---
task_categories:
- question-answering
language:
- en
tags:
- agent
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
---

# HFLB (Heterogeneous Federated Learning Benchmark)

FL Benchmark originally proposed in [FedDAT](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12305), and modified by ourselves, splitting each dataset into different subtasks for task incremental learning setup in [FedMosaic (ICLR 2026)](https://openreview.net/forum?id=0g5Dk4Qfh0).
Please checkout configuration of HFLB in the [paper](https://openreview.net/forum?id=0g5Dk4Qfh0)

### Constituent Datasets
| Dataset | Task Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| GQA | Compositional visual reasoning | Hudson & Manning, CVPR 2019 |
| Abstract VQA | Abstract-scene visual question answering | Antol et al., ICCV 2015 |
| SNLI-VE | Visual entailment | Xie et al., arXiv 2019 |
| COCO-QA | Image question answering | Ren et al., NeurIPS 2015 |
| NLVR2 | Natural-language visual reasoning over image pairs | Suhr et al., ACL 2019 |
| VizWiz | Accessibility-focused VQA | Gurari et al., CVPR 2018 |
| NLVR2 | Dual-image visual reasoning | Suhr et al., ACL 2019 |
| AQUA | Art-domain visual question answering | Garcia et al., ECCV Workshops 2020 |

---

## How to Download

We highly recommend downloading each dataset (`.tar`) file separately:

```bash
# Example: Download GQA
huggingface-cli download SNUMPR/HFLB GQA.tar --local-dir ./ --repo-type dataset

# Example: Download AQUA
huggingface-cli download SNUMPR/HFLB AQUA.tar --local-dir ./ --repo-type dataset
```

After downloading, extract each archive:
```bash
tar -xvf AQUA.tar
# Repeat for other archives
```

Place extracted data under the `dataset/` folder in the [code repository](https://github.com/snumprlab/fedmosaic), following the structure described in the [README](https://github.com/snumprlab/fedmosaic/blob/main/README.md).

---

<details>
<summary>Dataset Credits & References</summary>

HFLB builds on the following publicly available datasets.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{hudson2019gqa,
  title     = {GQA: A New Dataset for Real-World Visual Reasoning and Compositional Question Answering},
  author    = {Hudson, Drew A. and Manning, Christopher D.},
  booktitle = {CVPR},
  year      = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{antol2015vqa,
  title     = {VQA: Visual Question Answering},
  author    = {Antol, Stanislaw and Agrawal, Aishwarya and Lu, Jiasen and Mitchell, Margaret and Batra, Dhruv and Zitnick, C. Lawrence and Parikh, Devi},
  booktitle = {ICCV},
  year      = {2015}
}

@article{xie2019snlive,
  title   = {Visual Entailment: A Novel Task for Fine-Grained Image Understanding},
  author  = {Xie, Ning and Lai, Farley and Doran, Derek and Kadav, Asim},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.06706},
  year    = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{ren2015cocoqa,
  title     = {Exploring Models and Data for Image Question Answering},
  author    = {Ren, Mengye and Kiros, Ryan and Zemel, Richard S.},
  booktitle = {NeurIPS},
  year      = {2015}
}

@inproceedings{suhr2019nlvr2,
  title     = {A Corpus for Reasoning about Natural Language Grounded in Photographs},
  author    = {Suhr, Alane and Zhou, Stephanie and Zhang, Ally and Zhang, Iris and Bai, Huajun and Artzi, Yoav},
  booktitle = {ACL},
  year      = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{gurari2018vizwiz,
  title     = {VizWiz Grand Challenge: Answering Visual Questions from Blind People},
  author    = {Gurari, Danna and Li, Qing and Stangl, Abigale J. and Guo, Anhong and Lin, Chi and Grauman, Kristen and Luo, Jiebo and Bigham, Jeffrey P.},
  booktitle = {CVPR},
  year      = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{garcia2020aqua,
  title     = {A Dataset and Baselines for Visual Question Answering on Art},
  author    = {Garcia, Noa and Ye, Chentao and Liu, Zihua and Hu, Qingtao and Otani, Mayu and Chu, Chenhui and Nakashima, Yuta and Mitamura, Teruko},
  booktitle = {ECCV Workshops},
  year      = {2020}
}
```
</details>
---

## Citation

If you use HFLB in your research, please cite FedDAT paper and our paper:

```bibtex
@inproceedings{chen2023feddat,
  title={FedDAT: An Approach for Foundation Model Finetuning in Multi-Modal Heterogeneous Federated Learning},
  author={Chen, Haokun and Zhang, Yao and Krompass, Denis and Gu, Jindong and Tresp, Volker},
  booktitle={AAAI},
  year={2024}
}

@inproceedings{seo2026colora,
  title     = {Co-LoRA: Collaborative Model Personalization on Heterogeneous Multi-Modal Clients},
  author    = {Seo, Minhyuk and Kim, Taeheon and Lee, Hankook and Choi, Jonghyun and Tuytelaars, Tinne},
  booktitle = {The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
  year      = {2026},
  url       = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=0g5Dk4Qfh0}
}
```