[{"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The polar bear population has been growing.", "context": "\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\". The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears. The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_2", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet", "context": "CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space. The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude. This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_3", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.", "context": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration. The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_4", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.", "context": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization. The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding \"the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry\" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_7", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.", "context": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_8", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization", "context": "Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture. Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. \"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_9", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’", "context": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago. About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_10", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'", "context": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control. Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_12", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate", "context": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification. The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification. Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_14", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.", "context": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF). There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs. The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_15", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical", "context": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations (\"urban heat island effect\"). Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism. The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_16", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_17", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_19", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "context": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_20", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.", "context": "It said that \"by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age. The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s \"the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence\". He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_22", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases", "context": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, \"probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases.\" Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_24", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "context": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\". The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ... On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_25", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.", "context": "The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years. A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_26", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]", "context": "During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon. Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. \"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_27", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise is not going to happen.", "context": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels. If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_28", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]", "context": ": 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']\" Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low... Holstein, James A.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_30", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.", "context": "Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars. For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating. Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_33", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.", "context": "It has a regular activity cycle of starspots. This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures. During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_34", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC", "context": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity. The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced. Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_35", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years", "context": "Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago. \"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years\". As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_36", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2", "context": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_37", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.", "context": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_38", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.", "context": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_39", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records", "context": "We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent. Lennon said, \"It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever. Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as \"The Carpenters\", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply \"Carpenters\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_40", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed", "context": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\". According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\". Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_41", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.", "context": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments. \"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_43", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined", "context": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. Farmer 2014, p. 44: \"Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century. Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_44", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.", "context": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_45", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.", "context": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_48", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.", "context": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\" Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_49", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature", "context": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_50", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.", "context": "Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_52", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? sea-level rise is not accelerating.", "context": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. \"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\". \"Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_53", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.", "context": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified. Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with \"rates similar to those of the surface temperature\", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled. Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_55", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.", "context": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb. Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters. Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_58", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.", "context": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_59", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.", "context": "In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty. While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious. Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_60", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.", "context": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. \"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_61", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.", "context": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100. In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_62", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate change is not making natural disasters worse", "context": "attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters. Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways. Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_63", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture", "context": "In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010. Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields. Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_66", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did", "context": "Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada. Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries. Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_69", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.", "context": "For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections. Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change. With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_70", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed", "context": "Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models. The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight. The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_71", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.", "context": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature. Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_74", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.", "context": "Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis. Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor. Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_76", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.", "context": "Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society. On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change. The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_78", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.", "context": "Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model. Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD). In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_80", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.", "context": "Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_82", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.", "context": "In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_84", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.", "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_85", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas", "context": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_87", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen", "context": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen. The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_90", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.", "context": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_92", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.", "context": "Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity. If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life. Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_94", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.", "context": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_95", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature", "context": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data. In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate.\" In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_96", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_97", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "context": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_98", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.", "context": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_99", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”", "context": "After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: \"We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific. Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition. But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_100", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable", "context": "The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding. He further stated that a lower limit on \"dangerous anthropogenic interference\" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. \"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_101", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)", "context": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_104", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_105", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast", "context": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\" Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_106", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.", "context": "If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return. Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_109", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.", "context": "Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years. Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_110", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.", "context": "Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection). Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential. But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_112", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’", "context": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the \"Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.\" The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_117", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.", "context": "Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019. A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report (\"Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate. The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_119", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.", "context": "The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway. The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change. Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_120", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.", "context": "Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_121", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995", "context": "The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and \"expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change. Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be \"a serious issue\" and that they \"will look into it in detail\". In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that \"Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively.\"", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_125", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.", "context": "Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus. A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed \"1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers\". The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_127", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.", "context": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970. Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer. Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_128", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_132", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial", "context": "These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons. The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation). Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_133", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods", "context": "Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity. \"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus\" (PDF). But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_134", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts", "context": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain. Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_135", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,", "context": "This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes. These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers. This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_138", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.", "context": "There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet. Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_139", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed", "context": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb. However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models. Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_140", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.", "context": "The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability. Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_141", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_142", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.", "context": "The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend. The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. Climate change adaptation is \"the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_144", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces", "context": "Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA. June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_146", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.", "context": "Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_147", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.", "context": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. (2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming. (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_148", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.", "context": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year. \"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\". They state further that the \"continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_151", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.", "context": "The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes. Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_152", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.", "context": "Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas. Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire. While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_153", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.", "context": "With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable. The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%. Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_154", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.", "context": "More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030. When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods. In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_155", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.", "context": "According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India. Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017. Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_156", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather", "context": "“The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said. Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity. This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_157", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.", "context": "Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives. Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_159", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.", "context": "They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures. Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project. The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_160", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.", "context": "The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed]. A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area. Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_162", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.", "context": "The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_164", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.", "context": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises. Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require \"deep emissions reductions\", \"rapid\", \"far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_165", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.", "context": "The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that \"[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions. With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_168", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.", "context": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_169", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.", "context": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%). The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_170", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.", "context": "Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand. Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change. Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_172", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.", "context": "The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro. They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_173", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.", "context": "Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption. In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_174", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.", "context": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool. These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats. Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_175", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.", "context": "Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_176", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.", "context": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance. West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_177", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming", "context": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. Global Change Research Program concluded that \"[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced.\" \"Warming 'very likely' human-made\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_178", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.", "context": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_181", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.", "context": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence. Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_183", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.", "context": "These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores. The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_184", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.", "context": "These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_185", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.", "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_186", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”", "context": "This publication on renewable energy – \"which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces\". \"Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority\". The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_189", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world", "context": "An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes. As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise. By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_190", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.", "context": "The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size. The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink. A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_191", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year. A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_192", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.", "context": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_193", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.", "context": "Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum. During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial. There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_194", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.", "context": "21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F). 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_195", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.", "context": "Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_197", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_198", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.", "context": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution. \"Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years.\"", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_199", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”", "context": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases. By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_201", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.", "context": "Tipping points are \"perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society. A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_203", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_204", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.", "context": "If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost. The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_205", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.", "context": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors. Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities. (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_206", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”", "context": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_207", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. \"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\". Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_208", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_209", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.", "context": "In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST. A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT. September 16, 1972.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_210", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_211", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.", "context": "It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick. Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005. The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_212", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.", "context": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_213", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_214", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific", "context": "Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator. At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west. Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_215", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030", "context": "10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030. Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990. The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_218", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.", "context": "Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter. Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances. From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_220", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.", "context": "Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out.\" Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water. Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_221", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns", "context": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures. The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_224", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.", "context": "In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically. The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_225", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.", "context": "The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans. Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter. August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), causing considerable damage.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_226", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.", "context": "The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635. Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_227", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.", "context": "A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009. In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\" Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_228", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.", "context": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase. After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23. It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_229", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.", "context": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72). (2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879). Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_230", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”", "context": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records. Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe). During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_231", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.", "context": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change. (2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing. Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_233", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic", "context": "This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified. These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_234", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_235", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.", "context": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_238", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres", "context": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_239", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.", "context": "The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13. The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh. The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_242", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.", "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources. The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_243", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.", "context": "They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms. Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn. In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_253", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.", "context": "At O'Hare, temperatures as low as 7 °F (−14 °C) and 31 °F (−1 °C) have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S. From April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_254", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like", "context": "Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past. Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon. Historically, the ability of experts to predict the future over these timescales has proved very limited.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_259", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change", "context": "indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions. Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_260", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.", "context": "For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_267", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).", "context": "The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W. On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2). Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_269", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.", "context": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C\". The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C. IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_270", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.", "context": "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\". Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_271", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.", "context": "Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9. a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5. The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_272", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.", "context": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models. Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_273", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today", "context": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\". The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_274", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.", "context": "Warmer air holds more water vapor. Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_281", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.", "context": "Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields. A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished. While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_282", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”", "context": "\"Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise\". \"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\". \"Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_283", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone. The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_284", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted", "context": "Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments. As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana. Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_286", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "context": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_288", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But there is also good data showing sea levels", "context": "By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change. Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_289", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_292", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen", "context": "Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_294", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.", "context": "Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region. In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100. By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_295", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.", "context": "Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt. Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees. Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_297", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.", "context": "Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall. Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as \"stable\" as of 2017. The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_299", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”", "context": "For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities. However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_300", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.", "context": "The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest. Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen. Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_301", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing", "context": "Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source. The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals. The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_302", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.", "context": "Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen. They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale. A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_303", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.", "context": "The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time. \"Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_304", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.", "context": "Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users. \"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_307", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.", "context": "Buffalo are generally fed on coarse feeds; they convert them into the protein-rich lean meat. conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops. To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_308", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "context": "The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River. The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_311", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.", "context": "Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_312", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_314", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’", "context": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\". In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought. A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled \"Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences\", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_317", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.", "context": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas. Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_319", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance", "context": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance. The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_323", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago", "context": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_324", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.", "context": "If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Historically, the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010, when the average Secchi depth, 64.4 feet (19.6 m), was the second lowest ever recorded (the lowest was 64.1 feet (19.5 m) in 1997). Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_325", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.", "context": "In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena. Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community. Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_326", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.", "context": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\". Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_329", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.", "context": "Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor. Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_331", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.", "context": "Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption. The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption. In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_333", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.", "context": "The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984). Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal. Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_334", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”", "context": "While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_335", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.", "context": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010. Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_336", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”", "context": "The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_337", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate", "context": "Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures. The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy. These changes can influence the planetary climate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_340", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.", "context": "Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010. This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_341", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.", "context": "During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass. Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_342", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.", "context": "Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\". The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_343", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.", "context": "Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase. In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: \"a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_348", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm", "context": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s. Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_353", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.", "context": "Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions. In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming. Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_355", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.", "context": "Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_356", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming", "context": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_360", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.", "context": "Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period. A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that \"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years\", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage. They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a \"hiatus\" or slowdown.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_362", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…", "context": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_364", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”", "context": "A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1. From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave. The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_366", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.", "context": "As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges. More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_368", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm", "context": "For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%. We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_370", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.", "context": "Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour. There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_375", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate change need not endanger anyone”", "context": "The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern. Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.\" Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_376", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.", "context": "The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, \"Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions.\" GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century. Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_377", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”", "context": "Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights. Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans’ growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands. The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_379", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.", "context": "When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño \"conditions\"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño \"episode\". 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000. Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was \"a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it\"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_380", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.", "context": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line. However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_381", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.", "context": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_386", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.", "context": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations. For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan. Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_387", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.", "context": "Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived. The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_391", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.", "context": "There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_394", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.", "context": "Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food. The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products. With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_395", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.", "context": "In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside. Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_396", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.", "context": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes. Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_397", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.", "context": "Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_400", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]", "context": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia. The report was not properly peer reviewed.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_401", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century", "context": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_402", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.", "context": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e. \"From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750.\" Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_403", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.", "context": "The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970. It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so. Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_404", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.", "context": "The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its\"openness and experience in diplomacy\" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement). On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_405", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”", "context": "For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g. Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g. Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_407", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.", "context": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_408", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.", "context": "A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc. While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious. It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_411", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”", "context": "Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere. Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_412", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.", "context": "This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product. Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013. The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_413", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”", "context": "The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%). By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%. The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_414", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas", "context": "At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030. They are: To help households and businesses transition to a low carbon future To streamline the adoption of efficient energy To make buildings more energy-efficient For governments to work in partnership and lead the way to energy efficiency The overriding agreement that governs this strategy is the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency. On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_415", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.", "context": "This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector. Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_418", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.", "context": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_422", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.", "context": "In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated \"We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases.\" A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_425", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.", "context": "If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_426", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.", "context": "March 26, 1892. p. 11. from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C. Last of the ‘Big Four’ was President Henry H. Goodell—classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_427", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.", "context": "These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies. Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: \"deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels\". The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_429", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”", "context": "The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_430", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds", "context": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_431", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks. The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_433", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years", "context": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_435", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago", "context": "Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_436", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.", "context": "Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses. A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change. Network of African Science Academies: \"A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.\"", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_443", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”", "context": "In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain. Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence. Therefore, scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_445", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough", "context": "The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures. The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater. Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_446", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”", "context": "In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that \"[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for most of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes\". Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic. Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_454", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.", "context": "The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016. Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century. Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_460", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.", "context": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Niño in coral specimens that are around 13,000 years old.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_462", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.", "context": "The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people. \"One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts\". The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_463", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years", "context": "In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral. Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years. When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60 km out to sea.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_465", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.", "context": "In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals. This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding. Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_466", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.", "context": "Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_467", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”", "context": "\"Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint. However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war. The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_468", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”", "context": "1000   g   NO x 1 kg   NO x × 46   kg   NO x 1   kmol   NO x × 1   kmol   NO x 22.414   m 3   NO x × 10   m 3   NO x 10 6   m 3   gas × 20   m 3   gas 1   minute × 60   minute 1   hour = 24.63   g   NO x hour {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1000\\ {\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {46\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kg\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {1\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {kmol\\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\\times {\\frac {10\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}}\\times {\\frac {20\\ {\\cancel {{\\ce {m}}^{3}\\ {\\ce {gas}}}}}{1\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}}\\times {\\frac {60\\ {\\cancel {\\ce {minute}}}}{1\\ {\\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\\ {\\frac {{\\ce {g\\ NO}}_{x}}{\\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour. This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent. Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , ⋯ , R n {\\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) ⋯ ( 1 + R n ) − 1 {\\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the ret", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_470", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.", "context": "There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate. The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes. Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_471", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.", "context": "As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs. Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights. On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_473", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.", "context": "Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985. January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_474", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_485", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.", "context": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F). There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_486", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.", "context": "In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions. Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change. There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_489", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”", "context": "Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years. Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for \"literate communication\" is \"about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad\". Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations \"next to nothing\" will survive in a useful way besides \"if we have continuity in our technological civilization\" by which \"a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_490", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year", "context": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end. The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_492", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH", "context": "The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component. Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_496", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.", "context": "This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification). With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion. For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_497", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.", "context": "This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms. The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries. The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_498", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”", "context": "Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species. \"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\". Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_499", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.", "context": "\"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)\". The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies. Editor-in-chief Pontin said, \"Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_501", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.", "context": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic. The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_502", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.", "context": "The El Niño phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it. Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes. The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_506", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”", "context": "Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves. In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their \"utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities\". Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_507", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.", "context": "Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes. Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America. Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_508", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.", "context": "The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_512", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.", "context": "The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line. The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_515", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “While record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". \"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\". The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_517", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.", "context": "These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_519", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.", "context": "\"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\". \"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_520", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_522", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.", "context": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide is colorless. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_525", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)", "context": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century. \"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_527", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.", "context": "Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a \"dynamic incentive,\" that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall. A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially \"optimal\" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs. Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_528", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.", "context": "Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014. It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017. GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_529", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.", "context": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_531", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”", "context": "Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones. There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify. Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_532", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.", "context": "Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium. Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_534", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.", "context": "For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. \"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_535", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.", "context": "Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post. Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average. An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_537", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.", "context": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_539", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.", "context": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific. Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s. Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_540", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.", "context": "If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation. He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy. Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for \"unborn\") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host diff", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_542", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience", "context": "Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives. Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems. Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_545", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ” ‘You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,’ he says.", "context": "The high pressure water breaks up or \"fracks\" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation. In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU). Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_546", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported?  The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. ", "context": "Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans \"cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models,\" concluding that \"it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences\". Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity. Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_547", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.", "context": "In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure. Externalities can be either positive or negative. A positive externality (also called \"external benefit\" or \"external economy\" or \"beneficial externality\") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_550", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”", "context": "Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation. The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions. So again we have the right outcome — provided the carbon price equals the social cost.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_551", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.", "context": "He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as \"leverage\" to reduce federal spending. He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate. His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_552", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.", "context": "The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding. The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_556", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.", "context": "The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed. Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s. Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_557", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? On the Pacific Coast, a climate pattern that had pushed billions of gallons of water toward Asia is now ending, so that in coming decades the sea is likely to rise quickly off states like Oregon and California.", "context": "The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_558", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.", "context": "The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the \"Ice Age\", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era. The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP. The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_560", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free", "context": "The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. \"Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins\". The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_562", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer", "context": "Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_564", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.", "context": "It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. \"Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin\". \"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_565", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.", "context": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year. In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_568", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’", "context": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. \"Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report\". \"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_570", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”", "context": "Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal. Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established.\" To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_574", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“", "context": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_577", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.", "context": "NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_582", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”", "context": "The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing \"up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report.\" reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency. In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_584", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.", "context": "Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP). In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had \"deserted\" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit. The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_585", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.", "context": "A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air. The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_587", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener", "context": "After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water. Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation. The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_588", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.", "context": "(2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage. Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario. (2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_589", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.", "context": "Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman. During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the \"negative processes\" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran. During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as \"Climategate\") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial \"these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory.\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_592", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.", "context": "Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change. Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures. A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_593", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”", "context": "April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal. December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history. December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_596", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”", "context": "The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula. The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C). The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_597", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef", "context": "An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes. \"Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs\". These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_598", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? cold kills many more people than heat.", "context": "In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat. After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it. Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_600", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.", "context": "Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government. While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming. It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_601", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.", "context": "Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades. \"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_603", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures", "context": "The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected. Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th. The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_604", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.", "context": "Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011. It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths). The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_605", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”", "context": "In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_607", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges", "context": "Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars). This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops). More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_608", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.", "context": "Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures. The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change. The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_609", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”", "context": "CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2. As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_610", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.", "context": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\" Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called \"dead zones.\" It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out.\"", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_611", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.", "context": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases. Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year. The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_612", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.", "context": "This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same. These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_617", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”", "context": "The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific. The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_618", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.", "context": "Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true. This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way. From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_619", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. \"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\". This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_621", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era", "context": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that \"2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850. The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused. In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the \"5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing\", noting \"that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998.\"", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_622", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period", "context": "For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years. At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years. Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_623", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.", "context": "Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur. The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events. \"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_624", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990", "context": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_626", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago", "context": "\"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought\". About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_627", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.", "context": "During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_628", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer", "context": "So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\" As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_629", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology", "context": "Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, \"frost, ice\", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, \"subject matter\"; literally \"study of ice\") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_630", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century", "context": "A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius. Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January. In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_631", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.", "context": "It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals. If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_632", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now", "context": "A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change. Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_633", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.", "context": "His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey. An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program. A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_634", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”", "context": "One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat. In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually. Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_635", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.", "context": "The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees. However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic. It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_638", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.", "context": "For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses. Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels. Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_639", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.", "context": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us. [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_640", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.", "context": "Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles). It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average. From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_641", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.", "context": "Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though \"the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then\" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming). \"During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.\" The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_642", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.", "context": "There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth. In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres. There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_643", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.", "context": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\". Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area. The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_644", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit", "context": "The effects of global warming include its effects on human health. There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well. This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_645", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”", "context": "The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded. They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions. In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_646", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].", "context": "Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land. Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative \"degrees\" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit. It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_647", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘", "context": "The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\\displaystyle \\rho ={\\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_648", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.", "context": "Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming. The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles. While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_649", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.", "context": "Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals. During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling. After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_650", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.", "context": "Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an \"oasis in the desert\". For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross. Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_655", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.", "context": "The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history. As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880. Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_656", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.", "context": "Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_657", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.", "context": "Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_659", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.", "context": "Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry. Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion. This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strat", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_662", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.", "context": "Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006. In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger. Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_665", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).", "context": "At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners. Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others. In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_666", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.", "context": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference. In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade. The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_668", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.", "context": "It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C). It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed \"winter months\" and \"summer months\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_669", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.", "context": "\"Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos\". Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage. Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_676", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.", "context": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_679", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.", "context": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. \"Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them\". Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_680", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.", "context": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_682", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.", "context": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_683", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.", "context": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_686", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.", "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. \"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\". As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_687", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.", "context": "At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement. 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_688", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.", "context": "GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century. In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980. Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_689", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.", "context": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years. Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said \"We don't accept this. The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_690", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.", "context": "\"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\". \"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks\". On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_691", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.", "context": "Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels. Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_692", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]", "context": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\". During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted. On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published \"A National Research Program for Space Technology\" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_694", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.", "context": "As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update]. \"EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality\". A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_695", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable. In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_697", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.", "context": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_698", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_699", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.", "context": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_700", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.", "context": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\". According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\". Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_701", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.", "context": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_704", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.", "context": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010. Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend. The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_706", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.", "context": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_707", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. This allows a temperature record to be constructed.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_711", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate change is due to cosmic rays.", "context": "The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate. It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate. He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_723", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_724", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.", "context": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period. Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_725", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.", "context": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades. The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_726", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_727", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.", "context": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_728", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Polar bear numbers are increasing.", "context": "The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year. In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient. In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_730", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There's no empirical evidence for climate change.", "context": "Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread. ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_731", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.", "context": "This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Producer Avi Arad said, \"The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States. Sixty years go by, and who are we today?", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_732", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.", "context": "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized. Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system. The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_736", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Clouds provide negative feedback.", "context": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_737", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.", "context": "A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia. More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher. \"Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_738", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Methane is the only cause of climate change.", "context": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate. A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_739", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.", "context": "(the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle. The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_741", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? IPCC overestimate temperature rise.", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period. Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_742", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Southern sea ice is increasing.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent. The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_743", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sea level rise is decelerating.", "context": "Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels. More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_744", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.", "context": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_745", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.", "context": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\". Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_746", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.", "context": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\". This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea. The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_747", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Solar cycles cause global warming.", "context": "There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_748", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors. 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_750", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.", "context": "Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations. increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_751", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.", "context": "Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration). These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_752", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.", "context": "Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_753", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Renewables can't provide baseload power.", "context": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\". Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%. EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_754", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.", "context": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_755", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.", "context": "The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic. The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_756", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.", "context": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_757", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a \"crisis\" or a \"serious problem\", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor. Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_758", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.", "context": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming. \"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say\". Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_760", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.", "context": "Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming. \"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\". In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_761", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Water levels correlate with sunspots.", "context": "Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_762", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.", "context": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_763", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.", "context": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_765", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.", "context": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries. rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_766", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Renewable energy investment kills jobs.", "context": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power. Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs. In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_767", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 limits won't cool the planet.", "context": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_768", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.", "context": "Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget. They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos. Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_769", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.", "context": "If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt). Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_770", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.", "context": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012. In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_771", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.", "context": "This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes. Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises. Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_772", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.", "context": "We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\" Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade. Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_773", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.", "context": "The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change). There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report. Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_774", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_775", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.", "context": "When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s. During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing. The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_776", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.", "context": "The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity. The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\". The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_777", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.", "context": "One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface. Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet. It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) \"greenhouse\" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_778", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Underground temperatures control climate.", "context": "Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_779", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.", "context": "In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_784", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year. A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_785", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.", "context": "These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable. [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles. Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_786", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.", "context": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_787", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_790", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.", "context": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_793", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.", "context": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_794", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.", "context": "He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers. reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment. One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_796", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.", "context": "Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_797", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.", "context": "There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_799", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.", "context": "The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages. Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most. How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_802", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.", "context": "As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude. \"Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_803", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.", "context": "Brown ovals are warmer and located within the \"normal cloud layer\". Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_806", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.", "context": "Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_811", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.", "context": "Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise. \"Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend\". The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_816", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.", "context": "Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions. A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance. Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_818", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.", "context": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming. Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_824", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.", "context": "Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback. Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback. The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_827", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.", "context": "23 March 2015. 22 January 2008. 13 August 2010.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_828", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "context": "Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably. Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\". Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_831", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.", "context": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion. The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_833", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.", "context": "Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change. The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year. \"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_834", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.", "context": "Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants. Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their \"efficient prices,\" when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account. Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_838", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research", "context": "Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it. Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval. \"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_842", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.", "context": "They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario. In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called \"Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario\" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions. They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_844", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.", "context": "The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_845", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.", "context": "This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_848", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.", "context": "The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection. \"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming\". There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_851", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.", "context": "[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic. The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record. This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_853", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.", "context": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_857", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.", "context": "AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012. More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements. The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_859", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Thousands of coral atolls have \"drowned\" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.", "context": "\"Islands disappear under rising seas\". The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries. More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_863", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.", "context": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth. Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record). Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_864", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.", "context": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change. Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_867", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.", "context": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_871", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.", "context": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report. This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_872", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.", "context": "Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service. Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_875", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.", "context": "Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: \"Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth.\" Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses. Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity \"Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better.\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_879", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.", "context": "Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_880", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.", "context": "The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12). There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_882", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.", "context": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm.\" As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that \"the last decade is the warmest since 1400\", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_884", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.", "context": "The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's. However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services. \"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_885", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.", "context": "Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars). As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas. The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_886", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.", "context": "Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_887", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.", "context": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service. Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_890", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"the cascading effects\" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.", "context": "This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack. Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_891", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.", "context": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\". CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health. The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_893", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.", "context": "Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language. Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing \"good sign\" to another gorilla who successfully used signing. Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_896", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, \"there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards.\"", "context": "Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately. As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building. North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_897", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Alaska Sen. Mark Begich \"is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority.\"", "context": "In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy. Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax. \"Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_898", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.", "context": "Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm. Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_899", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.", "context": "The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011. Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household. As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_900", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy \"that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming.\"", "context": "\"A Global Threat Emerges\". He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to \"stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan,\" an area he said had not received the \"strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires.\" Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is \"black enough,\" Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that \"we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_903", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.", "context": "The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession. In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_904", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.", "context": "The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30. Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board. The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_905", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.", "context": "In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported. Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal. Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_906", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.", "context": "As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world. Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood. Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_907", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Carbon dioxide is not \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.\"", "context": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\". Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he \"would not agree that\" carbon dioxide is \"a primary contributor to the global warming that we see\" backing up his claim by stating that \"measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact.\"", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_909", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate scientist James Hansen: \"we have until perhaps 50 years from now,\" or maybe a little longer \"and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise.\"", "context": "Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian. George Monbiot reports \"The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century. For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_910", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020,\" but observed temperatures have been only half as high.", "context": "In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015. The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880. About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_911", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.", "context": "Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources. The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_913", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat \"both to the economy and national security.\"", "context": "An executive order was issued by President Trump on January 24, 2017 that removed barriers from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production. On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order aimed towards boosting the coal industry. \"Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_917", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C", "context": "Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming. The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C. Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_918", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? During \"the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person.\"", "context": "The document was subtitled as \"The Copenhagen Agreement\" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. An article by Gerald Traufetter for Spiegel Online described the Copenhagen summit as a \"political disaster,\" and asserted that the US and China \"joined forces to stymie every attempt by European nations to reach agreement.\" \"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann\"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_919", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.", "context": "Stabenow's proposed amendment to keep the Environmental Protection Agency from regulating greenhouse gas emissions for two years also drew criticism. In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem. He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_920", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Florida ranks \"45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.", "context": "The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[update]. \"Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage—Bureau of Transportation Statistics\". As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_924", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.", "context": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. A changing environment will affect Alaska more than any other state...I'm not one though who would attribute it to being man-made Goldman, Russell (September 11, 2008).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_927", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.", "context": "To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of \"an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years\". Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007. It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland by 1% would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_928", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.", "context": "A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105 US gal) of water consumption monthly. A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent. In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_929", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped", "context": "Potential effects include sea level rise of 110 to 770 mm (0.36 to 2.5 feet) between 1990 and 2100, repercussions to agriculture, possible slowing of the thermohaline circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year. Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_930", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If we got solar energy from \"an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year.\"", "context": "The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_931", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.", "context": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters. Because burning natural gas produces both water and carbon dioxide, it produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released than coal, which produces mostly carbon dioxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_932", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In South Florida, \"we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s.\"", "context": "The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level. Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). \"Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_933", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.", "context": "Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand. Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_934", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a \"carbon tax\" hurt her terribly politically.", "context": "The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise. Gillard initially ruled out a \"carbon tax\" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax. Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_935", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent. 1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_936", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.", "context": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_937", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.", "context": "Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate. The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_938", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Miami Congressman Carlos \"Curbelo supports drilling offshore\" and \"repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change.\"", "context": "\"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat\". \"Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill\". According to McClatchy, \"Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending.\"", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_939", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating \"Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America.\"", "context": "Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for \"the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur\". Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as \"a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur\". \"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_940", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry — three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.", "context": "Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom. The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20 billion. While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_941", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,", "context": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\". \"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it\". \"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_942", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change", "context": "July 4, 1923. February 14, 1926. Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_944", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Newt Gingrich \"teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming.\"", "context": "\"Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge\". Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the \"Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party.\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_945", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.", "context": "Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46. As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_946", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.", "context": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\". At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse. Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_947", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.", "context": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014. The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels. By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_948", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.", "context": "Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. \"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\". Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_950", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.", "context": "In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement. Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement. majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_951", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.", "context": "The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations. To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia. To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_952", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.", "context": "On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory. President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy. Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_953", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists are \"questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. \"", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. \"Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming\". It is \"extremely likely\" that this warming arises from \"human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases\" in the atmosphere.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_955", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.", "context": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. \"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016\". Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_956", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world", "context": "\"UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world\". The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan. \"Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_957", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.", "context": "\"Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe\". The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_958", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Solar panels drain the sun's energy.", "context": "Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_959", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Surface temperatures on Earth \"have stabilized.\"", "context": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_960", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.", "context": "A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_961", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.", "context": "Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall. The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_962", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.", "context": "The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018. On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils. On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_963", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.", "context": "Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps. This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_964", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.", "context": "\"Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter\". In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010. Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_965", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the \"head\" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.", "context": "The study found that 97% of the 489 scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures have risen over the past century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_966", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The climate-change agreement between the United States and China \"requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years.\"", "context": "One part of the agreement pledges US$30 billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change. It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010. \"President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_967", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? and three Nobel economic laureates support \"direct investment in technology\" rather than a carbon tax.", "context": "He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard. \"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms\". In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_968", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.", "context": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants. In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_969", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the media created the term \"polar vortex\" and the cold air proves \"the ice isn't melting.\"", "context": "This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it. \"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says.\" A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_970", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.", "context": "Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_971", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The North Pole is melting \"a bit\" but the South Pole is getting bigger.", "context": "The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F). New warning on Arctic sea ice melt. \"Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point\" – via washingtonpost.com.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_972", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Obama administration is \"proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030.\"", "context": "The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels. The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030. EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_974", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Obama administration's \"own Environmental Protection Agency\" has said its Clean Power Plan \"will have a marginal impact on climate change.\"", "context": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014. Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs. \"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_975", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.", "context": "In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year. As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays. There were 90,000 wind operations jobs in the United States in 2015.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_977", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.", "context": "On 21 October, Christiana Figueres, a UN official on climate change, told CNN: The World Meteorological Organization has not established a direct link between this wildfire and climate change – yet. \"'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour\". Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_979", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by ­humans[...]", "context": "\"Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers\". IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: \"To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C. Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_980", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.", "context": "I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change. Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ \"every American willing and able to work\". Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_981", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).", "context": "After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\" Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the \"first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.\" Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_982", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.", "context": "Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax. On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support. As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_983", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption", "context": "\"President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators\". However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change. This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_984", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing", "context": "President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits. In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007. U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_985", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson \"led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters.\"", "context": "AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators. They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities. The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_986", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit \"unlimited carbon pollution into our air\"", "context": "If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits. Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps. According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_987", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.", "context": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. He has called global warming the \"greatest scam in history\" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science. International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_989", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.", "context": "Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees. In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged \"no cold call\" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees. The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_990", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.", "context": "The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F). These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_991", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? cutting speed limits could slow climate change", "context": "According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions. \"Gardeners can slow climate change\". Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_992", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.", "context": "Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol. Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases.\" \"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_994", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.", "context": "By this point, the sunspots are all but gone. The Maunder Minimum, also known as the \"prolonged sunspot minimum\", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers. In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_995", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.", "context": "The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6. The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions. Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_996", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.", "context": "These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_997", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.", "context": "Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997). The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020. In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_998", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.", "context": "The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases. The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences. This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1000", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.", "context": "Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management. Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree. To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1001", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.", "context": "(2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030. Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels. While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1002", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1003", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.", "context": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above). Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1004", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.", "context": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\" It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1006", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1007", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.", "context": "\"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation\". \"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models\". La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1010", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.", "context": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations. Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F). In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1011", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.", "context": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment. For example, in regards to safety, the report found a \"[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects\", and that ocean fertilization \"may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1018", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1020", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.", "context": "The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food. Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1022", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Droughts and floods have not changed since we’ve been using fossil fuels", "context": "According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires. However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years. Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1023", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.", "context": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century. June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe. This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1024", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", "context": "The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised. In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers. An editorial in Nature stated that \"A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories.\"", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1025", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming", "context": "\"1.3: A Global Climatology\". Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods. \"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1026", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming", "context": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert. Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change. Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1027", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We're coming out of the Little Ice Age", "context": "The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King! This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1032", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", "context": "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized. This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions. Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1033", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Clouds provide negative feedback", "context": "Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions. The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback. Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1035", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", "context": "Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia. It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1036", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Greenland ice sheet won't collapse", "context": "On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting. \"Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July\". \"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1037", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years", "context": "The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2. Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1038", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature", "context": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded. On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a \"highly politicised scientific circle\" had \"manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures\", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said \"Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures\". The phrase \"hide the decline\" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1039", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'", "context": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\". \"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\". \"UK Parliament declares climate change emergency\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1040", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.", "context": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context. Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably. Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1041", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? IPCC overestimate temperature rise", "context": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1042", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", "context": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1045", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", "context": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\". Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1047", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Infrared Iris will reduce global warming", "context": "However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2. Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade. The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1048", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Dropped stations introduce warming bias", "context": "Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land. Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands. Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1049", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", "context": "For example, \"a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in). Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1050", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", "context": "A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003. Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1052", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels", "context": "Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations. These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1053", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tuvalu sea level isn't rising", "context": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\". Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1055", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Renewables can't provide baseload power", "context": "This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity. EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1056", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures", "context": "The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region. \"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said. Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1057", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature", "context": "The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance. In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times. In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1058", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010. Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1059", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature", "context": "Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion. Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising. As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1060", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect", "context": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed]. Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1062", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Water levels correlate with sunspots", "context": "Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1063", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused", "context": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1064", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Renewable energy investment kills jobs", "context": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power. Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs. A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1065", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 limits won't cool the planet", "context": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1066", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.", "context": "This is the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors. For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1067", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass", "context": "The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt). Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1068", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report", "context": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1069", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs", "context": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves. Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1072", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1074", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Humans survived past climate changes", "context": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change. Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions. \"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1076", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer.\"", "context": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1080", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.", "context": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors. 76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels. A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1085", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.", "context": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1087", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.", "context": "The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles. Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1088", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.", "context": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\". This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1089", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.", "context": "In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data. As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model. The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': \"a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1091", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.", "context": "These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC. It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies which had subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records, while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods. Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1092", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.", "context": "These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning. All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1094", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.", "context": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change. While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1096", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.", "context": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased. Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved. These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1098", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.", "context": "Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range. \"Predicting patterns of long-term adaptation and extinction with population genetics\". Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) reduces the range of adaptions possible.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1100", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.", "context": "It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling. However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1102", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.", "context": "In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update]. As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1103", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.", "context": "In 2019 a paper published in the journal Science found the oceans are heating 40% faster than the IPCC predicted just five years before. Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the \"beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations\". Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1105", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.", "context": "Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit. The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes. The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1106", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.", "context": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1110", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.", "context": "Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m2/K, sufficient to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur. Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1111", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC.\"", "context": "Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming. In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1112", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.", "context": "The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×). The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas. In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1114", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…\" (Ice Age Now)", "context": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1115", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.", "context": "Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−). Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1117", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.", "context": "Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists. The committee criticised a \"culture of non-disclosure at CRU\" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions. The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and \"did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1125", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Al Gore's film was \"broadly accurate\" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.", "context": "In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld nine of a \"long schedule\" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. The plaintiffs sought an injunction preventing the screening of the film in English schools, arguing that by law schools are forbidden to promote partisan political views and, when dealing with political issues, are required to provide a balanced presentation of opposing views.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1128", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.", "context": "The survey, published as an editorial in the journal Science, found that every article either supported the human-caused global warming consensus or did not comment on it. All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors. Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1129", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.", "context": "On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years. Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record. Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1135", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.", "context": "Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate. In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle. Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1136", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? As a result, \"The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.", "context": "This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference. 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat. In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1138", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.", "context": "With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States. Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1139", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.", "context": "From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday. Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1140", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.", "context": "Global Warming of 1.5 °C. Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1141", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.", "context": "All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days. Kerry Emanuel stated, \"Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1142", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.", "context": "\"Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now.\" Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1143", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.", "context": "Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014. The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F). It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1144", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are \"indicative of what could also happen in the future,\" as Narisma", "context": "Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. \"The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1145", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'", "context": "As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an \"unreasonably sudden turn\" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew. Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port. The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of \"submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg\" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1147", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.", "context": "Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years. Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years. Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1153", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.", "context": "The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted. In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material. Podesta stated, \"It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena.\"", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1155", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....", "context": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1158", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.", "context": "Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere. The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29 km for channel 1, 37 km for channel 2 and 45 km for channel 3.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1159", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.", "context": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures. To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf. One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1161", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.", "context": "\"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?\". Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'\". It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1162", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.", "context": "Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011. Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers… the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal. Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1164", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.", "context": "The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1170", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.", "context": "A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days. This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening. Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1172", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.", "context": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback. If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1173", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.", "context": "Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax). An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change. This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1177", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.", "context": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1178", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago", "context": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft). Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1179", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today", "context": "It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler. \"Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?\" Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1180", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”", "context": "In 2005, this had increased to about 220 km3 or 52.8 cu mi a year due to rapid thinning near its coasts, while in 2006 it was estimated at 239 km3 (57.3 cu mi) per year. Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25 Gt/yr and loss of 60 Gt/yr for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100 Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even higher rates between 2003 and 2005. Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1182", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'To suddenly label CO2 as a \"pollutant\" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.", "context": "As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion. Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1187", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'", "context": "Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution. By the time of Resurrection, which is set in the 24th century, Earth as a whole is considered to be an unpleasant, polluted planet that even hardened mercenaries prefer to avoid. There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1188", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.", "context": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1192", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence.\"", "context": "In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design. In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1193", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.", "context": "Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1195", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system.\"", "context": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere. The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1196", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset.\"", "context": "Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow. Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering. Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1198", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.", "context": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers). The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1200", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate. In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1201", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1203", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming.\"", "context": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. \"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue\". Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1204", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.", "context": "At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level). As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure. The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1207", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: \"Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.\" The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1212", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.", "context": "With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F). The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months. All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1214", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.", "context": "The Devonian (/dɪˈvoʊn.i.ən, də-, dɛ-/ dih-VOH-nee-ən, də-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya. The Jurassic (/dʒʊˈræs.ɪk/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1215", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.", "context": "These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation. Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years. For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1216", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.", "context": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1217", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'.\"", "context": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\". The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1218", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.", "context": "(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves. Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is \"very likely\" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1221", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1222", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.", "context": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America. Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1226", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.", "context": "As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising. Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels. The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1227", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.", "context": "One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level. They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades. Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1228", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years.\"", "context": "Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming. The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1230", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.", "context": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record). In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that \"Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1232", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.", "context": "Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1233", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.", "context": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1235", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.", "context": "Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests. An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1237", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.", "context": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1238", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.", "context": "During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics. During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States. 1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1244", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.", "context": "The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today. 1924/1925: PDO changed to a \"warm\" phase. 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a \"cool\" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1247", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.", "context": "\"Earth's Energy Imbalance\". An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time. Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1248", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.\"", "context": "This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. Such a machine is called a \"perpetual motion machine of the second kind\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1249", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.", "context": "Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review. Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited. It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1255", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.", "context": "\"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature\". In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1257", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.", "context": "Play media Climate change denial, or global warming denial is denial, dismissal, or unwarranted doubt that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions. There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. \"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1258", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'", "context": "In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1259", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction.\"", "context": "Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect. [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter. [citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1260", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Many people think the science of climate change is settled.", "context": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely irreversible\". Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled\" Begley 2007: \"polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was \"mainly caused by things people do.\" Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1261", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance.\"", "context": "There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage. On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum \"by a hundred\") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1263", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.", "context": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1265", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone.\"", "context": "This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer. During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1267", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.", "context": "Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100. According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000. In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1269", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.", "context": "White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that \"The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity\". According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influences have little to do with it. There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1271", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.", "context": "Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents. He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; \"a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support\". Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the \"grey literature\"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1274", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases.\" (World Climate Report)", "context": "Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification. In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\". The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased \"Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1277", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.", "context": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1278", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.", "context": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. In total 24,000 tonnes of CO2 was emitted.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1279", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.", "context": "The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1280", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.", "context": "Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate. This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1281", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.", "context": "Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy. In 1852, Ångström formulated in Optiska undersökningar (Optical researches), a law of absorption, later modified somewhat and known as Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. This use is evident in Bragg's paper on the structure of ice, which gives the c- and a-axis lattice constants as 4.52 A.U.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1284", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.", "context": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1285", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...", "context": "(MSNBC) (New York Times) (Nature) 28 June – An international team of astronomers discovers evidence that our Milky Way had an encounter with a small galaxy or massive dark matter structure perhaps as recently as 100 million years ago, and as a result of that encounter it is still ringing like a bell. Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: \"In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1286", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...", "context": "In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: \"I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke.\" \"Arctic Permafrost Is Going Through a Rapid Meltdown — 70 Years Early\". It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1287", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.", "context": "Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations. Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition. In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1288", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!", "context": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1289", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ...\"", "context": "Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that \"whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.\" CO2 generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise. In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from… 55% in July.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1290", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...", "context": "The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats. Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index. UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted \"50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change.\"'", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1292", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.", "context": "Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame. The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1295", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.", "context": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1296", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.", "context": "When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant. Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst. As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1301", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.", "context": "Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems. Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it. This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1302", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect.\"", "context": "In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar. At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1304", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.", "context": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1307", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected\"", "context": "It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1308", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "context": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system\", and concluded that \"increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century\". On the day of publication, the ExxonMobil funded lobbying website Tech Central Station issued a press release headed \"TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited – Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed\" announcing that \"Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record\". At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1310", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.", "context": "The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years. The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years. However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1316", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago.\" (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)", "context": "The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years. \"Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1317", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.", "context": "Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011. Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow. Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1320", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There have long been claims that some unspecificed \"they\" has \"changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'\".", "context": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming). In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. Shaftel 2016: \"'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1321", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!", "context": "The term \"climate change\" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming). Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\". Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1322", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...", "context": "Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: \"The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units. The following table lists some temperature dependencies: Solubility of permanent gases usually decreases with increasing temperature at around room temperature. Often, the smaller the gas molecule (and the lower the gas solubility in water), the lower the temperature of the maximum of the Henry's law constant.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1324", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.", "context": "They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1325", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto.\"", "context": "A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing. This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand. The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1326", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).", "context": "It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years. The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1328", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.", "context": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. \"Australia's carbon dioxide emissions twice world rate\". Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1335", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.", "context": "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data. He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no \"causative link\" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature. Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1336", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.", "context": "However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power. The modeling also shows that \"even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas.\" Costs of production from coal fired plants built in \"the 1970s and 1980s\" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1339", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.", "context": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\". The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear. B. C. \"Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1340", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.", "context": "This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century. Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr. Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1343", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.", "context": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year. In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1344", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.", "context": "From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station. This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1345", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.", "context": "Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1348", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no \"statistically significant\" warming.", "context": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. From this, he concluded that \"The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1350", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models\" (Lindzen et al.", "context": "Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming. The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC. The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1351", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.", "context": "Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1354", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100\"", "context": "For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries. Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of \"Kyoto\" gases, measured in CO 2-equivalent) of 25–90% by 2030, compared to 2000.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1355", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is \"too hard\" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,", "context": "At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy. Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1356", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.", "context": "She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, \"I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief.\" Pelosi said Congress had \"a moral duty to the brave women and men coming forward to seize this moment and demonstrate real, effective leadership to foster a climate of respect and dignity in the workplace\". In November, when asked about Democrats beginning the impeachment process against Trump in the event they won a majority of seats in the 2018 elections, Pelosi said it would not be one of their legislative priorities but that the option could be considered if credible evidence appeared during the ongoing investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1358", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.", "context": "And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half.\" DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1360", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.", "context": "The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1365", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Actual reconstructions \"diverge\" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.", "context": "The Marshall Plan—which spent $13 billion ($100 billion in 2018 US dollars) to rebuild the economies of post-war nations—launched \"Pax Americana\". Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s. They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1366", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.", "context": "Each player carries a \"stick\" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38\"); shorter or longer sticks are available. Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards. The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1367", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.", "context": "§ 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control. The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1369", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.", "context": "Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1370", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.", "context": "The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\" A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\". The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1371", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.", "context": "Phylogenetic theory is used to test the independent distributions of traits and their various forms to provide explanations of observed patterns in relation to their evolutionary history and biology. A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available. Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented \"are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1372", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "context": "Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×). In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1373", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).", "context": "Over the same time period, the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) for these scenarios was for a global mean temperature increase of 1.1 to 6.4 °C. In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100. In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1376", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.", "context": "Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C. Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2. The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1377", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.", "context": "In addition to black carbon, fossil fuel and biofuel soot contain aerosols and particulate matter that cool the planet by reflecting the sun's radiation away from the Earth. A purely scattering aerosol will reflect energy that would normally be absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system back to space and leads to a cooling effect. Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1379", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.", "context": "Some primarily scatter sunlight and thereby cool the planet, while others absorb sunlight and warm the atmosphere. The particles reflect and absorb sunlight, less sun rays reach Earth surface layers, thus resulting in cooler water and land surface temperatures, and also less cloud formation, subsequently dampening the development of hurricanes. If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1380", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).", "context": "The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2. Taking planetary heat uptake rate as the rate of ocean heat uptake estimated by the IPCC AR4 as 0.2 W/m2, yields a value for S of 2.1 °C (3.8 °F). Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m2 brighter during solar maximum than during solar minimum, which correlated in measured average global temperature over the period 1959-2004.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1382", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.", "context": "The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere. Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1383", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.", "context": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1385", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.", "context": "The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C. For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a \"best guess in the light of current knowledge\" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1387", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.", "context": "According to a 2015 study, reductions in black carbon emissions and other minor greenhouse gases, by roughly 60 percent, could cool the Arctic up to 0.2 °C by 2050. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1388", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating \"there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere\".", "context": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\". Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1389", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.", "context": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists. Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree. The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1390", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.", "context": "Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1391", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.", "context": "Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005. The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983. More importantly, according to Harris, it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1393", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.", "context": "Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations. In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming. Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1394", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.", "context": "Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer. The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean. The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1395", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.", "context": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. There is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2040 to some time well beyond 2100.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1397", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.", "context": "This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. Due to the high viscosity of the Earth's mantle, the flow of mantle rocks which controls the rebound process is very slow—at a rate of about 1 cm/year near the center of rebound area today. Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1398", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.", "context": "It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008. The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1399", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.", "context": "Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001. Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year. Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1404", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'", "context": "These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future. As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved. Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1409", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.", "context": "[...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S. The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1414", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.", "context": "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1416", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.", "context": "Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents. In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1418", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? He claimed \"the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse.\"", "context": "\"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue\". If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease. Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις \"fore-knowing, foreseeing\") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1423", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.", "context": "The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave. Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1425", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.", "context": "\"Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE\". \"A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance\". The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1426", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.", "context": "A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years. \"Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data\". Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1430", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.", "context": "This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat. There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers. The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1431", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.", "context": "The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process. The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties. On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1432", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.", "context": "On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data. Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1433", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.", "context": "The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem). This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it. It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1434", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures", "context": "During this six-month \"night\", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F). A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters. The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1437", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'", "context": "This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice. Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1438", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.", "context": "These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\". In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1439", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it", "context": "CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels. European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm. Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1440", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.", "context": "Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications. It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature. Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1441", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.", "context": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, \"the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300.\" \"Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1442", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages.\"", "context": "NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment. Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming\". In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1443", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.", "context": "Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection. It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1444", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.", "context": "During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures. Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence. \"Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1445", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a \"growing consensus\".", "context": "Scientists said that \"abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century\". The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1448", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.", "context": "Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. temperature) over a 30-year period. The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1449", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather.\"", "context": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. \"Robust findings\" of the Synthesis report include: \"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1450", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.", "context": "The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1451", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.", "context": "The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false. \"It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place.\" According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are \"very likely\" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1452", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).", "context": "The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles. The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT. Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1454", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.", "context": "In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 ⋅ C n − 1 2 ≡ 2 ( mod n ) , {\\displaystyle (-1)^{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\cdot C_{\\frac {n-1}{2}}\\equiv 2{\\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number. A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence. A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = −1 (but n is ).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1455", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.", "context": "However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace \"integer\" by \"element of the domain\" and Z {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1456", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.", "context": "His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3 °C above the pre-industrial level. Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds \"we are having a dangerous effect on the climate\". It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1457", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer", "context": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research. James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1458", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'", "context": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1460", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability", "context": "Natural changes in the climate system result in internal \"climate variability\". Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1463", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The lower temperatures at this \"coldest point\" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.", "context": "In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. \"High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation\".", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1465", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Thus rather than a \"doomsday\" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.", "context": "Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a \"positive feedback\" that amplifies the original warming. Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect. An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1467", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.", "context": "Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow \"business-as-usual\" emissions. Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1471", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP\" (Bjorn Lomborg)", "context": "He argues that \"... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming. 'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now. This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1472", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.", "context": "\"Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa\". Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1475", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.", "context": "Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank. This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield. In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1476", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.", "context": "He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect. The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1477", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...", "context": "This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion. As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days). \"Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1478", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase\" (Loehle and Scafetta)", "context": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. \"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\". This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1479", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.", "context": "\"High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef\". On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars. In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1480", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.", "context": "This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise. (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: \"Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e. Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1481", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).", "context": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year. The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1483", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.", "context": "East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1484", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.", "context": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it. This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1485", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.", "context": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump. With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1487", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1494", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.", "context": "Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall. Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1495", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years\" (Judith Curry and David Rose)", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1496", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...", "context": "There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. \"Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible\". \"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming\".", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1497", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped.\"", "context": "Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period. These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1498", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.", "context": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3. The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1499", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.", "context": "Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming. The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutally and quite deliciously exposed\", and \"A contretemps with a Climate Bully who wonders whether I have a science degree. Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of \"The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1501", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.", "context": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained. Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1502", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average", "context": "As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020. It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1504", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.", "context": "John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer. Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table. nearly 4 million UK children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1506", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.", "context": "When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (°C). In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1507", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)", "context": "During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%). The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1510", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.", "context": "The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled \"Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes,\" had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science. The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said \"Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate.\" An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted \"that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue.\"", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1511", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events\" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)", "context": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years. But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1512", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.", "context": "However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming. The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1513", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.", "context": "Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1514", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.", "context": "If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit. They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F). Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1517", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change\" (Roger Pielke Jr.)", "context": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change. \"Costing Climate Change\". It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them\" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1518", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)", "context": "Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere). Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere). Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1520", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'", "context": "Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent. \"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1521", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.", "context": "Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al. A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level. A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1522", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).", "context": "Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. He wrote that this graph \"asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today\", and described climate changes as due to solar variation. The authors concluded that \"Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400\", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.", "answer": 3, "id": "climfever_1523", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”", "context": "UDC's \"Water Edge Study\" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments. \"New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side\". \"Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street\".", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1524", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.", "context": "The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol. Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1525", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.", "context": "If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2. Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian. 100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1527", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle", "context": "The Queensland \"shark control\" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef. The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a \"huge natural selection event unfolding\". Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.", "answer": 1, "id": "climfever_1529", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...", "context": "Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase. In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1530", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? \"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...", "context": "It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. The problems in this field start with a \"mathematical model of a physical situation\" (system) and a \"mathematical description of a physical law\" that will be applied to that system. In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1531", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is this climate claim supported? We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.", "context": "Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir. Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.", "answer": 2, "id": "climfever_1533", "source": "climate_fever", "difficulty": "expert", "category": "climate_fact_verification", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}]