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README.md
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- split: train
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path: data/train-*
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path: data/train-*
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---
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# Silent Signals | Formal Potential Dogwhistles (Potential Instance Dataset)
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**A dataset of *potential* dogwhistle use cases in formal discourse.** A dog whistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.
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This dataset contains over 1 million excepts from U.S. Congressional Records that contain a dogwhistle term, created via keyword search on terms in the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/). Therefore, many of the excerpts are likely using these terms in a non-coded sense. This dataset was used as input to our approach for word-sense disambiguation of dog whistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs). Please see the paper linked below for more details.
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<p style="color:red;">Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.</p>
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**Published at ACL 2024!**
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📄 **Paper Link** - [Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675/)<br>
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📁 **Disambiguated Dogwhistles Dataset** - [Silent-Signals](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SALT-NLP/silent_signals)
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💻 **Dataset webpage** - Coming soon 🚀
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<!--  -->
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<centering><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632d02054a4991e711591c34/m70hfQTN2Aw7t3Ilkga4u.png" alt="head_figure" width="400"/></centering>
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## Dataset Schema ##
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| <nobr>Field Name </nobr>| <nobr>Type</nobr> | <nobr>Example</nobr> | <nobr>Description</nobr> |
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|:------------|:------|:---------|:-------------|
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| <nobr>**dog_whistle**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"illegals"</nobr> | <nobr>Dog whistle word or term.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**dog_whistle_root**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"illegal immigrant"</nobr> | <nobr>The root form of the dog whistle,<br> as there could be multiple variations.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**ingroup**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"anti-Latino"</nobr> | <nobr>The community that uses the dog whistle.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**content**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"In my State of Virginia, the governor put a stop <br>to the independent audits that were finding <br>thousands of illegals on the roll."</nobr> | <nobr>Text containing the dog whistle.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**date**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"11/14/2016"</nobr> | <nobr>Date of comment, formatted as `mm/dd/yyyy`.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**speaker**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>None</nobr> | <nobr>Speaker, included for U.S. Congressional speech <br>excerpts and Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**chamber**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>None</nobr> | <nobr>Chamber of Congress, 'S' for Senate, <br>'H' for House of Representatives, and <br>Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**source**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"PRAW API"</nobr> | <nobr>The source or method of data collection.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**party**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>None</nobr> | <nobr>The political party affiliation of the speaker, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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> NOTE: The dog whistles terms and definitions that enabled this research and data collection were sourced from the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/).
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