignment as well as industry contact information.	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line419
__label__wiki	0.900071	0.900071	Last Uyghur captives leave Guantanamo Bay By Jamie Crawford The United States has transferred the final three ethnic Chinese Uyghur captives from the Guantanamo Bay prison, the Pentagon said on Tuesday. Yusef Abbas, Saidullah Khalik and Hajiakbar Abdul Ghuper were sent to Slovakia where they were "voluntarily" resettled, Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Kirby said in a statement. "The United States is grateful to the government of Slovakia for this humanitarian gesture and its willingness to support U.S. efforts to close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility," he added. Post by: CNN's Jamie Crawford Filed under: China • Gitmo U.S. military guards move a detainee inside the detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Obama faces crucial Guantanamo votes By Evan Perez President Barack Obama's efforts to close the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, are expected to face some crucial Senate votes this week, and for the first time in four years, he stands a chance to win some. A Senate bill to authorize defense spending contains some of the loosest restrictions yet on transferring Guantanamo prisoners, including possibly to the United States for detention, trial or medical care. The bill would still require certification from the secretary of defense that the 164 Guantanamo prisoners won't pose a danger if transferred to the United States or other countries. But the streamlined process could help the Obama administration make progress on a goal that appeared all but given up for lost. This year, the administration is using tight budgets as part of the argument for closing the prison that Obama, in a speech at the National Defense University in May, said was a symbol of the U.S. flouting the law that "should never have been opened." Post by: CNN Justice Reporter Evan Perez Filed under: Congress • Detainees • Gitmo Holder: "I was right" on KSM trial Four years after political opposition killed his plans to try Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and other alleged 9/11 plotters in civilian court in Manhattan, Attorney General Eric Holder says: "I was right." Continued delays in the military trial of Mohammed and four others at the U.S. detention facility in Guantanamo Bay, which may not start until 2015, proves his point, Holder said Monday, interjecting a "not to be egocentric about it" qualifier. Filed under: Gitmo • Holder • Terrorism U.S. military guards move a detainee inside the detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in September 2010. Some former Guantanamo Bay detainees still returning to battle, report says Some former inmates at the United States prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, are still returning to the battlefield, a report from the U.S. intelligence community says. Of the 603 detainees who have been transferred from the facility since it opened, 100 of them, or 16.6%, have re-engaged in terrorist activity, says an unclassified summary from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence released last week. Three detainees of 71 who were released since January 2009 have gone back to battle, and four others who were transferred from the facility since then are suspected of returning to their old ways. "Based on trends identified during the past ten years, we assess that if additional detainees are transferred without conditions from GITMO, some will reengage in terrorist or insurgent activities," the report said. "Transfers to countries with ongoing conflicts and internal stability as well as active recruitment by insurgent and terrorist organizations pose a particular problem." Filed under: Detainees • Gitmo Jeh Johnson, former Pentagon General Counsel Former official sees "challenge" ahead pursuing terrorists EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the latest in a series of stories and opinion pieces previewing the upcoming Aspen Security Forum. Security Clearance is a media sponsor of the event which is taking place from July 17-20 in Aspen, Colorado. Follow the event on Twitter under @aspeninstitute and @natlsecuritycnn #AspenSecurity. By Larry Shaughnessy Jeh Johnson recently stepped down as the Pentagon’s top attorney. Now in private practice as a partner at PaulWeiss law firm in Washington, Johnson recently spoke to CNN about some of the issues he faced overseeing the Defense Department’s 10,000 uniformed and civilian lawyers, issues he may be asked about when he speaks at the Aspen Security Forum. CNN: What is the biggest legal hurdle the Defense Department and Intelligence community face? Johnson: “I would say that the biggest legal challenge that DoD and the intelligence community face right now is to settle upon a new legal architecture for, what I perceive to be, the next phase of our counterterrorism efforts against al Qaeda and other terrorism efforts. “We’ve been through 12 years of what some people would characterize as conventional armed conflict. And most intelligence experts would agree that core al Qaeda has been decimated and we’re at an inflection point now. And it is most likely the case that the traditional approach to armed conflict is no longer the best approach and so we need, in my view, to develop a legal architecture and a legal strategy that is a whole of government approach that deals with the new terrorist threats in forms that are not necessarily al Qaeda and it’s affiliates.” Post by: CNN's Larry Shaughnessy Filed under: Al Qaeda • Aspen Security Forum • Boston Bombing • Detainees • Edward Snowden • Gitmo Pressure mounts on Obama to stop Guantanamo force-feeding Two senior Democratic senators demanded on Tuesday that the United States stop force-feeding certain detainees at the Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, detention facility, a public stand that added to a rising chorus of protest over their treatment. Sens. Dianne Feinstein of California, who chairs the Intelligence Committee, and Richard Durbin of Illinois, the Democratic whip, registered their strong opposition to the practice during the confirmation hearing of James Comey to become the next FBI director. "This is inhumane," Feinstein said, noting that she wrote Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel about the matter but hadn't heard back. U.S. rejects call to stop force-feeding at Guantanamo Feinstein traveled to Guantanamo in June with Republican Sen. John McCain of Arizona and White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough, where she said she "took a look" at the force feeding issue. Filed under: Gitmo Stories from Gitmo Trapped in legal limbo, detainees at Guantanamo Bay find a way to communicate with the outside world. And, as CNN's Chris Lawrence reports, the writings provide a fascinating window into their grasp of American culture (complete with references to Charlie Sheen and match.com!). Post by: CNN Pentagon Correspondent Chris Lawrence Obama speech to focus on drones, Gitmo By Jamie Crawford, CNN National Security Producer From the targeted killing of Americans overseas to the future of the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, President Barack Obama will lay out the framework and legal rationale for his administration's counterterrorism policy in a widely anticipated speech on Thursday. Administration officials tell CNN that Obama will use the National Defense University speech to continue to call on engagement with Congress on aspects of national security, more transparency in the use of drones, and a review of threats facing the United States. He will make the case that the al Qaeda terror network has been weakened, but that new dangers have emerged even as the U.S. winds down operations in Afghanistan after more than a decade of war triggered by the 9/11 attacks. Threats that have emerged come from al Qaeda affiliates, localized extremist groups, and homegrown terrorists. The address will also build on remarks Obama made in his annual State of the Union address earlier this year when he said his administration works "tirelessly to forge a durable legal and policy framework to guide our counterterrorism efforts." Filed under: Al Qaeda • Barack Obama • drones • Gitmo President Obama: Gitmo should be closed (CNN) - President Barack Obama said Tuesday he continues to believe the United States should close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. "I think it's critical for us to understand Guantanamo is not necessary to keep America safe, it's expensive, it's inefficient, it hurts us in terms of international standing, it lessens cooperation with our allies in counter-terrorism efforts. ... It needs to be closed." Obama vowed to close the prison when he first came into office, but Congress blocked him from doing so. Dozens of prisoners at that detention camp are currently on their tenth week of a hunger strike. U.S. authorities said last week that 84 – half of the prisoners – were not eating. Carlos Warner, a public defender who represents 11 of the detainees, told CNN’s Christiane Amanpour last week that multiple sources told him the number was actually higher. Post by: CNN's Shirley Henry Filed under: Gitmo • Obama Detainees' attorneys angered by cancellation of flights to Guantanamo By Mike Mount The U.S. Navy has ordered commercial flights to the military base at Guantanamo, Cuba canceled because of a regulation that had been overlooked for years, outraging lawyers who use the flights to visit their clients at the detention facility. The order comes as lawyers of detainees held at Guantanamo sent a letter to U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel complaining of tougher treatment of detainees by the base commander who arrived last summer. At least 25 suspected terrorists held at the detention facility are participating in a hunger strike, which lawyers say is a result of the treatment they are receiving. Navy Capt. John Nettleton, the Naval Station Commanding Officer , notified the small airline, IBC Travel, in late February, according to military officials. The airline was directed to stop flying into Guantanamo by April 30th, but the airline said it would halt flights as of April 5th, according Navy officials. Post by: CNN's Mike Mount	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line430
__label__cc	0.693701	0.306299	Tag: Pitney Bowes Are Facebook, YouTube and Twitter Really Free? Some Tweeters have taken issue with a slide I typically include in most of my presentations. It says: Total cost for Mayo Clinic YouTube, Facebook and Twitter: They protest that it’s inaccurate, maybe even misleading to say “total cost” and that it should instead say “Barrier to Entry” or “Cost to Start.” “What about the staff needed to run these sites?” they ask. I will grant that these platforms don’t automatically maintain themselves, but I’m not changing the wording or conceding the point. I believe that in the way most people would have understood the phrase for at least the last century, these tools are FREE. And this little video explains why: YouTube is a FREE television station that lets you broadcast to the world. A Facebook “fan” page is (at least) a FREE multimedia “white pages” listing for your business. Twitter is a FREE incoming/outgoing communication channel, like the toll-free phone service discussed above. But unlike the fictional AT&T and Pitney Bowes examples I described in the video, these are 100 percent real, bona fide offers. They are better ways for your existing staff to communicate, with each other or with your customers or other key constituents. So ask not how you’re going to afford to hire staff to use these tools. Ask how these powerful tools can make your staff more productive! For answers, look in the advanced courses in the Facebook, Twitter and Blogging curriculum listings. Author Lee AasePosted on June 2, 2009 Categories Social MediaTags AT&T, Facebook, Fax, Lee Aase, Pitney Bowes, SMUG, Social Media, Twitter, YouTube9 Comments on Are Facebook, YouTube and Twitter Really Free?	cc/2019-30/en_middle_0004.json.gz/line438
__label__cc	0.53705	0.46295	Vehicle accident no police report,how to check how many owners a vehicle has had,vehicle check free text uk,vehicle identification number bmw x5 foro - PDF Books Three months ago, in what the talk show host termed a "radical departure," Winfrey announced that "A Million Little Pieces," author James Frey's nonfiction memoir of his vomit-caked years as an alcoholic, drug addict, and criminal, was her latest selection for the world's most powerful book club. In an October 26 show entitled "The Man Who Kept Oprah Awake At Night," Winfrey hailed Frey's graphic and coarse book as "like nothing you've ever read before. But a six-week investigation by The Smoking Gun reveals that there may be a lot less to love about Frey's runaway hit, which has sold more than 3.5 million copies and, thanks to Winfrey, has sat atop The New York Times nonfiction paperback best seller list for the past 15 weeks. Police reports, court records, interviews with law enforcement personnel, and other sources have put the lie to many key sections of Frey's book. In addition to these rap sheet creations, Frey also invented a role for himself in a deadly train accident that cost the lives of two female high school students. Frey appears to have fictionalized his past to propel and sweeten the book's already melodramatic narrative and help convince readers of his malevolence. Disclaimer: I, like James Frey, took artistic license with that last paragraph but the GIST of it is true and I will have my lawyers write the equivalent of a Cease and Desist letter to back up my claim, if need be. My favorite is the LEGAL THREAT letter where Singer BEGS for TSG not to publish it on this website. After reading "A Million Little Pieces", I thought that Frey's writing was, though sometimes implausible, very raw and powerful. Authorities said there were no survivors after the hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed in Texas. While investigators are still determining the identities of the 15 other victims, tributes poured in for Nichols. WORST EVER HOT AIR BALLOON CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES The world's deadliest hot air balloon crash occurred in Luxor, Egypt, in 2013 after a fire caused 19 deaths. Next to the latest Harry Potter title, Nielsen BookScan reported Friday, Frey's book sold more copies in the U.S. In what may be his book's most crass flight from reality, Frey remarkably appropriates and manipulates details of the incident so he can falsely portray himself as the tragedy's third victim. Your comment "all he had to do" is put a disclaimer on the book is tantamount to saying, all he had to do is not commit fraud and then people wouldn't have made such a big deal out of the fact that he committed fraud. After finishing the book, I not only wanted to meet the man who survived these mind blowing experiences, but I would have loved to get a chance to chat with him. When we were staying up late at night reading it, we'd come in the next morning saying, 'What page are you on?'" In emotional filmed testimonials, employees of Winfrey's Harpo Productions lauded the book as revelatory, with some choking back tears. All he had to do was put a disclaimer in the front saying that the book was loosely based on a true story, names & dates have been changed, etc. Note how it is dated January 2006 and was published on The Smoking Gun, a web site known for exposing things. After reading this incredible article, I will never be able to look at James Frey's work in the same way again. Oh well, it made for good publicity -I didn't buy the book, but I did borrow it so I coud read it myself - c'mon, who goes through a root canal with no anesthesia??? TSG brings to my attention the fact that his book has no real sources except his own words; whereas this article has proof to back up every criticism. Though this doesn't detract from Frey's writing ability, it blurs the line between fact and fiction in his writing, and brings readers back to reality. I was considering reading the sequel - "My Friend Leonard" - but now, I realize that I have no reason to waste my time on more fiction that calls itself fact. Vehicle vin year code chart Check vin number dmv florida espa?ol Vin freelander 2 quattroruote Used car check text usage Comments to «Vehicle accident no police report» Alla writes: 22.07.2014 at 18:30:40 Contains recovered stolen autos that aren't totaled voluntary from the businesses and are he estimated that. ISMAIL writes: 22.07.2014 at 11:46:28 Can take steps to have the. 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