Split (1)

train

The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.

The dataset generation failed

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    ArrowInvalid
Message:      JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 159
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
                  df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
                  return json_reader.read()
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
                  obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
                  obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
                  self._parse()
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
                  ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
              ValueError: Trailing data
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
                  for _, table in generator:
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
                  raise e
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
                  pa_table = paj.read_json(
                File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
                File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
                File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
              pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 159
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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pred_label string	pred_label_prob float64	wiki_prob float64	text string	source string
__label__wiki	0.638915	0.638915	Captain Gordon A. Anderson Guam 1945 Gordon Allen Anderson, the son of Arthur and Bertha Anderson was born June 22, 1915. He grew up in North Minneapolis. He graduated from North High School and the University of Minnesota. He received his private pilot's license at Flight School, Kelly Field, Texas. With achieving his goal of becoming a pilot, He enlisted in the Army Air Corps 12 January 1942 (according to WWII Enlistment Records) and ultimately became Airplane Commander of the Crew 24's "City of St. Louis Park". His younger brother Robert followed him into the military. However, Robert, his bomber named "Liberty Belle" and their crew were shot down in 1943 - all but one man was lost in the North Sea. As was the custom, the crew gave their B-29 a nickname - it was considered to be bad luck to name plane after one that went down so Anderson asked his crew if he could name their B-29 "Liberty Belle II" in honor of his brother. After the war, Anderson wanted to make the military his career, however with the loss of his younger brother, his father asked him to return home to run the family business. Gordon and his wife Marian have 3 children: Caroline, Robert and John and 6 grandchildren. He owned and operated Sundseth-Anderson Funeral Home in North Minneapolis until his retirement in 1981. He was a member of the Northside Commerical Club, North Minneapolis Exchange Club, Ebenzer Society Board, Zuhurah Flyers, American Legion Westphal Post # 251 and several other organizations. He was "Mr. West Broadway" in 1973 and received WCCO Radio's "Good Neighbor Award" when he served as Chairman of the North Minneapolis Summer Festival in 1968. "He was a wonderful leader and an excellent pilot" .... "He was somewhat older than we were. We felt the maturity was on our side" ... Lt Col Richard B. Vogenitz USAF Ret then Sgt, Left Gunner, P-24 Gordon Allen Anderson took his Final Flight 17 December 2005 after a long battle with myeloid dysphasia at the age 90 yrs old. Services were held Dec 22, 2005; Interment is Ft. Snelling National Cemetery. 61st Squadron Crew Index Page Source: "Gordon Anderson, WWII Pilot with lifelong love of flying" published Jan 18, 2006 - Star Tribune News Section 4B; and Obituary of Gordon A. Anderson, published Dec 19, 2005 Start Tribune found on Legacy.com; 39th BG Orders; WWII Enlistment Records Database - National Archives Web Site This page was created on 9 July 2006	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line0
__label__cc	0.698127	0.301873	Mssr. Jouet Thu, 04/26/2007 - 7:33pm As citizens and media consumers, we are embedded and embroiled in a battle for our minds. When we actively tune into television news or other programming, read the major newspapers, seek out alternative media, play video games, watch a movie, or browse the Internet, we are subject to the influences, overtly and covertly, of people, organizations and ideologies which remain hidden to us. There is also increasing evidence that we are subject to having our thoughts and mental processes surveilled and affected, even passively, beyond our choice or recognition. This six-part series will examine the news media, propaganda, social agenda setting, the influences of corporations, the Pentagon, the CIA and related organizations, in driving not only what you perceive but also how you perceive it, what you think you understand, and perhaps how you will behave in a given socio-political context. Several cases studies will be presented. Numerous articles and other sources will be noted. In some cases, this effort is focused on the masses… reaching tens of millions of people at once, or repetitively. In other cases, the focus is on driving an agenda through the influence of a few. In some cases, the technologies can focus on a single individual. The six sections include: Introduction: Propaganda and Public Relations http://www.commongroundcommonsense.org/forums/index.php?automodule=blog&... The CIA and the Pentagon -- Operation Mockingbird -- “The Mighty Wulitzer” -- “The Provocateur State” -- Black Budgets, Manpower and Record-“Keeping” -- The Office of Strategic Influence -- “The War on Hostile Media” Surveillance: Feedback Loops to the Benefit of Whom? -- Echelon, Commercial Espionage and Data Mining A Few “Case Histories” -- Iran-Contra, the CIA and Drugs -- The Kennedy Assassination -- Flight 800 -- 9/11 (with a tip of the cap to "George Washington") -- The Anthrax Matter -- The Valerie Plame Affair -- “The Mind Has No Firewall” -- The War at Home -- New Weaponry -- Psychopharmacological Warfare The Present and the Future -- ‘What’s Wrong With This Picture?” -- Repeated Trauma and Deliberately-Induced Fear -- Computer-Age Information Warfare -- Electromagnetic Weapons and Psychological Control of Civilians This series is not about commercial product placement in movies, subliminal programming, or other “hidden persuaders”, though these are in use. Similarly, it is not about memetic engineering, though this is also present in our cultural discourse. It will not discuss the way in which TV viewing can induce mental states highly susceptible to suggestion, for which there is much evidence. "Americans no longer talk to each other; they entertain each other. They do not exchange ideas; they exchange images. They do not argue with propositions; they argue with good looks, celebrities, parables, and public opinion polls. Because of this, it is even possible that someday soon a movie actor may become president of the United States." Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death,1985. Coda: “If you’re not in a conspiracy, you need to start one” Carolyn Baker, Speaking Truth to Power http://carolynbaker.org/archives/conspiracy-if-youre-not-in-one-you-need... Mssr. Jouet's blog	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line1
__label__cc	0.637256	0.362744	The Scratched Lens and Broken Fingers Layer — November 26, 2005 This essay is going to make a bizzare sort of logic, but not the kind of logic most people like in an essay. Sorry about that; this is how my brain works. The catalyst for this comes from two different articles, one about Interactive Fiction and one about Filmmaking. Since I happen to be making a film that includes Interactive Fiction as one of its subjects, this combination holds strong interest to me. But there’s a third catalyst, which is the articles themselves. First of all, it is important to know of an extension/add-on for browsers called BugMeNot. This extension removes the foolish “web registration” that these newspaper websites implement to make you get the chance to see their advertisements with add-on “news” articles jammed between them. I just mention this so that if you haven’t heard of this opportunity before, you’ll know and I won’t feel bad about directing you to these articles. The first article is about interactive fiction, and is from the Wall Street Journal: Keeping a Genre Alive. The second article is about small-time filmmakers, and is from the New York Times: Join a Revolution. Make Movies. Go Broke. If you are reading this essay a few weeks from when it was written, I apologize in advance for the fact that both these news organizations will attempt to charge you for viewing these articles, and you will not be able to see the words for yourself. I stress that it is not worth the money to pay to see them. The human spirit has many failings (and triumphs), and one of them is that it generally doesn’t keep remembering invisible processes or forces, even when shown, at one point or another, these variables at work. It’s just our way; even if we know that the kitchen of the local restaurant or fast food establishment isn’t all that well maintained, it is very hard to not let that knowledge fade and go back to thinking of it all as a magic clean machine that goes poof and makes our burgers out of dreams. Make no mistake, many folks do in fact accomplish remembering these facts, but it is an effort, an actual effort to keep this information in the forefront of our minds. At least with foods and goods, you have a tangible resultant product that you can impart process onto, and know that it might come from unclean, amateurish, or problematic sources. Not so with information, and not so with a related line of manufacturing I call experience products. Experience products are products where, after you use them, there’s nothing left. With, say, a hammer, you pay for the hammer, use the hammer and bing, you have a hammer and a hammered thing. With things such as circuses, funhouses, concerts, movies, television shows, and fireworks, at the end you have nothing. Technically, you have had the experience, but that whole input goes into a pile of meat and quickly fades for most of us. Newspapers are an exception, mostly because they’re printed on paper, and that paper has other uses, besides allowing us to clip special articles or other sections and keep them. So you get a tangible thing with the product, and some of it is even related to the newspaper’s original goal, which is to provide news. Except that’s really not the goal of newspapers. That’s not the goal of movie theatres, that’s not the goal of television. The goal of any profession is to make money. Otherwise it’s not a profession, it’s a charity or a time-killer. Sometimes people running time-killers want to convince themselves they’re a profession, but if you’re paying out more money than you’re bringing in, then you are going to run out of money and stop what you’re doing, and you’ve finished killing time. Newspapers, Movies and Television are professions. One way that people “hack” the idea of a profession being entirely capital-geared is to encourage the ideals of honesty, clarity and accuracy in their product, whether by hiring people with a reputation for such virtues or by, well.. lying that they have such virtues. This product claim will gain you a certain customer base and you will sustain your business. Similarly, you can also espouse complete and total unreality, complete lack of syncopation with truth, and just going for the easy sex-and-violence sell. And there’s nothing wrong with this, as long as all involved parties, creator and audience, know this is the case. The issues arrive when the lines are blurred, or one way of thinking tries to pull in the audience of the other way of thinking, to double the audience. And this works both ways: people researching truthful and accurate stories will pepper in the words and phrases of fiction writers, and fiction writers will put forward the idea that their made-up works have a germ of truth at the bottom. This is done to sell you their product. The experience products used to have a number of advantages on their side: Things couldn’t easily be recorded or reproduced. Tough questions about accuracy, meaning or truth were not always followed up because the products were ethereal. And most importantly, questions about what exactly the product being sold consisted of, were shelved because it was all theoretical crap, and that gets in the way of cooking the books. Since doing a movie or creating a TV show or making a newspaper was an expensive, expensive proposition, a lot of tough questions were never in need of being answered by experience producers: What, exactly was being sold? What rules were implied by interacting with these products? What level of “quality” has to be applied to these experiences? Since in most cases the answer was “It’s all we have on the menu, so eat it”, critical media analysis was mostly the realm of academics and people who were very, very lonely. What, exactly, are you paying for when you go to a movie theatre? Is it the quality of the experience (the excellent sound system, the good seats, the nice sound buffering on all sides, the massive screen)? Is it the right to a single viewing of the film being shown at a time agreed upon by both parties? Or are you putting forward a small fee to make that experience a part of your life, forever, including being able to recount or experience it at will, when you so choose? Obviously the last one isn’t likely to be the case, but so too, it’s not entirely clear which of the other two, or other possibilities, you’re paying for. And more importantly, until recently, nobody gave a shit what the answer was. OK, so now we’re in some very strange place, and you, as reader, say Well, this is just great, Jason. Where are we, what does this have to do with the titles, what’s with all the high-stepping language, and how do we get out? So let’s work our way back up. The aforementioned Wall Street Journal article, Keeping a Genre Alive, is ostensibly a helpful insight into the current Interactive Fiction “Scene”. However, it is, at best, a scratched lens: scratched by the financial requirements of the Wall Street Journal, scratched by the author’s lack of knowledge of the genre, and scratched by the need to present “story” and “interest” where there might be none. I know that everyone in the article quoted spoke to the author for at least a half-hour over the phone. (In-person interviews almost never happen in the modern world.) I know that when she says “Online Chat Room”, she means IFmud, a MUD dedicated to the authors and players of modern interactive fiction, as well as other social interests. And I know that the reporter, Vauhini Vara, has written articles about mobile phone applications, fake marketing weblogs, and general “blogger” pieces. I will surmise that Vauhini spends some amount of time trying to find the “thing” that will result in a sold piece to the Wall Street Journal. And I also see that Vauhini was writing for the Stanford Daily Journal as late as 2004, which means they’ve been a full professional journalist for a whole year. How much any non-industry person wants to know about the process of becoming a modern “reporter”, what that skillset consists of, and what sort of comprimises and short-cuts must be taken to achieve a regular output of stories with headlines gripping enough to make people glance at them after seeing the ad next to them… I’ll assume not many. But the point I get across here is there’s not some clean-room machine shooting out these stories, and looking to a newspaper article like this, with its short little word length, its constant framing of interactive fiction authors as compared to “modern” concepts like Grand Theft Auto and the 1992-era “Doom”, and the general painting of the whole sub-culture with a firm “loneliness” brush.. there’s “accuracy” and “truth” in there, but it is framed in fiction and construct to present them. Germs of truth are buried in there, but what else of the hours of interviews were deemed not of use by the author? How many minutes after they hit “send” on their e-mailing in of the story did they consider the roots of Interactive Fiction and the meaning? What else did a 48-year-old Steve Meretzky say about an art form that he helped define, that is now going to be lost to time? This information is gone and only the bright shiny “look at this strange little thing” bauble of text remains. I don’t pretend to not have the same conceits with the BBS Documentary, either; but this is why I’m uploading the full interviews as fast as I can, when time permits. People talk about a LOT of other stuff besides BBSes, and in fact talk a LOT about stuff INVOLVING BBSes that simply didn’t make it into the main product. It’s very valuable stuff, I think. And I’m intentionally giving it away. If you question a quote in my film, go find the original interview and hear it in context, where we were going in the interview that made them say what they did, and what amount of what they said ended up being used. It’s pretty important, I think, to make that stuff available. And how can I make this stuff available? Because information storage, transfer, and analysis has become cheap. Astoundingly cheap. Absolutely, entirely, astoundingly cheap. A 30 gigabyte drive in the year 2000 cost about $200-$300 (Roughly). I just bought two 300 gigabyte drives for $130 apiece for my desktop system. Let’s go there again. 600 gigabytes (550 effective) for $260. Ten times what it was 5 years ago. This sort of advancement is not slowing down, either. All across the board, advancement happens. Televisions and sound systems that will give you roughly-equivalent experiences to most crappy multiplexes cost less than $2000. DVDs, stop-gap storage that they are, can be duplicated for rather low cost, and can then be played in a wide variety of cheap DVD players and computer laptops. Which brings us to the second article, from two directions. First of all, we have to step back, and harken to what I said about the Scratched Lens. When I read this story, I get really cranky. I don’t like the attitude of the subjects, I don’t like what they say, and I don’t like the overall tone of the article… but maybe I’m not supposed to. This article was written by Charles Lyons to sell the article, and was then further modified to fit in the needs of the New York Times, and a set of editors and a publisher. That is, who knows what germs of truth are in that article and what is just being hyped up for the sake of easy attention of readership (The headline alone shows this, mentioning “revolution” and the scary phrase “Go Broke”). Even as I know this, put it at the forefront of my mind that I am reading an informational product that is being sold to me, I still am affected by it. Yes, I know this whole paragraph can be summarized as don’t believe everything you read. But don’t we anyway? Don’t we end up thinking there must be some truth to the rumors, the insinuations, the wild characterizations? Don’t we let the fiction of the information created by writers still guide us as if we’re experiencing reality? Keeping that in mind… The second way I come at this is the content itself, which discusses how there’s a “glut” of filmmakers trying to get into Sundance and other film festivals, hoping, praying they’ll get a “distribution deal” so the whole making of the film is “worth it”. The article goes so far as to quote Arin Crumley, a 24-year old filmmaker who has sunk tens of thousands of dollars into his film and joining the festival circuit: “If the result was going to be this,” Mr. Crumley mused, “a film with no distributor, no way for anyone to ever get a chance to see it beyond those who saw it at a few festivals, would I have done it? That’s a tough question to answer.” Ms. Buice added: “The answer is, ‘no,’ it’s not O.K. for our film to have been mildly successful on the festival circuit. But otherwise, it was just a jaunt into the abyss and now we have financial hell to pay.” It is maddening to me to read this, to see yet another set of filmmakers who have been handed these great opportunities in film equipment (cheap cameras) editing (cheap software) and DVDs/Internet Files (cheap product), all 21st-century advances and situations…. and then fall back down into the 1940s era distribution channels as a savior and logical end to their work! I don’t think people understand exactly what a distribution network is. Unless there’s some amount of vertical integration (stores owned by the distributors or the movie studios owning everything), a distributor, by itself, is just a simple network. It is a list of phone numbers and addresses controlled by a company that issues out funds for product, gets this product to either the final destination or other distributors, maintains the product’s “presence”, and does its fucking damndest to soccer-cleat the face of anyone who gets in their way. That’s what a distributor is. This is the hidden layer between Chevy Chase smiling into a Zeiss lens and you chawing down jujubees watching him in Bosnian Vacation. It’s the layer where if you are a theatre, this sad little box that sells soda and snacks, you are told what you can and can’t show, which “complete dogs” you have to show in theatre 5 so that you get the “guaranteed winner” in theatre 2. It’s the layer where if you step out of line, refuse to buy, play little games of quality, meaning or all the happy-go-fruity ideals of moviemaking, you end up with one thing: broken fingers. It used to be literally. Now it’s mostly figuratively, as the real involved crime has moved up the chain and to other, more lucrative sectors of the economic arena. But it’s still there, the layer of broken fingers that built these distribution chains, these little magic lists of producer and end-buyer, and kept them in line. It is dismal, depressing and it is absolutely real. I threw a few bucks at the “festival” circuit; about $200. This is about what I paid for a vinyl poster of my DVD’s logo. I consider it the equivalent of throwing down a couple 20s on red at the roulette table. Hey, you never know… but I could walk away from the $200 in a heartbeat, no regrets, no tears, and I did. We’re in a very great time in history; the creators of experience products first grabbed the crack-pipe of easy creation of media, simple DVDs and CDs that could sell previously-etherial works and make them easily reproducable, forever. And then, when they’d totally bought in and they were utterly, absolutely addicted to this new revenue stream, they’ve made a horrifying discovery: anyone can do this. They can do it with the Hollywood films, the CDs, the DVDs, the TV-Shows, and they can do it at an astounding speed. If someone takes your “experience” and puts up a not-equivalent-but-totally passable version of it as a DiVX file, it can be around the world a thousand times before you finish your Coco Puffs. They are on the run, they are terrified, and the broken-fingers layer is shattering like so much action-film flying glass. Oh, and while they now try to pass laws to protect themselves and their experience products, laws that would have turned decent minds to goo a mere 20 years ago…. this new distribution works for completely non-pirated works too. You might have heard of these… we call them original stuff. The word “independent” has no meaning in this context; “independent”‘s just another marketing word sucked up by people who don’t spend a lot of time thinking between coke lines. No, I mean original works, like you grabbed your camera, went out with a bunch of your friends, and you told a story about a bunch of friends. And it was good. Before you can say “yo ho ho and a bottle of bittorrent”, your film can be in more places than the original prints of Casablanca could have dreamed of touching. Overnight. Right now. No film festivals. No sucking down bad cocktail weiners. No showing up and begging the same 12 people to sit in your expensively-rented suite and blow smoke up your donut. Right Now. In the article, people throw tens of thousands of dollars after the ideas of festivals and then cry out how they’ve ruined themselves because their works didn’t catch fire. Remember what I said about “professionals” versus “time-killers”? These are time-killers, exhibit A. If you are dumping not only your spare cash but actual, can’t-ever-get-it-back savings into your film, you have made some serious fundamental errors, some basic miscalculations about your life. And you are insane, the bad insane with the missing shoe and the newspaper hat to protect you from UFO radiation. Why, when almost all of it can be avoided, would anyone chase after such a worthless illusion as the “cinema” in trying to get their works out there? Why would they want to wrestle with the arcane bullshit, the lame rules, the absolute last-decade-before-last outlook that the vast majority of these places have to indulge because they’re so locked into distribution? Fuck that. Get out of the darkness. Get into the light. Stop whining. Start shooting. Oh, and Happy Thanksgiving. Steve Garfield says: The New York Times supports free access to articles for weblogs. No registration is needed and the links never expire. Place a NY Times article link into the New York Times Link Generator and a special weblog link will be generated. New York Times Link Generator http://nytimes.blogspace.com/genlink Here is the weblog safe link for the story: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/20/movies/20lyon.html?ex=1290142800&en=bbe04476ecfca8d0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Another note, those Four Eyed Monster movie makers are making quite a splash on My Space, iTunes and the Video blogging scene by posting up clips about the behind the scenes from their movie. Markets often think very strangely, and they think even more strangely about luxury items (such as movies). The forces involved are much less economic (in the sense of weighing costs and values) and much more social/cultural. To me that seems to imply that the transitional period we’re in with regard to these kinds of products (luxury digital content) is not necessarily heading towards any sort of foregone conclusion. It’s not just a matter of the market taking a while to sort out what things are “actually” worth and assigning the proper prices to everything. The eventual value of something like a movie in the near future hinges on how we decide as a culture to value & structure things. For instance people could decide that it’s silly to ever pay for movies, since there’s so much free content (both legal & illegal) available. Movie making would cease to be an (especially) profitable activity, and almost all movies would be amateur. Conversely, people could decide that since they have access to movies now which are highly specialized (and therefore more closely match their personal interests) that the value of a movie has in fact gone up, and movies could sell for more than they did in the old days (say, $50). I suspect the most likely scenario in the near term is a weird mixture. That’s how my own habits have developed: I’m more likely to download hollywood movies than buy them (since I feel no particular loyalty to the people who created them), yet I’m willing to pay premium prices for content that I care about from real people. It’s very difficult, in such a multidimensional & idiosyncratic market, to figure out which distribution mechanism or price point is most appropriate. There might even be more than one good answer. There is however one ironclad rule of the new media economy: Don’t alienate your fans. These days, they really do have a choice. Hey there, Steve. I just checked that New York Times thing (which I greatly appreciate). It doesn’t look like the New York Times is supporting it, just that a third-party group (Dave Winer) is offering RSS feeds, and from that, another person is generating blog links from it, yanking against the RSS feeds. More sketchy than I’d like at the moment. Without a doubt, the Four-Eyed Monster filmmakers are getting attention (hence a NYT story in the first place), but dropping tens of thousands into festival promotion is wasted cash, even if they later “get it” and have moved to other methods of promotion. It still seems like they’re holding out to go into the snack boxes. Mungo: Fun as always, but you’re focusing on the content available and the business models of the studios, which are on their own little plateau. When you have billions in the bank, you can experiment, make choices, do lawsuits, and so on. And really, while I understand doing a lot of “spectacle” movies, the fact remains is that we have a lot of near-stage-like productions, with the main drive being, say, a love story, which is costing $60 million. That’s not normal. Meanwhile, $100,000k will get you a pretty incredible film, if you do things right. We’ll likely see more of those. Ricko says: Of course, markets don’t think, or even “think.” akb says: Very thoughtful writing, thanks. One of the biggest costs of the festival circuit is getting a film print made, that alone is many thousands of dollars. Many other countries are converting to digital projectors so its just a matter of rendering with a computer. One filmmaker that seems to have gotten a taste of the same coolaid you’re drinking is Azazel Jacobs. He’s an arty indie filmmaker who has recently made his film “Nobody Needs To Know” available on archive.org and via bittorrent on legaltorrents.com. It has its limited life in the festival world, but he is thrilled as punch that its been downloaded 5000 or so times. http://www.nobodyneedstoknow.com/ Hi, akb. The film print costs are nuts; I actually checked on this a while ago when I attended a digital film panel, and one of the people mentioned the “thousands of dollars” cost of transfer. I found a place and it looks like it’s about $35,000 for a 90 minute movie as of a couple years ago. Digital projection/transfer is only part of the story, however. Even as it gets cheaper to actually transfer the goods, I think it’s basically a done deal that the box that digitally projects will be an opaque one, connected to a central authority in Hollywood or a collection of specific datacenters around the country, which then communicate directly with the distributor’s machines to transfer the digital item directly into the theatres. I think the “original” filmmakers will still be shut out of this whole thing. Obviously, Mark Cuban is trying to shake shit up with his “show it here for a week for $30k” program, and that’s nice to see, but I do want to point out that the actual METHOD of film distribution is not what I’m telling people to avoid, it’s the way that these organizations operate in general. New tools, same tool-wielders.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line2
__label__wiki	0.822164	0.822164	Decent fighting choreography, characters look like the game characters Lacks the energy, fun, and gore that the movie needs and deserves Studio: New Line Cinema Genre(s): Action/Adventure/Martial Arts/Sci-Fi/Fantasy Release Date(s): April 8, 2021 (International)/April 23, 2021 (US) We’re kind of cool and almost have a backstory…we’re the stars right? Nine challenges have occurred and the fate of the world hangs on the tenth challenge. Outworld is winning and Earthrealm could fall. Shang Tsung (Chin Han) doesn’t intend for that to happen and has sent Sub-Zero (Joe Taslim) to eliminate the competition by taking out Cole Young (Lewis Tan) who could be the world’s best hope. Thrust into battle, Cole learns that he and the other fighters must train under Lord Raiden (Tadanobu Asano) if they hope to win Mortal Kombat…but Shang Tsung and his men won’t go down without a fight. Directed by Simon McQuoid, Mortal Kombat is an action-adventure movie. The film is a relaunch of the Mortal Kombat film series that ended with Mortal Kombat: Annihilation in 1997. It premiered on HBO Max and in theaters on April 23, 2021 to mixed reviews. I love the taste of blood in the morning! The first Mortal Kombat was goofy fun. It essentially was a rip-off of Enter the Dragon where people had superpowers and fought each other in the best-worst sci-fi effects that 1995 could bring you. While Mortal Kombat was better than its counterpart Street Fighter (from 1994), it still wasn’t good…but it was fun. The new Mortal Kombat falls more along the lines of the Street Fighter film. The problem is the story. While the first film ripped off Enter the Dragon, this movie seems to have no direction. You have people randomly showing up, a weak birthmark storyline, and randomly generating powers (like Kano played by Josh Lawson who gets a laser eye when screaming about wanting dinner). It feels rather arbitrary. This combines with an unfocused story with the dull Cole Young as the hero and a family past history with Sub-Zero. It all leads to a rather uninspired last fight that is meant to set-up sequels. Goro…who appears and dies too early When a video game like Mortal Kombat has characters that are just one-dimensional stereotypes, it is hard to turn them into fleshed out characters. The movie does a good job making the characters look like their counterparts, but it doesn’t feel like they put any effort into the characters themselves. They are just stock characters with random powers fighting…efforts to set-up rivalries don’t really work and there isn’t any vested interest in the characters. While the choreography of the fights matches the games, it often feels like the fighters are moving in slow motion and part of it could be how it is shot. I look at a film like John Wick which gets action right and think what it would be like to have it applied to Mortal Kombat…or even better something like The Raid. It would be cool to see that energy put into Mortal Kombat (and if it had that level of energy, the plot wouldn’t matter as much). Also, if the movie is R-Rated, make it R-Rated…except one vivisection, I feel that the violence was not hard core enough. It’s a video game movie…make it completely over-the-top. Get over here! I still think there is a good Mortal Kombat movie in Mortal Kombat somewhere if the right players come together. This movie isn’t it. I kind of wonder if the whole franchise needs to take a different and completely wild approach to the story…the movie needs to be a spectacle. It is the type of movie that you need to turn to a friend and say “Did you see that?” during fight sequences. The first Mortal Kombat film pumped you up when the signature music started blaring and “FIGHT!” was screamed, but this new iteration sometimes feels like a pale comparison.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line3
__label__wiki	0.739483	0.739483	The American (2010) Misses the target and wastes the visuals and the actors Movie Name: The American Studio: Focus Features Genre(s): Action/Adventure Release Date(s): September 1, 2010 If you were to judge this movie on the opening sequence, it would be a tense thriller… A high end assassin named Jack (George Clooney) finds his trip interrupted by a hit on him. Retreating to Italy, Jack’s handler Pavel (Johan Leysen) tells Jack of a new assignment for a woman named Mathilde (Thekla Reuten). Jack is beginning to doubt his fortitude to the assassination life, but being an assassin is something that you can’t easily leave. With one final assignment on the list, Jack questions a life after being an assassin and finds himself falling in love with a prostitute named Clara (Violante Placido)…but someone could be hunting Jack. Directed by Anton Corbijn, The American is a spy-assassin thriller drama. The film is an adaptation of the 1990 novel A Very Private Gentleman by Martin Booth. The movie was met with mixed reviews. …but then the assassin walks around talking to priests and such for a chunk of the film The trailers and promotion for The American didn’t do much for me. I like George Clooney, but it all seemed very bland. Watching the movie now, I can see my initial take on the film wasn’t that far off. The movie crawls. It is intentional, but it also isn’t necessarily what you’d expect going into an espionage thriller. While it deals with Clooney’s character’s moral dilemmas, the story doesn’t feel like it goes deep enough into what goes through a professional killer’s mind. It has been done as a comedy multiple times from Grosse Pointe Blank to Get Shorty to HBO’s Barry, but despite those series being comedies, I felt they dove deeper than The American. Clooney also feels wasted. He does his George Clooney brooding character as opposed to the clever and wry Clooney of films like Out of Sight. As demonstrated in some scenes, he was in pretty good shape for the film, but it seems like it never paid out. Not all movies need a big action scene, but even the semi-action scenes felt rather blasé and never utilized his skill. The exception might be the opening scene which demonstrates his character’s level of commitment to the trade…but the movie never peaks after the tense opening. …the movie needs more of this intensity What can’t be complained about is the visuals of the film. With the nice Italian setting, Corbijn makes the movie look great, and despite the script, the scenes builds the tension as best they can. Visually, the movie excels which makes the fact that it is a snoozer all the more depressing. The American feels like it has a goal, but it misses that goal. The look and style of the film is right and the casting is right, but the story and plot development never meet up. Halfway through the movie, I was checking the time and couldn’t find my way into the world being created…which is half the joy of a movie (especially when a movie is a bit dark). It was a slow-burn movie that never caught fire. Skip The American…and visit another Italian film or assassin film instead.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line4
__label__wiki	0.614747	0.614747	Burpman Corporation Productions (BCP) This is the new home of BCP website which was formerly located at http://members.tripod.com/~twid/bcp/. Please update any bookmarks or links accordingly. Thank you! The original BCP website is currently being renovated. In the mean time you can find out more about BCP on this temporary page... What is BCP? BCP - Burpman Corporation Productions - is the name under which a group of friends (Marc, Nils, Duncan, Niklas, James and others) have published various comics and magazines. The name is taken from their first character - the “Burpman” - who has starred in many of their comics. The Burpman was created in the early 90's and has since appeared in several BCP products including: The Circle of Life 1 - 3 (and associated upgrades) A comic, maze-like death-trap for the Burpman's enemy, Hühni. Mental Mix magazine, issues 1 - 14 An off-the-wall pupil's magazine featuring comics, puzzles, quizzes and much more. © 1997 - 2023 James Nash. This site is hosted by Cyberfinity.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line5
__label__cc	0.556228	0.443772	Tag Archive for Andrew Lau Winners of “The Last Tycoon” Blu-Rays Announced! September 29, 2013 Author, Contests, Featured Stories, Malone, Uncategorized No comments THE LAST TYCOON available now on Blu-Ray from Well Go USA! Congratulations to the winners of our “The Last Tycoon ” Blu-Ray giveaway! We’d like to thank all who entered, but only 2 could walk away with the loot. Each will receive a copy of the film courtesy of the good people at Well Go USA. Were you one of the chosen ones? Click “READ MORE” to find out! Read more Enter to win THE LAST TYCOON on Blu-Ray!!! Enter to win THE LAST TYCOON on Blu-Ray from Well Go USA and Cinema Judgement Day! Get ready to rule the Traids in 1930′s Shanghai with “The Last Tycoon”! Cinema Judgement Day and Well Go USA are giving away 2 copies of “The Last Tycoon” on Blu-Ray. Tracing the rise of Triad leader Cheng Daqi (Chow Yun-Fat), this film has it all: action, romance, humor and suspense… what more could you ask for? Entering is easy: Just send an email here with “Tycoon” in the subject line and the address you’d like the prize sent to in the body. The contest runs 9/18/13 through 9/25/13. At the close, two winners will be randomly selected and notified via email, then announced on the CJD website. As always, only one entry is allowed per person and the contest is only open to US residents. Good luck! THE LAST TYCOON (Blu-Ray Review) September 17, 2013 Author, Blu-Ray, Heavenly, Malone, Uncategorized No comments THE LAST TYCOON available on Blu-Ray and DVD 9/17 from Well Go USA It’s pretty safe to say… no, it’s very safe to say that Chow Yun-Fat is one of the biggest badasses ever to grace a movie screen. The man has well over 100 films to his credit going back to the ’70s. From his work in John Woo’s Hong Kong pictures, to more recent Hollywood blockbusters, he’s shown an international appeal that few actors are able to achieve, much less maintain. For this reason alone, Mr. Chow must have been the only choice to star in Wong Jing’s new film “The Last Tycoon”, available on Blu-Ray 9/17. Part “Casablanca”, part “Grand Theft Auto”, he plays a gangster in 1930′s Shanghai at the top of his game, exuding a ruthless calm that only comes from years of being the baddest around. This is far from Chow Yun-Fat’s first rodeo, but he’s still riding hard. Read more THE GUILLOTINES (Blu-Ray Review) August 12, 2013 Author, Blu-Ray, Heavenly, Malone, Uncategorized No comments THE GUILLOTINES available on Blu-Ray and DVD, 8/13 from Well Go USA! What do you get when you combine epic sword fights, terrorism, betrayal and… decapitations? “The Guillotines “, of course! Andrew Lau, perhaps best known to Western audiences as the Producer/Director of the “Infernal Affairs ” trilogy, brings new meaning to “headhunting” with his latest film coming to Blu-Ray and DVD on 8/13 from Well Go USA. Part action movie, part period drama, “The Guillotines ” aims to fire on all cylinders and appeal to a wide audience. But as is brought up numerous times in the film, when you make a promise, it must be kept – and the promise is cool weaponry taking off heads. Unfortunately, just like a character in a Lau film, the Director betrays us and delivers something that’s mostly different. That isn’t always a bad thing. Read more	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line8
__label__cc	0.585377	0.414623	Wet-bulb temperature A distinction must be drawn between measured wet-bulb temperature and the temperature of adiabatic saturation, otherwise sometimes known as the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb temperature is a value indicated on an ordinary thermometer, the bulb of which has been wrapped round with a wick, moistened in water. The initial temperature of the water used to wet the wick is of comparatively minor significance, but the cleanliness of the wick and the radiant heat exchange with surrounding surfaces are both important factors that influence the temperature indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer. On the other hand, the temperature of adiabatic saturation is that obtained purely from an equation representing an adiabatic heat exchange. It is somewhat unfortunate, in air and water-vapour mixtures, that the two are almost numerically identical at normal temperatures and pressures, which is not so in mixtures of other gases and vapours. Wet-bulb temperature is not a property only of mixtures of dry air and water vapour. Any mixture of a non-condensable gas and a condensable vapour will have a wet-bulb temperature. It will also have a temperature of adiabatic saturation. Consider a droplet of water suspended in an environment of most air. Suppose that the temperature of the droplet is rw and that its corresponding vapour pressure is pw. The ambient moist air has a temperature t and a vapour pressure of ps. Provided that pw exceeds ps, evaporation will take place and, to effect this, heat will flow from the environment into the droplet by convection and radiation. If the initial value of fw is greater than that of t, then, initially, some heat will flow from the drop itself to assist in the evaporation. Assuming that the original temperature of the water is less than the wet — bulb temperature of the ambient air, some of the heat gain to the drop from its surroundings will serve to raise the temperature of the drop itself, as well as providing for the evaporation. In due course, a state of equilibrium will be reached in which the sensible heat gain to the water exactly equals the latent heat loss from it, and the water itself will have taken up a steady temperature, t which is termed the wet-bulb temperature of the moist air surrounding the droplet. The condition can be expressed by means of an equation: (hc + hr)A(t — t’) = aAhfg(p’ss — Ps) (2.27) Hc = the coefficient of heat transfer through the gas film around the drop, by convection Hr = the coefficient of heat transfer to the droplet by radiation from the surrounding surfaces, A = the surface area of the droplet, H{g = the latent heat of evaporation of water at the equilibrium temperature attained, a = the coefficient of diffusion for the molecules of steam as they travel from the parent body of liquid through the film of vapour and non-condensable gas surrounding it. The heat transfer coefficients (hc + hr) are commonly written, in other contexts, simply as h. Equation (2.27) can be re-arranged to give an expression for the vapour pressure of moist air in terms of measured values of the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures: A28) The term (hc + hr)/(ahtg) is a function of barometric pressure and temperature. Equation (2.28) usually appears in the following form, which is termed the psychrometric equation, due to Apjohn (1838): Ps = PL — PmMt-t’) (2.29) Ps = vapour pressure P’ss = saturated vapour pressure at a temperature t’ p. dl — atmospheric (barometric) pressure t = dry-bulb temperature, in °C t’ = wet-bulb temperature, in °C A = a constant having values as follows: Wet-bulb > 0°C wet-bulb < 0°C Screen 7.99 x lO’4 “C“1 7.20 x 10“4 “CT1 Sling or aspirated 6.66 x 10~4 °C_1 5.94 x 10“4 °C_1 Any units of pressure may be used in equation (2.29), provided they are consistent. EXAMPLE 2.14 Calculate the vapour pressure of moist air at a barometric pressure of 101.325 kPa if the measured dry-bulb temperature is 20°C and the measured sling wet-bulb is 15°C. The saturated vapour pressure at the wet-bulb temperature is obtained from CIBSE tables for air at 15°C and 100 per cent saturation and is 1.704 kPa. Alternatively, the same value can be read from steam tables at a saturated temperature of 15°C. Then, using equation (2.29): Ps = 1.704 — 101.325 x 6.6 x 10^(20 — 15) = 1.370 kPa CIBSE psychrometric tables quote 1.369 kPa for air at 20°C dry-bulb and 15°C sling wet — bulb. The radiation component of the sensible heat gain to the droplet is really a complicating Factor since it depends on the absolute temperatures of the surrounding surfaces and their emissivities, and also because the transfer of heat by radiation is independent of the amount of water vapour mixed with the air, in the case considered. The radiation is also independent of the velocity of airflow over the surface of the droplet. This fact can be taken advantage of to minimise the intrusive effect of hr. If the air velocity is made sufficiently large it has been found experimentally that (hc — hT)/hc can be made to approach unity. In fact, in an ambient air temperature of about 10°C its value decreases from about 1.04 to about 1.02 as the air velocity is increased from 4 m s_1 to 32 m s-1. At this juncture it is worth observing that increasing the air velocity does not (contrary to what might be expected) lower the equilibrium temperature t’. As more mass of air flows over the droplet each second there is an increase in the transfer of sensible heat to the water, but this is offset by an increase in the latent heat loss from the droplet. Thus t’ will be unchanged. What will change, of course, is the time taken for the droplet to attain the equilibrium state. The evaporation rate is increased for an increase in air velocity and so the water more rapidly assumes the wet-bulb temperature of the surrounding air. It is generally considered that an air velocity of 4.5 m s“1 is sufficient to give a stable wet-bulb reading. In general, C__MS ps Ma Pa See equation (2.12) and so Ms (Pss — Ps) (gs’s — g) = Ma Pa It being assumed that pa, the partial pressure of the non-condensable dry air surrounding the droplet, is not much changed by variations in ps, for a given barometric pressure. The term g’s is the moisture content of saturated air at t’. Equation (2.28) can be re-arranged as (ffss ~ j?) __ Ms (/ic + hr) (t — t’) ~ Ma PaAfgOC Multiplying above and below by c, the specific heat of humid air, the equation reaches the desired form <2-30> Where (Le) is a dimensionless quantity termed the Lewis number and equal to Ms (hc + hr) Ma p. dac In moist air at a dry-bulb temperature of about 21°C and a barometric pressure of 101.325 kPa, the value of Ms hc Ma paac Is 0.945 for airflow velocities from 3.8 to 10.1 m s 1 and the value of (hc + hr) Is 1.058 at 5.1 m s’1. So for these sorts of values of velocity, temperature and pressure the Lewis number is unity. As will be seen in the next section, this coincidence, that the Lewis number should equal unity for moist air at a normal condition of temperature and pressure, leads to the similarity between wet-bulb temperature and the temperature of adiabatic saturation. Posted in Air Conditioning Engineering	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line16
__label__wiki	0.606329	0.606329	© Generali Foundation Collection-Permanent Loan to the Museum der Moderne Salzburg, © VBK, Photo: Michael Zechany Installation 5 sculptures, steel, particle board, varnished with synthetic resin paint (white, gray, black, orange, brown) 125 cm x ø 70 cm each This installation was created for the Generali Foundation’s former office in downtown Vienna, which also functioned as an exhibition space for site-specific installations. Here, Zobernig, who often uses furnishings as sculpture, addresses the ambivalent situation of a gallery-cum-office or an office-cum-gallery. The five “bar tables,” each painted in a different color (black, white, gray, brown, orange), evoke a sense of being use-objects. Furniture of this kind is often seen in communicative situations, such as in a canteen or at a press conference. But since these are sculptures, works of art, one is not permitted to use or even touch them. (Sabine Breitwieser/Nadja Wiesener)	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line19
__label__cc	0.540443	0.459557	The most significant data breaches of all time Accessing the personal information of someone and looting them can cause grave financial loss to them. But imagine breaking into the system of a company and hacking them for personal usage can eventually be very risky. Data breaches have, however, become very common in today’s era. Most of the people in today’s age are somewhat or the other affected by security and data breaches. Over the years, several such threats have occurred, thereby proving to be harmful to the companies. But, then there are several breaches that have made their mark on history as being some of the greatest. Some of the most common data breaches of all time include the following. One of the most notable things to note about the Yahoo data breach has been that it has not been affected once but twice in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Both the times, the company consecutively suffered losses of 3 billion and 500 million, respectively. Despite all the security applied to the system, the hackers broke into their system. This had a major impact on their client base too. And eventually, Yahoo lost a significant part of its popularity. Not long back, Facebook underwent a major security breach in 2019 itself. Owing to the security breach, Facebook became the talk of the towns in a negative way. The poor security provided by the company put the identity of several of its customers affected. People around America were considered to suffer the most. Around 540 million people were affected by the breach. Ever since then, Facebook is trying to improve its security. First American Financial Corp Like Facebook, First American Financial Corp suffered a massive loss in 2019 too. The reason was the same as before, poor security. However, comparatively more customers at First American Financial Corp suffered from the problem. This is usually because 885 million people were affected not only by their identity but also financially. The major financial loss of the company lets a lot of customers leave the company due to security concerns. Friend Finder Network As the name suggests, the company is very much similar to online dating websites. You will find friends and love in Friend Finder Network, but then it can prove to be extremely risky as well. Around 412.2 million people were affected in 2016 due to their poor security, which paved the way for hacking. The bigger businesses need to understand that poor security can make their entire system prone to hacking. Not being able to maintain it will lead to financial and reputational downfall. Credit Card Processing Pitfalls You Want to Make Sure to Avoid for Your Business Importance Of Online Reputation	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line21
__label__wiki	0.605729	0.605729	Mandolin Swing Chords Mostly mandolinists don't bother with full swing chords. Three notes is enough most of the time, and if you're playing swing, you usually have a guitar playing plenty of chord notes. Still, there are times when it is useful, or pretty, or just plain fun to whack out those Bingo chords (Under the B, 13. . .) If you are deft enough, there are split-string tricks where you get two different notes from a pair of strings. And there are tuning things you can do - for instance, make one pair of strings six semitones apart, so you always have a one-finger tritone available. This article is going to eschew such things and cover playable chord forms for most swing sequences. The way I'm going to show the chords is pretty close to standard chord diagrams, with letters below (R,3,5,7, etc) to clarify which note is the root, 3rd, 5th, etc of the chord. As usual, when I say "up" I mean "toward the bridge", which gives a higher note but is actually lower on the page unless you read this upside down. Also, when I say "First string", I'm talking about the E string, which is rightmost in the diagram. If you've looked at chord diagrams before, you've probably already gotten used to this inconsistency. Large M means "Major", small m means "minor", and a small b is a flat symbol. Here we go . . . Major Chords C Major A Major E Major F Major F# Major \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| O \| \| O O \| \| \| O O \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| O O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O O \| O \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--+ \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| O O \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| R 3 R 5 R 5 3 R 5 R 5 3 3 R 5 3 3 R 5 R If you play bluegrass, you're already wondering what happened to the G shape. If you know a lot about theory, you're wondering why anybody would use such a lousy F shape, with a 3 note in the bass and another on top. And if you just learned a few beginner chords, you miss the two-finger chords with open strings in them. Sorry to all of you. The bluegrass G shape sounds fine, but it isn't easy to warp it into related chords. The F shape sounds almost as pretty as the E shape moved up a fret, and sometimes it's much easier to get to. And there aren't any open note chords because all of these shapes are intended to slide up and down the neck, so the C shape could as easily be C#, or D, or anything up to G. You can slide a shape down until the lowest fret becomes the open note for that string, and often that's the easiest thing to do. II - V - I Sequences The defining sound of swing is the IIm7 - V7 - I cadence. In C, that would be Dm7-G7-C6. (Usually the tonic chord is a 6 or a major 7). Since swing is usually in flat keys, I'm going to show the shapes for Cm7 - F7 - Bb6 and Fm7 - Bb7 - Eb6. Cm7 --> F7 --> Bb6 Fm7 --> Bb7 --> Eb6 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| O O \| O \| O \| \| O O \| \| O \| O O \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| O O \| \| O \| \| O \| \| O \| O \| \| \| \| \| O \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| O O \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| R 5 m3 7 5 R 7 3 R 5 3 6 5 R 7 m3 R 5 3 7 5 R 6 3 These aren't hard shapes, but I'm going to explain where they come from anyway. The A major shape is just one member of a family of closely related chords. Slide the 3 note on the 4th fret down to the 3rd fret, and you have an A minor. Slide the upper root note down one, two, or three frets to give a major 7, 7, or 6 chord. So sliding the 3 down to a minor and the upper R down to a 7 gives an A minor 7 chord. Slide the whole thing up three frets and it's a Cm7. The Bb6 comes from the same shape family, moving the upper root of the A shape down to the 6 note, then sliding the whole chord up one fret to produce Bb6. The F7 chord comes from the family based on the E shape. Move the upper 5 note up three frets and you have an E7, which slides up one fret to be an F7. (In this case, you would use a new finger to add the new note, while some of the previous alterations can be done by sliding a finger.) In the same way, Fm7 and Eb6 derive from the E shape and Bb7 from the A shape. Usually I start players off with two families of chord shapes. Here they are: The A shape family A Major A7 A6 AMaj7 A7+5 A9 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| O O \| \| O O \| \| O O \| O O O \| \| O \| \| \| \| O \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| \| \| O \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O O \| \| O \| O \| O \| \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| R 5 3 R R 5 3 7 R 5 3 6 R 5 3 M7 R +5 3 7 9 5 3 7 A Minor Am7 Am6 AmMaj7 Am7b5 A#dim \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| O O \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O O O \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| R 5 m3 R R 5 m3 7 R 5 m3 6 R 5 m3 M7 R b5 m3 7 R b5 m3 6 The E shape family E Major E7 E6 EMaj7 E7+5 E9 \| O O \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| O O \| \| O O \| O O O \| \| O \| \| \| O O O \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| \| \| O \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| 5 R 5 3 5 R 7 3 5 R 6 3 5 R M7 3 +5 R 7 3 5 9 7 3 E Minor Em7 Em6 EmMaj7 Em7b5 E#dim \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--+ \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--+ \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O O \| \| O \| O \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| O \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| O \| 5 R 5 m3 5 R 7 m3 5 R 6 m3 5 R M7 m3 b5 R 7 m3 b5 R 6 m3 I have included the m6 and mMaj7 shapes to show how they fit into the shape families. You don't use them often. Comments on the diminished chords: I have notated them as R-m3-b5-6. The upper note is really a diminished 7 (which is the same note as a 6, doing a different job), but there wasn't room to put this on the chord diagrams. I have put in A#dim and E#dim for two reasons: first, because A#dim contains the same notes as A7 with the root, and only the root, shifted up one fret, and the same with E#dim and E7. Second, one of the very commonest sequences is I - I#dim - IIm7 - V7. Notice that both diminished chords are the same shape, but different strings have different functions. A#dim, with the root on the 4th string, could as easily be heard as E dim, with its root on the 3rd string. It could also be heard as C#dim or Gdim, with the root on the 2nd or 1st string. This leads us naturally to . . . Inversions and Voicings Your first priority is to get the notes played. But it does make a difference which note goes on which string. In general, a chord sounds best with the root on the lowest string, second-best with the root on the 3rd string. If your chart calls for an Abdim, you could play it with the 4th-string note on the 1st fret(Ab), the 4th fret(B, with Ab on the 1st string), the 7th fret (D, with Ab on the 3rd string), or the 10th fret(F, with Ab on the 2nd string). Normally, you'd choose the first or third of these alternatives, unless the chord before or after makes one of the others play better. This is most important with 6th and minor 7th chords, since a C6 and an Am7 contain exactly the same four notes. You really want the root to be on one of the lower strings so the listener can tell which chord you mean. This applies even more to m6, m7b5, and 9th chords, since Am6, F#m7b5, and D9(omit root) all use the same notes. It is least important with 7th and major 7th chords, where the 7 note rings out so strongly that the ear accepts the function of the rest of the notes. This is particularly useful because the Maj7 in the E family is quite difficult to finger in lower positions. So here are some Alternative 7th and Maj7 Voicings G7 C7 GMaj7 CMaj7 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O O \| \| O \| O O \| O O \| \| \| O \| \| \| O O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| \| \| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| \|--+--+--\| 3 7 5 R 7 3 R 5 3 M7 5 R R 3 M7 5 Leaving Out Notes Four-note chords may lead to choices between finger-busting shapes or less-than-optimal voicings, but we can get them played. What do we do when faced with a 9th, 11th, or 13th chord? The 9th shapes in the E and A families omit the root, but this is kind of an important note. In general, the four most important notes of a chord are the root, the third (because it determines whether the chord is major or minor), the highest add-in note, and the 7th. That would make a 9th chord contain root, 3rd, 7th, and 9th. Possibilities for a D9 with root on 7th fret of 4th string: R-3-7-9 would finger 7-4-3-0 or 12, R-3-9-7 gives 7-4-7-8, R-7-3-9 is 7-10-9-0 or 12, R-7-9-3 is 7-10-7-2. Only 7-4-7-8 can be fretted very easily. Look at A9th with root on the 3rd string: 3-R-7-9 fingers 6-7-10-7, 3-R-9-7 is 6-7-2-3, and putting the 7th or the 9th into the bass just sounds wrong. Two of the 9th shapes lead to good 11th shapes: R-3-7-11 fingered 7-4-3-3 and 3-R-7-11 fingered 6-7-10-10. The need to have the 7th note well away from the 13th note means there are only two playable 13th chords, R-7-3-13 and R-3-7-13. So here are the 9th, 11th, and 13th chord shapes that are easiest to use: C9 Ab9 C#11 F11 A13 C#13 \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| O O O \| \| \| O \| \| O \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| O \| O \| \| O \| \| \| \| \| O O \| \| \| \| O \| \| O R 3 9 7 3 R 9 7 R 3 7 11 3 R 7 11 R 7 3 13 R 3 7 13 That is all I would put in an introduction to mando swing chords. Use the same techniques moving from chord to chord as you would anywhere: find which finger doesn't move or slides on the same string. You can go up a 5th by moving up one string, and down a 5th by moving down one string, in both cases dealing with the note that falls off the edge of the fretboard if you have time to think about it. You'll find a few sequences like I - I#dim - IIm7 - V7 or I - VIm7 - IIm7 - V7 or I - I7 - IV- IVm that crop up again and again, so once your fingers know how to play them in two different ways, your eyes can send them directly to your hands and leave your mind free to think about what happens next.//Zeke Hoskin, July 2008.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line22
__label__cc	0.732381	0.267619	Beijing Capital International (PEK) BEST WAY DOWNTOWN: Bus Beijing Capital International Airport is located 18 miles (28 km) northeast of the center of Beijing. Tourist information is available in the arrivals lounge from 8:30 A.M. until the arrival of the last flight of the day. Taxis are available at the airport. The fare to the hotels in the center of the city will be about 100 yuan ($12), and 120 yuan ($15) to the south side of the city. Travel time is about 30-40 minutes. Airbus runs two routes, one to the Beijing railway station (Route A), and another to the western part of Beijing (Route B). Buses run from 5:30 A.M. to 7 P.M. A shuttle bus leaves from in front of the terminal building after flight arrivals. It will stop at hotels along Capital Airport Road, on the way to the Aviation Building in the center of town. If you are going to a hotel that is not along the way, it may be better to get off the bus at a large hotel and take a taxi to your final destination. The fare is around 30 yuan ($3.75) and it will take about 40 minutes for the trip. Tickets can be purchased from a service desk inside the airport. HOTEL BUS A few of the major hotels provide shuttle bus service from the airport—check when you make your reservation. These hotel buses are not always complimentary. Self-drive cars are not currently available, but as the situation for foreign business opportunities expands in China, these services may be restarted by the large international companies. Search for cheapest airline tickets to Beijing direct from our consolidators! Find hotel rooms in Beijing and surrounding area discounted up to 65% off. Check for our lowest car rental rates at Beijing airport.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line23
__label__cc	0.740993	0.259007	søndag 7. november 2021 German engine technology found in Chinese warships Several types of Chinese navy warships are powered by engines that were either developed or built by German manufacturers, an investigation by public broadcaster ARD and the Welt am Sonntag newspaper revealed Saturday. The two companies involved are MTU in Friedrichshafen and the French branch of the Volkswagen subsidiary MAN, according to the report. Both companies told the media they have always complied with export control regulations and have put into the public record that they have been involved with China's military. The details on MTU's engine deliveries in China were found on the publicly available website of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI catalogs arms deals and weapons transfers for publications and reports. According to SIPRI, MTU was a regular supplier of engines for Luyang III class missile destroyers through a licensed production plant in China until at least 2020.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line24
__label__wiki	0.853106	0.853106	The Book Palace \| Artists Q-R \| Arthur Ranson \| Logan's Run (Ranson) \| Logan's Run 6 from Look In (Original) Logan's Run (Ranson) Logan's Run 6 from Look In (Original) Ref: RansonLR006 (Click for LARGE picture) Artist: Arthur Ranson (biography) Medium: Pen & Ink on Board Size: 16" x 20" (400mm x 500mm) This is the unique original Pen & Ink drawing by Arthur Ranson. Logan's Run was a novel by William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson. Published in 1967, it depicts a dystopian ageist future society in which population and resources are kept in balance by requiring the death of everyone reaching the age of 21. The story follows the actions of Logan, a Sandman charged with enforcing the rule as he tracks down and kills citizens who "run" from society's lethal demand, only to end up "running" himself. The novel was adapted in 1976 as a film, directed by Michael Anderson and starring Michael York as Logan 5 (not 3), Jenny Agutter as Jessica 6, and Richard Jordan as Francis 7. Produced by Saul David, a former MGM Executive and well-known science fiction supporter (Fantastic Voyage in 1966 and Westworld), the film only uses the basic premise from the novel (everyone must die at a specific age, Logan runs with Jessica as his companion while being chased by Francis). A television series spin-off from the film, starring Gregory Harrison as Logan 5 and Heather Menzies as Jessica 6, lasted one season of 14 episodes, from September 16, 1977, through January 16, 1978, on U.S. television (CBS-TV). D. C. Fontana served as story editor and employed several other writers from Star Trek as well as the original novel's authors. The series pilot was produced by Saul David, who was replaced by CBS with veteran television producers Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts. This is an original pen and ink art page created for the comic series Logan's Run in Look In magazine in 1978. You might be interested in these related item(s): Judge Anderson original Art by Arthur Ranson Battlestar Galactica original Art by Martin Asbury Star Wars original Art by Robert Bailey zComic zSciFi/Fantasy zAdventure zFilm/TV zLogansRun more art (39 artworks) Doctor Who: The Crystal Throne 2-11 (Original) Galaxy Rangers: I Think We're Alone Now (TWO pages) (Originals) (Signed) The Trigan Empire: COMPLETE 12 VOLUME SET (Limited Edition) The Trigan Empire Volume 3: The Reign of Thara (Complete Don Lawrence Collection) (Limited Edition)	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line26
__label__wiki	0.597622	0.597622	The Year In Sports 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers Are World Champions In the second of the “is this really happening moments,” the Cleveland Cavaliers led by LeBron James became NBA Champions, defeating the Golden State Warriors. LeBron not only brought Cleveland its first pro sports title in over 50 years, he made history by overcoming a 3-1 deficit to do so. Mr. Anthony stepped up in a big way in 2016 and it had nothing to do with basketball. In light of the passing of Muhammed Ali and increasing civil unrest and deteriorating relationship between police and men of color Anthony used his celebrity as a platform for change. First by being vocal. Second by gathering his peers in the form of Chris Paul, Dwayne Wade and LeBron James to join in. And third by taking action. Holding the first of what may be more police-community town halls to start a dialogue and plan of action for change. Karl Anthony-Towns Mr. Towns didn’t just join the NBA this year, he made a statement by capturing Rookie of the Year and being the first Latino to ever do so. The 7 foot Dominicano from Edison, NJ was selected first in the 2015 NBA draft, that coupled with his Kentucky basketball pedigree meant the pressure was on to deliver. Deliver he did, he played and started in all 82 games for the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2015–16, averaging 18.3 points and 10.5 rebounds per game. The 2016-17 season looks to be no different, for you stats junkies, at 21 years old, Towns became the third-youngest player in the last three decades to have at least 45 points and 15 rebounds in a game. The force is strong with this one. Alex RodriguezAroldis ChapmanBrazil Olympic SoccerCanelo AlvarezCarmelo AnthonyChicago CubsChile National TeamDavid OrtizJose BautistaJose FernandezKarl Antony TownsLaurie HernandezMonica PuigNate Diaz Is Canelo “The One”? Or Another One? Canelo v. Angulo – Toe-to-Toe Victor A. Rodriguez	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line28
__label__cc	0.630411	0.369589	UDAN – Bud-Jet air travel for all Apr, 18, 2018 - 1233 View The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) Scheme is a key component of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) which was released by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (India) on June 15, 2016. UDAN is a regional airport development and “Regional Connectivity Scheme” (RCS) initiated by the Government of India. The objective is to “Let the common citizen of the country fly”, making air travel affordable and widespread, to boost inclusive national economic development, job growth and air transport infrastructure development of all regions and states of India. This scheme will expedite the development and operationalization of India’s potential-target of nearly 425 un-served, underserved and mostly underdeveloped regional airports with regular scheduled flights. It is jointly funded by the Center and State government. The government’s Regional connectivity scheme will give a boost to the aviation sector. This is a first-of-its-kind scheme globally to stimulate regional connectivity through a market based mechanism. 27 States/UTs have already signed MOUs with the Central Government under RCS-UDAN. Many private sector airlines are actively participating under this scheme, listing it as one of the initiative that will give a boost to the aviation sector. About UDAN The scheme has two components. The First component is to develop new and enhance the existing regional airports to increase the number of operational airports for the scheduled civilian flights from 70 (in May 2016, total 98 operational including army airports) to at least 150 airports (by December 2018) with regular scheduled flights. The Second component is to add several hundred financially-viable capped-airfare new regional flight routes to connect more than 100 underserved and unserved airports in smaller towns with each other as well as with well served airports in bigger cities by using “Viability Gap Funding” (VGF) where needed. Union government share of “Viability Gap Funding” is from the Cess applied to flights to popular routes to main cities and respective state governments have also offered additional benefits to the flight operators to make UDAN-RCS viable. Five airlines Alliance Air, SpiceJet, Turbo Megha, Air Odisha and Air Deccan were awarded 128 routes under the scheme after a bidding process. The selected airlines will enjoy a three-year exclusivity period on the specific routes they have won. Some of the proposed routes are Hyderabad-Cuddapah, Hyderabad-Nanded, Nanded-Mumbai, Chennai-Mysuru, Chennai-Salem, Mumbai-Porbandar, Kolkata-Aizwal, Pune-Nashik, Delhi-Dehradun, and Ranchi-Raipur. Value Gap Funding (VGF) The scheme entails making the routes financially viable, without insisting on the financial viability of the regional airports, by lowering the cost of flight operations and through VGF. VGF will be available to flight operators on specific routes for the first 3 years of their operation. The demand driven revival and enhancement of the regional airports with financially viable commercial flight routes, without insisting on the financial viability of the airports, is based on the combination of seeking firm proposals from Airlines for the names of airports they wish to fly to and MoU-bound commitment from the state governments for providing various concessions for the airport operations, such as state tax concessions, free land and security, etc. To make the routes viable for commercial airlines, the union government offers flexible code sharing arrangements, reduced excise on value-added tax on fuel and service tax. Airlines will be given a Value Gap Funding (VGF) raised from the RCS levy. Concessions and Benefits UDAN also provides several concessions for several entities to ensure smooth functioning of the scheme. The Central government focuses on Value Gap Funding (VGF) to subsidise the airfare; provide concession on service tax on tickets and permits Code-sharing of UDAN-RCS flights with other operators. The State Government also issues various concessions at their airports such as reduction of VAT (or GST after GST came in operation) to 1% or less for 10 years; coordinate with oil companies to create fuelling infrastructure on airports; provide free land for the development of airport, with multimodal (rail, road, metro, waterways, etc.) hinterland connectivity; provide free trained security; availability of water, electricity and other utilities at reduced rate; provide 20% share of Value Gap Funding, North-Eastern states while Union territories to provide 10% share only. Airport operators (commercial or private companies, central and state governments or their entities such as AAI and Defence Ministry) also provide concessions such as no landing, parking or other charges; no Terminal Navigation Landing Charges (TNLC); allow selected airline to manage the ground handling of flights; Route Navigation and Facilitation Charges (RNFC) on UDAN-RCS flights by AAI on a discounted rate of 42.50% of Normal Rates. Budget 2018 highlights on UDAN The UDAN scheme seems to be the catalyst in bringing changes to the air-travel sector in the new budget. The government plans to make operational 56 unserved airports and 31 helipads all over the nation; 16 unserved airports were made operational in the past one year. The UDAN scheme has received a big allocation, Rs. 1,014.09 crore, for the fiscal year of 2018-19, from Rs. 200.11 crore in the previous year. Presenting the Budget for 2018-19, Arun Jaitley said that the government has proposed expansion of airport capacity by more than five times to handle a billion trips a year under a new initiative. Boon to aviation sector UDAN is seen to connect unserved and under-served airports as well as make flying more affordable for the masses. Under this Scheme, the air fare between Tier 2 and Tier3 cities will be made Rs. 2500 per hour of travel. Also, for helicopter the fare will be Rs. 5000 per hour. In a flight, around 50% of the total seats will be reserved for UDAN scheme. This scheme will be helpful for those common citizens who have to travel frequently for commercial purposes. While launching the scheme, PM Modi said, “The aviation sector in India is filled with opportunities. The lives of the middle class are being transformed and their aspirations are increasing. Given the right chance, they can do wonders.” This scheme aims to Unify India by advancing air connectivity. To boost regional airline connectivity, the government promises with immense government in the form of lower taxes, viability gap funding (or subsidy) and assurances to build airport infrastructure. This initiative is certain to be a Bud-jet free travel for the commoners, aiming a comfortable travel at an affordable price, which is truly reflected in Mr. Jaitley’s comment when he aptly says “Sarkar ki iss pahal se hawai chappal pehnne wale nagrik bhi hawai jahaj mein yatra kar rahe hain” (With this initiative, people wearing slippers are also travelling in aircraft).	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line35
__label__cc	0.67495	0.32505	Uyemura CEO Honored for Service, Contributions November 15, 2017 \| Uyemura Uyemura President and CEO Anthony R. Revier has twice been recognized by his alma mater, the University of La Verne, (La Verne, California), an institution widely known for its influential business and public management programs. Revier was honored as one of the University’s 125 Most Notable Graduates at a ceremony commemorating the 125th anniversary of the university. The awards were given by University President Devorah Lieberman to alumni based on four criteria. Honorees had made unique and significant contributions to the university, had a distinguished history of community service, had excelled in business, and had created a positive work environment for their employees. The awards were announced at an alumni ceremony October 27, 2017. In May, 2016, Revier was selected by the university to join its Board of Trustees. Revier received his MBA from La Verne in 1993, and has also served on its College of Business & Public Management Advisory Board. He has been CEO of Uyemura USA since 1988. Industry Innovation Starts Here 12/09/2022 \| IPC Staff If it isn’t clear already, your money, time, and effort will be well spent attending IPC APEX EXPO in January. Here, we’ve outlined the top six reasons that this event will be the highlight of your year. We’ve done all we can to make the event not only memorable, but a show that allows you to connect with industry peers, learn how to enhance your skills, help advance the industry, and discover new insights on products and strategies from industry innovators. Catching Up With Author Michael Kurland 10/03/2022 \| Dan Beaulieu, D.B. Management Group "Broken to Better: 13 Ways Not to fail at Life and Leadership" is simply one of the best books I’ve read this year. In fact, I was so impressed that I decided to reach out to the author, Michael Kurland, to talk about his book, what led him to write it, and what we should all learn from it. Michael was gracious enough to take time out of his busy schedule to share his thoughts on building his business and why he wrote a book about it. I think you will find it provocative and thought provoking. In more than one conversation while discussing the industry this week, the themes have included industry turmoil, lots of business opportunities, and the urgent need to build out to meet changing demands. In fact, our July issue of PCB007 Magazine, which publishes later this month, will focus on these very topics. It’s definitely one not to be missed! These themes also emerged in this week’s top five news items as well. Top stories include an acquisition in the soldering machinery space, sales and service expansion in Mexico, industry data from SIA on semiconductor global sales data, and strong financial numbers from two China-based manufacturers. Now, with the U.S. Congress putting its focus on the PCB industry, things could really heat up. It’s going to be an interesting year.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line43
__label__cc	0.655276	0.344724	Category Archives: tax inversions 10/4/19: How US Tax Inversions Affect Shareholder Wealth Our article on how corporate tax inversions impact shareholders' wealth is now available on Columbia Law School blog: http://clsbluesky.law.columbia.edu/2019/04/10/how-u-s-tax-inversions-affect-shareholder-wealth/. 9/1/19: Corporate tax inversions and shareholder wealth Our new paper "U.S. Tax Inversions and Shareholder Wealth" has been accepted for publication in the International Review of Financial Analysis: The paper abstract: "We examine a sample of corporate inversions from 1993-2015 by firms active in the U.S. markets and find that shareholders experience positive abnormal returns in the short-run. In the long-run, inversions have a deleterious effect on shareholder wealth. The form of the inversion and country-pair differences in geographic distance, economic development and corporate governance standards are determinants of shareholder wealth. Furthermore, we find evidence of a negative and non-linear relation between CEO total return and long-run shareholder returns." 28/1/16: Irish M&As: Not Too Irish & Mostly Inversions Experian latest figures for Irish M&A activities for 2015 show some astronomical number: Per release: “The number of deals on the Irish mergers and acquisitions (M&A) market increased by 10 per cent last year, its strongest performance since 2008…” Which is not what is impressive. Although the overall number of actual transactions hit 458 in 2015, up from 416 the previous year, it is the value of transactions that is beyond any belief. Again, per Experian: “The total value of transactions reached €312 billion – up from €154 billion in 2014 and by some way the most valuable year for corporate deal making in the country’s history. Activity continues to be driven by the pharmaceuticals and biotech sector.” This number is a third higher than the value of exports of good and services from Ireland over the period of 12 months through 3Q 2015 and it is almost 60 percent higher than Irish GDP. In other words, using normal valuations multiples, you should be able to buy anywhere between 1/4 and 2/5 of entire Ireland on this money. In one go, and forever… And that’s one year worth. Per Experian: “Irish deals accounted for around 3.6% of the total volume of European transactions in 2015, but 20.5% of their total value. In 2014, the Republic of Ireland again featured in 3.6% of European deals but contributed just 12.7% to their overall value.” So conservatively, let’s say 1/3 of Ireland bought last year and, say 1/5 in 2014… that’s half the country economy in two years. But how on Earth can a little country like Ireland attract such a level of financial activity? Why, remember that magic word… ‘inversions’ - yes, that same word that out Government denies applies to Ireland. Well, Experian provides a small insight (they wouldn’t tell us the full story, but they can’t quite escape from telling us some. Enjoy the following: per Experian, Top 5 “Irish” deals announced in 2015 includedd: Pfizer-Allergan at EUR143.564 billion Teva Pharma - Generic drug business of Allergan at EUR35.454 billion Shire - Baxalta at EUR29.533 billion Willis Group Holdings - Towers Watson deal at EUR15.566 billion, and CRH - Holcim & Lafarge deal at EUR7.671 billion So, yep: tax inversion at the top, related to tax inversion at No.2, tax inversion at No.3… and none (repeat - none, including CRH deal) related in any way to Ireland, except for tax domicile of the companies involved. Repeat with me… “There are no tax inversions into Ireland”… now, with zombie like intonation, please… “There are no…”	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line44
__label__wiki	0.661764	0.661764	ArtsLiterature Beatrix Potter Tailor of Gloucester Beatrix Potter 1866 - 1943 22 December 1943 \| Age 77 Sawrey The Tale of Peter Rabbit 1902 The Tailor of Gloucester 1903 The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin Beatrix Potter is still one of the world's best-selling and best-loved children's authors. She wrote and illustrated 28 books that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies. One book is sold every 15 seconds. Born in Kensington, London, she later moved to Hill Top Farm in Cumbria and on her death bequeathed it, along with 13 other farms and over 4000 acres of land, to the National_Trust. The 'real' Peter Rabbit was a Belgian buck rabbit called Peter Piper that was 'bought at a very tender age, in the Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush, for the exorbitant sum of 4/6'. He was to prove a sound investment. Peter lent his first name to one of the world's best-loved fictional characters and earned Beatrix Potter enduring international acclaim. Tailor Gloucester A story about a group of mice who help a tailor by sewing clothes for him at night has been a children's favourite for generations since its publication. It is based on the true story of a Gloucester tailor, John Pritchard, who came to work one morning to discover a waistcoat - almost finished - with a note saying "no more twist" pinned to it. In May 1894 when Beatrix Potter was staying with her cousin, Caroline Hutton in Harescombe Grange, Gloucestershire. Caroline told Beatrix the curious tale of a local tailor. Beatrix requested that they visit Gloucester the next day. Beatrix Blue Plaque Who invented Beatrix Potter Page: Beatrix Potter:: Total hits: 41953 'Colgate'	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line47
__label__wiki	0.663029	0.663029	• copyright • CONTACT • COMMENTAIRES • EVENEMENTS • English • About Philippe Maryssael Philippe Maryssael was born in Brussels on 15 March 1962. He has been living in Arlon, in the South of Belgium, since 2002. He studied translation in the first half of the 1980s. When he retired in July 2017, he started writing books. Six books have been published so far, and a few more are in the pipeline. This section of Philippe Maryssael's website in English is an abridged version of his webpages in French. It contains information on his studies and career path, with a link to his curriculum vitae. Other facets of Philippe's personality are also presented, with a couple of portraits of him by a professional photographer, his published books and his passions for music and good single-malt whiskies. Studies and lifelong training courses Philippe has a master's degree in translation (French, English and Dutch) that he obtained from Institut supérieur de traducteurs et interprètes (ISTI) in Brussels in 1985. He also has a post graduate in terminology and terminotics from the same school. Later during his career, Philippe specialised in computer-assisted translation and terminology (CATT) tools and in business process modelling and management techniques (BPM) and tools (BPMN). He also took people and resource management courses. After Philippe graduated in 1985 and did his compulsory military service in the Belgian army in 1986, he got his first job as a bank clerck at Generale Bank (now BNP Paribas Fortis) in Brussels. After four years, he got hired by AG Assurances as a professional translator. Working there for three years, he then decided to apply for a job as a translator-reviser at the Belgian Finance Ministry where he stayed a little longer than nine years. The time had come for Philippe to aim at a more attractive position. In March 2001, he started a new career as a translator-reviser-terminologist at the Luxembourg-based European Investment Bank (EIB). He was also in charge of managing the translation memories and terminology databases of the team. After nine years in that position, Philippe moved on and became an IT officer developing intranet platforms, further managing termbases and contributing to the implementation of an institution-wide translation workflow solution. From May 2013, Philippe's next career development at the EIB had him involved in business process modelling and management, and process and procedure documentation. He later was in charge of setting up and manning a Business Process Management Office (BPMO) and got promoted to the position of head of the BPMO. On 1 July 2017, Philippe, aged 55 at that time, decided that the moment was right for him to retire and focus on his long-time interest for literary translation. Philippe's curriculum vitae provides more details about his studies, lifelong training cycle and career path, as well as on his publications. It is available as a PDF document both in French and in English. In January 2020, Philippe met the professional photographer Éric Devillet. A couple of weeks after the shooting session the portraits came in. Below is a short selection of portraits. More are presented on the Portraits page in French... As soon as Philippe retired, he set off on a new course and started translating into French prose poems written in English by the Lebanese poet, writer and artist Kahlil Gibran. To date five books have been published: Le Fol translated from The Madman, Le Sable et l'Écume translated from Sand and Foam and Le Prophète translated from The Prophet, Gibran's masterpiece (available in two different versions), and Le Précurseur translated from The Forerunner. Other books by Gibran will be translated in the coming years, with Le Pérégrin (The Wanderer) tentatively in 2023... Philippe's publishing house, DEMDEL Éditions in Arlon, ceased their publishing activities in November 2021. Philippe's books can be purchased directly by contacting him at philippe@maryssael.be. Alternatively, they are also available in the following Arlon-based shops: Schmitbeaufays Men (fashion shop), Arte Quadra (art gallery and framing shop) and Institut de Beauté Bio "Pétronille" (beauty salon). Just in time for the tercentenary of Anderson's Constitutions, the book that marked the beginning of speculative freemasonry in London, first published on 17 January 1723, Philippe's book Anderson's Constitutions - The Charges of a Free-Mason (1723) / Les Constitutions d'Anderson - Les Devoirs du Franc-Maçon (1736, 1742 & 2022) has been available since 18 November 2022. It can be bought directly from Le Livre en Papier (LLEP). More info on the pages in French. Further publication projects are described in more details on the Publications page in French... Philippe's passions include music and good single-malt whiskies. In terms of music, his major musical tastes are Queen, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, but also Simon & Garfunkel, not forgetting Canadian newage artist Michael Jones, American jazzman Keith Jarrett, Johann Sebastian Bach, and... Jacques Brel (of course!)... More will be added shortly. As for whiskies, you'll have to be patient for a little longer... This section is under construction. © 2018-2023 • philippe maryssael •	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line48
__label__wiki	0.671754	0.671754	Метка: Vaclav Havel Aspen Brinton: The Confronting Totalitarian Minds: Jan Patocka on Politics and Dissidence, Karolinum Press, 2020 Заголовок: The Confronting Totalitarian Minds: Jan Patocka on Politics and Dissidence Автор: Aspen Brinton Издатель: Karolinum Press, Charles University Формат: Paperback $20.00 Опубликовано Четверг Июнь 11th, 2020 Четверг Июнь 11th, 2020 Автор Phenomenological ReviewsРубрики PublicationsМетки Dissidence, Existential recognition, Jan Patocka, Politics, Solidarity, Vaclav HavelДобавить комментарий к записи Aspen Brinton: The Confronting Totalitarian Minds: Jan Patocka on Politics and Dissidence, Karolinum Press, 2020 Marguerite La Caze (Ed.): Phenomenology and Forgiveness Заголовок: Phenomenology and Forgiveness Автор: Marguerite La Caze (Ed.) Издатель: Rowman & Littlefield International Формат: Paperback $39.95 / £24.95 Reviewed by: Rhonda Siu (University of New South Wales) Marguerite La Caze’s aim as editor of the volume, Phenomenology and Forgiveness (2018), is to enhance phenomenology by investigating ways that it could examine forgiveness as an experience (La Caze 2018, vii). Forgiveness, she claims, has become an increasingly important issue in philosophy given recent developments such as the global reconciliation commissions in South Africa and the Solomon Islands (vii). Moreover, La Caze believes that phenomenologists can offer insightful analyses of first-person experiences of forgiveness, not least because many of them have struggled intensely with the issue of forgiveness themselves (e.g. Husserl, Sartre and Stein) (vii). Two key aspects inform the approach to phenomenology adopted in this volume. First, the volume features an open-ended, comprehensive view of phenomenology that La Caze terms “wild phenomenology”; this view explains why thinkers not typically associated with phenomenology (e.g. Jankélévitch, Camus, Arendt and Derrida) have also been included (x). Second, the volume features “critical phenomenology”, continuing a tradition established by philosophers like Simone de Beauvoir, Frantz Fanon and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and developed by more contemporary thinkers like Matthew Ratcliffe, Havi Carel and Jill Stauffer (La Caze 2018, xiv; Murphy 2018, 199). While adherents of critical phenomenology retain phenomenology’s traditional emphasis on first-person experience, they also diverge from its emphasis on subjectivity by focusing instead on intersubjectivity (Murphy 2018, 199). Here, La Caze refers to Lisa Guenther’s notion that critical phenomenology is not simply a theory but a “practice of liberation”; that is, it conceives of phenomenology as a philosophy that is constantly transforming, and which, in turn, transforms the world (Guenther 2017, 203, cited in La Caze 2018, xiv). Hence, contrary to the common view that phenomenology is purely “descriptive” (Murphy 2018, 199), this volume insightfully demonstrates how it has real-world application through its capacity to inform and motivate action. The volume has a facilitative tripartite structure encompassing: (1) “Experiences of forgiveness”, (2) “Paradoxes of forgiveness”, and (3) “Ethics and politics of forgiveness”. Before evaluating the volume further, I will discuss the key claims posited by the writers of each section. Experiences of Forgiveness The writers of section one reveal how the complexities of forgiveness are accentuated when it is examined in terms of the lived experiences of individuals and collectivities. They also reveal how the specificity of these experiences may prompt us to question those conventional notions of morality and religion that are intended to have universal application. In chapter one, Shannon Hoff examines what constitutes a morally “good” action in relation to Hegel’s account of conscience, confession and forgiveness in Phenomenology of Spirit (Hoff 2018, 4). According to her interpretation, this complex issue of moral action is staged as a confrontation between a moral agent who performs what she considers a “good” act and a judge who assesses its morality (or lack thereof) (4). Importantly, this confrontation embodies a necessary contradiction. Theoretically-speaking, applying moral standards is meant to be universal, unambiguous and objective (7). However, in actuality, realising a moral law through action is necessarily performed from a biased standpoint because a specific agent must devise her own understanding of this law in a highly distinctive situation (4-5). In this situation, both the agent and judge are human and thus imperfect; lacking omniscience, they can only view things from their own perspectives, perspectives that are necessarily shaped by their own experiences, projects and interests (4-6). Rather than self-righteously reproaching an agent for her biased standpoint, Hoff argues that we should assess an action’s moral value through intersubjective means, that is, by simultaneously empathising with others’ situations and being open to their criticisms, and vice versa (15). Importantly, Hoff offers valuable insights into how Hegel’s account of forgiveness can be applied to tackle controversial political issues. Her analysis is particularly relevant to a political environment increasingly characterised firstly by “intersectionality” (17), wherein multifaceted and often conflicting notions of identity render pursuing justice even more complex. Secondly, the political terrain has also been significantly altered by the rise of social media (12), whereby the “public naming and shaming” that occur, for example, on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram often only permit a reductive response to complex political issues. Consequently, productive public discourse is stifled; one is either praised or condemned for supporting or dismissing a viewpoint. By contrast, Hoff demonstrates how one could respond constructively to sensitive socio-political issues like adopting another’s perceived oppression as one’s own cause (12). She provides the example of a Westerner (e.g. a “middle-class, white, Canadian man”) combatting what he perceives as the mistreatment of women in a manifestly different cultural environment (e.g. a “specific, conservative, Muslim culture”) (11). Hoff claims that such an individual’s desire to perform a “good” act should neither be ridiculed nor dismissed (8 and 14), for instance, by claiming that he is not equipped to help just because he is neither Muslim nor a woman. Rather, she argues that we should view his pursuit in a positive light as his chance for further education, self-interrogation and change; ideally, he would seek to learn more about the other’s situation (from the other) and critique his own actions based on any newly-acquired knowledge (14). In chapter two, Nicolas De Warren explores how Arendt’s phenomenological approach to forgiveness emphasises its temporal, intersubjective and ontological dimensions (De Warren 2018, 25). Understanding Arendt’s conception of forgiveness, de Warren claims, requires an understanding of how it is bound up with two other key concepts in her philosophy: “natality” and “plurality” (25). Forgiveness, for Arendt, firstly entails plurality because the act of forgiving requires at least two people (the forgiver and the forgiven); one cannot forgive one’s own act of harming the other (33). Secondly, Arendt grounds her concept of natality in the interrelated notions of “respect” and “distance” (37-38). For De Warren, Arendt’s emphasis on respect means that she thereby departs from traditional moral or religious conceptions of forgiveness. Rather than emphasising conventional concepts like “salvation, charity” and “intimacy”, Arendt highlights the gap that respect (re)institutes in the self-other relationship that allows the other (whom one has forgiven) to appear “unequal to her appearance” (38-39, emphasis in original). That is, the other is thereupon presented as different from her past self; her identity no longer coincides with her misdeed/s (34). This reinstitution of distance, de Warren claims, is essential to natality as it allows the self-other relationship to begin anew; the other reacquires her “agency” and capacity for action, aspects she effectively gave up by doing us wrong (33-34 and 39). By thus freeing us (or in Arendt’s terms, “redeeming us”) from the immutability of the past, forgiveness brings about the “re-temporaliz[ation]” of interpersonal relationships (25-26, 30 and 34). As will become apparent, many writers in the volume also draw explicitly or implicitly on this concept of forgiveness as renewal; indeed, Arendt’s philosophy seems to form the volume’s undercurrent. In chapter three, Simone Drichel draws on Emmanuel Levinas’ writings to explore how forgiveness is experienced during and after trauma. Drichel finds it curious that forgiveness does not feature more prominently in Levinas’ philosophy, given its relevance to his account of “traumatic subject constitution” in more mature works like Otherwise than Being (Drichel 2018, 43-44). Importantly, she challenges what she views as Levinas’ “‘counter-intuitive’” claim in his notion of “ethical relationality” that one’s “vulnerable exposure” to others is always experienced as a “‘good trauma’” (44 and 55). Indeed, Levinas even suggests that this vulnerability should be embraced instead of dreaded or evaded (46). In her challenge to Levinas, Drichel investigates the links between his later idea of the “traumatic force of the il y a” (in Otherwise than Being) and psychoanalytic accounts of trauma (44 and 52). While acknowledging that Levinas himself was unsympathetic towards psychoanalysis, she also argues that there are key similarities between Levinas’ conception of the “il y a” and the psychoanalyst, D. W. Winnicott’s conception of “early infantile traumatization” (50-51). In both notions, Drichel claims, the reaction to trauma is a “flight into monadic existence” or a defence mechanism that the individual employs to protect herself against trauma (52). Such a reaction, Drichel claims, is problematic because it is damaging to both ethics and relationality. By fleeing into a state of “invulnerability”, the traumatised individual thereby becomes insusceptible to the other’s “ethical demand”, rendering her effectively “‘ethically impaired’” (50 and 52, emphasis in original). Drichel argues that this “unethical ‘inversion’” undermines Levinas’ ethical framework and is thus something to which he should have paid more attention (52-53). To increase its robustness, Drichel suggests that Levinas’ trauma-based ethics needs to be supplemented by a psychoanalytic interpretation of trauma’s devastating impact (51). She draws on the Hungarian psychoanalyst, Sandor Ferenczi and the Austrian author and Holocaust survivor, Jean Améry’s suggestions that forgiveness is only possible through restoring ethical relationality, that is, by restoring the self’s capacity and willingness to leave its fortress of invulnerability and be rendered vulnerable to the other once again (54-57). As with Arendt, forgiveness for Drichel thus involves the renewal and transformation of the self-other relationship, which she conceives broadly as reinstituting an “ethical” relation with the “world of others” (58). Moreover, for Drichel, this willingness to re-experience vulnerability in turn relies on the community’s establishment of a secure, “‘holding environment’” around the individual (an expression she borrows from Winnicott) which tempers the sense of isolation that follows the traumatic event (45 and 55). In chapter four, Peter Banki takes up this theme of trauma by examining how a devastating event like the Holocaust can dramatically change one’s views of forgiveness. To do this, Banki investigates the contradiction between Vladimir Jankélévitch’s position on forgiveness in Forgiveness (Le Pardon) (1967) and his later work, Pardonner? (1971), a contradiction acknowledged by Jankélévitch himself (Banki 2018, 66 and 72). In his earlier work Forgiveness, Jankélévitch argues for a “hyperbolical ethics of forgiveness” based on love, whereby even the unforgivable must be forgiven (66). However, later in Pardonner?, Jankélévitch claims instead that the unforgivable cannot be forgiven; indeed, for him, the mass murder of Jews (the Shoah) marked forgiveness’ demise (72). Banki, however, does not view this contradiction as a weakness of Jankélévitch’s philosophy, claiming instead that it is an appropriate response to the “hyper-ethical” nature of the Holocaust (66). The inhumane crimes of the Shoah cannot be forgiven because neither proportionate punishments nor specific offenders can be attributed to them (73). For Banki, if forgiveness can be said to be found in such circumstances, it involves acknowledging Jankélévitch’s contradiction for what it is rather than trying to resolve it (66). This form of forgiveness, Banki suggests, is apparent in Jankélévitch’s decision to reject a young German’s invitation to visit him in Germany (74-75). In his letter, the German expressed feelings of accountability for the events of the Holocaust but challenged the idea that he himself was guilty for crimes he had not committed (74). Partly responsible for Jankélévitch’s refusal of the invitation was his radical view that virtually all Germans and Austrians were “Nazi perpetrators and collaborators” (72). Banki approves of Derrida’s interpretation of Jankélévitch’s refusal as the confrontation between two conflicting discourses: the reconcilable and the irreconcilable, whereby the unforgivable (e.g. mass murder) ultimately cannot be forgiven (75). Interestingly, Banki also takes Jankélévitch’s thought even further by claiming that, in the context of forgiveness, lesser and more mundane wrongdoings can be viewed in the same way as inhumane crimes like the Shoah (77). This is because any wrongdoing cannot be entirely forgiven; a trace of the unforgivable will always remain. This leads Banki to the radical conclusion that forgiveness does not exist and may have never existed (77). In saying this, Banki’s reading of Jankélévitch departs from religious accounts of forgiveness (e.g. the Judeo-Christian account) which assume that forgiveness occurs whenever it is undertaken in the spirit of good will and magnanimity (77). Banki’s suggestion that forgiveness may have never existed is perhaps the most radical view of forgiveness or unforgiveness presented in the volume. While Banki does suggest that an “impure forgiveness” based in Jankélévitch’s thought may yet be created in the future, he does not really expand on what this might look like (77). His chapter thus ends with a promising suggestion for future research. Paradoxes of Forgiveness The writers of section two take up the previous notion of contradiction as their overall theme when exploring collective forgiveness, self-forgiveness and the role of forgiveness in politics (or lack thereof). In chapter five, Gaëlle Fiasse demonstrates how Paul Ricoeur’s account of forgiveness, for example, in Memory, History and Forgetting, displays interesting points of similarity and difference to/from Derrida, Jankélévitch and Arendt’s (Fiasse 2018, 85 and 88). Like certain aspects of Jankélévitch and Derrida’s philosophies, Ricoeur conceives of forgiveness as an “unconditional gift” of love (91). As Fiasse explains it, Ricoeur’s innovative conception of forgiveness is represented by the intersection of two asymmetrical axes, with the asymmetrical aspect implying that a wrongdoing does not automatically imply forgiveness of it. The upper and lower poles of the vertical axis are occupied by the unconditional gift of forgiveness and the “depth of the fault of the wrongdoer”, respectively (87). Influenced by Jankélévitch, Ricoeur begins his account with the gravity of the misdeed rather than the unconditional gift of forgiveness to emphasise the magnitude of the wrongdoing and the need for the wrongdoer to be held accountable for his/her unjust actions (88). Moreover, like Arendt, forgiveness, for Ricoeur, implies a renewal of the self-other relationship through the reinstitution of agency and action to the wrongdoer (90). On the one hand, Fiasse acknowledges Ricoeur’s claim that forgiveness can only be realised between people rather than political and juridical institutions (87 and 92). (In my later discussion of chapter seven, I will show that this specific view of Ricoeur’s is also shared by Edith Stein.) On the other hand, Fiasse also posits that the above-mentioned institutions may play a larger role in Ricoeur’s own philosophy than he sometimes suggests through his notion of the “incognito” (an expression she borrows from Klaus Kodalle) or “spirit of forgiveness” (87 and 93). She highlights how, in these institutions, the “incognito” of forgiveness tempers the violence involved in punishments, for instance, by allowing the wrongdoer a fair trial and access to rehabilitation, and also facilitates the resumption of regular interpersonal relationships voided of hatred and vengeance (87, 93 and 95). In emphasising this possibility of renewal, Ricoeur, Fiasse claims, thereby departs from Derrida’s belief that forgiveness is unattainable (85 and 87). In chapter six, Jennifer Ang explores this key theme of renewal from the perspectives of both forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Like Banki, she investigates how experiencing a traumatic event like the Holocaust can prompt a serious reconsideration of one’s position on forgiveness. To do this, Ang draws on the Italian-Jewish writer, chemist and Holocaust survivor, Primo Levi’s notion of the “gray zone”, a notion she applies to challenge the supposedly clear-cut distinction between “innocent” victims and “morally reprehensible” collaborators under totalitarian regimes like Nazism (Ang 2018, 103). Levi, Ang claims, questions one’s right to morally condemn collaborators if one has not lived through the traumatic events of the Holocaust. Accounting for Levi’s disapproval of hasty moral condemnation, Ang is not interested in whether we could or should forgive the Nazis or collaborators. Rather, she uses key concepts in Sartre’s phenomenology such as bad faith, shame and guilt to explore how individuals responded to morally ambivalent situations during World War II (103). Ang attributes different types of “bad faith” to different types of Holocaust collaborators, depending on the type and degree of their “collaboration, complicity and compromises” (108). Active collaborators who held privileged positions like the president of the Lodz ghetto, Chaim Rombowski, were in “bad faith” because they erroneously believed that they could act with absolute freedom, that is, completely unconstrained by their facticity (105-106). Ang claims that these collaborators engaged in self-deception; despite recognising that they were accountable for their immoral decisions, they chose to believe that they could not have acted otherwise (106). Turning to the other extreme, Ang claims that Holocaust survivors like Levi who were severely plagued by guilt and shame were also in “bad faith” because they erroneously believed that they were fully defined by their facticity, of which their past choices were a large part (106 and 108). They also mistakenly believed that those who died by suicide or other causes during the Holocaust were better and more courageous people than themselves (108 and 113). Recovery for these tormented survivors, Ang argues, entails realising that their past does not fully define them because they had been thrown into a “gray zone” wherein any decision would have been morally ambiguous (112). Acknowledging this would allow these survivors to reconfigure their perception of themselves at the end of the Other’s “look”; they would gradually be able to release their feelings of self-hatred and project themselves towards an open future (109-12). Viewed from this reconfigured perspective, survival, Ang suggests, could be perceived not as shameful but rather as an act of defiance against the anti-Semite’s machinations (113). In chapter seven, Antonio Calcagno explores Edith Stein’s social ontology, redirecting the reader’s attention from how individuals experience forgiveness/self-forgiveness to the phenomenon of collective forgiveness (Calcagno 2018, 118). On the one hand, Stein concurs with Max Scheler that collective responsibility and forgiveness are possible (117). On the other hand, Stein disagrees with Scheler’s notion of the “collective person” whereby individual members “identify” and merge with each other to form a “super-individual”; these members genuinely “feel themselves as one person” (117 and 121). According to Calcagno, understanding Stein’s position on collective forgiveness requires understanding her distinction between two types of sociality: society and community (118). Societies are formed when their members come together to attain a specific objective whereas communities are characterised by a more potent lived experience of sociality whereby people are connected by a “shared sense or meaning”, such as grieving over a mutual friend’s passing (119-20 and 126). While acknowledging that forgiveness in a community can be similarly conceived as a shared sense or meaning, Stein, like Ricoeur, maintains that acts of extending and receiving forgiveness can only transpire between individuals, not groups (118). What prevents Stein from agreeing with Scheler’s notion of the “collective person”, Calcagno suggests, is her “strong sense of individuation” (121). This in turn arises from her view that the combination of “body [and affect], psyche and spirit” that is expressed in an individual’s “personality” is idiosyncratic to that individual (121), thereby implying the impossibility of attributing a singular combination of traits to multiple unique individuals. Calcagno’s innovative move here is extending Stein’s account to consider how forgiveness can also feature within a society as a common goal (124). He provides the example of the Canadian government’s commitment to achieving reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals. This involved formulating, accepting and adhering to, the recommendations set forth by Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the latter of which was responsible for investigating injustices within the residential school system (124-25). As my imminent discussion of chapter eight will demonstrate, Geoffrey Adelsberg, by contrast, views the Canadian government’s attempt at reconciliation with a more critical eye. Nevertheless, Calcagno’s overall suggestion about forgiveness’ role in a society highlights forgiveness’ potential contribution to socio-political change and thus warrants further investigation. In chapter eight, Adelsberg’s analysis of forgiveness revolves around a real-world event, namely the Dakota Access Pipeline protests at Standing Rock, North Dakota (Adelsberg 2018, 131). Adelsberg uses this event as a case study to support his claim that causing enduring harm to others is damaging to, and defeats the purpose of, appeals for forgiveness. During the protests, a group of military veterans represented by Wes Clark, Jr., requested forgiveness for past injustices caused by settler colonialism in the Oceti Sakowin Territory (131). On the one hand, Adelsberg acknowledges the positive aspects of this request; it was a gesture of respect towards the natives and constituted the first steps towards showing regret and accountability for the settlers’ unjust actions (133 and 138). On the other hand, Adelsberg claims that Clark’s appeal for forgiveness ultimately fell short of its aim to renew the relationship between both parties (131-32). Justifying this claim, he refers to Glen Coulthard’s critique of the Canadian politics of reconciliation, drawing especially on Coulthard’s claim that the discourses of transitional justice had been misused therein. According to Coulthard, such discourses had been wrongfully mobilised to forgive past injustices rather than to recognise the devastating truth of present and continuing wrongdoings (134). Applying similar criticisms to the Standing Rock protests, Adelsberg claims that current issues like land rights, Native sovereignty and self-governance have been similarly overlooked (131 and 134). Taking a phenomenological perspective, Adelsberg concludes that Clark failed to achieve a “renewed moral relationship” between the parties because he neither recognised the gravity of continuing wrongs nor sought collective ways to rectify them (132). Adelsberg makes his second main criticism of Clark by drawing on Leanne Simpson’s critique of Canadian prime minister, Justin Trudeau’s approach to reconciliation (138). Like the figure of Trudeau depicted in Simpson’s critique, Clark’s response, Adelsberg claims, failed to transcend a “gestural politics of juxtaposition”; that is, his appeal for forgiveness attained its significance mainly because it embodied a different and improved approach to reconciliation and forgiveness from the past (138-39). For Adelsberg, this entails that Clark’s message lacked real-world effect. It did little to advance the movement towards taking collective responsibility for injustices because Clark was not sanctioned by his peers to deliver his message of forgiveness; the views he expressed were thus mainly limited to his own (132 and 139-40). Ethics and Politics of Forgiveness Further exploring themes already introduced in the volume, the writers of section three examine the role of forgiveness in morally and politically ambivalent situations created under totalitarian rule. In chapter nine, Matthew Sharpe examines Camus’ notion of forgiveness in works written after L’Homme Revolté (1951) that were influenced by the events of World War II (Sharpe 2018, 149). Sharpe identifies three key features of Camus’ account of forgiveness in these later works: (1) an emphasis on self-forgiveness, (2) the separation of forgiveness from notions of both “absolute innocence” and “objective guilt” or “original sin”, and (3) the important role of forgiveness in establishing and sustaining cohesion amongst people (160-61). Like Ang and Banki’s analyses, Sharpe’s interpretation of Camus features the perspective that the inhumane world created by totalitarian regimes like Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia significantly reconfigured how thinkers perceived forgiveness (153 and 155). In Camus’ own view, totalitarianism “institutes a world without innocents, and without innocence”, thereby rendering forgiveness impossible (153). In chapter ten, David Brennan investigates how Václav Havel’s views of forgiveness were developed against the background of the turbulent post-Communist period in Czechoslovakia and were informed by his phenomenological conception of political morality (Brennan 2018, 166). Prior to its downfall in 1989, the Communist Government employed informants to uncover possible dissidence amongst its citizens to secure maximum control (165). Havel, a dissident himself, became President in 1990 and thus had to address the challenging issue of collaborators, some of whom had severely mistreated their fellow citizens (166 and 170-71). Brennan focuses on the ambivalence of Havel’s response to the collaborators. While Havel denounced the witch-hunt provoked by the newly instituted “lustration act” (1991), he nevertheless did not stop the “public naming and shaming” of those who had committed severe wrongdoings (170-71). According to Brennan, this is because Havel recognised that those who had been mistreated deserved justice and that he could therefore not mandate all citizens to forgive the collaborators (174). Nevertheless, influenced by Arendt, Havel was keenly aware of the centrality of forgiveness to renewal, both for individuals and within the wider political domain (170 and 173-75). Havel’s inclusion of forgiveness in his response to the dilemma was heavily criticised by some (166 and 172). Brennan claims that Havel’s response was firstly influenced by his mentor, Jan Patočka’s notion of “living in truth”, that is, ensuring that our actions are governed by our relationships with, and accountability to, other humans rather than political exigencies. Under this view, politics is not the main determinant of action, but rather one consideration among many (167). Secondly, Havel, Brennan claims, was influenced by Tomáš Masaryk’s humanist philosophy and thus believed that morality could not be separated from politics (167-68). Accordingly, Havel was sceptical of passing hasty “guilty” or “not guilty” judgements on collaborators who had been placed in a morally compromising position by the government (169). Lastly, Brennan astutely points out that both Arendt and Havel recognised that many wrongdoings were committed unconsciously because collaboration was so deeply embedded within social relationships that it was hard to detect (174-75). Like Ang’s interpretation of Levi, then, Brennan’s analysis of Havel also raises the issue of whether one could be required to request forgiveness for wrongdoings over which one had little awareness and control. In chapter eleven, Karen Pagani, like Hoff, contextualises her Heideggerian analysis of collective, political forgiveness within the rise of information technology and social media (Pagani 2018, 181). Central to this development for Pagani is the ability for anyone to engage in public discourse, however informed their opinions may be (181-82). Pagani does not critique this development due to her belief that public discourse on political forgiveness must admit a diversity of views from various disciplines (182-83). Although recognising the challenge of trying to achieve agreement in this discourse, she, like political theorists such as Donald Shriver, stresses the need to establish “shared, conciliatory narratives” (181-82). Pagani’s account nicely complements Ang’s analysis of individual self-forgiveness by demonstrating how self-forgiveness can also be collective. Pagani draws on Heidegger’s notions of “care, resoluteness, and the call of conscience” in Part II of Being and Time (1927) to explore the place of “self-reflexive ‘forgiveness’” in Dasein’s existence (181 and 190). Dasein, she claims, forgives itself when it accepts that it had diverged and will continue to diverge from its authentic self by being influenced by the “they-self” (190). Self-forgiveness is necessary to Dasein’s existence because Dasein can neither completely divorce itself from the world where the “they” reside nor remain permanently in an authentic state. For Pagani, forgiveness in Heidegger’s philosophy thus constitutes the path by which Dasein transitions between the “I-self” and the “they-self” (190). To advance her argument, Pagani extends this notion of self-forgiveness to the Dasein of a collectivity, arguing that a group of individuals can also be deceived by the “they-self” (191). Linking collective self-forgiveness to politics, Pagani, like other writers in the volume, emphasises renewal, which she conceives as the generation of new collectivities through the process of reconciliation (193). In chapter twelve, Ann Murphy departs from the approach of other writers in the volume by not performing a phenomenological analysis of how forgiveness is experienced but concentrating instead on how forgiveness could enhance the phenomenological method (Murphy 2018, 197). While acknowledging the common view that the phenomenological method is primarily descriptive, Murphy is nevertheless more interested in how it could be carried out in a critical, “ameliorative” spirit to support and thereby advance ethical and political endeavours (197). Murphy begins her analysis by reminding us that even Edmund Husserl’s writings adopted this critical, ethical and political approach because he perceived the crisis in the European sciences as a wider “crisis of humanity” (197-98). Husserl, Murphy claims, thus endowed phenomenology with a “redemptive” power, an aspect shared by notions of restorative justice and forgiveness (198). Moreover, like Arendt, redemption for Husserl is achieved through renewal, which he conceives as critically examining the past to enhance the future (198). For Murphy, the more contemporary practice of critical phenomenology draws further on this redemptive or “restorative spirit” that often remains concealed in phenomenology (199). Murphy claims that analysing shame as a “philosophical mood” is key to understanding how forgiveness can bring out phenomenology’s ameliorative potential (201-202). Drawing on the work of Michèle le Doeuff, Judith Butler and Levinas, she argues that philosophy’s shame stems from its misguided attempts to reject other disciplines by maintaining the illusion that it is the superior discipline (201-202). Furthermore, central to the redemptive potential of philosophical shame is its “ambivalence”; philosophy can either try to remain self-contained or it can engage in a constructive self-critique that acknowledges the merit of other disciplines (202). Influenced by Robert Bernasconi, Murphy concludes the volume on the hopeful note that this ameliorative approach will project phenomenology into an open future (204 and 206-207). I conclude with some overall evaluative remarks about the volume that have been derived from the critical overview presented above. First, given its adoption of the “wild phenomenology” approach, this volume might be of more interest to readers with a similarly broad and open-ended understanding of phenomenology rather than those with a stricter understanding. Being sympathetic to the volume’s approach, I believe that the addition of thinkers not typically associated with phenomenology, especially Arendt and Derrida, produces an intricate, dialogical and consequently enriched discussion of forgiveness. Second, while the volume covers both theory and practice (La Caze 2018, xv), its focus on critical phenomenology effectively highlights the practical implications of the phenomenological method in terms of how ideas of forgiveness are exemplified in, and can be applied to, real-world situations. Adelsberg’s phenomenological analysis of the Dakota Access Pipeline protests is a case in point. While critical phenomenology may not appeal to those interested in a primarily theoretical discussion of phenomenological ideas, I believe that this “practical” emphasis makes the volume highly accessible and engaging and provides promising openings for future research. (See, for example, my earlier comments on Banki and Calcagno’s chapters.) Third, the volume offers important philosophical insights into the complexities of forgiveness by combining diverse and sometimes conflicting views of similar types or modes of forgiveness such as individual and collective forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Diverse views of the same real-world events (e.g. the Holocaust and Canada’s attempts at reconciliation) are also provided, highlighting that there is rarely a clear-cut answer to how and when forgiveness might be given or not given. Indeed, the inclusion of an entire section on the “paradoxes of forgiveness” demonstrates La Caze’s appreciation of forgiveness’ complexities and nuances. Lastly, despite the diversity of perspectives presented, continuity is maintained throughout the volume because central themes like trauma, conflict, renewal and futurity are regularly revisited. The choice of these themes is commendable in two main ways. First, and related to point three above, the writers’ analyses of trauma and conflict remind us that forgiveness is not a straightforward concept by directing our attention to situations where forgiveness’ limits are tested. Second, the focus on renewal and futurity highlights the important point that forgiveness is rarely an end in itself; rather, it is a pathway towards revitalised relationships and socio-political advancement. Overall, the volume provides an insightful, nuanced and frank exploration of forgiveness and was a pleasure to read. La Caze, Marguerite. 2018. “Introduction: Situating Forgiveness within Phenomenology.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, vii-xxii. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Hoff, Shannon. 2018. “The Right and the Righteous: Hegel on Confession, Forgiveness, and the Necessary Imperfection of Political Action.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 3-24. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. De Warren, Nicolas. 2018. “For the Love of the World: Redemption and Forgiveness in Arendt.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 25-42. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Drichel, Simone. 2018. “’A forgiveness that remakes the world’: Trauma, Vulnerability, and Forgiveness in the Work of Emmanuel Levinas.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 43-64. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Banki, Peter. 2018. “Hyper-Ethical Forgiveness and the Inexpiable.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 65-82. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Fiasse, Gaëlle. 2018. “Forgiveness in Ricoeur.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 85-102. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Ang, Jennifer. 2018. “Self-Forgiveness in the Gray Zone.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 103-16. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Calcagno, Antonio. 2018. “Can a Community Forgive? Edith Stein on the Lived Experience of Communal Forgiveness.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 117-30. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Adelsberg, Geoffrey. 2018. “Collective Forgiveness in the Context of Ongoing Harms.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 131-46. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Sharpe, Matthew. 2018. “Camus and Forgiveness: After the Fall.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 149-64. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Brennan, David. 2018. “Václav Havel’s Call for Forgiveness.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 165-80. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Pagani, Karen A. 2018. “Toward a Heideggerian Approach to the Problem of Political Forgiveness, or the Dignity of a Question.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 181-96. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Murphy, Ann. V. 2018. “Phenomenology, Crisis, and Repair.” In Phenomenology and Forgiveness, edited by Marguerite La Caze, 197-208. London: Rowman and Littlefield International. Опубликовано Среда Январь 8th, 2020 Среда Январь 8th, 2020 Автор Rhonda SiuРубрики PецензииМетки Arendt, Camus, Ethics, Forgiveness, Hegel, Heidegger, Levinas, love, Phenomenology, Ricoeur, Vaclav Havel, VulnerabilityДобавить комментарий к записи Marguerite La Caze (Ed.): Phenomenology and Forgiveness Daniel Brennan: The Political Thought of Václav Havel: Philosophical Influences and Contemporary Applications, Brill, 2016 Заголовок: The Political Thought of Václav Havel: Philosophical Influences and Contemporary Applications Серия: Central European Value Studies Автор: Daniel Brennan Издатель: Brill Формат: Paperback €59,00 Опубликовано Суббота Январь 21st, 2017 Суббота Январь 21st, 2017 Автор Phenomenological ReviewsРубрики PublicationsМетки Continental Philosophy, Jan Patocka, Masaryk, Neoliberal State, Political Discourse, political philosophy, Vaclav HavelДобавить комментарий к записи Daniel Brennan: The Political Thought of Václav Havel: Philosophical Influences and Contemporary Applications, Brill, 2016	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line49
__label__wiki	0.730689	0.730689	Reflections on Epic Systems v. Lewis By Professor Hiro Aragaki Earlier this week, the U.S. Supreme Court decided three consolidated cases, styled Epic Systems Corp. v Lewis, Nos. 16–285, 16–300, 16–307, 584 U.S. __ (2018), that all raised the issue of whether a class arbitration wavier in various employment contracts was enforceable, given the potentially conflicting mandates of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). In a 5-4 majority opinion authored by Justice Neil Gorsuch, the Court held that there was no conflict between the two federal statutes and that both were consistent with enforcing the class arbitration wavier. Justice Ginsburg, writing for the dissent, also found no conflict but believed that both statutes were consistent with the opposite conclusion—namely, that the class arbitration wavier was illegal and should not be enforced. In the alternative, the dissent reasoned that even if there were a conflict, the waiver was still unenforceable. The basic facts of these consolidated cases were that certain employees sought to bring a putative class action against their employers even though their employment contract contained a class arbitration waiver—that is, a clause that not only requires the employee to arbitrate rather than sue in court, but that also prohibits the employee from bringing a class arbitration on behalf of similarly situated employees. The employees argued that the waiver was illegal and thus unenforceable, because NLRA section 7 had been construed by the National Labor Relations Board to give employees an absolute, non-waivable right to band together in a class when suing their employers. See D. R. Horton, 357 N. L. R. B. 2277 (2012). The employers countered that under the FAA section 2, class arbitration waivers must be enforced strictly according to their terms, in some cases even if those terms are otherwise illegal. These cases therefore raised the specter of a conflict between two federal statutes: The NLRA, enacted in 1935, and the FAA, enacted in 1925. Under traditional conflict of laws principles, in the event of an unavoidable conflict between coequal statutes the later-enacted statute controls (in this case, the NLRA). In Epic Systems, that would translate into a victory for the employee. So the employers had to hang their hat on the argument that there was no inherent conflict between the FAA and the NLRA. By contrast, the employees had the freedom to argue that there was no conflict between the FAA and the NLRA and that even if there were a conflict, the NLRA would control. These arguments, which were respectively adopted by the majority and the dissent, can be summarized as follows: Interpretation of FAA Interpretation of NLRA Conflict? Employers’ Argument The class arbitration waiver must be enforced under FAA section 2 even assuming NLRA section 7 makes it illegal. See majority op. Part II. The class arbitration waiver is not unenforceable under NLRA section 7 (overturning D.R. Horton). See majority op. Part III. The class arbitration waiver must be enforced Employees’ Argument #1 The class arbitration waiver need not be enforced under FAA section 2 because there is a savings clause defense. See dissenting op. Part II.B. The class arbitration waiver is illegal and unenforceable under NLRA section 7. See dissenting op. Part I. The class arbitration waiver must not be enforced. Same as Employers’ Argument. Same as Employees’ Argument #1. Yes. See dissenting op. Part II.C. The class arbitration waiver must not be enforced because the NLRA, as the later-enacted statute, trumps the FAA. Now let’s take a closer look at the majority opinion, which essentially tracked the employers’ argument. The majority first held that the FAA required the class arbitration waiver to be enforced even assuming the NLRA made such waivers illegal (which the majority later held it did not). The reason was that the FAA requires arbitration clauses—and any class waiver contained within it—to be enforced unless there is some ground for invalidating them that applies to “any contract.” (9 U.S.C. section 2.) The majority explained this as “a sort of ‘equal-treatment’ rule for arbitration contracts . . . . [that] offers no refuge for ‘defenses that apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.’ Under our precedent, this means the saving clause does not save defenses that target arbitration either by name or by more subtle methods . . . .” (Slip. Op. at 7.) In doing so, the Court affirmed its longstanding view of the FAA as a sort of antidiscrimination statute, one that seeks to protect arbitration from what was viewed back in the 1920s as the common law’s longstanding “hostility” toward arbitration. Most readers would probably find this antidiscrimination frame jarring, especially because it invariably inures to the benefit of businesses that impose arbitration clauses—the purported victim of discrimination—on “little guy” consumers and employees. I encountered a lot of this skepticism when I first proposed the idea that, like it or not, the Court’s FAA preemption jurisprudence was in reality a jurisprudence of antidiscrimination. Now even the liberal, dissenting justices are on-board with this idea. Indeed, the antidiscrimination lens through which the Court sees almost everything arbitration arguably originated from none other than Justice Ginsburg. In 1996, Ginsburg, writing for the majority in Doctor’s Associates v. Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681 (1996), observed that “By enacting § 2 [of the Federal Arbitration Act] . . . Congress precluded States from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status, requiring instead that such provisions be placed ‘upon the same footing as other contracts.’” Justice Ginsburg reiterated the antidiscrimination theme in her Epic Systems dissent, as did Justice Breyer in his dissent in the landmark case of AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740 (2011). The transcripts of oral arguments in key cases such as Concepcion suggest that Justices Kagan and Sotomayor, too, have taken on board the antidiscrimination model of the FAA. The real question in Epic Systems is why FAA section 2’s antidiscrimination principle requires enforcement of the class arbitration waiver. Here Epic Systems breaks absolutely no new ground, since the rationale is exactly the same as the (tortured) rationale the Court relied on in Concepcion. Assuming, as the majority does in Part II, that NLRA section 7 makes collective action waivers illegal, section 7 is no different in form from the Discover Bank rule held preempted in Concepcion. Neither singled out arbitration directly; both banned class waivers equally in arbitration and litigation and in this sense were “facially neutral.” The trouble is that a rule that requires the availability of classwide relief disproportionately impacts arbitration because it “interfere[s] with a fundamental attribute of arbitration,” which the Court claims to be arbitration’s “traditionally individualized and informal nature.” (Slip. Op. at 8.) In antidiscrimination terms the argument is that arbitration and litigation are differently situated with respect to their ability to handle classwide relief; thus, imposing that mechanism equally on both of them is a form of discrimination, just as it is to require a disabled person to use stairs. As I have argued elsewhere, this is the antidiscrimination logic of Concepcion, and that logic was lifted lock, stock, and barrel into Epic Systems. Because of Concepcion and to some extent even Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1 (1984), the employees’ contrary arguments that the class arbitration waiver was unenforceable, either because illegality is a ground for the revocation of “any contract” or because NLRA section 7 applies equally to class waivers in arbitration and litigation (and is thus non-discriminatory), were doomed from the very start. The arguments are persuasive in the abstract to be sure (and I should know since I made the latter argument in my amicus brief on behalf of the Concepcions back in 2011). But it is somewhat surprising that the lawyers chose to regurgitate arguments that the Court had already soundly rejected. The takeaway for me is that Epic Systems did not do a whole lot of damage, at least on the arbitration law side of things. For example, unlike Concepcion it did not affirmatively expand the FAA’s scope, such as by identifying a whole new category of state law (i.e., generally applicable contract defenses such as unconscionability, when they are deemed to discriminate against arbitration) that is now preempted. Likewise, unlike American Express v. Italian Colors, 133 S. Ct. 2304 (2013), it did not narrow the vindication of rights doctrine to situations in which enforcing the arbitration clause would make it impossible—rather than just cost-prohibitive—for one party to vindicate its rights. Simply put, Epic Systems did not involve any new interpretation of the FAA at all. The only arguably “new” thing about Epic Systems from an FAA standpoint is that it held that there was no conflict between the FAA and the NLRA. But given the Court’s tendency since the mid-1980s to find no conflict between the FAA and other federal statutes such as the ADEA and the Securities Acts, this was hardly surprising. The damage done by Epic Systems was more on the labor law and NLRA side of things. The reason I say this has to do with the issue at the core of the case, which I explained above to be about a conflict or potential conflict between two federal statutes. In order to reach its conclusion, the Court had to find both (i) that there was no conflict between the FAA and the NLRA and (ii) that at least one of them required enforcement of the class arbitration waiver. The Court managed to do the latter in Part II, by essentially reiterating the holding in Concepcion; it managed to the former in Part III, by interpreting the NLRA as having nothing to say about the subject at all (and by overturning D.R. Horton). It was the Court’s self-contained construction of the NLRA, in other words, that was new and that was instrumental in the ultimate decision. None of this is to deny that the damage done from this new interpretation of the NLRA is likely huge. Part of that damage consists, moreover, in the availability of fewer NLRA-based defenses to class arbitration and thus in a potential threat to the legitimacy of arbitration itself. But I am not an expert in labor matters and so will defer to others on the implications of Epic Systems in that field of application. Hiro Aragaki is Professor of Law at Loyola Law School, Los Angeles and a Professorial Research Associate at SOAS Law School, University of London. Tags: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Hiro Aragaki, United States Supreme Court Former U.S. Soliciator General Verrilli Delivers C... It Takes a Village to Stop Cyber Crime The Right of Publicity: Privacy Reimagined for a P... Professor Levitt's Testimony on Census Citizenship... Government Class Actions After Jennings v. Rodriguez The Right of Publicity―A Misunderstood, Misshapen,...	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line52
__label__cc	0.668902	0.331098	by Heidi Smith \| Nov 18, 2019 \| Uncategorized \| 0 comments Tears for Fears notwithstanding, not Everybody Wants to Rule the World. Some would consider life complete if they could finally convince their brother-in-law to stop talking about CrossFit. Others just want to binge-watch The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel with a bottle of Bordeaux and a bowl of popcorn. But then there are those who want to change the world – in a good way. From a storytelling standpoint, such people are a gold mine. Not content with creating a ripple, they want to make a wave that revolutionizes industries, changes the way people do business and challenges long-held assumptions. In short, they want to have an impact. If they’ve been at it for a while, odds are they already have. That’s what makes them such good story subjects. At best, they can clearly articulate the issue they’re addressing, why their approach is better and the difference it’s already making for those most affected. Even if readers aren’t directly involved in the issue, they’re likely to find themselves inspired. Yet even for those who want to make a relatively small dent in their respective fields, it’s still a good idea to ask this question: What is the impact you want to have? The answer may surprise you – and sometimes, them. If nothing else, it should lead to some anecdotes of memorable moments that can be incorporated into an article or blog. Omey and Tammy Nandyal never intended to compete against the heavy hitters in the donor management software industry. They just wanted to create something that nonprofits could use to run events and track donations. But when Omey, a software engineer, began exploring what was currently available, he discovered an unwelcome truth. “I found that by the time you added up all of the stuff you needed, you were looking at a cost of about $10,000 to run your organization effectively,” he says. “Whether $10,000 is 10 percent or one percent of the annual budget, it’s still a lot of money for a nonprofit to pay for technology.” He grew determined to create an affordable, scalable and more user-friendly alternative for the entire non-profit sector through their philanthropy organization Anonymously Yours. The result was Compass 360, a donor management and capacity building software platform that is customizable, integrated, and substantially less expensive than most of its competitors. Instead of having to pay for separate modules to manage events, Compass 360 includes a variety of web portals, unlimited database size, and unlimited users – all at a cost of $1,500 per year. Typically, merchant service fees are 3 percent or higher, but the Nandyals negotiated the monthly service charges down to 2.8 percent with no per-transaction fee. After starting with just three clients, Anonymously Yours has grown to serve over 30, including the Boys & Girls Club of Thurston County, Homeless Backpacks, United Way and Big Brothers, Big Sisters. Omey believes that’s just the beginning. “It’s such an opportunity to provide a sea change in an industry that really needs it, and to become technology advocates to help these non-profits focus on their missions.” Nonprofit Aims to revolutionize Donor Management It’s no secret that Americans are financially stressed. With 72 percent of them living paycheck to paycheck and an average household debt load of $130,922, sleepless nights worrying about money have become part of the cultural landscape. Everyone wants to get out of debt, but in the age of credit cards, budgeting is not an option many people want to consider. “No one wants to cut back on what they’re spending and no one wants to budget,” says Harj Gill, CEO of Speed Equity, a company that helps people pay off their mortgages years sooner. With that in mind, he and his business partner Jeevan Anandasakaran created Financial Smartness, a forecasting tool that helps individuals to understand how their current financial choices impact their future ability to pay off mortgages, get out of debt, or save up for meaningful purchases. “It’s a financial GPS system,” says Gill. “In order for you to get to where you want to go, first you have to know where you are. Then, our system empowers you to make smarter choices to get to your destination. We’re not asking you to cut back anything. We just want you to work smarter with the money you already have.” Ultimately, Gill intends to impact how coming generations relate to money and empower them to take charge. He envisions families coming together to use this system as an educational tool. “Set up your children with their own accounts,” he says. “Now, the responsibility comes back, and we’re educating people to not only empower themselves, but also to pass on this knowledge to their children and help them understand the time-value of money.” Smart Investing Helps Employees’ Productivity Government agencies are not noted for moving quickly, especially when it comes to IT. In Washington state, however, change is underway. Typical government IT projects cost millions of dollars and take years, so that by the time a solution is delivered, the problem it was designed to solve may have changed or expanded. But over the past few years, an increasing number of state agencies have embraced a more agile approach to meet their technology needs — one that delivers better results in less time at a lower cost. Lacey-based Cayzen Technologies is helping to drive that change. The software company works with more than 30 state agencies and its president, Sanjeev Batta, coaches government IT teams in how to be more agile. As a result, they can save money and time while getting software that actually meets their needs. With more agencies adopting this approach, Cayzen is changing the way the state does business when it comes to integrating software. One example of their work: on a project with the state Department of Ecology, Cayzen delivered a system in small increments and exceeded business expectations at one-tenth of the originally projected cost. Not only was the software delivered faster and cheaper, but it’s also easier to use because it was built in close collaboration with people who are going to use it. More importantly, the agency was able to get the initial system in less than four months and meet its deadlines for invoicing. Batta says the project is an example of how government agencies can deliver better outcomes to their stakeholders if business and IT can work together in a collaborative and trust-based fashion. “We prefer working software over stacks of documentation, and we prefer customer collaboration over end meetings and sign-offs,” he says. “The result of such agile adoptions means smarter government for all of us in Washington.” When Government Agencies Adopt Agile Development Not every business is out to change the world, and that’s as it should be. But odds are the owners know the impact they want to make – and therein lies a story (or two). Finding out what that impact is will, if nothing else, lead to an interesting conversation and possibly the hook for an article. You’ll never know if you don’t ask.	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line53
__label__cc	0.620383	0.379617	Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training Published byAlexis Galloway Modified over 9 years ago Presentation on theme: "Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training"— Presentation transcript: 1 Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training Day One 3/28/2017 Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training CFIA-ACIA International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) CFIA-ACIA Version - Jan 15/07 2 International Steering Committee Day One 3/28/2017 International Steering Committee The course was developed by an international working group who met in Ottawa Canada in October The group has members from Canada, Chile, Germany, New Zealand and the UK, as well as from the IPPC secretariat in Rome. Version - Jan 15/07 3 Aims Provide participants with an understanding of the purpose of PRA Day One 3/28/2017 Aims Provide participants with an understanding of the purpose of PRA Develop skills to conduct PRA Provide hands-on experience in PRA Provide international examples Develop self-confidence in PRA This is an introductory level course on Pest Risk analysis and its aims are to: Provide participants with an understanding of the purpose of PRA Develop skills to conduct PRA Provide hands-on experience in PRA through exercises Provide international examples of PRA and Develop self-confidence in PRA Version - Jan 15/07 4 Course Materials Participant’s Manual Group Exercise Manual Day One 3/28/2017 Course Materials Participant’s Manual Group Exercise Manual Slides and Presentations Manual International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 1-24 The materials we will use today include a participant’s manual with background information on the material being discussed. This manual has many examples throughout it and goes into more detail on the material being covered in the lectures. It is meant to be a reference manual for you to use during and after the course. We will refer you to the appropriate page numbers in this manual during each lecture so that you can make notes in it if you wish. There is also a Group exercise manual which contains all our exercises for the group breakout sessions. And there is a manual that contains all the PowerPoint presentations with room for you to make notes beside them as we go through the lectures. Also you have the ISPM’s book which is again a valuable resource for you to use both during and after this course. Version - Jan 15/07 5 What to Expect Lectures and Discussions Practical Exercises Day One 3/28/2017 What to Expect Lectures and Discussions Practical Exercises Interactive Provide your input This is the last slide for the introductory speech, next is the first lecture on IPPC. Version - Jan 15/07 6 The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Day One 3/28/2017 The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The purpose of this talk is to provide the overall context in which PRA is conducted. Not all students will have the same background or knowledge of the IPPC or the WTO-SPS Agreement and where PRA (and hence he/she) fits into that international context. If the group is relaxed and comfortable with each other, you might even be able to open this presentation by asking them about their level of comfort and understanding of the international context for PRA; if things are still pretty formal, maybe its best just to open by explaining the purpose of this talk and plunge right in. Not all IPPC countries are also WTO members, so its important to find out before beginning the training, if the participants will be members of WTO also, or solely members of IPPC. For the rest of the course, its not really critical, but it would be better to know and to tell the participants (who may not know themselves), than to have to skirt around the issue or not have the correct information if the question arises. Lists of the members of IPPC can be found on the IPPC web-site and members of the WTO are listed on the WTO web-site. As new members are added to each list pretty regularly, it is important to check the sites in the weeks or months leading up to the course for up-to-date membership lists. Naturally, the host country and participants will be members of the IPPC, but the length of time that they have been members will vary considerably; it is the question of their additional membership in the WTO that is most in question here. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Cartegena Protocol are both mentioned very briefly in this presentation, and again, it might be helpful to know if the participants are representing countries that are members of one or both of these agreements. The information on both is available from the CBD web-site. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training Version - Jan 15/07 7 Outline The Convention (IPPC) Scope Key Principles Standard setting Day One 3/28/2017 Outline The Convention (IPPC) Scope Key Principles Standard setting Throughout this section I/we will touch on several aspects of the IPPC and answer many questions about the IPPC: What is the IPPC? What is its position internationally? How does it fit with other international agreements? Focus on IPPC What is its purpose and scope? What are the key principles of the IPPC? How are the key principles supported by the IPPC and met by contracting parties? When are international standards developed? Who develops them and what is their purpose? Version - Jan 15/07 8 Outline The Convention (IPPC) Scope Key Principles PRA Standards Day One 3/28/2017 Outline The Convention (IPPC) Scope Key Principles PRA Standards We will also talk about the WTO-SPS Agreement. Version - Jan 15/07 9 Day One 3/28/2017 What is the IPPC? Multilateral treaty for international cooperation in plant protection Nearly 160 countries From Albania to Zambia A standard setting organization The IPPC is an international agreement that binds contracting parties to the obligations of the convention. The IPPC also acts as a source of guidance by creating international standards and guidelines. As of October 2006, the IPPC involved 159 contracting parties. Over 80% of the countries in the world are members, though initially actions to prevent transfer of pests between countries started as a very small idea. 1660: 1st legislation (Rouen, black stem rust) 1878: 1st international legislation (grapevine phylloxera) 1951: International Plant Protection Convention 1979: 1st revision of the IPPC 1991: 1st revision of the IPPC comes into force 1994: World Trade Organization Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (WTO-SPS) adopted including recognition of the IPPC 1993: 1st IPPC Standard 1997: 2nd revision of the IPPC 1998: 1st ICPM meeting 2006: 2nd revision of the IPPC comes into force 2006: 1st CPM meeting The IPPC does many things which we will learn about this morning and over the course of the next week. Probably its best known and arguably its most important role is in developing standards which can then be used by member countries to ensure that they are following the principles of the IPPC, protecting their own plant resources and also preventing the movement of plant pests. Version - Jan 15/07 10 Aim of the IPPC Prevent introduction & spread of pests Day One 3/28/2017 Aim of the IPPC Prevent introduction & spread of pests Promote fair & safe trade Protect plant life The IPPC aims to do three things … Prevent introduction and spread of pests – we have all had experience in our countries of the effects of introduced pests on our agriculture, forests or other natural areas. Very often this introduction has occurred as a consequence of human activities, such as importing or exporting plant products, or other goods. Historically, when people moved from one part of the world to another, they took with them the food and other plants that they were familiar with, and unintentionally also brought pests. In more modern times, international trade in plants and plant products has become an important part of the economies of individual countries introducing more and more opportunities for the spread of pests. Thus this important first aim of the IPPC is balanced by a second aim – to promote fair and safe trade between countries. To be sure trade is fair, the IPPC provides us with principles by which the rules of trade are established, while ensuring also that this trade is safe, that it does not put in jeopardy the health and productivity of plants in the importing country. The third aim, that of protecting plant life, is supported by the first two, and ensures that countries have the tools and skills they require to protect themselves from pests that may be inadvertently introduced when people trade in plants and plant products. The prevention of the introduction and spread of pests is aimed at protecting plants. Version - Jan 15/07 11 Day One 3/28/2017 Scope of the IPPC IPPC covers wide range of plants & protects them from a wide range of pests plants: cultivated plants and wild flora plant pests: invertebrates, diseases and weeds harm: includes direct & indirect effects Historically the IPPC was limited to only plants and plant pests. These plants included agricultural plants, forests, and wild flora, while pests included invertebrates, diseases, and weeds. In fact, the IPPC addresses all types of host and the full range of pests which threaten them. An NPPO may apply the IPPC standards to protect agricultural plants or wild plants, and it may use these standards to prevent or respond to the entry and introduction of all kinds of pests, whether they cause direct or indirect effects on these plants. Here we see an introduced Asian long-horned beetle and a street tree which has been killed by it. Measures to address Asian long-horned beetle will protect urban forests as well as commercial forests and prevent consequences which range from loss of the social or environmental values associated with urban shade trees, as well as the economic values associated with commercial maple forests. Version - Jan 15/07 12 Day One 3/28/2017 Scope of the IPPC Extends to items capable of harbouring or spreading pests, such as: storage places conveyances Includes intentional introductions of organisms, such as: biological control organisms research, industrial or other organisms You will remember that the first aim of the IPPC is to prevent the spread of plant pests; this includes spread not only in plants and plant products, but also spread by other means. IPPC measures may therefore be applied to other items – packing materials, planting materials, storage devises, or conveyances such as trucks, commercial shipping containers, or the holds of ships. An timely example of this is the recent international standard for solid wood packaging. ISPM 15 specifies measures to prevent the accidental introduction of pests in wooden packing materials used to transport all kinds of goods, from automobiles and household goods to construction materials and equipment. Until now, we’ve spoken of measures to prevent the unintentional introduction of pests that may result from other activities. Sometimes, though, people wish to intentionally introduce organisms which may be pests, and this too may be addressed under the IPPC framework. Scientists, industrial companies, hobbyists, teachers, and many others seek to intentionally import living organisms, ranging from bacterial cultures for industrial applications, nematodes for biocontrol of other plant pests, butterflies or ants for school projects and every kind of living thing for research purposes. IPPC principles and measures may be addressed in all these cases to protect plant resources, if the NPPO so decides. Version - Jan 15/07 13 Key principles Countries have the right to use phytosanitary measures Day One 3/28/2017 Key principles Countries have the right to use phytosanitary measures Measures should be: only applied when necessary technically justified no more restrictive than necessary to address risk non-discriminatory transparent The IPPC has eight key principles. These are the fundamental building blocks of the IPPC and are critical to its successful application in any individual member country. While the standards are guidelines, the principles are not. Understanding and adhering to the principles of the IPPC are critically important to its implementation in member countries. The first principle is that of sovereignty. Every country has the sovereign right to use phytosanitary measures to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests and to determine its own level of acceptable risk whether that be very high, very low or somewhere in the middle. The remaining principles relate to any phytosanitary measures that are applied. Measures should only be applied when necessary to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, and/or when the impact of regulated non-quarantine pests warrants it. Where applied, measures should be consistent with the pest risk, technically justified, and the least restrictive to address the risk. Where possible measures shall be based on international standards, guidelines and recommendations developed within the framework of the IPPC. Additionally, the entire process should be transparent. Requirements, restrictions, prohibitions, and rationale for these measures and any modifications made to them, should be published and available upon request. The final key principle is that of dispute settlement. Disputes should be resolved where possible at the technical bilateral level. We’ll here more about these principles this week as we discuss PRA in greater and greater detail, since implementing PRA in an NPPO is one of the most significant ways that a member country can ensure that it has respected the principles of the IPPC in the establishment of its phytosanitary measures and regulations. Version - Jan 15/07 14 Obligations National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) Day One 3/28/2017 Obligations National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) Regulate imports Publish phytosanitary requirements Conduct surveillance, treatments and certify exports Share information on pests and regulations Notify trading partners of non-compliance While the IPPC confers rights on a member country, the right to establish its own level of protection for example, it also confers obligations. Contracting parties of the IPPC are responsible for meeting these obligations in the manner most appropriate to its circumstances. These obligations include the creation and administration of a National Plant Protection Organization, or NPPO, and the designation of an official IPPC contact point. Once created, the NPPO is also responsible for conducting treatments, certifying exports and regulating imports. As contracting parties to the IPPC, NPPOs are obligated to participate in international cooperation, including sharing of information of pests and regulations and notifying trading partners when imported goods do not meet your import requirements. Version - Jan 15/07 15 International Plant Protection Convention Day One 3/28/2017 International Plant Protection Convention Plant protection & safe trade Transparent All types of plants IPPC Justified In summary, then, the IPPC is an international agreement which aims to protect plants and to promote fair and safe international trade. It can be applied to all types of plants – including agricultural plants, forestry species, and naturally occurring plants in all kinds of habitats. And it covers all types of plant pests and all types of pathways by which they might move. Membership in the IPPC confers on a country both rights and obligations. Provided the principles of the IPPC are respected, an NPPO has the sovereign right to determine when phytosanitary measures are applicable. Included in these principles are three that are particularly pertinent to PRA – namely, transparency, justification for measures, and consistency of measures with the level of risk they address. We will see this week, that implementing PRA as a decision-making process in an NPPO helps a country to respect these principles. All types of pests Consistent with level of risk Other pathways Version - Jan 15/07 16 World Trade Organization (WTO) Day One 3/28/2017 World Trade Organization (WTO) Responsible for establishing rules of trade between nations IPPC is the recognized international standard setting body for plant health under the WTO-SPS The second major international agreement that I will mention at this point is the World Trade Organization. This is the global agreement governing international trade in all products which establishes the rules by which nations conduct trade. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the WTO outlines the requirements for international trade as it pertains to plant and animal health. To ensure that international trade does not put plant health in jeopardy, the WTO acknowledges the importance of the work of the IPPC; the IPPC is therefore recognized as the international standard-setting body under the WTO-SPS for matters pertaining to plant health. In this way, the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, the ISPMs, are recognized under the WTO. Version - Jan 15/07 17 WTO - SPS Agreement Phytosanitary measures should be: Day One 3/28/2017 WTO - SPS Agreement Phytosanitary measures should be: consistent with international standards justified by scientific principles and evidence harmonized to the extent possible transparent / notified / non-discriminatory only as restrictive as necessary to meet the appropriate level of protection By looking more closely at the WTO-SPS requirements for phytosanitary measures, you will see great consistency with the principles of the IPPC. Consistent with international standards refers to the ISPMs of the IPPC. As we go through the week, we will become more and more familiar with those standards, and particularly the ones that relate most directly to PRA Justified by scientific principles and evidence – again, full agreement with the IPPC and again, evidence of the importance of PRA as a means by which to ensure that measures are justified and based on scientific evidence Harmonized, transparent, non-discriminatory and only as restrictive as necessary to achieve the appropriate level of protection – again, these are all principles which reflect the principles of the IPPC Version - Jan 15/07 18 International regulatory framework Day One 3/28/2017 International regulatory framework SPS IPPC demonstrates how the IPPC and the WTO-SPS Agreement are complementary agreements which seek to achieve the same ends from different directions. They are mirror images of each other in many ways. The IPPC makes provision for trade in a plant protection agreement... …the SPS makes complementary provisions for plant protection in a trade agreement Version - Jan 15/07 19 Other international agreements Day One 3/28/2017 Other international agreements Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Protecting biodiversity Invasive alien species Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Genetically modified organisms A third, and more recent, international agreement which enters into discussions of the movement of plants and other species between countries is the Convention on Biological Diversity or the CBD That agreement recognizes invasive alien species as a major threat to biodiversity in the world, second only to habitat destruction. Invasive alien species are those species which, when introduced to a new area, are able to become established and cause harm to native species in that area. You can see, therefore, that invasive alien species and quarantine pests have much in common. The IPPC and the CBD recognize this common ground and seek to find ways to cooperate while addressing concerns regarding the introduction of species from one area to another where consequences may not be beneficial. Invasive plants or weeds represent an area of significant area of mutual concern between the CBD and the IPPC. A second component to the CBD is the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, an agreement on the use of genetically modified organisms, again some of which may be plants or plant pests, and which may then overlap with IPPC concerns. Version - Jan 15/07 Day One 3/28/2017 International regulatory framework IPPC CBD Protecting biological diversity Plant protection SPS Cartagena Protocol Those of us concerned with the protection of plants from biological threats or pests are working in a complex international environment These conventions provide support and structure to the work that we do and by working within this framework we are better able to achieve agreement and success between nations. LMOs Trade Trade Version - Jan 15/07 Day One 3/28/2017 International regulatory framework Plant protection Protecting wild flora IPPC No more trade restrictive than necessary LMOs identified as pests SPS CP CBD LMOs Trade while protecting biodiversity Biological diversity Trade Version - Jan 15/07 22 Focus on IPPC IPPC Standards Setting Day One 3/28/2017 Focus on IPPC Standards Setting Commission on Phytosanitary Measures IPPC Information Sharing Technical Assistance Protecting plants from introduced pests and promoting safe trade in this complex international arena, and in a world where people, commodities and conveyances are moving between countries continuously is a challenging task. How does the IPPC do it, and how do individual nations contribute? For those of us who conduct PRAs, it is helpful to understand how the IPPC works, what it does and how we can contribute on the international front. The business of the IPPC is managed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, or the CPM. This is governing body of the IPPC and each NPPO may send representatives to sit on the CPM and to help direct its work. IPPC work falls into three general categories : standards setting: we have heard that the WTO recognizes the IPPC as the standard setting body for plant health matters; this week our focus will be on the specific standards that relate to PRA but we will refer often to other standards, such as the glossary of terms, as no standard is completely independent of the others (remind participants that they have received copies of the standards as part of their course materials) information sharing: one of the principles of the IPPC, you will remember, is transparency; the IPPC maintains a web-site and assists countries to share information on their pest status, their plant quarantine pests, and their phytosanitary regulations technical assistance: the IPPC also provides technical assistance to countries who are struggling to implement the IPPC in their countries; this training course is an example of IPPC technical assistance, but other ways in which they provide assistance is through the development of standards and explanatory documents. -- technical work such as development of standards or training materials is undertaken by Expert Working Groups or Technical Panels -- day-to-day management, communication, co-ordination & information sharing is handled by the small IPPC Secretariat in Rome Secretariat Expert Working Groups Technical Panels Version - Jan 15/07 23 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) Day One 3/28/2017 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) Governing body for the IPPC, works by consensus Reviews global plant protection needs and sets the annual work programme Develops and adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) Promotes technical assistance and information exchange How many countries sit on CPM? Essentially, CPM members are the contracting parties themselves (i.e. countries or governments). Contracting parties send representatives to the meeting, and the individuals and numbers of people sent often changes from year to year. There is no obligation to send anyone to the meeting, so the size of delegations can range anywhere from 0 to 15 (if you're China). Commission on Phytosanitary Measures Governing body of the IPPC Membership contracting parties only Observers from countries that are not contracting parties, Regional Plant Protection Organizations and international organizations Receives input and suggestions from NPPOs Version - Jan 15/07 24 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) Day One 3/28/2017 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) ISPMs: provide guidance to member countries in implementing national programs and fulfilling requirements of the IPPC may be very general (e.g., Glossary, Principles etc.), or highly specific (e.g., Pest status, Solid wood packaging etc.) ISPMs are created to act as guidelines to help establish and maintain harmonization of phytosanitary measures used in international trade. The ISPMs are voluntary, however, there are the IPPC principles and the SPS agreement that acknowledges the standards. serve to harmonize phytosanitary measures used in international trade Version - Jan 15/07 25 Debarked & bark-free wood Treatments for regulated pests Day One 3/28/2017 Diversity of ISPMs Country Consultation in 2006 Specific Issues General Guidelines No. 6 – surveillance No. 17 – pest reporting No inspection Debarked & bark-free wood Low pest prevalence for fruit flies Treatments for regulated pests IPPC standards are referred to as ISPMs, standing for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. As of January 2007, there were 27 approved standards but more are approved by CPM each year and others are proposed for development or underway. In general, standards fall into two categories, highly specific pest-oriented or activity-oriented standards such as that for pest reporting or inspection etc., and those of a more broad nature, such as the standards on principles, the glossary of terms or the standard for developing pest lists For a standard to be developed, a need must be recognized either by the IPPC or by a member country, and the standard proposed to CPM by a country representative. The CPM (remember it’s made up of member country representatives) discusses the proposal and if there is considerable interest and agreement that the proposal is a good one, then it is considered as part of the IPPC work plan and referred to the Standards Committee of CPM. The Standards Committee drafts an assignment, an expert working group is formed and the task is passed to them. When a draft has been prepared to the CPM’s satisfaction, it is submitted to a country consultation period during which all member countries have an opportunity to provide input, a final draft is prepared and a new standard is approved. No. 1 – principles No. 5 – glossary of terms No. 19 – pest lists Version - Jan 15/07 26 Day One 3/28/2017 PRA Key to adhering to IPPC principles is application of pest risk analysis as a decision-making process Impacts on all aspects of phytosanitary programs: import, domestic programs, exports Guidance provided in ISPMs So what has all this to do with PRA and when do we start the training course? This background information has everything to do with PRA because the easiest way for an NPPO to ensure that it is living up to the principles of the IPPC is to adopt PRA as a key part of its decision-making process when it comes to establishing phytosanitary measures and regulations for plants and plant products PRA impacts on all aspects of a nation’s plant protection or plant quarantine program – import, export or domestic – because it provides you with the information you need to determine the most appropriate course of action in a given situation. The guidance for PRA is provided in several distinct ISPMs. Version - Jan 15/07 27 PRA-specific ISPMs ISPM No. 2 ISPM No. 3 ISPM No. 11 ISPM No. 21 Day One 3/28/2017 PRA-specific ISPMs ISPM No. 2 Framework for pest risk analysis, revision for approval by CPM in March 2007 ISPM No. 3 Guidelines for the export, shipment, import and release of biological control agents and other beneficial organisms, 2005 ISPM No. 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms, 2004 ISPM No. 21 Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests There are many ISPMs that are either directly pertinent to PRA, such as these listed here, or are indirectly important, such as the glossary of terms, number 5, or the guidelines for lists of pests, number 19. ISPM 2 – describes the process of PRA for plant pests ISPM 11 – provides details for conducting PRA on quarantine pests ISPM 21 – provides details for conducting PRA on non-quarantine pests ISPM No. 1 (Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade, 2006) ISPM No. 5 (Glossary of phytosanitary terms, 2006) ISPM No. 6 (Guidelines for surveillance) ISPM No. 8 (Determination of pest status in an area) ISPM No. 14 (The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management ) ISPM No. 17 (Pest reporting) ISPM No. 19 ( Guidelines on lists of regulated pests) ISPM No. 24 (Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary measures) Version - Jan 15/07 Day One 3/28/2017 PRA-specific ISPMs ISPM No. 2 Framework for pest risk analysis (2007) ISPM No. 3 Guidelines for the export, shipment, import and release of biological control agents and other beneficial organisms, 2005 ISPM No. 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms, (2004) ISPM No. 21 Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests We will concern ourselves primarily with two of them this week, ISPM Number 2 which gives us the overall framework for pest risk analysis, and ISPM number 11 which provides us with considerable more detailed guidance for pest risk assessment, in particular. Version - Jan 15/07 29 Day One 3/28/2017 IPPC IPPC is global Aim is to protect plants, prevent spread of pests, promote trade Measures applied only when necessary, technically justified, no more restrictive than necessary, non-discriminatory, transparent PRA supports principles of IPPC ISPMs provide guidance Version - Jan 15/07 Download ppt "Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Training" Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) Tool International Framework and the IPPC MODULE ONE IPPC Participation. Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Living Modified Organisms under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Ryan Hill and Cyrie Sendashonga Secretariat. The Role and Relationship of Scientific and Official Information Allan Hruska/Orlando Sosa & Dave Nowell/Jan Breithaupt IPPC Secretariat Rome Italy. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) IPPC Secretariat July 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malyasia. The Role and Relationship of Scientific and Official Information IPPC Secretariat July 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SPS Notification System IPPC Secretariat Rome Italy. The Role and Relationship of Scientific and Official Information Dave Nowell & Jan Breithaupt IPPC Secretariat Rome Italy. Flow-chart explaining information exchange and document dissemination under the IPPC IPP Training WS – Handout no. 4a. Developing veterinary legislation in a WTO context OIE Global Conference on Veterinary Legislation 7-9 December 2010 (Djerba, Tunisia) Melvin Spreij Counsellor. Erie Tamale Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity AN INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT GRAEME EVANS. RISK ANALYSIS –Initiating the process –RISK ASSESSMENT –RISK MANAGEMENT –Risk communication. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) IPPC Secretariat 25 June 2013 Libreville, Gabon. Phytosanitary Issues in the International Movement of Plant Products United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Technical Requirements, WTO Rules and Trade Plant Health in the Global Trading Environment – An Introduction GRAEME EVANS. ACADEME AND PLANT PROTECTION WORK IN THAILAND สถาบันการศึกษาและงานการ อารักขาพืช ของประเทศไทย บรรพต ณ ป้อมเพชร ผู้ก่อตั้งและที่ปรึกษา ศูนย์วิจัยควบคุมศัตรูพืชโดยชีวินทรีย์ An Overview of Market Access And Maintenance requirements Related To Phytosanitary Measures Trade Awareness Workshop - Polokwane Mashudu Silimela DAFF:	cc/2023-06/en_head_0060.json.gz/line56

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