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ERROR: type should be string, got "https://alphauniverseglobal.media.zestyio.com/RX10IV_front.be110857376e1c1dc5afaa178864837f.jpg\nSony RX10 IV Announced\nSony launches the next generation of powerful, versatile RX10 cameras, the RX10 IV. The new camera combines lightning-fast AF and 24 fps continuous shooting with a versatile 24-600mm f/2.4-f/4 zoom lens.\nWorld’s Fastest (1) AF Speed, 24 fps (2) Continuous Shooting with full AF/AE tracking\n315 focal-plane phase-detection AF points covering approximately 65% of the frame\nZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* 24-600mm (3) f/2.4-f/4 Large Aperture, High Magnification Zoom Lens\n4K (4) Movie Recording with full pixel readout without pixel binning\nOfficial RX10 IV Press Release:\nNEW YORK, Sept. 12, 2017 – Sony – a worldwide leader in digital imaging and the world’s largest image sensor manufacturer – has today announced the new flagship model in its acclaimed Cyber-shot® RX10 series, the RX10 IV (model DSC-RX10M4).\nFeaturing the world’s fastest1 AF acquisition time of 0.03 seconds (5) and up to 24 fps continuous shooting (2) with full AF/AE tracking, 315 phase-detection AF points that rivals those the fastest professional interchangeable lens cameras and an exceptionally versatile 24-600mm (3) F2.4-F4 ZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* lens, the new RX10 IV model delivers an unmatched combination of mobility and speed for imaging enthusiasts and professionals looking for the ultimate ‘all-in-one’ solution.\nThe impressive RX10 IV camera is equipped with a latest 1.0-type 20.1 MP (6) Exmor RS CMOS stacked image sensor with DRAM chip along with a powerful BIONZ X™ image processor and front-end LSI. These key components all work together to maximize overall speed of operation and performance, ultimately ensuring the highest possible image and video quality throughout the entire range of the 24-600mm (3) lens.\n“Our customers have been asking for an RX10 series camera with Sony’s latest innovations in AF performance, and we’ve delivered with the RX10 IV model,” said Neal Manowitz, Vice President of Digital Imaging at Sony Electronics. “With its unmatched combination of AF speed and tracking, continuous shooting performance, extensive range of up to 600mm and outstanding video quality, the RX10 IV delivers more flexibility in a singular package than anything else in market. It is perhaps the most versatile ‘all in one’ camera that Sony has ever created, offering a seemingly endless amount of creative possibilities for photographers and videographers.”\nFast Focusing, Fast Shooting\nA first for Sony’s RX10 series of cameras, the new RX10 IV model features a Fast Hybrid AF system that combines the respective advantages of 315 phase-detection AF points covering approximately 65% of the sensor and contrast-detection AF to ultimately enable the camera to lock focus in as little as 0.03 seconds (5). This high speed focusing complements the extensive 24-600mm (3) range of the lens, ensuring all subjects can be captured with precise detail and clarity.\nAdditionally, for the first time in a Cyber-shot camera, the RX10 IV model employs High-density Tracking AF technology. This advanced technology, which had only been previously available in a select few of Sony’s acclaimed line of α interchangeable lens cameras, concentrates AF points around a subject to improve tracking and focus accuracy, allowing even the most unpredictable subjects including fast-moving athletes and birds in flight to be captured with ease.\nOther AF improvements in the new RX10 IV camera include an enhanced version of the popular Eye AF, Touch Focus and Focus Range Limiter (7). AF-ON setting is also assignable, as well as multiple AF modes including AF-S, AF-C and AF-A, which can be easily adjusted based on user preferences and shooting situations.\nAn ideal complement to the AF system, the RX10 IV offers continuous high-speed shooting at up to 24 fps (2) with full AF/AE tracking, with an impressive buffer limit of up to 249 images (8). With the significant improvements in processing power for the new camera, EVF display lag during continuous shooting has been substantially reduced, allowing shooters to capture the decisive moment with ultimate confidence. Also, for convenience during image playback, continuously shot images can be displayed in groups instead of individual shots.\nThe RX10 IV also has a high speed Anti-Distortion Shutter (maximum shutter speed of up to 1/32000 second) that reduces the “rolling shutter” effect commonly experienced with fast moving subjects, and can shoot completely silently in all modes, including continuous high speed shooting, when electronic shutter is engaged. A mechanical shutter mode is also available as well if required by the user.\nZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* 24-600mm F2.4-F4 Lens\nThe 24-600mm (3) ZEISS® Vario-Sonnar T* lens on the Cyber-shot RX10 IV camera features a large maximum aperture of F2.4-F4.0, helping it achieve outstanding image quality throughout the entire zoom range, all the way up to ultra-telephoto. It includes a super ED (extra-low dispersion) glass element and ED aspherical lenses to minimize chromatic aberration, and ZEISS® T* Coating to minimize flare and ghosting.\nThe lens also has built-in Optical SteadyShot™ image stabilization that helps to reduce camera shake and image blur. When the feature is activated, it is equivalent to an approximate 4.5 steps shutter speed improvement.\nAdditionally, with a minimum focusing distance of 72 cm (2.36 ft) and 0.49x maximum magnification at a fully extended 600mm, the lens is capable of producing amazingly detailed tele-macro images.\nProfessional Video Capture\nThe new RX10 IV model becomes the latest Cyber-shot RX camera to offer the advantages of 4K (QFHD 3840 x 2160) movie recording, with its Fast Hybrid AF system realizing about 2x faster focusing speed compared to the RX10 III.\nIn 4K mode, the new RX10 IV utilizes full pixel readout without pixel binning, capturing approximately 1.7x more information than is required for 4K movie output to ensure that all the finest details are captured accurately. The camera utilizes the XAVC S™ (9) codec, recording video at a high data rate of up to 100 Mbps depending on shooting mode. Users have the option of shooting at either 24p or 30p in 4K mode (100 Mbps), or in frame rates of up to 120p in Full HD mode.\nThe new camera also has a variety of other professional-caliber video features including Picture Profile, S-Log3/S-Gamut3, Gamma Display Assist, Proxy recording, Time Code / User Bit and more, as well as input for external microphone and output for headphone monitoring.\nSuper slow motion (10) video recording is also available, with an extended duration of about 4 seconds (in quality priority mode) and 7 seconds (in shoot time priority). This unique feature gives users the ability to choose among 960fps, 480fps and 240 fps frame rates and among 60p, 30p and 24p playback formats (11).\nUpgraded Operation and Customization\nThe new RX10 IV features Sony’s latest 3.0-type 1.44M dot tiltable LCD screen with Touch Focus and Touch Pad function – another first for Cyber-shot RX series – for quick and smooth focusing operation, and WhiteMagic™ technology, ensuring that LCD viewing is bright and clear in even the harshest outdoor lighting conditions. Additionally, it is equipped with an approx. 2.35M dot high-contrast XGA OLED Tru-Finder™, ensuring true-to-life image preview and playback functionality. Triple lens rings for aperture, zoom and focus are also available, with a completely quiet, smooth option for the aperture ring that is ideal for video shooters.\nTo enhance customization, “My Menu” functionality has been added, allowing up to 30 frequently used menu items to be custom registered. Menus are color coded for easier recognition and navigation, and a new Movie Settings menu has been introduced to improve the overall video shooting experience.\nThe RX10 IV is also dust and moisture resistant (12), and Wi-Fi®, NFC™ and Bluetooth® compatible.\nThe new Sony Cyber-shot RX10 IV camera will ship in October for about $1,700 US and $2,200 CA.\nThe new cameras and all compatible accessories will be sold at a variety of Sony authorized dealers throughout North America. More product information can be found HERE.\nA variety of exclusive stories and exciting new content shot with the new RX10 IV cameras and other high-end Sony imaging products can also be found at www.alphauniverse.com, Sony’s community site built to educate, inspire and showcase all fans and customers of Sony imaging products. A full gallery of images from the camera can also be found HERE.\n1, Among fixed lens digital cameras with 1.0-type sensor. As of September 2017 press release, based on Sony research.\n2, With \"Continuous shooting mode: Hi\".\n3, 35mm equivalent\n4, 3,840 x 2,160 pixels\n5, CIPA standard, internal measurement, at f=8.8mm (wide-end), EV6.8, Program Auto, Focus mode: AF-A, AF area: Center\n6, Approx. effective MP\n7, Only when 35mm-equivalent focal length is within 150-600mm range\n8, With \"Continuous shooting mode: Hi\" and \"Image quality: Fine\n9, A Class 10 or higher SDHC/SDXC memory card is required to record movies in the XAVC S format. UHS-I (U3) SDHC/SDXC card is required for 100Mbps.\n10, Sound cannot be recorded. A class 10 or higher SDHC/SDXC memory card is required.\n11, In NSTC mode. Switch between NTSC and PAL using the menu.\n12, Not guaranteed to be 100% dust and moisture proof.\nProducts featured in this article\nRX10 IV\nRX10 IV, A Sleeper No More\nSony PRO Support Expands\nRX100 V: The Pro Compact"

ERROR: type should be string, got "https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMzk0MjcwLW92ZXJ2aWV3\nDrugs & Diseases > Radiology\nPatella Fracture Imaging\nAuthor: Christine Lamoureux, MD; Chief Editor: Felix S Chew, MD, MBA, MEd more...\nSections Patella Fracture Imaging\nNuclear Imaging\nSeveral primary types of patellar fractures have been identified, each with separate diagnostic, imaging, and management considerations. The primary types include transverse, vertical, marginal, and osteochondral fractures. Transverse patellar fractures, displaced and nondisplaced, are seen in the images below.\nRadiograph of a displaced transverse fracture of the patella.\nRadiograph of a nondisplaced transverse fracture of the patella.\nRadiographically recognized morbidity\nMany of the complications of a patellar fracture can be recognized radiographically. [1, 2, 3]\nOrthopedic hardware failure may result in malalignment of fractured patellar fragments; in these cases, further surgery may be necessary. Other complications related to hardware placement include sepsis, malunion or nonunion, and femoropatellar degenerative arthritis.\nA distance of 3 mm or more between fractured patellar fragments should be noted in the radiology report. This degree of separation may lead to an increased incidence of malunion and posttraumatic degenerative arthritis. Recognizing an osteochondral fracture is important, because displacement of a fragment that contains cartilage, subchondral bone, and trabecular bone may occur, resulting in a loose body.\nIn long-term follow-up studies, degenerative arthritis of the patella has been reported to be more common in knees that were injured previously than in noninjured knees. The arthritis may be due to surface irregularities that involve the fracture fragments, as well as damage to the articular cartilage, resulting in increased contact stresses.\nPreferred examination\nIn most patients, radiography is the most useful imaging modality for the examination of patella fractures, followed by computed tomography (CT) scanning, bone scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\nCT scanning is useful when a suspected fracture is not visible on radiographs. The expeditious use of CT scanning can prevent a delay in treatment and help to identify the position of fracture fragments and the localization of intra-articular loose bodies.\nBone scans are useful when a fracture is suspected yet the radiographic findings are normal. If the bone scan results are also normal, a fracture can be excluded. However, if the findings are positive, the age of the fracture cannot be accurately determined, because bone scanning results can be positive in the setting of fractures for as long as 24 months.\nMRI also can help to detect abnormalities that are not identified on plain radiographs. Unlike bone scanning, MRI can be performed without delay and does not use radiation; it may also be less expensive. This modality can show bone-marrow and soft-tissue injury in great detail.\nRadiographic examination for the detection of patellar fractures optimally includes anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and tangential or Merchant views.\nAP radiographs may obscure the findings of patellar fractures. Lateral views can be useful in evaluating the trabecular arrangement of the patella, as well as comminution and separation of fracture fragments. Tangential views are especially helpful in assessing vertical fractures, as well as in distinguishing a fracture from a partitioned patella.\nTransverse fractures are characterized by a lucent fracture line that courses medially to laterally across the middle or distal third of the patella (as seen in the first 2 images below). Transverse fracture fragments may be displaced (as seen in the third and fourth images below). [1, 2]\nVertical fractures demonstrate a fracture line that courses superiorly to inferiorly, and these fractures can also be displaced. Comminuted fractures demonstrate a stellate pattern of fracture. Osteochondral sleeve fractures are characterized by a small avulsion fragment from the inferior pole of the patella, which is best demonstrated on the lateral view; these findings are usually accompanied by the presence of an effusion and a high-riding patella.\nDegree of confidence\nOther imaging modalities (eg, MRI) are more useful than radiographs in fully characterizing the cartilaginous injury associated with an osteochondral patellar fracture and can define radiographically occult fractures. Because a sleeve fracture is in the coronal plane of the patella, this injury may be difficult to diagnose based on plain radiographs.\nFalse positives/negatives\nThe differentiation of an acute fracture from a partitioned patella may be difficult on radiographs. Usually, the features of bipartite patella include a wide radiolucent line that courses across the superolateral margin of the patella, as well as smooth, well-corticated, opposing margins. These features are well depicted in the tangential projection. Because a bipartite patella is often bilateral, views of the opposite knee can be helpful for comparison. A sleeve fracture occurs in the coronal plane of the patella and may be difficult to diagnose on plain radiographs.\nIn patellar fractures, CT scanning is primarily performed for occult or osteochondral injuries. The patient is placed in the supine position with his or her feet externally rotated 15° and pressed against a perpendicular footrest. CT-scan sections are obtained with the knee at rest, with the knee extended and quadriceps contracted, and with the knee in 15° of flexion with a relaxed quadriceps.\nThe position of the fracture fragments can be determined by identifying the fracture line. The reconstructed images in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes can aid in localization of the fragments.\nCT scanning is limited in the evaluation of soft-tissue injury, but MRI may be performed to further evaluate this condition. CT scanning may be more useful than MRI in the identification of loose bodies.\nMRI is useful in the diagnosis of patellar injuries when making the clinical diagnosis is difficult, as in patients with sleeve fractures. On MRIs, the appearance of the normal patella includes signal intensities that are consistent with those of bone marrow and cortex. Articular cartilage has a lower signal intensity than do marrow spin-echo images that are obtained with a short repetition time and echo time spin-echo. The signal intensity slightly increases on images obtained with a longer repetition time and echo time. [4, 5, 3]\nMRI is advantageous in the assessment of imaging signs related to patellar fracture, including bone bruises, soft-tissue injury, and loose bone fragments. The anatomy of the patellofemoral joint can be assessed in several planes. For example, axial imaging is useful for evaluating patellofemoral joint alignment, retinacular attachments, and overlying patellar cartilage. Sagittal images are useful for evaluating the quadriceps muscles and tendons, and the patellar tendon can be imaged in all 3 planes.\nTraumatic dislocation of the patella (seen in the image below) may result in patellar fracture, medial retinaculum damage, lateral femoral condyle contusion, and effusion. These injuries can be evaluated with T1-weighted , T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE), or short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) images in all 3 planes.\nMagnetic resonance image following a patellar dislocation.\nAvulsions of the medial retinaculum are best imaged with fat-saturated, T2-weighted FSE MRI for detection of bone fragments, edema, and hemorrhage. Edema and hemorrhage appear as areas of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images; fat-saturated, T2-weighted FSE images; and STIR images. Increased signal intensity in the patella after dislocation can be seen on T2-weighted images.\nA dorsal defect of the patella, which is a benign defect of the posterior patella covered by articular cartilage, can mimic osteochondral pathology. MRI is useful in characterizing this lesion, which has intermediate or low signal intensity on T1-weighted MRIs, sometimes with central regions of increased signal intensity, and is usually a centimeter in diameter, well defined, and located in the superolateral part of the patella.\nFractures of the inferior pole of the patella may be associated with tears of the patellar tendon. Patellar tendon tears are characterized by increased signal intensity on T2-weighted; fat-saturated, T2-weighted FSE; and STIR images. The tendon may be retracted or thickened.\nPatellar fractures may also be associated with damage to the quadriceps tendon and/or extensor musculature. Coronal or sagittal images are helpful in illustrating the longitudinal extent of the muscular injury, whereas axial views are helpful in defining the anatomic relationships among the involved muscle groups. Axial T1-weighted imaging is appropriate for evaluation of muscular atrophy. Increased signal intensity in the quadriceps tendon on images obtained with any sequence is highly associated with the presence of a muscular tear.\nSinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, which is defined as osteochondrosis of the distal pole of the patella at the tendinous insertion, is of uncertain etiology but is related to chronic traction injury. This condition may mimic a stress fracture of the patella, an osteochondral sleeve fracture, or an un-united ossification center. The injury is characterized by a focal area of decreased signal on T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity on gradient-echo or fat-saturated, T2-weighted FSE images.\nOccult stress or insufficiency fractures are characterized by the presence of a linear band of low signal intensity on images obtained with all sequences; surrounding edema is also depicted. Occult fractures are seen in the images below.\nMagnetic resonance image of an occult patellar fracture.\nPatellar fractures may also be detected in the healed phase on MRI, as seen in the images below.\nMagnetic resonance image of a healed patellar fracture.\nThe effectiveness of ultrasonography in the setting of patellar fractures is limited. Because of the close association of the articular cartilage posterior to the patella with the femur, an adequate scanning angle that is unimpeded by the overlying bone is not attainable. Therefore, ultrasonography is rarely used in clinical practice.\nSecondary signs may be present in an acute patellar fracture, and sonograms may demonstrate these well. For example, ultrasonography can be useful in defining an effusion within the suprapatellar bursa, a well-defined fluid-filled space that is superior to the patella and posterior to the quadriceps tendon. The normal, moderate echogenicity of the patellar ligament and quadriceps tendon may be interrupted by focal areas of echogenicity, or they may be discontinuous in a partial tear.\nBone scanning is useful for evaluating a stress fracture of the patella, especially when an injury is superimposed on a bipartite patella. Early after an injury to the patella, increased radionucleotide uptake can be present. This finding is indicative of hyperemia and edema. In the acute phase (first 3-4 wk), uptake in the patella is more diffuse. In the subacute phase (2-3 mo), radionucleotide uptake becomes more intense and localized; subsequently, in the healing phase, the uptake gradually decreases. Within 2 years, the results of 90% of bone scan studies return to normal.\nA normal patellar bone scan that is obtained 1 week after trauma excludes an occult patellar fracture. Consider the use of other imaging modalities (eg, CT scanning, MRI) for suspected injuries, because the resolution and evaluation of soft tissues is limited with bone scanning.\nBerkes MB, Little MT, Pardee NC, Lazaro LE, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. Defining the lateral and accessory views of the patella: an anatomic and radiographic study with implications for fracture treatment. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Dec. 27 (12):663-71. [Medline].\nSchüttrumpf JP, Behzadi C, Balcarek P, Walde TA, Frosch S, Wachowski MM, et al. Radiologically hyperdense zones of the patella seem to be partial osteonecroses subsequent to fracture treatment. J Knee Surg. 2013 Oct. 26 (5):319-26. [Medline].\nMauch F, Ammann B, Kraus M. [The role of MRI in dislocations of the patella and other knee pathologies]. Unfallchirurg. 2014 Mar. 117 (3):211-20. [Medline].\nDupuis CS, Westra SJ, Makris J, et al. Injuries and conditions of the extensor mechanism of the pediatric knee. Radiographics. 2009 May-Jun. 29(3):877-86. [Medline].\nvon Engelhardt LV, Raddatz M, Bouillon B, et al. How reliable is MRI in diagnosing cartilaginous lesions in patients with first and recurrent lateral patellar dislocations?. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010 Jul 5. 11:149. [Medline]. [Full Text].\nSmith TO, Davies L, Toms AP, et al. The reliability and validity of radiological assessment for patellar instability. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 2010 May 23. [Medline].\nMoretti B, Speciale D, Garofalo R, Moretti L, Patella S, Patella V. Spontaneous bilateral fracture of patella. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2008 Mar. 8(1):55-8. [Medline].\nLee J, Sagel S, Stanley R, Heiken J, eds. Computed Tomography With MRI Correlation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. 1402-6.\nAxial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image of a bipartite patella.\nSagittal T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of a minimally displaced patella fracture.\nMagnetic resonance image of a \"jumper's knee.\"\nRadiograph following modified tension band fixation.\nRadiograph following screw fixation.\nChristine Lamoureux, MD Diagnostic Radiologist, Christine A. Lamoureux, MD, PC\nChristine Lamoureux, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America\nBernard D Coombs, MB, ChB, PhD Consulting Staff, Department of Specialist Rehabilitation Services, Hutt Valley District Health Board, New Zealand\nTheodore E Keats, MD Professor, Departments of Radiology and Orthopedics, University of Virginia School of Medicine\nFelix S Chew, MD, MBA, MEd Professor, Department of Radiology, Vice Chairman for Academic Innovation, Section Head of Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine\nFelix S Chew, MD, MBA, MEd is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, Association of University Radiologists, Radiological Society of North America\nDavid S Levey, MD Musculoskeletal and Neurospinal Forensic Radiologist; President, David S Levey, MD, PA, San Antonio, Texas\nDavid S Levey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, Bexar County Medical Society, Forensic Expert Witness Association, International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, International Society of Radiology, Technical Advisory Service for Attorneys, Texas Medical Association\nWe wish to thank Dr. Ray F Kilcoyne, MD, for his previous contributions to this article.\nencoded search term (Patella Fracture Imaging) and Patella Fracture Imaging\nPhalangeal Fractures\nEndoscopic Management of Facial Fractures\nWrist Fractures and Dislocations\nPediatric Femur Fractures\nGrowth Plate (Physeal) Fractures\nYoung Women With RA at High Risk for Fractures\nNo Fracture Risk for New Diabetes Drugs in Real-World Study\nChildhood Fracture Linked to Increased Risk of Subsequent Fracture\n14 Can't-Miss Hand Emergencies\nNews Childhood Fracture Linked to Increased Risk of Subsequent Fracture\nNews No Fracture Risk for New Diabetes Drugs in Real-World Study\nProcedures Endoscopic Management of Facial Fractures\n2002 98322-overview Diseases & Conditions\nDiseases & Conditions Phalangeal Fractures"