import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Simulation parameters R = .1 # Resistance in ohms L = .001 # Inductance in henries Vdc = 350.0 # DC supply voltage f_pwm = 25e3 # PWM frequency in Hz current_setpioint = 50.0 # Setpoint for current controller bemf = 40.0 # Back EMF voltage t_stop = 2e-3 # Simulate for 2 ms dt = .1e-6 # Time step of .1 microsecond MAX_DUTY_CYCLE = 0.95 MIN_DUTY_CYCLE = 0.00 # Time array time = np.arange(0, t_stop, dt) # Storage for current current = np.zeros_like(time) I = 0.0 # initial current # Derived parameters T_pwm = 1.0 / f_pwm old_t_mod = 0 duty_cycle = 0 for i in range(1, len(time)): t = time[i] # Determine if we are in the "on" or "off" portion of the PWM cycle # Use modulo operation to find where we are within a PWM period t_mod = t % T_pwm if t_mod < old_t_mod: applied_voltage = Vdc - bemf a = (applied_voltage/R) - current_setpioint b = (applied_voltage/R) - I total_time = -(L/R) * np.log(a/b) duty_cycle = min(MAX_DUTY_CYCLE, max(MIN_DUTY_CYCLE, total_time/T_pwm)) pass old_t_mod = t_mod on_time = duty_cycle * T_pwm off_time = T_pwm - on_time if t_mod < on_time: V = Vdc - bemf else: V = -bemf # Compute dI/dt dIdt = (V - R*I) / L dIdt *= 1 # Integrate using Euler method I = I + dIdt * dt # Store current current[i] = I # Plotting plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5)) plt.plot(time*1e4, current, label='Current through inductor') plt.title('PWM driven RL load') plt.xlabel('Time (ms)') plt.ylabel('Current (A)') plt.grid(True) plt.legend() plt.show()